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XKF;Tw# D$$6)QKD:F ¨<$g(XO$S(LX]J 3u;9s380&9s< 0t39… BK;FJ鋅 D$$ (<$|'l`V0F贩Ft0FO;TXKF䋕KD F; ¨up$A$84,F|$L$4$(>tF; ¨uT$&'0FFt_0FOKF;whKF;w|;pKF6ۭ+ljD$ <$|te$_%;t5| $%ff٭fO$%|j$%f^٭^軧KFuۭ<$+@D$ t#$$;$t3$%a<$$fb٭b<$$(USE]t $&t"۸t$E D$&x[]##XU3SD$$t[]P#8 u躟UEED$$%MAE=|EÐ$D$%EEUWVS<m}E扅 fEm3P53ɾT5U.ۺɋAۺɃ sم~8IT萐 I۪r۪Ʌ܋f٭E<[^_]P53ɾT5U1ɋۺAۺɃ Ƌ+}vG~<II +|*Ʌ3UVS؉t$T$$ #xx $!u33[^]Ð$a5X5?L$ n5T$D$#ŐU(uu]}4$#uË]u}]Ðw 8Nu4$ ES<=4$5D$\#>/:;+=~j4$D$/D$ .+=֍E/C5D$$"4+=;s֍EiE$ Ex $ uZ3$5{5}L$ n5T$D$!$5{5D$ ~D$n5D$b!$a5X5D$ ?D$n5D$6!3U$5{5D$ n5L$T$!Ex$J$5{5D$ D$n5D$ =5Eu+ƃD$/D$F$N!t^֍E/PC5t$$!4$5{5\$ n5L$T$ N$a5X5n5D$ ?D$|$UWVSL}m<$۽ۭu uzL[^_]Ð3鉍}E扅 fEm353ɾ5U;ۺɋAۺɃ sم~6IDۨv%I ۨۨwɸ_#53ɾ5U-ۺA+ۺȃ w؅~0IT萐 I۪v۪+Ʌf٭L[^_])USWVST3LE ƅS,u,, $443U,4t0XD$$5 $5XXL$hlDXhlH8 GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to /usr/local/share/localeHLPRhvu:r:t:l:invalid context: %smissing operandfailed to get security context of %s/failed to get attributes of %scannot access %scan't apply partial context to unlabeled file %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %suse --no-preserve-root to override this failsafefailed to create security context: %schanging security context of %s %scannot read directory %s-R -h requires -Pit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)WARNING: Circular directory structure. 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XKF;Tw# D$$&QKD:F ¨<$%XO$ %LX]J 3u;9s380&9s< 0t39… BK;FJ鋅 D$$%<$4$l`V0F贩Ft0FO;TXKF䋕KD F; ¨up$A$8/,F|$L$4$]&>tF; ¨uT$o#'0FFt_0FOKF;whKF;w|;pKF6ۭ+ljD$ <$|te$";t5| $"ff٭fO$["|j$<"f^٭^軧KFuۭ<$+@D$ t#$!;$t3$!a<$!fb٭b<$!(USE]t $#t"۸t$E D$O$x[]  XUEED$$#MAE=|EÐ$D$#EEUWVS<m}E扅 fEm3P03ɾT0U.ۺɋAۺɃ sم~8IT萐 I۪r۪Ʌ܋f٭E<[^_]P03ɾT0U1ɋۺAۺɃ Ƌ+}vG~<II +|*Ʌ3UWVSL}m<$۽ۭu uzL[^_]Ð3鉍}E扅 fEm3X03ɾ\0U;ۺɋAۺɃ sم~6IDۨv%I ۨۨwɸ_#X03ɾ\0U-ۺA+ۺȃ w؅~0IT萐 I۪v۪+Ʌf٭L[^_])UMEU MEEU%uEÐ=tEÐE5 EUW3VSE uXt.wM$0ƋCE G98w[3^_]ËƋPS܋ƋfCҋƋC[^_]ËƋuC`0먋ƋH PK S됋ƋuC|0|ƃ[mUWVS GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to /usr/local/share/localeHLPRcfhvmissing operand/failed to get attributes of %smissing operand after %s-R --dereference requires either -H or -Linvalid group: %sDavid MacKenzieJim Meyeringchgrpchanged ownership of %s to %s /it is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)use --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeownership of %s retained as %s cannot read directory %sWARNING: Circular directory structure. 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XKF;Tw# D$$!QKD:F ¨<$ XO$LX]J 3u;9s380&9s< 0t39… BK;FJ鋅 D$$ <$(l`V0F贩Ft0FO;TXKF䋕KD F; ¨up$A$x7,F|$L$4$!>tF; ¨uT$c'0FFt_0FOKF;whKF;w|;pKF6ۭ+ljD$ <$|te${;t5| $ff٭fO$O|j$0f^٭^軧KFuۭ<$+@D$ t#$;$t3$a<$fb٭b<$(USE]t $t"۸t$E D$x[]XUEED$$MAE=|EÐ$D$EEUWVS<m}E扅 fEm383ɾ8U.ۺɋAۺɃ sم~8IT萐 I۪r۪Ʌ܋f٭E<[^_]83ɾ8U1ɋۺAۺɃ Ƌ+}vG~<II +|*Ʌ3UWVSL}m<$۽ۭu uzL[^_]Ð3鉍}E扅 fEm383ɾ8U;ۺɋAۺɃ sم~6IDۨv%I ۨۨwɸ_#83ɾ8U-ۺA+ۺȃ w؅~0IT萐 I۪v۪+Ʌf٭L[^_])UMEU MEEU%uEÐ=tEÐE5 EUW3VSE uXt.wM$8ƋCE G98w[3^_]ËƋPS܋ƋfCҋƋC[^_]ËƋuC8먋ƋH PK S됋ƋuC8|ƃ[mUWVSHvP~U}Try `%s --help' for more information. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) --from=CURRENT_OWNER:CURRENT_GROUP change the owner and/or group of each file only if its current owner and/or group match those specified here. Either may be omitted, in which case a match is not required for the omitted attribute --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's owner and group rather than specifying OWNER:GROUP values -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed bug-coreutils@gnu.orgThe following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. -H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it -L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered -P do not traverse any symbolic links (default) --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed to login group if implied by a `:' following a symbolic OWNER. OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic. Examples: %s root /u Change the owner of /u to "root". %s root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to "staff". %s -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root". Report %s bugs to %s coreutils%s home page: GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to /usr/local/share/localeHLPRcfhv%s: %smissing operand/failed to get attributes of %sDavid MacKenzieJim Meyeringchownmissing operand after %s-R --dereference requires either -H or -Lchanged ownership of %s to %s /it is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)use --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeownership of %s retained as %s cannot read directory %sWARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s %schanging ownership of %sfailed to change ownership of %s to %s neither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed group of %s retained as %s changed group of %s to %s failed to change group of %s to %s cannot access %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %schanging group of %scannot dereference %sno change to ownership of %s ownership of %s retained fts_close failedfailed to change ownership of %s fts_read failed`4:9`4Z9`4K4Q:`4`45r;r;:w;w;;z:8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. %s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. %s %s BBBB'C\CCC.DB Report bugs to: %s bug-coreutils@gnu.org%s home page: <%s> http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: Copyright %s %d Free Software Foundation, Inc.write error%s: %s%sUnknown system error: %s%s: %s:%d: %s:...--POSIXLY_CORRECT%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '--%s' requires an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: option '-W %s' requires an argument %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument ?L??# entries: %lu # buckets: %lu # buckets used: %lu (%.2f%%) max bucket length: %lu B=fff?̌?OOliteralshellshell-alwayscc-maybeescapelocaleclocale 1(1.1;1=1E1L1S1"'`( 'Da$yyy\ВВВВВВXTP:62ВВВВВВВВВВВВВВВВВВΘВ                             /invalid userinvalid groupinvalid specxstrtoul0 <= strtol_base && strtol_base <= 36xstrtol.cWNE}2tkd`WNE2xfts_openerrno != EINVALxfts.cmemory exhausted%scycle_checkstate->magic == CC_MAGICcycle-check.c%#.0f}q5 =-1eQJsH=?GBG?/O7G;C=A>@;f?;f?Z?1 ?X?{Q}ڐ?lX?+eG?UUUUUU?yPD??/O7G;C=A>@;f?;f?Z?1 ?X?{Q}ڐ?lX?+eG?UUUUUU?yPD?%+.2d%+.2d%+d%+.2d?A=?pOw;Cpppp  Appppp@?@?(NULL)(NULL)dXXKK    <<  n      ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;::t:::;.$>$N$^$n$~$$$$$$$$$%%.%>%N%^%n%~%%%%%%%%%&&.&>&N&^&n&~&&&&&&&&&''.'>'N'^'n'~'''''''''((.(>(N(^(n(~((((((O +  \ \  H oqo`!oX!!o`op:*?`=<64C4Q4<H`!!!! $ (   p:;<<<<<<< D"-<;<I<\<i<m<y\) <) `< =(D=_=ltG ==<Ke L* @L L M pN= N@ N@ #0O 2O% <O FQ OQ [0R\ kR t0Tx T X* \ n   =(`0 0 P Ђ 02 -p 8 HJ Ybn{<`=<<`>0@C 9 БH %0 8GP[<l<~< p: : `4 t5  #5 19EPZ>kw3 P[  68  @ $  (7 6h7Gn7Xbqx8"<<<<d  $0 1+ =X&C6 NF  U$]'dp t|; 3o  l &<# Ь /   H%  X(8%h(~Y ' 3'</ NF3 W'`T q`" ~`I %&0 @b p:;tD1  p}>  PA # ~  V$6 Pa ? %G A X  i 'r 'z h& p' > Р) 8& ( < % & L " $ c  x( 8' ( D `1$/ @ : H @ |DS <`  j X's # { ./ e & hB ! 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C crt1.sas: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005GNU C crti.sas: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005@(#)SunOS 5.10 Generic January 2005GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 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¨tE$̳pLFHXe[^_]E3;s t €88K;sh;sW<0u7SڍR;s!D 0<t;u93;s t ƀ8MӍH3PuttP8EE 39EUEG3ۉZ$E3C4Mt"ыMJHNz{(n EtIL<F4]9]{9|ht;QF4 ELX]^, MYF4kMU3ڀt!9]?tM^3҃}…u pLtEHUEZ3҃}…t AXuKLL]3ҋEu?  4 4$ұBL74$諱Bvt‹3\$Ƌ$賵֍H0$KEtB4tˍHɶ#;<SڍR;D <0tn@΍HSEGt0]MӐB;EC]t3ɍHFȋ3҅…uɋ\$Ɖ $3γ֍H0$*u;t*E3$]E3U $ݬ$ϬljHH!׉M֍H薴HޱE܉$_Ẻ$Ttt~0ou^aK($^^@MӍHI p+x,ƅ_3ɋӍH9G4@ӍHP30;p3;EH, t'D$ D$$D$> 9ƅ^0UHMJ)G>53]F9F DtD%]HMFttt o t ]y I$Hu5V]33Ʌ]؋E;L‹ӉEЍH裴 uB R@ EP(8FQ hMSHWE$8 ZUt@$XUwNC$Ӯ$ 3 8A GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to failed to preserve times for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %s%s exists but is not a directoryfailed to get attributes of %scannot make directory %ssetting permissions for %s..cannot combine --target-directory (-t) and --no-target-directory (-T)%s -> %s target %s is not a directoryaccessing %smissing destination file operand after %sextra operand %smissing file operandwith --parents, the destination must be a directorymodetimestampsownershiplinkscontextxattrallȳγ--preserve`TPT@T0T TTS/usr/local/share/localePOSIXLY_CORRECTSIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIXabdfHilLnprst:uvxPRS:T--reflink can be used only with --sparse=autoTorbjorn GranlundTorbjörn GranlundJim MeyeringDavid MacKenziecp--sparsemultiple target directories specified--reflinkcannot preserve extended attributes, cp is built without xattr supportbackup typecannot preserve security context without an SELinux-enabled kerneloptions --backup and --no-clobber are mutually exclusivecannot make both hard and symbolic linksV+WVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVWVVVWVVV>VV4VbWVWVVVVVVVVVVVVV7WV:VVWVV|WVVsWVWVWVV4VXKXBX9XV0XVVVVVVV$X XWJVWWWVfailed to preserve ownership for %sclearing permissions for %s%s: try to overwrite %s, overriding mode %04lo (%s)? %s: overwrite %s? %s -> %s (backup: %s)failed to restore the default file creation contextEffectivefile_chownfile_ownerabandon_movecannot stat %sremoved %s omitting directory %swill not copy %s through just-created symlink %s.warning: source file %s specified more than onceskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copied%s -> %s (unbackup) cannot create link %scannot move %s to %scannot create hard link %s to %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedfailed to get security context of %s%s and %s are the same filewill not create hard link %s to directory %scannot un-backup %scannot create directory %spreserving times for %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot create special file %s%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directorypreserving permissions for %scannot remove %scannot open %s for readingcannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %s%s has unknown file typecannot overwrite directory %s with non-directoryreading %sclosing %scannot fstat %scannot create fifo %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot create symbolic link %ssetting permissions for %sinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetcannot access %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedwill not overwrite just-created %s with %swriting %sfailed to get file system create contextcannot create regular file %scannot read symbolic link %struncating %scannot backup %sfailed to clone %scannot lseek %snot writing through dangling symlink %scopyvalid_optionsVALID_REFLINK_MODE (co->reflink_mode)copy.cVALID_SPARSE_MODE (co->sparse_mode)VALID_BACKUP_TYPE (co->backup_type)! (co->reflink_mode == REFLINK_ALWAYS && co->sparse_mode != SPARSE_AUTO)!(co->hard_link && co->symbolic_link)co != NULL8.5user::---,group::---,mask:---,other:---setting permissions for %s%spreserving permissions for %s/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. mbuiter_multi_nextmbsinit (&iter->state)mbuiter.hiter->cur.wc == 0*iter->cur.ptr == '\0'%s (%s)UTF-8mbiter_multi_nextiter->cur.wc == 0mbiter.hmbsinit (&iter->state)*iter->cur.ptr == '\0'%s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. 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cutcrt1.scrti.svalues-Xa.ccrtstuff.c__CTOR_LIST____DTOR_LIST____EH_FRAME_BEGIN____JCR_LIST__p.0completed.1__do_global_dtors_auxobject.2frame_dummycut.clongoptshash_inthash_compare_intsprint_ktheol_range_startmax_range_endpointcomplementprintable_fieldrange_start_htcompare_ranges__func__.3cut_filehave_read_stdinoperating_modesuppress_non_delimiteddelimfield_1_bufsizefield_1_bufferoutput_delimiter_specifiedoutput_delimiter_lengthoutput_delimiter_stringnum_start.1__func__.2dummy.0version.cprogname.cversion-etc.cversion-etc-fsf.cxalloc-die.cxstrndup.cbasename-lgpl.ccloseout.cclose_stdout_set_file_nameclose_stdout_set_ignore_EPIPEerror.cerror_tailold_file_name.0old_line_number.1fcntl.chave_dupfd_cloexec.0getndelim2.cgetopt.cexchangegetopt_datagetopt1.chash.cdefault_tuningraw_hasherraw_comparatorcheck_tuningcompute_bucket_sizeallocate_entryfree_entryhash_find_entrytransfer_entriesquote.cquotearg.cslotvec0slot0nslotsslotvecdefault_quoting_optionsquoting_options_from_stylegettext_quotequotearg_buffer_restyledquotearg_n_optionsstrnlen.cvfprintf.cxmalloc.cexitfail.cfreadptr.cfreadseek.cfseterr.cmemchr2.cclose-stream.cmbrtowc.cinternal_state.0vasnprintf.cdecimal_point_charmultiplydividesmall_pow5.2scale10_round_decimal_decodedscale10_round_decimal_long_doublescale10_round_decimal_doublefloorlog10lfloorlog10is_borderlinedecimal_format.0decimal_format.1wcrtomb.cfreadahead.cprintf-frexp.cprintf-frexpl.cisnanl.cprintf-args.cwide_null_string.0printf-parse.c__CTOR_END____DTOR_END____FRAME_END____JCR_END____do_global_ctors_auxcrtn.o_END__START_printf_frexpatexitstrcmp_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_printf_parsexrealloc__deregister_frame_info_baseshash_print_statisticswcslenfseterr_getopt_long_only_rversion_etc_va_Jv_RegisterClassesxalloc_diehash_initializehash_clearhash_get_nexthash_rehashquotearg_style__dso_handlequotearg_n_custom_memrpl_optargbase_lenferror__iobgetndelim2__flsbufprintf_fetchargsxmalloc_PROCEDURE_LINKAGE_TABLE_quotearg_memx2reallocrpl_wcrtomb_getopt_long_rhash_get_max_bucket_lengthquotearglibintl_textdomainclone_quoting_optionsrpl_getopthash_freexzalloc_init__ctype_masklibintl_bindtextdomainfcloserpl_getopt_long_onlystrlenquotearg_colon_memfreadptrset_quoting_stylehash_lookup_finigetenvquotearg_nxstrndup__umoddi3error_message_countquotearg_colonclose_streamrpl_optopthash_get_n_entries__fpstartclearerrxcallocrpl_mbrtowcversion_etc_arrpl_vfprintfrpl_strnlenstrerror_rfopen64ungetciswprintlast_componentfeofusage__ctype__register_frame_info_basesprintf_frexplfreadseek_environstrspnclose_stdoutlseek64quoting_style_vals_getopt_internal_rexit_failurefseeko64memcpyset_custom_quotingquotearg_char_memrpl_fcntlhash_get_n_bucketsquotearg_n_style_memsetlocalequote_nquotearg_bufferfreadrpl_getopt_internal_edatahash_reset_tuningset_program_namequotearg_custom_memxstrdupset_char_quoting_cleanuplibintl_gettexterror_print_prognamequotearg_n_memstrchrquotearg_charquotearg_free_exitfflushquoting_style_args_lib_versionerror_one_per_linehash_get_n_buckets_usedfreadaheadfgetc_DYNAMICstrrchrset_quoting_flagsstrncmphash_table_okfwritequotearg_style_memfilenoqsortversion_etc_copyrightrpl_isnanlquotearg_n_customhash_get_first__udivdi3_mcount__fpendingxmemdupldexp_endVersionrpl_getopt_longvasnprintfmemsetquotearg_customversion_etcmemchrerror_at_linehash_do_for_eachrpl_optindquotearg_alloc_etextwctomb__assert_c99rpl_opterrsprintfhash_stringabort__filbufquotearg_alloc_mem___errnohash_inserthash_deleteget_quoting_stylembsinitmemchr2rpl_frexplfputsquotearg_n_stylehash_get_entriesversion_etc_arnemit_bug_reporting_addressGNU 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XKF;Tw# D$$6 QKD:F ¨<$w XO$c LX]J 3u;9s380&9s< 0t39… BK;FJ鋅 D$$ <$l`V0F贩Ft0FO;TXKF䋕KD F; ¨up$A$X\,F|$L$4$>tF; ¨uT$'0FFt_0FOKF;whKF;w|;pKF6ۭ+ljD$ <$|te$o;t5| $ff٭fO$|j$f^٭^軧KFuۭ<$+@D$ t#$;$t3$a<$fb٭b<$(USE]t $t"۸t$E D$x[]XUEED$$DMAE=|EÐ$D$JEEUWVS<m}E扅 fEm3p]3ɾt]U.ۺɋAۺɃ sم~8IT萐 I۪r۪Ʌ܋f٭E<[^_]p]3ɾt]U1ɋۺAۺɃ Ƌ+}vG~<II +|*Ʌ3UWVSL}m<$۽ۭu uzL[^_]Ð3鉍}E扅 fEm3x]3ɾ|]U;ۺɋAۺɃ sم~6IDۨv%I ۨۨwɸ_#x]3ɾ|]U-ۺA+ۺȃ w؅~0IT萐 I۪v۪+Ʌf٭L[^_])UMEU MEEU%uEÐ=tEÐE5 EUW3VSE uXt.wM$]ƋCE G98w[3^_]ËƋPS܋ƋfCҋƋC[^_]ËƋuC]먋ƋH PK S됋ƋuC]|ƃ[mUWVS,uB,uF,uP,~U,}d:f:I::r:Rs:uTry `%s --help' for more information. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date. -d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not `now' -f, --file=DATEFILE like --date once for each line of DATEFILE -r, --reference=FILE display the last modification time of FILE -R, --rfc-2822 output date and time in RFC 2822 format. Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC output date and time in RFC 3339 format. TIMESPEC=`date', `seconds', or `ns' for date and time to the indicated precision. Date and time components are separated by a single space: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=STRING set time described by STRING -u, --utc, --universal print or set Coordinated Universal Time --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit FORMAT controls the output. Interpreted sequences are: %% a literal % %a locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun) %A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday) %b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan) %B locale's full month name (e.g., January) %c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005) %C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20) %d day of month (e.g, 01) %D date; same as %m/%d/%y %e day of month, space padded; same as %_d %F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d %g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G) %G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V %h same as %b %H hour (00..23) %I hour (01..12) %j day of year (001..366) %k hour ( 0..23) %l hour ( 1..12) %m month (01..12) %M minute (00..59) %n a newline %N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) %p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known %P like %p, but lower case %r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM) %R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M %s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %S second (00..60) %t a tab %T time; same as %H:%M:%S %u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday %U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) %V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53) %w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday %W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53) bug-coreutils@gnu.org %x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99) %X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48) %y last two digits of year (00..99) %Y year %z +hhmm numeric timezone (e.g., -0400) %:z +hh:mm numeric timezone (e.g., -04:00) %::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00) %:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30) %Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT) By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes. The following optional flags may follow `%': - (hyphen) do not pad the field _ (underscore) pad with spaces 0 (zero) pad with zeros ^ use upper case if possible # use opposite case if possible After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number; then an optional modifier, which is either E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available. Report %s bugs to %s coreutils%s home page: GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to time %s is out of rangeC%Y-%m-%d%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S%:z%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%N%:z%Y-%m-%d%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%z%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S,%N%z%Y-%m-%dT%H%z%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M%z/usr/local/share/localemultiple output formats specified--rfc-3339--iso-8601TZ=UTC0-rinvalid date %sthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivestandard inputDavid MacKenzie%s%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Ycannot set datethe argument %s lacks a leading `+'; when using an option to specify date(s), any non-option argument must be a format string beginning with `+'the options to print and set the time may not be used togetherextra operand %s8.5)*+  !"#$%&'(,- '  ' ./.+/. !"#$%&' ()Q\. !!"""""####$$$$$$$$$%%%&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&''''''())**++,-..//JLIKGH-069>3FM )?* $+.47:1O@ACDEB,/58;2&N<=(#"'!Q%PROQ O>?@ABCDY^EFZ5G c[HI89:;<=6,- P89:;<=./0123*4T89:;<=Y7+JaRSKLMN_OU]VWXb`P  Za       [_ 8$D 2 ;HIPA=<,CEFG>JK7JABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ$D&D(DL*D,D.D0D\2D 4D6D8Dl:D0Dx@DBDDD,FDhHDJDLDNDXPDRDTDTOMORROWYESTERDAYTODAYNOWLASTTHISNEXTFIRSTTHIRDFOURTHFIFTHSIXTHSEVENTHEIGHTHNINTHTENTHELEVENTHTWELFTHAGOE E E E EEEEEEEEEEE E E F FYEARMONTHFORTNIGHTWEEKDAYHOURMINUTEMINSECONDSECGGG %G *G .G3G:G>GEGDSTGJANUARYFEBRUARYMARCHAPRILMAYJUNEJULYAUGUSTSEPTEMBERSEPTOCTOBERNOVEMBERDECEMBERSUNDAYMONDAYTUESDAYTUESWEDNESDAYWEDNESTHURSDAYTHURTHURSFRIDAYSATURDAYGGH HHHHH&H 0H 5H =H FH OH VH ]H eH jH tH {H H H H H AMA.M.PMP.M.IIIIWETWESTBSTARTBRTBRSTNSTNDTASTADTCLTCLSTESTEDTCSTCDTMSTMDTPSTPDTAKSTAKDTHSTHASTHADTSSTWATCETCESTMETMEZMESTMESZEETEESTCATSASTEATMSKMSDISTSGTKSTJSTGSTNZSTNZDTJ J %J )JL-JL1J L6J.:J .>JBJ FJJJ OJSJ WJ[J _J\cJ \gJ kJ  oJtJ yJ}JJ J0J<J<J <J<J<J <J <JxJ xJxJxJJJ JJJJJJXJJ GMTUTUTC@MDMGMsK88hK]KRKGKFxFF<rA-Lq>K9CBUBA=DED8}=C<q>E=J888J8dJ>JIIIIETZTZ="0XXX%s%ld:%02d-/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. %s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. %s %s __`H`w```1a~a_ Report bugs to: %s bug-coreutils@gnu.org%s home page: <%s> http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: Copyright %s %d Free Software Foundation, Inc.memory exhausted%sambiguous argument %s for %sinvalid argument %s for %sValid arguments are: - `%s', `%s'write error%s: %s%sUnknown system error: %s%s: %s:%d: %s:GMT%H:%M:%S%H:%M%Y-%m-%d%m/%d/%yooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo{oooooooooooooooooooooooooo"r"rov}yS}oool}}oKrovvur}ywwp|{oooooo"rXyp{{o}yXyo}5y*wvxro]ropwxxo0p~}--POSIXLY_CORRECT%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '--%s' requires an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: option '-W %s' requires an argument %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument ;Zx0Nm<[y1Onliteralshellshell-alwayscc-maybeescapelocaleclocaleWWWWWWWW"'`$AYYY<840|̭˱hh|%#.0f}q5 =-1eQJsH=?GBG?/O7G;C=A>@;f?;f?Z?1 ?X?{Q}ڐ?lX?+eG?UUUUUU?yPD??/O7G;C=A>@;f?;f?Z?1 ?X?{Q}ڐ?lX?+eG?UUUUUU?yPD?%+.2d%+.2d%+d%+.2d?A=?ggggggggdJ07~000000000@?@?(NULL)(NULL)$     n B W . 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Usage: %s [OPERAND]... or: %s OPTION Copy a file, converting and formatting according to the operands. bs=BYTES read and write BYTES bytes at a time (also see ibs=,obs=) cbs=BYTES convert BYTES bytes at a time conv=CONVS convert the file as per the comma separated symbol list count=BLOCKS copy only BLOCKS input blocks ibs=BYTES read BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin iflag=FLAGS read as per the comma separated symbol list obs=BYTES write BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout oflag=FLAGS write as per the comma separated symbol list seek=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS obs-sized blocks at start of output skip=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS ibs-sized blocks at start of input status=noxfer suppress transfer statistics BLOCKS and BYTES may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Each CONV symbol may be: ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline lcase change upper case to lower case nocreat do not create the output file excl fail if the output file already exists notrunc do not truncate the output file ucase change lower case to upper case swab swap every pair of input bytes noerror continue after read errors sync pad every input block with NULs to ibs-size; when used with block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing fsync likewise, but also write metadata Each FLAG symbol may be: append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc suggested) dsync use synchronized I/O for data sync likewise, but also for metadata fullblock accumulate full blocks of input (iflag only) USR1 nonblock use non-blocking I/O noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file nofollow do not follow symlinks nolinks fail if multiply-linked bug-coreutils@gnu.org Sending a %s signal to a running `dd' process makes it print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s Options are: --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit Report %s bugs to %s coreutils%s home page: GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to %llu+%llu records in %llu+%llu records out %llu truncated records %llu truncated record %llu bytes (%s) copied%llu byte (%s) copied, %g s, %s/s Infinity B(knN_closing input file %sclosing output file %swriting to %s%s: %sbcEGkKMPTwYZ0reading %scannot fstat %s%s: cannot skip%s: cannot seeksetting flags for %sPOSIXLY_CORRECTStuart KempDavid MacKenziePaul Rubin/usr/local/share/localeddifofstandard inputfailed to truncate to %llu bytes in output file %sconvinvalid conversionopening %soffset overflow while reading file %s%s: cannot skip to specified offsetcannot combine excl and nocreatcannot combine lcase and ucasecannot combine block and unblockcannot combine any two of {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}iflagoflaginvalid output flagwarning: invalid file offset after failed readcannot work around kernel bug after allinvalid input flagoffset too large: cannot truncate to a length of seek=%llu (%lu-byte) blocksfsync failed for %swriting %sstandard outputunrecognized operand %sstatusinvalid status flagfdatasync failed for %sibsinvalid number %s'fullblock'obsbscbsskipseekcount8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. xstrtoumax0 <= strtol_base && strtol_base <= 36xstrtol.c;WFVFV2WFVWFVFVFVVFVVFVFV)WFVFVFVVFVFVFVFV WWFVFVFVFVFVFVFVW WFVFVFVWFVFVFVVFVVFVFVFVFVFVFVVFVFVVwrite error%s: %s%sUnknown system error: %s%s: %s:%d: %s:--POSIXLY_CORRECT%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '--%s' requires an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: option '-W %s' requires an argument %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument human-readablesiKMGTPEZY>@_.%.1Lf%.0Lf_@POSIXLY_CORRECTeEgGkKmMpPtTyYzZ0BLOCK_SIZEBLOCKSIZEhelpversionhv+literalshellshell-alwayscc-maybeescapelocaleclocale (.;=ELS"'`h|Igd|}}}}}}zvrT}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}܀~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,~}~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ȀȀ܀`````````````````````````````%s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. %s %s W\׏ KސN Report bugs to: %s bug-coreutils@gnu.org%s home page: <%s> http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: Copyright %s %d Free Software Foundation, Inc.memory exhausted%sambiguous argument %s for %sinvalid argument %s for %sValid arguments are: - `%s', `%s'%#.0f}q5 =-1eQJsH=?GBG?/O7G;C=A>@;f?;f?Z?1 ?X?{Q}ڐ?lX?+eG?UUUUUU?yPD??/O7G;C=A>@;f?;f?Z?1 ?X?{Q}ڐ?lX?+eG?UUUUUU?yPD?%+.2d%+.2d%+d%+.2d?A=?wwwwwwwwtZ@G @@@@@@@@@@?@?(NULL)(NULL)4((  ~Rg>                                                             D   /_* *:JZjz  * : J Z j z          !!*!:!J!Z!j!z!!!!!!!!! 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Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -a, --all include dummy file systems -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks --total produce a grand total -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage -k like --block-size=1K -l, --local limit listing to local file systems --no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) -P, --portability use the POSIX output format --sync invoke sync before getting usage info -t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE -T, --print-type print file system type -x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE -v (ignored) bug-coreutils@gnu.org --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit Display values are in units of the first available SIZE from --block-size, and the %s_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables. Otherwise, units default to 1024 bytes (or 512 if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set). DF SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Report %s bugs to %s coreutils%s home page: GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to /usr/local/share/localeaB:iF:hHklmPTt:vx:cannot read table of mounted file systems%s%slofsfile system type %s both selected and excludedPOSIXLY_CORRECTDF_BLOCK_SIZETorbjorn GranlundTorbjörn GranlundPaul EggertDavid MacKenziedfno file systems processedWarning: 8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. mbuiter_multi_nextmbsinit (&iter->state)mbuiter.hiter->cur.wc == 0*iter->cur.ptr == '\0'%s (%s)UTF-8mbiter_multi_nextiter->cur.wc == 0mbiter.hmbsinit (&iter->state)*iter->cur.ptr == '\0'%s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. 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}؋$x$AnAaAnqZdKD:F ¨<$vCۭ<$|$  $sv;'KF;w ¨u <$u蹲F 0F9wKFu<$NjU9 3҃ …,+,$XJA3Tu39Ts+X80u T9TsXT< 0t39…BXK;FJu;T ¨<X$dt<$ L$D$u$6t$)t$t <$ t 4$sI4$ T$L$5uICNCF]9 3҃ …t 4$s,,<$oiFnFfF;C; t=;C;v] 9  ¨<$uM9 3҃…t$ D$T$s };t#;st$ $uD ,t,$3rE܉$(rTt$rM  fPKXD F;T ¨$.A$,F|$\$4$krF>u,0Fh $}q9ۭ<$j3p$q;؉H;@;$ q;WGCۭ+HD$ <$製ef`٭`ڃNBABND3D,NJ;w0 0F0ua݅p+ljD$$}L$p;uL $oۭ<$ڿ3ɉ@$$Hp9$؉;;<$aoJ@;EЉۭ<$+‰D$ _fd٭d"KFu݅pl$+@D$`$Ho;(`$nP贫F 0Fut,NJ;w0  F0uLa XKF;Tw? XKF;Tw# D$$JqQKD:F ¨<$mXO$wmLX]J 3u;9s380&9s< 0t39… BK;FJ鋅 D$$p<$ll`V0F贩Ft0FO;TXKF䋕KD F; ¨up$A$8,F|$L$4$l>tF; ¨uT$k'0FFt_0FOKF;whKF;w|;pKF6ۭ+ljD$ <$|te$k;t5| $jff٭fO$j|j$jf^٭^軧KFuۭ<$+@D$ t#$j;$t3$&ja<$jfb٭b<$i(USE]t $kt"۸t$E D$ox[]iiXUEED$$XoMAE=|EÐ$D$NoEEUWVS<m}E扅 fEm3P3ɾTU.ۺɋAۺɃ sم~8IT萐 I۪r۪Ʌ܋f٭E<[^_]P3ɾTU1ɋۺAۺɃ Ƌ+}vG~<II +|*Ʌ3UWVSL}m<$۽ۭu uzL[^_]Ð3鉍}E扅 fEm3X3ɾ\U;ۺɋAۺɃ sم~6IDۨv%I ۨۨwɸ_#X3ɾ\U-ۺA+ۺȃ w؅~0IT萐 I۪v۪+Ʌf٭L[^_])UMEU MEEU%uEÐ=tEÐE5 EUW3VSE uXt.wM$ƋCE G98w[3^_]ËƋPS܋ƋfCҋƋC[^_]ËƋuC`먋ƋH PK S됋ƋuC||ƃ[mUWVS %*s, %*s !Try `%s --help' for more information. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -a, --all do not ignore entries starting with . -A, --almost-all do not list implied . and .. --author with -l, print the author of each file -b, --escape print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks. See SIZE format below -B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~ -c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime -C list entries by columns --color[=WHEN] colorize the output. WHEN defaults to `always' or can be `never' or `auto'. More info below -d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links -D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries --file-type likewise, except do not append `*' --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso -g like -l, but do not list owner --group-directories-first group directories before files. augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping -G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names -h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line follow symbolic links listed on the command line --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory --hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A) --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode print the index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k like --block-size=1K -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o like -l, but do not list group information -p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -r, --reverse reverse order while sorting -R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively -s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks -S sort by file size --sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time --time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale -t sort by modification time -T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 -u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time -U do not sort; list entries in directory order -v natural sort of (version) numbers within text -w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value -x list entries by lines instead of by columns -X sort alphabetically by entry extension -Z, --context print any SELinux security context of each file -1 list one file per line --help display this help and exit bug-coreutils@gnu.org --version output version information and exit SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it. Exit status: 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory), 2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument). Report %s bugs to %s coreutils%s home page: GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to posix-QUOTING_STYLELS_BLOCK_SIZECOLUMNSTABSIZEabcdfghiklmnopqrstuvw:xABCDFGHI:LNQRST:UXZ1ignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %slsDavid MacKenzieRichard M. 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L$|$| T$ $D} <$!}gG ¨ۭE؉~3Xu0F; ¨ F; 0OF;w }؋$x$AnAaAnqZdKD:F ¨<${Cۭ<$|$  $z;'KF;w ¨u <$s{蹲F 0F9wKFu<$NjU9 3҃ …,+,$XJA3Tu39Ts+X80u T9TsXT< 0t39…BXK;FJu;T ¨<X$Dz<$ L$D$sy$z$ z$y <$y 4$yI4$ T$L$yICNCF]9 3҃ …t 4$vy,,<$oiFnFfF;C; t=;C;v] 9  ¨<$wM9 3҃…t$ D$T$w };t#;st$ $JxD ,t,$xE܉$xTt$wM  fPKXD F;T ¨$A$,F|$\$4$ xF>u,0Fh $]w9ۭ<$j3p$Hv;؉H;@;$v;WGCۭ+HD$ <$製ef`٭`ڃNBABND3D,NJ;w0 0F0ua݅p+ljD$$}L$t;uL $uۭ<$ڿ3ɉ@$$t9$؉;;<$AuJ@;EЉۭ<$+‰D$ _fd٭d"KFu݅pl$+@D$`$s;(`$ntP贫F 0Fut,NJ;w0  F0uLa XKF;Tw? XKF;Tw# D$$sQKD:F ¨<$ksXO$WsLX]J 3u;9s380&9s< 0t39… BK;FJ鋅 D$$r<$rl`V0F贩Ft0FO;TXKF䋕KD F; ¨up$A$,F|$L$4$ir>tF; ¨uT$q'0FFt_0FOKF;whKF;w|;pKF6ۭ+ljD$ <$|te$p;t5| $pff٭fO$p|j$pf^٭^軧KFuۭ<$+@D$ t#$,o;$t3$pa<$ofb٭b<$o(USE]t $ot"۸t$E D$kpx[]nnXUEED$$oMAE=|EÐ$D$oEEUWVS<m}E扅 fEm33ɾU.ۺɋAۺɃ sم~8IT萐 I۪r۪Ʌ܋f٭E<[^_]3ɾU1ɋۺAۺɃ Ƌ+}vG~<II +|*Ʌ3UWVSL}m<$۽ۭu uzL[^_]Ð3鉍}E扅 fEm33ɾU;ۺɋAۺɃ sم~6IDۨv%I ۨۨwɸ_#3ɾU-ۺA+ۺȃ w؅~0IT萐 I۪v۪+Ʌf٭L[^_])UMEU MEEU%uEÐ=tEÐE5 EUW3VSE uXt.wM$ƋCE G98w[3^_]ËƋPS܋ƋfCҋƋC[^_]ËƋuC먋ƋH PK S됋ƋuC|ƃ[mUWVS GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to ./usr/local/share/localeJim MeyeringDavid MacKenziedirname+extra operand %smissing operand8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. write error%s: %s%sUnknown system error: %s%s: %s:%d: %s:--POSIXLY_CORRECT%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '--%s' requires an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: option '-W %s' requires an argument %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument helpversionhv+literalshellshell-alwayscc-maybeescapelocaleclocale@HN[]els"'`;?@$@A@;Y@Y@Y@. This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. %s %s gMlMMMMN[NNN^M Report bugs to: %s bug-coreutils@gnu.org%s home page: <%s> http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: Copyright %s %d Free Software Foundation, Inc.memory exhausted%s%#.0f}q5 =-1eQJsH=?GBG?/O7G;C=A>@;f?;f?Z?1 ?X?{Q}ڐ?lX?+eG?UUUUUU?yPD??/O7G;C=A>@;f?;f?Z?1 ?X?{Q}ڐ?lX?+eG?UUUUUU?yPD?%+.2d%+.2d%+d%+.2d?A=?'Z~Z~Z~'''Z~Z~Z~Z~Z~Z~Z~Z~Z~Z~Z~Z~Z~Z~Z~Z~Z~Z~Z~Z~Z~Z~Z~Z~Z~'Z~Z~Z~'''?~$~ ~}}>ËXr@?@?(NULL)(NULL)ذذ˰˰.E0q000aY0Q000YYYl6FVfv&6FVfv&6FVfv&6  !  o[o8oho`og? tP8h  @  ! @lDLTX\|H #.D<LJT]Xjnz  -5p$ @PbjdP(  (0t | 0 :C -p:9 ;:H TE gr|PR3 R[ 0T  8%0[ C0b ec `e$ g i7  #+H8PETSX_ uHJ/  F iA pp'@ D l@  <58 G"   ;`@ \cj 7> h!c 8F % " 6B H P7 D`7E P6< %/Q =C8NQ ZH$ hH# {J @G"  0P/ I0 0#C 0"  c $` 2$EL W4kCh {pL 7 @#z "  pG0 0L% P9` @e  & 6; 5~ 4`"3 =PKP GK8 Pp8# X@x _I) p( !h!w`~0pOB 0L+ :pH) Ob `Ph " "   < G %   K# + ! 1 D!E `o( M T [ G/ p pI1 9 p)_  l 0H\ @! 9 `L  p c P R  \( / /E pC X 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C crt1.sas: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005GNU C crti.sas: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005@(#)SunOS 5.10 Generic January 2005GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 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XKF;Tw# D$$kQKD:F ¨<$GhXO$3hLX]J 3u;9s380&9s< 0t39… BK;FJ鋅 D$$j<$\gl`V0F贩Ft0FO;TXKF䋕KD F; ¨up$A$x ,F|$L$4$g>tF; ¨uT$f'0FFt_0FOKF;whKF;w|;pKF6ۭ+ljD$ <$|te$f;t5| $eff٭fO$e|j$def^٭^軧KFuۭ<$+@D$ t#$e;$t3$da<$dfb٭b<$d(USE]t $Set"۸t$E D$wix[]Hd6dXUEP;r@$tdt4HAJ‹+ЋA 3ÐUSMt yJt []Ћ+Ѝtɐ;t X@u[]ÍP@U[]WcUWVSlE=E3}Eƍ]E}u?}}‹tPEEEC}t EąEEFE띉$Qcl[^_]ÐU$Qcu1$  D$ T$ D$bED$C $D$UT$ C D$C,$YEtCt]uJC$C 8uhC,C(E$b C$C(C$̃l[^_]C$C $LbC$C($  D$ D$ D$aC,r$  |$ L$T$gaFUEED$$fMAE=|EÐ$D$eEEUWVS<m}E扅 fEm3 3ɾ U.ۺɋAۺɃ sم~8IT萐 I۪r۪Ʌ܋f٭E<[^_] 3ɾ U1ɋۺAۺɃ Ƌ+}vG~<II +|*Ʌ3UWVSL}m<$۽ۭu uzL[^_]Ð3鉍}E扅 fEm3 3ɾ U;ۺɋAۺɃ sم~6IDۨv%I ۨۨwɸ_# 3ɾ U-ۺA+ۺȃ w؅~0IT萐 I۪v۪+Ʌf٭L[^_])UMEU MEEU%uEÐ=tEÐE5 EUW3VSE uXt.wM$$ƋCE G98w[3^_]ËƋPS܋ƋfCҋƋC[^_]ËƋuC먋ƋH PK S됋ƋuC|ƃ[mUWVS GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to %s%ctime %s is out of rangemainposix-process_file/usr/local/share/locale.DU_BLOCK_SIZE0abchHklmsxB:DLPSX:%stime style%Y-%m-%d-invalid zero-length file name%s:%lu: %serror reading %scannot access %scannot read directory %slevel == prev_level - 1du.cwhen reading file names from stdin, no file name of %s allowed%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%N %zrcannot open %s for readingwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0%Y-%m-%d %H:%M!"unexpected error code from argv_iter"WARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s %s: read errorfts_close failedfts_read failedTIME_STYLElocale--timeinvalid maximum depth %sTorbjorn GranlundTorbjörn GranlundPaul EggertDavid MacKenzieJim Meyeringduwarning: summarizing conflicts with --max-depth=%lucannot both summarize and show all entriesextra operand %sfile operands cannot be combined with --files0-from%s 8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. mbuiter_multi_nextmbsinit (&iter->state)mbuiter.hiter->cur.wc == 0*iter->cur.ptr == '\0'%s (%s)UTF-8mbiter_multi_nextiter->cur.wc == 0mbiter.hmbsinit (&iter->state)*iter->cur.ptr == '\0'%s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. %s %s ggggh http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: Copyright %s %d Free Software Foundation, Inc.memory exhausted%sambiguous argument %s for %sinvalid argument %s for %sValid arguments are: - `%s', `%s'write error%s: %s%sUnknown system error: %s%s: %s:%d: %s:\?*[]mbuiter_multi_nextmbsinit (&iter->state)mbuiter.hiter->cur.wc == 0*iter->cur.ptr == '\0'rPOSIXLY_CORRECText_matchp[-1] == L_(')')fnmatch_loop.c! "Invalid extended matching operator"list != NULL4$zs 2a=ext_wmatchPPPPPPPP~PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP&PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP@-gnu_fnmatchmbsinit (&ps)fnmatch.cGMT%H:%M:%S%H:%M%Y-%m-%d%m/%d/%yVWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWôWWWܲWW`>dXaF[WWWWWWȮa8WȮW"jWͧWn<5WaUE/dev/null...--POSIXLY_CORRECT%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '--%s' requires an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: option '-W %s' requires an argument %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument ?L??# entries: %lu # buckets: %lu # buckets used: %lu (%.2f%%) max bucket length: %lu B=fff?̌?OOhuman-readablesixKMGTPEZY>@_.%.1Lf%.0Lf_@POSIXLY_CORRECTeEgGkKmMpPtTyYzZ0BLOCK_SIZEBLOCKSIZE;Zx0Nm<[y1Onliteralshellshell-alwayscc-maybeescapelocaleclocale"'`!y&&&&!&&&'@"@"@"@"@"@"'''''''@"@"@"@"@"@"@"@"@"@"@"@"@"@"@"@"@"@"&&& && $&>(&&& $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $&&&&\#@" $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $&[' $& $& $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $%&% &0&0&%0&%0&%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%0&--invalid suffix in %s%s argument `%s'invalid %s%s argument `%s'%s%s argument `%s' too largexstrtoul0 <= strtol_base && strtol_base <= 36xstrtol.c65565w6555n65e6556555R6555566555555566555w6555n65e6555555R6556xfts_openerrno != EINVALxfts.cASCIICHARSETALIASDIRcharset.aliasr/usr/local/lib%50s %50smbuiter_multi_nextmbsinit (&iter->state)mbuiter.h*iter->cur.ptr == '\0'iter->cur.wc == 0mbuiter_multi_nextmbsinit (&iter->state)mbuiter.h*iter->cur.ptr == '\0'iter->cur.wc == 0xstrtoumax0 <= strtol_base && strtol_base <= 36xstrtol.cnmmnmnmmmnmnmmnmmmnmmmmnnmmmmmmmnnmmmnmmmnmnmmmmmmnmmNncycle_checkstate->magic == CC_MAGICcycle-check.c%#.0f}q5 =-1eQJsH=?GBG?/O7G;C=A>@;f?;f?Z?1 ?X?{Q}ڐ?lX?+eG?UUUUUU?yPD??/O7G;C=A>@;f?;f?Z?1 ?X?{Q}ڐ?lX?+eG?UUUUUU?yPD?%+.2d%+.2d%+d%+.2d?A=?:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::Нנ8ЦЦЦЦRЦЦЦЦЦmbuiter_multi_nextmbsinit (&iter->state)mbuiter.h*iter->cur.ptr == '\0'iter->cur.wc == 0@?@?(NULL)(NULL)%QA91~~a999/_....//"/2/B/R/b/r/////////00"020B0R0b0r00000000011"121B1R1b1r11111111122"222B2R2b2r22222222233"323B3R3b3r33333333344"424B4R4b4r44444444455"5* 7   E E \   oZo +o8t+<+po`ol?| \ +<+T+t+ . 05   px !"   )p7xEXeiu5 6  4L%/AOWp`}p9) 9e :    !& .8DO \Q  wwl 4808q C<S@eot   }tv pw" w" w  w x   D'| 2{ <p M ZL e pN   F F @ E e *    ` P= @ '@ = L% V ` i u\ p x  *     `(  " /P C2 R ] mJ ~p  @ * @4#e 1@ @Q`px0 C !9 @!H + (#.3: 83:  , KZeo~E  F  . k 8k< |      ! - 8 B O pr3 b r[ k t r 8 {   @$ p p7  h  n # - 7 H  Q ` g p y     t |   t  4 p/# 2  9 0A |2I O l4V l b 2k `/ ~ 1 2 ol 0m 2 5  ,2 3} \2 . 2  -" Ph / pp3  + ) 5" 1  @ 4O @_  b l/l 05x s O ~ )h @ p  0 ." 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Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION bug-coreutils@gnu.orgcoreutilsPrint the prime factors of each specified integer NUMBER. If none are specified on the command line, read them from standard input. --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit Report %s bugs to %s GNU coreutils%s home page: General help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to /usr/local/share/locale Paul Rubinfactor8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. %s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. 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XKF;Tw# D$$UQKD:F ¨<$/TXO$TLX]J 3u;9s380&9s< 0t39… BK;FJ鋅 D$$T<$DSl`V0F贩Ft0FO;TXKF䋕KD F; ¨up$A$,F|$L$4$T>tF; ¨uT$R'0FFt_0FOKF;whKF;w|;pKF6ۭ+ljD$ <$|te$'R;t5| $Qff٭fO$kQ|j$LQf^٭^軧KFuۭ<$+@D$ t#$PQ;$t3$Pa<$Pfb٭b<$P(USE]t $Qt"۸t$E D$oRx[]OOXUEED$$QMAE=|EÐ$D$QEEUWVS<m}E扅 fEm33ɾU.ۺɋAۺɃ sم~8IT萐 I۪r۪Ʌ܋f٭E<[^_]3ɾU1ɋۺAۺɃ Ƌ+}vG~<II +|*Ʌ3UWVSL}m<$۽ۭu uzL[^_]Ð3鉍}E扅 fEm33ɾU;ۺɋAۺɃ sم~6IDۨv%I ۨۨwɸ_#3ɾU-ۺA+ۺȃ w؅~0IT萐 I۪v۪+Ʌf٭L[^_])UMEU MEEU%uEÐ=tEÐE5 EUW3VSE uXt.wM$DƋCE G98w[3^_]ËƋPS܋ƋfCҋƋC[^_]ËƋuC 먋ƋH PK S됋ƋuC<|ƃ[mUWVS GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to %s: file has shrunk too mucherror reading %serror writing %sbkKmMGTPEZY0invalid number of lines%s: %sinvalid number of bytesnumber of bytes%s: %s is so large that it is not representablenumber of lines-/usr/local/share/localec:n:qv0123456789standard input%s==> %s <== cannot open %s for readingcannot reposition file pointer for %sclosing %swrite errorcannot lseek %s%s: number of bytes is too large%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: cannot lseek back to original positioninvalid trailing option -- %c%s: unable to restore file pointer to initial offsetDavid MacKenzieJim Meyeringhead;<<<<<<<<;;;<<<;<<<<;8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. %s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. %s %s >>>>? Report bugs to: %s bug-coreutils@gnu.org%s home page: <%s> http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: Copyright %s %d Free Software Foundation, Inc.memory exhausted%sxstrtoumax0 <= strtol_base && strtol_base <= 36xstrtol.cEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE^Ewrite error%s: %s%sUnknown system error: %s%s: %s:%d: %s:--POSIXLY_CORRECT%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '--%s' requires an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: option '-W %s' requires an argument %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument literalshellshell-alwayscc-maybeescapelocaleclocale@HN[]els"'`_cd$dAd_YdYdYd@;f?;f?Z?1 ?X?{Q}ڐ?lX?+eG?UUUUUU?yPD??/O7G;C=A>@;f?;f?Z?1 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XKF;Tw# D$$>iQKD:F ¨<$gXO$gLX]J 3u;9s380&9s< 0t39… BK;FJ鋅 D$$h<$gl`V0F贩Ft0FO;TXKF䋕KD F; ¨up$A$x,F|$L$4$]h>tF; ¨uT$Of'0FFt_0FOKF;whKF;w|;pKF6ۭ+ljD$ <$|te$e;t5| $qeff٭fO$;e|j$ef^٭^軧KFuۭ<$+@D$ t#$e;$t3$da<$dfb٭b<$md(USE]t $[et"۸t$E D$_fx[]0ddXUEED$$eMAE=|EÐ$D$eEEUWVS<m}E扅 fEm33ɾU.ۺɋAۺɃ sم~8IT萐 I۪r۪Ʌ܋f٭E<[^_]3ɾU1ɋۺAۺɃ Ƌ+}vG~<II +|*Ʌ3UWVSL}m<$۽ۭu uzL[^_]Ð3鉍}E扅 fEm33ɾU;ۺɋAۺɃ sم~6IDۨv%I ۨۨwɸ_#3ɾU-ۺA+ۺȃ w؅~0IT萐 I۪v۪+Ʌf٭L[^_])UMEU MEEU%uEÐ=tEÐE5 EUW3VSE uXt.wM$ƋCE G98w[3^_]ËƋPS܋ƋfCҋƋC[^_]ËƋuC먋ƋH PK S됋ƋuC|ƃ[mUWVS GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to /usr/local/share/localeagnruGZ--context (-Z) works only on an SELinux-enabled kernelextra operand %sDavid MacKenzieArnold Robbinsidcannot print only names or real IDs in default format%s%s: No such usercannot print "only" of more than one choicecannot print security context when user specifiedcannot find name for user ID %lu%luuid=%lu(%s) gid=%lu euid=%lu egid=%lu groups=POSIXLY_CORRECT context=%sfailed to get groups for user %sfailed to get groups for the current process%scannot find name for group ID %lu%lufailed to get groups for user %sfailed to get groups for the current process8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. %s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . 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 4 4$BL74$Bvt‹3\$Ƌ$賵֍H0$GKEtB4tˍHɶ#;<SڍR;D <0tn@΍HSEGt0]MӐB;EC]t3ɍHFȋ3҅…uɋ\$Ɖ $3γ֍H0$bu;t*E3$@]E3U $$ljHH!׉M֍H薴HޱE܉$Ẻ$tt~0ou^aK($^^@MӍHI p+x,ƅ_3ɋӍH9G4@ӍHP30;p3;EH, t'˩D$ D$$کD$F 9ƅ^0UHMJ)G>53]F9F DtD%]HMFttt o t ]y I$Hu5V]33Ʌ]؋E;L‹ӉEЍH裴 uB R@ EP(8FQ hMSHWE$8 ZUt@$UwNC$Ӯ$D3 8A GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to /usr/local/share/localeSIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIXbcCsDdg:m:o:pt:TvS:Z:WARNING: --preserve_context is deprecated; use --preserve-context insteadmultiple target directories specifiedWARNING: ignoring --preserve-context; this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --context (-Z); this kernel is not SELinux-enabledfailed to set default file creation context to %scannot combine --target-directory (-t) and --no-target-directory (-T)target %s is not a directorycannot force target context to %s and preserve itbackup typetarget directory not allowed when installing a directorythe strip option may not be used when installing a directoryWARNING: ignoring --strip-program option as -s option was not specifiedDavid MacKenzieinstallaccessing %sthe --compare (-C) option is ignored when you specify a mode with non-permission bitsinvalid mode %scannot create directory %sinvalid user %sinvalid group %smissing destination file operand after %soptions --compare (-C) and --preserve-timestamps are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --strip are mutually exclusiveextra operand %smissing file operand: failed to preserve ownership for %sclearing permissions for %s%s: try to overwrite %s, overriding mode %04lo (%s)? %s: overwrite %s? %s -> %s (backup: %s)failed to restore the default file creation contextEffectivefile_chownfile_ownerabandon_movecannot stat %sremoved %s omitting directory %swill not copy %s through just-created symlink %s.warning: source file %s specified more than onceskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copied%s -> %s (unbackup) cannot create link %scannot move %s to %scannot create hard link %s to %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedfailed to get security context of %s%s and %s are the same filewill not create hard link %s to directory %scannot un-backup %scannot create directory %spreserving times for %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot create special file %s%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directorypreserving permissions for %scannot remove %scannot open %s for readingcannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %s%s has unknown file typecannot overwrite directory %s with non-directoryreading %sclosing %scannot fstat %scannot create fifo %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot create symbolic link %ssetting permissions for %sinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetcannot access %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedwill not overwrite just-created %s with %swriting %sfailed to get file system create contextcannot create regular file %scannot read symbolic link %struncating %scannot backup %sfailed to clone %scannot lseek %snot writing through dangling symlink %scopyvalid_optionsVALID_REFLINK_MODE (co->reflink_mode)copy.cVALID_SPARSE_MODE (co->sparse_mode)VALID_BACKUP_TYPE (co->backup_type)! (co->reflink_mode == REFLINK_ALWAYS && co->sparse_mode != SPARSE_AUTO)!(co->hard_link && co->symbolic_link)co != NULL8.5user::---,group::---,mask:---,other:---setting permissions for %s%spreserving permissions for %s/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. savewd_chdirsavewd_savefalsesavewd.c.wd->val.child == 0v<savewd_restoreerrno == EINTR0savewd_finishwd->val.child < 0`%s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. 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XKF;Tw# D$$SQKD:F ¨<$#QXO$QLX]J 3u;9s380&9s< 0t39… BK;FJ鋅 D$$eR<$8Pl`V0F贩Ft0FO;TXKF䋕KD F; ¨up$A$,F|$L$4$1R>tF; ¨uT$sO'0FFt_0FOKF;whKF;w|;pKF6ۭ+ljD$ <$|te$O;t5| $Nff٭fO$_N|j$@Nf^٭^軧KFuۭ<$+@D$ t#$N;$t3$Ma<$Mfb٭b<$M(USE]t $_Ot"۸t$E D$3Px[]dMRMXUEED$$OMAE=|EÐ$D$OEEUWVS<m}E扅 fEm33ɾU.ۺɋAۺɃ sم~8IT萐 I۪r۪Ʌ܋f٭E<[^_]3ɾU1ɋۺAۺɃ Ƌ+}vG~<II +|*Ʌ3UWVSL}m<$۽ۭu uzL[^_]Ð3鉍}E扅 fEm33ɾU;ۺɋAۺɃ sم~6IDۨv%I ۨۨwɸ_#3ɾU-ۺA+ۺȃ w؅~0IT萐 I۪v۪+Ʌf٭L[^_])UMEU MEEU%uEÐ=tEÐE5 EUW3VSE uXt.wM$ƋCE G98w[3^_]ËƋPS܋ƋfCҋƋC[^_]ËƋuC먋ƋH PK S됋ƋuC|ƃ[mUWVSUĉ$>E)EEEEEEEEEE~ErEEG  $?.E0 }̙w M̍ ED;BEFE,0< vƋ]̅tB}1E̍^HG XUBu7M Au#w= +URU$!=Ӊ$=UVS[òp@Ћu[^@f@ignore-casecheck-ordernocheck-orderheaderhelpversion`ilx~}Try `%s --help' for more information. Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 For each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by whitespace. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input. -a FILENUM print unpairable lines coming from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2 -e EMPTY replace missing input fields with EMPTY -i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing fields -j FIELD equivalent to `-1 FIELD -2 FIELD' -o FORMAT obey FORMAT while constructing output line -t CHAR use CHAR as input and output field separator bug-coreutils@gnu.org -v FILENUM like -a FILENUM, but suppress joined output lines -1 FIELD join on this FIELD of file 1 -2 FIELD join on this FIELD of file 2 --check-order check that the input is correctly sorted, even if all input lines are pairable --nocheck-order do not check that the input is correctly sorted --header treat the first line in each file as field headers, print them without trying to pair them --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit Unless -t CHAR is given, leading blanks separate fields and are ignored, else fields are separated by CHAR. Any FIELD is a field number counted from 1. FORMAT is one or more comma or blank separated specifications, each being `FILENUM.FIELD' or `0'. Default FORMAT outputs the join field, the remaining fields from FILE1, the remaining fields from FILE2, all separated by CHAR. Important: FILE1 and FILE2 must be sorted on the join fields. E.g., use ` sort -k 1b,1 ' if `join' has no options, or use ` join -t '' ' if `sort' has no options. Note, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. If the input is not sorted and some lines cannot be joined, a warning message will be given. Report %s bugs to %s coreutils%s home page: GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to file %d is not in sorted orderread errorinvalid field number: %sadd_field, invalid field specifier: %sfile == 0 || file == 1 || file == 2join.cfile != 0 || field == 0invalid file number in field spec: %sincompatible join fields %lu, %luextra operand %s/usr/local/share/locale-a:e:i1:2:j:o:t:v:incompatible tabsconflicting empty-field replacement strings\0-missing operandmulti-character tab %s%srMike Haerteljoinboth files cannot be standard inputmissing operand after %s8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. %s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. 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Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. %s %s 'A,AOAxAAABaBBA Report bugs to: %s bug-coreutils@gnu.org%s home page: <%s> http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: Copyright %s %d Free Software Foundation, Inc.memory exhausted%sstring comparison failedSet LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.The strings compared were %s and %s.write error%s: %s%sUnknown system error: %s%s: %s:%d: %s:--POSIXLY_CORRECT%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '--%s' requires an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: option '-W %s' requires an argument %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument CPOSIXliteralshellshell-alwayscc-maybeescapelocaleclocale 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XKF;Tw# D$$hQKD:F ¨<$#gXO$gLX]J 3u;9s380&9s< 0t39… BK;FJ鋅 D$$g<$8fl`V0F贩Ft0FO;TXKF䋕KD F; ¨up$A$8,F|$L$4$h>tF; ¨uT$se'0FFt_0FOKF;whKF;w|;pKF6ۭ+ljD$ <$|te$d;t5| $dff٭fO$_d|j$@df^٭^軧KFuۭ<$+@D$ t#$Dc;$t3$ca<$cfb٭b<$c(USE]t $?dt"۸t$E D$fx[]bbXUEED$$eMAE=|EÐ$D$eEEUWVS<m}E扅 fEm3P3ɾTU.ۺɋAۺɃ sم~8IT萐 I۪r۪Ʌ܋f٭E<[^_]P3ɾTU1ɋۺAۺɃ Ƌ+}vG~<II +|*Ʌ3UWVSL}m<$۽ۭu uzL[^_]Ð3鉍}E扅 fEm3X3ɾ\U;ۺɋAۺɃ sم~6IDۨv%I ۨۨwɸ_#X3ɾ\U-ۺA+ۺȃ w؅~0IT萐 I۪v۪+Ʌf٭L[^_])UMEU MEEU%uEÐ=tEÐE5 EUW3VSE uXt.wM$ƋCE G98w[3^_]ËƋPS܋ƋfCҋƋC[^_]ËƋuC`먋ƋH PK S됋ƋuC||ƃ[mUWVS GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to ?%*d %-*s %s /usr/local/share/locale%s: invalid process id%s: multiple signals specifiedinvalid option -- %c%smultiple -l or -t options specified%d Paul Eggertcannot combine signal with -l or -tno process ID specified%s: invalid signalabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. %s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. 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C crt1.sas: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005GNU C crti.sas: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005@(#)SunOS 5.10 Generic January 2005GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 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Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form) or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form) In the 1st form, create a link to TARGET with the name LINK_NAME. In the 2nd form, create a link to TARGET in the current directory. In the 3rd and 4th forms, create links to each TARGET in DIRECTORY. Create hard links by default, symbolic links with --symbolic. When creating hard links, each TARGET must exist. Symbolic links can hold arbitrary text; if later resolved, a relative link is interpreted in relation to its parent directory. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories (note: will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the superuser) -f, --force remove existing destination files -i, --interactive prompt whether to remove destinations -L, --logical make hard links to symbolic link references -n, --no-dereference treat destination that is a symlink to a directory as if it were a normal file -P, --physical make hard links directly to symbolic links -s, --symbolic make symbolic links instead of hard links -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create the links -T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file -v, --verbose print name of each linked file --help display this help and exit bug-coreutils@gnu.org --version output version information and exit The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: Using -s ignores -L and -P. Otherwise, the last option specified controls behavior when the source is a symbolic link, defaulting to %s. -P none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups Report %s bugs to %s coreutils%s home page: GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to /usr/local/share/localeSIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIXbdfinst:vFLPS:Tmultiple target directories specifiedcannot combine --target-directory and --no-target-directorytarget %s is not a directorybackup typelnDavid MacKenzieMike Parker.missing file operandextra operand %smissing destination file operand after %s8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. %s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. 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XKF;Tw# D$$JqQKD:F ¨<$mXO$wmLX]J 3u;9s380&9s< 0t39… BK;FJ鋅 D$$p<$ll`V0F贩Ft0FO;TXKF䋕KD F; ¨up$A$8,F|$L$4$l>tF; ¨uT$k'0FFt_0FOKF;whKF;w|;pKF6ۭ+ljD$ <$|te$k;t5| $jff٭fO$j|j$jf^٭^軧KFuۭ<$+@D$ t#$j;$t3$&ja<$jfb٭b<$i(USE]t $kt"۸t$E D$ox[]iiXUEED$$XoMAE=|EÐ$D$NoEEUWVS<m}E扅 fEm3P3ɾTU.ۺɋAۺɃ sم~8IT萐 I۪r۪Ʌ܋f٭E<[^_]P3ɾTU1ɋۺAۺɃ Ƌ+}vG~<II +|*Ʌ3UWVSL}m<$۽ۭu uzL[^_]Ð3鉍}E扅 fEm3X3ɾ\U;ۺɋAۺɃ sم~6IDۨv%I ۨۨwɸ_#X3ɾ\U-ۺA+ۺȃ w؅~0IT萐 I۪v۪+Ʌf٭L[^_])UMEU MEEU%uEÐ=tEÐE5 EUW3VSE uXt.wM$ƋCE G98w[3^_]ËƋPS܋ƋfCҋƋC[^_]ËƋuC`먋ƋH PK S됋ƋuC||ƃ[mUWVS %*s, %*s !Try `%s --help' for more information. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -a, --all do not ignore entries starting with . -A, --almost-all do not list implied . and .. --author with -l, print the author of each file -b, --escape print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks. See SIZE format below -B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~ -c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime -C list entries by columns --color[=WHEN] colorize the output. WHEN defaults to `always' or can be `never' or `auto'. More info below -d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links -D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries --file-type likewise, except do not append `*' --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso -g like -l, but do not list owner --group-directories-first group directories before files. augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping -G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names -h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line follow symbolic links listed on the command line --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory --hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A) --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode print the index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k like --block-size=1K -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o like -l, but do not list group information -p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -r, --reverse reverse order while sorting -R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively -s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks -S sort by file size --sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time --time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale -t sort by modification time -T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 -u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time -U do not sort; list entries in directory order -v natural sort of (version) numbers within text -w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value -x list entries by lines instead of by columns -X sort alphabetically by entry extension -Z, --context print any SELinux security context of each file -1 list one file per line --help display this help and exit bug-coreutils@gnu.org --version output version information and exit SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it. Exit status: 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory), 2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument). Report %s bugs to %s coreutils%s home page: GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to posix-QUOTING_STYLELS_BLOCK_SIZECOLUMNSTABSIZEabcdfghiklmnopqrstuvw:xABCDFGHI:LNQRST:UXZ1ignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %slsDavid MacKenzieRichard M. Stallmandirvdir*~.*~--time--sort--quoting-style--indicator-style--formatinvalid line width: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %sinvalid tab size: %s*=>@|invalid time style format %serror initializing month stringsignoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %sBLOCK_SIZE--colortime style%Y-%m-%d %H:%MTIME_STYLE%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%N %z%Y-%m-%d %m-%d %H:%MߔӔr)Ŗl`'ڕDkIdx9_Sk#-Nl'̗֗B4main dev_ino_pop/usr/local/share/locale: sizeof (struct dev_ino) <= obstack_object_size (&dev_ino_obstack)%s: not listing already-listed directorycannot determine device and inode of %s.LS_COLORSunrecognized prefix: %sunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variablereading directory %stotalcannot open directory %sfound//DIRED////SUBDIRED////DIRED-OPTIONS// --quoting-style=%s hash_get_n_entries (active_dir_set) == 0closing directory %s8.5.../.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. %s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. %s %s Ͼ'\. Report bugs to: %s bug-coreutils@gnu.org%s home page: <%s> http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: Copyright %s %d Free Software Foundation, Inc.memory exhausted%sambiguous argument %s for %sinvalid argument %s for %sValid arguments are: - `%s', `%s'write error%s: %s%sUnknown system error: %s%s: %s:%d: %s:POSIXLY_CORRECText_matchp[-1] == L_(')')fnmatch_loop.c! 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 4 4$ BL74$Bvt‹3\$Ƌ$賵֍H0$7KEtB4tˍHɶ#;<SڍR;D <0tn@΍HSEGt0]MӐB;EC]t3ɍHFȋ3҅…uɋ\$Ɖ $3γ֍H0$Ru;t*E3$0]E3U $$ljHH!׉M֍H薴HޱE܉$Ẻ$|tt~0ou^aK($^^@MӍHI p+x,ƅ_3ɋӍH9G4@ӍHP30;p3;EH, t' D$ D$$D$ 9ƅ^0UHMJ)G>53]F9F DtD%]HMFttt o t ]y I$Hu5V]33Ʌ]؋E;L‹ӉEЍH裴 uB R@ EP(8FQ hMSHWE$8 ZUt@$UwNC$Ӯ$43 8A General help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to main/usr/local/share/localesys_linkdirSIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIXbfint:uvS:Tmultiple target directories specifiedcannot combine --target-directory (-t) and --no-target-directory (-T)missing destination file operand after %starget %s is not a directorybackup typeaccessing %s2 <= n_filesoptions --backup and --no-clobber are mutually exclusiveextra operand %smissing file operandMike ParkerJim MeyeringDavid MacKenziemv%s: descend into write-protected directory %s? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: remove %s %s? %s: descend into directory %s? cannot remove %sremoved directory: %s removed %s rmfts_read failedfts_close failedunexpected failure: fts_info=%d: %s please report to %sbug-coreutils@gnu.orgtraversal failed: %sVALID_STATUS (s)remove.cWARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s /it is dangerous to operate recursively on %suse --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeskipping %s, since it's on a different devicecannot remove directory: %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)VpX0XWWVWWWVWWWWfailed to preserve ownership for %sclearing permissions for %s%s: try to overwrite %s, overriding mode %04lo (%s)? %s: overwrite %s? %s -> %s (backup: %s)failed to restore the default file creation contextEffectivefile_chownfile_ownerabandon_movecannot stat %sremoved %s omitting directory %swill not copy %s through just-created symlink %s.warning: source file %s specified more than onceskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copied%s -> %s (unbackup) cannot create link %scannot move %s to %scannot create hard link %s to %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedfailed to get security context of %s%s and %s are the same filewill not create hard link %s to directory %scannot un-backup %scannot create directory %spreserving times for %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot create special file %s%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directorypreserving permissions for %scannot remove %scannot open %s for readingcannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %s%s has unknown file typecannot overwrite directory %s with non-directoryreading %sclosing %scannot fstat %scannot create fifo %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot create symbolic link %ssetting permissions for %sinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetcannot access %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedwill not overwrite just-created %s with %swriting %sfailed to get file system create contextcannot create regular file %scannot read symbolic link %struncating %scannot backup %sfailed to clone %scannot lseek %snot writing through dangling symlink %scopyvalid_optionsVALID_REFLINK_MODE (co->reflink_mode)copy.cVALID_SPARSE_MODE (co->sparse_mode)VALID_BACKUP_TYPE (co->backup_type)! 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Report %s bugs to %s coreutils%s home page: GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to /usr/local/share/localePOSIXLY_CORRECTJim Meyering+nohup.outappending output to %signoring input and appending output to %sHOMEfailed to open %s/dev/nullredirecting stderr to stdoutignoring input and redirecting stderr to stdoutignoring inputfailed to set the copy of stderr to close on execfailed to redirect standard errormissing operandfailed to run command %sfailed to render standard input unusable8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. write error%s: %s%sUnknown system error: %s%s: %s:%d: %s:--POSIXLY_CORRECT%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '--%s' requires an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: option '-W %s' requires an argument %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument helpversion@hEv+literalshellshell-alwayscc-maybeescapelocaleclocale"'`XB9GWGtGGTBGGGHCCCCCCHHHjHfHbHDHCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCFFFFFDFHFFFDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDFFFFDCDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDFHDFDFDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDFFFFFFPFFPFFPFPFPFPFPFPFPFPFPFPFPFPFPFPFPFPFPFPFPFPFPFPFPFPFPFPFPFF%s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . 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…,t,<${E܉${TFzOnCaCn<$LD$ 03 " |$${.L+ $z$z |$$z$ L$|$z T$ $xz <$EzgG ¨ۭE؉~3Xu0F; ¨ F; 0OF;w }؋$x$AnAaAnqZdKD:F ¨<$yCۭ<$|$  $x;'KF;w ¨u <$x蹲F 0F9wKFu<$NjU9 3҃ …,+,$XJA3Tu39Ts+X80u T9TsXT< 0t39…BXK;FJu;T ¨<X$hw<$ L$D$w$:w$-w$ w <$ w 4$vI4$ T$L$)wICNCF]9 3҃ …t 4$v,,<$oiFnFfF;C; t=;C;v] 9  ¨<$uM9 3҃…t$ D$T$u };t#;st$ $~uD ,t,$7uE܉$,uTt$uM  fPKXD F;T ¨$A$,F|$\$4$_uF>u,0Fh $t9ۭ<$j3p$s;؉H;@;$t;WGCۭ+HD$ <$製ef`٭`ڃNBABND3D,NJ;w0 0F0ua݅p+ljD$$}L$;r;uL $rۭ<$ڿ3ɉ@$$q9$؉;;<$erJ@;EЉۭ<$+‰D$ _fd٭d"KFu݅pl$+@D$`$p;(`$qP贫F 0Fut,NJ;w0  F0uLa XKF;Tw? XKF;Tw# D$$pQKD:F ¨<$pXO${pLX]J 3u;9s380&9s< 0t39… BK;FJ鋅 D$$o<$ol`V0F贩Ft0FO;TXKF䋕KD F; ¨up$A$,F|$L$4$o>tF; ¨uT$n'0FFt_0FOKF;whKF;w|;pKF6ۭ+ljD$ <$|te$Gm;t5| $nff٭fO$m|j$mf^٭^軧KFuۭ<$+@D$ t#$pl;$t3$*ma<$mfb٭b<$l(USE]t $lt"۸t$E D$mx[]kkXUEED$$ GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to /usr/local/share/locale%s: invalid number to ignoreGiuseppe Scrivanonproc%lu 8.5OMP_NUM_THREADS/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. %s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. 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C crt1.sas: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005GNU C crti.sas: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005@(#)SunOS 5.10 Generic January 2005GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 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Report %s bugs to %s bug-coreutils@gnu.org%s home page: coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to `-%c' extra characters or invalid number in the argument: %s/usr/local/share/locale`--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argumentRoland HuebnerPete TerMaatprinvalid page range %s`-W PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %s`-w PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %s`-o MARGIN' invalid line offset: %s`-l PAGE_LENGTH' invalid number of lines: %s`-N NUMBER' invalid starting line number: %sPOSIXLY_CORRECT%Y-%m-%d %H:%M%b %e %H:%M %Ycannot specify number of columns when printing in parallelcannot specify both printing across and printing in parallelRRVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVORVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVORVO`QVOVOVORVOVOVOPRVOVOVOVOR RVOVOQVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOQQQQlQ`QVOQQ8QVOVOPPP`PVOVOTP:P'PVOPOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOVOObO8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. %s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . 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XKF;Tw# D$$gQKD:F ¨<$seXO$_eLX]J 3u;9s380&9s< 0t39… BK;FJ鋅 D$$e<$dl`V0F贩Ft0FO;TXKF䋕KD F; ¨up$A$,F|$L$4$f>tF; ¨uT$c'0FFt_0FOKF;whKF;w|;pKF6ۭ+ljD$ <$|te${c;t5| $bff٭fO$b|j$bf^٭^軧KFuۭ<$+@D$ t#$b;$t3$ba<$bfb٭b<$a(USE]t $bt"۸t$E D$dx[]a`XUEED$$cMAE=|EÐ$D$cEEUWVS<m}E扅 fEm33ɾU.ۺɋAۺɃ sم~8IT萐 I۪r۪Ʌ܋f٭E<[^_]3ɾU1ɋۺAۺɃ Ƌ+}vG~<II +|*Ʌ3UWVSL}m<$۽ۭu uzL[^_]Ð3鉍}E扅 fEm33ɾU;ۺɋAۺɃ sم~6IDۨv%I ۨۨwɸ_#3ɾU-ۺA+ۺȃ w؅~0IT萐 I۪v۪+Ʌf٭L[^_])UMEU MEEU%uEÐ=tEÐE5 EUW3VSE uXt.wM$$ƋCE G98w[3^_]ËƋPS܋ƋfCҋƋC[^_]ËƋuC먋ƋH PK S됋ƋuC|ƃ[mUWVS GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to %s: value not completely converted%s%s: expected a numeric valuewarning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredmissing hexadecimal number in escapeinvalid universal character name \%c%0*x"\abcefnrtv (''&]''&&&&&&&}'&&&'&='&'/usr/local/share/localePOSIXLY_CORRECTmissing operand--help--version--David MacKenziewarning: ignoring excess arguments, starting with %sLlld%.*s: invalid conversion specificationinvalid precision: %sinvalid field width: %sG-P-P-U.P-P-P-.P-P-P-G-P-G-P-P-9-.v.v.v....v.v.v.v.v.v.v.v.v.v.v.v.v.v.v.v./v.v.v.v.v.v.v.v..v.v./...v./v.v.v.v.v./v.v.v.v.v./v.v.//5/5/5////5/5/5/5/5/5/5/5/5/5/5/5/5/5/5/5/,05/5/5/5/5/5/5/5//5/ /H////5/H/5/5/5/5/5/,05/5/5/05/,05/5/,08.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. 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C crt1.sas: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005GNU C crti.sas: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005@(#)SunOS 5.10 Generic January 2005GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 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VALID_STATUS (status)rm.c%s: remove all arguments? /failed to get attributes of %smissing operandRichard M. StallmanJim MeyeringDavid MacKenziePaul Rubinrm%s: descend into write-protected directory %s? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: remove %s %s? %s: descend into directory %s? cannot remove %sremoved directory: %s removed %s rmfts_read failedfts_close failedunexpected failure: fts_info=%d: %s please report to %sbug-coreutils@gnu.orgtraversal failed: %sVALID_STATUS (s)remove.cWARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s /it is dangerous to operate recursively on %suse --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeskipping %s, since it's on a different devicecannot remove directory: %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)0DEEDD0DDED0DDDDD8.5Effective/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. %s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. %s %s LLL(MWMMMN^NL Report bugs to: %s bug-coreutils@gnu.org%s home page: <%s> http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: Copyright %s %d Free Software Foundation, Inc.ambiguous argument %s for %sinvalid argument %s for %sValid arguments are: - `%s', `%s'error closing file%s%s: %swrite error%s: %s%sUnknown system error: %s%s: %s:%d: %s:weird fileregular fileregular empty fileblock special filesymbolic linkdirectorycharacter special filefifosocket...--POSIXLY_CORRECT%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '--%s' requires an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: option '-W %s' requires an argument %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument ?L??# entries: %lu # buckets: %lu # 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sha1sumcrt1.scrti.svalues-Xa.ccrtstuff.c__CTOR_LIST____DTOR_LIST____EH_FRAME_BEGIN____JCR_LIST__p.0completed.1__do_global_dtors_auxobject.2frame_dummymd5sum.cquietwarnstatus_onlylong_optionsdigest_filehave_read_stdinbin2hex.0min_digest_line_lengthdigest_hex_bytesversion.cprogname.cversion-etc.cversion-etc-fsf.cbasename-lgpl.ccloseout.cclose_stdout_set_file_nameclose_stdout_set_ignore_EPIPEerror.cerror_tailold_file_name.0old_line_number.1fcntl.chave_dupfd_cloexec.0fopen-safer.cgetline.cgetopt.cexchangegetopt_datagetopt1.cquotearg.cslotvec0slot0nslotsslotvecdefault_quoting_optionsquoting_options_from_stylegettext_quotequotearg_buffer_restyledquotearg_n_optionssha1.cfillbufvfprintf.cxmalloc.cexitfail.cfseterr.cxalloc-die.cclose-stream.cdup-safer.cgetdelim.cmbrtowc.cinternal_state.0vasnprintf.cdecimal_point_charmultiplydividesmall_pow5.2scale10_round_decimal_decodedscale10_round_decimal_long_doublescale10_round_decimal_doublefloorlog10lfloorlog10is_borderlinedecimal_format.0decimal_format.1wcrtomb.cprintf-frexp.cprintf-frexpl.cisnanl.cprintf-args.cwide_null_string.0printf-parse.c__CTOR_END____DTOR_END____FRAME_END____JCR_END____do_global_ctors_auxcrtn.o_END__START__Jv_RegisterClasses_PROCEDURE_LINKAGE_TABLE_printf_frexpfwritex2reallocversion_etcrpl_getopt_internalclose_stdoutquotearg_custom_memversion_etc_copyrightset_program_namefilenorpl_getoptiswprint_finiversion_etc_arget_quoting_style_environ_initrpl_wcrtombquotearg_freeferrorclose_stream_etextquoteargquotearg_colonxcalloc_startlibintl_bindtextdomainrpl_mbrtowcsprintfrpl_optoptquotearg_custom_exit__filbuf_cleanupxzallocquotearg_n_custom_memfopen_safer__fpstarterror_print_prognamefeof__fpendingset_quoting_flagsmemsetquotearg_n_style_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_quotearg_char_mem__ctyperpl_frexplfclosesetvbufVersiongetenvsha1_buffergetdelimabortatexitstrchr_DYNAMICfopen64quotearg_n_customstrlenerror_message_count__umoddi3fdopenclone_quoting_optionssha1_process_block__iobwctomb__flsbufset_custom_quotingusage_endsha1_streamsha1_read_ctxxmemdupldexprpl_getopt_long_only_mcountrpl_optindset_char_quotingsha1_finish_ctxstrerror_rrpl_vfprintferror_at_linexmalloc_getopt_long_rquotearg_n_style_memprintf_parsequotearg_colon_membase_lenlibintl_textdomainstrrchr__dso_handle___errno_getopt_internal_rfseterrrpl_getlinelibintl_gettextwcslenmemcpyquotearg_charlast_componentexit_failurefflushversion_etc_arnxalloc_diexreallocrpl_optargquoting_style_vals__udivdi3emit_bug_reporting_addressquotearg_bufferquotearg_alloc_memrpl_fcntlset_quoting_stylequotearg_stylefreadsha1_process_bytes_getopt_long_only_rstrcmpquotearg_memquotearg_style_memmbsinitvasnprintfquotearg_n_mem_lib_versionquotearg_nsetlocalerpl_opterrstrncmpquoting_style_argssha1_init_ctxprintf_frexpl__deregister_frame_info_baseserror_one_per_linexstrdupversion_etc_vaprintf_fetchargs__register_frame_info_basesrpl_isnanlquotearg_allocrpl_getopt_longtolowerlibintl_ngettext_edatafputsdup_saferGNU 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XKF;Tw# D$$2QKD:F ¨<$'0XO$0LX]J 3u;9s380&9s< 0t39… BK;FJ鋅 D$$0<$tF; ¨uT$w.'0FFt_0FOKF;whKF;w|;pKF6ۭ+ljD$ <$|te$-;t5| $-ff٭fO$c-|j$D-f^٭^軧KFuۭ<$+@D$ t#$-;$t3$,a<$,fb٭b<$,(USE]t $-t"۸t$E D$.x[]++XUEED$$.MAE=|EÐ$D$.EEUWVS<m}E扅 fEm3P3ɾTU.ۺɋAۺɃ sم~8IT萐 I۪r۪Ʌ܋f٭E<[^_]P3ɾTU1ɋۺAۺɃ Ƌ+}vG~<II +|*Ʌ3UWVSL}m<$۽ۭu uzL[^_]Ð3鉍}E扅 fEm3X3ɾ\U;ۺɋAۺɃ sم~6IDۨv%I ۨۨwɸ_#X3ɾ\U-ۺA+ۺȃ w؅~0IT萐 I۪v۪+Ʌf٭L[^_])UMEU MEEU%uEÐ=tEÐE5 EUW3VSE uXt.wM$ƋCE G98w[3^_]ËƋPS܋ƋfCҋƋC[^_]ËƋuC`먋ƋH PK S됋ƋuC||ƃ[mUWVS GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to -%sr0123456789abcdef/usr/local/share/localebctwstandard inputWARNING: %llu of %llu listed files could not be readWARNING: %llu of %llu listed file could not be readWARNING: %llu of %llu computed checksums did NOT matchWARNING: %llu of %llu computed checksum did NOT match%s: too many checksum lines%s: %llu: improperly formatted %s checksum line%s: FAILED open or read the --quiet option is meaningful only when verifying checksums%02xFAILED%s: %s \n%s: read error\\%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines foundScott MillerUlrich DrepperDavid Madoresha224sumOKthe --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksums8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. %s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. 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XKF;Tw# D$$1QKD:F ¨<$/XO$/LX]J 3u;9s380&9s< 0t39… BK;FJ鋅 D$$Y0<$.l`V0F贩Ft0FO;TXKF䋕KD F; ¨up$A$,F|$L$4$0>tF; ¨uT$-'0FFt_0FOKF;whKF;w|;pKF6ۭ+ljD$ <$|te$_-;t5| $ -ff٭fO$,|j$,f^٭^軧KFuۭ<$+@D$ t#$,;$t3$2,a<$%,fb٭b<$,(USE]t $3-t"۸t$E D$.x[]H+6+XUEED$$-MAE=|EÐ$D$-EEUWVS<m}E扅 fEm33ɾU.ۺɋAۺɃ sم~8IT萐 I۪r۪Ʌ܋f٭E<[^_]3ɾU1ɋۺAۺɃ Ƌ+}vG~<II +|*Ʌ3UWVSL}m<$۽ۭu uzL[^_]Ð3鉍}E扅 fEm33ɾU;ۺɋAۺɃ sم~6IDۨv%I ۨۨwɸ_#3ɾU-ۺA+ۺȃ w؅~0IT萐 I۪v۪+Ʌf٭L[^_])UMEU MEEU%uEÐ=tEÐE5 EUW3VSE uXt.wM$ƋCE G98w[3^_]ËƋPS܋ƋfCҋƋC[^_]ËƋuC먋ƋH PK S됋ƋuC|ƃ[mUWVS GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to -%sr0123456789abcdef/usr/local/share/localebctwstandard inputWARNING: %llu of %llu listed files could not be readWARNING: %llu of %llu listed file could not be readWARNING: %llu of %llu computed checksums did NOT matchWARNING: %llu of %llu computed checksum did NOT match%s: too many checksum lines%s: %llu: improperly formatted %s checksum line%s: FAILED open or read the --quiet option is meaningful only when verifying checksums%02xFAILED%s: %s \n%s: read error\\%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines foundScott MillerUlrich DrepperDavid Madoresha256sumOKthe --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksums8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. %s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. 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XKF;Tw# D$$fQKD:F ¨<$wXO$cLX]J 3u;9s380&9s< 0t39… BK;FJ鋅 D$$9<$l`V0F贩Ft0FO;TXKF䋕KD F; ¨up$A$T,F|$L$4$>tF; ¨uT$'0FFt_0FOKF;whKF;w|;pKF6ۭ+ljD$ <$|te$?;t5| $ff٭fO$|j$f^٭^軧KFuۭ<$+@D$ t#$h;$t3$a<$fb٭b<$(USE]t $t"۸t$E D$x[](XUEED$$dMAE=|EÐ$D$jEEUWVS<m}E扅 fEm3U3ɾUU.ۺɋAۺɃ sم~8IT萐 I۪r۪Ʌ܋f٭E<[^_]U3ɾUU1ɋۺAۺɃ Ƌ+}vG~<II +|*Ʌ3UWVSL}m<$۽ۭu uzL[^_]Ð3鉍}E扅 fEm3U3ɾUU;ۺɋAۺɃ sم~6IDۨv%I ۨۨwɸ_#U3ɾUU-ۺA+ۺȃ w؅~0IT萐 I۪v۪+Ʌf٭L[^_])UMEU MEEU%uEÐ=tEÐE5 EUW3VSE uXt.wM$UƋCE G98w[3^_]ËƋPS܋ƋfCҋƋC[^_]ËƋuCU먋ƋH PK S됋ƋuCU|ƃ[mUWVS GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to -%sr0123456789abcdef/usr/local/share/localebctwstandard inputWARNING: %llu of %llu listed files could not be readWARNING: %llu of %llu listed file could not be readWARNING: %llu of %llu computed checksums did NOT matchWARNING: %llu of %llu computed checksum did NOT match%s: too many checksum lines%s: %llu: improperly formatted %s checksum line%s: FAILED open or read the --quiet option is meaningful only when verifying checksums%02xFAILED%s: %s \n%s: read error\\%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines foundDavid MadoreScott MillerUlrich Dreppersha384sumOKthe --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksums8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. %s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. 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XKF;Tw# D$$fQKD:F ¨<$wXO$cLX]J 3u;9s380&9s< 0t39… BK;FJ鋅 D$$9<$l`V0F贩Ft0FO;TXKF䋕KD F; ¨up$A$T,F|$L$4$>tF; ¨uT$'0FFt_0FOKF;whKF;w|;pKF6ۭ+ljD$ <$|te$?;t5| $ff٭fO$|j$f^٭^軧KFuۭ<$+@D$ t#$h;$t3$a<$fb٭b<$(USE]t $t"۸t$E D$x[](XUEED$$dMAE=|EÐ$D$jEEUWVS<m}E扅 fEm3U3ɾUU.ۺɋAۺɃ sم~8IT萐 I۪r۪Ʌ܋f٭E<[^_]U3ɾUU1ɋۺAۺɃ Ƌ+}vG~<II +|*Ʌ3UWVSL}m<$۽ۭu uzL[^_]Ð3鉍}E扅 fEm3U3ɾUU;ۺɋAۺɃ sم~6IDۨv%I ۨۨwɸ_#U3ɾUU-ۺA+ۺȃ w؅~0IT萐 I۪v۪+Ʌf٭L[^_])UMEU MEEU%uEÐ=tEÐE5 EUW3VSE uXt.wM$UƋCE G98w[3^_]ËƋPS܋ƋfCҋƋC[^_]ËƋuCU먋ƋH PK S됋ƋuCU|ƃ[mUWVS GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to -%sr0123456789abcdef/usr/local/share/localebctwstandard inputWARNING: %llu of %llu listed files could not be readWARNING: %llu of %llu listed file could not be readWARNING: %llu of %llu computed checksums did NOT matchWARNING: %llu of %llu computed checksum did NOT match%s: too many checksum lines%s: %llu: improperly formatted %s checksum line%s: FAILED open or read the --quiet option is meaningful only when verifying checksums%02xFAILED%s: %s \n%s: read error\\%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines foundDavid MadoreScott MillerUlrich Dreppersha512sumOKthe --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksums8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. %s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . 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XKF;Tw# D$$QKD:F ¨<$gXO$SLX]J 3u;9s380&9s< 0t39… BK;FJ鋅 D$$<$|l`V0F贩Ft0FO;TXKF䋕KD F; ¨up$A$6,F|$L$4$>tF; ¨uT$'0FFt_0FOKF;whKF;w|;pKF6ۭ+ljD$ <$|te$;t5| $ff٭fO$|j$f^٭^軧KFuۭ<$+@D$ t#$;$t3$a<$fb٭b<$(USE]t $ct"۸t$E D$x[]vXUEP;r@$t4HAJ‹+Ћ@>A @>3ÐUSMt yJt []Ћ+Ѝ@>@>tɐ;t X@u[]ÍP@U[]wUWVSlE=HE3}Eƍ]E}u?}}‹4tPEEEC}t EąEEFE띉$l[^_]ÐU$au1$77D$7T$ D$FEHD$C $9D$UT$ C D$C,$y^tCt]uJC$C 8uhC,C(E$ C$C(C$̃l[^_]C$C $|C$C($77D$ D$7D$YC,r$77|$ 7L$T$'FUEED$$dMAE=|EÐ$D$jEEUWVS<m}E扅 fEm383ɾ8U.ۺɋAۺɃ sم~8IT萐 I۪r۪Ʌ܋f٭E<[^_]83ɾ8U1ɋۺAۺɃ Ƌ+}vG~<II +|*Ʌ3U3D$ET$$JUWVSL}m<$۽ۭu uzL[^_]Ð3鉍}E扅 fEm383ɾ8U;ۺɋAۺɃ sم~6IDۨv%I ۨۨwɸ_#83ɾ8U-ۺA+ۺȃ w؅~0IT萐 I۪v۪+Ʌf٭L[^_])UMEU MEEU%uEÐ=tEÐE5 EUW3VSE uXt.wM$D8ƋCE G98w[3^_]ËƋPS܋ƋfCҋƋC[^_]ËƋuC 8먋ƋH PK S됋ƋuC<8|ƃ[mUWVS GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to creating file %s output file suffixes exhausted%sbEGKkMmPTYZ0/usr/local/share/locale-x0123456789C:a:b:dl:%s: invalid number of bytesline count option -%s%c... is too large0123456789%s: invalid number of linescannot split in more than one wayTorbjorn GranlundTorbjörn GranlundRichard M. Stallmansplitcannot open %s for reading%s: invalid suffix lengthinvalid number of lines: 0extra operand %s8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. mbuiter_multi_nextmbsinit (&iter->state)mbuiter.hiter->cur.wc == 0*iter->cur.ptr == '\0'%s (%s)UTF-8mbiter_multi_nextiter->cur.wc == 0mbiter.hmbsinit (&iter->state)*iter->cur.ptr == '\0'%s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. %s %s NNNOGO|OOPNPN Report bugs to: %s bug-coreutils@gnu.org%s home page: <%s> http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: Copyright %s %d Free Software Foundation, Inc.memory exhausted%sxstrtoumax0 <= strtol_base && strtol_base <= 36xstrtol.c WVVWVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVnVwrite error%s: %s%sUnknown system error: %s%s: %s:%d: %s:--POSIXLY_CORRECT%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '--%s' requires an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: option '-W %s' requires an argument %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument 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Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Display file or file system status. -L, --dereference follow links -f, --file-system display file system status instead of file status -c --format=FORMAT use the specified FORMAT instead of the default; output a newline after each use of FORMAT --printf=FORMAT like --format, but interpret backslash escapes, and do not output a mandatory trailing newline. If you want a newline, include \n in FORMAT -t, --terse print the information in terse form --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit The valid format sequences for files (without --file-system): %a Access rights in octal %A Access rights in human readable form %b Number of blocks allocated (see %B) %B The size in bytes of each block reported by %b %C SELinux security context string %d Device number in decimal %D Device number in hex %f Raw mode in hex %F File type %g Group ID of owner %G Group name of owner stat %h Number of hard links %i Inode number %n File name %N Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link %o I/O block size %s Total size, in bytes %t Major device type in hex %T Minor device type in hex bug-coreutils@gnu.org %u User ID of owner %U User name of owner %x Time of last access %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch %y Time of last modification %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch %z Time of last change %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch Valid format sequences for file systems: %a Free blocks available to non-superuser %b Total data blocks in file system %c Total file nodes in file system %d Free file nodes in file system %f Free blocks in file system %C SELinux security context string %i File System ID in hex %l Maximum length of filenames %n File name %s Block size (for faster transfers) %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) %t Type in hex %T Type in human readable form NOTE: your shell may have its own version of %s, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. Report %s bugs to %s %s home page: coreutilsGNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to /usr/local/share/localec:fLtZ the --context (-Z) option is obsolete and will be removed in a future releasemissing operandMichael Meskes-using %s to denote standard input does not work in file system modecannot stat %scannot read file system information for %scannot stat standard input%n %s %b %f %u %g %D %i %h %t %T %X %Y %Z %o File: %N Size: %-10s Blocks: %-10b IO Block: %-6o %F Device: %Dh/%dd Inode: %-10i Links: %-5h Device type: %t,%T Access: (%04a/%10.10A) Uid: (%5u/%8U) Gid: (%5g/%8G) Access: %x Modify: %y Change: %z File: %N Size: %-10s Blocks: %-10b IO Block: %-6o %F Device: %Dh/%dd Inode: %-10i Links: %h Access: (%04a/%10.10A) Uid: (%5u/%8U) Gid: (%5g/%8G) Access: %x Modify: %y Change: %z %n %i %l %t %s %S %b %f %a %c %d File: "%n" ID: %-8i Namelen: %-7l Type: %T Block size: %-10s Fundamental block size: %S Blocks: Total: %-10b Free: %-10f Available: %a Inodes: Total: %-10c Free: %d 8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. %s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. %s %s 889H9w9991:~:8 Report bugs to: %s bug-coreutils@gnu.org%s home page: <%s> http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: Copyright %s %d Free Software Foundation, Inc.write error%s: %s%sUnknown system error: %s%s: %s:%d: %s:weird fileregular fileregular empty fileblock special filesymbolic linkdirectorycharacter special filefifosocket--POSIXLY_CORRECT%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '--%s' requires an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: option '-W %s' requires an argument %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument literalshellshell-alwayscc-maybeescapelocaleclocale "'`xWY\w\\\tW\\\] X X X X X X]]]]]]d] X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X[[[[[Z[^[[[ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ[[[[@;f?;f?Z?1 ?X?{Q}ڐ?lX?+eG?UUUUUU?yPD??/O7G;C=A>@;f?;f?Z?1 ?X?{Q}ڐ?lX?+eG?UUUUUU?yPD?%+.2d%+.2d%+d%+.2d?A=?*******************************ںǽ(ppB@?@?(NULL)(NULL)ppppppppppppA1)!nnQ)))$.>N^n~.>N^n~  . > N ^ n ~         !!.!>!N!^!n!~!!!!!!!!!"  | z oLoo8`(po`o h ? 0|(@`  "   $ D`\' &1?M `mDq`}" d" ,p#{ # $% @$% p$% $|  % ! & +)e 4P]g}> 19 NZenD  w(0 8< !0VC V9  WH $a 7Bf? 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XKF;Tw# D$$~$QKD:F ¨<$_"XO$K"LX]J 3u;9s380&9s< 0t39… BK;FJ鋅 D$$Q#<$t!l`V0F贩Ft0FO;TXKF䋕KD F; ¨up$A$,,F|$L$4$}!>tF; ¨uT$ '0FFt_0FOKF;whKF;w|;pKF6ۭ+ljD$ <$|te$W ;t5| $ff٭fO$|j$|f^٭^軧KFuۭ<$+@D$ t#$;$t3$a<$fb٭b<$(USE]t $+t"۸t$E D$!x[] XUEP;r@$lt4HAJ‹+Ћ3A 33ÐUSMt yJt []Ћ+Ѝ33tɐ;t X@u[]ÍP@U[]oUWVSlE==E3}Eƍ]E}u?}}‹*tPEEEC}t EąEEFE띉$)l[^_]ÐU$)u1$C-0-D$Z-T$ D$E=D$C $:D$UT$ C D$C,$ atCt]uJC$C 8uhC,C(E$ C$C(C$̃l[^_]C$C $$C$C($d-0-D$ D$Z-D$!C,r${-0-|$ Z-L$T$FUEED$$MAE=|EÐ$D$"EEUWVS<m}E扅 fEm3-3ɾ-U.ۺɋAۺɃ sم~8IT萐 I۪r۪Ʌ܋f٭E<[^_]-3ɾ-U1ɋۺAۺɃ Ƌ+}vG~<II +|*Ʌ3UWVSL}m<$۽ۭu uzL[^_]Ð3鉍}E扅 fEm3-3ɾ-U;ۺɋAۺɃ sم~6IDۨv%I ۨۨwɸ_#-3ɾ-U-ۺA+ۺȃ w؅~0IT萐 I۪v۪+Ʌf٭L[^_])UMEU MEEU%uEÐ=tEÐE5 EUW3VSE uXt.wM$-ƋCE G98w[3^_]ËƋPS܋ƋfCҋƋC[^_]ËƋuC-먋ƋH PK S됋ƋuC-|ƃ[mUWVS GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to main/usr/local/share/locale+i:o:e:0 <= opt_fileno && opt_fileno < ARRAY_CARDINALITY (stdbuf)stdbuf.cLEGkKMPTYZ0invalid mode %sline buffering stdin is meaningless_STDBUF_%s%c=%llu/usr/local/lib/coreutilsLD_PRELOAD%s/%slibstdbuf.soLD_PRELOAD=%s:%sfailed to update the environment with %sfailed to run command %s%s%c=L/proc/self/exemissing operandPATH:Padraig BradyPádraig BradystdbufLD_PRELOAD=%s8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. mbuiter_multi_nextmbsinit (&iter->state)mbuiter.hiter->cur.wc == 0*iter->cur.ptr == '\0'%s (%s)UTF-8mbiter_multi_nextiter->cur.wc == 0mbiter.hmbsinit (&iter->state)*iter->cur.ptr == '\0'%s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. %s %s FFFFG http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: Copyright %s %d Free Software Foundation, Inc.memory exhausted%sxstrtoumax0 <= strtol_base && strtol_base <= 36xstrtol.cNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN^Nwrite error%s: %s%sUnknown system error: %s%s: %s:%d: %s:--POSIXLY_CORRECT%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '--%s' requires an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: option '-W %s' requires an argument %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument literalshellshell-alwayscc-maybeescapelocaleclocale&&&&&&&&"'`Xk9pWptppTkpppqllllllqqqjqfqbqDqllllllllllllllllllooooomoqooommmmmmmmmmmmmmmmoooomlmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmoqmomommmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmooooooPooPooPoPoPoPoPoPoPoPoPoPoPoPoPoPoPoPoPoPoPoPoPoPoPoPoPoPoPooASCIICHARSETALIASDIRcharset.aliasr/usr/local/lib%50s %50smbuiter_multi_nextmbsinit (&iter->state)mbuiter.h*iter->cur.ptr == '\0'iter->cur.wc == 0%#.0f}q5 =-1eQJsH=?GBG?/O7G;C=A>@;f?;f?Z?1 ?X?{Q}ڐ?lX?+eG?UUUUUU?yPD??/O7G;C=A>@;f?;f?Z?1 ?X?{Q}ڐ?lX?+eG?UUUUUU?yPD?%+.2d%+.2d%+d%+.2d?A=?WWWWWWWWoT: 'n         mbuiter_multi_nextmbsinit (&iter->state)mbuiter.h*iter->cur.ptr == '\0'iter->cur.wc == 0@?@?(NULL)(NULL)           ^ 2   G        u````````$0* : J Z j z          !!*!:!J!Z!j!z!!!!!!!!! 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XKF;Tw# D$$rNQKD:F ¨<$LXO$KLX]J 3u;9s380&9s< 0t39… BK;FJ鋅 D$$EM<$(Kl`V0F贩Ft0FO;TXKF䋕KD F; ¨up$A$,F|$L$4$aM>tF; ¨uT$cJ'0FFt_0FOKF;whKF;w|;pKF6ۭ+ljD$ <$|te$J;t5| $Iff٭fO$OI|j$0If^٭^軧KFuۭ<$+@D$ t#$$J;$t3$Ha<$Hfb٭b<$H(USE]t $?Jt"۸t$E D$cKx[]HHXUEED$$JMAE=|EÐ$D$JEEUWVS<m}E扅 fEm33ɾU.ۺɋAۺɃ sم~8IT萐 I۪r۪Ʌ܋f٭E<[^_]3ɾU1ɋۺAۺɃ Ƌ+}vG~<II +|*Ʌ3UWVSL}m<$۽ۭu uzL[^_]Ð3鉍}E扅 fEm33ɾU;ۺɋAۺɃ sم~6IDۨv%I ۨۨwɸ_#3ɾU-ۺA+ۺȃ w؅~0IT萐 I۪v۪+Ʌf٭L[^_])UMEU MEEU%uEÐ=tEÐE5 EUW3VSE uXt.wM$$ ƋCE G98w[3^_]ËƋPS܋ƋfCҋƋC[^_]ËƋuC 먋ƋH PK S됋ƋuC |ƃ[mUWVSUBM;QUċMčPʃB;vEMċUȉM߉_O$U @;EEMIЁ]tUBD$M A$S=E pMIMċEąZM A?;<[^_]3Eȃ}oEEG(@eE@E뜐E ,E 3 EEEsEEc .E E EEF;BEE?U r;UQURU$;$9Uĉ$9E)EEEEEEEEEE~ErEEG  $:.E0 }̙w M̍ ED;BEFE,0< vƋ]̅tB}1E̍^HG XUBu7M Au#8 +URU$8Ӊ$8UVS[2>p@Ћu[^;;intrquiterasekilleofeoleol2swtchstartstopsuspdsusprprntweraselnextflushmintime "(. 3 8 > DKQ W[parenbparoddcs5cs6cs7cs8hupclhupcstopbcreadclocalcrtsctsignbrkbrkintignparparmrkinpckistripinlcrigncricrnlixonixofftandemiuclcixanyimaxbelopostolcucocrnlonlcronocronlretofillofdelnl1nl0cr3cr2cr1cr0tab3tab2tab1tab0bs1bs0vt1vt0ff1ff0isigicanoniextenechoechoecrteraseechokechonlnoflshxcasetostopechoprtprteraseechoctlctlechoechokecrtkillevenpparityoddpnleksanecookedrawpass8litoutcbreakdecctlqtabslcaseLCASEcrtdecDKR0V0Z 0^00bh l@sy @   @"&*.27<AF J N@@R@VZ^cjqv|  @               % +/allsavefilehelpversionagF~ }05075110134134.5150200300600120018002400480096001920038400extaextb576001152002304004608002Kn,X   `   %KKTry `%s --help' for more information. Usage: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [SETTING]... or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-a|--all] or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-g|--save] Print or change terminal characteristics. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available. Special characters: * dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input) eol CHAR CHAR will end the line * eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line * lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal * rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal * swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer * werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed Special settings: N set the input and output speeds to N bauds * cols N tell the kernel that the terminal has N columns * columns N same as cols N ispeed N set the input speed to N * line N use line discipline N min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read ospeed N set the output speed to N * rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows * size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel speed print the terminal speed time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second Control settings: [-]clocal disable modem control signals [-]cread allow input to be received * [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8] [-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-') [-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty [-]hupcl same as [-]hup [-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input [-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-') Input settings: [-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal [-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline [-]ignbrk ignore break characters [-]igncr ignore carriage return [-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors * [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character [-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return [-]inpck enable input parity checking [-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters * [-]iutf8 assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded * [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase * [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character [-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters [-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control [-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence) [-]tandem same as [-]ixoff Output settings: * bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1] * crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3] * ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1] * nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1] * [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline * [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters * [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays * [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase * [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline * [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return * [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column [-]opost postprocess output * tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3] * tabs same as tab0 * -tabs same as tab3 * vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1] Local settings: [-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings * -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings * [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c') [-]echo echo input characters * [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho [-]echoe same as [-]crterase [-]echok echo a newline after a kill character * [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill [-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters * [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\' and '/' [-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters [-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters [-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters [-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters * [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal * [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\' for uppercase characters Combination settings: * [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase cbreak same as -icanon -cbreak same as icanon cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values -cooked same as raw crt same as echoe echoctl echoke dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany ek erase and kill characters to their default values evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7 -evenp same as -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7 nl same as -icrnl -onlcr -nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret bug-coreutils@gnu.org oddp same as parenb parodd cs7 -oddp same as -parenb cs8 [-]parity same as [-]evenp pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7 raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw same as cooked sane same as cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke, all special characters to their default values Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. Report %s bugs to %s coreutils%s home page: GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to %d %d rows %d; columns %d;%s%s: no size information for this deviceCOLUMNS)))*)%lu %lu ispeed %lu baud; ospeed %lu baud;%lu speed %lu baud;bBinvalid integer argument %s/usr/local/share/locale-agF:only one device may be specified%s: couldn't reset non-blocking modeispeed%s: unable to perform all requested operationsospeedrowscolscolumnssizespeedwhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setstandard input%s = %s;-%sthe options for verbose and stty-readable output styles are mutually exclusive^-undefDavid MacKenziestty%lx:%lx:%lx:%lx:%lxinvalid argument %smissing argument to %smin = %lu; time = %lu; min = %lu; time = %lu;8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. %s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. %s %s wD|DDDD,EkEEEnD Report bugs to: %s bug-coreutils@gnu.org%s home page: <%s> http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: Copyright %s %d Free Software Foundation, Inc.memory exhausted%swrite error%s: %s%sUnknown system error: %s%s: %s:%d: %s:--POSIXLY_CORRECT%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '--%s' requires an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: option '-W %s' requires an argument %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument 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XKF;Tw# D$$uQKD:F ¨<$GuXO$3uLX]J 3u;9s380&9s< 0t39… BK;FJ鋅 D$$t<$\tl`V0F贩Ft0FO;TXKF䋕KD F; ¨up$A$x,F|$L$4$et>tF; ¨uT$s'0FFt_0FOKF;whKF;w|;pKF6ۭ+ljD$ <$|te$q;t5| $rff٭fO$r|j$drf^٭^軧KFuۭ<$+@D$ t#$q;$t3$qa<$qfb٭b<$q(USE]t $sqt"۸t$E D$grx[]pvpXUEED$$qMAE=|EÐ$D$qEEUWVS<m}E扅 fEm33ɾU.ۺɋAۺɃ sم~8IT萐 I۪r۪Ʌ܋f٭E<[^_]3ɾU1ɋۺAۺɃ Ƌ+}vG~<II +|*Ʌ3UWVSL}m<$۽ۭu uzL[^_]Ð3鉍}E扅 fEm33ɾU;ۺɋAۺɃ sم~6IDۨv%I ۨۨwɸ_#3ɾU-ۺA+ۺȃ w؅~0IT萐 I۪v۪+Ʌf٭L[^_])UMEU MEEU%uEÐ=tEÐE5 EUW3VSE uXt.wM$ƋCE G98w[3^_]ËƋPS܋ƋfCҋƋC[^_]ËƋuC먋ƋH PK S됋ƋuC|ƃ[mUWVS GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to /usr/local/share/localeJim Meyeringsyncignoring all arguments8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. write error%s: %s%sUnknown system error: %s%s: %s:%d: %s:--POSIXLY_CORRECT%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '--%s' requires an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: option '-W %s' requires an argument %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument helpversionhv+literalshellshell-alwayscc-maybeescapelocaleclocale (.;=ELS"'`8====8 > > >>`9`9`9`9`9`9>>>>>>>`9`9`9`9`9`9`9`9`9`9`9`9`9`9`9`9`9`97=7=7=,=7=@;7=^?7=7=7=@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;7=7=7=7=|:`9@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;7={>@;7=@;7=@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;@;=7==,=P=P=<P=<P=<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<P=%s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . 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XKF;Tw# D$$qQKD:F ¨<$'pXO$pLX]J 3u;9s380&9s< 0t39… BK;FJ鋅 D$$p<$tF; ¨uT$wn'0FFt_0FOKF;whKF;w|;pKF6ۭ+ljD$ <$|te$m;t5| $mff٭fO$cm|j$Dmf^٭^軧KFuۭ<$+@D$ t#$m;$t3$la<$lfb٭b<$l(USE]t $mt"۸t$E D$Wnx[]kkXUEED$$mMAE=|EÐ$D$mEEUWVS<m}E扅 fEm303ɾ4U.ۺɋAۺɃ sم~8IT萐 I۪r۪Ʌ܋f٭E<[^_]03ɾ4U1ɋۺAۺɃ Ƌ+}vG~<II +|*Ʌ3UWVSL}m<$۽ۭu uzL[^_]Ð3鉍}E扅 fEm383ɾ<U;ۺɋAۺɃ sم~6IDۨv%I ۨۨwɸ_#83ɾ<U-ۺA+ۺȃ w؅~0IT萐 I۪v۪+Ʌf٭L[^_])UMEU MEEU%uEÐ=tEÐE5 EUW3VSE uXt.wM$dƋCE G98w[3^_]ËƋPS܋ƋfCҋƋC[^_]ËƋuC@먋ƋH PK S됋ƋuC\|ƃ[mUWVS GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to /usr/local/share/localeaiawMike ParkerDavid MacKenzieRichard M. Stallmanteestandard output%s-standard inputread error8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. %s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. 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F /\ d J w pPZ V,  S* l `N  K'  0AL  \  @ * ,1 : teecrt1.scrti.svalues-Xa.ccrtstuff.c__CTOR_LIST____DTOR_LIST____EH_FRAME_BEGIN____JCR_LIST__p.0completed.1__do_global_dtors_auxobject.2frame_dummytee.clong_optionsappendignore_interruptsversion.cprogname.cversion-etc.cversion-etc-fsf.cxalloc-die.cbasename-lgpl.ccloseout.cclose_stdout_set_file_nameclose_stdout_set_ignore_EPIPEerror.cerror_tailold_file_name.0old_line_number.1fcntl.chave_dupfd_cloexec.0fopen-safer.cgetopt.cexchangegetopt_datagetopt1.cquotearg.cslotvec0slot0nslotsslotvecdefault_quoting_optionsquoting_options_from_stylegettext_quotequotearg_buffer_restyledquotearg_n_optionsvfprintf.cxmalloc.cexitfail.cfseterr.cclose-stream.cdup-safer.cmbrtowc.cinternal_state.0vasnprintf.cdecimal_point_charmultiplydividesmall_pow5.2scale10_round_decimal_decodedscale10_round_decimal_long_doublescale10_round_decimal_doublefloorlog10lfloorlog10is_borderlinedecimal_format.0decimal_format.1wcrtomb.cprintf-frexp.cprintf-frexpl.cisnanl.cprintf-args.cwide_null_string.0printf-parse.c__CTOR_END____DTOR_END____FRAME_END____JCR_END____do_global_ctors_auxcrtn.o_END__START__endxmalloc__flsbuffopen64quotearg_nvasnprintfrpl_optindxcallocquotearg_freerpl_fcntl_DYNAMICprintf_parsefwriteerror_one_per_linefopen_safer_PROCEDURE_LINKAGE_TABLE_quotearg_style_exit__register_frame_info_baseswcslenstrcmprpl_getopt_long_onlysignal__ioblast_componentclone_quoting_optionsferror_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_close_stdout_getopt_long_rquotearg_colonxalloc_die_environ_getopt_long_only_rrpl_getopt__udivdi3close_streamfcloserpl_optargrpl_mbrtowcquotearg_colon_memquotearg_charrpl_vfprintfquotearg_memlibintl_textdomainversion_etc_edataquotearg_custom_memset_program_nameprintf_frexpquoting_style_vals_cleanupmbsinitrpl_isnanlquoting_style_argsreadprintf_frexplrpl_frexplgetenverror_message_countstrncmpquotearg_bufferversion_etc_arnexit_failure_lib_versionquotearg_n_stylexstrdupset_char_quotingabortusagefilenoerror_at_line__fpendingsetlocalerpl_getopt_longrpl_getopt_internalbase_lenx2reallocxreallocquotearg_custom_start__ctypememsetldexpversion_etc_arsprintfstrchrstrrchrfdopenquotearg_style_memxmemdupversion_etc_vaemit_bug_reporting_address_mcountmemcpy__deregister_frame_info_basesquotearg_init_fini_Jv_RegisterClassesVersion_etextfflushquotearg_n_style_memquotearg_n_customget_quoting_stylerpl_opterr_getopt_internal_rquotearg_char_memset_quoting_flagsfseterrprintf_fetchargs__fpstartrpl_wcrtombdup_saferlibintl_gettextfputs__dso_handlewctombversion_etc_copyrightsetvbufquotearg_alloc_memquotearg_n_custom_memerror_print_prognamexzalloclibintl_bindtextdomainquotearg_n_mematexitquotearg_alloc___errnoset_custom_quotingstrerror_rrpl_optoptset_quoting_stylestrleniswprint__umoddi3GNU C crt1.sas: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005GNU C crti.sas: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005@(#)SunOS 5.10 Generic January 2005GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005GNU C crtn.oas: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005ld: Software Generation Utilities - 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Usage: %s [OPTION] DURATION COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s [OPTION] Start COMMAND, and kill it if still running after DURATION. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -k, --kill-after=DURATION also send a KILL signal if COMMAND is still running this long after the initial signal was sent. -s, --signal=SIGNAL specify the signal to be sent on timeout. SIGNAL may be a name like `HUP' or a number. See `kill -l` for a list of signals bug-coreutils@gnu.org --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit DURATION is an integer with an optional suffix: `s' for seconds(the default), `m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. If the command times out, then exit with status 124. Otherwise, exit with the status of COMMAND. If no signal is specified, send the TERM signal upon timeout. The TERM signal kills any process that does not block or catch that signal. For other processes, it may be necessary to use the KILL (9) signal, since this signal cannot be caught. Report %s bugs to %s coreutils%s home page: GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to invalid time interval %s/usr/local/share/locale+k:s:Padraig BradyPádraig Bradytimeoutfailed to run command %sunknown status from command (0x%X)error waiting for commandfork system call failed%s: invalid signalabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. mbuiter_multi_nextmbsinit (&iter->state)mbuiter.hiter->cur.wc == 0*iter->cur.ptr == '\0'%s (%s)UTF-8mbiter_multi_nextiter->cur.wc == 0mbiter.hmbsinit (&iter->state)*iter->cur.ptr == '\0'%s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. %s %s FFFF'G\GGG.HF Report bugs to: %s bug-coreutils@gnu.org%s home page: <%s> http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: Copyright %s %d Free Software Foundation, Inc.memory exhausted%swrite error%s: %s%sUnknown system error: %s%s: %s:%d: %s:--POSIXLY_CORRECT%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '--%s' requires an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: option '-W %s' requires an argument %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument literalshellshell-alwayscc-maybeescapelocaleclocale"'`cihhhhchhhi0d0d0d0d0d0diiiiiiti0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0d0dhhhghfh.jhhhffffffffffffffffhhhhLe0dffffffffffffffffffffffffffhKifhfhffffffffffffffffffffffffffghgg h hg hg hggggggggggggggggggggggggggg hxstrtoul0 <= strtol_base && strtol_base <= 36xstrtol.cwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhwASCIICHARSETALIASDIRcharset.aliasr/usr/local/lib%50s %50smbuiter_multi_nextmbsinit (&iter->state)mbuiter.h*iter->cur.ptr == '\0'iter->cur.wc == 0%#.0f}q5 =-1eQJsH=?GBG?/O7G;C=A>@;f?;f?Z?1 ?X?{Q}ڐ?lX?+eG?UUUUUU?yPD??/O7G;C=A>@;f?;f?Z?1 ?X?{Q}ڐ?lX?+eG?UUUUUU?yPD?%+.2d%+.2d%+d%+.2d?A=?7jjj777jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj7jjj777O4Nhmbuiter_multi_nextmbsinit (&iter->state)mbuiter.h*iter->cur.ptr == '\0'iter->cur.wc == 0@?@?(NULL)(NULL)>'U                            @    @ @ @            q     i         @  a  @ @ @        i      i   i ) * : J Z j z          !!*!:!J!Z!j!z!!!!!!!!! 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XKF;Tw# D$$NQKD:F ¨<$LXO$LLX]J 3u;9s380&9s< 0t39… BK;FJ鋅 D$$aM<$Kl`V0F贩Ft0FO;TXKF䋕KD F; ¨up$A$,F|$L$4$J>tF; ¨uT$J'0FFt_0FOKF;whKF;w|;pKF6ۭ+ljD$ <$|te$'J;t5| $!Jff٭fO$I|j$If^٭^軧KFuۭ<$+@D$ t#$PI;$t3$JIa<$=Ifb٭b<$I(USE]t $KJt"۸t$E D$Kx[]HHXUEED$$JMAE=|EÐ$D$JEEUWVS<m}E扅 fEm303ɾ4U.ۺɋAۺɃ sم~8IT萐 I۪r۪Ʌ܋f٭E<[^_]03ɾ4U1ɋۺAۺɃ Ƌ+}vG~<II +|*Ʌ3UWVSL}m<$۽ۭu uzL[^_]Ð3鉍}E扅 fEm383ɾ<U;ۺɋAۺɃ sم~6IDۨv%I ۨۨwɸ_#83ɾ<U-ۺA+ۺȃ w؅~0IT萐 I۪v۪+Ʌf٭L[^_])UMEU MEEU%uEÐ=tEÐE5 EUW3VSE uXt.wM$dƋCE G98w[3^_]ËƋPS܋ƋfCҋƋC[^_]ËƋuC@먋ƋH PK S됋ƋuC\|ƃ[mUWVSUBM;QUċMčPʃB;vEMċUȉM߉_O$U @;EEMIЁ]tUBD$M A$o=E pMIMċEąZM A?;<[^_]3Eȃ}oEEG(@eE@E뜐E ,E 3 EEEsEEc .E E EEF;BEE?U r;UQURU$;$a:Uĉ$Q:E)EEEEEEEEEE~ErEEG  $:.E0 }̙w M̍ ED;BEFE,0< vƋ]̅tB}1E̍^HG XUBu7M Au#9 +URU$8Ӊ$8UVS[Ò"p@Ћu[^;F;complementdeletesqueeze-repeatstruncate-set1helpversioncdst~}alnumalphablankcntrldigitgraphlowerprintpunctspaceupperxdigitTry `%s --help' for more information. Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing to standard output. -c, -C, --complement use the complement of SET1 -d, --delete delete characters in SET1, do not translate -s, --squeeze-repeats replace each input sequence of a repeated character that is listed in SET1 with a single occurrence of that character -t, --truncate-set1 first truncate SET1 to length of SET2 --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit bug-coreutils@gnu.org SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR Translation occurs if -d is not given and both SET1 and SET2 appear. -t may be used only when translating. SET2 is extended to length of SET1 by repeating its last character as necessary. Excess characters of SET2 are ignored. Only [:lower:] and [:upper:] are guaranteed to expand in ascending order; used in SET2 while translating, they may only be used in pairs to specify case conversion. -s uses SET1 if not translating nor deleting; else squeezing uses SET2 and occurs after translation or deletion. Report %s bugs to %s coreutils%s home page: GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to :!I!X!h!w!!!!!!!!\%03o\n\b\a\f\r\\t\vappend_normal_charlist->tailtr.cappend_repeated_charget_nexti < N_CHARSis_char_class_member (p->u.char_class, s->state)&'&0(&get_spec_statstoo many characters in setp->u.range.last_char >= p->u.range.first_char*^**)b)append_char_classappend_equiv_classfind_bracketed_repeatappend_rangerange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderstart_idx + 1 < es->leninvalid character class %s%s: equivalence class operand must be a single characterwarning: an unescaped backslash at end of string is not portablemissing equivalence class character `[==]'warning: the ambiguous octal escape \%c%c%c is being interpreted as the 2-byte sequence \0%c%c, %cmissing character class name `[::]'invalid repeat count %s in [c*n] constructwrite errorread errormainstring2_extend/usr/local/share/locale+cCdstextra operand %sOnly one string may be given when deleting without squeezing repeats.%s when translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'the [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translating[=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translatings1->length > s2->lengthJim Meyeringtronly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2the [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1standard inputwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onei >= 0misaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructc1 == -1 || truncate_set1ch != -1 || truncate_set1translatingwhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptymissing operands2->length > 0missing operand after %sTwo strings must be given when both deleting and squeezing repeats.Two strings must be given when translating.@@@@@8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. %s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. 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" b` P B  X truecrt1.scrti.svalues-Xa.ccrtstuff.c__CTOR_LIST____DTOR_LIST____EH_FRAME_BEGIN____JCR_LIST__p.0completed.1__do_global_dtors_auxobject.2frame_dummytrue.cversion.cprogname.cversion-etc.cversion-etc-fsf.cbasename-lgpl.ccloseout.cclose_stdout_set_file_nameclose_stdout_set_ignore_EPIPEerror.cerror_tailold_file_name.0old_line_number.1fcntl.chave_dupfd_cloexec.0quotearg.cslotvec0slot0nslotsslotvecdefault_quoting_optionsquoting_options_from_stylegettext_quotequotearg_buffer_restyledquotearg_n_optionsvfprintf.cxmalloc.cexitfail.cfseterr.cxalloc-die.cclose-stream.cmbrtowc.cinternal_state.0vasnprintf.cdecimal_point_charmultiplydividesmall_pow5.2scale10_round_decimal_decodedscale10_round_decimal_long_doublescale10_round_decimal_doublefloorlog10lfloorlog10is_borderlinedecimal_format.0decimal_format.1wcrtomb.cprintf-frexp.cprintf-frexpl.cisnanl.cprintf-args.cwide_null_string.0printf-parse.c__CTOR_END____DTOR_END____FRAME_END____JCR_END____do_global_ctors_auxcrtn.o_END__START__GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE__PROCEDURE_LINKAGE_TABLE__exitwctombferrorxcalloclibintl_gettext___errno_fini_Jv_RegisterClassesquotearg_colon_memvasnprintfx2reallocset_program_namequotearg_freeprintf_frexpxrealloc__udivdi3__iobmemcpylibintl_textdomainset_quoting_flagsiswprint_environquotearg_n_style_memquotearg_custom_mem_startstrerror_rversion_etc_vafclosequotearg_membase_lenversion_etc_copyrightquotearg_n_etext__umoddi3setlocalexmallocquotearg_n_customexit_failuresprintferror_print_prognamexalloc_dierpl_isnanlrpl_mbrtowcquoting_style_argsrpl_vfprintfquotearg_customerror_message_countquotearg_bufferquotearg_char_mem_DYNAMICversion_etc_arn_lib_version__fpendingrpl_frexplquotearg_styleemit_bug_reporting_addressquotearg_n_custom_mem_end_initprintf_fetchargsVersionset_quoting_stylelibintl_bindtextdomain__fpstartstrlenrpl_wcrtombfflushget_quoting_stylequotearg_alloc_mem__deregister_frame_info_baseswcslenquotearg_n_stylembsinitquoting_style_valsfseterrerror_at_linequotearg_n_memlast_componentquotearg_colonclose_stream__register_frame_info_basesmemsetstrcmpxzallocldexpstrrchratexitfputsquotearg_allocquotearg_charversion_etc__dso_handle__ctypequoteargclose_stdout_cleanupquotearg_style_memset_custom_quotingxstrdupfwritexmemdup_edataclone_quoting_optionsprintf_parseset_char_quotingrpl_fcntlprintf_frexpl_mcount__flsbufabortversion_etc_arusageerror_one_per_lineGNU C crt1.sas: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005GNU C crti.sas: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005@(#)SunOS 5.10 Generic January 2005GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005GNU C crtn.oas: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005ld: Software Generation Utilities - Solaris Link Editors: 5.10-1.497.interp.SUNW_cap.hash.dynsym.dynstr.SUNW_version.rel.got.rel.bss.rel.plt.text.init.fini.rodata.dynamic.ctors.dtors.eh_frame.jcr.data.data.rel.local.symtab.strtab.comment.shstrtab oL dd!"  )o07 B@ BI Bp MPPR@@tX ^d0 ;lu|ȷȷ̷̷зз Dd i R (07070100006c48000081ed0000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000161d8000000660000000300000000000000000000001300000000reloc/bin/truncateELF"4x]4 (44o0-0-0-0-X`.`./usr/lib/ld.so.1!  !"#$&()+-./1235679:;<>@BCEFILMNOPRSTWZ[\_`abcefijlnorsuvwxyz{|~ %'*,048=?ADGHJKQUVXY]^dghkmpqt}0z8   X# 18;4;Ow e"kw` !8! 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Report %s bugs to %s coreutils%s home page: GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to /usr/local/share/localecor:s:EgGkKmMPtTYZ0invalid number %sdivision by zero--reference--sizeyou must specify one of %s or %soverflow extending size of file %sclosing %scannot open %s for writingoverflow in %lld * %lld byte blocks for file %smultiple relative modifiers specifiedcannot stat %scannot fstat %struncating %s at %lld bytes%s has unusable, apparently negative sizeoverflow rounding up size of file %sPadraig BradyPádraig Bradytruncatemissing file operand--io-blocks%s was specified but %s was not8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. mbuiter_multi_nextmbsinit (&iter->state)mbuiter.hiter->cur.wc == 0*iter->cur.ptr == '\0'%s (%s)UTF-8mbiter_multi_nextiter->cur.wc == 0mbiter.hmbsinit (&iter->state)*iter->cur.ptr == '\0'%s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. 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H 3  V  unexpandcrt1.scrti.svalues-Xa.ccrtstuff.c__CTOR_LIST____DTOR_LIST____EH_FRAME_BEGIN____JCR_LIST__p.0completed.1__do_global_dtors_auxobject.2frame_dummyunexpand.cstdin_argvlongoptsadd_tab_stopfirst_free_tabtab_listn_tabs_allocatedmax_column_widthprev_file.0next_filefile_listexit_statushave_read_stdinconvert_entire_linetab_sizeversion.cprogname.cversion-etc.cversion-etc-fsf.cxalloc-die.cxstrndup.cbasename-lgpl.ccloseout.cclose_stdout_set_file_nameclose_stdout_set_ignore_EPIPEerror.cerror_tailold_file_name.0old_line_number.1fcntl.chave_dupfd_cloexec.0getopt.cexchangegetopt_datagetopt1.cquote.cquotearg.cslotvec0slot0nslotsslotvecdefault_quoting_optionsquoting_options_from_stylegettext_quotequotearg_buffer_restyledquotearg_n_optionsstrnlen.cvfprintf.cxmalloc.cexitfail.cfseterr.cclose-stream.cmbrtowc.cinternal_state.0vasnprintf.cdecimal_point_charmultiplydividesmall_pow5.2scale10_round_decimal_decodedscale10_round_decimal_long_doublescale10_round_decimal_doublefloorlog10lfloorlog10is_borderlinedecimal_format.0decimal_format.1wcrtomb.cprintf-frexp.cprintf-frexpl.cisnanl.cprintf-args.cwide_null_string.0printf-parse.c__CTOR_END____DTOR_END____FRAME_END____JCR_END____do_global_ctors_auxcrtn.o_END__START_version_etc_copyrightxmemdupfwriteexit_failureprintf_frexpset_quoting_stylefopen64rpl_mbrtowcquotearg_style_memquotearg_n_customlibintl_gettextrpl_isnanlxstrndupusage___errnostrchrrpl_optargquotearg_charerror_message_countmbsinitvasnprintf_initset_program_name__ctype_maskxcallocVersionquotearg_n_memrpl_fcntlquotearg_n_style_memlibintl_textdomainquotearg_freefcloserpl_vfprintfxreallocquotearg_n_custom_memrpl_optind_lib_version_Jv_RegisterClasses__fpendingprintf_parse_endrpl_getopt_long_onlyquotearg_allocquotearg_custom_memquotearg_colon_mem__dso_handle_cleanup_fini_exit_getopt_long_rxmallocerror_print_prognamefseterrstrrchrquoting_style_argsquotearg_mem_DYNAMICgetenvquotearg_colonerror_at_linequotearg_char_mem__udivdi3libintl_bindtextdomain_getopt_internal_remit_bug_reporting_addressquoting_style_valsmemcpywctombxstrdupmemset__iobset_custom_quotinglast_component_startclose_stdoutquotearg_style_etext__filbufferrorfputsstrcmp_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_set_char_quotingrpl_getoptquotearg_bufferbase_len__flsbufldexp_getopt_long_only_rx2reallocclone_quoting_options__ctype__register_frame_info_basesmemchrprintf_fetchargsstrerror_rquote_nsprintf_PROCEDURE_LINKAGE_TABLE__edata_environclose_streamquotearg_n_stylequotearg_nrpl_optopt_mcountversion_etc_vaclearerrxalloc_diesetlocaleversion_etc_arrpl_wcrtomb__umoddi3rpl_getopt_longabort__fpstartatexitrpl_strnlenerror_one_per_lineget_quoting_stylerpl_opterrrpl_frexplxzallocstrlenquotearg_alloc_memiswprintwcslenset_quoting_flags__deregister_frame_info_basesstrncmpquotearg_customrpl_getopt_internalversion_etcversion_etc_arnstrspnfflushquoteargprintf_frexplGNU C crt1.sas: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005GNU C crti.sas: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005@(#)SunOS 5.10 Generic January 2005GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: SunOS 5.10 119961-05 Patch 03/16/2009GCC: (GNU) 3.4.6as: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005GNU C crtn.oas: Sun Compiler Common 10 Patch 09/20/2005ld: Software Generation Utilities - 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Stallmanuniq8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. %s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. 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XKF;Tw# D$$JqQKD:F ¨<$mXO$wmLX]J 3u;9s380&9s< 0t39… BK;FJ鋅 D$$p<$ll`V0F贩Ft0FO;TXKF䋕KD F; ¨up$A$8,F|$L$4$l>tF; ¨uT$k'0FFt_0FOKF;whKF;w|;pKF6ۭ+ljD$ <$|te$k;t5| $jff٭fO$j|j$jf^٭^軧KFuۭ<$+@D$ t#$j;$t3$&ja<$jfb٭b<$i(USE]t $kt"۸t$E D$ox[]iiXUEED$$XoMAE=|EÐ$D$NoEEUWVS<m}E扅 fEm3P3ɾTU.ۺɋAۺɃ sم~8IT萐 I۪r۪Ʌ܋f٭E<[^_]P3ɾTU1ɋۺAۺɃ Ƌ+}vG~<II +|*Ʌ3UWVSL}m<$۽ۭu uzL[^_]Ð3鉍}E扅 fEm3X3ɾ\U;ۺɋAۺɃ sم~6IDۨv%I ۨۨwɸ_#X3ɾ\U-ۺA+ۺȃ w؅~0IT萐 I۪v۪+Ʌf٭L[^_])UMEU MEEU%uEÐ=tEÐE5 EUW3VSE uXt.wM$ƋCE G98w[3^_]ËƋPS܋ƋfCҋƋC[^_]ËƋuC`먋ƋH PK S됋ƋuC||ƃ[mUWVS %*s, %*s !Try `%s --help' for more information. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -a, --all do not ignore entries starting with . -A, --almost-all do not list implied . and .. --author with -l, print the author of each file -b, --escape print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks. See SIZE format below -B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~ -c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime -C list entries by columns --color[=WHEN] colorize the output. WHEN defaults to `always' or can be `never' or `auto'. More info below -d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links -D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries --file-type likewise, except do not append `*' --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso -g like -l, but do not list owner --group-directories-first group directories before files. augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping -G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names -h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line follow symbolic links listed on the command line --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory --hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A) --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode print the index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k like --block-size=1K -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o like -l, but do not list group information -p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -r, --reverse reverse order while sorting -R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively -s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks -S sort by file size --sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time --time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale -t sort by modification time -T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 -u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time -U do not sort; list entries in directory order -v natural sort of (version) numbers within text -w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value -x list entries by lines instead of by columns -X sort alphabetically by entry extension -Z, --context print any SELinux security context of each file -1 list one file per line --help display this help and exit bug-coreutils@gnu.org --version output version information and exit SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it. Exit status: 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory), 2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument). Report %s bugs to %s coreutils%s home page: GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to posix-QUOTING_STYLELS_BLOCK_SIZECOLUMNSTABSIZEabcdfghiklmnopqrstuvw:xABCDFGHI:LNQRST:UXZ1ignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %slsDavid MacKenzieRichard M. Stallmandirvdir*~.*~--time--sort--quoting-style--indicator-style--formatinvalid line width: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %sinvalid tab size: %s*=>@|invalid time style format %serror initializing month stringsignoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %sBLOCK_SIZE--colortime style%Y-%m-%d %H:%MTIME_STYLE%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%N %z%Y-%m-%d %m-%d %H:%MߔӔr)Ŗl`'ڕDkIdx9_Sk#-Nl'̗֗B4main dev_ino_pop/usr/local/share/locale: sizeof (struct dev_ino) <= obstack_object_size (&dev_ino_obstack)%s: not listing already-listed directorycannot determine device and inode of %s.LS_COLORSunrecognized prefix: %sunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variablereading directory %stotalcannot open directory %sfound//DIRED////SUBDIRED////DIRED-OPTIONS// --quoting-style=%s hash_get_n_entries (active_dir_set) == 0closing directory %s8.5.../.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. %s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. %s %s Ͼ'\. Report bugs to: %s bug-coreutils@gnu.org%s home page: <%s> http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: Copyright %s %d Free Software Foundation, Inc.memory exhausted%sambiguous argument %s for %sinvalid argument %s for %sValid arguments are: - `%s', `%s'write error%s: %s%sUnknown system error: %s%s: %s:%d: %s:POSIXLY_CORRECText_matchp[-1] == L_(')')fnmatch_loop.c! 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A word is a non-zero-length sequence of characters delimited by white space. -c, --bytes print the byte counts -m, --chars print the character counts -l, --lines print the newline counts --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -L, --max-line-length print the length of the longest line -w, --words print the word counts --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit Report %s bugs to %s coreutils%s home page: GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to %*s %s%sstandard input;/....`*`*`*`*`*`*`*`*`*`*`*`*`*`*`*`*`*`* /.>. .L.L.------------------.-main/usr/local/share/localeclLmwextra operand %sfile operands cannot be combined with --files0-from%s invalid zero-length file name%s:%lu: %swhen reading file names from stdin, no file name of %s allowed!"unexpected error code from argv_iter"wc.c%s: read errorDavid MacKenziePaul Rubinwctotalrcannot open %s for readingcannot read file names from %s K?8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. %s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . 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XKF;Tw# D$$^QKD:F ¨<$[XO$[LX]J 3u;9s380&9s< 0t39… BK;FJ鋅 D$$]<$Zl`V0F贩Ft0FO;TXKF䋕KD F; ¨up$A$,F|$L$4$=Z>tF; ¨uT$Y'0FFt_0FOKF;whKF;w|;pKF6ۭ+ljD$ <$|te$Y;t5| $!Yff٭fO$X|j$Xf^٭^軧KFuۭ<$+@D$ t#$@X;$t3$JXa<$=Xfb٭b<$X(USE]t $+Zt"۸t$E D$O[x[]0XXXUEED$$ZMAE=|EÐ$D$ZEEUWVS<m}E扅 fEm33ɾU.ۺɋAۺɃ sم~8IT萐 I۪r۪Ʌ܋f٭E<[^_]3ɾU1ɋۺAۺɃ Ƌ+}vG~<II +|*Ʌ3UWVSL}m<$۽ۭu uzL[^_]Ð3鉍}E扅 fEm33ɾU;ۺɋAۺɃ sم~6IDۨv%I ۨۨwɸ_#3ɾU-ۺA+ۺȃ w؅~0IT萐 I۪v۪+Ʌf٭L[^_])UMEU MEEU%uEÐ=tEÐE5 EUW3VSE uXt.wM$ƋCE G98w[3^_]ËƋPS܋ƋfCҋƋC[^_]ËƋuC먋ƋH PK S됋ƋuC|ƃ[mUWVS General help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to /usr/local/share/localeabdlmpqrstuwHT%Y-%m-%d %H:%Mextra operand %s%b %e %H:%MJoseph ArceneauxMichael StoneDavid MacKenziewho8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. %s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. 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XKF;Tw# D$$uQKD:F ¨<$tXO$tLX]J 3u;9s380&9s< 0t39… BK;FJ鋅 D$$s<$sl`V0F贩Ft0FO;TXKF䋕KD F; ¨up$A$8,F|$L$4$s>tF; ¨uT$r'0FFt_0FOKF;whKF;w|;pKF6ۭ+ljD$ <$|te$?q;t5| $ rff٭fO$q|j$qf^٭^軧KFuۭ<$+@D$ t#$hp;$t3$2qa<$%qfb٭b<$q(USE]t $pt"۸t$E D$qx[]ooXUEED$$4qMAE=|EÐ$D$:qEEUWVS<m}E扅 fEm3P3ɾTU.ۺɋAۺɃ sم~8IT萐 I۪r۪Ʌ܋f٭E<[^_]P3ɾTU1ɋۺAۺɃ Ƌ+}vG~<II +|*Ʌ3UWVSL}m<$۽ۭu uzL[^_]Ð3鉍}E扅 fEm3X3ɾ\U;ۺɋAۺɃ sم~6IDۨv%I ۨۨwɸ_#X3ɾ\U-ۺA+ۺȃ w؅~0IT萐 I۪v۪+Ʌf٭L[^_])UMEU MEEU%uEÐ=tEÐE5 EUW3VSE uXt.wM$ƋCE G98w[3^_]ËƋPS܋ƋfCҋƋC[^_]ËƋuC`먋ƋH PK S됋ƋuC||ƃ[mUWVS GNU coreutilsGeneral help using GNU software: en_For complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' Report %s translation bugs to /usr/local/share/localeRichard Mlynarikwhoamiextra operand %s%s: cannot find name for user ID %lu 8.5/.libs/lt-A NULL argv[0] was passed through an exec system call. write error%s: %s%sUnknown system error: %s%s: %s:%d: %s:--POSIXLY_CORRECT%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '--%s' requires an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: option '-W %s' requires an argument %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument helpversion`hev+literalshellshell-alwayscc-maybeescapelocaleclocale "'`:>?4?Q?:i?i?i?L@::::::H@D@@@*@&@"@@::::::::::::::::::>>>>><>@>>><<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>;:<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>?<><><<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<x>>x>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>%s (%s) %s (C) License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. 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Solaris Link Editors: 5.10-1.497.interp.SUNW_cap.hash.dynsym.dynstr.SUNW_version.rel.got.rel.bss.rel.plt.text.init.fini.rodata.dynamic.ctors.dtors.eh_frame.jcr.data.data.rel.local.symtab.strtab.comment.shstrtab o p !"HHh)o07 B@ BI B M RtX44 ^AAd`` ;lu|,D    Po \ B E070701000071ee000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7d00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000000a00000000reloc/doc070701000090d4000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7d00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001400000000reloc/doc/coreutils070701000090d5000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00012ad6000000660000000300000000000000000000001e00000000reloc/doc/coreutils/ABOUT-NLS1 Notes on the Free Translation Project *************************************** Free software is going international! The Free Translation Project is a way to get maintainers of free software, translators, and users all together, so that free software will gradually become able to speak many languages. A few packages already provide translations for their messages. If you found this `ABOUT-NLS' file inside a distribution, you may assume that the distributed package does use GNU `gettext' internally, itself available at your nearest GNU archive site. But you do _not_ need to install GNU `gettext' prior to configuring, installing or using this package with messages translated. Installers will find here some useful hints. These notes also explain how users should proceed for getting the programs to use the available translations. They tell how people wanting to contribute and work on translations can contact the appropriate team. When reporting bugs in the `intl/' directory or bugs which may be related to internationalization, you should tell about the version of `gettext' which is used. The information can be found in the `intl/VERSION' file, in internationalized packages. 1.1 Quick configuration advice ============================== If you want to exploit the full power of internationalization, you should configure it using ./configure --with-included-gettext to force usage of internationalizing routines provided within this package, despite the existence of internationalizing capabilities in the operating system where this package is being installed. So far, only the `gettext' implementation in the GNU C library version 2 provides as many features (such as locale alias, message inheritance, automatic charset conversion or plural form handling) as the implementation here. It is also not possible to offer this additional functionality on top of a `catgets' implementation. Future versions of GNU `gettext' will very likely convey even more functionality. So it might be a good idea to change to GNU `gettext' as soon as possible. So you need _not_ provide this option if you are using GNU libc 2 or you have installed a recent copy of the GNU gettext package with the included `libintl'. 1.2 INSTALL Matters =================== Some packages are "localizable" when properly installed; the programs they contain can be made to speak your own native language. Most such packages use GNU `gettext'. Other packages have their own ways to internationalization, predating GNU `gettext'. By default, this package will be installed to allow translation of messages. It will automatically detect whether the system already provides the GNU `gettext' functions. If not, the included GNU `gettext' library will be used. This library is wholly contained within this package, usually in the `intl/' subdirectory, so prior installation of the GNU `gettext' package is _not_ required. Installers may use special options at configuration time for changing the default behaviour. The commands: ./configure --with-included-gettext ./configure --disable-nls will, respectively, bypass any pre-existing `gettext' to use the internationalizing routines provided within this package, or else, _totally_ disable translation of messages. When you already have GNU `gettext' installed on your system and run configure without an option for your new package, `configure' will probably detect the previously built and installed `libintl.a' file and will decide to use this. This might not be desirable. You should use the more recent version of the GNU `gettext' library. I.e. if the file `intl/VERSION' shows that the library which comes with this package is more recent, you should use ./configure --with-included-gettext to prevent auto-detection. The configuration process will not test for the `catgets' function and therefore it will not be used. The reason is that even an emulation of `gettext' on top of `catgets' could not provide all the extensions of the GNU `gettext' library. Internationalized packages usually have many `po/LL.po' files, where LL gives an ISO 639 two-letter code identifying the language. Unless translations have been forbidden at `configure' time by using the `--disable-nls' switch, all available translations are installed together with the package. However, the environment variable `LINGUAS' may be set, prior to configuration, to limit the installed set. `LINGUAS' should then contain a space separated list of two-letter codes, stating which languages are allowed. 1.3 Using This Package ====================== As a user, if your language has been installed for this package, you only have to set the `LANG' environment variable to the appropriate `LL_CC' combination. If you happen to have the `LC_ALL' or some other `LC_xxx' environment variables set, you should unset them before setting `LANG', otherwise the setting of `LANG' will not have the desired effect. Here `LL' is an ISO 639 two-letter language code, and `CC' is an ISO 3166 two-letter country code. For example, let's suppose that you speak German and live in Germany. At the shell prompt, merely execute `setenv LANG de_DE' (in `csh'), `export LANG; LANG=de_DE' (in `sh') or `export LANG=de_DE' (in `bash'). This can be done from your `.login' or `.profile' file, once and for all. You might think that the country code specification is redundant. But in fact, some languages have dialects in different countries. For example, `de_AT' is used for Austria, and `pt_BR' for Brazil. The country code serves to distinguish the dialects. The locale naming convention of `LL_CC', with `LL' denoting the language and `CC' denoting the country, is the one use on systems based on GNU libc. On other systems, some variations of this scheme are used, such as `LL' or `LL_CC.ENCODING'. You can get the list of locales supported by your system for your language by running the command `locale -a | grep '^LL''. Not all programs have translations for all languages. By default, an English message is shown in place of a nonexistent translation. If you understand other languages, you can set up a priority list of languages. This is done through a different environment variable, called `LANGUAGE'. GNU `gettext' gives preference to `LANGUAGE' over `LANG' for the purpose of message handling, but you still need to have `LANG' set to the primary language; this is required by other parts of the system libraries. For example, some Swedish users who would rather read translations in German than English for when Swedish is not available, set `LANGUAGE' to `sv:de' while leaving `LANG' to `sv_SE'. Special advice for Norwegian users: The language code for Norwegian bokma*l changed from `no' to `nb' recently (in 2003). During the transition period, while some message catalogs for this language are installed under `nb' and some older ones under `no', it's recommended for Norwegian users to set `LANGUAGE' to `nb:no' so that both newer and older translations are used. In the `LANGUAGE' environment variable, but not in the `LANG' environment variable, `LL_CC' combinations can be abbreviated as `LL' to denote the language's main dialect. For example, `de' is equivalent to `de_DE' (German as spoken in Germany), and `pt' to `pt_PT' (Portuguese as spoken in Portugal) in this context. 1.4 Translating Teams ===================== For the Free Translation Project to be a success, we need interested people who like their own language and write it well, and who are also able to synergize with other translators speaking the same language. Each translation team has its own mailing list. The up-to-date list of teams can be found at the Free Translation Project's homepage, `http://translationproject.org/', in the "Teams" area. If you'd like to volunteer to _work_ at translating messages, you should become a member of the translating team for your own language. The subscribing address is _not_ the same as the list itself, it has `-request' appended. For example, speakers of Swedish can send a message to `sv-request@li.org', having this message body: subscribe Keep in mind that team members are expected to participate _actively_ in translations, or at solving translational difficulties, rather than merely lurking around. If your team does not exist yet and you want to start one, or if you are unsure about what to do or how to get started, please write to `coordinator@translationproject.org' to reach the coordinator for all translator teams. The English team is special. It works at improving and uniformizing the terminology in use. Proven linguistic skills are praised more than programming skills, here. 1.5 Available Packages ====================== Languages are not equally supported in all packages. The following matrix shows the current state of internationalization, as of November 2007. The matrix shows, in regard of each package, for which languages PO files have been submitted to translation coordination, with a translation percentage of at least 50%. Ready PO files af am ar az be bg bs ca cs cy da de el en en_GB eo +----------------------------------------------------+ Compendium | [] [] [] [] | a2ps | [] [] [] [] [] | aegis | () | ant-phone | () | anubis | [] | ap-utils | | aspell | [] [] [] [] [] | bash | [] | bfd | | bibshelf | [] | binutils | | bison | [] [] | bison-runtime | [] | bluez-pin | [] [] [] [] [] | cflow | [] | clisp | [] [] [] | console-tools | [] [] | coreutils | [] [] [] [] | cpio | | cpplib | [] [] [] | cryptonit | [] | dialog | | diffutils | [] [] [] [] [] [] | doodle | [] | e2fsprogs | [] [] | enscript | [] [] [] [] | fetchmail | [] [] () [] [] | findutils | [] | findutils_stable | [] [] [] | flex | [] [] [] | fslint | | gas | | gawk | [] [] [] | gcal | [] | gcc | [] | gettext-examples | [] [] [] [] [] | gettext-runtime | [] [] [] [] [] | gettext-tools | [] [] | gip | [] | gliv | [] [] | glunarclock | [] | gmult | [] [] | gnubiff | () | gnucash | [] [] () () [] | gnuedu | | gnulib | [] | gnunet | | gnunet-gtk | | gnutls | [] | gpe-aerial | [] [] | gpe-beam | [] [] | gpe-calendar | | gpe-clock | [] [] | gpe-conf | [] [] | gpe-contacts | | gpe-edit | [] | gpe-filemanager | | gpe-go | [] | gpe-login | [] [] | gpe-ownerinfo | [] [] | gpe-package | | gpe-sketchbook | [] [] | gpe-su | [] [] | gpe-taskmanager | [] [] | gpe-timesheet | [] | gpe-today | [] [] | gpe-todo | | gphoto2 | [] [] [] [] | gprof | [] [] | gpsdrive | | gramadoir | [] [] | grep | [] [] | gretl | () | gsasl | | gss | | gst-plugins-bad | [] [] | gst-plugins-base | [] [] | gst-plugins-good | [] [] [] | gst-plugins-ugly | [] [] | gstreamer | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gtick | () | gtkam | [] [] [] [] | gtkorphan | [] [] | gtkspell | [] [] [] [] | gutenprint | [] | hello | [] [] [] [] [] | herrie | [] | hylafax | | idutils | [] [] | indent | [] [] [] [] | iso_15924 | | iso_3166 | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | iso_3166_2 | | iso_4217 | [] [] [] | iso_639 | [] [] [] [] | jpilot | [] | jtag | | jwhois | | kbd | [] [] [] [] | keytouch | [] [] | keytouch-editor | [] | keytouch-keyboa... | [] | latrine | () | ld | [] | leafpad | [] [] [] [] [] | libc | [] [] [] [] | libexif | [] | libextractor | [] | libgpewidget | [] [] [] | libgpg-error | [] | libgphoto2 | [] [] | libgphoto2_port | [] [] | libgsasl | | libiconv | [] [] | libidn | [] [] [] | lifelines | [] () | lilypond | [] | lingoteach | | lprng | | lynx | [] [] [] [] | m4 | [] [] [] [] | mailfromd | | mailutils | [] | make | [] [] | man-db | [] [] [] | minicom | [] [] [] | nano | [] [] [] | opcodes | [] | parted | [] [] | pilot-qof | | popt | [] [] [] | psmisc | [] | pwdutils | | qof | | radius | [] | recode | [] [] [] [] [] [] | rpm | [] | screem | | scrollkeeper | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | sed | [] [] [] | shared-mime-info | [] [] [] [] () [] [] [] | sharutils | [] [] [] [] [] [] | shishi | | skencil | [] () | solfege | | soundtracker | [] [] | sp | [] | system-tools-ba... | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | tar | [] [] | texinfo | [] [] [] | tin | () () | tuxpaint | [] [] [] [] [] [] | unicode-han-tra... | | unicode-transla... | | util-linux | [] [] [] [] | util-linux-ng | [] [] [] [] | vorbis-tools | [] | wastesedge | () | wdiff | [] [] [] [] | wget | [] [] [] | xchat | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | xkeyboard-config | [] | xpad | [] [] [] | +----------------------------------------------------+ af am ar az be bg bs ca cs cy da de el en en_GB eo 6 0 2 1 8 26 2 40 48 2 56 88 15 1 15 18 es et eu fa fi fr ga gl gu he hi hr hu id is it +--------------------------------------------------+ Compendium | [] [] [] [] [] | a2ps | [] [] [] () | aegis | | ant-phone | [] | anubis | [] | ap-utils | [] [] | aspell | [] [] [] | bash | [] | bfd | [] [] | bibshelf | [] [] [] | binutils | [] [] [] | bison | [] [] [] [] [] [] | bison-runtime | [] [] [] [] [] | bluez-pin | [] [] [] [] [] | cflow | [] | clisp | [] [] | console-tools | | coreutils | [] [] [] [] [] [] | cpio | [] [] [] | cpplib | [] [] | cryptonit | [] | dialog | [] [] [] | diffutils | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | doodle | [] [] | e2fsprogs | [] [] [] | enscript | [] [] [] | fetchmail | [] | findutils | [] [] [] | findutils_stable | [] [] [] [] | flex | [] [] [] | fslint | | gas | [] [] | gawk | [] [] [] [] () | gcal | [] [] | gcc | [] | gettext-examples | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gettext-runtime | [] [] [] [] [] [] | gettext-tools | [] [] [] [] | gip | [] [] [] [] | gliv | () | glunarclock | [] [] [] | gmult | [] [] [] | gnubiff | () () | gnucash | () () () | gnuedu | [] | gnulib | [] [] [] | gnunet | | gnunet-gtk | | gnutls | | gpe-aerial | [] [] | gpe-beam | [] [] | gpe-calendar | | gpe-clock | [] [] [] [] | gpe-conf | [] | gpe-contacts | [] [] | gpe-edit | [] [] [] [] | gpe-filemanager | [] | gpe-go | [] [] [] | gpe-login | [] [] [] | gpe-ownerinfo | [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-package | [] | gpe-sketchbook | [] [] | gpe-su | [] [] [] [] | gpe-taskmanager | [] [] [] | gpe-timesheet | [] [] [] [] | gpe-today | [] [] [] [] | gpe-todo | [] | gphoto2 | [] [] [] [] [] | gprof | [] [] [] [] [] | gpsdrive | [] | gramadoir | [] [] | grep | [] [] [] | gretl | [] [] [] () | gsasl | [] [] | gss | [] [] | gst-plugins-bad | [] [] [] [] | gst-plugins-base | [] [] [] [] | gst-plugins-good | [] [] [] [] [] | gst-plugins-ugly | [] [] [] [] | gstreamer | [] [] [] | gtick | [] [] [] | gtkam | [] [] [] [] | gtkorphan | [] [] | gtkspell | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gutenprint | [] | hello | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | herrie | [] | hylafax | | idutils | [] [] [] [] [] | indent | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | iso_15924 | [] | iso_3166 | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | iso_3166_2 | [] | iso_4217 | [] [] [] [] [] [] | iso_639 | [] [] [] [] [] [] | jpilot | [] [] | jtag | [] | jwhois | [] [] [] [] [] | kbd | [] [] | keytouch | [] [] [] | keytouch-editor | [] | keytouch-keyboa... | [] [] | latrine | [] [] | ld | [] [] [] [] | leafpad | [] [] [] [] [] [] | libc | [] [] [] [] [] | libexif | [] | libextractor | [] | libgpewidget | [] [] [] [] [] | libgpg-error | [] | libgphoto2 | [] [] [] | libgphoto2_port | [] [] | libgsasl | [] [] | libiconv | [] [] [] | libidn | [] [] | lifelines | () | lilypond | [] [] [] | lingoteach | [] [] [] | lprng | | lynx | [] [] [] | m4 | [] [] [] [] | mailfromd | | mailutils | [] [] | make | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | man-db | [] | minicom | [] [] [] [] | nano | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | opcodes | [] [] [] [] | parted | [] [] [] | pilot-qof | | popt | [] [] [] [] | psmisc | [] [] | pwdutils | | qof | [] | radius | [] [] | recode | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | rpm | [] [] | screem | | scrollkeeper | [] [] [] | sed | [] [] [] [] [] | shared-mime-info | [] [] [] [] [] [] | sharutils | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | shishi | [] | skencil | [] [] | solfege | [] | soundtracker | [] [] [] | sp | [] | system-tools-ba... | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | tar | [] [] [] [] [] | texinfo | [] [] [] | tin | [] () | tuxpaint | [] [] | unicode-han-tra... | | unicode-transla... | [] [] | util-linux | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | util-linux-ng | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | vorbis-tools | | wastesedge | () | wdiff | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | wget | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | xchat | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | xkeyboard-config | [] [] [] [] | xpad | [] [] [] | +--------------------------------------------------+ es et eu fa fi fr ga gl gu he hi hr hu id is it 85 22 14 2 48 101 61 12 2 8 2 6 53 29 1 52 ja ka ko ku ky lg lt lv mk mn ms mt nb ne nl nn +--------------------------------------------------+ Compendium | [] | a2ps | () [] [] | aegis | () | ant-phone | [] | anubis | [] [] [] | ap-utils | [] | aspell | [] [] | bash | [] | bfd | | bibshelf | [] | binutils | | bison | [] [] [] | bison-runtime | [] [] [] | bluez-pin | [] [] [] | cflow | | clisp | [] | console-tools | | coreutils | [] | cpio | [] | cpplib | [] | cryptonit | [] | dialog | [] [] | diffutils | [] [] [] | doodle | | e2fsprogs | [] | enscript | [] | fetchmail | [] [] | findutils | [] | findutils_stable | [] | flex | [] [] | fslint | | gas | | gawk | [] [] | gcal | | gcc | | gettext-examples | [] [] [] | gettext-runtime | [] [] [] | gettext-tools | [] [] | gip | [] [] | gliv | [] | glunarclock | [] [] | gmult | [] [] [] | gnubiff | | gnucash | () () () | gnuedu | | gnulib | [] [] | gnunet | | gnunet-gtk | | gnutls | [] | gpe-aerial | [] | gpe-beam | [] | gpe-calendar | [] | gpe-clock | [] [] [] | gpe-conf | [] [] [] | gpe-contacts | [] | gpe-edit | [] [] [] | gpe-filemanager | [] [] | gpe-go | [] [] [] | gpe-login | [] [] [] | gpe-ownerinfo | [] [] | gpe-package | [] [] | gpe-sketchbook | [] [] | gpe-su | [] [] [] | gpe-taskmanager | [] [] [] [] | gpe-timesheet | [] | gpe-today | [] [] | gpe-todo | [] | gphoto2 | [] [] | gprof | [] | gpsdrive | [] | gramadoir | () | grep | [] [] | gretl | | gsasl | [] | gss | | gst-plugins-bad | [] | gst-plugins-base | [] | gst-plugins-good | [] | gst-plugins-ugly | [] | gstreamer | [] | gtick | [] | gtkam | [] [] | gtkorphan | [] | gtkspell | [] [] | gutenprint | [] | hello | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | herrie | [] | hylafax | | idutils | [] | indent | [] [] | iso_15924 | [] | iso_3166 | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | iso_3166_2 | [] | iso_4217 | [] [] [] | iso_639 | [] [] [] [] | jpilot | () () | jtag | | jwhois | [] | kbd | [] | keytouch | [] | keytouch-editor | [] | keytouch-keyboa... | | latrine | [] | ld | | leafpad | [] [] | libc | [] [] [] | libexif | | libextractor | | libgpewidget | [] | libgpg-error | | libgphoto2 | [] | libgphoto2_port | [] | libgsasl | [] | libiconv | [] | libidn | [] [] | lifelines | [] | lilypond | [] | lingoteach | [] | lprng | | lynx | [] [] | m4 | [] [] | mailfromd | | mailutils | | make | [] [] [] | man-db | | minicom | [] | nano | [] [] [] | opcodes | [] | parted | [] [] | pilot-qof | | popt | [] [] [] | psmisc | [] [] [] | pwdutils | | qof | | radius | | recode | [] | rpm | [] [] | screem | [] | scrollkeeper | [] [] [] [] | sed | [] [] | shared-mime-info | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | sharutils | [] [] | shishi | | skencil | | solfege | () () | soundtracker | | sp | () | system-tools-ba... | [] [] [] [] | tar | [] [] [] | texinfo | [] [] | tin | | tuxpaint | () [] [] | unicode-han-tra... | | unicode-transla... | | util-linux | [] [] | util-linux-ng | [] [] | vorbis-tools | | wastesedge | [] | wdiff | [] [] | wget | [] [] | xchat | [] [] [] [] | xkeyboard-config | [] [] [] | xpad | [] [] [] | +--------------------------------------------------+ ja ka ko ku ky lg lt lv mk mn ms mt nb ne nl nn 51 2 25 3 2 0 6 0 2 2 20 0 11 1 103 6 or pa pl pt pt_BR rm ro ru rw sk sl sq sr sv ta +--------------------------------------------------+ Compendium | [] [] [] [] [] | a2ps | () [] [] [] [] [] [] | aegis | () () | ant-phone | [] [] | anubis | [] [] [] | ap-utils | () | aspell | [] [] [] | bash | [] [] | bfd | | bibshelf | [] | binutils | [] [] | bison | [] [] [] [] [] | bison-runtime | [] [] [] [] [] | bluez-pin | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | cflow | [] | clisp | [] | console-tools | [] | coreutils | [] [] [] [] | cpio | [] [] [] | cpplib | [] | cryptonit | [] [] | dialog | [] | diffutils | [] [] [] [] [] [] | doodle | [] [] | e2fsprogs | [] [] | enscript | [] [] [] [] [] | fetchmail | [] [] [] | findutils | [] [] [] | findutils_stable | [] [] [] [] [] [] | flex | [] [] [] [] [] | fslint | [] | gas | | gawk | [] [] [] [] | gcal | [] | gcc | [] [] | gettext-examples | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gettext-runtime | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gettext-tools | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gip | [] [] [] [] | gliv | [] [] [] [] [] [] | glunarclock | [] [] [] [] [] [] | gmult | [] [] [] [] | gnubiff | () [] | gnucash | () [] | gnuedu | | gnulib | [] [] [] | gnunet | | gnunet-gtk | [] | gnutls | [] [] | gpe-aerial | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-beam | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-calendar | [] [] [] [] | gpe-clock | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-conf | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-contacts | [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-edit | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-filemanager | [] [] | gpe-go | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-login | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-ownerinfo | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-package | [] [] | gpe-sketchbook | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-su | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-taskmanager | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-timesheet | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-today | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gpe-todo | [] [] [] [] | gphoto2 | [] [] [] [] [] [] | gprof | [] [] [] | gpsdrive | [] [] | gramadoir | [] [] | grep | [] [] [] [] | gretl | [] [] [] | gsasl | [] [] [] | gss | [] [] [] [] | gst-plugins-bad | [] [] [] | gst-plugins-base | [] [] | gst-plugins-good | [] [] | gst-plugins-ugly | [] [] [] | gstreamer | [] [] [] [] | gtick | [] | gtkam | [] [] [] [] [] | gtkorphan | [] | gtkspell | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | gutenprint | [] | hello | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | herrie | [] [] [] | hylafax | | idutils | [] [] [] [] [] | indent | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | iso_15924 | | iso_3166 | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | iso_3166_2 | | iso_4217 | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | iso_639 | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | jpilot | | jtag | [] | jwhois | [] [] [] [] | kbd | [] [] [] | keytouch | [] | keytouch-editor | [] | keytouch-keyboa... | [] | latrine | | ld | [] | leafpad | [] [] [] [] [] [] | libc | [] [] [] [] | libexif | [] [] | libextractor | [] [] | libgpewidget | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | libgpg-error | [] [] [] | libgphoto2 | [] | libgphoto2_port | [] [] [] | libgsasl | [] [] [] [] | libiconv | [] [] [] | libidn | [] [] () | lifelines | [] [] | lilypond | | lingoteach | [] | lprng | [] | lynx | [] [] [] | m4 | [] [] [] [] [] | mailfromd | [] | mailutils | [] [] [] | make | [] [] [] [] | man-db | [] [] [] [] | minicom | [] [] [] [] [] | nano | [] [] [] [] | opcodes | [] [] | parted | [] | pilot-qof | | popt | [] [] [] [] | psmisc | [] [] | pwdutils | [] [] | qof | [] [] | radius | [] [] | recode | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | rpm | [] [] [] [] | screem | | scrollkeeper | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | sed | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | shared-mime-info | [] [] [] [] [] [] | sharutils | [] [] [] [] | shishi | [] | skencil | [] [] [] | solfege | [] | soundtracker | [] [] | sp | | system-tools-ba... | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | tar | [] [] [] [] | texinfo | [] [] [] [] | tin | () | tuxpaint | [] [] [] [] [] [] | unicode-han-tra... | | unicode-transla... | | util-linux | [] [] [] [] | util-linux-ng | [] [] [] [] | vorbis-tools | [] | wastesedge | | wdiff | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | wget | [] [] [] [] | xchat | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | xkeyboard-config | [] [] [] | xpad | [] [] [] | +--------------------------------------------------+ or pa pl pt pt_BR rm ro ru rw sk sl sq sr sv ta 0 5 77 31 53 4 58 72 3 45 46 9 45 122 3 tg th tk tr uk ven vi wa xh zh_CN zh_HK zh_TW zu +---------------------------------------------------+ Compendium | [] [] [] [] | 19 a2ps | [] [] [] | 19 aegis | [] | 1 ant-phone | [] [] | 6 anubis | [] [] [] | 11 ap-utils | () [] | 4 aspell | [] [] [] | 16 bash | [] | 6 bfd | | 2 bibshelf | [] | 7 binutils | [] [] [] [] | 9 bison | [] [] [] [] | 20 bison-runtime | [] [] [] [] | 18 bluez-pin | [] [] [] [] [] [] | 28 cflow | [] [] | 5 clisp | | 9 console-tools | [] [] | 5 coreutils | [] [] [] | 18 cpio | [] [] [] [] | 11 cpplib | [] [] [] [] [] | 12 cryptonit | [] | 6 dialog | [] [] [] | 9 diffutils | [] [] [] [] [] | 29 doodle | [] | 6 e2fsprogs | [] [] | 10 enscript | [] [] [] | 16 fetchmail | [] [] | 12 findutils | [] [] [] | 11 findutils_stable | [] [] [] [] | 18 flex | [] [] | 15 fslint | [] | 2 gas | [] | 3 gawk | [] [] [] | 16 gcal | [] | 5 gcc | [] [] [] | 7 gettext-examples | [] [] [] [] [] [] | 29 gettext-runtime | [] [] [] [] [] [] | 28 gettext-tools | [] [] [] [] [] | 20 gip | [] [] | 13 gliv | [] [] | 11 glunarclock | [] [] [] | 15 gmult | [] [] [] [] | 16 gnubiff | [] | 2 gnucash | () [] | 5 gnuedu | [] | 2 gnulib | [] | 10 gnunet | | 0 gnunet-gtk | [] [] | 3 gnutls | | 4 gpe-aerial | [] [] | 14 gpe-beam | [] [] | 14 gpe-calendar | [] [] | 7 gpe-clock | [] [] [] [] | 21 gpe-conf | [] [] [] | 16 gpe-contacts | [] [] | 10 gpe-edit | [] [] [] [] [] | 22 gpe-filemanager | [] [] | 7 gpe-go | [] [] [] [] | 19 gpe-login | [] [] [] [] [] | 21 gpe-ownerinfo | [] [] [] [] | 21 gpe-package | [] | 6 gpe-sketchbook | [] [] | 16 gpe-su | [] [] [] [] | 21 gpe-taskmanager | [] [] [] [] | 21 gpe-timesheet | [] [] [] [] | 18 gpe-today | [] [] [] [] [] | 21 gpe-todo | [] [] | 8 gphoto2 | [] [] [] [] | 21 gprof | [] [] | 13 gpsdrive | [] | 5 gramadoir | [] | 7 grep | [] | 12 gretl | | 6 gsasl | [] [] [] | 9 gss | [] | 7 gst-plugins-bad | [] [] [] | 13 gst-plugins-base | [] [] | 11 gst-plugins-good | [] [] [] [] [] | 16 gst-plugins-ugly | [] [] [] | 13 gstreamer | [] [] [] | 18 gtick | [] [] | 7 gtkam | [] | 16 gtkorphan | [] | 7 gtkspell | [] [] [] [] [] [] | 27 gutenprint | | 4 hello | [] [] [] [] [] | 38 herrie | [] [] | 8 hylafax | | 0 idutils | [] [] | 15 indent | [] [] [] [] [] | 28 iso_15924 | [] [] | 4 iso_3166 | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | 54 iso_3166_2 | [] [] | 4 iso_4217 | [] [] [] [] [] | 24 iso_639 | [] [] [] [] [] | 26 jpilot | [] [] [] [] | 7 jtag | [] | 3 jwhois | [] [] [] | 13 kbd | [] [] [] | 13 keytouch | [] | 8 keytouch-editor | [] | 5 keytouch-keyboa... | [] | 5 latrine | [] [] | 5 ld | [] [] [] [] | 10 leafpad | [] [] [] [] [] | 24 libc | [] [] [] | 19 libexif | [] | 5 libextractor | [] | 5 libgpewidget | [] [] [] | 20 libgpg-error | [] | 6 libgphoto2 | [] [] | 9 libgphoto2_port | [] [] [] | 11 libgsasl | [] | 8 libiconv | [] [] | 11 libidn | [] [] | 11 lifelines | | 4 lilypond | [] | 6 lingoteach | [] | 6 lprng | [] | 2 lynx | [] [] [] | 15 m4 | [] [] [] | 18 mailfromd | [] [] | 3 mailutils | [] [] | 8 make | [] [] [] | 20 man-db | [] | 9 minicom | [] | 14 nano | [] [] [] | 20 opcodes | [] [] | 10 parted | [] [] [] | 11 pilot-qof | [] | 1 popt | [] [] [] [] | 18 psmisc | [] [] | 10 pwdutils | [] | 3 qof | [] | 4 radius | [] [] | 7 recode | [] [] [] | 25 rpm | [] [] [] [] | 13 screem | [] | 2 scrollkeeper | [] [] [] [] | 26 sed | [] [] [] [] | 23 shared-mime-info | [] [] [] | 29 sharutils | [] [] [] | 23 shishi | [] | 3 skencil | [] | 7 solfege | [] | 3 soundtracker | [] [] | 9 sp | [] | 3 system-tools-ba... | [] [] [] [] [] [] [] | 38 tar | [] [] [] | 17 texinfo | [] [] [] | 15 tin | | 1 tuxpaint | [] [] [] | 19 unicode-han-tra... | | 0 unicode-transla... | | 2 util-linux | [] [] [] | 20 util-linux-ng | [] [] [] | 20 vorbis-tools | [] [] | 4 wastesedge | | 1 wdiff | [] [] | 23 wget | [] [] [] | 20 xchat | [] [] [] [] | 29 xkeyboard-config | [] [] [] | 14 xpad | [] [] [] | 15 +---------------------------------------------------+ 76 teams tg th tk tr uk ven vi wa xh zh_CN zh_HK zh_TW zu 163 domains 0 3 1 74 51 0 143 21 1 57 7 45 0 2036 Some counters in the preceding matrix are higher than the number of visible blocks let us expect. This is because a few extra PO files are used for implementing regional variants of languages, or language dialects. For a PO file in the matrix above to be effective, the package to which it applies should also have been internationalized and distributed as such by its maintainer. There might be an observable lag between the mere existence a PO file and its wide availability in a distribution. If November 2007 seems to be old, you may fetch a more recent copy of this `ABOUT-NLS' file on most GNU archive sites. The most up-to-date matrix with full percentage details can be found at `http://translationproject.org/extra/matrix.html'. 1.6 Using `gettext' in new packages =================================== If you are writing a freely available program and want to internationalize it you are welcome to use GNU `gettext' in your package. Of course you have to respect the GNU Library General Public License which covers the use of the GNU `gettext' library. This means in particular that even non-free programs can use `libintl' as a shared library, whereas only free software can use `libintl' as a static library or use modified versions of `libintl'. Once the sources are changed appropriately and the setup can handle the use of `gettext' the only thing missing are the translations. The Free Translation Project is also available for packages which are not developed inside the GNU project. Therefore the information given above applies also for every other Free Software Project. Contact `coordinator@translationproject.org' to make the `.pot' files available to the translation teams. 070701000090d6000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000e18000000660000000300000000000000000000001c00000000reloc/doc/coreutils/AUTHORSHere are the names of the programs in this package, each followed by the name(s) of its author(s). arch: David MacKenzie, Karel Zak base64: Simon Josefsson basename: David MacKenzie cat: Torbjörn Granlund, Richard M. Stallman chcon: Russell Coker, Jim Meyering chgrp: David MacKenzie, Jim Meyering chmod: David MacKenzie, Jim Meyering chown: David MacKenzie, Jim Meyering chroot: Roland McGrath cksum: Q. Frank Xia comm: Richard M. Stallman, David MacKenzie cp: Torbjörn Granlund, David MacKenzie, Jim Meyering csplit: Stuart Kemp, David MacKenzie cut: David M. Ihnat, David MacKenzie, Jim Meyering date: David MacKenzie dd: Paul Rubin, David MacKenzie, Stuart Kemp df: Torbjörn Granlund, David MacKenzie, Paul Eggert dir: Richard M. Stallman, David MacKenzie dircolors: H. Peter Anvin dirname: David MacKenzie, Jim Meyering du: Torbjörn Granlund, David MacKenzie, Paul Eggert, Jim Meyering echo: Brian Fox, Chet Ramey env: Richard Mlynarik, David MacKenzie expand: David MacKenzie expr: Mike Parker, James Youngman, Paul Eggert factor: Paul Rubin false: Jim Meyering fmt: Ross Paterson fold: David MacKenzie ginstall: David MacKenzie groups: David MacKenzie, James Youngman head: David MacKenzie, Jim Meyering hostid: Jim Meyering hostname: Jim Meyering id: Arnold Robbins, David MacKenzie join: Mike Haertel kill: Paul Eggert link: Michael Stone ln: Mike Parker, David MacKenzie logname: FIXME: unknown ls: Richard M. Stallman, David MacKenzie md5sum: Ulrich Drepper, Scott Miller, David Madore mkdir: David MacKenzie mkfifo: David MacKenzie mknod: David MacKenzie mktemp: Jim Meyering, Eric Blake mv: Mike Parker, David MacKenzie, Jim Meyering nice: David MacKenzie nl: Scott Bartram, David MacKenzie nohup: Jim Meyering nproc: Giuseppe Scrivano od: Jim Meyering paste: David M. Ihnat, David MacKenzie pathchk: Paul Eggert, David MacKenzie, Jim Meyering pinky: Joseph Arceneaux, David MacKenzie, Kaveh Ghazi pr: Pete TerMaat, Roland Huebner printenv: David MacKenzie, Richard Mlynarik printf: David MacKenzie ptx: François Pinard pwd: Jim Meyering readlink: Dmitry V. Levin rm: Paul Rubin, David MacKenzie, Richard M. Stallman, Jim Meyering rmdir: David MacKenzie runcon: Russell Coker seq: Ulrich Drepper sha1sum: Ulrich Drepper, Scott Miller, David Madore sha224sum: Ulrich Drepper, Scott Miller, David Madore sha256sum: Ulrich Drepper, Scott Miller, David Madore sha384sum: Ulrich Drepper, Scott Miller, David Madore sha512sum: Ulrich Drepper, Scott Miller, David Madore shred: Colin Plumb shuf: Paul Eggert sleep: Jim Meyering, Paul Eggert sort: Mike Haertel, Paul Eggert split: Torbjörn Granlund, Richard M. Stallman stat: Michael Meskes stdbuf: Pádraig Brady stty: David MacKenzie su: David MacKenzie sum: Kayvan Aghaiepour, David MacKenzie sync: Jim Meyering tac: Jay Lepreau, David MacKenzie tail: Paul Rubin, David MacKenzie, Ian Lance Taylor, Jim Meyering tee: Mike Parker, Richard M. Stallman, David MacKenzie test: Kevin Braunsdorf, Matthew Bradburn timeout: Pádraig Brady touch: Paul Rubin, Arnold Robbins, Jim Kingdon, David MacKenzie, Randy Smith tr: Jim Meyering true: Jim Meyering truncate: Pádraig Brady tsort: Mark Kettenis tty: David MacKenzie uname: David MacKenzie unexpand: David MacKenzie uniq: Richard M. Stallman, David MacKenzie unlink: Michael Stone uptime: Joseph Arceneaux, David MacKenzie, Kaveh Ghazi users: Joseph Arceneaux, David MacKenzie vdir: Richard M. Stallman, David MacKenzie wc: Paul Rubin, David MacKenzie who: Joseph Arceneaux, David MacKenzie, Michael Stone whoami: Richard Mlynarik yes: David MacKenzie ;; Local Variables: ;; coding: utf-8 ;; End: 070701000090d7000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c0000894b000000660000000300000000000000000000001c00000000reloc/doc/coreutils/COPYING GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 3, 29 June 2007 Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. Preamble The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for software and other kinds of works. The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free software for all its users. We, the Free Software Foundation, use the GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to any other work released this way by its authors. You can apply it to your programs, too. When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. 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But first, please read . 070701000090d8000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00068c98000000660000000300000000000000000000001e00000000reloc/doc/coreutils/ChangeLog2010-04-23 Jim Meyering version 8.5 * NEWS: Record release date. 2010-04-23 Dmitry V. Levin tests: fix exit status of signal handlers in shell scripts The value of `$?' on entrance to signal handlers in shell scripts cannot be relied upon, so set the exit code explicitly. * cfg.mk (sc_always_defined_macros, sc_system_h_headers): Set the exit code in signal handler explicitly to 128 + SIG. * src/Makefile.am (sc_tight_scope): Likewise. * tests/test-lib.sh: Likewise. 2010-04-22 Eric Blake base64: always treat input in binary mode Necessary for cygwin. Technically, this patch is not correct, in that it clobbers O_APPEND, but it is no different than any other use of xfreopen to force binary mode, so all such uses should be fixed at once in a later patch. * src/base64.c (main): Open input in binary mode. * THANKS: Update. Reported by Yutaka Amanai. 2010-04-21 Jim Meyering build: update gnulib submodule to latest 2010-04-21 Eric Blake docs: document transformation of obsolete sort syntax * doc/coreutils.texi (sort invocation): Mention the conversion. 2010-04-21 Pádraig Brady maint: update a couple of NEWS items for the pending release * NEWS: Mention that cp and mv from the previous release did not support preserving extended attributes (fixed in e489fd04). Improve the grammar for the "cp capabilities" item. 2010-04-20 Pádraig Brady sort: fix parsing of end field in obsolescent key formats This regression was introduced in commit 224a69b5, 2009-02-24, "sort: Fix two bugs with determining the end of field". The specific regression being that we include 1 field too many when an end field is specified using obsolescent key syntax (+POS -POS). * src/sort.c (struct keyfield): Clarify the description of the eword member, as suggested by Alan Curry. (main): When processing obsolescent format key specifications, normalize eword to a zero based count when no specific end char is given for an end field. This matches what's done when keys are specified with -k. * tests/misc/sort: Add a few more tests for the obsolescent key formats, with test 07i being the particular failure addressed by this change. * THANKS: Add Alan Curry who precisely identified the issue. * NEWS: Mention the fix. Reported by Santiago Rodríguez 2010-04-17 Pádraig Brady cp: preserve "capabilities" when also preserving file ownership * src/copy.c (copy_reg): Copy xattrs _after_ setting file ownership so that capabilities are not cleared when setting ownership. * tests/cp/capability: A new root test. * tests/Makefile.am (root_tests): Reference the new test. * NEWS: Mention the fix. 2010-04-16 Jim Meyering * HACKING (Add tests): Change example name, "newtest" to "new-test". Not that anyone would confuse with something newt-related, but just because it is more readable that way. doc: tweak HACKING doc: tweak HACKING * HACKING (Curly braces): Tweak a sentence. Filter a few paragraphs through "fmt". 2010-04-16 Pádraig Brady maint: fix build on platforms that replace strsignal * src/Makefile.am (kill_LDADD): Add $(LIBTHREAD) so that we link with the appropriate libraries to provide Thread Local Storage on platforms that replace strsignal (like AIX for example). Tested-by: Daniel Richard G. tests: avoid spurious failure of ls/color-norm test * tests/ls/color-norm: Use the "time" output by `ls -l` to check normal style. Previously we used the size from `ls -s`, but the size of "empty" files can vary depending on whether SELinux is enabled for example. 2010-04-15 Jim Meyering doc: document our code formatting policy regarding curly braces * HACKING (Curly braces: use judiciously): New section. 2010-04-14 Jim Meyering tests: avoid spurious failure of root-only ls/capability test * tests/ls/capability: Adjust this test not to expect the no-op escape sequence that was removed from all other tests by 2010-01-30 commit 5d43617e, "ls --color: don't emit a final no-op escape sequence". 2010-04-13 Pádraig Brady cp: treat selinux warnings consistently * src/copy.c (copy_reg): Suppress SELinux ENOTSUP warnings consistently between the destination being present or not. Previously we did not suppress ENOTSUP messages when the destination was present. (copy_internal): Use the same ENOTSUP supression method as copy_reg() even though the issue was not seen in this case. * tests/cp/cp-a-selinux: Add a test case for the issue and group the other test cases in the file more coherently. * tests/cp/cp-mv-enotsup-xattr: Do the same check for xattr warnings, even though they did not have the issue. 2010-04-12 Pádraig Brady doc: clarify when cp and mv output xattr warnings The 2010-03-26 commit, 4c38625e, "doc: fix info on cp --preserve..." was not entirely correct as cp --preserve=all does produce some xattr warnings. * src/copy.h: Update and clarify the comments for reduce_diagnostics and require_preserve_{xattr,context}. * doc/coreutils.texi (cp invocation): Update the -a and --preserve=xattr,context options to say when and which xattr warnings are output. (mv invocation): Mention that some warnings are output when preserving xattrs. 2010-04-11 Pádraig Brady doc: mention that "capabilities" are preserved by cp/mv * doc/coreutils.texi (cp invocation): Mention that "capabilities" are preserved when implemented using extended attributes. (mv invocation): Mention ACLs etc. are maintained due to xattrs being copied. 2010-04-11 Jie Liu build: tell ./bootstrap to check for xz up-front * bootstrap.conf (buildreq): Add xz to the list. 2010-04-11 Jim Meyering tests: more syntax-checks * gnulib: update to latest * cfg.mk (sc_prohibit_empty_lines_at_EOF): Remove, now that it's in gnulib's maint.mk. (_hv_file): Override the default. 2010-04-10 Jim Meyering maint: new syntax-check rule: prohibit empty lines at EOF * cfg.mk (detect_empty_lines_at_EOF_): Define. (sc_prohibit_empty_lines_at_EOF): New rule. * .x-sc_prohibit_empty_lines_at_EOF: New file. Exempt pr test inputs. * Makefile.am (syntax_check_exceptions): Add it. Pádraig Brady suggested to parse the output of tail -n1. 2010-04-09 Mike Frysinger dircolors: add rxvt-256color and rxvt-unicode256 * src/dircolors.hin: Add them. 2010-04-09 Jim Meyering maint: ftruncate is always available, even without gnulib Now that even MinGW provides ftruncate, we know that all reasonable portability targets provide this function. Remove the workaround code. We nearly removed the gnulib module three years ago: http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.lib.gnulib.bugs/9203 and it is now officially "obsolete". * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Remove ftruncate. * src/copy.c (copy_reg): Remove use of HAVE_FTRUNCATE and its no-longer-used workaround code. * src/truncate.c: Remove a comment about handling missing ftruncate. 2010-04-08 James Youngman doc: make wc --help say how it defines a 'word' * src/wc.c (usage): Add wc's definition of "word". 2010-04-08 Jim Meyering doc: adjust a header in announcement email template * README-release: Use Mail-Followup-To: rather than Reply-To:. The former works more reliably, at least with Gnus. 2010-04-07 Jim Meyering tests: add a PATH-sanity-check to help-version * tests/misc/help-version: Sync from gzip's version. * tests/check.mk (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Export VERSION, as required for new help-version test. 2010-04-06 Jim Meyering maint: fix a masked syntax-check violation * m4/jm-macros.m4 (ARGMATCH_DIE): Use usage(EXIT_FAILURE), not usage(1). * .x-sc_prohibit_magic_number_exit: Remove *.m4 exemption that was masking the above. build: update gnulib submodule to latest 2010-04-05 Jim Meyering build: update gnulib submodule to latest 2010-04-04 Marc Kleine-Budde tail: include sys/vfs.h (if possible) when sys/statfs.h is absent * src/tail.c [HAVE_INOTIFY && !HAVE_SYS_STATFS_H]: Include . 2010-04-02 Jim Meyering build: update gnulib submodule to latest * cfg.mk: Update to use new _sc_search_regexp interface. Run this: perl -pi -e 's/\b_prohibit_regexp\b/_sc_search_regexp/;' -e 's/\bmsg=/halt=/; s/\bre=/prohibit=/;' cfg.mk and then adjust backslashes so they still line up. 2010-03-31 Jim Meyering doc: synchronize parts of README-release from grep's version * README-release (FIXME): Add Reply-To, use coreutils@gnu.org for announcements. Update savannah-verbatim-announcement procedure. 2010-03-29 Jim Meyering build: update gnulib submodule to latest tests: disable new texinfo-acronym syntax-check from gnulib * cfg.mk (local-checks-to-skip): Add new sc_texinfo_acronym, to skip it. 2010-03-29 Bruno Haible build: update after change in gnulib's lib-ignore module * src/Makefile.am (AM_LDFLAGS): Define. Use gnulib's new $(IGNORE_UNUSED_LIBRARIES_CFLAGS). 2010-03-29 Jim Meyering tests: avoid spurious sc_prohibit_test_minus_ao syntax-check failures * tests/misc/ls-time: Change comments and diagnostics. * tests/misc/xattr: Likewise. 2010-03-26 Jim Meyering tests: fix typos in envvar-check script * tests/envvar-check: Fix variable name typos. Probably harmless, since no selected shell would fail to unset. 2010-03-26 Pádraig Brady nice,chroot: use more standard option parsing Related to the 2010-03-25 commit, 88d4b346, "timeout: use more standard option parsing". * src/nice.c (main): Don't use parse_long_options() which is a helper for commands that don't have any long options specific to them. * src/chroot.c (main): Likewise. * tests/misc/nice-fail: Remove a case that now passes due to us accepting multiple instances of the --help and --version options. * tests/misc/chroot-fail: Likewise. 2010-03-26 Kim Hansen timeout: use more standard option parsing * src/timeout.c (main): Don't use parse_long_options() which is a helper for commands that don't have any long options specific to them. * tests/misc/timeout-parameters: Remove a case that now passes due to us accepting multiple instances of the --help and --version options. * THANKS: Add the author. 2010-03-26 Pádraig Brady doc: fix info on cp --preserve=all, which does _not_ give xattr warnings The info docs have been inaccurate since 2009-04-17, commit 941bd482, "mv: ignore xattr-preservation failure when not supported by filesystem" * doc/coreutils.texi (cp invocation): Say that cp --preserve=all does _not_ output errors when failing to copy xattrs. 2010-03-21 Jim Meyering cfg.mk: remove comments with sed rather than cpp -fpreprocessed * cfg.mk (_sed_remove_comments): Define, starting with gettext's moopp sed code, but factoring it to be more understandable. (sc_space_before_open_paren): Adapt. Prompted by Bruno Haible's suggestion to use gettext's moopp code. 2010-03-20 Jim Meyering cfg.mk: fix copy-paste-o in a diagnostic * cfg.mk (sc_space_before_open_paren): Mention cpp -fpreprocessed, not cppi, when cpp -fpreprocessed doesn't work. Spotted by Eric Blake. maint: enforce one small aspect of formatting style: space-before-"(" * cfg.mk (sc_space_before_open_paren): New rule. maint: code formatting nit * src/system.h (ST_NBLOCKS): Add space before paren. 2010-03-19 Pádraig Brady maint: mbsalign: fix an edge case where we truncate too much * gl/lib/mbsalign.c (mbsalign): Ensure the temporary destination buffer is big enough, as it may need to be bigger than the source buffer in the presence of single byte non printable chars. * gl/tests/test-mbsalign.c (main): Add a test to trigger the issue. maint: update the mbsalign module * gl/lib/mbsalign.c (mbsalign): Support the MBA_UNIBYTE_FALLBACK flag which reverts to unibyte mode if one can't allocate memory or if there are invalid multibyte characters present. Note memory is no longer dynamically allocated in unibyte mode so one can assume that mbsalign() will not return an error if this flag is present. Don't calculate twice, the number of spaces, when centering. Suppress a signed/unsigned comparison warning. (ambsalign): A new wrapper function to dynamically allocate the minimum memory required to hold the aligned string. * gl/lib/mbsalign.h: Add the MBA_UNIBYTE_FALLBACK flag and also document others that may be implemented in future. (ambsalign): A prototype for the new wrapper. * gl/tests/test-mbsalign.c (main): New test program. * gl/modules/mbsalign-tests: A new index to reference the tests. * .x-sc_program_name: Exclude test-mbsalign.c from this check. 2010-03-19 Paolo Bonzini tests: change help-version to per-program functions * help-version: Change each *_args variable to a *_setup function. 2010-03-19 Jim Meyering doc: tweak README-prereq again * README-prereq: Change one more: s/coreutils/This package/ doc: make README-prereq more generic * README-prereq: Adjust wording and reduce number of mentions of "coreutils", so it's easier to reuse in another package: grep. 2010-03-18 Eric Blake rm: tweak wording about loss of data warning * src/rm.c (usage): Update wording to make two points more apparent: undelete is not trivial, and partial recovery should be a consideration factor in deciding whether rm is secure enough. Initially suggested by Reuben Thomas. 2010-03-18 Ralf Wildenhues revert "maint: mark makefile "dist-hook" target as PHONY" * src/Makefile.am (dist-hook): Do not mark this target as PHONY, explicitly. Automake does it for us. 2010-03-18 Eric Blake doc: improve ls --help's description of --escape (-b) * src/ls.c (usage): Be more precise about how --escape (-b) works: say "C-style escapes", not "octal escapes". Reported by Jacky Fong. 2010-03-18 Jim Meyering maint: mark makefile "dist-hook" target as PHONY * src/Makefile.am (dist-hook): Mark target as PHONY. 2010-03-17 Jim Meyering maint: add a space before open-paren, where lacking * src/copy.c (copy_reg): Likewise. * src/cut.c (main): Likewise. * src/dd.c (main): Likewise. * src/getlimits.c (print_int): Likewise. * src/join.c (join): Likewise. * src/pwd.c (logical_getcwd): Likewise. * src/sort.c (specify_nmerge, mergefps, avoid_trashing_input): Likewise. (merge): Likewise. * src/uptime.c (usage): Likewise. 2010-03-17 Pádraig Brady timeout: add the --kill-after option Based on a report from Kim Hansen who wanted to send a KILL signal to the monitored command when `timeout` itself received a termination signal. Rather than changing such a signal into a KILL, we provide the more general mechanism of sending the KILL after the specified grace period. * src/timeout.c (cleanup): If a non zero kill delay is specified, (re)set the alarm to that delay, after which a KILL signal will be sent to the process group. (usage): Mention the new option. Separate the description of DURATION since it's now specified in 2 places. Clarify that the duration is an integer. (parse_duration): A new function refactored from main(), since this logic is now called for two parameters. (main): Parse the -k option. * doc/coreutils.texi (timeout invocation): Describe the new --kill-after option and use @display rather than @table to show the duration suffixes. Clarify that a duration of 0 disables the associated timeout. * tests/misc/timeout-parameters: Check invalid --kill-after. * tests/misc/timeout: Check a valid --kill-after works. * NEWS: Mention the new feature. 2010-03-13 Jim Meyering build: update gnulib submodule to latest The latest from gnulib once again passes all tests. revert to previous working version of gnulib This reverts commit 0c31cdc2d13a1e47106ce708ca9c94df8d21f764. 2010-03-13 Thien-Thi Nguyen doc: use mktemp, not tempfile, in a shred usage example * doc/coreutils.texi (shred invocation): Use mktemp(1) instead of Debian-specific tempfile(1). 2010-03-12 Jim Meyering build: update gnulib submodule to latest 2010-03-11 Eric Blake maint: drop *.lzma suport * .gitignore: Remove *.lzma lines. maint: ignore *.xz files * .gitignore: Ignore *.xz created by 'make dist', now that we no longer produce *.lzma. 2010-03-10 Jim Meyering remove: without -f, avoid unnecessary-expense/issues with euidaccess * src/remove.c (write_protected_non_symlink): If faccessat fails, return 1 or -1 directly, rather than falling back on euidaccess*. 2010-03-09 Pádraig Brady doc: Add an example for cutting fields separated by runs of blanks * doc/coreutils.texi (cut invocation): Show how tr can be used to process the input for cut in this case. Suggestion from Dan Jacobson. 2010-03-04 Pádraig Brady maint: rename the si_present variable in sort to iec_present * src/sort.c: The units containing 'i' are actually IEC not SI. 2010-03-04 Joey Degges sort: inform the system about our input access pattern Tell the system that we'll access input sequentially, so that we more efficiently process uncached files in a few cases: Reading from faster flash devices. E.g. 21 MB/s key: NORMAL 31.6s (26.8 user) SEQUENTIAL 27.7s WILLNEED 27.7s Processing in parallel with readahead when using a small 1M buffer: NORMAL 24.7s (21.1 user) SEQUENTIAL 22.7s WILLNEED 25.6s A small benefit when merging: NORMAL 25.0s (16.9 user) SEQUENTIAL 24.6s (16.6 user) WILLNEED 38.4s (13.1 user) Note WILLNEED is presented above for comparison to show it has some unwanted characteristics due to its synchronous prepopulation of the cache. It has a good benefit on a mechanical disk @ 80MB/s and a multicore system with competing processes: NORMAL 14.73s SEQUENTIAL 10.95s WILLNEED 05.22s However the scheduling differences causing this result are probably best explicitly managed using `nice` etc. * m4/jm-macros.m4 (coreutils_MACROS): check for posix_fadvise(). * src/sort.c (fadvise_input): A new function to apply the POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL hint to an input stream. (stream_open): Call the above function for all input streams. 2010-03-04 Jim Meyering tests: don't let the LANGUAGE envvar perturb tests * tests/envvar-check (vars): Add LANGUAGE to the list of envvars to unset. At least in glibc (as an extension to POSIX), its value actually trumps LC_ALL: $ LC_ALL=es_ES LANGUAGE=fr_FR.UTF-8 /bin/cat no-such /bin/cat: no-such: Aucun fichier ou dossier de ce type but only when the default locale is not C: $ LC_ALL=C LANGUAGE=fr_FR.UTF-8 /bin/cat no-such /bin/cat: no-such: No such file or directory Prompted by a report from Mads Kiilerich. 2010-03-01 Pádraig Brady sort: fix issues with month sorting in some locales * src/sort.c (char fold_toupper[]): Change to unsigned so as the correct comparisons are made in getmonth(). This fixes unibyte locales where abbreviated months have characters that are > 0x7F, but it also works for multibyte locales with the caveat that multibyte characters are matched case sensitively. With this change, the following example sorts correctly: $ echo -e "1 márta\n2 Feabhra" | LANG=ga_IE.utf8 sort -k2,2M 2 Feabhra 1 márta * src/sort.c (inittables): Since we ignore blanks around months in the input, don't include them when they're present in the locale. With this change, the following example sorts correctly: $ echo -e "1 2月\n2 1月" | LANG=ja_JP.utf8 sort -k2,2M 2 1月 1 2月 * tests/misc/sort-month: A new test to exercise the above cases. * tests/Makefile.am: Reference the new test. * NEWS: Mention the fix. 2010-02-25 Eric Blake bootstrap: resynchronize from gnulib * gnulib: Update to latest. * bootstrap: Copy from gnulib/build-aux/bootstrap. * README-hacking: Describe how to use GNULIB_SRCDIR. expr: clarify error message * src/expr.c (eval4, eval3): Clarify that expr expects integers, and not the broader category of numbers. * tests/misc/expr: Update test accordingly. Suggested by Dan Jacobson. 2010-02-19 Pádraig Brady maint: clean up the output from syntax-check rules * cfg.mk (sc_tight_scope): Pass the -s (silent) flag to `make` so that it doesn't report about calling sub makes. (sc_check-AUTHORS): Likewise. (sc_strftime_check): Don't display stderr from `info`. * src/Makefile.am (sc_tight_scope): Don't annotate with "GEN". (sc_check-AUTHORS): Likewise. 2010-02-18 Moritz Orbach ls: fix a regression by honoring NORMAL attributes again Output the NORMAL attribute before non file name text. This attribute will continue into file names that would not otherwise be colored unless FILE is also set. The regression was introduced with commit 483297d5, 28-02-2009, "ls --color no longer outputs unnecessary escape sequences". * src/ls.c (set_normal_color): A new function to output the NORMAL attribute sequence if it's enabled. (print_current_files): Output NORMAL before printing long format info. (print_file_name_and_frills): Output NORMAL before printing file name. (print_color_indicator): Reset the attributes before a file name with attributes so that NORMAL attributes will not combine with them. (print_name_with_quoting): Ensure attributes are reset after printing the file name if NORMAL attributes were output. * tests/ls/color-norm: A new test for NORMAL and FILE combinations. * tests/Makefile.am: Reference the new test. * NEWS: Mention the fix. Reported in https://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?26512 2010-02-16 Pádraig Brady maint: fix the man page correlation tests These checks were not being run as distcheck-hook targets are only supported in the top-level Makefile. Instead these tests are now run during a syntax-check. * cfg.mk (sc_man_file_correlation): A new syntax check to call the 2 existing tests to check the correlation between the programs and man/*.[1x]. * man/Makefile.am (sc_man_file_correlation): Call the 2 existing man page correlation tests. (check-x-vs-1): Remove the "GEN" annotation as it's a bit verbose. (check-programs-vs-x): Likewise. * src/Makefile.am (all_programs.list): Exclude libstdbuf.so from the list of programs. This issue was not noticed as the checks were not actually being run. tests: fix an unlikely race in tail-2/inotify-hash-abuse2 * tests/tail-2/inotify-hash-abuse2: Explicitly kill the process by using cleanup_() rather than using a timeout which may trigger a failure on very slow systems (< 20 iterations of the loop per second). doc: fix inconsistent capitalization in --help output * src/base64.c (usage): Don't capitalize the first character in an --option description. * src/stdbuf.c (usage): Likewise. * src/truncate.c (usage): Likewise. * cfg.mk (sc_option_desc_uppercase): A new syntax check to stop this happening in future. * man/Makefile.am (sc_option_desc_uppercase): Ensure all man pages are generated, then search for erroneous uppercase chars. * src/Makefile.am (all_programs): Ensure all commands are built so that all man pages can be generated. 2010-02-15 Jim Meyering remove.c: remove three unnecessary #include directives * src/remove.c: Don't include hash.h, hash-pjw.h or obstack.h. They have been unused since the fts rewrite. 2010-02-15 Eric Blake build: ignore another gnulib artifact * .gitignore: Add lib/warn-on-use.h. dirname: improve man page description * doc/coreutils.texi (dirname invocation): Properly cover behavior on directory. * man/dirname.x: Likewise. * THANKS: Update. Reported by Emmanuel Lacour. 2010-02-11 Pádraig Brady doc: remove extraneous periods from --help output * src/join.c (usage): Mention "fields" rather than repeating "line" so that it's more obvious that the fields are still parsed, and thus -o is still honored for headers. Also remove an extraneous '.' reported by Stéphane Raimbault. * src/base64.c (usage): Remove extraneous blank line and order the options alphabetically. Also remove an extraneous '.' * src/chown.c (usage): Remove extraneous '.' * src/cp.c (usage): Likewise. * src/mktemp.c (usage): Likewise. * src/pr.c (usage): Likewise. * src/stat.c (usage): Likewise. * src/uniq.c (usage): Likewise. 2010-02-10 Jim Meyering doc: add a TODO item * TODO: Consider adding a col implementation. 2010-02-07 Jim Meyering copy.c: improve a comment * src/copy.c (copy_reg): The comment about POSIXLY_CORRECT refers only to cp, not to any other application that uses copy.c. 2010-02-07 James R. Van Zandt doc: add a cross reference from tac's man page to "rev" * man/tac.x: See also "rev". 2010-02-07 Jim Meyering tests: include help-version test settings used by gzip and grep * tests/misc/help-version: ...the better to keep this file in sync. doc: rewrite part of README-release * README-release (Pre-release testing): Reorganize. 2010-02-05 Jim Meyering sync with gnulib * gl/lib/regcomp.c.diff: Update to apply to changed version in gnulib. * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. 2010-02-02 Pádraig Brady tests: fix various timeout races Prompted by the continuous integration build failure at: http://hydra.nixos.org/build/277485 * tests/misc/timeout: Set all expected timeouts to 1s and all unexpected timeouts to 10s. In this way, tests normally proceed quickly but may delay up to 10s before reporting failures. * tests/ls/infloop: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/pid: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/pipe-f: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/wait: Likewise. * tests/dd/skip-seek-past-dev: Likewise. 2010-02-01 Ondřej Vašík tests: cp-a-selinux: skip the test if mounting a loop device fails * tests/cp/cp-a-selinux: Skip the test (instead of fail) if we fail to mount a loop device (e.g., none available). 2010-02-01 Pádraig Brady maint: fix a typo in NEWS * NEWS: s/contains/contain/ join: make -t '' operate on the whole line Previously passing an empty parameter to -t would raise an error, but now it means to treat each line as a single field for matching. This matches the default operation of `sort` which is usually used in conjunction with join. * src/join.c (main): Set the field delimiter to '\n' if an empty parameter is passed to -t. (usage): Mention the operation of -t ''. * tests/misc/join: Add 2 new tests, for the existing -t '\0' and the new -t '' functionality. * doc/coreutils.texi (join invocation): Mention that join -t '' always operates on the whole line, while join -t '\0' usually does. * NEWS: Mention the change in behavior. 2010-02-01 Assaf Gordon join: add --header option to always output the first line This essentially allows one to use --check-order with headings. Note join without --check-order will already handle the common case where headings do match in each file, however using --check-order will fail often when the header sorts after the first line of data. Note also that this will join header lines from each file even if they don't match, with headings from the first file being used. * NEWS: Mention the new option. * doc/coreutils.texi (join invocation): Describe the new option. * src/join.c (usage): Likewise. (join): Join the header lines unconditionally. * tests/misc/join: Add 5 new tests. 2010-02-01 Pádraig Brady maint: fix an inconsequential memory leak in join * src/join.c (join): Refactor the code that checks for misorder at the tail of the files. The most significant change here is that freeline() is called thus silencing a valgrind warning about a definite but inconsequential memory leak. (freeline): Make more general by doing nothing when passed NULL, and setting freed pointers to NULL. maint: use $(CONFIG_INCLUDE) rather than the hardcoding lib/config.h * tests/check.mk (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Use the generated CONFIG_INCLUDE variable. Note $(abs_builddir)/$(CONFIG_HEADER) also currently works, but $(CONFIG_HEADER) is deprecated and may not be generated in future. $(CONFIG_INCLUDE) was made available by gnulib in commit, 22970f8a, "syntax-check: detect incorrect boolean macro values in config.h" 2010-02-01 Jim Meyering ls --color: don't emit a final no-op escape sequence * src/ls.c (main): With --color, avoid emitting the final color- resetting escape sequence when it would be a no-op. * tests/ls/color-clear-to-eol: Adjust expected output accordingly. * tests/ls/color-dtype-dir: Likewise. * tests/ls/multihardlink: Likewise. * tests/ls/stat-free-symlinks: Likewise. * tests/misc/ls-misc: Likewise. * NEWS (Changes in behavior): Mention it. C de-Avillez rebased and adapted four of the new sl-dangle* tests in tests/misc/ls-misc. Reported by Jim Avera in http://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/coreutils/+bug/494663 2010-01-28 Jim Meyering maint: move vulnerable-Makefile.in-check to gnulib * cfg.mk (sc_vulnerable_makefile_CVE-2009-4029): Move rule to... * gnulib: Update to latest, to get updated "maint.mk". 2010-01-27 Jim Meyering maint: add a syntax-check rule to check for vulnerable Makefile.in * cfg.mk (sc_vulnerable_makefile_CVE-2009-4029): New rule. 2010-01-25 Kamil Dudka who --mesg (-T) can use a more accurate test for TTY writability Enabled when coreutils is configured with --with-tty-group. Based on a patch written by Piotr Gackiewicz. Details at http://bugzilla.redhat.com/454261 * src/who.c (is_tty_writable): A new function returning true if a TTY device is writable by the group. Additionally it checks the group to be the same as TTY_GROUP_NAME when compiled with --with-tty-group. * m4/jm-macros.m4: Introduce a new configure option --with-tty-group. * NEWS: Mention the change. 2010-01-24 Jim Meyering tests: fix a syntax-check rule to pass in non-srcdir build * cfg.mk (sc_x_sc_dist_check): This coreutils-specific syntax-check rule would fail in a non-srcdir build, since in that case, each name from $(VC_LIST) starts with "$(srcdir)/". Fix that. * gnulib: Update to latest, to pull in a required maint.mk change. 2010-01-24 Pádraig Brady tests: make cp-mv-enotsup-xattr independent of the host file system * tests/cp-mv-enotsup-xattr: Create a file system from which to copy the xattrs so that the test is not skipped if the host file system does not have user_xattr support. Also don't erroneously fail when built without xattr support. doc: add nproc to the texinfo overview menu * doc/coreutils.texi: Add nproc to the System context command list in the overview menu. 2010-01-23 Pádraig Brady maint: ensure test independence from config macro format * tests/cp/acl: Support USE_ACL not being defined. * tests/mv/acl: Likewise. Also fix typo in skip message. * tests/cp/preserve-slink-time: Support HAVE_UTIMENSAT being 0. * tests/touch/no-dereference: Likewise. * tests/ls/capability: Normalize so 1 is not required to be last char. 2010-01-19 Eric Blake build: fix failure from bogus USE_XATTR definition * m4/xattr.m4 (gl_FUNC_ADDR): Fix regression introduced in commit 6beca4248. * THANKS: Update. Reported by Adam Sampson. 2010-01-18 Jim Meyering libstdbuf: plug a very unlikely leak * src/libstdbuf.c (apply_mode): Don't leak "buf" upon setvbuf failure. pr: avoid two over-allocations * src/pr.c (init_store_cols): Allocate N*sizeof(*VAR) bytes, not N*sizeof(int*). The latter would mistakenly allocate double the required space on a system with 8-byte pointers. 2010-01-14 Jim Meyering maint: add missing "post-release push" step to release procedure * README-release: Push the automated release and post-release NEWS-updating commits. Pádraig Brady reported that I'd pushed the tag without also pushing the followup commit. 2010-01-13 Jim Meyering post-release administrivia * NEWS: Add header line for next release. * .prev-version: Record previous version. * cfg.mk (old_NEWS_hash): Auto-update. version 8.4 * NEWS: Record release date. 2010-01-13 Pádraig Brady tests: avoid spurious failures on older shells * tests/tail-2/inotify-hash-abuse: Use kill rather than wait to determine if the tail process is still running. * tests/tail-2/inotify-hash-abuse2: Ditto. 2010-01-13 Jim Meyering tests: work around spurious test failure with OpenBSD4.5's /bin/sh * tests/ls/infloop: OpenBSD4.5's /bin/sh would mistakenly include "set -x"-output in an application's stderr stream when stderr is redirected before stdout. This was causing one spurious test failure. The work-around: redirect stdout first. Reported by Nelson Beebe. tests: don't silently skip the sort-version tests * tests/misc/sort-version: Don't use <<- and indented here-doc contents. s/<<-/<[4]: here document `x' unclosed [Exit 1] by contrast, bash warns but still exits successfully: $ printf 'cat<<-x\n foo\n x\n'|bash && echo you lose bash: line 3: warning: here-document at line 1 delimited by \ end-of-file (wanted `x') foo x you lose 2010-01-12 Eric Blake tests: avoid spurious failure on old kernel * tests/touch/no-dereference: Skip test if utimensat doesn't support symlinks. Reported by Bernhard Voelker. 2010-01-12 Pádraig Brady maint: update info about getting the prerequisite automake * README-prereq: Now that we require automake-1.11.1 update the instructions from getting it from the git repo maint: remove an already handled item from TODO * TODO: The question regarding printf octal escapes is answered in commit 4bcefa62, 2003-04-21, "Fix printf POSIX compatibility bug ..." maint: fix tests on solaris by using /usr/xpg4/bin * tests/check.mk: Prepend /usr/xpg4/bin to the $PATH if present. Using the more standard utilities allows tests such as misc/printenv, which uses the -E option to grep, to complete. 2010-01-12 Jim Meyering build: update gnulib, to get fixed getlogin-related tests build: fix build failure due to missing libxattr Configure is supposed to detect insufficient XATTR support. However, if a system has the required headers, but no library, the configure script would mistakenly enable USE_XATTR. * m4/xattr.m4 (gl_FUNC_XATTR): If the attr_copy_file function is not found, don't set USE_XATTR. Nelson Beebe reported a link failure on RHEL 5.3. Also, do not let the combination of --disable-xattr and a stray LIB_XATTR environment setting perturb the build. * NEWS (Build-related): Mention it. doc: mention the wchar.h vs. glibc build problem * NEWS (Build-related): Mention the wchar.h issue. 2010-01-12 Pádraig Brady nproc: return a possibly more accurate total CPU count * gnulib: Update, for num_processors() improvement. * NEWS: Mention the fix. 2010-01-12 Kamil Dudka ls: reorder includes to work around broken * src/ls.c: Include later, to avoid build failure with a header from libcap-2.16-1 or earlier. See http://bugzilla.redhat.com/483548 for details. 2010-01-08 Eric Blake maint: move coreutils specific rule into cfg.mk * gnulib: Update, for maint.mk improvement. * cfg.mk (_makefile_at_at_check_excpetions): New rule, needed for latest change to maint.mk. 2010-01-07 Jim Meyering post-release administrivia * NEWS: Add header line for next release. * .prev-version: Record previous version. * cfg.mk (old_NEWS_hash): Auto-update. version 8.3 * NEWS: Record release date. maint: change an email address in THANKS * THANKS: Adjust Denis' address. 2010-01-07 Eric Blake pr: ensure the page header line is of the required format Before this change, with too long a file name, the name would abut the date field on the left and possibly also the "Page N" field on the right, rather than leaving a one-space separator in each case. Fixes a regression introduced on Mar 6 2009, by commit a4053c5291d5797734b3e4f042f9e1adf3944fd6 * src/pr.c (print_header): Ensure that there is at least one space before and after the file name part of the header line. * NEWS: Mention it. * tests/pr/W20l24f-ll: s/xPage/ x Page/. * THANKS: Update. Reported by Denis McKeon, in https://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?28492. maint: apply correct license to auxiliary files * gnulib: Update, for maint.mk improvements. * HACKING: Use GFDL 1.3, not 1.2. * NEWS: Likewise. * README: Likewise. * cfg.mk (old_NEWS_hash): Update accordingly. * .gitignore: Ignore file created by 'make update-NEWS-hash'. 2010-01-06 Jim Meyering build: require newer versions of automake and autoconf * configure.ac: Require autoconf-2.62 and automake-1.11.1 or newer. * bootstrap.conf (buildreq): Require automake-1.11.1 or newer, to ensure people use a version with the fix for CVE-2009-4029. Note that the coreutils-8.2 tarball included a fixed Makefile.in. Require autoconf-2.62, per automake. 2010-01-06 Eric Blake cp, touch: avoid problem with new glibc * gnulib: Update, for utimens fix. * NEWS: Mention the fix. Reported by Guillaume Ayoub in http://bugs.debian.org/563726. See also http://bugzilla.redhat.com/552320. 2010-01-05 Philip Rowlands doc: fix typo in NEWS * NEWS: Fix typo: s/repeated/repeatedly/ 2010-01-05 Jim Meyering build: update gnulib submodule to latest maint: always free a buffer, to avoid even semblance of a leak * src/tac.c (main): Free the input buffer in most cases. 2010-01-04 Jim Meyering maint: use more readable operator: "||" rather than "|" * src/cp.c (make_dir_parents_private): Use "||" rather than "|", so that clang understands there is no undefined pointer dereference. 2010-01-03 Jim Meyering maint: record update-copyright options for this package * cfg.mk: Next time, just run "make update-copyright". 2010-01-01 Eric Blake ls: fix color of broken symlinks colored as target * src/ls.c (print_color_indicator): When using 'LINK target' in dircolors, treat broken symlink as C_ORPHAN. * tests/misc/ls-misc (sl-dangle2, sl-dangle3, sl-dangle4) (sl-dangle5): Test for it, and add more coverage. * NEWS: Document it. * THANKS: Update. Reported by Chris Jones. 2010-01-01 Jim Meyering df: use fputs in place of printf in a few more places * src/df.c (print_header): Use fputs rather than printf in more places. Suggested by Eric Blake. build: update gnulib submodule to latest maint: add a few copyrights; remove obsolete README file * tests/README: Remove long-obsolete file. * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Remove README. * tests/misc/truncate-dir-fail: Add copyright comment. * tests/misc/selinux: Likewise. * tests/misc/chcon: Likewise. * tests/misc/chcon-fail: Likewise. * tests/sample-test: Use only 2010 in this list. maint: update all FSF copyright year lists to include 2010 Use this command: git ls-files | grep -v COPYING \ | xargs env UPDATE_COPYRIGHT_USE_INTERVALS=1 \ build-aux/update-copyright 2010-01-01 Stéphane Raimbault pr --help: add missing space between short and long options usage message * src/pr.c (usage): Add missing space. pr --help: improve a line-break * src/pr.c (usage): Move the newline character a bit farther. df: add comments to help translators align column headers * src/df.c (print_header): Add a comment telling translators to retain the message length, and another to align header translations. 2009-12-31 Jim Meyering maint: newer gnulib; don't hard-code my GPG key ID * cfg.mk (gpg_key_ID): Remove definition, now that maint.mk automates it. * gnulib: Update to latest. doc: update tail's documentation to allow for new -F semantics * src/tail.c (usage): Reword tail -F description, so that it no longer mentions details specific to the non-inotify implementation. Also, join diagnostic strings (while staying under the 509-byte limit) to ease formatting of translations. The latter was prompted by a report from Stéphane Raimbault. * doc/coreutils.texi (tail invocation): Update description here, too. 2009-12-31 Eric Blake touch: work around ntfs-3g bug * gnulib: Update, for utimensat fix. * NEWS: Improve wording about touch fixes. * THANKS: Update. Reported by Stuart Citrin. 2009-12-30 Jim Meyering build: update gnulib submodule to latest doc: mention two tail -F bug fixes in NEWS * NEWS (Bug fixes): Two tail -F fixes. tail: test for a bug in inotify-enabled tail -F tail -F a b would stop tracking additions to b after "mv a b". * tests/tail-2/F-vs-rename: New file. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add it. 2009-12-30 Giuseppe Scrivano tail -F: don't stop following the target of a rename This fixes a bug whereby tail -F would fail to track changes to a file that was a target of a rename, and when the source of the rename was another tailed file. * src/tail.c (tail_forever_inotify): Ensure the wd is not already present in the hash table before trying to add it. When a new watch descriptor is added to the `wd_to_name' hash table, check that it is not already present. If it is present then remove the previous element. 2009-12-30 Pádraig Brady maint: improve the info about $PATH in README-prereq * README-prereq: It wasn't obvious that the $PATH should be set before building any of the prerequisite packages, so move that information up. 2009-12-29 Jim Meyering tail: add another test to exercise abort-inducing flaw in tail -F * tests/tail-2/inotify-hash-abuse2: New test, based on a reproducer by Rob Wortman. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add it. tail: add a test to exercise abort-inducing flaw in tail -F * tests/tail-2/inotify-hash-abuse: New file, derived from a report by Rob Wortman. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add it. Improved by: Pádraig Brady. 2009-12-29 Giuseppe Scrivano tail: remove `fdspec' from the hash table before changing its key * src/tail.c (tail_forever_inotify): Avoid modifying fdspec->wd while it is in the wd_to_name hash table. Once it is removed, it can be added using the new `wd' as key for the hash table. This fixes the abort-inducing bug reported by Rob Wortman in http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/19372 2009-12-29 Jim Meyering maint: quiet "make" in doc/ * doc/Makefile.am (constants.texi): Add a use of AM_V_GEN. tail: rename an internal variable * src/tail.c (tail_forever_inotify): s/wd_table/wd_to_name/ tail: avoid read-beyond-end-of-buffer error * src/tail.c (tail_forever_inotify): Do not use f[i] in a context where i may be larger than the largest valid index. In the final "if" clause in which we'd remove an inotify watch, we might have used f[n_files]. Use fspec instead, since it is guaranteed to be defined. 2009-12-26 Eric Blake maint: ignore more built files Recent gnulib changes added new built files. * .gitignore: Add arg-nonnull.h, link-warning.h, unused-parameter.h. tac: supply link dependency * src/Makefile.am (tac_LDADD): Add LIB_GETHRXTIME. * THANKS: Update. Reported by Robert Schwebel. 2009-12-26 Jim Meyering build: update gnulib submodule to latest tail: shrink internal struct by 8 bytes * tail.c (struct File_spec): Rearrange struct members to decrease size by 8 bytes to 76,96 on i686,x86_64 respectively. 2009-12-25 Jim Meyering maint: tail: avoid in-function #if directives * src/tail.c (fremote): Add a comment. Move definition "up" to precede first use, so we can remove its prototype and the #if..#endif around each use. (any_remote_file): Rename from any_remote_files. 2009-12-25 Pádraig Brady tail: fix --follow to not use inotify on remote files * src/tail.c (struct File_spec): Add a flag to record if file is remote. (recheck): If we're using inotify then check if the file has gone remote and if so, drop it with a warning. (any_remote_files): A new function to check for any open remote files. (tailable_stdin): A new function to refactor the check for whether a tailable file was specified through stdin. (fremote): A new function to check if a file descriptor refers to a remote file. (tail_forever_inotify): Add some comments. (tail_file): Record if a file is remote when initially opened. (main): Disable inotify if any remote files specified. Also document the caveat about remounted files not being noticed by inotify. * NEWS: Mention the fix. 2009-12-23 Pádraig Brady wc: line-buffer the printed counts * src/wc.c (main): Set stdout to line buffered mode to ensure parallel running instances don't intersperse their output. This adds 6.5% to the run time in the worst case of many zero length files, but has neglible impact for standard sized files. * tests/misc/wc-parallel: New test for atomic output. * tests/Makefile.am: Reference it. * NEWS: Mention the fix This is similar to commit 710fe413, 20-10-2009, "md5sum, sha*sum, sum: line-buffer the printed checksums" 2009-12-22 Pádraig Brady stat: Recognize k-afs, gfs, ocfs2 file system types * src/stat.c (human_fstype): Add k-afs, gfs/gfs2 and ocfs2. * NEWS: Update the stat -f entry. stat: add support for more file system types * src/stat.c (human_fstype): Add the following FS types: fuseblk, rpc_pipefs. Also fix a typo of minux3 to minix3, and mention the fs-magic-compare make target to help update the list. * NEWS: Mention the fix. 2009-12-20 Jim Meyering build: correct coreutils-specific distcheck rules * dist-check.mk (built_programs): Use $(bin_PROGRAMS), not $(PROGRAMS). Otherwise, my-instcheck would fail due to non-installation of e.g., the noinst_PROGRAMS, setuidgid and getlimits. (taint-distcheck): Correct the grep command that checks for libtool traces in configure. 2009-12-20 Eric Blake touch: fix ctime regression in 'touch -a' Regression introduced in coreutils 8.1 due to a bug in the Linux kernel implementation of utimensat with mtime of UTIME_OMIT. * gnulib: Update to latest, to pick up utimensat fix. * NEWS: Mention the change. * THANKS: Update. Reported by John Stanley. 2009-12-19 Pádraig Brady maint: don't include the strverscmp gnulib module * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Remove the strverscmp module which is not used since commit e505736f, on 03-10-2008, "ls and sort: use filevercmp instead of strverscmp" doc: enhance and reference info about version comparison * doc/coreutils.texi (sort invocation): Reference the additional info about filevercmp rather than the unused strverscmp. (Details about version sort): Add some examples that are not handled well by fileversmp. * src/ls.c: Change a comment referencing the now unused strverscmp. rm: fix --one-file-system regression due to fts conversion * src/remove.c (rm_fts): Fix incorrect comparison of device and inode numbers. * tests/rm/one-file-system2: Add a separate test so that it can be run as a normal user (It doesn't need to mount). * tests/Makefile.am: Reference it. * NEWS: Mention the fix. Reported by Jan Larres. 2009-12-14 Jim Meyering maint: improve dist-check.mk rules * dist-check.mk (null_AM_MAKEFLAGS): Remove LIBTOOL. Adding it was erroneous, since it is required when building from a distribution tarball of a libtool-using project. Reported by Ralf Wildenhues. (my-distcheck): Reorganize to use a subshell and set -e, so that failures propagate "out". Without this change, setting LIBTOOL=false would cause a failure that would then be ignored, probably due to a problem in $(install-transform-check). 2009-12-14 Thiago Farina base64: use *_OPTION_DESCRIPTION macros instead of hard-coded strings * src/base64 (usage): Use HELP_OPTION_DESCRIPTION and VERSION_OPTION_DESCRIPTION macros, not literal strings. 2009-12-13 Jim Meyering tests: unpack xz-compressed tarballs when possible, not always *.gz * dist-check.mk: Unpack compressed tarball using xz when possible, since that's faster. maint: make dist-check.mk more easily shared * dist-check.mk (built_programs): More generic, but still assumes src/. Don't set GZIP in environment when untarring. (my-distcheck): Use $(DIST_ARCHIVES), rather than assuming that there is always a .tar.gz file. nohup: if fd_repoen fails (redirecting stdin), report it * src/nohup.c (main): Don't ignore fd_reopen failure. tests: make the taint-distcheck rule easier to share with other projects * dist-check.mk (taint-distcheck): Skip this test in a project that uses libtool. stat: recognize "sockfs" file system type, ... ... now that its magic number appears in . * src/stat.c (human_fstype) [S_MAGIC_SOCKFS]: Add case. maint: move definitions from maint.mk to dist-check.mk * dist-check.mk (null_AM_MAKEFLAGS): Define here, not in maint.mk. (built_programs): Likewise. (my-distcheck): Move comments to... (coreutils-path-check): ...the code they refer to. Remove obsolete comments. (null_AM_MAKEFLAGS): Add gperf, even though it's not used here. * gnulib: Update to latest, for fixed maint.mk. 2009-12-12 Jim Meyering tests: tail-without-inotify: avoid spurious test failure * tests/tail-2/wait: Account for the possibility that the kernel lacks inotify support. Reported by Chris Clayton. factor: add a missing va_end * src/factor.c (debug): Add missing va_end. 2009-12-11 Jim Meyering build: update gnulib submodule to latest; adapt a patch * gl/lib/tempname.c.diff: Adjust patch to apply to gnulib, now that most TABs in indentation have been converted to spaces by running this command: f=tempname.c.diff; patch-xform $f > k && mv k $f post-release administrivia * NEWS: Add header line for next release. * .prev-version: Record previous version. * cfg.mk (old_NEWS_hash): Auto-update. version 8.2 * NEWS: Record release date. tests: use a slightly better CU_TEST_NAME setting * tests/check.mk (CU_TEST_NAME): Better test names. tail: don't call fstat on an uninitialized FD This bug showed up via valgrind as a "Conditional jump or move depends on uninitialized value(s)" error. * src/tail.c (ignore_fifo_and_pipe): New function. (main): Use it only when tailing forever. The code to compute n_viable and mark some F[i] as ignored would call isapipe on an uninitialized file descriptor. But n_viable and those .ignored marks are useful/used only when tailing forever. This bug was introduced via commit f0ff8c73 (7.6), "tail: make the new piped-stdin test as portable as the old one". * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. doc: NEWS: mention that gnulib's mgetgroups fix affects id * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention the "id" bug fix inherited via this gnulib change: "mgetgroups: do not write bytes beyond end of malloc'd buffer" http://git.sv.gnu.org/cgit/gnulib.git/commit/?id=51d5e813e9ee6cf23 2009-12-10 Jim Meyering build: update gnulib submodule to latest tests: avoid spurious failure when run via valgrind * tests/misc/printenv: Ignore LD_PRELOAD differences. 2009-12-09 Jim Meyering doc: NEWS: the "make distcheck" vulnerability dates back to 5.0 * NEWS (Bug fixes): Correct the introduced-in version number. This was introduced on 2003-04-02 by commit 722a49ea. doc: NEWS: mention the "make distcheck" vulnerability * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention implications of the "make distcheck" change. This was introduced on 2008-07-22 by commit 9bb0d576, "tests: ensure "make check" w/tainted build dir no longer impacts $HOME". tests: don't let "umask 077" cause root-only cp/preserve-gid failure * tests/cp/preserve-gid: Use working_umask_or_skip_ to set umask to 022. 2009-12-08 Jim Meyering build: update gnulib submodule to latest 2009-12-08 Pádraig Brady maint: remove an erroneous comment * tests/misc/timeout: Remove an erroneous comment introduced through copy and paste. sort: fix failure if sort's parent has ignored SIGCHLD * src/sort.c (main): Reset the SIGCHLD handler to the default as otherwise wait() could return an error. * tests/misc/sort-compress: Set the CHLD handler in a subshell to SIG_IGN to ensure the sort command resets it to SIG_DFL. * NEWS: Mention the fix. timeout: fix failure if timeout's parent has ignored SIGCHLD * src/timeout.c (main): Reset the SIGCHLD handler to the default as otherwise wait() could return -1 and set errno to ECHILD. This condition was ignored until commit 0b1dcf33, on 31-08-2009, "timeout: defensive handling of all wait() errors" but subsequently timeout would run the command correctly but then fail with an error message. * tests/misc/timeout: In a subshell set the CHLD handler to SIG_IGN to ensure the timeout command resets it to SIG_DFL. * NEWS: Mention the fix. tests: fix stty-row-col failure on small fixed terminals * tests/misc/stty-row-col: Linux virtual consoles at least, issue an error if you try to increase their size, so skip the test if we can't increase the dimensions of the tty by 1 cell. Reported by Matthew Burgess. tests: fix stty failure with serial control settings * tests/misc/stty: Don't check the serial control settings as these are ignored by various Linux kernels. Reported by Matthew Burgess. 2009-12-07 Jim Meyering build: update gnulib submodule to latest build: distcheck: do not leave a $TMPDIR/coreutils directory behind * dist-check.mk (tmpdir): Rename from TMPDIR. Use ./tests/torture unconditionally, rather than $TMPDIR-with-default-to-/tmp. Otherwise, running "make distcheck" could leave an empty /tmp/coreutils directory behind. (tp): Simplify, now that it's always in the build-dir. (taint-distcheck): Set HOME earlier, in case $(MAKE) misbehaves. (my-instcheck, coreutils-path-check): Add diagnostics, so it's easier to diagnose when each runs. (coreutils-path-check): Run configure with --quiet, to reduce output. Inspired by Ralf Wildenhues' report of /tmp/coreutils being left behind. 2009-12-06 Jim Meyering tests: readdir-mountpoint-inode avoid false-positive w/virtualbox * tests/ls/readdir-mountpoint-inode: With some systems, stat can succeed on a mount point and report that the inode number is 0. Since ls displays "?" for those, that would otherwise show up as a difference. Skip such mount points. Reported by Sergei Steshenko in http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/19142 2009-12-06 Pádraig Brady tests: don't run tail-2/inotify-race by default * tests/tail-2/inotify-race: Note the caveats of the test. I.E. the intermittent skips and the gdb hang reported by Alan Curry. Add extra info to the log on why the test is skipped as it may be due to multiple reasons. Mark the test as very expensive so that it's not normally run. 2009-12-05 Eric Blake id: handle systems without getgroups support If getgroups failed with ENOSYS, mgetgroups would unnecessarily fail, and that provoked id into freeing an uninitialized pointer. Meanwhile, we were not using xalloc_die properly. Both issues are better solved in gnulib, by introducing xgetgroups; this patch uses the new interface. Regression introduced by commit 6a31fd8d7. * gnulib: Update, for mgetgroups improvments. * src/id.c (print_full_info): Adjust caller to die on allocation failure, and no longer worry about ENOSYS. * src/group-list.c (print_group_list): Likewise. * src/setuidgid.c (main): Likewise. * NEWS: Mention the fix. * THANKS: Update. Reported by Scott Harrison. 2009-12-03 Jim Meyering tests: fix a bug in sanitize_path_ that inhibited verbose output * tests/test-lib.sh (sanitize_path_): Use "set -- ...", not "set - ...", since the latter turns off the -x setting we rely on for VERBOSE=yes output. 2009-12-01 Eric Blake sort: fix link failure on Solaris Commit f9d0bb8481 made sort depend on xnanosleep. * src/Makefile.am (sort_LDADD): Add LIB_NANOSLEEP. 2009-12-01 Jim Meyering rm: fix empty-name bug introduced with conversion to use fts While "rm ''" would properly fail, "rm F1 '' F2" would fail to remove F1 and F2, due to the empty string argument. This bug was introduced on 2009-07-12, via commit 4f73ecaf, "rm: rewrite to use fts". * gnulib: Update to latest, for fixed fts.c. * NEWS (Bug fixes): Describe it. * tests/rm/empty-name: Adjust for changed diagnostic. (mk_file): Define, copied from misc/ls-misc. (empty-name-2): New test, for today's fix. * lib/xfts.c (xfts_open): Reflect the change in fts_open, now that it no longer fails immediately when one argument is the empty string. Assert that the bit flags were not the cause of failure. * po/POTFILES.in: Remove xfts.c. * THANKS: Update. Reported by Ladislav Hagara. 2009-11-30 Pádraig Brady bootstrap: fix handling of various perl --version formats * bootstrap (get_version): Don't use perl's $] special variable, as that requires updating all bootstrap.conf files to use perl's x.yyyzzz version format. Instead make the regular expression more general to support version formats from older perl-5.005_002 (5.5.2) and perl-5.11 which has other numbers in the version line. 2009-11-29 Jim Meyering bootstrap: update from gnulib, for perl-5.11.x support * bootstrap (get_version): Handle perl separately, since perl-5.11's --version output is different. build: update gnulib submodule to latest 2009-11-28 Jim Meyering maint: chown.c: remove a comment * src/chown.c: Remove old spec-like comment. 2009-11-24 Eric Blake tests: fix link failure on cygwin Counterpart to commit 8fe40b84bd8, since test-link.c uses rename, and we override gnulib with a rename() replacement that can xalloc_die. * gl/modules/link-tests.diff: New file. build: fix link failure on cygwin Cygwin 1.5 has a broken sleep, and the gnulib tests dragged in rpl_sleep which then caused a link failure because it wasn't in libcoreutils.a. We could solve it by using the gnulib sleep module. However, sleep and usleep may interact poorly with SIGALRM, and they have less granularity; so it is better to adopt a policy that if we must sleep, prefer xnanosleep. * src/sort.c (pipe_fork): Use xnanosleep, to avoid the need for rpl_sleep on cygwin, and to reduce granularity. (MAX_FORK_TRIES_COMPRESS, MAX_FORK_TRIES_DECOMPRESS): Increase, to account for reduction in granularity. * src/tail.c (tail_file): Use xnanosleep in debug code. * cfg.mk (sc_prohibit_sleep): New rule. 2009-11-23 Jim Meyering tests: avoid test failures when PATH contains an unsearchable directory * tests/test-lib.sh (sanitize_path_): New function. Always call it. 2009-11-22 Dmitry V. Levin tests: do not fail on read-only root file system * tests/touch/not-owner: Handle the case when the root file system is mounted read-only. Reported by Solar Designer. 2009-11-20 Jim Meyering maint: cfg.mk: remove factored-out ftp host/dir definitions * cfg.mk (gnu_ftp_host-alpha, gnu_ftp_host-beta gnu_ftp_host-stable): (gnu_rel_host, url_dir_list): Remove definitions. The defaults, now provided by maint.mk, are the same. * gnulib: Update for latest, including those maint.mk additions. maint: correct comments in test scripts * tests/misc/pwd-long: Fix spelling of cygwin1.dll in comment. * tests/rm/fail-eperm: Likewise. Reported by Eric Blake. maint: don't list "warnings" module explicitly * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Remove "warnings", now that it's pulled in automatically via "manywarnings". maint: move xfreopen module to gnulib * gl/lib/xfreopen.c: Remove file. * gl/lib/xfreopen.h: Likewise. * gl/modules/xfreopen: Likewise. build: update gnulib submodule to latest 2009-11-19 Jim Meyering tests: avoid spurious failures due to insecure directory in PATH These tests perform no PATH search, and used to simply delete PATH from the environment. However, that is not portable, as seen on Cygwin, where cygwin.dll must be resolvable via PATH when starting a sub-shell. With commit 0cc04241, we took the alternate approach of untainting the incoming $ENV{PATH}, but that fails when it contains an other-writable directory. Instead, now we hard code it to '/bin:/usr/bin'. * tests/misc/pwd-long: Hard code $ENV{PATH} to a safe value. * tests/rm/fail-eperm: Likewise. Reported by Gilles Espinasse, Andreas Schwab, and Bauke Jan Douma. 2009-11-18 Jim Meyering build: "make stable" emitted an invalid gnupload command * cfg.mk (gnu_ftp_host-stable): Rename from gnu_ftp_host-major. * README-release: Change another s/major/stable/. post-release administrivia * NEWS: Add header line for next release. * .prev-version: Record previous version. * cfg.mk (old_NEWS_hash): Auto-update. version 8.1 * NEWS: Record release date. build: update gnulib for Solaris utimens workaround build: update gnulib submodule to latest 2009-11-17 Jim Meyering maint: remove local gnulib-related patches * gl/lib/printf-args.c.diff: Remove file. No longer needed. * gl/lib/vasnprintf.c.diff: Likewise. build: update gnulib for Solaris 10 unsetenv work-around doc: mention the du/fts vs. NFSv4 mount-point work-around * NEWS (Changes in behavior): Mention it. build: update from gnulib for (un)setenv fixes 2009-11-16 Jim Meyering build: update gnulib submodule to latest true, false: perform initialization only when argc == 2 * src/true.c (main): There is no reason to examine argv[0], call atexit, etc., in the usual case in which we're about to exit. This has the side effect of making it so that these programs no longer segfault when subjected to execve abuse. Before this change, these commands would make "true" segfault: printf '%s\n' '#include ' 'int main(int c, char**v)' \ '{ execve (v[1], 0, 0); }' > k.c && gcc k.c && ./a.out $PWD/true Now it succeeds. Reported by Tetsuo Handa and Bart Van Assche via Ondřej Vašík in http://bugzilla.redhat.com/537684. tail -F can fail to track a file after it's been rotated Tailing forever and by-name (--follow=name, -F), tail would sometimes fail to follow a file that had been removed via rename. If you can't apply this patch and have tail 7.6 or newer, you can work around the bug via the undocumented --disable-inotify option. * src/tail.c (tail_forever_inotify): When tailing by name (-F), do not un-watch a file upon receipt of the IN_MOVE_SELF event. Reported by Arjan Opmeer in http://bugs.debian.org/548439. * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. Also see http://marc.info/?l=coreutils-bug&m=125829031916515 * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add tail-2/inotify-rotate. * tests/tail-2/inotify-rotate: New test. 2009-11-14 Jim Meyering tests: help-version: exit nonzero when $built_programs is empty * tests/misc/help-version: Use "Exit 1", rather than "Exit $fail" with fail defined to 0 when $built_programs is empty. build: do use AM_GNU_GETTEXT's "need-formatstring-macros" option * configure.ac: Revert commit 49741b61 and add a comment. Reported by Eric Blake. 2009-11-14 Pádraig Brady tests: avoid a spurious failure on a loaded system * tests/misc/timeout-parameters: This test could fail due to the 1-second timeout expiring before a command of "no_such" could be exec'd and fail. Increase to 10 seconds. 2009-11-13 Jim Meyering build: require gettext-0.17 * configure.ac: Require gettext-0.17; it was released two years ago. build: correct gettext configure-time support * configure.ac: Use AM_GNU_GETTEXT([external], [need-ngettext]), rather than AM_GNU_GETTEXT([external], [need-formatstring-macros]). Reported by Martin Jacobs in http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.parsers.bison.bugs/3181 * THANKS: Add his name. build: update gnulib to latest, for fixed test-getgroups.c tests: avoid a spurious timeout on a heavily-loaded system * tests/misc/timeout-parameters: This test would fail due to the 1-second timeout expiring before a command of "." could be exec'd and fail. Increase to 10 seconds. 2009-11-13 Eric Blake build: update gnulib, for getgroups improvements A replacement getgroups is now guaranteed to exist, but it may fail with ENOSYS. mgetgroups is moved to gnulib, and now takes gid_t instead of GETGROUPS_T (but setgroups still needs GETGROUPS_T). * gnulib: Update to latest. * gl/modules/mgetgroups: Delete, moved to gnulib. * gl/m4/mgetgroups.m4: Likewise. * gl/lib/mgetgroups.h: Likewise. * gl/lib/mgetgroups.c: Likewise. * src/group-list.c (print_group_list): Adjust callers. * src/id.c (print_full_info): Likewise. 2009-11-12 Jim Meyering build: bootstrap: add a comment; generalize autoheader check * bootstrap: Sync from gnulib and diff. build: update gnulib to latest; more *BSD and Solaris work-arounds 2009-11-11 Jim Meyering bootstrap: use git_modules_config in one more place * bootstrap: Make bootstrap's --gnulib-srcdir more useful (for testing). 2009-11-10 Eric Blake doc: fix typo * doc/coreutils.texi (mktemp invocation): Quote shell variable. 2009-11-09 Jim Meyering build: update gnulib submodule to latest for its FreeBSD fixes 2009-11-09 Pádraig Brady ls: fix capability coloring Capability checking was incorrectly done on just the base name rather than on the whole path. Consequently there could be both false positives and negatives when coloring files with capabilities. Also capability checking was not done at all in certain cases for non executable files. Note passing absolute rather than relative names to cap_get_file() reduces the has_capability() overhead from around 33% to 30%. I.E. ls --color is now around 3% faster. * src/ls.c (struct fileinfo): Add a has_capability member. (print_color_indicator): Refactor to pass just a fileinfo pointer and a flag to say if we're dealing with a symlink target. (print_name_with_quoting): Likewise. (gobble_file): Set has_capability in the fileinfo struct. Also do a capability check even if executable coloring is disabled. Ditto for SETUID and SETUID coloring. Comment on how expensive has_capability() is. (print_long_format): Adjust to refactored print_name_with_quoting. (quote_name): Likewise. (print_file_name_and_frills): Likewise. * tests/ls/capability: Test the various false positive and negatives. * THANKS: Add reporter (Ivan Labath). * NEWS: Mention the fix. 2009-11-07 Eric Blake build: consistently use freopen-safer cat, head, ptx, shuf, tac, tail, tee, tr, and uniq used freopen on stdout, and were potentially vulnerable. dircolors, du, and tsort only used it on stdin, which is unaffected by freopen_safer, but this covers all uses for consistency. * cfg.mk (sc_require_stdio_safer): New rule. * gl/modules/xfreopen (Depends-on): Add freopen-safer. * gl/lib/xfreopen.c (includes): Use stdio--.h. * src/ptx.c (includes): Likewise. * src/shuf.c (includes): Likewise. * src/uniq.c (includes): Likewise. * src/dircolors.c (includes): Likewise. * src/du.c (includes): Likewise. * src/tsort.c (includes): Likewise. mktemp: fix bug with -q and closed stdout If stdin or stdout is closed, then freopen(,stderr) can violate the premise that STDERR_FILENO==fileno(stderr), which in turn breaks mktemp -q. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add freopen-safer. * src/mktemp.c (includes): Use stdio--.h. * tests/misc/close-stdout: Enhance test to catch bug. 2009-11-07 Jim Meyering maint: make du's cycle-detection code consistent * src/du.c (process_file): Revert the du.c-changing part of commit 8ba5d1a7. Use cycle_warning_required instead. chcon, chgrp, chmod and chown now diagnose a directory cycle * lib/xfts.c (cycle_warning_required): New function. * lib/xfts.h: Declare it. * src/chown-core.c (change_file_owner): Diagnose a cycle. * src/chmod.c (process_file): Likewise. * src/chcon.c (process_file): Likewise. * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention this. 2009-11-06 Giuseppe Scrivano nproc: A new program to count the available processors * AUTHORS: Add my name. * NEWS: Mention it. * README: Likewise. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add nproc. * doc/coreutils.texi (nproc invocation): Add nproc info. * man/Makefile.am (nproc.1): Add dependency. * man/nproc.x: New template. * man/.gitignore: Ignore generated man page. * po/POTFILES.in: Add src/nproc.c. * src/.gitignore: Exclude nproc. * src/Makefile.am (EXTRA_PROGRAMS): Add nproc. * src/nproc.c: New file. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add misc/nproc-{avail,positive}. * tests/misc/nproc-avail: New file. * tests/misc/nproc-positive: New file. 2009-11-06 Jim Meyering build: move do-release-commit-and-tag to gnulib * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add do-release-commit-and-tag. * build-aux/do-release-commit-and-tag: Remove file. Now it's in gnulib. * gnulib: Update submodule to the latest, to get the just-moved script. 2009-11-05 Eric Blake mktemp: use more robust means to avoid double-close of stdout Reverts earlier patch - fflush() can succeed but fclose() fail for some cases of write failures, and we want to catch those. * src/mktemp.c (stdout_closed): New variable. (maybe_close_stdout): New function, borrowed from dd.c. (main): Track whether stdout has been closed. mktemp: enhance test to catch just-fixed typo behavior Penance for botching the conflict resolution while rebasing my series. * tests/misc/mktemp (check_tmp): Test for the bug when wrong parameter is used. 2009-11-05 Jim Meyering mktemp: don't try to close stdout twice * src/mktemp.c (main): Rather than calling close_stream (which would make atexit-called close_stdout try to close it a second time), check for write failure via ferror and fflush. mktemp: don't use suff_len in place of #-of-`X's variable * src/mktemp.c (mkstemp_len, mkdtemp_len): Pass x_len as final argument, and not suff_len. 2009-11-05 Eric Blake mktemp: add suffix handling Now that mkstemps is supported, we might as well use it. * src/mktemp.c (TMPDIR_OPTION): New enum value. (longopts): Add new option. (usage): Document it. (count_trailing_X_s): Rename... (count_consecutive_X_s): ...to this, and add parameter. (mkstemp_len, mkdtemp_len): Add parameter. (main): Implement new option. (AUTHORS): Add myself. * AUTHORS (mktemp): Likewise. * tests/misc/mktemp: Test new option. * doc/coreutils.texi (mktemp invocation): Document it. * NEWS: Likewise. Fixes http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=548316. build: reflect gnulib changes to tempname In glibc 2.11 and gnulib, gen_tempname added a parameter suffixlen (unfortunately, it is typed as int rather than size_t, for historical compatibility to a poor choice by BSD). * gnulib: Import latest changes. * gl/lib/tempname.h.diff: Accommodate new suffixlen parameter. * gl/lib/tempname.c.diff (check_x_suffix): Allow for X in suffix beyond x_suffix_len. (gen_tempname_len): Add suffixlen parameter. (__gen_tempname): Update caller. * src/mktemp.c (mkstemp_len, mkdtemp_len): Update callers. build: override gnulib tempname via diff Diffs are more robust than wholesale replacement, because bootstrap will inform us of any incompatible changes made in upstream gnulib. * gl/lib/tempname.h: Change... * gl/lib/tempname.h.diff: ...to diff. * gl/lib/tempname.c: Change... * gl/lib/tempname.c.diff: ...to diff. mktemp: rearrange --help output * src/mktemp.c (usage): Align indentation and sort by long options. Describe valid templates. Suggested by http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=548316. tests: enhance mktemp test * tests/misc/mktemp: Add more coverage. doc: document mktemp * doc/coreutils.texi (mktemp invocation): New node. * TODO: Delete completed task. mktemp: don't leave file behind on write failure * src/mktemp.c (main): Remove just-created file if stdout had problems. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add remove. * tests/misc/close-stdout: Test it. * NEWS: Document it. 2009-11-05 Jim Meyering du: cleanup: remove dead-code vestige of already-removed option * src/du.c (MEGABYTES_LONG_OPTION, main): Remove vestiges of already-removed long option, --megabytes. du now diagnoses cycles, rather than ignoring them * src/du.c (symlink_deref_bits): New global, decl moved from ... (main): ...here. (process_file): When fts detects a directory cycle that can't be due to symlinks, report it and arrange to exit nonzero. * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. maint: factor out cycle warning, now that du will use it, too * src/system.h (emit_cycle_warning): Define. Factored out of... * src/remove.c (rm_fts): ...here. Use the new macro. 2009-11-03 Jim Meyering tests: rm: add test for today's change in behavior * tests/Makefile.am (root_tests): Add rm/read-only to the list. * tests/rm/read-only: New file. rm -f: ignore EROFS when it's really ENOENT rm -f must not print a diagnostic for a nonexistent file. However, most linux-based kernel unlinkat functions set errno to EROFS when the named file (regardless of whether it exists) would lie on a read-only file system. remove.c now performs an extra fstatat call in that case, to determine whether the file exists. * src/remove.c (excise): Map EROFS to ENOENT, if a file is nonexistent. Reported by Steven Drake in . * NEWS (Changes in behavior): Mention it. tests: inotify-race: don't let malfunctioning gdb hang the test * tests/tail-2/inotify-race: Apply timeout to each gdb invocation. 2009-11-02 Eric Blake build: avoid some warnings * gl/lib/mbsalign.c (mbsalign): Mark unused parameter. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Remove obsolete rename-dest-slash. * gnulib-tests/Makefile.am (AM_CFLAGS): Reduce set of warnings for gnulib tests. * gl/modules/rename-tests.diff (Makefile.am): New file, to add LIBINTL to LDADD, since we avoid canonicalize-lgpl module. * gl/lib/regcomp.c.diff (regerror, calc_next) (build_collating_symbol, parse_bracket_element, build_equiv_class) (free_tree): Mark unused parameters. * gl/lib/regex_internal.h.diff (re_string_elem_size_at): New file, to mark unused parameters. * gl/lib/printf-args.c.diff (PRINTF_FETCHARGS): New file, to avoid type mismatch. * gl/lib/vasnprintf.c (VASNPRINTF): New file, to avoid shadowing local variable name. * .gitignore: Ignore temporary build artifacts. build: update gnulib submodule to latest, for fewer compiler warnings 2009-10-31 Jim Meyering admin: automate one more part of the release process This script automates the process of updating NEWS, performs the resulting final commit (thus with a consistent log message), and applies a signed tag (v$VERSION) to the result. * build-aux/do-release-commit-and-tag: New script. * README-release: Document it. admin: fix typo in release procedure * README-release: s/gzip/coreutils/ 2009-10-30 Jim Meyering tests: prohibit fail=0 initialization * cfg.mk (sc_prohibit_fail_0): New rule. * .x-sc_prohibit_fail_0: New file. * Makefile.am (syntax_check_exceptions): Distribute the new file. tests: factor 350 fail=0 initializations into test-lib.sh Run this command to remove the factored-out "fail=0" lines. perl -ni -e '/^fail=0$/ or print' $(g grep -l '^fail=0$') * tests/test-lib.sh: Initialize fail=0 here, not in 300+ scripts. * tests/...: nearly all bourne shell scripts Suggested by Eric Blake. tests: remove the less-regular fail=0 assignments manually * tests/tail-2/assert-2: * tests/tail-2/assert: * tests/cp/file-perm-race: * tests/misc/df: * tests/misc/truncate-dir-fail: 2009-10-29 Jim Meyering tests: don't let a fail=1 env. setting induce unwarranted test failure * cfg.mk (sc_fail_is_initialized): New rule. Fix the offenders: * tests/cp/acl: Set fail=0 * tests/cp/backup-is-src: Likewise. * tests/cp/file-perm-race: Likewise. * tests/cp/reflink-auto: Likewise. * tests/cp/same-file: Likewise. * tests/ln/backup-1: Likewise. * tests/misc/su-fail: Likewise. * tests/misc/truncate-owned-by-other: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/p-3: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/selinux: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/special-1: Likewise. * tests/mv/acl: Likewise. * tests/mv/backup-is-src: Likewise. * tests/mv/diag: Likewise. * tests/mv/force: Likewise. * tests/mv/hard-link-1: Likewise. * tests/mv/into-self-3: Likewise. * tests/mv/sticky-to-xpart: Likewise. * tests/touch/now-owned-by-other: Likewise. remove stray closing comment delimiter, "*/", in previous change * gl/lib/regexec.c.diff: Fix a typo. 2009-10-29 Eric Blake maint: avoid exiting with magic number Cope with gnulib's new sc_prohibit_magic_number_exit rule. * .x-sc_prohibit_magic_number_exit: New file, to add exemptions. * Makefile.am (syntax_check_exceptions): Distribute it. * lib/euidaccess-stat.c (main): Fix culprits. * src/chcon.c (main): Likewise. * src/runcon.c (main): Likewise. * src/setuidgid.c (main): Likewise. 2009-10-29 Jim Meyering build (--enable-gcc-warnings): enable gcc's -Werror also in lib/ * configure.ac (GNULIB_WARN_CFLAGS): Define. * lib/Makefile.am (AM_CFLAGS): Use $(GNULIB_WARN_CFLAGS) rather than $(WARN_CFLAGS) and add $(WERROR_CFLAGS). * gl/lib/regcomp.c.diff: New file. * gl/lib/regex_internal.c.diff: New file. * gl/lib/regexec.c.diff: New file. build: update gnulib submodule to latest build: allow whitespace violations in gl/lib/*.diff files * .gitattributes: Exempt gl/lib/*.diff. * .x-sc_prohibit_tab_based_indentation: Likewise. * .x-sc_space_tab:Likewise. 2009-10-29 Eric Blake nice, nohup, su: detect write failure to stderr These programs can print non-fatal diagnostics to stderr prior to exec'ing a subsidiary program. However, if we thought the situation warranted a diagnostic, we insist that the diagnostic be printed without error, rather than blindly exec, as it may be a security risk. For an example, try 'nice -n -1 nice 2>/dev/full'. Failure to raise priority (by lowering niceness) is not fatal, but failure to inform the user about failure to change priority is dangerous. * src/nice.c (main): Declare failure if writing advisory message to stderr fails. * src/nohup.c (main): Likewise. * src/su.c (main): Likewise. * tests/misc/nice: Test this. * tests/misc/nohup: Likewise. * NEWS: Document this. 2009-10-28 Jim Meyering doc: tell --enable-gcc-warnings users where to report problems * README-hacking: Add a caveat for --enable-gcc-warnings. build: make doc checks more user-friendly * doc/Makefile.am (check-texinfo): Begin moving each individual test into its own rules. (sc-avoid-builtin, sc-avoid-path): New rules. Extracted from check-texinfo. (syntax_checks): Add them. doc: avoid failing "make check" * doc/coreutils.texi (env invocation): s/builtin/built-in/ 2009-10-28 Pádraig Brady doc: improve the echo and printf help on escapes * src/printf.c (usage): Merge strings with echo.c to aid translators. Move the description for \NNN beside the other numeric escape codes. Don't mention "character" as that suggests character conversion. * src/echo.c (usage): Likewise. Also mention the \xHH escape sequence. echo, printf: interpret \e as the Escape character Match gcc, perl, bash, ksh, tcsh, ... in supporting \e. * src/printf.c (print_escape_char): Output \x1B when \e encountered. * src/echo.c (main): Likewise. * src/stat.c (print_escape_char): Likewise. * doc/coreutils.texi (echo invocation): Add \e to the list. * tests/misc/printf: Verify that \e outputs \x1B. * NEWS: Mention the change in behaviour. 2009-10-28 Eric Blake printenv: ignore bogus variable names Exposed by env a=b=c printenv a=b. * src/printenv.c (main): Silently reject = in names. * tests/misc/printenv: Test for it. * NEWS: Document this. 2009-10-28 Pádraig Brady maint: avoid "make syntax-check" failure * src/printenv.c: Remove unused "long-options.h" 2009-10-28 Eric Blake doc: turn env comments into documentation * src/env.c: Convert introductory comments... * doc/coreutils.texi (env invocation): ...into documentation. Suggested by Jim Meyering. env, printenv: add -0/--null option Allows for unambiguous processing when environment values (or even non-portable names!) contain newline. * src/env.c (longopts): Add new option. (usage): Document it. (main): Implement it. * src/printenv.c (longopts): New variable. (usage): Document new option. (main): Implement it. * doc/coreutils.texi (Common options): New macro optNull. (du invocation, env invocation, printenv invocation): Use it. * NEWS: Mention this. * tests/misc/env-null: New test. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Run it. tests: add printenv coverage * tests/misc/printenv: New test. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Run it. * .gitignore: Ignore more cruft. tests: fix PATH problems on cygwin * tests/misc/sort-compress: Remove non-portable over-restriction of PATH; besides, commit 3ea177e changed sort to no longer default to gzip. * tests/rm/fail-eperm: Untaint, rather than clear, PATH. * tests/misc/pwd-long: Likewise. Also skip test if long path cannot be created. (normalize_to_cwd_relative): Use eq rather than ==, since cygwin perl doesn't properly handle 64-bit ino_t numerically. 2009-10-27 Eric Blake tests: clean up tests of env -- handling The comment in env.c about -- handling has not matched the behavior in the code since the initial commit back in 1992. * src/env.c: Fix bogus comment. * tests/misc/env: Further tweaks, avoiding PATH problems inherent in testing -i, and testing program name containing =. * doc/coreutils.texi (env invocation): Mention that intermediate program is needed to invoke program with name containing =. doc: document PATH interactions with env * doc/coreutils.texi (env invocation): Mention that PATH is modified prior to exec. * tests/misc/env: Test this. env: reject bogus -u arguments * src/env.c (main): Use unsetenv rather than putenv to remove items from environ, and check for failure. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add unsetenv. * tests/misc/env: Test this. * NEWS: Document it. maint: let gnulib provide environ * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add environ. * src/env.c (environ): Delete declaration. * src/printenv.c (environ): Likewise. * src/stdbuf.c (environ): Likewise. * src/su.c (environ): Likewise. 2009-10-26 Eric Blake tests: avoid file name not portable to cygwin * tests/misc/chroot-fail: Use 'no_such', not '...', since cygwin 1.5 silently strips trailing dots. * tests/misc/nice-fail: Likewise. * tests/misc/stdbuf: Likewise. * tests/misc/timeout-parameters: Likewise. 2009-10-26 Jim Meyering tests: rm/one-file-system: work around umount failure * tests/rm/one-file-system (cleanup_): Unmount a/b, rather than "$other_partition_tmpdir", to accommodate those who link /etc/mtab to /proc/mounts. Reported by Gilles Espinasse in http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/18508 tests: adjust new env test not to fail * tests/misc/env: Create ./-i as a link to our "echo" binary, rather than as a bourne shell script, so that env can exec it. Set PATH to ".". tests: nice: adjust new tests to work more portably * tests/misc/nice (tests): Accommodate a nice program for which "nice -n -1 nice" prints nothing. It should print -1 or (usually) 0. Otherwise, we'd get syntax errors. nice: execute program even when setpriority fails due to EACCES * src/nice.c (perm_related_errno): New function. (main): Use it, rather than testing only errno == EPERM. * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. 2009-10-26 Pádraig Brady timeout: don't orphan monitored programs if they ignore specified signals * src/timeout.c (install_signal_handlers): Handle any user specified signal, so that if it does not cause the child to exit then we don't exit and orphan the child. Previously this for example, would leave an orphan dd process running: timeout -sUSR1 1s dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null * NEWS: Mention the fix. 2009-10-24 Eric Blake tests: test recent status changes * tests/misc/nice: Enhance test. * tests/misc/chroot-fail: New test. * tests/misc/env: Likewise. * tests/misc/nice-fail: Likewise. * tests/misc/su-fail: Likewise. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Run new tests. maint: move chroot test * tests/chroot/credentials: Move... * tests/misc/chroot-credentials: ...here, to reduce number of directories. * tests/Makefile.am (root_tests): Reflect rename. tests: enhance stdbuf and timeout tests * tests/misc/timeout-parameters: Validate exact exit status. * tests/misc/stdbuf: Likewise. * tests/misc/timeout: Likewise. Use require_built_. * tests/misc/arch: Likewise. nohup: use EXIT_CANCELED if not POSIXLY_CORRECT * src/nohup.c (NOHUP_FAILURE): Rename... (POSIX_NOHUP_FAILURE): ...to this. (main): Pay attention to POSIXLY_CORRECT, to determine whether to use status 125 or 127. * doc/coreutils.texi (nohup invocation): Document this. * NEWS: Likewise. * tests/misc/invalid-opt (exit_status): Adjust expected results. * tests/misc/help-version (expected_failure_status): Likewise. * tests/misc/nohup: Likewise. chroot, env, nice, su: use EXIT_CANCELED for internal failure * src/chroot.c (main): Use EXIT_CANCELED, not EXIT_FAILURE. * src/env.c (main): Likewise. * src/nice.c (main): Likewise. * src/su.c (change_identity, main): Likewise. * doc/coreutils.texi (chroot invocation, env invocation) (nice invocation, su invocation): Document this. * NEWS: Likewise. * tests/misc/invalid-opt (exit_status): Adjust expected results. * tests/misc/help-version (expected_failure_status): Likewise. tests: accommodate BSD getopt * tests/misc/invalid-opt (err_subst): Support alternate spelling. 2009-10-23 Eric Blake build: prohibit improper use of stat and lstat * cfg.mk (sc_prohibit_stat_macro_address): New rule. * src/ln.c (do_link): Adjust comment to avoid false positive. * src/stat.c (do_stat): Likewise. * src/touch.c (main): Likewise. build: update gnulib submodule to latest, for test cleanups 2009-10-22 Eric Blake maint: turn on compiler warnings for gnulib tests * gnulib-tests/Makefile.am (AM_CFLAGS): Add WARN_CFLAGS. * configure.ac (enable-gcc-warnings): Also use -funit-at-a-time, to silence gcc 4.3.4 -Wdisabled-optimization. * .gitignore: Ignore some more files. 2009-10-22 Jim Meyering build: prohibit direct use of readlink or readlinkat * cfg.mk (sc_prohibit_readlink): New rule. Suggested by Eric Blake. 2009-10-22 Giuseppe Scrivano tests: add a test for the `tail -f' race condition bug If new data becomes available between the initial read and when tail registers the inotify watch descriptors, ensure that it is read before a new event happens on the file. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add tail-2/inotify-race. * tests/tail-2/inotify-race: New file. tail -f: avoid a race condition * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. * src/tail.c (check_fspec): New function. (tail_forever_inotify): Ensure there is no new data before entering the inotify events wait loop. 2009-10-22 Eric Blake build: update gnulib submodule to latest, for utimens enhancements tests: ensure touch honors trailing slash * tests/touch/trailing-slash: New test. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Run it. 2009-10-21 Pádraig Brady md5sum, sha*sum, sum: line-buffer the printed checksums * src/md5sum.c (main): Set stdout to line buffered mode to ensure parallel running instances don't intersperse their output. This adds 5% to the run time in the worst case of many zero length files, or 2% with standard file sizes. * src/sum.c (main): Likewise. * tests/misc/md5sum-parallel: New test for atomic output. * tests/Makefile.am: Reference it. * NEWS: Mention the fix 2009-10-20 Pádraig Brady maint: issue warnings for more missing optional libraries * README-hacking: Suggest to use ./configure --quiet so that any warnings are easily noticed. * m4/gmp.m4 (cu_GMP): Warn if libgmp is not available. * m4/jm-macros.m4 (coreutils_MACROS): Normalize the libcap warning. * m4/xattr.m4 (gl_FUNC_XATTR): Warn if libattr is not available. 2009-10-19 Jim Meyering build: use gnulib's isblank module * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add isblank. * src/system.h (isblank): Don't define. * m4/check-decl.m4: Don't check for isblank declaration. * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. 2009-10-18 Jim Meyering maint: factor out duplication in currently unused rules * src/Makefile.am (fs_normalize_perl_subst): Define. (fs-magic, fs-kernel-magic): Use it. 2009-10-17 Eric Blake touch: add -h to change symlink timestamps, where supported * src/touch.c (no_dereference): New flag variable. (longopts): Add -h/--no-dereference. (touch): Add symlink handling. (usage): Document new option. (main): Accept new option. * NEWS: Document it. * doc/coreutils.texi (touch invocation): Likewise. Also mention birthtime. * tests/touch/no-dereference: New test. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Run it. 2009-10-17 Jim Meyering tests: abmon-align: avoid test failure * tests/ls/abmon-align: Don't remove (1d;) the first line of output. That was making the test consider only 11 of 12 month names. Rewrite not to use \(.*\), as that provoked a malfunction in GNU sed on powerpc Mac OS X (though we don't know yet whether this is due to a sed bug, or to miscompilation). Nelson Beebe reported the test failure. build: update gnulib submodule to latest 2009-10-15 Jim Meyering build: don't let environment settings perturb build Setting the envvars, LIB_FDATASYNC, LIB_XATTR or LIB_CRYPT could cause a configure-time and/or build-time malfunction. Typically, a configure-time function-in-library test is performed via code like this: LIB_VAR= AC_SUBST([LIB_VAR]) prefix_saved_LIBS=$LIBS AC_SEARCH_LIBS([FUNC], [LIB_NAME], [test "$ac_cv_search_FUNC" = "none required" || LIB_VAR=$ac_cv_search_FUNC]) LIBS=$prefix_saved_LIBS However, in each of the files affected by this change, the LIB_VAR= initialization was omitted. Thus, when set in the environment, its value would propagate into generated Makefiles when FUNC is not found in LIB_NAME. * m4/jm-macros.m4 (coreutils_MACROS): Initialize AC_SUBST'd var * m4/lib-check.m4 (cu_LIB_CHECK): Likewise. * m4/xattr.m4 (gl_FUNC_XATTR): Likewise. 2009-10-13 C de-Avillez tail: add add missing backslash at the end of a line in usage * src/tail.c (usage): Add missing backslash at the end of a line. 2009-10-12 Eric Blake tail: tweak usage for more clarity * src/tail.c (usage): Spell out -n +K. * THANKS: Update. Reported by Jan-Pawel Wrozstinski. 2009-10-10 Eric Blake touch: optimize use of utimens * src/touch.c (main): Use UTIME_NOW rather than calling gettime. (touch): Use UTIME_OMIT rather than stat. copy: allow symlink timestamp preservation on more systems * src/copy.c (utimens_symlink): Simplify by using lutimens. * m4/jm-macros.m4 (coreutils_MACROS): Drop utimensat; gnulib does this for us. * tests/cp/preserve-slink-time: Recognize lutimes support. build: update gnulib submodule to latest, for utimens improvements 2009-10-10 Jim Meyering tests: adjust tail-2/pid to work around FreeBSD 6.1 failure * tests/tail-2/pid: Run tail -f --pid=... on an actual file, not on /dev/null, to avoid this failure on FreeBSD 6.1: tail: /dev/null: cannot change nonblocking mode: Inappropriate ioctl for device 2009-10-10 Eric Blake maint: touch up previous LDADD patch * src/Makefile.am (dir_LDADD): Delete; the ls_LDADD line covers this. 2009-10-10 Jim Meyering build: build uname(1) unconditionally Before, on a system without the uname function, the build system would detect that and not build/install a uname program. Now that gnulib guarantees a uname function, ... * configure.ac: Don't check for the uname function. * src/Makefile.am (build_if_possible__progs): Move uname... (EXTRA_PROGRAMS): ...to this list. maint: list program names one per line * src/Makefile.am (EXTRA_PROGRAMS): List them one per line. (build_if_possible__progs): Likewise. build: ls: fix link failure due to missing -lacl * src/Makefile.am (ls_LDADD): Re-add $(LIB_ACL). Inadvertently-removed by commit 78c93601. 2009-10-10 Eric Blake maint: touch up previous LDADD patch * src/Makefile.am (stdbuf_LDADD): Add missing primer. (hostname_LDADD, uname_LDADD): Add GETHOSTNAME_LIB. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add uname. maint: improve additional library tracking * src/Makefile.am (LDADD): Refactor, to make per-library additions to individual programs easier to maintain. 2009-10-09 Jim Meyering chcon: don't disable just because SELinux is disabled * src/chcon.c (main): Now that gnulib provides getfilecon wrappers, we can revert most of the 2009-10-05 commit 3a97d664, "chcon: exit immediately if SELinux is disabled", since chcon is still useful as long as the file system provides handlers for the security.* name space. gnulib's getfilecon wrappers ensure that an offending context now evokes a return value of -1. Prompted by comments from Stephen Smalley in http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/18378/focus=18394 * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. ls: remove explicit getfilecon work-around * src/ls.c (gobble_file): Remove l?getfilecon work-around, now that the gnulib wrappers handle it for us. build: update gnulib submodule to latest, for getfilecon wrappers 2009-10-09 Eric Blake maint: use X2NREALLOC in more places * src/chroot.c (set_additional_groups): Use X2NREALLOC rather than x2nrealloc. * src/factor.c (emit_factor): Likewise. * src/setuidgid.c (main): Likewise. maint: remove unused macros and declarations * src/system.h (EDQUOT, EISDIR, ENOSYS, EOVERFLOW, F_OK, X_OK) (W_OK, R_OK): Delete; macros provided by gnulib. (includes): Gnulib guarantees both and , in either order. (free, malloc, memchr, realloc, getenv, lseek): Delete, gnulib guarantees these declarations. * m4/check-decl.m4 (gl_CHECK_DECLS): Delete checks now done by gnulib. maint: move timeout exit statuses * src/timeout.c (EXIT_TIMEDOUT, EXIT_CANCELED): Remove as macros... * src/system.h (EXIT_TIMEDOUT, EXIT_CANCELED): ...and provide as enum values instead. * src/stdbuf.c (EXIT_CANCELED): Delete. stat: test recent patch * tests/misc/stat-slash: New test. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Run it. 2009-10-08 Eric Blake stdbuf: improve path search * src/stdbuf.c (set_program_path): Use gnulib methods for better file name handling. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add xreadlink. stat: work with recent gnulib changes * src/stat.c (do_stat): Don't mask function-like stat macro. 2009-10-08 Jim Meyering stat: add support for many more file system types * src/stat.c (human_fstype): Add the following FS types, from : afs, anon-inode FS, btrfs, cgroupfs, cramfs-wend, debugfs, futexfs, inotifyfs, minux3, securityfs, selinux, xenfs. Also add "nilfs". * src/Makefile.am (fs-kernel-magic): New rule. * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention this. stat: recognize CIFS and HFS file system types * src/stat.c (human_fstype) [CIFS, HFS]: Add new file system types. Prompted by a report from Stuart Kemp. Normalize the form of a few hexadecimal magic numbers. Alphabetize on S_MAGIC_ case names. * src/Makefile.am (fs-magic-compare, fs-def, fs-magic): New rules, to automate comparison of our list with that in the Linux statfs man page. * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. 2009-10-07 Guenter Knauf md5sum, sha*sum: also accept openssl checksum syntax * src/md5sum.c (split_3): Accept openssl checksum syntax, which differs only by two spaces from that of the bsd checksum tools: openssl: MD5(f)= d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e bsd: MD5 (f) = d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e 2009-10-06 Jim Meyering maint: make release-making instructions more generic * README-release: Make instructions more generic. post-release administrivia * NEWS: Add header line for next release. * .prev-version: Record previous version. * cfg.mk (old_NEWS_hash): Auto-update. version 8.0 * NEWS: Record release date. build: update gnulib submodule to latest 2009-10-06 Ondřej Vašík chcon: exit immediately if SELinux is disabled This change happens to avoid an abort in chcon when SELinux is disabled while operating on a file with an "unlabeled" context from back in 2006. However, that same abort can still be triggered by the same file when running chcon with SELinux enabled. This bug in chcon will be fixed in a subsequent commit via a getfilecon wrapper. See http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/18378/focus=18384 for how to correct your disk attributes to avoid triggering this bug. * src/chcon.c (main): Exit immediately if SELinux is disabled. Reported in http://bugzilla.redhat.com/527142 by Yanko Kaneti. * src/runcon.c (main): Do not hardcode program name in error message. * THANKS: Update. 2009-10-03 Jim Meyering build: update gnulib submodule to latest 2009-10-02 James R. Van Zandt dircolors: highlight .cgm and .emf as images * src/dircolors.hin: Add .cgm, .emf. * THANKS: Update. 2009-10-02 Jim Meyering maint: remove obsolete syntax-check exclusion * cfg.mk (local-checks-to-skip): Remove strftime-check. 2009-10-02 Pádraig Brady tail: avoid a race where we could miss new data with --pid * src/tail.c (tail_forever, tail_forever_inotify): Close a race in tail_forever_inotify where new data written after the file check by a now dead process, but before the pid check, is not output. We use the POSIX guarantee that read() and write() are serialized wrt each other even in separate processes, to assume full file consistency after exit() and so poll for new data _after_ the writer has exited. This also allows us to not redundantly _wait_ for new data if the process is dead. * tests/tail-2/pid: Remove the now partially invalid sub second sleep check as we now don't unconditionally wait, and replace it with a check for the redundant sleep. Also clarify some of the existing comments. * NEWS: Mention the fix. 2009-10-02 Jim Meyering maint: move gnu-web-doc-update script to gnulib * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add gnu-web-doc-update. Remove gendocs, since gnu-web-doc-update depends on it. * gnu-web-doc-update: Remove file, now that we get it from gnulib. build: update gnulib submodule to latest 2009-09-30 Jim Meyering tests: tail-2/pid: use a 3-second timeout, not 1 * tests/tail-2/pid: When using the timeout program to ensuring that tail -s.1 --pid=$PID_T_MAX does not wait forever, use a timeout longer than 1 second. A 1-second timeout could be too short on a very busy system, and result in a timeout, and hence false-positive failure. 2009-09-30 Jim Meyering build: update gnulib submodule to latest build: translate diagnostics from two new files * po/POTFILES.in: Add two new files: lib/siglist.h, lib/strsignal.c build: now that we use the lock module, don't exclude lock.m4 * bootstrap.conf: Don't exclude lock.m4. 2009-09-30 Pádraig Brady ls: always print "?" for allocated size of a dereferenced dangling symlink Previously for `ls -Ls` (but not `ls -Lsl`), we referenced the st_blocks returned from the previous failed stat() call. This undefined value was seen to be 0 for dangling symlinks at least. * src/ls.c (print_file_name_and_frills, length_of_file_name_and_frills): Don't use st_blocks if the previous stat() failed * tests/ls/dangle: Add a test case * NEWS: Mention the fix, and roll up related items into a single entry. 2009-09-30 Jim Meyering build: use gnulib's freopen module * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add freopen, strsignal, fsync. Exposed via make CFLAGS=-DGNULIB_POSIXCHECK 2>&1 \ |perl -lne '/.* use gnulib module (\S+).*/ and print $1' \ |sort |uniq -c|sort -nr (avoided_gnulib_modules): Don't avoid the "lock" module. Now it's required, as a dependency of the strsignal module. 2009-09-29 Jim Meyering stat: interpret "-" as standard input * src/stat.c (do_stat): Interpret a command line argument of "-" to mean "standard input", like many other tools do. (do_statfs): Fail upon any attempt to use "-". * NEWS (Changes in behavior): Mention it. * tests/misc/stat-hyphen: New test, to exercise the above. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add misc/stat-hyphen. ls: don't use an undefined struct stat after failed stat/lstat * src/ls.c (format_inode): Access f->stat only if f->stat_ok is set. * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. Improved-by: Pádraig Brady ls: print "?", not "0" as inode of dereferenced dangling symlink ls prints inode numbers two ways: for long (-l) listings, and for short ones, e.g., ls -li and ls -i. The code to print long listings properly printed "?" when the inode was unknown, but the code for handling short listings would print 0 instead. Factor out the formatting code into a new function so ls prints the right string ("?") from both places: * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. * src/ls.c (format_inode): New function. (print_long_format): Use it here. (print_file_name_and_frills): Use it here, too. * tests/ls/dangle: Exercise this fix. Reported by Yang Ren in http://bugzilla.redhat.com/525400 ls: with -LR, exit with status 2 upon detecting a cycle * src/ls.c (print_dir): Diagnosing the cycle is not enough. Also set exit status to 2. This is what Solaris' /bin/ls does, too. * tests/ls/infloop: Rework test: match both expected stdout and stderr. Require an exit status of 2 in this case. * doc/coreutils.texi (ls invocation): Mention that a loop provokes in an exit status of 2. * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. Reported by Yang Ren in http://bugzilla.redhat.com/525402. * THANKS: Correct ordering of Yang Ren's names. 2009-09-26 Jim Meyering maint: factor coreutils-specific code out of bootstrap * bootstrap (bootstrap_epilogue): Define a default, empty function. Remove coreutils-specific code, and instead, invoke this new function at the end of this script. * bootstrap.conf (bootstrap_epilogue): Define, to override the default. 2009-09-25 Eric Blake cp, mv: use linkat to guarantee semantics * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Use linkat, not link. ln: add -L/-P options * src/ln.c (STAT_LIKE_LINK): Delete. (logical): New flag. (long_options): Add -L, -P. (usage): Mention them. (main): Choose between them. (do_link): Perform correct action. * tests/ln/misc: Move hard-to-sym portion of test... * tests/ln/hard-to-sym: ...into new test, and add more. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Run new test. * NEWS: Document this. * doc/coreutils.texi (link invocation, ln invocation): Likewise. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add linkat. build: update gnulib submodule to latest 2009-09-23 Pádraig Brady maint: Use logical rather than bitwise operators on bools This is because bitwise operators are: - confusing and inconsistent in a boolean context - non short circuiting - brittle in C89 where bool can be an int (so > 1) maint: expr: avoid compiler warnings without GMP * src/expr.c (mpz_clear, mpz_get_str, mpz_out_str) [!HAVE_GMP]: Reference unused arguments. 2009-09-23 Eric Blake build: update gnulib submodule to latest maint: summarize gnulib changes * NEWS: Provide a blurb about recent gnulib improvements. Fix typo in readlink blurb. 2009-09-23 Jim Meyering doc: ls: further improve --help message re --color * src/ls.c (usage): Correct grammar, change voice, shorten. Inspired by a report from Bruno Schulenberg. 2009-09-23 Eric Blake readlink: pick up gnulib changes to readlink -f * bootstrap.conf (obsolete_gnulib_modules): Move rename... (gnulib_modules): ...here. Add symlink. * NEWS: Document the change in readlink. * doc/coreutils.texi (readlink invocation): Likewise. * tests/readlink/can-f: Update test to new semantics, and add test of loop. 2009-09-23 Jim Meyering maint: df.c: adapt to newer gnulib * src/df.c: Don't include "canonicalize.h". No longer needed, since canonicalize_file_name is now guaranteed to be declared in , thanks to gnulib. build: update gnulib submodule to latest 2009-09-22 Pádraig Brady doc: stdbuf: mention it can have a non standard exit status * doc/coreutils.texi (Exit status): Add stdbuf to the list maint: uptime: fix a theoretical compile warning * src/uptime.c (print_uptime) [!HAVE_UTMPX_H && !HAVE_UTMP_H]: Reference possibly unused arguments. ls: fix a performance regression * src/ls.c (print_color_indicator): This reinstates commit f3f1ccfd, 21-10-2008, "ls: make it possible to disable file capabilities checking" which was inadvertently reverted with commit 3a169f4c, 14-09-2009, "ls: handle disabling of colors consistently ...". 2009-09-22 Eric Blake build: avoid compiler warnings on cygwin 1.5 * src/copy.c (utimens_symlink): Avoid unused variables. * src/su.c (getusershell): Rely on gnulib for prototype. 2009-09-21 Jim Meyering doc: ls: add an article, "the" * src/ls.c (usage): Tweak wording. 2009-09-21 Pádraig Brady ls: handle disabling of colors consistently for all tile types * src/ls.c (print_color_indicator): Use consistent syntax for all file and directory subtypes, and fall back to the color of the base type if there is no enabled color for the subtype. This allows turning off specific colors for o+w dirs for example. * tests/ls/color-dtype-dir: Add a case to test that turning off coloring for o+w directories, falls back to standard dir color. * NEWS: Mention the fix Introduced by commit ac467814, 2005-09-05, "Colorize set-user-ID ... files and sticky ... directories." doc: ls: make help for --color more concise and accurate * src/ls.c (usage): Shorten the --color ancillary info by two lines, while replacing --color=none with --color=never. Mention "always" is the default parameter of the --color option, along with the primary help for that option. Mention the ancillary --color info in the --color primary help. doc: normalize and add missing entries to texinfo menu * doc/coreutils.texi: Add the missing arch, base64, link, readlink, and unlink entries. Also remove extraneous '.' from some entries and try to align all entries on the same column. * THANKS: Add Benno Schulenberg. doc: mention the texinfo documentation in --help * src/system.h: Rename emit_bug_reporting_address() to emit_ancillary_info() and update it to not print the translation project address in en_* locales, and _do_ print it in the 'C' (and other) locales so that it's included in the default man page. Also mention how to invoke the texinfo documentation for each command. Also move the "hard-locale.h" include to the 8 files that now use it. * man/help2man: Strip the newly added texinfo reference from the --help output as a more verbose version is already added by help2man. Suggestion from C de-Avillez 2009-09-21 Jim Meyering maint: automate the web-doc updating procedure * gnu-web-doc-update: New script, destined for gnulib. * README-release: Refer to the new script. 2009-09-19 Jim Meyering dircolors: arrange to highlight names with the .lz suffix * src/dircolors.hin: Add .lz, for GNU lzip. Suggested by Matias A. Fonzo. mktemp: adapt to new, 3-argument gen_tempname_len * src/mktemp.c (mkstemp_len, mkdtemp_len): Update callers of gen_tempname_len. * gl/lib/tempname.c, gl/lib/tempname.h: Rebase against recently API-modified copy of tempname module in gnulib. Reported by Lluís Batlle. 2009-09-17 Jim Meyering build: merge bootstrap changes from gnulib * bootstrap: Update from gnulib. 2009-09-17 Eric Blake rm, rmdir: improve cross-compilation support * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Drop rmdir-errno. * src/rmdir.c (errno_rmdir_non_empty): Check both cases allowed by POSIX, rather than relying on configure-time check that might fail during cross-compilation. Reverts commit 9b6eb98d41. 2009-09-15 Ondřej Vašík cp: fix a probably redundant chmod when setting xattrs * src/copy.c (copy_reg): Fix initial value of access_changed variable. This was introduced by Pádraig Brady in commit cca83faf, 2009-09-14, "cp,mv: preserve extended attributes even for read-only files" 2009-09-14 Jim Meyering doc: NEWS: mention origin of touch -t ....60 bug * NEWS: It is an old bug. doc: touch, document that it accepts .60 * doc/coreutils.texi (touch invocation): Document that SS may be 60. touch: don't reject "60" as number of seconds in a legacy time stamp A valid command like "touch -t 197101010000.60 F" would fail due to the suffix of ".60". This bug is fixed via the latest change to gnulib's posixtm module. * tests/touch/60-seconds: New test. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add it. * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. build: update gnulib submodule to latest, for fixed posixtm module maint: use #!/bin/sh consistently in shell-based test scripts * tests/misc/sort-continue: Change first line to standard #!/bin/sh, not #!/bin/bash (though it doesn't matter, since each is invoked via $(SHELL) dir/test-name. 2009-09-14 Pádraig Brady tests: fix dd/skip-seek-past-file to work on ecryptfs * tests/dd/skip-seek-past-file: Require sparse support to ensure that when we're checking if we can create an $OFF_T_MAX length file, that we don't actually allocate any space. This was an issue on ecryptfs and was reported by Bert Wesarg. 2009-09-14 Ondřej Vašík cp,mv: preserve extended attributes even for read-only files * src/copy.c (copy_reg): Temporarily set u+rw on the destination file to allow GNU/Linux to set xattrs. * tests/misc/xattr: Test that change. * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. Reported by Ernest N. Mamikonyan. 2009-09-14 Jim Meyering doc: improve timeout's --help message * src/timeout.c (usage): Improve --help description. 2009-09-13 Jim Meyering maint: use consistent cpp indentation in all .c files * src/stty.c: Make cpp indentation reflect nesting. * src/factor.c: Likewise. doc: NEWS: say quadratic and linear, rather than O(N^2) and O(N) * NEWS: Use a slightly less technical description. Suggested by Andreas Schwab. doc: improve NEWS * NEWS (rm -r, without -f): Mention that the N in "O(N)" represents hierarchy depth. Suggested by Ralf Wildenhues. (rm -r, standards conformance): Make wording more accurate. 2009-09-11 Jim Meyering id: don't print context=... when POSIXLY_CORRECT is set * src/id.c (print_full_info) [POSIXLY_CORRECT]: Don't print context. Reported by Ulrich Drepper. * NEWS (Changes in behavior): Mention it. * doc/coreutils.texi (id invocation): Document that id also prints the security context, when possible, and when POSIXLY_CORRECT is not set. * tests/id/no-context: New file. Test for this. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add it. 2009-09-11 Eric Blake rm: avoid compiler warning * src/remove.c (rm_fts): Don't allow fall-through when assertions are disabled. euidaccess-stat: remove unnecessary macros * lib/euidaccess-stat.c (F_OK, R_OK, W_OK, X_OK): Delete; now guaranteed by gnulib. rm: use gnulib faccessat * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add faccessat. Replace strdup with strdup-posix. * m4/jm-macros.m4 (coreutils_MACROS): Revert previous change, now that gnulib does it for us. * src/remove.c (write_protected_non_symlink): Use faccessat in more situations. 2009-09-11 Jim Meyering rm: improve efficiency of rm -r (without -f) from O(N^2) to O(N) where N is the depth of the deepest hierarchy rm is processing. * src/remove.c (write_protected_non_symlink): Use faccessat to avoid O(N)-per-entry cost of calling euidaccess. * m4/jm-macros.m4 (coreutils_MACROS): Check for faccessat. * NEWS (Improvements): Mention it. build: placate gcc's new -Wskip-jump-init * remove.c (rm_fts): Put braces around each of the two offending blocks. * configure.ac: Don't turn off -Wjump-misses-init. With the rewrite of remove.c, it is no longer needed. rm: rewrite to use fts * remove.c: Don't include "unlinkdir.h"; no longer used. Do not include or "cycle-check.h". Likewise. Include "xfts.h". (dir_name, dir_len): Remove definitions. (CONSECUTIVE_READDIR_UNLINK_THRESHOLD): Likewise. (INODE_SORT_DIR_ENTRIES_THRESHOLD, NEED_REWIND, D_TYPE): Likewise. (struct dirstack_state, Dirstack_state): Likewise. (g_buf, g_n_allocated): Remove declarations. (hash_freer, hash_compare_strings, rm_malloc): Remove functions. (rm_free, push_dir, top_dir, pop_dir, right_justify): Likewise. (full_filename0, xfull_filename, full_filename_): Likewise. (AD_stack_height, AD_stack_top, AD_stack_pop, AD_stack_clear): Likewise. (obstack_init_minimal, ds_init, ds_clear, ds_free): Likewise. (AD_pop_and_chdir, AD_ensure_initialized, AD_mark_helper): Likewise. (AD_mark_as_unremovable, AD_mark_current_as_unremovable): Likewise. (AD_push_initial, AD_push, AD_push, AD_is_removable): Likewise. (write_protected_non_symlink): Change 3rd parameter from dirstack_state "ds" to full_name. (prompt): Adjust parameters. Now, state comes from FTS/FTSENT pair. Those replace fd_cwd and "ds". Remove "filename". Remove pdirent_type in favor of new "is_dir" parameter. Rename is_empty to is_empty_p. (DO_RMDIR, DO_UNLINK): Remove definitions. (remove_entry, fd_to_subdirp, compare_ino): Remove functions. (dirent_count, dirent_inode_sort_may_be_useful): Likewise. (preprocess_dir): Likewise. (fts_skip_tree, mark_ancestor_dirs, excise, rm_fts): New functions. (remove_cwd_entries, remove_dir, rm_1): Remove functions. (rm): Rewrite as a simple loop calling fts_read and dispatching each entry via rm_fts. * src/rm.c (main): Adapt to new signature of rm(). * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Remove unlinkdir, no longer used. * src/Makefile.am (sc_tight_scope): Also recognize an extern "enum" declaration. * tests/rm/empty-name: Adjust expected output to match new diagnostic. * NEWS (Improvements): Mention it. maint: doc: adjust README-release * README-release: Remove mention of bootstrap's old --gnulib-srcdir=/gnulib option. No longer needed, and its use can lead to subtle problems. post-release administrivia * NEWS: Add header line for next release. * .prev-version: Record previous version. * cfg.mk (old_NEWS_hash): Auto-update. version 7.6 * NEWS: Record release date. 2009-09-10 Jim Meyering link,ln: use gnulib's link module to work around Solaris 10 deficiency Before this change, :>f; ln -T f no-such/ would succeed on Solaris 10. After it, ln fails, as it should: ln: accessing `z/': Not a directory The command, link f no-such/, had the same problem on that system. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add "link". * tests/ln/slash-decorated-nonexistent-dest: New test. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add it. * NEWS (Portability): Mention the improvement. build: update gnulib submodule to latest 2009-09-10 Ondřej Vašík doc: improve various BLOCKSIZE and SIZE help * doc/coreutils.texi (multiplierSuffixes): Mention that the suffix can be specified without a leading number * src/split.c (usage): Refactor SIZE help to within a function * src/truncate.c (usage): Likewise * src/ls.c (usage): Likewise * src/df.c (usage): Likewise. Also add a function with BLOCKSIZE help * src/du.c (usage): Likewise. * src/system.h: Define 2 functions to emit common help text This was prompted by https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=511188 2009-09-10 Jim Meyering dd conv=unblock: print final newline consistently * src/dd.c (dd_copy) [C_UNBLOCK]: Always print the final newline for non-empty output, not just when output size is a multiple of cbs. * doc/coreutils.texi (dd invocation) [conv=unblock]: Mention that dd prints a newline after each output record, not just when replacing trailing spaces. Reported by Ulrich Drepper. * tests/dd/unblock: New file. Test for this. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add it. * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. 2009-09-09 Jim Meyering maint: make cfg.mk slightly more generic * cfg.mk (url_dir_list): Don't hard-code "coreutils". Use $(PACKAGE). 2009-09-08 Jim Meyering * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. tail: make the new piped-stdin test as portable as the old one * src/tail.c (main): Adapt piped-stdin test to use the same isapipe, test as was used in the preceding POSIXLY_CORRECT condition. Remove the now-subsumed POSIXLY_CORRECT test. Reported by Pádraig Brady. * doc/coreutils.texi (tail invocation): Document this change. * NEWS (Changes in behavior): Reclassify, clarify. 2009-09-08 Pádraig Brady tests: tail-2/assert: reduce risk of race condition * tests/tail2/assert: This reverts commit be853120, 25-08-2009, "tests: tail-2/assert: avoid risk of race condition" kill -0 doesn't send a signal and so will only confirm that the background process was forked, which we know already because we have its pid. tests: address a race condition in misc/cat-buf * tests/misc/cat-buf: Increase the delay between writes to decrease the chance that dd will read both at once. Since the test is inherently racy, print a warning via skip_test_ rather than failing outright. Reported by Jim Meyering. 2009-09-07 Jim Meyering tail: syntax-only: use "false", rather than equivalent, 0 * src/tail.c (record_open_fd): Initialize "->ignore" to false, not 0. tail: ignore -f for piped-stdin, as POSIX requires * src/tail.c (main): Tailing a pipe "forever" is not useful, and POSIX specifies that tail ignore the -f when there is no file argument and stdin is a FIFO or pipe. So we do that. In addition, GNU tail excludes "-" arguments from the list of files to tail forever, when the associated file descriptor is connected to a FIFO or pipe. Before this change, ":|tail -f" would hang. Reported by Ren Yang and Ulrich Drepper. * tests/tail-2/pipe-f: Test for this. * tests/tail-2/pipe-f2: Ensure tail doesn't exit early for a fifo. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add these tests. * NEWS (POSIX conformance): Mention it. 2009-09-07 Pádraig Brady tests: tail-2/flush-initial should not rely on stdbuf * tests/tail-2/flush-initial: stdbuf is not built on all systems. In any case it's redundant since stdout will automatically be buffered since we're redirecting to file. So just call tail without using stdbuf. 2009-09-07 Jim Meyering tail: don't give up on inotify mode for an already-ignored "-" * src/tail.c (main): Adjust today's change to honor the F[i].ignore flag that may have been set in tail_file. tests: misc/cat-buf: clean up syntax * tests/misc/cat-buf: Don't suppress dd's stderr. Remove useless quotes. tests: ls/color-clear-to-eol: append NL to accommodate old sed * tests/ls/color-clear-to-eol: Some vendor sed programs fail to operate on lines that are not NL-terminated. This affects at least Solaris 10's /bin/sed. Reported by Pádraig Brady. tests: tail-2/infloop-1: avoid rare test failure on a busy system * tests/tail-2/infloop-1: Sleep 3 seconds, not 1, but in increments of 0.1 second. Before, this test would fail ~1 time in 20 via "make -j9 check" on a quad-core system. Correct comment. build: update gnulib submodule to latest doc: tweak NEWS * NEWS (dd): Tweak wording. Two blank lines between sections. tail -f: handle "-"/stdin once again * src/tail.c (main) [HAVE_INOTIFY]: When stdin (i.e., "-", or no args, but not /dev/stdin) is specified on the command line, don't use inotify. Reported by Bill Brelsford in . * tests/tail-2/follow-stdin: New file. Test for this. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add the test. * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. This bug was introduced in coreutils-7.5 via commit ae494d4b, 2009-06-02, "tail: use inotify if it is available". 2009-09-06 Jim Meyering tests: tail-2/flush-initial: correct race avoidance code * tests/tail-2/flush-initial: Wait for the file to be nonempty, not for the process. Based on a suggestion from Pádraig Brady. tests: ls-misc: don't let a bogus umask cause test failure * tests/misc/ls-misc: Set umask to 022. A umask setting permitting world-write access, e.g., umask o+w, would cause this test to fail. Report by Mathias Brodala and analysis by Tom Fitzhenry in . tail: flush initial output before possibly blocking * src/tail.c (main): Flush any output from tail_file, before calling tail_forever_inotify, which can block. * tests/tail-2/flush-initial: New file. Test for the bug. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add tail-2/flush-initial. * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. This bug was introduced in coreutils-7.5 via commit ae494d4b, 2009-06-02, "tail: use inotify if it is available". 2009-09-05 Jim Meyering maint: remove unused file: lib/fdopendir-glibc.c * lib/fdopendir-glibc.c: Remove unused file. 2009-09-05 Jim Meyering tests: ls/stat-vs-dirent: avoid spurious test failure * tests/ls/stat-vs-dirent: Avoid test failure when run from a directory whose name (or ancestor directory name) starts with ".". 2009-09-05 Pádraig Brady doc: make the tail --sleep-interval help less confusing * src/tail.c (usage): I read "approximately S seconds" as "approximately 5 seconds" for approximately 5 seconds. maint: remove some tab indentation from copy.c * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Remove tabs erroneously added in commit 3346c0af. tests: test old tail -f method even on systems with inotify * src/tail.c (main): Add an undocumented ---disable-inotify option to allow disabling inotify. * tests/tail-2/pid: Run test in both normal and "disable_inotify" modes. * tests/tail-2/tail-n0f: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/wait: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/append-only: Likewise. 2009-09-05 Jim Meyering build: update gnulib submodule to latest 2009-09-05 Petr Salinger stty: use TAB0, TAB1, and TAB2 only if defined * src/stty.c (mode_info) [TAB0, TAB1, TAB2]: Guard each entry with #ifdef. Required for GNU/kFreeBSD. Reported by Petr Salinger in http://bugs.debian.org/520368. 2009-09-05 Eric Blake build: update from gnulib * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. 2009-09-04 Eric Blake ln: add comments related to POSIX 2008 * src/ln.c (ENABLE_HARD_LINK_TO_SYMLINK_WARNING): Delete. (do_link): Update comments per POSIX; add FIXME for -L, -P. mv, cp: tweak LINK_FOLLOWS_SYMLINKS logic * gnulib: Update to latest gnulib. * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Adjust comment in light of POSIX 2008, and deal with macro now being tri-state. 2009-09-04 Petr Salinger tests: fix a tail-2/pid failure on GNU/kFreeBSD * tests/tail-2/wait: Increase the file name recheck frequency to fix a failure on systems without inotify and a file timestamp precision of 1 second (like GNU/kFreeBSD). 2009-09-04 Pádraig Brady tests: fix a failure when running tail-2/wait as root * tests/tail-2/wait: Silently skip a portion of the test when running as root, rather than failing the whole test. This regression was introduced with commit 84b5844d, 2009-09-03, "tests: simplify and fix a race in 2 tail --follow tests". 2009-09-04 Mike Frysinger build: fix libcap configure flag handling * m4/jm-macros.m4 (coreutils_MACROS): The code to handle configure-time enabling or disabling of libcap support was broken. It would treat any libcap configure option as --disable-libcap because it doesn't check $enableval at all. This change makes sure we do the sane thing: --disable-libcap -> disable and don't run any tests --enable-libcap -> run tests and fail if not found default -> run tests and warn if not found 2009-09-03 Jim Meyering df: don't fail due to an unreadable argument * src/df.c (main): If open or fstat fails when we're trying to ensure that all arg-partitions are automounted, fall back on using stat. Inspired by the report and patch from Olivier Fourdan in http://bugzilla.redhat.com/520630. * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. * tests/df/unreadable: New test for the above. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add df/unreadable. The bug was introduced in coreutils-7.3 via commit dbd17157, 2009-04-28, "df: use open(2), not stat, to trigger automounting". 2009-09-03 Kamil Dudka doc: install -C: fix bug in the texi documentation * doc/coreutils.texi: Move the documentation for install --compare (-C) from the section on fmt to that for install. Reported by Florian Schlichting. 2009-09-03 Pádraig Brady tests: simplify and fix a race in 2 tail --follow tests * tests/tail-2/pid: Use the timeout command to determine process longevity, rather than querying /proc/$pid/status. The latter was racy in any case when inotify is used, as then tail wakes up periodically even for unchanging files therefore causing the check for "S (sleeping)" state to fail intermittently. * tests/tail-2/wait: Likewise. 2009-09-03 Ondřej Vašík cp: don't leak resources for each xattr preservation failure * src/copy.c (copy_reg): Don't return from the function after an unsuccessful and required preservation of extended attributes. This resulted in leaking the copy buffer and file descriptors. * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention the fix. The bug was introduced in coreutils-7.1 via commit 0889381c, 2009-01-23, "cp/mv: add xattr support". 2009-09-01 Pádraig Brady chcon, chmod, chgrp, chown, du: report fts_close failure * src/du.c (du_files): Don't fail silently upon fts_close failure. * src/chcon.c (process_files): Likewise. * src/chmod.c (process_files): Likewise. * src/chown-core.c (chown_files): Likewise. 2009-09-01 Jim Meyering build: update from gnulib * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. chcon, chmod, chgrp, chown, du: do not ignore fts_close failure This is probably never visible, but who knows... * src/chcon.c (process_files): Don't ignore fts_close failure. * src/chmod.c (process_files): Likewise. * src/chown-core.c (chown_files): Likewise. * src/du.c (du_files): Likewise. maint: du: remove unnecessary initialization * src/du.c (main): Don't set "skip_file" unnecessarily. maint: chown, chgrp, chmod, chcon: remove unnecessary initialization * src/chown-core.c: Include "ignore-value.h". (change_file_owner): Don't set "ent" only to ignore it. * src/chcon.c (process_file): Likewise. * src/chmod.c: Include "ignore-value.h". (process_file): Don't set "ent" only to ignore it. After diagnosing root-dev/ino failure, return false immediately: Now that we don't set "ent" we must be sure not to use it uninitialized, and there's no point in issuing --verbose-related output in this case. maint: shred: remove unnecessary initialization * src/shred.c (genpattern): Value stored to "n" is never used. maint: dd: remove unnecessary initialization * src/dd.c (skip): Remove set-but-never-used variable, soffset. maint: tail: remove unnecessary initialization * src/tail.c (tail_bytes): Don't compute "diff" twice. maint: mbsalign.c: remove unnecessary assignment * gl/lib/mbsalign.c (mbsalign): Remove assignment, the result of which is never used. 2009-09-01 Pádraig Brady timeout: remove a redundant assignment * src/timeout.c (main): While keeping argc and argv in sync may be marginally useful, it is redundant to update argc, so just remove that to suppress the clang warning. timeout: defensive handling of all wait() errors * src/timeout.c (main): Handle all possible cases of unexpected failures from wait(). This was prompted by the clang tool reporting the possible non-initialization of the status variable. 2009-09-01 Jim Meyering ls -i: print consistent inode numbers also for mount points On most unix- and linux-based kernels, ls -i DIR_CONTAINING_MOUNT_POINT would print the wrong inode number for any entry that is a mount point. It would do that by relying on readdir's dirent.d_ino values, while most readdir implementations return the inode number of the underlying, inaccessible directory. Thus, it is not consistent with what you'd get when applying stat to the same entry. This bug led to surprising results like "ls -i" and "ls -i --color" printing different numbers (ls must usually "stat" a file to colorize its name). This change makes it so that on offending systems, ls must stat non-command-line-arguments for which otherwise it would be able to use "for free" dirent.d_ino values. Regardless of this change, ls is already required to stat every command-line argument. Note: versions of GNU ls prior to coreutils-6.0 did not perform the invalid optimization, and hence always printed correct inode numbers. Thus, for the sake of correctness, ls -i is forgoing the readdir optimization, for any kernel (including linux!) with POSIX-nonconforming readdir. Note that currently, only Cygwin has been agile enough to conform. * src/ls.c (RELIABLE_D_INO): Define. (print_dir): Use it. For plenty of discussion, see this long thread: http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/14020 This bug was introduced by the 2006-02-26 commit, 33eb3efe: "In ls, avoid calling stat for --inode (-i), when possible." * tests/ls/readdir-mountpoint-inode: New test. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add it. * tests/ls/stat-vs-dirent: Don't suppress failure of this test, now that ls -i is fixed. Though note that it doesn't test well, since it compares only the always-stat'd command-line arguments. * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. 2009-08-31 Jim Meyering maint: revert my stdbuf change: the result didn't even compile This reverts commit c1e158489d88bad418d52ceadf37af0b6f5b2112. 2009-08-30 Jim Meyering maint: stdbuf: move a declaration; no-semantic-change * src/stdbuf.c (set_program_path): Move a declaration down into the scope where it's used. build: quiet "make check" in src/ * src/Makefile.am (check-duplicate-no-install): Use $(AM_V_GEN). (check-README): Likewise. And $(AM_V_at). doc: cp: update note on preserving symlink time stamps * doc/coreutils.texi (cp invocation): Now, we *do* preserve time stamps on symlinks, when possible. build: update bootstrap from gnulib * bootstrap: Merge from gnulib. 2009-08-30 Pádraig Brady tests: don't misbehave if $TMPDIR contains spaces * tests/misc/xattr: Add quotes. * tests/mv/acl: Likewise. * tests/mv/backup-is-src: Likewise. * tests/mv/hard-link-1: Likewise. * tests/mv/leak-fd: Likewise. * tests/mv/mv-special-1: Likewise. * tests/mv/part-fail: Likewise. * tests/mv/part-hardlink: Likewise. * tests/mv/part-rename: Likewise. * tests/mv/part-symlink: Likewise. * tests/mv/partition-perm: Likewise. * tests/mv/sticky-to-xpart: Likewise. 2009-08-29 Jim Meyering tests: other-fs-tmpdir: don't misbehave for quote-unfriendly $TMPDIR * tests/other-fs-tmpdir: Quote uses of variables that might expand to strings containing e.g., whitespace. build: update from gnulib * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. tests: move a coreutils-specific test from maint.mk to Makefile.am * Makefile.am (distcheck-hook): Make taint-distcheck here, since it's no longer done via maint.mk. tests: cp/reflink-auto guard against a pathological $TMPDIR * tests/cp/reflink-auto: Add quotes. 2009-08-29 Pádraig Brady cp --reflink: preserve attributes on cloned files if asked * src/copy.c (copy_reg): When cloning only skip the data copying * tests/cp/reflink-perm: New test to check times and modes copied * tests/Makefile.am: Reference the new test * NEWS: Mention the fix cp --reflink: add an "auto" parameter to fall back to a normal copy * doc/coreutils.texi (cp invocation): Document the new "auto" and "always" options to --reflink. * src/copy.c (copy_reg): Fall back to a standard copy when reflink() is not supported and --reflink=auto specified. * src/copy.h [struct cp_options] (reflink): Change type s/bool/enum/. * src/cp.c (usage): Describe the --reflink={always,auto} options and expand a little on what --reflink does. (main): parse the new parameters to --reflink and allow all --sparse options with --reflink=auto. * src/install.c (cp_option_init): Init the enum instead of bool. * src/mv.c (cp_option_init): Likewise. * tests/cp/reflink-auto: A new test for falling back to normal copy. * tests/Makefile.am: Reference the new test. * NEWS: Mention the new feature. stdbuf: fix a small typo in --help output * src/stdbuf.c (usage): s/then/the/ 2009-08-28 Eric Blake build: avoid unused variable warnings on cygwin * src/copy.c (clone_file, copy_attr_by_fd, copy_attr_by_name): Mark up unused variables. * src/remove.c (dirent_inode_sort_may_be_useful): Likewise. dd: detect closed stderr * src/dd.c (maybe_close_stdout): Always flush stderr; regression introduced in commit 381e69ea. * tests/misc/close-stdout (p): Use consistent style. * tests/dd/stderr: New test, borrowing from misc/close-stdout. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Run it. * NEWS: Mention this. 2009-08-28 Jim Meyering maint: ignore only man/*.1, not all *.1 files * .gitignore: Ignore *.1 only in man/ 2009-08-27 Jim Meyering build: prefix a few rules with $(AM_V_GEN) * Makefile.am (.version, dist-hook, gen-ChangeLog): Use $(AM_V_GEN) and $(AM_V_at), so that automake's silent-rules option (make V=1/V=0) now controls whether the commands are printed at build time. (THANKS-to-translators, check-ls-dircolors): Likewise. 2009-08-26 Jim Meyering build: stop earlier if touching ChangeLog fails * bootstrap.conf: Exit right away if touching ChangeLog fails. Otherwise, the touch failure message is buried under configure output. tests: mkdir/selinux: avoid spurious failure on some SELinux systems * tests/test-lib.sh (require_selinux_enforcing_): New function. * tests/mkdir/selinux: Use it. Otherwise, this test would fail on Rawhide with SELinux disabled. tests: tail-2/assert: avoid risk of race condition * tests/tail-2/assert: Avoid spurious failure due to race condition. Rather than sleeping for 1 second and crossing fingers, wait explicitly for backgrounded tail process to start. Otherwise, this test would fail under heavy load. 2009-08-25 Jim Meyering maint: ensure we don't embed Emacs indent-tabs-mode setting lines Now that we prohibit indentation via TABs, there's no need for Emacs indent-tabs-mode setting lines, so prohibit those, too. * cfg.mk (sc_prohibit_emacs__indent_tabs_mode__setting): New rule. maint: remove Local Variables: indent-tabs-mode: nil from all sources * src/getlimits.c: Likewise. * src/group-list.c: Likewise. * src/groups.c: Likewise. * src/mktemp.c: Likewise. * src/setuidgid.c: Likewise. * src/stdbuf.c: Likewise. * src/timeout.c: Likewise. * src/truncate.c: Likewise. * gl/lib/mbsalign.c: Likewise. * tests/test-lib.sh: Likewise. * bootstrap: Likewise. * README-hacking: Likewise. doc: HACKING: mention the new space-only indentation policy maint: teach "make syntax-check" the space-only indentation rule * cfg.mk (sc_prohibit_tab_based_indentation): New rule. * .x-sc_prohibit_tab_based_indentation: New file. * Makefile.am (syntax_check_exceptions): Add file, .x-sc_prohibit_tab_based_indentation. global: convert indentation-TABs to spaces Transformed via this shell code: t=$'\t' git ls-files \ | grep -vE '(^|/)((GNU)?[Mm]akefile|ChangeLog)|\.(am|mk)$' \ | grep -vE 'tests/pr/|help2man' \ | xargs grep -lE "^ *$t" \ | xargs perl -MText::Tabs -ni -le \ '$m=/^( *\t[ \t]*)(.*)/; print $m ? expand($1) . $2 : $_' 2009-08-24 Jim Meyering cp: ignore obscure failure to preserve symlink time stamps, ...when run on a kernel older than what was implied by headers and libraries tested at configure time. * src/copy.c (utimens_symlink): Ignore failure when errno == ENOSYS. * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. Reported by Todd Zullinger and Kamil Dudka. Details in this thread: http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.redhat.fedora.devel/119834 2009-08-23 Jim Meyering tests: skip (don't fail) a cp test, upon mount-related failure * tests/cp/cp-mv-enotsup-xattr: Upon a set-up failiure, rather than failing the test with a "framework failure" diagnostic, just skip it. Russell Whitaker reported that this test failed on slackware. build: update from *public* gnulib * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. Kamil Dudka reported that bootstrap was broken. 2009-08-22 Jim Meyering build: update from gnulib * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. 2009-08-20 Jim Meyering post-release administrivia * NEWS: Add header line for next release. * .prev-version: Record previous version. * cfg.mk (old_NEWS_hash): Auto-update. version 7.5 * NEWS: Record release date. tests: skip the stdbuf tests when the abs build directory name is bogus * tests/misc/stdbuf: Avoid spurious failure when the directory name from which we'd set LD_PRELOAD contains unsafe characters. install: avoid a portability bug when compiling with non-gcc * src/install.c (extra_mode): Be careful to return only a 0 or 1 value, since this is a "bool" function, and there are still some compilers for which this is necessary. Without this change, Bernhard Voelker reported that the Forte Developer 7 C 5.4 2002/03/09 compiler would produce a malfunctioning "install" binary. Details in http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/17710/focus=17760 2009-08-19 Jim Meyering tests: make install-C slightly less prone to confusion * tests/install/install-C: Invoke framework_failure, if necessary. build: avoid "make dist" failure in man/ Now that "make check" no longer builds programs like arch, ... * src/Makefile.am (dist-hook): Depend on $(all_programs), so that the subsequent build in man/ doesn't fail due to lack of a program like arch that is not going to be installed. 2009-08-18 Jim Meyering build: update from gnulib * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. 2009-08-18 Giuseppe Scrivano nl: deprecate --page-increment in favor of --line-increment * NEWS: Mention the change. * doc/coreutils.texi: Document the new --line-increment option. * src/nl.c (struct option): Add --line-increment, (usage): Describe it, (main): Use it. 2009-08-18 Jim Meyering tests: stdbuf: fix a bug in test script * tests/misc/stdbuf: Use skip_test_ only after it's defined. Reported by Berhnard Voelker. (sc_check-AUTHORS): Rename rule from check-AUTHORS. build: perform check-AUTHORS via syntax-check, not via "make check" * src/Makefile.am (check): Don't depend on check-AUTHORS. That check fails on systems for which a program like stdbuf is not built. Instead, move this check to "make syntax-check". (sc_check-AUTHORS): Rename rule from check-AUTHORS. * cfg.mk (sc_check-AUTHORS): New rule. Reported by Berhnard Voelker. sort: use more portable initialization syntax * src/sort.c (find_unit_order): Spell out 256-element static initializer, rather than relying on C99 syntax. Required for Forte Developer 7 C 5.4 2002/03/09 on Solaris 10. Reported by Bernhard Voelker. 2009-08-17 Jim Meyering build: suppress warnings due to gcc's new -Wjump-misses-init * configure.ac: Ignore -Wjump-misses-init violations in remove.c. build: update from gnulib * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. 2009-08-16 Jim Meyering tests: tail-2/append-only: don't discard stderr * tests/tail-2/append-only: Don't discard a diagnostic that may help explain why this test fails for some. Details in http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/17621/focus=17641 2009-08-14 Jim Meyering tests: skip the misc/stdbuf test if stdbuf was not built * tests/misc/stdbuf: Skip this test when stdbuf is not built. Reported by Eric Blake. build: use gnulib's getopt-gnu module (getopt is now deprecated) * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Gnulib's getopt module is now deprecated; use the new, preferred name, getopt-gnu. * gnulib: Update to latest. 2009-08-14 Pádraig Brady cp,mv: fix issues with preserving timestamps of copied symlinks * src/copy.c (copy_internal): On systems without utimensat don't use utimens on a symlink, as that would dereference the symlink. * tests/cp/abuse: To work around possible attribute preservation failures breaking the test, use cp -dR rather than cp -a. doc: clarify the cp --reflink NEWS * NEWS: Remove the description associated with the removed experimental code which unconditionally tried to reflink() on copy. Also clarify where --reflink works exactly. 2009-08-13 Jim Meyering tests: raise ulimit virt-mem limit to avoid new failure * tests/cp/link-heap: Raise limit from 16MB to ~20MB, to avoid spurious failure on rawhide. 2009-08-13 Pádraig Brady tail: fix tail -f failure when inotify used * src/tail.c (tail_forever_inotify): Remove the redundant and incorrect error check of the return from inotify_add_watch(). Also initialize the wd member of each File_spec to an invalid value. Reported by C de-Avillez. dd: fix a signal handling race * src/dd.c (main): Install the signal handlers at startup rather than just before the copy starts. In this way signals received before the copy (like during a slow truncate for e.g.) will be deferred and handled consistently. * THANKS: Add Bernhard's email address. * NEWS: Mention the fix. Reported by Bernhard Voelker. 2009-08-12 Pádraig Brady tests: improve one of the tail --pid tests * tests/tail-2/pid: Speed up the test by specifying a timeout of 100ms rather than the default 1s. Also skip the test instead of failing in the unlikely case were the pid required to be missing pid is present. 2009-08-10 Jim Meyering nl, pinky: replace uses of strcat * src/nl.c (main): Avoid strcat, on principle. Use stpcpy instead. * src/pinky.c (print_long_entry): Likewise. build: update from gnulib, for HOST_NAME_MAX on solaris 10 * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. 2009-08-07 Giuseppe Scrivano cp: accept the --reflink option * NEWS: Mention it. * doc/coreutils.texi (cp invocation): Describe it. * src/copy.h (struct cp_options) [reflink]: New member. * src/copy.c (usage): Describe it. (copy_reg): If reflink is true try to clone the file. (main): Check for --reflink. (cp_option_init): Initialize the new member. * src/install.c (cp_option_init): Initialize the new member. * src/mv.c (cp_option_init): Likewise. * tests/cp/sparse: Add a new test case. 2009-08-07 Jim Meyering dd: preserve semantics of O_DIRECT even for final block * src/dd.c: Include "ignore-value.h" (iwrite): When disabling O_DIRECT, try to compensate via POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED and fsync. Suggested by Eric Sandeen. 2009-08-06 Jim Meyering maint: move selinux-at module from gl/ to gnulib * gl/lib/selinux-at.c: Remove file. * gl/lib/selinux-at.h: Likewise. * gl/modules/selinux-at: Likewise. * gnulib: update to latest, to get the new module. dd: work around buffer length restrictions with oflag=direct (O_DIRECT) dd oflag=direct would fail to copy a file with size that is not a multiple of 512 (destination file system specific) * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. * src/dd.c (iwrite): Turn off O_DIRECT for any smaller-than-obs-sized write. Don't bother to restore it. * tests/dd/direct: New test for the above. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add dd/direct. * doc/coreutils.texi (dd invocation): Mention oflag=direct buffer size restriction. Details in http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/17586 Reported by Eric Sandeen. 2009-08-04 Jim Meyering dd: remove unnecessary #if HAVE_FTRUNCATE * src/dd.c (main): Remove unnecessary cpp directives. Gnulib guarantees that ftruncate is usable. cp -pP (and e.g., -a): preserve time stamps on symlinks, too * src/copy.c (utimensat_if_possible): New function. (copy_internal): Remove variable, "preserve_metadata". Replace with "dest_is_symlink". That covers all cases but one: the one in which cp --link has created hard links to non-directories. In that case, there is no need to update attributes of the links. Use utimensat_if_possible, to preserve timestamps of symlinks. * NEWS (New features): Mention this. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add cp/preserve-slink-time. * tests/cp/preserve-slink-time: New file. * m4/jm-macros.m4 (coreutils_MACROS): Test for utimensat. Reported in http://bugzilla.redhat.com/230866 2009-08-04 Kamil Dudka install runs faster again with SELinux enabled * m4/jm-macros.m4: Pull in SELinux libraries while checking for matchpathcon_init_prefix (). Emit configure warning when not found with SELinux enabled. * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. The bug was introduced in coreutils-7.0 via commit 0647f3eb, 2008-06-02, "accommodate older SELinux which lacks matchpathcon_init_prefix". 2009-08-04 Jim Meyering maint: move the update-copyright rule to gnulib's maint.mk * gnulib: Update submodule to get latest maint.mk. * Makefile.am (update-copyright): Remove rule; now it's in maint.mk. * m4/check-decl.m4: Update sole remaining copyright year list. 2009-07-31 Jim Meyering build: *really* update to a usable gnulib commit build: update to a usable gnulib commit The commit, 5ef90695, 2009-07-29, "maint: move update-copyright to gnulib" recorded a local-only commit. Reported by Pádraig Brady. 2009-07-30 Jim Meyering tests: new function: require_openat_support_ * tests/rm/inaccessible: Factor out openat-support-detection code... * tests/test-lib.sh (require_openat_support_): ...into this new function. tail: tweak indentation * src/tail.c (tail_forever_inotify): Adjust indentation of continued line. 2009-07-30 Pádraig Brady tail: properly parse fractional seconds when monitoring a pid * src/tail.c (tail_forever_inotify): The fractional part of the delay was 1000 times too large. * tests/tail-2/pid: Add a test to ensure the timeout happens for this case. 2009-07-30 Jim Meyering tests: test for just-fixed tail --pid bug * tests/tail-2/pid: Ensure tail exits successfully when PID dies. 2009-07-30 Giuseppe Scrivano tail: exit successfully upon watched process death * src/tail.c (tail_forever_inotify): If a PID is specified and the watched process dies, exit with status EXIT_SUCCESS, rather than falling through to an EXIT_FAILURE. 2009-07-29 Jim Meyering maint: move update-copyright to gnulib * build-aux/update-copyright: Remove file. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add update-copyright. * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. maint: make update-copyright work in yet another case * build-aux/update-copyright: Handle the case in which "\n#" appears between the final year number and the copyright holder name. * m4/lib-check.m4: Update copyright year list. Reported by Joel E. Denny. maint: update NEWS * NEWS (New features): Mention it. 2009-07-29 Giuseppe Scrivano cp: support btrfs' copy-on-write file clone operation * src/copy.c [HAVE_SYS_IOCTL_H]: Include . (BTRFS_IOCTL_MAGIC, BTRFS_IOC_CLONE): Define. (clone_file): New function. (copy_reg): Use the btrfs clone operation if possible. 2009-07-29 Jim Meyering maint: update sleep.c's copyright year list * src/sleep.c: Update copyright year list to include 2009. * tests/sort-time/rand-gen: Remove long-unused file. * tests/sort-time/README: Likewise. 2009-07-29 Joel E. Denny maint: improve update-copyright rule * Makefile.am (update-copyright): Relax the selection rule to match any file containing the word "Copyright". Correct the exclusion rule so that it also excludes ChangeLog and COPYING files that are not in the top level directory. 2009-07-29 Jim Meyering maint: update-copyright: fix just-introduced bug * build-aux/update-copyright: ... and revert-for-now the change that made this script invoke localtime only once. maint: make update-copyright handle more cases * build-aux/update-copyright: Handle cases in which the final year number and copyright holder are on separate lines. Prompted by a report from Joel E. Denny. Also, do not invoke localtime for each line we process. 2009-07-29 Pádraig Brady doc: fix the generated HTML index * doc/coreutils.texi: Move the "SELinux context" section down below the "System context" nodes so that the HTML index is generated correctly. Also some extraneous and missing '.' characters were corrected in the index. Reported by Benno Schulenberg. 2009-07-28 Giuseppe Scrivano tail: use the inotify backend also with --pid=PID * src/tail.c (tail_forever_inotify): When a PID is specified, use select to block for no more than sleep_interval seconds at a time, and check for process death upon timeout. (main): Adapt to new tail_forever_inotify interface. 2009-07-27 Jim Meyering tests: new test for bug in ls -1U dir arg ... * tests/misc/ls-misc (multi-arg-U1): New test. 2009-07-27 Kamil Dudka ls -1U dir arg ... now works again * src/ls.c (print_dir): Emit "$dir_name:\n" *before* accumulating (and possibly printing) directory entry names. The bug was introduced in coreutils-7.0 via commit 8d974b00, 2008-07-30, "ls -U1 now uses constant memory". Reported by Julian Bradfield. * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. 2009-07-27 Heikki Orsila tr: improve --help's description of --complement (-c) 2009-07-27 Pádraig Brady doc: add a sort by line length example * doc/coreutils.texi (sort invocation): Add an example showing how to sort data not directly supported by the sort command. doc: mention realpath in the readlink info * doc/coreutils.texi (readlink invocation): Add realpath to the index, and also mention it in the readlink description so people searching for that functionality can easily make the connection. 2009-07-26 Jim Meyering build: use a fixed-name temporary in man/Makefile.am * man/Makefile.am (check-x-vs-1): Using a fixed-name temporary file is better than one ending in -$$, because many -$$-suffixed files may accumulate over time. 2009-07-24 Kamil Dudka doc: improve readlink description here, too * doc/coreutils.texi (readlink invocation): Update menus. Add @cindex entries. 2009-07-24 Jim Meyering readlink: improve one-line summary: prints canonical file names, too * src/readlink.c (usage): Adjust one-line summary. * man/readlink.x: Likewise. Suggested by Kamil Dudka. 2009-07-21 Jim Meyering build: update from gnulib * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. 2009-07-14 Jim Meyering doc: point to Guile's ChangeLog-writing guidelines * HACKING (Commit log requirements): Point to Guile's http://www.gnu.org/software/guile/changelogs/guile-changelogs_3.html. Mention that a bit of prose can be welcome. 2009-07-11 Jim Meyering tail: adjust type of a local variable * src/tail.c (tail_forever_inotify): Declare "len" to be of type size_t, not ssize_t, since the former is what safe_read returns. 2009-07-09 Jim Meyering tests: avoid false-positive cp/link-heap failure * tests/cp/link-heap: Increase address space limit from 14000KB to 16000KB, to avoid failure with Debian unstable's libc6-dev-2.9-19 build: avoid build warn/failure due to -Wstack-protector * configure.ac: Do not enable -Wstack-protector. Otherwise, at least df.c would provoke a warning. 2009-07-08 Ondřej Vašík copy.c: remove a duplicate expression * src/copy.c (copy_attr_error): remove a redundant expression added in commit e0cf592f, 2009-04-27, "factor out test for errno ...". 2009-07-08 Jim Meyering build: update from gnulib * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. tail: use size_t for counter and index variables, ... * src/tail.c (any_live_files): ... not "int" or even unsigned int (tail_forever, tail_forever_inotify, main): Likewise. tail: declare "file descriptor" variable to be "int", not size_t * src/tail.c (tail_forever_inotify): Use "int", not size_t as the type of a file descriptor variable. 2009-07-04 Jim Meyering move argv-iter module to gnulib * gl/lib/argv-iter.c: Remove file. * gl/lib/argv-iter.h: Remove file. * gl/modules/argv-iter: Remove file. * gl/modules/argv-iter-tests: Remove file. * gl/tests/test-argv-iter.c: Remove file. * gnulib: Update submodule, to get argv-iter 2009-07-04 Giuseppe Scrivano tests: refactor code to use require_proc_pid_status_ * tests/tail-2/tail-n0f: Read the process status using the test-lib.sh require_proc_pid_status_ function. tests: use the "nobody" user's group as the default group id * tests/chroot/credentials: Use the group id, not its name. * tests/test-lib.sh (NON_ROOT_GROUP): Use the "nobody" user's group in place of "nogroup". 2009-07-03 Jim Meyering build: update from gnulib * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. 2009-07-03 Pádraig Brady sort: allow SI and IEC units on separate human sort fields * src/sort.c: Store the si_present state per key rather than globally * tests/misc/sort: Add a check that would have previously failed. Also add a test to demonstrate that invalid IEC/SI mixtures are not always noticed when they're not significant to the sort. 2009-07-03 Giuseppe Scrivano tail: avoid an inotify portability problem in kernels prior to 2.6.21 * src/tail.c (tail_forever_inotify): Handle the special case in which an old inotify watcher returns 0. Affects kernels in [2.6.13, 2.6.21). 2009-07-03 Jim Meyering tests: tail-2/wait: rename internal file name * tests/tail-2/wait: Rename file from not_accessible to unreadable, since all the test cares about is readability. 2009-07-03 Giuseppe Scrivano tests: tail-2/wait: don't fail when run as root * tests/tail-2/wait: Ensure that the unreadable file really is not readable before trying to run "tail -f" on it. 2009-07-03 Pádraig Brady doc: update the info on sort -b and -k * doc/coreutils.texi (sort invocation): Mention in the description of -b, that the locale can also affect whether blanks are significant. Update the list of ordering options for a --key that cause it to not inherit any global ordering options. Update the list of ordering options that implicitly skip whitespace. maint: generalize the development prerequisites docs * README-hacking: Add a little more high level info and merge notes on specific developer prerequisites into README-prereq * README-prereq: Remove the Fedora 8 specific information and generalize the information to be applicable to any system. 2009-06-29 Jim Meyering tail: add comments noting potential inotify-related problems * src/tail.c (tail_forever_inotify): Add two FIXME comments. 2009-06-28 Jim Meyering maint: bootstrap: merge changes from gnulib * bootstrap: Indent using spaces, not TABs. maint: bootstrap: sync submodule usage from gnulib * bootstrap: Config for git submodule use only if .gitmodules exists. maint: bootstrap: split a few long lines * bootstrap (found_aux_dir): Avoid lines longer than 80 columns. 2009-06-27 Jim Meyering maint: don't change COPYING * COPYING: Don't modify Copyright date list in imported file. This file is one of very few exceptions in that we version-control it, even though its primary source is another package. Spotted by Eric Blake. maint: add a rule to automate the annual copyright-year-update process * build-aux/update-copyright: New file. * Makefile.am (changelog_etc): Add update-copyright. (update-copyright): New rule. 2009-06-27 Pádraig Brady stdbuf: fix to stop -i option causing an assertion * src/stdbuf.c (main): Fix the array bounds check in the assert * tests/misc/stdbuf: Add a test for all standard streams 2009-06-25 Pádraig Brady doc: clarify the tail inotify NEWS * NEWS: Say why inotify was used 2009-06-23 Jim Meyering maint: update all Copyright year lists to include 2009 maint: remove old TODO files * lib/TODO: Remove file. * tests/join/TODO: Likewise. doc: README-hacking tweak * README-hacking: Move the "While building..." sentence down to where it belongs. tests: tail-2/pid: include more info upon failure * tests/tail-2/pid: Print unexpected $state upon failing. 2009-06-20 Jim Meyering doc: typo fix in README-hacking * README-hacking: Fix a typo. Don't make building from a git-cloned tree sound so hard. build: update from gnulib (hash module updates; maint.mk tweak) * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. 2009-06-17 Jim Meyering doc: fix a typo * doc/coreutils.texi (stdbuf invocation): Insert missing "to". 2009-06-17 Pádraig Brady stdbuf: A new program to run a command with modified stdio buffering * AUTHORS: Register as the author. * NEWS: Mention this change. * README: Add stdbuf command to list. * configure.ac: Only enable on ELF systems with GCC. * cfg.mk (sc_system_h_headers): Use VC_LIST_EXCEPT rather than VC_LIST, so we can add an exception, if needed. * .x-sc_system_h_headers: New file. Exempt libstdbuf.c. * Makefile.am (syntax_check_exceptions): Add .x-sc_system_h_headers. * doc/coreutils.texi (stdbuf invocation): Add stdbuf info. * man/.gitignore: Ignore generated manpage. * src/.gitignore: Ignore stdbuf and libstdbuf.so binaries. * man/Makefile.am (stdbuf.1): Add dependency. * man/stdbuf.x: New file with example usage. * po/POTFILES.in: Reference new command and shared library sources. * src/Makefile.am (build_if_possible__progs): Add stdbuf and libstdbuf, (pkglib_PROGRAMS): Reference optional shared lib, (libstdbuf_so_LDADD): Ensure we don't link with non PIC libcoreutils.a. (libstdbuf_so_LDFLAGS): Add -shared GCC option, (libstdbuf_so_CFLAGS): Add -fPIC GCC option. (check-README): Exclude libstbuf. (check-AUTHORS): ditto. (sc_tight_scope): Exclude functions starting with __. * src/libstdbuf.c: The LD_PRELOAD shared library to control buffering. * src/stdbuf.c: New file to setup env variables before execing command. * tests/Makefile.am: Reference new test file. * tests/misc/help-version: Set expected exit codes. * tests/misc/invalid-opt: ditto. * tests/misc/stdbuf: Add 9 tests. 2009-06-16 Jim Meyering doc: cp: describe an oddity of combining -H/-L and --preserve=links * doc/coreutils.texi (cp invocation) [-L]: Elaborate. [--preserve=links]: Remove comments saying that we need documentation for just this situation. Provide more explanation and examples. Reported by Brian M. Carlson in http://bugs.debian.org/525048. 2009-06-15 Jim Meyering maint: revert last change: we're not ready for "local" in scripts, yet Revert "use a local var: more readable" This reverts commit c0d82452883a10911c9cbc69c84144d99b7e6b08. use a local var: more readable 2009-06-15 Giuseppe Scrivano tail: use inotify if it is available * NEWS: Document the new feature. * m4/jm-macros.m4: Check if inotify is present. * src/tail.c (tail_forever_inotify): New function. (main): Use the inotify-based function, if possible. * tests/Makefile.am: Add new tests for tail. * tests/test-lib.sh (require_proc_pid_status_, get_process_status_): New functions. * tests/tail-2/pid: New file. * tests/tail-2/wait: New file. * tests/tail-2/tail-n0f: Refactor code into the test-lib.sh require_proc_pid_status_ function. 2009-06-13 Jim Meyering diag: say "failed to...", rather than "cannot..." in a few diagnostics * src/chroot.c (main): ...it's more precise. * src/nohup.c (main): Likewise. * src/setuidgid.c (main): Likewise. * src/timeout.c (main): Likewise. 2009-06-13 Cliff Miller sort: Ignore fields where end position is before the start position * NEWS: Mention the fix * THANKS: Add Cliff Miller * src/sort.c (keycompare): Ensure lima >= texta * tests/misc/sort: Add 3 corresponding tests 2009-06-11 Pádraig Brady tests: ls --color, permissions override hardlink coloring * tests/ls/multihardlink: Add a test case to demonstrate and test this non obvious behavior. 2009-06-11 Kamil Dudka ls --color: do not colorize files with multiple hard links by default * src/ls.c: Rename hl->mh, do not colorize files with multiple hard links by default. * src/dircolors.c: Rename HARDLINK -> MULTIHARDLINK, hl -> mh. * src/dircolors.hin: Do not colorize files with multiple hard links by default. * tests/Makefile.am: Rename the test case accordingly. * tests/ls/multihardlink: Additionally test ls' default behavior and factor out some duplication. * NEWS: Mention the change in behavior. 2009-06-08 Pádraig Brady maint: Add a syntax-check to ensure all .x-sc_ files are distributed * Makefile.am: Add a couple of missing entries to syntax_check_exceptions for distribution. * cfg.mk: Add a rule to ensure the syntax_check_exceptions list stays in sync with the .x-sc_* files in the repository. 2009-06-07 Jim Meyering build: update from gnulib * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. sort: die immediately upon heap allocation failure * src/sort.c (register_proc): Handle hash_insert failure. 2009-06-04 Mike Frysinger dircolors: add screen-256color-bce to TERM list * src/dircolors.hin: Add screen-256color-bce. 2009-06-03 Jim Meyering doc: HACKING: minor adjustments, additions * HACKING (Amending...): Remove spurious "-e" used with commit --amend. (log message policy): Mention the 72-column limit. "build:" and "maint:" are common prefixes, these days. doc: adjust wording in README-prereq dircolors: recognize .xz, .txz, .tbz and .tlz suffixes * src/dircolors.hin: Add .xz, .txz, .tbz and .tlz. doc: use newer URL for XZ utils * README-hacking: Use * README-prereq: Mention xz, not lzma. 2009-06-03 Matěj Cepl doc: adjust README-prereq instructions * README-prereq: Mention new requirement on automake-1.11, with its new location and updated dependency on autoconf-2.62. Remove the reference to coreutils-7.0 so that this file implicitly refers to the latest or release version of coreutils. Fix and clarify the instructions for updating the $PATH. 2009-06-02 Jim Meyering doc: HACKING: mention the GNU Coding Standards * HACKING (Add documentation): Add a link to the GCS. build: no longer list gnulib's "memchr" module as obsolete * bootstrap.conf (obsolete_gnulib_modules): Remove memchr from the list, now that it fixes a problem in some modern C libraries. (gnulib_modules): Add it here. build: make generated man/*.1 files read-only This should help people notice that they are generated. Note: each file already has a comment to that effect from help2man. * man/Makefile.am (.x.1): Make generated files read-only. Also, don't redirect directly to the target, $@. build (man/): use automake's new $(AM_V_GEN) variable * man/Makefile.am (.x.1, check-x-vs-1, check-programs-vs-x): Mark with $(AM_V_GEN), so that automake-1.11 prints "GEN $@" by default (stick with "GEN" in spite of the latter two rules not officially generating anything -- they're just tests). chroot: make --groups= work without --userspec=; be more robust * src/chroot.c (set_additional_groups): Add comments. Given an empty or all-comma group list, diagnose it and return nonzero. When more than one group is invalid, diagnose all of them, not just the first. (main): Honor --groups= also when --userspec= is not specified. Now that set_additional_groups consistently diagnoses its failures, don't diagnose it separately here. * tests/chroot/credentials: Do not invoke with an empty group list. chroot: don't set bogus user-ID or group-ID for --u=U: or --u=:G * src/chroot.c (main): Initialize both "uid" and "gid". To -1. This also allows one to set the user-ID or primary group-ID to 0, in case it's not that already. * tests/chroot/credentials: Test for the above. chroot: set-*-ID failure must provoke nonzero exit before execvp * src/chroot.c (main): Exit upon set-group-ID or set-user-ID failure. tests: use "nobody" as the default group name in chroot test * tests/test-lib.sh (NON_ROOT_GROUP): Use "nobody", not "nogroup". build: make distcheck rules use --enable-gcc-warnings * dist-check.mk (warn_cflags): Remove definition, now that it's been subsumed by --enable-gcc-warnings. (my-distcheck): Use configure with --enable-gcc-warnings and remove use of $(warn_cflags). 2009-05-30 Eric Blake head, tail: make --help less ambiguous * src/head.c (usage): Use -n K, not -n N, to avoid confusion. * src/tail.c (usage): Likewise. * doc/coreutils.texi (head invocation, tail invocation): Likewise. Reported by Christophe Lyon. 2009-05-26 Michael Speer sort: new --human-numeric-sort option to sort KiB MB etc. * NEWS: Document the new option * doc/coreutils.texi (sort invocation): ditto * src/sort.c (main): handle the new --human-numeric-sort option (-h). (human_numcompare): A new function to compare SI and IEC suffixes before falling back to the standard --numeric comparison. (find_unit_order): A new helper function to find the order of magnitude of a number string as determined by its suffix. (check_mixed_SI_IEC): A new helper function to exit with error if both SI and IEC suffixes are presented. * tests/misc/sort: Add 8 tests to test the new functionality. * THANKS: Update 2009-05-26 Giuseppe Scrivano chroot: accept new options --userspec=U:G and --groups=G1,G2,G3 * NEWS: Note chroot's new options. * doc/coreutils.texi: Document them. * src/chroot.c (main): Add support for --userspec and --groups. * tests/Makefile.am (root-tests): Add chroot/credentials. * tests/chroot/credentials: New file. * tests/test-lib.sh: Define NON_ROOT_GROUP to a default value. 2009-05-18 Pádraig Brady doc: clarify the operation of the comm -123 parameters * src/comm.c (usage): give more information on the -123 parameters, with examples to show that they can be combined. Addresses . * doc/coreutils.texi (comm invocation): Mention that the column separators are suppressed along with the column. Suggestion from Dan Jacobson. * man/comm.x: Reference other commands that match adjacent lines. * man/join.x: ditto. * man/uniq.x: ditto. 2009-05-18 Jim Meyering build: require automake-1.11 * bootstrap.conf (buildreq): Require automake-1.11, not 1.10b, for our use of AM_SILENT_RULES. * configure.ac (AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE): Likewise. 2009-05-17 Jim Meyering maint: HACKING: mention a few more useful git commands * HACKING (Miscellaneous useful git commands): Add a few. build: avoid new "make distcheck" failure with gcc 4.5.0 20090517 * dist-check.mk (warn_cflags): Add -Wno-enum-compare. build: avoid new warnings from gcc 4.5.0 20090517 * configure.ac: Add an explicit -Wno-logical-op, now that not listing -Wlogical-op is insufficient. maint: use ARRAY_CARDINALITY more * src/sort.c (main): Use ARRAY_CARDINALITY, rather than open-coding it. * src/factor.c (WHEEL_END): Likewise. * src/csplit.c (main): Likewise. * src/od.c: Likewise, * src/ls.c (main): Likewise. (N_ENTRIES): Remove definition. Use ARRAY_CARDINALITY instead. * src/dircolors.c: Likewise. (array_len): Remove definition. build: tr: avoid a warning due to newer gcc's -Wenum-compare * src/tr.c (N_CHAR_CLASSES): Remove anonymous enum definition. (look_up_char_class): Use ARRAY_CARDINALITY, rather than N_CHAR_CLASSES. maint: define ARRAY_CARDINALITY in system.h * src/system.h (ARRAY_CARDINALITY): Define if not already defined. build: turn off -Wlong-long * configure.ac: With --enable-gcc-warnings, -Wlong-long would cause compilation failure due to inclusion of lib/gethrxtime.h. Initialize "nw". 2009-05-16 Jim Meyering maint: cfg.mk: remove now-unnecessary gnulib_dir definition * cfg.mk (gnulib_dir): Remove definition, now that gnulib's maint.mk provides the default we want. * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. 2009-05-15 Pádraig Brady tests: fix date-next-dow failure on older systems * tests/misc/date-next-dow: In the strftime call use %Y-%m-%d rather than the newer %F equivalent which is not available on Solaris 8 for example. 2009-05-14 Jim Meyering build: update from gnulib, for rename.m4 fix, improved tests, etc. * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. maint: README-release: minor improvements * README-release: Mention gnu_ftp_host-{alpha,...} settings in cfg.mk. Now that XZ_OPT is set via maint.mk, don't mention it here. 2009-05-11 Eric Blake truncate: fix bug in use of isspace * src/truncate.c (main): Pass unsigned characters to isspace. * NEWS: Mention this. 2009-05-07 Jim Meyering post-release administrivia * NEWS: Add header line for next release. * .prev-version: Record previous version. * cfg.mk (old_NEWS_hash): Auto-update. version 7.4 * NEWS (Build-related): Mention make check fixes. admin: update NEWS * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention the date-related fixes. (Portability): Mention the ACL-related fixes on *BSD. 2009-05-05 Pádraig Brady doc: note the use of LC_COLLATE in comm, join and uniq * doc/coreutils.texi (uniq invocation): Simplify the text to remove the inconsequential mentioning of order, while implying that LC_COLLATE can alter equality comparisons. * src/comm.c (usage): Mention LC_COLLATE is significant. * src/join.c (usage): Ditto. * src/uniq.c (usage): Ditto. Also improve the summary. Suggestion from Andries Brouwer 2009-05-05 Jim Meyering tests: rm/one-file-system: umount more reliably * tests/rm/one-file-system: Run umount via trap, so it runs also upon irregular termination. 2009-05-05 Andreas Schwab tests: fix typo in check-AUTHORS rule * src/Makefile.am (check-AUTHORS): Set locale. 2009-05-04 Jim Meyering build: use a gnulib SHA1 that is not private * gnulib: Update submodule to latest *public*. build: update from gnulib, for ACL-related fixes * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. 2009-05-03 David Bartley mv, rm: adapt to new and improved gnulib interfaces Use gnulib's new priv-set module and updated write-any-file. With them, the remove-called can_write_any_file function no longer tries to drop the unlink-directory privilege, so now each caller of remove must do that separately, calling priv_set_remove_linkdir. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add priv-set. * src/rm.c: Include "priv-set.h". (main): Call priv_set_remove_linkdir. * src/mv.c (main): Likewise. * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. 2009-05-03 Jim Meyering tests: correct the "make check"-run check-AUTHORS test * src/Makefile.am (check-AUTHORS): Revert back to using en_US.UTF-8, to ease parsing (English-only) text around the list of names, even when .po files are not installed. Reported by Andreas Schwab. Along the way, use $(AM_V_GEN), not "@". (sc_tight_scope): Use $(AM_V_GEN) here, too. * gnulib: Update submodule to latest, for the proper_name_utf8 fix that makes --version output print the UTF-8 rendering of author names in more cases. tests: add tests of e.g., date -d 'next monday' * tests/misc/date-next-dow: New file. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add misc/date-next-dow. * gnulib: Update submodule to latest, for getdate.y that handles "next Monday" properly when run on a Monday. 2009-05-01 Jim Meyering post-release administrivia * NEWS: Add header line for next release. * .prev-version: Record previous version. * cfg.mk (old_NEWS_hash): Auto-update. version 7.3 * NEWS: Record release date. maint: tweak release-building notes * README-release: Specify -j1 on the command to run all tests. Otherwise, running some in parallel would cause failures, e.g., for rm/ext3-perf and tail-2/assert-2. 2009-05-01 Eric Blake stdopen: remove unused code * m4/stdopen.m4: Delete now-unused file. * lib/stdopen.h: Likewise. * lib/stdopen.c: Likewise. 2009-04-30 Jim Meyering build: update from gnulib, for fixed lib/signbitl.c * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. build: "make check" now fails in a friendlier manner for missing Perl * doc/Makefile.am (sc-lower-case-var): Don't redirect stderr of $(PERL) (which is sometimes build-aux/missing) to /dev/null, so that a failing "make check" explains that Perl is not installed. Reported by James Youngman. build: doc: emit something for each "make check"-run rule * doc/Makefile.am: Use $(AM_V_GEN) in place of each leading "@". (check-texinfo): Align line-continuation backslashes. 2009-04-29 Jim Meyering build: update from gnulib, for the lib/*-state.c compilation fixes * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. 2009-04-28 Pádraig Brady misc: correct NEWS entry about id -G portability * NEWS (Portability): getgrouplist has the portability issues, not getgroups. 2009-04-28 Jim Meyering df: adjust comment to match recent code change * src/df.c (main): Update comment to match. misc: mention the df vs. automount change * NEWS (Portability): Mention that df now accommodates the new behavior of some automounters. misc: alphabetize NEWS entries 2009-04-28 Tomas Smetana df: use open(2), not stat, to trigger automounting * src/df.c (main): When iterating over command-line arguments, attempting to ensure each backing file system is mounted, use open, not stat. stat is no longer sufficient to trigger automounting, in some cases. Based on a suggestion from Ian Kent. More details in http://bugzilla.redhat.com/497830 2009-04-28 Ondřej Vašík tests: ensure that cp's -a doesn't silence --preserve=context * tests/cp/cp-a-selinux: Ensure that the -a option does not silence error diagnostics from --preserve=context, when preserving context is required. tests: add test for xattr diagnostics on dest. FS lacking xattr support * tests/cp/cp-mv-enotsup-xattr: Ensure that xattr diagnostics are displayed correctly when destination filesystem lacks xattr support. * tests/Makefile.am (root_tests): Add new root-only test. 2009-04-27 Jim Meyering copy.c: factor out test for errno value indicating "unsupported" * src/copy.c (errno_unsupported): New function. (copy_attr_error, copy_internal): Use it. 2009-04-27 Ondřej Vašík cp -a: diagnose failure when preserving xattr/context required * src/copy.c (copy_attr_by_fs): Always print diagnostics when preserving xattrs is required. (copy_attr_by_name): Likewise. (copy_reg): Always print diagnostics when preserving SELinux context is required. (copy_internal): Likewise. Also, do not ignore ENOTSUP and ENODATA errors when preserving SELinux context is required. * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. mv: ignore xattr-preservation failure when not supported by filesystem *src/copy.c: Do not warn about xattr-preservation failure when xattrs are not supported and preservation of xattrs is not explicitly required. Reported by Eric Sandeen in http://bugzilla.redhat.com/496142 2009-04-25 Jim Meyering build: update from gnulib, for the vc-list-files fix * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. build: adjust use of automake's new $(AM_V_GEN) variable * src/Makefile.am (dircolors.h, wheel-size.h, wheel.h, fs.h): (version.c, version.h): Use $(AM_V_GEN) only as a prefix of an existing command. Otherwise, it provokes warnings from some "make" programs. Suggestion from Ralf Wildenhues. 2009-04-25 Ralf Wildenhues tests: fix check-AUTHORS skip logic * src/Makefile.am (check-AUTHORS): When this test is skipped, be sure to avoid all commands in the recipe, not just those passed to the first shell. 2009-04-25 Eric Blake cfg.mk: update to latest gnulib change * cfg.mk (bootstrap-tools): Override maint.mk default to include bison. * gnulib: Update to latest gnulib. 2009-04-24 Jim Meyering build: move coreutils-specific rules from maint.mk to new file * dist-check.mk: New file: coreutils-specific rules extracted from maint.mk, now that maint.mk has migrated to gnulib. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add dist-check.mk. * coreutils/cfg.mk: Include $(srcdir)/dist-check.mk. * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. tests: avoid unusual (~1-in-20) failure of a new test * tests/misc/sort: Remove one of the generated tests. 363 remain in this file alone. build: use automake's new $(AM_V_GEN) and $(AM_V_at) variables * src/Makefile.am (dircolors.h, wheel-size.h, wheel.h, fs.h): (version.c, version.h): Mark with $(AM_V_GEN) and $(AM_V_at), so that the latest automake prints "GEN $@" by default. 2009-04-24 Simon Josefsson build: use maint.mk from gnulib * maint.mk: Remove file. Now it's generated. * .gitignore: Ignore it. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add maintainer-makefile. * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. 2009-04-23 Jim Meyering build: make --enable-silent-rules the default * configure.ac (AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE): Remove silent-rules. Instead,... (AM_SILENT_RULES): Use this, with it's undocumented [yes] argument. Those who want verbose build output may configure with --disable-silent-rules or use "make V=1". * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. sort -m: don't segfault when output file is also an input file * src/sort.c (avoid_trashing_input): Fix an off-by-one error and guard the use of memmove. * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. * tests/misc/sort: Add tests to exercise the offending code. * THANKS: Update. Reported by Otavio Salvador in http://bugs.debian.org/525048. tests: make the check-AUTHORS test more portable, now that it's... run as part of "make check". * src/Makefile.am (check-AUTHORS): Don't depend on en_US.UTF-8. Instead, use the French UTF8 locale, if configure found one. If not found, just skip the test. avoid parallel "make distcheck" failure due to two run-in-src/ rules Move the check-AUTHORS rule from "syntax-check" to "check". * maint.mk (local-checks-available): Remove check-AUTHORS. (check-AUTHORS): Remove rule. * src/Makefile.am (CLEANFILES): Add $(no_install__progs), since they too are built sometimes. (check-AUTHORS): Split a longer-than-80 sed command. (../AUTHORS): Remove obsolete rule. 2009-04-22 Jim Meyering cp: work around linux kernel bug: short-read != EOF on /proc Remove the optimization that avoided up to 50% of cp's read syscalls. Do not assume that a short read on a regular file indicates EOF. When reading from a file in /proc on linux [at least 2.6.9 - 2.6.29] into a 4k-byte buffer or larger, a short read does not always indicate EOF. For example, "cp /proc/slabinfo /tmp" copies only 4068 of the total 7493 bytes. This optimization (25719a33154f0c62ea9881f0c79ae312dd4cec7a, Improve performance a bit by optimizing away; 2005-11-24) appears to have been worth less than a 2% speed-up (and usually much less), so the impact of removing it is negligible. * src/copy.c (copy_reg): Don't exit the loop early. * tests/cp/proc-short-read: New test, lightly based on a suggestion from Mike Frysinger, to exercise this fix. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add cp/proc-short-read. * NEWS (Improve robustness): Mention this change. tests: avoid new "make distcheck" failure due to newer File::Temp With newer perl (e.g., Fedora 10's 4:5.10.0-68.fc10), tests/CuTmpdir.pm stopped removing its temporary directories, with diagnostics like this: cannot remove path when cwd is /c/coreutils/tests/misc/seq.tmp-e2up \ for /c/coreutils/tests/misc/seq.tmp-e2up: at \ /usr/lib/perl5/5.10.0/File/Temp.pm line 902 Chdir out of the target directory before that code runs: * tests/CuTmpdir.pm (END): chdir '..'. (chmod_tree): Remove explicit "chdir $dir". 2009-04-19 Jim Meyering doc: update README * README: (Reporting bugs): List the bug-reporting address here, too, not just in the following more test-oriented paragraph. Reported by Tim Mooney. All changes are no longer listed in version-controlled ChangeLog files, so note that contributions are attributed in the commit logs. Mention bootstrap.conf, now that it's the authoritative source of minimal prerequisite program/version# pairs. 2009-04-19 Aurelien Jarno tests: avoid failure of install-C test on FreeBSD UFS file system * tests/install/install-C: Use 2755 (set-gid), not 1755 (sticky), to test install -C with non-permission mode bits set. At least on FreeBSD with a UFS file system, a non-root user may not set the sticky bit on a non-directory. 2009-04-19 Jim Meyering comment touch up: insert a space between "#" and text of comment * bootstrap: It's easier to read that way. 2009-04-19 Ralf Wildenhues fix comment typos * bootstrap: Fix comment typos. * src/pr.c: Likewise. 2009-04-17 Jim Meyering maint: bootstrap: sync a tiny change from gnulib * bootstrap: rename variable to sync with gnulib: s/\$depth/$shallow/ 2009-04-16 Jim Meyering * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. build: use '.'-relative name, gnulib_dir * cfg.mk (gnulib_dir): Use "gnulib", not "/gnulib", now that the former is a git submodule, and guaranteed to exist. 2009-04-15 Jim Meyering maint: clean up skipped syntax-check rules * cfg.mk (local-checks-to-skip): Remove patch-check and changelog-check. * maint.mk (patch-check): Remove rule. (local-checks-available): Remove patch-check. (changelog-check): Remove rule. 2009-04-11 Ralf Wildenhues build: avoid parallel distcheck failure * Makefile.am (ALL_RECURSIVE_TARGETS): Initialize here, too, to please automake. Add install-root, check-root, distcheck-hook. * cfg.mk (ALL_RECURSIVE_TARGETS): Add sc_tight_scope. * maint.mk (ALL_RECURSIVE_TARGETS): Add patch-check, check-AUTHORS, maintainer-distcheck, vc-dist, taint-distcheck, my-distcheck, alpha, beta, major. 2009-04-10 Jim Meyering doc: fix a typo: s/is a is a/is a/ * doc/coreutils.texi (Putting the tools together): Fix typo. build: tight-scope test: don't build excluded programs * src/Makefile.am (sc_tight_scope): Depend on $(bin_PROGRAMS), not $(all_programs) gnulib: update to latest: fix ls -v & sort -V * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. maint: remove obsolete utime module * bootstrap.conf (obsolete_gnulib_modules): Remove utime. maint: put each module name on its own line; sort * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): List them one per line. 2009-04-09 Jim Meyering tests: misc/ls-misc: avoid shadowing local decl of $e * tests/misc/ls-misc (make_j_d): Rename latter $e to $env 2009-04-09 Pádraig Brady id: fix infinite loop on some systems Steven Parkes reported that `id -G $USER` went into an infinite loop on Darwin systems for users in more than 10 groups: http://bugs.gentoo.org/show_bug.cgi?id=264007 * gl/lib/mgetgroups.c (mgetgroups): Work around buggy getgrouplist implementations that don't update the required size correctly, by doubling the result buffer and retrying. Also return the parameter updated by getgrouplist rather than its return value, as the documentation doesn't actually state the number of groups stored is returned by getgrouplist. * tests/misc/id-groups: Add test to exercise this logic * tests/Makefile.am: Reference new test * NEWS: Mention the fix * THANKS: Update 2009-04-07 Jim Meyering maint: avoid "make syntax-check" failure * src/install.c (main): Tweak syntax of new diagnostic. 2009-04-07 Pádraig Brady install: deprecate the --preserve_context option src/install.c: Print a warning when --preserve_context rather than --preserve-context is used as per FIXME. maint: remove compiler warnings from randint and randread modules * gl/lib/randint.c: Remove unused MAX macro * gl/lib/randread.c (randread_error): Add __attribute__((__noreturn__)) shred,sort,shuf: don't use /dev/urandom by default Suggestion from Steven Schveighoffer at: http://savannah.gnu.org/patch/?6797 to greatly speed up the random passes done by shred. * gl/lib/randread.c: Default to using the internal pseudorandom generator, rather than reading /dev/urandom * src/shred.c (usage): remove mention of /dev/urandom * src/shuf.c (usage); ditto * src/sort.c (usage): ditto * doc/coreutils.text: Document the new behaviour for aquiring random data. maint: Clarify ambiguous refs to Linux kernels or GNU/Linux systems * README-prereq: s_linux_GNU/Linux_ or s_linux_Linux kernel_ * README-valgrind: ditto * src/chown-core.c: ditto * src/dd.c: ditto * src/df.c: ditto * src/ls.c: ditto * src/mv.c: ditto * src/pwd.c: ditto * src/remove.c: ditto * src/shred.c: ditto * src/stat.c: ditto * src/su.c: ditto * src/system.h: ditto * src/timeout.c: ditto * src/truncate.c: ditto doc: add missing documentation for some SELinux options * doc/coreutils.texi (ls invocation): Describe the --context (-Z) option (install invocation): Describe the --preserve-context and -Z options (id invocation): Describe the --context (-Z) option (mkdir invocation): ditto (mknod invocation): ditto (mkfifo invocation): ditto * TODO: remove the todo item 2009-04-06 Jim Meyering * doc/code-vs-command: Remove long-unused, never-distributed file. 2009-04-04 Jim Meyering gnulib: update to latest: includes Solaris 8 portability fixes maint: clean up Makefile.am, rename remaining ChangeLog files * Makefile.am (changelog_etc, syntax_check_exceptions): Define. (EXTRA_DIST): Use. Remove names that are now automatically included: build-aux/git-version-gen, build-aux/vc-list-files. * build-aux/ChangeLog-2007: Rename from */ChangeLog. * doc/ChangeLog-2007: Likewise. * lib/ChangeLog-2007: Likewise. * m4/ChangeLog-2007: Likewise. * po/ChangeLog-2007: Likewise. tests: tweak po_check syntax check * maint.mk (sc_po_check): Don't let dangling lib/*.[ch] links cause spurious "grep: lib/file.h: No such file or directory" warnings. tests: improve ChangeLog syntax check * maint.mk (sc_changelog): Use $(VC_LIST_EXCEPT), not find. Don't hang when there are no ChangeLog files. (sc_require_config_h): For the file-name-filter, use grep -l to be slightly more efficient. (sc_require_config_h_first, _header_without_use, sc_program_name): Likewise. 2009-04-04 Ralf Wildenhues tests: make syntax-checks more robust * maint.mk (_prohibit_regexp): Add ';' at end of ':'-introduced comment so that the comment doesn't gobble up the following test for a missing regexp definition. (_header_without_use): Escape all '.'s in a header file name, not just the first one. 2009-04-03 Jim Meyering * cfg.mk (old_NEWS_hash): Regenerate once more. doc: adjust 7.2 "cat,cp,install,mv,split speed-up" NEWS item * NEWS: Reword an entry from 7.2 and change "linux" to "GNU/Linux". The latter was requested by Richard Stallman. * cfg.mk (old_NEWS_hash): Regenerate. 2009-04-03 Pádraig Brady ls: fix alignment when month names have varying widths Reported by Samuel Thibault and Stéphane Raimbault, as the glibc fr_FR locale has recently changed to use the official but variable width abbreviated month names. Other glibc locales also have variable widths. http://sourceware.org/ml/libc-locales/2008-q1/msg00035.html http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=9859 * NEWS: Mention the fix * gl/lib/mbsalign.c: A new module to align and truncate a string in a specified number of screen cells, while handling multi-byte characters appropriately. * gl/lib/mbsalign.h: Ditto * gl/modules/mbsalign: Ditto * bootstrap.conf: Reference the new module * src/ls.c (abmon_init): New function, precompute the abbreviated months aligned left in a minimum width column <= 5 screen cells. (align_nstrftime): New function, replace the first %b in the format specification to strftime with the precomputed month string. Note using the cached month strings speeds up `ls -lU` by around 17% on glibc-2.7-2 on linux at least. Also if we implement this function using heap storage rather than automatic storage, and use snprintf instead of strcpy, ls will slow down by 2% and 1% respectively (i.e. a net gain of 14% rather than 17%). * tests/ls/abmon-align: A new test to test ls alignment for various formats and locales * tests/Makefile.am: Reference the new test 2009-04-02 Pádraig Brady doc: Clarify the help for version sorting in ls and sort * src/ls.c: Update the -v help description * src/sort.c: Update the -V help description 2009-04-02 Jim Meyering doc: adjust README-prereq instructions * README-prereq: Reverse order of -b/--track options. Pádraig Brady mentioned that is required with at least git-1.5.3.6. Invoke automake's own bootstrap script. 2009-04-02 C de-Avillez build: require automake-1.10b or newer * bootstrap.conf: Require at least automake-1.10b. * README-prereq: Mention 1.10b, not 1.10a. 2009-04-02 Jim Meyering tests: skip mv/i-3 if /dev/stdin is unreadable * tests/mv/i-3: Skip if /dev/stdin is unreadable. Reported by Sergei Steshenko. 2009-03-31 Jim Meyering build: set automake's silent-rules option via configure.ac * bootstrap: Revert commit 9f39fa855, 2009-03-28, "build: use automake's --silent-rules option when possible". * configure.ac (AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE): Instead, set it here. Require the just-released version of automake: 1.10b. tests: enable automake's color-tests and parallel-tests via configure.ac * gnulib-tests/Makefile.am (AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS): Don't define here. * tests/Makefile.am (AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS): Likewise. * configure.ac (AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE): Instead, add color-tests and parallel-tests here. 2009-03-31 Ralf Wildenhues build: use Automake's new parallel-tests feature * build-aux/check.mk: Remove, not needed any more. * tests/Makefile.am (AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS): Add parallel-tests and color-tests. * tests/check.mk: Do not include build-aux/check.mk any more. (SUFFIXES, TEST_LOGS): Remove. (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Use $$f rather than $$tst in $PERL invocation. * gnulib-tests/Makefile.am: Do not include build-aux/check.mk. (AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS): New macro, add parallel-test and color-tests. (TEST_LOGS): Remove. 2009-03-31 Jim Meyering * README-release (savannah news): Also mention the Subject: to use. post-release administrivia * NEWS: Add header line for next release. * .prev-version: Record previous version. * cfg.mk (old_NEWS_hash): Auto-update. version 7.2 * NEWS: Record release date. 2009-03-29 Jim Meyering tests: don't use lang-default from individual tests * tests/sample-test: Don't recommend using lang-default here. It is now run for each test automatically, via TESTS_ENVIRONMENT. * tests/dd/reblock: Don't source lang-default here. * tests/misc/truncate-fail-diag: Likewise. tests: other-fs-tmpdir: remove just-added duplicate /usr/tmp * tests/other-fs-tmpdir (CANDIDATE_TMP_DIRS): Remove 2nd /usr/tmp. tests: other-fs-tmpdir: avoid bogus "skipped **********..." diagnostic * tests/other-fs-tmpdir (CANDIDATE_TMP_DIRS): Add /dev/shm to the list. Don't use a line of asterisks as the first line of the "why skipped" diagnostic, now that that line is printed on 'make check's stderr. 2009-03-28 Jim Meyering build: use automake's --silent-rules option when possible * bootstrap: Use automake's --silent-rules option. 2009-03-27 Jim Meyering tests: test-argv-iter.c: avoid declaration-after-stmt * gl/tests/test-argv-iter.c: Move declaration "up", so as not to ruffle feathers of crufty compilers. We accommodate such compilers here solely because this module may migrate to gnulib. Tiny patch by Matthew Woehlke. 2009-03-27 Eric Blake tests: fix 'make sc_tight_scope' on cygwin * src/Makefile.am (sc_tight_scope): Ignore leading underscores in symbols. 2009-03-27 Jim Meyering tests: avoid spurious test failure in set-GID build dir * tests/install/install-C-root: Skip this test if in set-gid directory. Reported by Sven Joachim and C de-Avillez. tests: migrate setgid-check into test-lib.sh * tests/test-lib.sh (skip_if_setgid_): New function. * tests/setgid-check: Remove file. * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Remove setgid-check. * tests/chmod/c-option: Use the new function rather than sourcing the separate file. * tests/cp/cp-parents: Likewise. * tests/install/install-C: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/parents: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/perm: Likewise. 2009-03-26 Jim Meyering tests: mark the rm/ext3-perf test as "very" expensive * tests/rm/ext3-perf: Relegate this test to the very_expensive category, since it is failing too often for me, when run in parallel (-j4) with other disk-hammering tests. This test fails when it takes too long, so the fact that it fails under pressure is an inconvenience more than a real problem. * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. 2009-03-26 Paul Eggert df: port the known-value fix to AIX as well * src/df.c (known_value): New function, which also works on AIX /proc file systems. (df_readable, show_dev): Use it instead of hardcoding comparison to UINTMAX_MAX. Suggested by Jim Meyering and Matthew Woehlke. df: fix a bug when totaling unknown values * src/df.c (show_dev): Don't add UINTMAX_MAX to grand totals, as that value indicates that the true value is unknown; adding it effectively subtracts 1 from the total, whereas we want to leave the total alone. 2009-03-25 Jim Meyering tests: don't fail "make syntax-check" on cygwin * maint.mk (NEWS_hash): Remove trailing " -" or " *-". * cfg.mk (old_NEWS_hash): Regenerate, removing " -". Reported by Eric Blake. 2009-03-25 Eric Blake pwd: support -L and -P * src/pwd.c (longopts): New variable. (logical_getcwd): New function. (main): Use it. (usage): Document new options. * doc/coreutils.texi (pwd invocation): Likewise. * NEWS: Likewise. * TODO (pwd): Mark it done. * tests/misc/pwd-option: New file. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add test. * THANKS: Update. Reported by Paul D. Smith, in savannah bug 24949. 2009-03-25 Ondřej Vašík doc: update suffix regex in version sort * doc/coreutils.texi: Reflect current filevercmp regex. 2009-03-25 Ralf Wildenhues tests: CuTmpdir.pm: avoid use of undefined variable in warning * tests/CuTmpdir.pm (chmod_tree): Do not warn if $dir is undefined. 2009-03-24 Jim Meyering tests: ls -v: exercise yet another change in gnulib's new filevercmp * tests/misc/ls-misc: Add names with ~ and ~.1~ suffixes. * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. 2009-03-24 Kamil Dudka ls: make it possible to disable coloring of hard links * src/ls.c (print_color_indicator): Don't color hard links if disabled (when there is an empty hl= in the LS_COLORS environment variable). * tests/ls/hardlink: Add test case for disabled hard link highlighting. * NEWS: Mention the change. 2009-03-21 Jim Meyering tests: search only files that are under version control * maint.mk (sc_error_exit_success): Search only files that are under version control. (sc_makefile_path_separator_check): Likewise. Check *.mk files, too, not just Makefile.am files. tests: follow own advice: use $(PATH_SEPARATOR), not ":" * maint.mk (coreutils-path-check): Use the variable, not the literal. tests: modernize: use $(var) makefile notation, not @var@ * maint.mk (sc_makefile_path_separator_check): Recommend the use of $(PATH_SEPARATOR), not @PATH_SEPARATOR@. Remove an obsolete comment. 2009-03-20 Jim Meyering tests: teach sc_dd_O_FLAGS about new syntax in dd.c * cfg.mk (sc_dd_O_FLAGS): Adapt to new syntax. 2009-03-20 Eric Blake dd: use a more portable definition of O_FULLBLOCK * src/dd.c (O_FULLBLOCK): Compute its value without using a 180KB macro. This avoids triggering a compilation failure with HP-UX's cc. Reported by Matthew Woehlke. 2009-03-20 Jim Meyering tests: avoid spurious mkdir/selinux test failure on HP-UX 11.23 * tests/mkdir/selinux: Accept yet another diagnostic. Reported by Matthew Woehlke. 2009-03-19 Jim Meyering tests: df/total-verify: avoid test failure with older Perl * tests/df/total-verify: Don't use perl's -f option. Reported by Matthew Woehlke. * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. 2009-03-18 Jim Meyering tests: adjust sort-continue not to fail under valgrind * tests/misc/sort-continue: Don't run cat inside fd-limited shell. If sort fails to run in an fd-limited shell, skip the test. 2009-03-18 Paul Eggert tests: add another sort/nmerge test * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add sort-merge-fdlimit. * tests/misc/sort-merge-fdlimit: New file. * doc/coreutils.texi (sort invocation): Document that we now silently lower nmerge if necessary. Patch by Paul Eggert, Nima Nikzad, Max Chang, Alexander Nguyen, Sahil Amoli, and Nick Graham. sort: handle fd exhaustion better when merging This is an alternative to my 9 March patch labeled "Silently lower nmerge; don't (sometimes incorrectly) range-check" . It differs by not using 'dup' to probe for extra file descriptors; instead, it simply calls 'open' (and 'pipe') to open files and pipes, until one of these calls fails due to file descriptor exhaustion; it then backs off by 1, does a merge with the files that it has opened, and then retries with the (now-smaller) number of files. This patch requires quite a few more changes to the source code than the earlier patch, but it is in some sense "better" because it doesn't need to call "dup" ahead of time in order to decide whether "open" or "pipe" will fail. Also, it's more robust in the case where "open" or "pipe" fails with errno==EMFILE because some system-wide limit is exhausted. * src/sort.c (create_temp_file): New arg SURVIVE_FD_EXHAUSTION. (stream_open): New function, containing guts of xfopen. (xfopen): Use it. (pipe_fork): Set errno on failure. (maybe_create_temp): New function, containing guts of create_temp. (create_temp): Use it. (open_temp): Distinguish failures due to file descriptor exhaustion from other failures, and on fd exhaustion return a notice to caller rather than dying. Don't test execlp's return value; when it returns, it *always* returns -1. (open_input_files): New function. (mergefps): New arg FPS. It's now the caller's responsibility to open the input and output files. All callers changed. (mergefiles): New function. (avoid_trashing_input, merge): Handle the case where a single merge can't merge as much as we wanted due to file descriptor exhaustion, by merging as much as we can and then retrying. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add misc/sort-continue. * tests/misc/sort-continue: New file. * THANKS: Add Glen Lenker and Matt Pham who coauthored this patch. 2009-03-18 Jim Meyering maint: normalize leading-TAB indentation in Makefiles * maint.mk (sc_makefile_TAB_only_indentation): New rule. Replace each TAB+8-space sequence with two TABs. * man/Makefile.am: Likewise. * build-aux/check.mk: Likewise. I used this command (run it more than once, if needed): t=$'\t'; git grep -l -E "$t {8}"|grep -E 'Makefile|\.mk$' \ | xargs perl -pi -e 's/\t {8}/\t\t/' 2009-03-15 Jim Meyering maint: remove long-unused Makefile * tests/sort-time/Makefile: Remove long-unused file. maint: remove unused include and definitions * gl/lib/randread.c (__attribute__): Remove unused definition. (ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED): Likewise. * gl/lib/selinux-at.c (_): Remove unused definition. Don't include . No longer needed. * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. 2009-03-14 Jim Meyering system.h: correct compilation error: MAX not defined * src/system.h (io_blksize): Move definition down, so it follows that of MAX -- to avoid compilation failure on OpenSolaris. Reported by David Bartley. Details in http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2009-03/msg00190.html * gnulib: Update to pull in select/interix work-around. 2009-03-13 Kamil Dudka doc: update "version sort" documentation * doc/coreutils.texi: Reflect current filevercmp behavior. 2009-03-12 Jim Meyering tests: groups-version: don't require that id be built * tests/misc/groups-version: groups is now independent of id. tests: skip the groups-dash test when "groups" is not built * tests/misc/groups-dash: Skip if groups is not being installed. Suggested by Mike Frysinger. Also fail if groups exits with nonzero status. 2009-03-12 Pádraig Brady maint: mention Autoconf version required to build Automake * README-prereq: coreutils currently requires an unreleased version of Automake, so mention the minimum version of Autoconf required to build that. Suggestion from James Youngman. 2009-03-12 Jim Meyering * gnulib: Update submodule to latest. 2009-03-11 Ondřej Vašík cp: make -a option preserve xattrs, but with reduced diagnostics * copy.c (copy_attr_by_fd): Reduce xattr diagnostics for 'cp -a'. (copy_attr_by_name): Likewise. * cp.c (main): Preserve xattrs with -a option, when possible. * doc/coreutils.texi: Document that xattrs are preserved with cp -a, with no added diagnostics. * NEWS: Mention the change. * tests/misc/xattr: Add tests for 'cp --preserve=all' and 'cp -a'. 2009-03-11 Pádraig Brady maint: Document how to best to enable gcc warnings for developers * README-hacking: Mention --enable-gcc-warnings configure option * configure.ac: Don't scare developers away from using gcc warnings 2009-03-11 Jim Meyering maint: remove an obsolete FIXME comment * src/Makefile.am (../AUTHORS): Remove obsolete FIXME comment. There are no longer any installed *.sh programs. 2009-03-11 Pádraig Brady cat: Fix immediate output of processed data Introduced by commit 790892db, 2006-06-08 "Ensure that cat works ...". * NEWS: Mention the bugfix. * src/cat.c (cat): Fix the typo which stopped the writing of processed data before a blocking read() is done. * tests/misc/cat-buf: Add to ensure processed data is not buffered. * tests/Makefile.am: Reference the new test. cat,cp,mv,install,split: Set the minimum IO block size used to 32KiB This is following on from this change: [02c3dc9d 2008-03-06 cat: use larger buffer sizes ...] which increased the IO block size used by cat by 8 times, but also capped it at 32KiB. * NEWS: Mention the change in behavior. * src/system.h: Add a new io_blksize() function that returns the max of ST_BLKSIZE or 32KiB, as this was seen as a good value for a minimum block size to use to get good performance while minimizing system call overhead. * src/cat.c: Use it. * src/copy.c: ditto * src/split.c: ditto 2009-03-08 Jim Meyering tests: add a test for newly-fixed bug in comm --check-order * tests/misc/comm (ooo-prefix): Add a test for today's fix. * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. 2009-03-08 Bruno Haible comm: fix a bug in its new --check-order option * src/comm.c: Include memcmp2.h. (check_order): Use memcmp2 instead of memcmp. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add memcmp2. 2009-03-08 Jim Meyering tests: ls -v: exercise the bug fixed by gnulib's new filevercmp * tests/misc/ls-misc (version-sort): New test. (mk_file): New function. Reported by Josh Triplett in . Details in http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.lib.gnulib.bugs/16902 * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. gnulib: sync submodule to latest 2009-03-07 Jim Meyering pr: fix a bug whereby --indent=N (-o) did not indent header lines * src/pr.c (print_header): Honor chars_per_margin also for the header. Inspired by a patch from C de-Avillez. This change also adjusts two other %*s directives to be %*.*s instead, (for the padding on either side of "file_text") to correct a bug that could make pr print one space of padding instead of none. * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. * tests/pr/o3Jml24f-lm-lo: Adjust for new expected output. * tests/pr/o3a3Sl24f-tn: Likewise. * tests/pr/o3a3Snl24f-tn: Likewise. * tests/pr/o3a3l24f-tn: Likewise. * tests/pr/o3b3Sl24f-tn: Likewise. * tests/pr/o3b3Snl24f-tn: Likewise. * tests/pr/o3b3l24f-tn: Likewise. * tests/pr/o3mSl24f-bl-tn: Likewise. * tests/pr/o3mSnl24fbltn: Likewise. * tests/pr/o3ml24f-bl-tn: Likewise. bootstrap: add to XGETTEXT_OPTIONS * bootstrap.conf (XGETTEXT_OPTIONS): Add c-format --flag options for verror and verror_at_line; alphabetize. maint: use a git submodule for gnulib * .gitmodules: New file, to track gnulib. * gnulib: New file, created by running this: git submodule add git://git.sv.gnu.org/gnulib.git gnulib build: allow ./bootstrap --srcdir=... to work with a git submodule * bootstrap (git_modules_config): Use GIT_CONFIG, not GIT_CONFIG_LOCAL. The latter was removed in v1.5.6.1-109-gdc87183. build: avoid "multiply defined..." warning from automake * Makefile.am (AM_CFLAGS): Add $(WARN_CFLAGS) via +=, not =, to avoid "multiply defined..." warning from automake. 2009-03-06 Jim Meyering cat: use larger buffer sizes to reduce read/write-syscall overhead * src/cat.c (max): Remove definition. Use MAX from system.h instead. (compute_buffer_size): New function to compute the input and output buffer sizes, which are now set at 8 times st_blksize with a maximum of 32KiB. Previously the typical block sizes used were 1KiB for pipes and 4KiB for files, and now will be 8KiB and 32KiB respectively. (main): Use it. This change can double throughput on modern systems. For timings, see http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.core-utils.bugs/16040 Suggestion from Tzvi Rotshtein. maint: avoid new unused-macro warnings from gcc * src/ls.c (ASSERT_MATCHING_DEV_INO): Comment-out unused definition, to match commented-out use. * src/install.c (INITIAL_HASH_MODULE, INITIAL_ENTRY_TAB_SIZE): (READ_SIZE): Remove definitions of unused macros. * src/mv.c (INITIAL_HASH_MODULE, INITIAL_ENTRY_TAB_SIZE): Likewise. * src/dd.c (max): Likewise. * src/expand.c (OUTPUT_BLOCK): Likewise. * src/csplit.c (ALLOC_SIZE): Likewise. * src/pr.c (NULLCOL): Likewise. * src/ptx.c (Sword): Likewise. * src/unexpand.c (OUTPUT_BLOCK): Likewise. * src/factor.c (NDEBUG): Likewise. tests: fix just-introduced typo in rm/ext3-perf * tests/rm/ext3-perf: Fix typo in commit 2b1e6636bea, 2009-02-27 "tests: rm/ext3-perf: relax this test". maint: remove spurious case-ignoring option from a test * maint.mk (sc_trailing_blank): Remove useless/harmless ignore_case=1. 2009-03-04 Ralf Wildenhues policy: use git to help avoid trailing white space * HACKING (Avoid trailing white space): Describe how git can help. 2009-03-04 Andreas Schwab Update Andreas Schwab's email address * THANKS: Update Andreas Schwab's email address. 2009-03-03 Jim Meyering maint: improve release-related process and documentation * README-release: Fix typo. it's "maintainer-clean". Refer to HACKING for full list of dependencies. Use cvs add's -ko option to inhibit $Id$-style keyword expansion. * maint.mk (web-manual): Factor out definition of $(manual_title). (vc-dist): Set XZ_OPT=-9ev for the final "make dist". * cfg.mk (manual_title): Define it here. Suggestions from Eric Blake. 2009-03-02 Jim Meyering dist: document our release procedure * README-release: New file. dist: automate the post-release web-manual update process * maint.mk (web-manual): New rule, from m4's maint.mk. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add gendocs. tests: rm/ext3-perf: relax this test * tests/rm/ext3-perf: If set-up takes too long, use the set-up time as the removal time limit. Otherwise, a parallel "make check" would usually fail when run with RUN_VERY_EXPENSIVE_TESTS=yes. tests: don't skip setgid-dir related tests on SELinux-enabled systems * tests/setgid-check: The change in ls (use ".", not "+") caused this check always to report the working directory as set-gid. Now, use stat, not ls. tests: reflect the s/+/./ SELinux indicator change * tests/mkdir/perm: Now that this test is no longer always skipped, make it work independently of ls: use stat, not ls, to get perm string. * test-lib.sh (rwx_to_mode_): Use stat, not ls to get perm string This test was run only when RUN_VERY_EXPENSIVE_TESTS=yes was set. tests: when skipping a test, say why on screen, not just in the log * tests/test-lib.sh: Redirect also to descriptor 9. Better one-line why-skip diagnostics. * tests/check.mk (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Redirect 9 to stderr. * tests/misc/pwd-unreadable-parent: Remove redundant "skipping..." diag. maint: enable many gcc warnings * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add manywarnings. * configure.ac: Use gl_MANYWARN_ALL_GCC, and exclude options I don't want or that provoke too many warnings. (WARN_CFLAGS, WERROR_CFLAGS): Define. (lint, GNULIB_PORTCHECK): Define. (_FORTIFY_SOURCE): Define to 2. maint: avoid gcc warning about missing attributes * src/prog-fprintf.h (prog_fprintf): Declare with printf attribute. * src/system.h (usage): Declare with the "noreturn" attribute. maint: avoid warnings about potentially-counterproductive "inline" * src/dd.c (quit): Remove "inline" attribute. * src/test.c (advance, unary_advance): Likewise. maint: cp: avoid gcc warning about unused macro definitions * src/cp.c (INITIAL_HASH_MODULE, INITIAL_ENTRY_TAB_SIZE): Remove. dist: do not emit MD5 or SHA1 checksums into announcement template * maint.mk (announcement): Use announce-gen's new --no-print-checksums. 2009-02-28 Jim Meyering maint: detect unnecessary inclusion of signal.h * maint.mk (sc_prohibit_signal_without_use): New rule. maint: remove an unnecessary inclusion of * src/operand2sig.c: Don't include . 2009-02-28 Pádraig Brady tests: sort: Check skipping blanks in multibyte locales * tests/misc/sort: On Fedora 8 at least, sort -k1b,1 mishandles blanks in multibyte locales, so add test. 2009-02-27 Jim Meyering * HACKING: avoid trailing white space cp: diagnose invalid "cp -rl dir dir" right away, once again Running "mkdir dir; cp -rl dir dir" would create dir/dir/dir/... rather than diagnosing the "copy-into-self" failure. The easy fix would have been to revert this part of the change [3ece0355 2008-11-09 cp: use far less memory in some cases] that introduced the bug: - remember_copied (dst_name, dst_sb.st_ino, dst_sb.st_dev); + if (!x->hard_link) + remember_copied (dst_name, dst_sb.st_ino, dst_sb.st_dev); However, that would have induced the failure of the new cp/link-heap test, due to the added memory pressure of recording 10k dev/ino pairs. And besides, I liked that improvement and wanted to keep it. Now that it's obvious recording the just-created-directory dev/ino needn't depend on the setting of hard_link, I realized it is necessary to record the pair only for the first directory created for each source command-line argument. I made that change, then noticed the new test, cp -rl a d d, would pass when run once, yet output the into-self diagnostic twice. Also note the side effect: it creates d/a and d/d. However, running that same command a second time, now with the modified directory, would fail. That turned out to be due to the fact that although the first into-self failure was detected in copy_dir, that function would continue copying other entries regardless -- and that would make it fail (eventually) with the unwanted recursion. * src/copy.c (copy_internal): This function needed an indicator of whether, for a give command line argument, it had already created its first directory. If so, no more need to record dev/ino pairs. If this is the first, then do record its pair. Hence, the new parameter. (copy_dir, copy): Update callers. (copy_dir): Upon any into-self failure, break out of the loop. * tests/cp/into-self: Test for the above. Reported by Mikael Magnusson. 2009-02-26 Jim Meyering tests: stty-row-col would hang when run in the background * tests/misc/stty-row-col: Don't hang when run in background at least on Solaris 10 and OpenBSD. 2009-02-26 Pádraig Brady sort: Fix two bugs with determining the end of field * src/sort.c: When no specific number of chars to skip is specified for the end field, always skip the whole field. Also never include leading spaces from next field. * tests/misc/sort: Add 2 new tests for these cases. * NEWS: Mention this bug fix. * THANKS: Add bug reporter. Reported by Davide Canova. 2009-02-26 Eric Blake argv-iter: avoid variadic macro * gl/lib/argv-iter.h (_ATTRIBUTE_NONNULL_): Don't assume C99 variadic macros are portable yet; needed for at least IRIX/MIPSpro. * THANKS: Update. Reported by Stuart Shelton. 2009-02-26 Pádraig Brady tests: Remove system specific error strings * tests/dd/skip-seek-past-file: Just check for the non system specific part of the error strings. This was causing an erroneous failure on NetBSD 1.6 at least. 2009-02-25 Jim Meyering tests: using printf with \e for ESC isn't portable * tests/ls/color-clear-to-eol: Use \33, not \e for ascii ESC. This test failed when using the built-in printf of /bin/sh from NetBSD 1.6. 2009-02-24 Pádraig Brady Ensure comment for translators is included in po file Issue reported by Göran Uddeborg. * src/system.h: Move the translator comment adjacent to the translated string. * THANKS: Update Göran's email address. 2009-02-22 Tobias Stoeckmann truncate: fix typo in man page * man/truncate.x: Fix spelling. * THANKS: Update. 2009-02-22 Andrew Church doc: describe dd's status=noxref option * doc/coreutils.texi (dd invocation): Describe status=noxref. 2009-02-22 Jim Meyering tests: reenable temporarily-disabled tests using e.g., trap '' TTOU Revert "tests: skip newly-modified tests unconditionally..." This reverts commit 773a88d33f68e50a2919c8a8310c646a7e5fabc2. * tests/misc/stty: Don't skip. * tests/misc/stty-invalid: Likewise. * tests/mv/i-3: Likewise. 2009-02-22 James Youngman update James Youngman's email address * THANKS: Update James Youngman's email address 2009-02-21 Jim Meyering post-release administrivia * NEWS: Add header line for next release. * .prev-version: Record previous version. * cfg.mk (old_NEWS_hash): Auto-update. version 7.1 * NEWS: Record release date. * README: Mention that c99-to-c89.diff is no longer maintained. tests: skip new install-C test if working directory is set-gid * tests/install/install-C: Use setgid-check. tests: skip newly-modified tests unconditionally, just to be safe * tests/misc/stty-invalid: Skip. * tests/misc/stty: Likewise. * tests/mv/i-3: Likewise. tests: don't let SIGTTOU/TTIN hang a backgrounded "make check" Running "make check &" would hang due to SIGTTOU and SIGTTIN signals. * tests/misc/stty: Ignore SIGTTOU. * tests/misc/stty-invalid: Likewise. * tests/mv/i-3: Ignore SIGTTIN. 2009-02-20 Jim Meyering doc: ls: clarify description of -s * src/ls.c (usage): Make the description of -s mention "allocated size", so that it's less likely to be confused with an apparent byte-count. Suggested by Vito Caputo. 2009-02-19 Jim Meyering doc: dd: document that the default block size is 512 bytes * src/dd.c (usage): Document the default block size. * doc/coreutils.texi (dd invocation): Document that the default block size (bs, ibs, obs) is 512 bytes. Reported by Petr Uzel. 2009-02-18 Jim Meyering maint: changing NEWS' copyright date must not invalidate checksum * maint.mk (NEWS_hash): Don't let the Copyright date line contribute to the checksum. * cfg.mk (old_NEWS_hash): Update to reflect the new policy. doc: explain how to recover from changes committed to master * HACKING: A beginner's commit-to-master is so common, and causes enough confusion, that we describe how to recover. maint: add copyright notices * HACKING: Add copyright notice. * tests/test-lib.sh: Likewise. 2009-02-18 Ondřej Vašík cp: -a now preserves SELinux context, with reduced diagnostics * copy.c (copy_reg): Reduce SELinux context diagnostics for 'cp -a'. (copy_internal): Likewise * copy.h (cp_options): Add boolean reduce_diagnostics. * cp.c (usage): Say that --archive (-a) behaves like -dR --preserve=all. (cp_option_init): Initialize added reduce_diagnostics. (main): Add reduce_diagnostics for the -a option, and preserve SELinux context, if possible. * mv.c (cp_options_init): Initialize new cp_options booleans. * install.c (cp_option_init): Likewise. * NEWS: Mention those behaviour changes. * doc/coreutils.texi: Document --preserve=context, document that diagnostics are not shown for failures of non-mandatory attributes (just SELinux at the moment). * tests/cp/cp-a-selinux: Check not only failures, but succesful use of preserving SELinux context in cp. 2009-02-18 Eric Blake add missing copyright dates * NEWS: Add 2009 to copyright. * README: Likewise. * README-hacking: Likewise. * TODO: Likewise. * doc/Makefile.am: Likewise. * m4/prereq.m4: Likewise. * src/nl.c: Likewise. * src/seq.c: Likewise. * tests/cp/cp-i: Likewise. * tests/install/install-C: Likewise. * tests/install/install-C-root: Likewise. * tests/install/install-C-selinux: Likewise. * tests/misc/seq: Likewise. * tests/mv/mv-n: Likewise. 2009-02-17 Eric Blake install: compare files in binary mode * src/install.c (need_copy): Use O_BINARY when it matters. 2009-02-17 Kamil Dudka install: add --compare (-C) option to install file only when necessary * src/install.c (have_same_content): New function to compare files content. (extra_mode): New function checking for non-permission bits in mode. (need_copy): New function to check if copy is necessary. (main): Handle new option --compare (-C). (copy_file): Skip file copying if not necessary. (usage): Show new option --compare (-C) in --help. * tests/install/install-C: Basic tests for install --compare (-C). * tests/install/install-C-root: Tests requiring root privileges. * tests/install/install-C-selinux: Tests requiring SELinux. * tests/Makefile.am: Add new tests for install --compare (-C). * doc/coreutils.texi: Document new install option --compare (-C). * NEWS: Mention the change. 2009-02-17 Ondřej Vašík nl: correct long-option name for -v in usage * nl.c (usage): Use --starting-line-number, not --first-page for -v 2009-02-15 Jim Meyering doc: id: make --help and .man more descriptive * src/id.c (usage): Improve description, based on a suggestion from Brian M. Carlson in http://bugs.debian.org/514675 * man/id.x: Use a better one-liner, based on the one at top of id.c. 2009-02-15 Pádraig Brady seq: Fix equal width calculation when '.' added to last number Issue reported by Samuel Hapák. * src/seq.c: Account for '.' added to "last" number. * tests/misc/seq: Add corresponding test. * NEWS: Mention the fix. 2009-02-13 Jim Meyering du,chgrp,chmod,chown: use FTS_DEFER_STAT * src/du.c (main): Use FTS_DEFER_STAT, for better locality of inode reference. Important when traversing file systems with fake inodes. * src/chgrp.c (main): Likewise. * src/chmod.c (main): Likewise. * src/chown.c (main): Likewise. The only remaining fts client, chcon, doesn't need this, since it goes further and uses FTS_NOSTAT, which suppresses all non- directory stat calls. 2009-02-13 Pádraig Brady maint: mention how to run a single test in HACKING docs * HACKING: Give an example of how to run a test in isolation. * README: Fix/simplify example for running a single test. * README-hacking: Reference the HACKING file. 2009-02-12 Eric Blake ln: add details to --help text * src/ln.c (usage): Mention more about symlink properties. * doc/coreutils.texi (ln invocation): Likewise. * THANKS: Update. Reported by Vitali Lovich. 2009-02-10 Jim Meyering ls: clean up after wrapped+colored file names with clear-to-EOL This change addresses a relatively unusual case: ls --color, with a highlighted name being printed initially in the last row of a terminal emulator (possibly followed by other lines of output) such that it is wrapped onto the following line, as the terminal emulator scrolls the output. That would cause the entire following line to be highlighted, even if the name happened to use only one position. The least-invasive patch would have made colorized output larger for all uses. The approach taken below is more invasive, but limits the increase in overhead to only those lines that are expected to wrap. * src/ls.c (enum indicator_no): Add C_CLR_TO_EOL. (indicator_name): Add "cl". (color_indicator): Add default escape codes for "cl". (print_long_format): Propagate width to print_name_with_quoting. (print_name_with_quoting): Print new C_CLR_TO_EOL string if needed. Return the width of what we're printing. (print_file_name_and_frills): Propagate width. (print_type_indicator): Return bool (aka width). (print_many_per_line): Pass column position to print_* function. (print_current_files): Likewise. (print_horizontal): Likewise. (print_with_commas): Likewise. * src/dircolors.c (slack_codes): Add "CLRTOEOL". (ls_codes): Add "cl". * tests/ls/color-clear-to-eol: New file. Test for this fix. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add ls/color-clear-to-eol. * THANKS: Update. Reported by Alexander V. Lukyanov. See thread for details: http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/740021/focus=14824 Thanks to Jan Engelhardt for helping me reproduce the problem. Demonstrate with this in an 80-column xterm: seq 200 # to start in the "bottom" row touch zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz.foo env LS_COLORS='*.foo=0;31;42' ls -og --color=always Before the fix, you'd see something like this: (where the file name is printed in red on a green background, and each "=" denotes a space on a green background) ... -rw-r--r-- 1 0 Feb 5 11:31 zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz\ zzzzzzzzzzzzzz.foo=================================================== After the patch, the trailing green spaces are gone: -rw-r--r-- 1 0 Feb 5 11:31 zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz\ zzzzzzzzzzzzzz.foo * tests/test-lib.sh: Use skip_test_... in place of echo...;exit 77. 2009-02-10 Nix tests: avoid skipping stty-* tests * tests/test-lib.sh (require_controlling_input_terminal_): Check stdout, not stdin. 2009-02-09 Jim Meyering touch: deprecate --file option: equivalent to --reference (-r) * src/touch.c: Mark long-undocumented --file for removal in 2010. (main): Warn upon use of --file. 2009-02-06 Pádraig Brady tests: fix dd skip=greater_max_file_size test on Solaris 10 * tests/dd/skip-seek-past-file: I had previously commented that on some systems lseek(> max file size) may succeed, but left the possibility of failure in that case, so that I could determine specific systems to put in the comments for both failure modes. 2009-02-05 Jim Meyering avoid spurious parentheses/arith-op-related warnings from newer gcc * src/copy.c (set_owner): Use && rather than &. * src/stty.c (main): Likewise. * src/wc.c (wc): Likewise. 2009-02-02 Jim Meyering maint: tighten atoi/atof-prohibiting regexp, clean up .x-sc- file * maint.mk (sc_prohibit_atoi_atof): Require "(" after token. * .x-sc_prohibit_atoi_atof: Remove names that no longer contain a match. doc: preserve --help line breaks in 'REPORTING BUGS' man page section * man/help2man: Insert .br between adjacent lines. * src/system.h (emit_bug_reporting_address): Remove periods. update copyright dates from recent changes * src/dd.c: Add 2009 to list of copyright years. * tests/dd/seek-skip-past-file: Likewise. * tests/dd/seek-skip-past-dev: Likewise. * m4/xattr.m4: Likewise. * src/copy.h: Likewise. * maint.mk (sc_redundant_const): Use $(_prohibit_regexp). 2009-02-02 jidanni@jidanni.org date doc: warn at -d about LC_TIME We also warn here about LC_TIME, so the user will know even if he doesn't look in the @xref{Date input formats}. document sort --ignore-case --unique interaction 2009-01-31 Jim Meyering maint: detect useless inclusion of c-ctype.h * maint.mk (sc_prohibit_c_ctype_without_use): New rule. 2009-01-29 Jim Meyering maint: teach "make syntax-check" to print each check name as it's run * maint.mk (%.m): New rules to print each syntax-checking rule name, just before running its commands. ($(syntax-check-rules)): Depend on it. maint: silence some syntax-check rules * cfg.mk (sc_strftime_check): Silence the rule. (sc_tight_scope): Likewise. * src/Makefile.am (check-AUTHORS): Likewise. maint: factor syntax-check rules * maint.mk (_ignore_case): New macro. (_prohibit_regexp): Use it. Factor many existing syntax-check rules to use $(_prohibit_regexp). 2009-01-29 Kamil Dudka cp/mv: add xattr support This patch was originally written by Andreas Grünbacher, nowadays available at http://www.suse.de/~agruen/coreutils/5.91/coreutils-xattr.diff * bootstrap.conf: Add gnulib module verror. * po/POTFILES.in: Add lib/verror.c. * m4/xattr.m4: Check for libattr availability, new configure option --disable-xattr. * m4/prereq.m4: Require gl_FUNC_XATTR. * src/Makefile.am: Link cp, mv and ginstall with libattr. * src/copy.h: Add preserve_xattr and require_preserve_xattr to cp_options. * src/copy.c (copy_attr_error): New function to handle errors during xattr copying. (copy_attr_quote): New function to quote file name in error messages printed by libattr. (copy_attr_free): Empty function requested by libattr to free quoted string. (copy_attr_by_fd): New fd-oriented function to copy xattr. (copy_attr_by_name): New name-oriented function to copy xattr. (copy_reg, copy_internal): Call copy_extended_attributes function. * src/cp.c (usage): Mention new --preserve=xattr option. (decode_preserve_arg): Handle new --preserve=xattr option. * src/mv.c: Always attempt to preserve xattr. * src/install.c: Never attempt to preserve xattr. * tests/misc/xattr: New test for xattr support in cp, mv and install. * tests/Makefile.am: Add the new test to list. * doc/coreutils.texi: Mention xattr support, new --preserve=xattr option. * NEWS: Mention the change. 2009-01-28 Jim Meyering system.h: add a comment re autoconf's new AC_PACKAGE_URL * src/system.h (emit_bug_reporting_address): Add a comment suggesting to use AC_PACKAGE_URL once we require autoconf-2.64. 2009-01-28 Pádraig Brady tests: Fixup shred-passes test * tests/misc/shred-passes: Set the $fail variable correctly. The issue was noticed by Jim Meyering. tests: Add a test to verify shred's default operations * tests/Makefile.am: add new test * tests/misc/shred-passes: Verify the operations shred does by default to overwrite and remove a zero length file. dd: Better handle user specified offsets that are too big Following are the before and after operations for seekable files, for the various erroneous offsets handled by this patch: skip beyond end of file before: immediately exit(0); after : immediately printf("cannot skip to specified offset"); exit(0); skip > max file size before: read whole file and exit(0); after : immediately printf("cannot skip: Invalid argument"); exit(1); seek > max file size before: immediately printf("truncate error: EFBIG"); exit(1); after : immediately printf("truncate error: EFBIG"); exit(1); skip > OFF_T_MAX before: read whole device/file and exit(0); after : immediately printf("cannot skip:"); exit(1); seek > OFF_T_MAX before: immediately printf("truncate error: offset too large"); exit(1); after : immediately printf("truncate error: offset too large"); exit(1); skip > device size before: read whole device and exit(0); after : immediately printf("cannot skip: Invalid argument"); exit(1); seek > device size before: read whole device and printf("write error: ENOSPC"); exit(1); after : immediately printf("cannot seek: Invalid argument"); exit(1); * NEWS: Summarize this change in behavior. * src/dd.c (skip): Add error checking for large seek/skip offsets on seekable files, rather than deferring to using read() to advance offset. (dd_copy): Print a warning if skip past EOF, as per FIXME comment. * test/Makefile.am: Add 2 new tests. * tests/dd/seek-skip-past-file: Add tests for first 3 cases above. * tests/dd/seek-skip-past-dev: Add root only test for last case above. 2009-01-27 Jim Meyering doc: emit better bug-reporting info, to help help2man * src/system.h (emit_bug_reporting_address): End each "sentence" with period, mark URLs with <...>. Based on a suggestion from Eric Blake. Use fputs on a string without %s, not printf. doc: ensure that emit_bug_reporting_address changes propagate to *.1 * man/Makefile.am ($(MAN)): Depend on system.h. doc: restore "REPORTING BUGS" section to generated man pages * man/help2man ($PAT_BUGS): Update regexp to match the newer "Report PROG bugs ..." --help output, as well as "Report bugs...". Reported by Eric Blake. 2009-01-26 Jim Meyering tests: generalize install-transform-check * maint.mk (install-transform-check): Generalize to work also in a project that installs manuals in a section other than "1". 2009-01-23 Jim Meyering build: resolve conflict with new declaration from version-etc.h * src/system.h (emit_bug_reporting_address): Define away, now, gnulib's version-etc.h also declares this function. In this package, we choose to include each program's name in the diagnostic. Define away the conflicting declaration. (emit_bug_reporting_address): Also emit home page and "General help..." links, like the new function does. Reported by Bob Proulx. 2009-01-23 Pádraig Brady doc: shred: Correct docs on default number of overwrites. * NEWS: Mention the change to the default number of passes. * doc/Makefile.am: Update constants.texi with the default number of passes shred uses, so that the documentation will automatically reflect any future changes. * doc/coreutils.texi (shred invocation): Update the description of the --iterations option to have the correct default number, while still conveying that there are 25 internal patterns that may be useful. 2009-01-22 Pádraig Brady shred: change default number of overwrites from 25 to 3 * src/shred.c: The concensus is that a default of 3 passes is appropriate for current drive technologies. * src/TODO: Reference Paul Eggert's suggestion of enhancing shred to conform to DoD 5220 rules. 2009-01-21 Jim Meyering m4: don't use AC_REQUIRE([AC_C_BIGENDIAN]) * m4/jm-macros.m4: Use AC_REQUIRE([gl_BIGENDIAN]) instead. This avoids a subtle problem recently documented in autoconf: http://git.sv.gnu.org/gitweb/?p=autoconf.git;a=commitdiff;h=34e2c8d5484 2009-01-19 Jim Meyering no longer define *_FILENO constants * src/system.h (STDIN_FILENO, STDOUT_FILENO, STDERR_FILENO): Remove definitions. Now guaranteed by gnulib. build: use dist-xz, not dist-lzma, cont'd * README-hacking: mention XZ utils * README-prereq: Add a FIXME comment. tests: tail-2/infloop-1 is racy * tests/tail-2/infloop-1: Add a comment to that effect. 2009-01-18 Jim Meyering build: use dist-xz, not dist-lzma * configure.ac (AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE): s/dist-lzma/dist-xz/. Requires recent "xz" from git://ctrl.tukaani.org/lzma-utils.git 2009-01-16 Jim Meyering maint: remove obsolete sc_author_mark_check rule * maint.mk (sc_author_mark_check): Remove rule. "and" no longer appears in the definition of AUTHORS. Merge branch 'master' of git://git.sv.gnu.org/coreutils maint: enforce existing prohibition: no cvs $keywords$ * maint.mk (sc_prohibit_cvs_keyword): New rule. echo, printf, test: remove unused #include directives * src/echo.c: Don't include "long-options.h". No longer used. * src/printf.c: Likewise. * src/test.c: Likewise. 2009-01-16 Pádraig Brady pathchk: avoid -Wsign-compare warnings * src/pathchk.c: Compare pathconf limits to _signed_ MAX constants, as pathconf returns signed values. pr: avoid -Wsign-compare warnings * src/pr.c: Use unsigned variables in unsigned comparisons. shred: avoid -Wsign-compare warnings * src/shred.c: Use already assigned signed variable sizeof_r, rather than the unsigned sizeof(r). Don't use signed integer overflow check that contemporary compilers may remove anyway. simplify mgetgroups() and avoid -Wsign-compare warnings * gl/lib/mgetgroups.c: Avoid -Wsign-compare warning by using unsigned types for the parameters of the new function realloc_groupbuf(). mgetgroups() was refactored to use this function rather than explicitly allocating and copying from automatic storage itself. * src/group-list.c: Use int rather than size_t as variable is used in signed comparisons. * src/id.c: ditto. 2009-01-14 Eric Blake test, echo, printf: don't accept option abbreviation * src/test.c (main): Directly parse accepted options, thus avoiding abbreviations. * src/echo.c (main): Likewise. * src/printf.c (main): Likewise. 2009-01-14 Kamil Dudka cp/mv: add --no-clobber (-n) option to not overwrite target * src/cp.c (usage): Show new option -n in --help. (main): Handle new option -n. * src/mv.c (usage): Show new option -n in --help. (main): Handle new option -n. * doc/coreutils.texi: Document new cp/mv option -n. * tests/cp/cp-i: Add tests for -f, -i and -n options. * tests/mv/mv-n: New test for mv -n. * tests/Makefile.am: Add test mv/mv-n to the list. * NEWS: Mention the change. 2009-01-08 Eric Blake option handling: make exceptions more consistent * doc/coreutils.texi (Common options): Not all utilities reject option abbreviations. * src/chroot.c (main): Report correct name on failure. * src/echo.c (usage): Clarify long option usage. * src/setuidgid.c (usage): Likewise. * src/hostid.c (usage): Condense. 2009-01-07 Jim Meyering * bootstrap.conf (avoided_gnulib_modules): Add dummy. * maint.mk: align some backslashes 2009-01-05 Pádraig Brady doc: pathchk description enhancements * doc/coreutils.texi (pathchk invocation): Mention pathchk checks validity (for current system) as well as portability. Say messages go to stderr, and reorder description of checks done for the -p option, to match what's done in code. * src/pathchk.c (usage): Mention pathchk checks name validity. Suggested clarifications were from Dan Jacobson. 2009-01-03 Pádraig Brady src/.gitignore: Ignore getlimits utility * src/.gitignore: Ignore getlimits tests: refactor to use the new getlimits utility * tests/Coreutils.pm: Add function to make limits available * tests/test-lib.sh: ditto * tests/misc/join: Check for both SIZE_OFLOW and UINTMAX_OFLOW rather than using arbitrary 2^128 * tests/misc/sort: ditto * tests/misc/uniq: ditto * tests/misc/printf: Check for both INT_OFLOW and INT_UFLOW rather than using arbitrary -2^31 * tests/misc/seq-long-double: Check for INTMAX_OFLOW rather than using arbitrary 2^63 * tests/misc/split-fail: Check --lines --bytes and --line-bytes options limits on all platforms. Note getlimits obviates the need to use expr to check if 32 bit integers are supported, which I think was invalid anyway as expr now supports bignum? * tests/misc/test: Check for UINTMAX_OFLOW rather than using arbitrary 2^64 and 2^128. Check for INTMAX_UFLOW rather than using arbitrary -2^64 * tests/misc/timeout-parameters: Check for UINT_OFLOW rather than using arbitrary 2^32 * tests/misc/truncate-overflow: Don't depend on truncate to determine if we're on a 32 or 64 bit platform and instead use the various OFF_T limits * tests/misc/sort-merge: Check for UINTMAX_OFLOW rather than using arbitrary 2^64+1 * tests/misc/unexpand: ditto 2009-01-03 Michael Meskes stat: print file-system total inode count (%c) as an unsigned number * src/stat.c (print_statfs): Print statfs.f_files, the total inode count of a file system, as an unsigned number. 2009-01-01 Jim Meyering tests: factor ls-misc (no semantic change) * tests/misc/ls-misc: Factor out uses of "\e[0m". update copyright year * doc/coreutils.texi: Likewise. * tests/sample-test: Likewise. 2009-01-01 Jim Meyering improve M4 quoting * configure.ac: Add quotes. * gl/m4/mgetgroups.m4 (gl_MGETGROUPS): Likewise. * m4/boottime.m4 (GNULIB_BOOT_TIME): Likewise. * m4/check-decl.m4 (gl_CHECK_DECLS): Likewise. * m4/gmp.m4 (cu_GMP): Likewise. * m4/jm-macros.m4 (coreutils_MACROS, gl_CHECK_ALL_HEADERS): Likewise. (gl_CHECK_ALL_TYPES): Likewise. * m4/lib-check.m4 (cu_LIB_CHECK): Likewise. * m4/stat-prog.m4 (cu_PREREQ_STAT_PROG): Likewise. FYI, I first ran this command: git ls-files | grep -E '\.(m4|ac)$' | xargs perl -pi \ -e 's/(AC_[A-Z_]+\()([^[()]+?)([,)])/$1\[$2]$3/g;' \ -e 's/(AC_[A-Z_]+\(\[[^,]+?\], )([^,[()]+?)([,)])/$1\[$2]$3/g;' \ -e 's/(AC_[A-Z_]+\((?:\[[^,]+?\], ){2})([^,[()]+?)([,)])/$1\[$2]$3/g' Then I updated serial numbers and copyright dates manually. Also, I manually added two pairs of quotes in boottime.m4. 2009-01-01 Jim Meyering bootstrap: don't use cmp's -s option when reading from a pipe GNU cmp exits without reading all input when given the -s option, and that can cause termination of the writing process via SIGPIPE. Instead, when reading from a pipe, just redirect output to /dev/null so that all input is read. maint: factor out common code; prohibit use of HAVE_MBRTOWC * maint.mk (_prohibit_regexp): New macro. (sc_avoid_if_before_free, sc_cast_of_argument_to_free): (sc_cast_of_x_alloc_return_value, sc_cast_of_alloca_return_value): (sc_space_tab, sc_prohibit_atoi_atof, sc_prohibit_strcmp): (sc_prohibit_stat_st_blocks, sc_prohibit_S_IS_definition): Use it. (sc_prohibit_HAVE_MBRTOWC): New rule. maint: use more sc_-prefixed names * maint.mk (sc_po_check): Renamed from po-check. (sc_author_mark_check): Renamed from author_mark_check. (sc_copyright_check): Renamed from copyright-check. (sc_makefile_path_separator_check): Renamed from makefile_path_separator_check. (local-checks-available): Remove the old names. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Reflect the renaming: .x-sc_po_check * .x-po-check: Rename to... * .x-sc_po_check: ...new file. maint: tighten m4 AC_ quoting check * maint.mk (sc_m4_quote_check): Renamed from m4-check. Also search for AC_DEFINE and AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED. Also search in configure.ac. * configure.ac: Quote first argument of AC_DEFINE. * jm-macros.m4 (coreutils_MACROS): Quote the first argument to AC_DEFINE. maint: move coreutils-specific syntax check rules into cfg.mk * maint.mk (sc_dd_max_sym_length, sc_prohibit_jm_in_m4): (sc_root_tests, sc_always_defined_macros, sc_system_h_headers): (sc_sun_os_names, sc_tight_scope, sc_no_exec_perl_coreutils): Move rules into cfg.mk. (sc_strftime_check): Renamed from strftime-check, and moved, too. * cfg.mk: Add the above rules. portability: accommodate gnulib's getaddrinfo change * src/Makefile.am (pinky_LDADD, who_LDADD): Append $(GETADDRINFO_LIB) cleanup/modernize: don't test HAVE_MBRTOWC; now gnulib provides it * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Include mbrtowc explicitly. * src/ls.c (quote_name): Don't test HAVE_MBRTOWC, now that we're guaranteed to have the function. * src/wc.c (wc): Likewise. 2008-12-27 Eric Blake doc: mention long option abbreviation * doc/coreutils.texi (Common options): Give example of abbreviating options. * THANKS: Update. Reported by Adam Jimerson. 2008-12-26 Jim Meyering maint: ensure dd's computation of O_FULLBLOCK uses all O_ symbol names * src/dd.c (O_FULLBLOCK): Use a more uniform initializer, that makes it easier to extract all O_ symbol names. * maint.mk (syntax-check-rules): Also search for sc_ rules in cfg.mk. (sc_root_tests): Ensure that this rule sets $diff. * cfg.mk (sc_dd_O_FLAGS): New rule. 2008-12-26 Matt Harden dd: add support for opening files in Concurrent I/O (CIO) mode * src/dd.c (O_CIO): New flag. * src/dd.c (O_FULLBLOCK): Add O_CIO to the list of flags that O_FULLBLOCK should be greater than. * src/dd.c (flags): Give the name "cio" to the new O_CIO flag, mirroring the treatment of O_DIRECT. * src/dd.c (usage): Add a description of the new flag when it is available. * doc/coreutils.text (dd invocation): Describe the new flag. * NEWS: Mention the new feature. 2008-12-23 Jim Meyering build: do enable $(WERROR_CFLAGS) for src/ files. This reverts the more recent commit (of two) entitled "build: add configure-time --enable-gcc-warnings option; avoid warnings". Pádraig Brady spotted the contradiction between the log message and actual change. This reverts commit 292d68565a34b237cd2bf586ace545b7cd3dbfcf. 2008-12-23 Pádraig Brady doc: stty: Clarification of some input and output settings * doc/coreutils.texi (stty invocation): Clarify any ambiguity in regard to the direction of input and output settings. Add some notes on the case changing settings. Most of the text was supplied by Dan Jacobson. timeout: remove problematic casts * src/timeout.c (apply_time_suffix): Change input parameter from unsigned int to unsigned long, which is the type of the variable it's actually manipulating. This removes the need for the cast which was giving a warning with the gcc options: -fstrict-aliasing -Wstrict-aliasing. Also add a check for overflow possible on 16-bit platforms, and fix indents. (main): Remove a redundant cast in the alarm() call. 2008-12-21 Jim Meyering * .x-sc_require_config_h: Remove obsolete regexps. maint.mk: enforce the "include first" rule * maint.mk (sc_require_config_h_first): New rule. * .x-sc_require_config_h_first: New file. build: add configure-time --enable-gcc-warnings option; avoid warnings * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add "warnings" module. * configure.ac: Add --enable-gcc-warnings, derived from code in bison. * src/Makefile.am (AM_CFLAGS): Set to $(WARN_CFLAGS) # $(WERROR_CFLAGS) * lib/Makefile.am (AM_CFLAGS): Change spelling to $(WARN_CFLAGS) Don't use $(WERROR_CFLAGS), yet. * src/system.h (usage): Declare. * src/base64.c (usage): Declare to be global, for consistency. * src/timeout.c (usage): Likewise. * src/truncate.c (usage): Likewise. * src/getlimits.c (usage): Likewise. * src/pinky.c (ttyname): Declare with prototype, rather than an empty argument list. * src/who.c (ttyname): Likewise. * src/su.c (crypt, getusershell, setusershell, endusershell): Likewise. build: turn on $(WERROR_CFLAGS) for src/ build: add configure-time --enable-gcc-warnings option; avoid warnings * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add "warnings" module. * configure.ac: Add --enable-gcc-warnings, derived from code in bison. * src/Makefile.am (AM_CFLAGS): Set to $(WARN_CFLAGS) # $(WERROR_CFLAGS) * lib/Makefile.am (AM_CFLAGS): Change spelling to $(WARN_CFLAGS) Don't use $(WERROR_CFLAGS), yet. * src/system.h (usage): Declare. * src/base64.c (usage): Declare to be global, for consistency. * src/timeout.c (usage): Likewise. * src/truncate.c (usage): Likewise. * src/getlimits.c (usage): Likewise. * src/pinky.c (ttyname): Declare with prototype, rather than an empty argument list. * src/who.c (ttyname): Likewise. * src/su.c (crypt, getusershell, setusershell, endusershell): Likewise. 2008-12-17 Pádraig Brady doc: Remove curly quotes from shell examples in man pages Use \(aq rather than a literal ' as groff will convert apostrophe to a right quote (\u2029) in utf8 locales for example. Stepan Kasal details the issue and fix here: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2008-12/msg00124.html 2008-12-16 Jim Meyering ChangeLog-2008: say ChangeLog files are no longer manually maintained and point to HACKING's policy. Suggestion from Dan Jacobson. du: -H now does what POSIX requires * src/du.c (usage): Update --help output. (main): Move -H-handling code from the --si block to the one for --dereference-args (-D). * doc/coreutils.texi (du invocation): Update description. * NEWS (Changes in behavior): Mention this. 2008-12-13 Jim Meyering doc: pr: formatting corrections * doc/coreutils.texi (pr invocation): Fix some overzealous uses of @var. Reported by Andreas Schwab. 2008-12-13 Ralf Wildenhues more portable bootstrap procedure * bootstrap (get_version): Fix portability issues in sed script. (check_versions): For buildreq apps, honor the corresponding $APP variable like $AMTAR, $AUTOCONF. (usage): Document this. (update_po_files): Honor $SHA1SUM. (main): Honor $AUTOPOINT, $ACLOCAL, $AUTOCONF, $AUTOHEADER, $AUTOMAKE, $LIBTOOLIZE. 2008-12-03 Jim Meyering tests: ensure that chmod, chgrp and chown honor --silent * tests/chmod/silent: New file, to test all three programs. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add chmod/silent. * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention this. The bug was introduced in 96a5d2ce6a53d96cb667af78f13e56fadcdb91e6. 2008-12-03 Ondřej Vašík chmod, chown, chgrp: honor --silent (-f) once again * chmod.c (process_file): Make -f suppress fts-related diagnostics. * chown-core.c (change_file_owner): Likewise. Reported via . 2008-12-02 Jim Meyering wc: read and process --files0-from= input a name at a time, when the file name list is not too large. Before, wc would always read the entire file name list into memory and *then* process each file name. wc does read the list into memory when the list is known not to be too large; this is done in order to be able to align the output numbers, as it does with arguments specified on the command-line * src/wc.c: Include "argv-iter.h". (main): Rewrite to use argv-iter when the input file name list is known to be too large. * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. du: read and process --files0-from= input a name at a time, rather than by reading the entire input into memory and *then* processing each file name. * src/du.c: Include "argv-iter.h", not "readtokens0.h". (main): Rewrite to use argv-iter. Call xfts_open on each argument, rather than on the entire argv list at once. Call print_size here, not from du_files. Diagnose read failure. * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. * THANKS: update. Reported by Barry Kelly. More details in http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.core-utils.bugs/15159/ 2008-12-01 Jim Meyering seq: plug a leak * src/factor.c (emit_ul_factor): Call mpz_clear. avoid warnings about initialization of automatic aggregates * src/system.h (DZA_CONCAT0, DZA_CONCAT): New macros. (DECLARE_ZEROED_AGGREGATE): New macro. * src/ls.c (quote_name): Use it. * src/pathchk.c (portable_chars_only): Use it. * src/shred.c (main): Use it. * src/stty.c (main): Use it. * src/wc.c (SUPPORT_OLD_MBRTOWC): Use it. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add argv-iter. argv-iter: add tests * gl/modules/argv-iter-tests: New module. * gl/tests/test-argv-iter.c: New file. argv-iter: new module * gl/lib/argv-iter.h: New file. * gl/lib/argv-iter.c: New file. * gl/modules/argv-iter: New file. With a suggestion for improved memory management by Pádraig Brady. * src/hostname.c (sethostname) [!HAVE_SETHOSTNAME]: Remove declaration. cp, mv: remove 3-year-deprecated+warned-about --reply option * src/cp.c (reply_args, reply_vals): Remove globals. [REPLY_OPTION]: Remove enum. (long_opts) ["reply"]: Remove initializer. (main): Remove case stmt. * src/mv.c: Likewise. Don't include "argmatch.h". No longer used. * NEWS (Changes in behavior): Mention this. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Remove mv/reply-no. * tests/mv/reply-no: Remove file. * tests/mv/i-link-no: Update, now that --reply= is gone. 2008-12-01 Pádraig Brady doc: Make descriptions of ASCII NUL and --zero-terminated option consistent doc/coretuils.texi: Refactor shuf, sort and uniq --zero-terminated option to use the same text. Also refer to NUL characters as @acronym{ASCII} @sc{nul} consistently. 2008-12-01 Jim Meyering doc: enforce @var{lower} policy * doc/coreutils.texi: Fix remaining violations. * doc/Makefile.am (sc-lower-case-var): New rule. Add some command-suppressing "@" directives so that a successful "make check" run is less noisy. 2008-12-01 Pádraig Brady doc: Tweak info docs to standarise on lower-case @var{file} * doc/coreutils.texi: s/@var{FILE}/@var{file}/ doc: Improve description of --files0-from option * doc/coreutils.texi: Describe the most common usage of --files0-from=- to read names from stdin. * src/du.c: Likewise. * src/sort.c: Likewise. * src/wc.c: Likewise. tests: dd/reblock: Reduce chance of timing related failures * tests/dd/reblock: Change the IPC mechanism to the dd process under test, from pipes to fifos. Also change the delay between data writes to 0.2s for both tests. This should increase the chance that the dd process will read the data chunks separately. 2008-11-30 Jim Meyering m4: avoid a warning from gcc's -Wstrict-prototypes * m4/jm-macros.m4 (ARGMATCH_DIE_DECL): Use proper prototype for usage. tests: df: skip total-verify if df fails * tests/df/total-verify: Skip the test if df fails. build: don't reject definition of STREQ * maint.mk (sc_prohibit_strcmp): Tighten rule: exclude macro definitions like the one in system.h. * .x-sc_prohibit_strcmp: Don't exempt src/system.h. tests: start long-running cp/link-heap earlier * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Move cp/link-heap nearer the start of the list, so that its termination doesn't delay a parallel "make check". tests: avoid failure of cp/link-heap on some systems * tests/cp/link-heap: Raise virtual memory limit from 10,000 to 14,000, to avoid failure on Debian/unstable (libc6 2.7-16). remove explicit declaration of putenv, ... * src/date.c: ... now that gnulib guarantees that it's in . * src/env.c: Likewise. tests: dd/reblock: avoid occasional failure * tests/dd/reblock: Sleep longer to avoid a race condition. Reported by Bob Proulx. 2008-11-27 James Youngman pwd: add pwd -P, -L to TODO * TODO: Add to-do entry for -P and -L options of pwd. 2008-11-26 Ondřej Vašík doc: fix typo in units factorization, removed TODO items * doc/coreutils: switch typo (switched gibibytes/gigabytes) * TODO: removed missing chcon and runcon documentation from list 2008-11-26 Jim Meyering doc: factor out list of suffix-to-number (e.g., KB->1000B) mappings * coreutils.texi (multiplierSuffixes, multiplierSuffixesNoBlocks): New macros. (od invocation, head invocation, tail invocation, split invocation): (truncate invocation): Use them. doc: tail: one more s/bytes/n/ change * doc/coreutils.texi (tail invocation): Make one more @var{bytes} -> @var{n} change. 2008-11-26 Pádraig Brady doc: tail: fix description of --bytes=N (-c) * doc/coreutils.texi (tail invocation): Use @var{n} consistently, not a mix of that and @var{bytes}. Reported by anonymous in . 2008-11-23 Karl Berry doc: move @shortcontents and @contents from end to start * doc/coreutils.texi: Move @shortcontents and @contents from the end to the beginning, just after "@end titlepage". 2008-11-23 Jim Meyering doc (stat): clarify: there are two sets of format directives * doc/coreutils.texi (stat invocation): Clarify description of --file-system format directives. 2008-11-23 Karl Berry doc (stat): correct formatting in coreutils.texi * doc/coreutils.texi (stat invocation): Move the list of regular, non-file-system, format directives from the description of --terse, out of the enclosing table. 2008-11-22 Jim Meyering tests: dd: add a test for the required behavior * tests/dd/reblock: New file. Test for the required functionality. Based on an example and discussion from this thread: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2008-11/msg00153.html * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add dd/reblock. 2008-11-22 Pádraig Brady Revert part of "dd: avoid unnecessary memory copies" This reverts part of commit fbd87029cfc494a72bb73ade27ef46382c5bc832. Paul Eggert noticed the problem in http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2008-11/msg00153.html * doc/coreutils.texi (dd invocation): Clarify. 2008-11-21 Pádraig Brady getlimits: A new utility for use in coreutils' tests * src/getlimits.c: A utility to print platform dependent limits in a format suitable for use in shell scripts. * src/Makefile.am: Add getlimits to list of utilities to build but not install. Also add it to the list linked with libiconv * po/POTFILES.in: Add getlimits to translation list. dd: avoid unnecessary memory copies * src/dd.c (scanargs): When not otherwise required (e.g. for conversion), use two-buffer mode only when the input and output buffer sizes differ. Before, some of the most basic invocations of dd, e.g., dd < in > out, would unnecessarily use separate buffers and perform memory copies between them. 2008-11-20 Jim Meyering cp: use far less memory in some cases cp --link was "remembering" many name,dev,inode triples unnecessarily. cp was doing the same, even without --link, for every directory in the source hierarchy, while it can do its job with entries merely for the command-line arguments. Prompted by a report from Patrick Shoenfeld. Details . * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Refrain from remembering name,dev,inode for most files, when invoked via cp --link. Record an infloop-avoidance triple for each directory specified on the command line, not for each directory in the source tree. Don't record a dir-triple when x->hard_link is set. * NEWS (Buf fixes): Mention it. * tests/cp/link-heap: New file. Test for cp's lowered memory usage. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add link-heap. tests: add a test of cp --preserve=links * tests/cp/link-preserve: Add a case and comments. cp: remove unused code * src/cp-hash.c (remember_created): Remove unused function. Remove thus-obviated headers: , "quote.h", "error.h". * src/cp-hash.h (remember_created): Remove declaration. 2008-11-17 Jim Meyering doc: HACKING: reference http://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-assign.html Suggestion from Patrick Schoenfeld. 2008-11-16 Jim Meyering tests: remove debug code that would try to write into /t/k-env * tests/ls/no-cap: Remove debugging "tee". tests: change misc/printf-surprise so that it doesn't segfault anymore * tests/misc/printf-surprise: Disable MALLOC_PERTURB_, so that "make check" no longer provokes a segfault from printf(1). Before, that would be detected as a known problem and cause the test to be skipped. Adjust the test so that a segfault once again results in test failure. 2008-11-12 Jim Meyering tests: remove df/total * tests/df/total: Remove file. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Remove df/total. It is subsumed by df/total-verify. 2008-11-12 Ondřej Vašík * tests/df/total-verify [VERBOSE]: Run df --version, not ls --version. 2008-11-12 Jim Meyering avoid spurious test failure when df always fails * tests/df/total-verify: Skip upon _df_ failure, not tee failure. Reported by Ondřej Vašík. Details in . 2008-11-11 Eric Blake jm-macros.m4: avoid syntax issue with newer autoconf * jm-macros.m4 (coreutils_MACROS): Make LIB_CAP assignment persistent. 2008-11-11 Jim Meyering Update references to GFDL: 1.2 -> 1.3 * doc/coreutils.texi: Likewise. * doc/perm.texi: Likewise. * old/fileutils/NEWS: Likewise. * old/sh-utils/NEWS: Likewise. * old/textutils/NEWS: Likewise. 2008-11-10 Jim Meyering make --help print "Report PROGRAM translation bugs to <...>." for all but the C/POSIX locale. * src/system.h: Include "hard-locale.h". (emit_bug_reporting_address): Tell where to report translation bugs. don't include "hard-locale.h", now that system.h does * src/comm.c: Likewise. * src/join.c: Likewise. * src/ls.c: Likewise. * src/pinky.c: Likewise. * src/pr.c: Likewise. * src/sort.c: Likewise. * src/uniq.c: Likewise. * src/who.c: Likewise. avoid warnings about discarding "qualifiers from pointer target type" Use the new "bad_cast" function or an actual cast-to-"(char *)" to avoid warnings. * src/system.h (bad_cast): Define. * src/chown.c (main): * src/chroot.c (main): * src/date.c (main): * src/du.c (main): * src/expand.c (stdin_argv): * src/ls.c (decode_switches): * src/md5sum.c (main): * src/paste.c (main): * src/pr.c (col_sep_string, column_separator, line_separator, main): * src/sort.c (main): * src/split.c (main): * src/tail.c (main): * src/unexpand.c (stdin_argv): * src/yes.c (main): avoid a compiler warning (strip_program): Declare to be const. use xfreopen in place of unchecked freopen * bootstrap.conf (modules): Add xfreopen. * src/cat.c (main): Include "xfreopen.h". Use xfreopen. * src/cksum.c (cksum): Likewise. * src/head.c (head_file, main): Likewise. * src/md5sum.c (digest_file): Likewise. * src/od.c (open_next_file): Likewise. * src/split.c (type_undef): Likewise. * src/sum.c (bsd_sum_file, sysv_sum_file): Likewise. * src/tac.c (tac_file, main): Likewise. * src/tail.c (tail_file, main): Likewise. * src/tee.c (tee_files): Likewise. * src/tr.c (main): Likewise. * src/wc.c (wc_file): Likewise. * po/POTFILES.in: Add lib/xfreopen.c xfreopen: new module * gl/lib/xfreopen.c: New file. * gl/lib/xfreopen.h: New file. * gl/modules/xfreopen: New file. 2008-11-09 Jim Meyering Update URL: s!www.iro.umontreal.ca!translationproject.org/team/...! * Makefile.am (THANKS-to-translators): Update URL template. 2008-11-09 James Youngman install: indicate clearly it's not for installing packages * src/install.c (usage): Indicate the program copies files, as opposed to installing packages. 2008-11-08 Jim Meyering emit more precise bug-reporting instructions Hoping that this will decrease the volume of bug reports mistakenly directed to the coreutils mailing list. * src/system.h (emit_bug_reporting_address): Specify the program name in the "Report bugs to <...>." line in each program's --help output and man page. Now, it will say "Report PROGRAM_NAME bugs to <...>." Suggestion from Ondřej Vašík. 2008-11-05 Jim Meyering include gnulib's strdup module explicitly * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Include strdup explicitly, to keep the latest version of gnulib-tool from omitting this now-marked- as-obsolete module. 2008-10-28 Kamil Dudka ls: --color now highlights hard linked files, too * src/ls.c (print_color_indicator): Colorize hard linked files. * src/dircolors.c: Add color for hard link. * src/dircolors.hin: Add color for hard link. * tests/ls/hardlink: Test for ls - colorize hard linked files. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add ls/hardlink. * NEWS: Mention the change. 2008-10-28 Jim Meyering tests: ls/stat-failed: don't discard stderr. * tests/ls/stat-failed: Let stderr be recorded, to ease debugging. 2008-10-26 Jim Meyering tests: seq: check for today's extended long double fix * tests/misc/seq-long-double: New file. Test for today's bug fix. * tests/check.mk (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Export CC definition. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add misc/seq-long-double. * NEWS (Bug fixes): Mention it. 2008-10-26 Paul Eggert seq: improve quality of format-checking code * src/seq.c (validate_format): Remove. Migrate its checks into... (long_double_format): Report an error and exit if an error is found, instead of returning NULL. All callers changed. Use a more-consistent format for diagnostics. * tests/misc/seq: Adjust to the more-consistent format for diagnostics. 2008-10-25 Jim Meyering factor: avoid compilation failure without libgmp * src/factor.c (debug) [!HAVE_GMP]: Define. Reported by Bob Proulx. 2008-10-25 Paul Eggert factor: remove --bignum and --no-bignum options Here's a patch to remove the --bignum and --no-bignum options from 'factor'. The case for removing --bignum isn't as strong as that for 'expr', but still, it seems to me that these options are not needed and complicate the documentation unnecessarily. * doc/coreutils.texi (factor invocation): Remove --bignum, --no-bignum. * src/factor.c (algorithm, ALGORITHM_CHOICE, USE_BIGNUM, NO_USE_BIGNUM): Remove; all uses removed. (extract_factors_multi): Remove, replacing with.... (print_factors_multi): New function, with signature similar to that of new signature of print_factors_single. (print_factors_single): Migrate checking code to caller. (print_factors): Use GMP if it's available; don't bother asking user. Improve accuracy of check for "large" numbers. (long_options, main): Remove support for --bignum. 2008-10-25 Jim Meyering tests: df/total: don't fail for an inaccessible mount point * tests/df/total: Ignore nonzero exit status from df. 2008-10-25 Paul Eggert seq: revert Solaris 8 work-around that caused x86 regression * src/seq.c: Don't include , . (abs_rel_diff): Remove. (print_numbers): Test for equality, not for an epsilonish value. This reverts 4827dd27b0c655a685947aaa01426a5ecba179f3, aka v6.10-185-g4827dd2, which broke 'seq' on the x86; for example, it causes "seq 9223372036854775807 9223372036854775808" to incorrectly output 3 numbers instead of 2. It's better to punish obsolescent hosts that have incorrectly-working floating-point than to punish correctly-working hosts. * tests/misc/seq: Use 0.9000000000000, rather than 0.90000000000000000000, to avoid tickling a bug in Solaris 8 strtold, which converts "0.9" and "0.9000000000000" correctly, but incorrectly converts "0.90000000000000000000" to a smaller value. 2008-10-24 Eric Blake group-list: avoid compiler warning * src/group-list.c (print_group_list) [!HAVE_GETGROUPS]: Always return value. 2008-10-23 Jim Meyering ls: use '.' (not +) as SELinux-only alt. access flag in ls -l output * src/ls.c (gobble_file) [long_format]: Map SELinux-only to '.', any other nonempty combination of MAC and ACL to '+', and all else to the usual ' '. Suggested by Michael Stone. * tests/misc/selinux: Adapt: expect '.', not '+'. * doc/coreutils.texi (What information is listed): Document this. * NEWS (Changes in behavior): Mention it. 2008-10-22 Pádraig Brady Remove lzma as a specific build requirement * bootstrap.conf: lzma was added as a build requirement in the recently added build tools requirements check. Remove that as it's quite new and also only required for the make dist stage. 2008-10-22 Paul Eggert * src/ls.c (usage): Describe exit statuses more concisely. 2008-10-22 Pádraig Brady Add better checks and docs for build tools Prompted by a report from Ed Avis: * README-hacking: Organise LZMA and Valgrind as as optional requirements rather than in their own sections. Mention bootstrap will now check tool versions. * README-prereq: Make a start on specific instructions for optaining build tools. Currently we just have notes for Fedora linux. * bootstrap.conf: Add the list of tools and versions required. * bootstrap: Add the logic to check for the required tools, and list all required tools and versions if any are missing. 2008-10-22 Jim Meyering clean up gl/modules/selinux-at * gl/modules/selinux-at: Ensure that LIB_SELINUX is cleared, in case it's set in the environment. m4-quote the first two args to AC_SEARCH_LIBS. Don't violate autoconf's ac_ namespace: s/ac_save/gl_save/ Drop the useless double quotes around a simple assignment RHS. 2008-10-21 Jim Meyering move selinux-h module from gl/ to gnulib * gl/lib/se-context.in.h: Remove file. * gl/lib/se-selinux.in.h: Likewise. * gl/m4/selinux-context-h.m4: Likewise. * gl/m4/selinux-selinux-h.m4: Likewise. * gl/modules/selinux-h: Likewise. prepare to move selinux-h module to gnulib * gl/modules/selinux-h (Makefile.am) [selinux/selinux.h, selinux/context.h]: Remove temporary file and target, in case they're read-only. Use $(MKDIR_P), not mkdir -p. (License): Relax to LGPLv2+. Remove vestigial comments. tests: test today's ls-vs-capability fix Test for this fix: f3f1ccfd871ee395e7fafc051c1b7dedb39fdfc9. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add ls/no-cap. * tests/ls/no-cap: New file. 2008-10-21 Kamil Dudka ls: make it possible to disable file capabilities checking * ls.c (print_color_indicator): Do not check for file capability if that attribute is not being colored. Since 84f6abfe00b4ab533145623638b417a2221f9c75, ls --color would check each file for "capabilities". In , James Antill reported that ls --color seemed slower with capabilities detection. 2008-10-21 Jim Meyering reflect gnulib's removal of lstat.h * src/copy.h: Don't include "lstat.h". * src/ls.c: Likewise. * src/remove.c: Likewise. * src/rm.c: Likewise. 2008-10-20 Pádraig Brady expr: Fixup authors * src/expr.c: Standardise the format of AUTHORS to that used in other utils with multiple authors. Also add Paul Eggert since he basically rewrote it with his bignum fixes. * AUTHORS (expr): Add Paul Eggert. 2008-10-19 Jim Meyering accommodate gnulib header removals * src/copy.c: Don't include "euidaccess.h" or "lchmod.h". * src/cp.c: Don't include "lchmod.h". * src/ls.c: Don't include "dirfd.h". * src/mkdir.c: Don't include "lchmod.h". * src/pwd.c: Don't include "dirfd.h". * src/remove.c: Don't include "dirfd.h" or "euidaccess.h". * src/test.c: Don't include "euidaccess.h". * gl/modules/getloadavg.diff: Adjust diff for changed context. * src/uptime.c (uptime): Remove declaration. 2008-10-18 Jim Meyering * maint.mk (coreutils-path-check): New definition, now run only if src/true.c exists. Factored out of... (my-distcheck): ...here. 2008-10-17 Jim Meyering maint: avoid warning in ls.c * src/ls.c (has_capability) [!HAVE_CAP]: Add unused attribute. maint: avoid warnings due to attribute warn_unused_result Now that a (void) cast no longer suffices to ignore warnings from gcc about uses of functions marked with the warn_unused_result attribute, we need an alternative. For the record, here's one of the ignorable warnings: "copy.c:233: warning: ignoring return value of 'fchown', declared with attribute warn_unused_result" * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Import ignore-value. * src/copy.c: Include "ignore-value.h". (set_owner): Use ignore_value in place of "(void)" casts, to ignore lchown and fchown failures. * src/cp.c (re_protect): Likewise, to ignore lchown failure. * src/remove.c (preprocess_dir): Remove unnecessary "(void)" cast. 2008-10-16 Jim Meyering mktemp: diagnose freopen failure * src/mktemp [--quiet]: Don't ignore freopen failure. 2008-10-16 Paul Eggert * src/mktemp.c (main): Add 'const' twice to avoid GCC warning. 2008-10-16 Jim Meyering build: when po-check fails, say why and suggest a fix * maint.mk (po-check): Before, when this check failed, it just spat out a diff mentioning two temporary files. Now, it tells you what's wrong and suggests a fix with a patch using the name of the affected file (rather than temporary file names) in the diff output. 2008-10-16 Eric Blake csplit: prefer sigaction over signal * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Import sigaction. * src/csplit.c (sigprocmask, siginterrupt) [SA_NOCLDSTOP]: Delete workarounds. (interrupt_handler, main): Drop use of signal. Rely on sigaction to block fatal signal during cleanup, and to restore it to default in case of nested signals. 2008-10-15 Pádraig Brady tests: add option processing tests for 'expr' * tests/misc/expr: Add tests for various combinations of options where the first part of the expression could be confused with an option. 2008-10-15 Paul Eggert expr: remove --bignum and --no-bignum options * doc/coreutils.texi (expr invocation): Remove the --bignum and --no-bignum options. They weren't really needed, and they broke longstanding (albeit nonportable) scripts. * src/expr.c: Don't include . Include "inttostr.h", "long-options.h", "verify.h". Check at compile-time that size_t fits in unsigned long int, as the code assumes this in several places. (HAVE_GMP): Define to 0 if not defined, for convenience. (mpz_t, mpz_clear, mpz_init_set_ui, mpz_init_set_str, mpz_add): (mpz_sub, mpz_mul, mpz_tdiv_q, mpz_tdiv_r, mpz_get_str, mpz_sgn): (mpz_fits_ulong_p, mpz_get_ui, mpz_out_str): Supply substitutes when !HAVE_GMP, which work well enough for expr's purposes. (mp_integer): Remove. All integers are gmp, if gmp is available. (struct valinfo): Remove 'z' member; no longer needed. The 'i' member is always of type mpz_t. (enum arithmetic_mode, MP_NEVER, MP_ALWAYS, MP_AUTO, mode): Remove; no longer needed. (usage): Remove documentation of --bignum and --no-bignum. (integer_overflow): Abort if error misbehaves, to pacify GCC. Restore old message on arithmetic overflow, to be conservative. (die): Omit exit_status parameter; not needed (is always EXPR_FAILURE). (string_too_long, USE_BIGNUM, NO_USE_BIGNUM, long_options): Remove; no longer needed. (main): Don't use getopt_long; this breaks old nonportable scripts. (int_value): Arg is unsigned, in case we have strings whose length exceeds LONG_MAX (!). (int_value, freev, printv, null, tostring, toarith): (eval6, eval4, eval3): Always use mpz_ functions, to simplify the code. (substr_value): Remove; no longer needed. (getsize): Simplify the API: one arg rather than 3. Don't assume unsigned long int fits in size_t. (promote, domult, dodivide, doadd): Remove; no longer needed. * tests/misc/expr: Don't use --bignum to test for bignum support. Instead, use big numbers to test this. 2008-10-15 Jim Meyering expr: don't interpret argv[0] as an operand * src/expr.c (main): Given a first argument like -22 (negative, with two or more digits), expr would decrement optind to 0 and then attempt to evaluate argv[0]. doc: cp, mv: remove mention of deprecated --reply= option * doc/coreutils.texi (cp invocation, mv invocation): Don't mention it. 2008-10-13 Jim Meyering doc: adjust spacing in ls --help output, for better man formatting * src/ls.c (usage): Adjust spacing so the "Exit status:" list renders well in the help2man-generated man page. 2008-10-13 Ondřej Vašík doc: ls: clarify exit status description * src/ls.c (exit_status): Clarify comments. (usage): Clarify exit status description in --help output. * doc/coreutils.texi (ls invocation): Clarify exit status documentation Reported by Greg Metcalfe in . 2008-10-12 Jim Meyering doc: reorder tsort/ptx nodes so body and menu ordering are consistent * doc/coreutils.texi (tsort invocation, tsort background): Move these nodes "down", so that they follow the ptx nodes, thus matching the alphabetized order in the menu. (tsort background): Make this a subsection. Suggested by Karl Berry. tests: move check-misc targets from src/Makefile.am to maint.mk * src/Makefile.am (check): Remove check-misc. (check-misc): Remove target. * maint.mk (sc_prohibit_stat_st_blocks): New target. (sc_prohibit_S_IS_definition): New target. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add .x-sc_prohibit_stat_st_blocks. * .x-sc_prohibit_stat_st_blocks: New file. Andreas Schwab reported that "make check" could fail to detect violation of the no-S_IS*-definition policy. tests: df: avoid test failure when using mawk * tests/df/total-awk: Rewrite to use $PERL, not $AWK. mawk can't even count above 2^31. Reported by Ed Avis. http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/14792/focus=14802 * tests/df/total-verify: Rename from total-awk. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Reflect renaming. 2008-10-10 Jim Meyering bootstrap: merge from gnulib 2008-10-07 Ondřej Vašík doc: document runcon and chcon in SELinux context section * doc/coreutils.texi: Document runcon and chcon. Add minimal SELinux context section. 2008-10-06 Ondřej Vašík chcon: remove traces of unimplemented --change (-c) option This option was never supported in upstream coreutils. * chcon.c (usage): Remove --change (-c) from help message. (main): Remove 'c' from getopt string. Remove related and now-unused enums. 2008-10-06 Andreas Dilger stat: add lustre filesystem type * src/stat.c (human_fstype) [S_MAGIC_LUSTRE]: Add case. Make "stat -f" recognize the "Lustre" filesystem type. * NEWS: Mention this feature. 2008-10-06 Jim Meyering remove.c: avoid compile failure on OS/2 * src/remove.c (dirent_inode_sort_may_be_useful): Guard also with "#if defined __linux__". Reported by Elbert Pol. 2008-10-05 Jim Meyering post-release administrivia * NEWS: Add header line for next release. * .prev-version: Record previous version. * cfg.mk (old_NEWS_hash): Auto-update. version 7.0 * NEWS: Record release date. * maint.mk (alpha beta major): Add "-a" to git commit ... command. 2008-10-04 Jim Meyering tests: fix the install/strip-program test * tests/install/strip-program: Use $PREFERABLY_POSIX_SHELL, not POSIX_SHELL. The latter may be empty, and would fail on OpenBSD 3.9. * tests/check.mk (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Propagate PREFERABLY_POSIX_SHELL to tests. 2008-10-03 Jim Meyering timeout.c: don't use perror; exit 125 upon failed fork * src/timeout.c (main): Use "error", not perror. Elbert Pol noticed a build failure on OS/2. * src/timeout.c (main): Exit 125 (not errno) upon failed fork. Make the failed fork diagnostic match the one from install.c. 2008-10-03 Kamil Dudka ls and sort: use filevercmp instead of strverscmp * src/ls.c (cmp_version): Use filevercmp instead of strverscmp. * src/sort.c (usage): Remove mna reference to strverscmp(3). (compare_version): Use filevercmp instead of strverscmp. * bootstrap.conf: Add filevercmp to list of gnulib modules. * tests/misc/sort-version: Remove conflicting string and enhance test. * NEWS: Mention the change. 2008-10-02 Jim Meyering tests: skip a root-only test when configured without libcap * tests/ls/capability: Test for HAVE_CAP definition in config.h. 2008-10-02 Eric Blake ignore additional built file remove.c: allow compilation on cygwin * src/remove.c (dirent_inode_sort_may_be_useful) [!HAVE_STRUCT_DIRENT_D_TYPE]: Elide definition when there is no point in trying to use it. 2008-10-02 Jim Meyering bootstrap: merge from gnulib * bootstrap: add submodule support, git-merge-changelog 2008-10-01 Jim Meyering remove.c: combine two helper functions, to avoid sign-extension * src/remove.c (fs_handles_readdir_ordered_dirents_efficiently): Remove function, so as not to have to worry about the type of statfs.f_type and sign extension. (dirent_inode_sort_may_be_useful): Adjust comment. Perform the switch directly on the struct.member here, instead. Andreas Schwab spotted the potential for a sign-extension bug, that happens not to bite for the S_* f_type values currently used. rm: don't preprocess a directory on a file system of type tmpfs or nfs The preprocessing phase is not necessary on tmpfs, and induces a 20% performance decrease when removing a 2M-entry directory. * src/remove.c (fs_handles_readdir_ordered_dirents_efficiently): (dirent_inode_sort_may_be_useful): New functions from gnulib/fts.c. They'll probably become a gnulib module -- eventually. (preprocess_dir): Use dirent_inode_sort_may_be_useful. tests: use our new timeout program * tests/rm/ext3-perf: Also, record set-up duration and FS type. 2008-09-29 Ralf Wildenhues fix make variable quotation error * tests/check.mk (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Quote shell variable $tmp__, fix expansion. 2008-09-29 Jim Meyering seq: solve e13188e7ef7bbd609c1586332a335b4194b881aa more cleanly * src/seq.c (print_numbers): Don't switch c_strtold -> strtold in order to accommodate the locale-dependent behavior of our internal asprintf use. Instead, simply set the locale to C before calling asprintf, and then set it back afterwards. 2008-09-28 Jim Meyering build: avoid spurious valgrind warning about uses of touch * .vg-suppressions (utimensat-NULL): Avoid bogus valgrind warning that appears on at least Fedora 9. mktemp: plug an inconsequential leak * src/mktemp.c (main) [lint]: Free template. THANKS: add Erik Auerswald 2008-09-28 Eric Blake remove.c: avoid compiler warning * src/remove.c (compare_ino, dirent_count) [!HAVE_STRUCT_DIRENT_D_TYPE]: Mask declaration when unused. 2008-09-27 Jim Meyering rm -r: avoid O(n^2) performance for a directory with very many entries This enhancement works around a problem that is specific to at least ext3 and ext4 file systems. With them, it would take hours to remove a two-million-entry directory. RAM-backed file systems (tmpfs) are not affected, since there is no seek penalty. * remove.c (rm_malloc, rm_free, compare_ino): New functions. (dirent_count, preprocess_dir): New function. [struct readdir_data]: New struct. (remove_cwd_entries): Call preprocess_dir. * tests/rm/ext3-perf: New file. Test for the performance fix. * NEWS: mention the new feature remove.c: don't use xmalloc; don't let obstack call exit on failure (obstack_chunk_alloc, obstack_chunk_free): Don't define. (top_dir): Param is no longer "const". Use malloc, not xmalloc, and call longjmp upon failed malloc. (obstack_init_minimal): New function. (ds_init): Don't use xmalloc. Instead, use caller-supplied buffer. Use obstack_specify_allocation_with_arg, not obstack_init, so that we control what happens upon allocation failure. Arrange for ds_free not to free uninitialized if/when any obstack_specify_allocation_with_arg allocation fails. (ds_free): Don't free DS, now that it's no longer malloc'd. (rm): Allocate DS on the stack. Arrange to handle ds_init allocation failure. step1 * maint.mk (my-distcheck): remove duplicate c99-related test code maint: allow more C99 constructs; stop maintaining c99-to-c89 patch set * cfg.mk (local-checks-to-skip): Add patch-check. With the recent changes to remove.c, I no longer wish to maintain the c99-to-c89 patch set. 2008-09-26 Jim Meyering seq -0.1 0.1 2: print final number when locale's decimal point is "," * src/seq.c (print_numbers): Use strtold, not c_strtold to convert from just-formatted-using-asprintf string back to double, since asprintf may have used something other than "." as the decimal point. Reported by lsof@nodata.co.uk as . Thanks to Ondřej Vašík for discovering that the bug was locale-related. $ LC_ALL=cs_CZ.UTF-8 seq -0.1 0.1 2|grep 2.0 [Exit 1] $ seq -0.1 0.1 2|grep 2.0 2.0 * tests/check.mk (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Add LOCALE_FR_UTF8, for... * tests/misc/seq [locale-dec-pt]: New test for the above. * NEWS (bug fix): Mention it. maint: relax a check so "make distcheck" succeeds again * maint.mk (makefile-check): Relax the check, in order to exempt the necessary use of a sole @...@-delimited Makefile.am variable. 2008-09-24 Jim Meyering maint: avoid using find -name Makefile.am; could get false positives * maint.mk (makefile-check): Instead, search for the offending @...@ construct only in version-controlled files. 2008-09-24 Benno Schulenberg pinky: gettextize two missed strings Additionally differentiate the strings for unknown idle time and unknown real name so they can be translated differently. 2008-09-24 Jim Meyering cp.c: adjust a comment to make it consistent with documentation '-a' is equivalent to -dpR, so s/-dpPR/-dpR/; the -P is redundant, since -d already implies -P, and both --help and "info cp" say -dpR: Corresponding doc changes: 080ac7785071c7f135711a39e57c71d9057d9bd7 b7c2db676635518c06add0dd570543ae83e21f2e. 2008-09-22 Ralf Wildenhues fix installation with ./ginstall in src * src/Makefile.am (cu_install_program): New variable, set to either ./ginstall or @INSTALL_PROGRAM@ (for cross compilation). (INSTALL_PROGRAM): Override AC_SUBST unconditionally, to avoid warning, and wrong initialization order. 2008-09-22 Benno Schulenberg doc: alphabetize 'who's option descriptions * doc/coreutils.texi (who invocation): Alphabetize. 2008-09-19 Benno Schulenberg who --help: add a general description uptime --help: put together message parts that belong together tr --help: gettextize a single paragraph as a single string Breaking a paragraph into several strings is awkward for translators. tail: gettextize the string, "standard input" tail --help: move the --retry entry into alphabetical order * src/tail.c (usage): Also simplify --retry description, split a long string in two, remove a stray period, and add the usual indent. shred --help: lowercase a stray capital stty --help: correct the alignment of an entry * src/stty.c (usage): Also remove a stray period, and ungettextize a debugging message. sort --help: sort the options better alphabetically Take the opportunity to split the long message into three parts. rmdir --help: use lower case in option description; adjust indentation remove.c: move comment to right before string, so gettext will pick it up pr --help: elide arguments after short options that allow a space * src/pr.c (usage): Also, put the -S option with its description. od: ungettextize debugging messages nohup, remove, tr: also gettextize the alternative messages od --help: avoid concatening two messages without a newline src/od.c (usage): Better: make them into two separate paragraphs. mkfifo, mknod --help: put -Z option in its alphabetical position Options are normally sorted by their short form, not their long form. Also line up their descriptions. 2008-09-19 Jim Meyering doc: coreutils.texi (csplit invocation): Add an example. 2008-09-14 Ralf Wildenhues various VPATH-related fixes * maint.mk (VC_LIST): Prepend '$(srcdir)/'. (patch-check): Fix to make it work with a VPATH build. * src/Makefile.am (sc_tight_scope): Likewise. * man/Makefile.am (.x.1): Do not make outputs unwritable. 2008-09-14 Jim Meyering stat: remove obsolete and undocumented option, --filesystem * src/stat.c: Remove obsolete and undocumented --filesystem. 2008-09-13 Jim Meyering tests: reenable disabled test, now that automake can handle it This reverts the change in ae1c205fc473589d028ef63785926263843555cd. 2008-09-11 Jim Meyering tests: temporarily disable part of "make distcheck" * maint.mk (install-transform-check): Temporarily disable. tweak wording and check to avoid failure * doc/coreutils.texi (printf invocation): Tweak wording. * doc/Makefile.am (check-texinfo): Allow "search path". 2008-09-10 Jim Meyering doc: mention which commands may be built-in functions * doc/coreutils.texi (mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn): New macro. (mknod invocation, stat invocation, echo invocation) (printf invocation, test invocation, pwd invocation) (nice invocation, kill invocation, sleep invocation): Use it. (printf invocation): Invoke via "env" rather than using a literal /usr/local/bin/ prefix in examples. 2008-09-10 Ralf Wildenhues simplify installation rules, using new Automake This relies on development Automake to provide multi-file installation, and avoids relying on undocumented Automake interfaces. It also removes special-casing for `['. * configure.ac (AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE): Depend on 1.10a. (CROSS_COMPILING): New Automake conditional. * src/Makefile.am (install-exec-am, filtered_PROGS) (d_bindir, cu-install-binPROGRAMS): Remove. (INSTALL_PROGRAM) [!CROSS_COMPILING]: Set to `./ginstall'. fix minor shell issues in test suite * tests/misc/help-version: Fix bad quoting. * tests/cp/same-file: Fix unportable shell quoting. * tests/mv/part-symlink: Likewise. 2008-09-10 Jim Meyering tests: don't use "local" in bourne shell scripts * tests/test-lib.sh (remove_tmp_, skip_if_mcstransd_is_running_): Avoid failure on Solaris 11, since their /bin/sh passes the tests in posix-shell.m4, yet does not support "local" (which is not POSIX). tests: use "Exit $fail", not (exit $fail); exit $fail * tests/test-lib.sh (Exit): New function by Ralf Wildenhues in automake http://git.sv.gnu.org/gitweb/?p=automake.git;a=commitdiff;h=20594c08f63 * tests/**: Convert all uses: This restrictive change converted the vast majority: git grep -l '^(exit \$fail); exit \$fail$' \ | xargs perl -pi -e 's/'^\(exit \$fail\); exit \$fail$/Exit \$fail/' And this did the rest, plus a few undesirable ones, so I manually backed out the changes to ChangeLog-* and build-aux/check.mk: git grep -l -E '\(exit [^)]+\); exit ' \ | xargs perl -pi -e 's/\(exit (.+?)\); exit \1/Exit $1/' 2008-09-08 Jim Meyering tests: move input-tty into a test-lib.sh function * tests/test-lib.sh (require_controlling_input_terminal_): New function, from * tests/input-tty: ...here. Remove file. * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Remove input-tty. * tests/mv/i-3: Use the function, not the file. * tests/misc/stty: Likewise. * tests/misc/stty-row-col: Likewise. * tests/misc/stty-invalid: Likewise. 2008-09-07 Jim Meyering tests: work around Solaris 11 bug * tests/misc/printf-surprise: Accept bogus prefix on stderr output. tests: don't let rounding-to-1KB blocks provoke a failure * tests/df/total-awk: Use df's --block-size=512 option. tests: don't fail due to built-in sleep from Solaris 11's /bin/sh * tests/misc/help-version (id_args): Invoke via env to ensure we run the just-built version of sleep. 2008-09-06 Kamil Dudka install: new option: --strip-program, ...to specify the program used to strip binaries * src/install.c (main): Handle new option --strip-program. (strip): Use strip program from global variable strip_program. (usage): Mention new option --strip-program in --help. * tests/tests/strip-program: Test case for new option --strip-program. * tests/Makefile.am: Add new test case to test set. * doc/coreutils.texi: Mention new option --strip-program. * NEWS: Mention the change. * TODO: Remove completed task. 2008-09-03 Kamil Dudka df: new option: --total to print grand totals * src/df.c (add_uint_with_neg_flag): New function to add two integral values with separate negation flag. (show_dev): New parameter force_fsu to display numbers directly. Collect summary statistics on each printed device. (usage): Mention new option --total in --help. (main): Initialize summary on program start. Handle new option --total. * tests/df/total: Dummy test case for new --total option. * tests/df/total-awk: Better test case for new --total option (requires awk). * doc/coreutils.texi: Mention new parameter --total. * NEWS: Mention the change. * TODO: Removed completed task. 2008-09-03 Jim Meyering TODO: add an item for a chmod optimization 2008-08-31 Jerry Snitselaar env, groups: remove duplicate inclusion of * src/env.c: Remove redundant #include. * src/groups.c: Likewise. Tiny change. 2008-08-26 Jim Meyering generate version.c and version.h * src/Makefile.am (version.c, version.h): New rules. Generate. (nodist_libver_a_SOURCES): Define * .gitignore: Add src/version.c and src/version.h. (DISTCLEANFILES): Add version.c and version.h. use new global, "Version", rather than macro, VERSION With this change, a version-string update no longer forces recompilation of 100+ src/*.o files. * src/version.c (Version): New global. New file. * src/version.h: Declare it. * src/Makefile.am: Put it in a library that everyone links to. (noinst_LIBRARIES, libver_a_SOURCES): Define. (LDADD): Add libver.a. (sc_tight_scope): Use perl (was sed), and a more relaxed regexp to build the global-variable-name-recognizing regexp list. * src/system.h: Include "version.h". (case_GETOPT_VERSION_CHAR): Use Version rather than VERSION. * src/basename.c (main): Use Version rather than VERSION. * src/chroot.c (main): Likewise. * src/cksum.c (main): Likewise. * src/dd.c (main): Likewise. * src/dirname.c (main): Likewise. * src/echo.c (main): Likewise. * src/hostid.c (main): Likewise. * src/hostname.c (main): Likewise. * src/link.c (main): Likewise. * src/logname.c (main): Likewise. * src/nice.c (main): Likewise. * src/nohup.c (main): Likewise. * src/printenv.c (main): Likewise. * src/printf.c (main): Likewise. * src/pwd.c (main): Likewise. * src/setuidgid.c (main): Likewise. * src/sleep.c (main): Likewise. * src/sync.c (main): Likewise. * src/test.c (main): Likewise. * src/timeout.c (main): Likewise. * src/true.c (main): Likewise. * src/tsort.c (main): Likewise. * src/unlink.c (main): Likewise. * src/uptime.c (main): Likewise. * src/users.c (main): Likewise. * src/whoami.c (main): Likewise. * src/yes.c (main): Likewise. bootstrap: preserve permissions of more copied files * bootstrap (cp_mark_as_generated): Preserve perms of copied files. Remove a kludge, now that this is fixed. 2008-08-23 Bruno Haible doc: clarify wc -L documentation * doc/coreutils.texi (wc invocation): Explain what the -L option measures. 2008-08-20 Eric Blake ls: adjust to gnulib change * src/ls.c (includes): "strverscmp.h" no longer exists. 2008-08-19 Eric Blake .gitignore: ignore more files * .gitignore: Ignore directories created by gnulib. .gitattributes: generalize * .gitattributes: Relax the glob pattern, so it matches *.texinfo, too. Suggest a POSIX BRE, rather than one that uses the GNU extension, \\+. sort: improve usage wording * src/sort.c (usage): Mention that -k defaults to end of line if POS2 omitted. * THANKS: Update. Reported by Tim Ryan. 2008-08-15 Jim Meyering adjust 2008-08-15 Bruce Korb sort: new option, --sort=version, for version number ordering * src/sort.c [struct keyfield] (version): New member. (usage): Describe --version-sort. (sort_options): Add 'V'. (long_options): Add "version-sort". (CHECK_TABLE, _ct_, SORT_TABLE, _st_): Define new macros. (check_args, sort_args, sort_types): Use these new macros in declarations. (ARGMATCH_VERIFY): Remove use. No longer needed. (compare_version): New function. (key_compare): Add a case. (check_ordering_compatibility): Handle new type. (main): Likewise. Reformat two expressions for readability. * tests/misc/sort-version: new test file * tests/Makefile.am: add it to the list * doc/coreutils.texi (sort invocation): Document it. * NEWS: Mention the new feature. 2008-08-14 Jim Meyering set envvars via "env" to avoid spurious set -x output from bad shells * tests/dd/misc: Set LC_ALL=C via env. * tests/cp/thru-dangling: Set POSIXLY_CORRECT via env. This is necessary at least on AIX 5.3. Reported by Jeph Cowan and Ralf Wildenhues. Details here: http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/14235/focus=14257 "expr --bignum 1" now fails when expr is built without libgmp * src/expr.c (main): When --bignum is requested, yet expr was built without libgmp, exit nonzero (3) in addition to giving a diagnostic. mktemp, sort, tac: don't use undefined after mkstemp failure When mkstemp fails, the template buffer may have undefined contents, so we must not print it. * src/sort.c (create_temp_file): Use temp_dir, not "file" when diagnosing failed mkstemp, because "file" may be undefined. * tests/misc/sort-merge: Adjust for new expected output. Jeph Cowan and Ralf Wildenhues reported the test failure: http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/14235/focus=14257 * src/tac.c (copy_to_temp): Don't use template buffer after failed mkstemp call, since its contents may be undefined. * tests/misc/tac (pipe-bad-tmpdir): New test for the above. * src/mktemp.c (main): Save a copy of the template string, solely for use in case mkstemp fails. * tests/misc/mktemp (pipe-bad-tmpdir): New test for the above. 2008-08-12 Benno Schulenberg kill: micro grammar nit in description of SIGNAL groups: let synopsis show that the command allows multiple usernames Also make the docstring say so. id: remove superfluous condition test; it is caught at -Z above id: gettextize a few missed tiny strings fmt: remove the 'no file' sentence; the standard phrase is given below Replace the sentence with a more useful explanation of -DIGITS. 2008-08-11 Benno Schulenberg echo: correct description of \c * src/echo.c (usage): Correct description of \c. * coreutils.texi (echo invocation): Likewise. * src/echo.c: Remove --help-duplicating comment. doc: the quote operator for expr is '+', not 'quote' factor: remove duplicate docstring; use the more detailed one echo: gettextize the alternative option description too dd: clarify meaning of multiplication factors; put xM in order doc: remove stray word from date's field width description date: remove confusing and unneeded sentence from --help It makes it unclear what 'sequences' refers to, and the -u option already says enough. printenv: say what it does when variables are specified doc: put the exitstatus paragraph in a better place * doc/coreutils.texi (tsort invocation): move two lines cp: move a newline to make second message identical to others who: Gettextize two forgotten strings 2008-08-10 Jim Meyering sort: remove unnecessary declaration of strtod * src/sort.c (STDC_HEADERS): Remove declaration of strtod. sort: avoid erroneous cast * src/sort.c (OPEN_MAX): Define if not already defined. (MAX_NMERGE): Remove definition. (specify_nmerge): Don't cast MAX_NMERGE (of type size_t) to unsigned int. Instead, use OPEN_MAX as the fall-back value. sort: don't print uninitialized in diagnostic * src/sort.c (specify_nmerge): Do use uinttostr value. Provoke with e.g., sort -m --batch-size=18446744073709551617 Omit quotes around known-numeric value in diagnostic. * tests/misc/sort-merge [nmerge-big]: Tighten ERR_SUBST regexp to require a numeric value in that diagnostic, so this particular failure cannot reappear. 2008-08-09 Jim Meyering * .gitattributes: Better diff output for texinfo sources. dd.c: reduce duplication in new O_FULLBLOCK-defining code * src/dd.c (MULTIPLE_BITS_SET): New macro, extracted from... (multiple_bits_set): ...this function. Use a single-line, and far simpler expression (no need to list all O_* symbols again) to validate the derived O_FULLBLOCK value. * coreutils.texi (factor invocation, expr invocation): Adjust wording. expr: avoid compiler warnings * src/expr.c (die): New "noreturn" function to wrap one-arg use of error (string_too_long): Use die rather than error. (toint): Remove definition of now-unused function. (eval6): Remove a little duplication. Use die rather than error. (dodivide): Remove declaration of now-unused variable. * tests/misc/expr: Add tests of the new GMP-based code. 2008-08-06 James Youngman expr: support arbitrary-precision arithmetic * src/Makefile.am (expr_LDADD): Link expr against GNU MP. * doc/coreutils.texi (expr invocation): Describe --bignum, --no-bignum. Explain the new arbitrary-precision functionality. * NEWS: Indicate that arbitrary-precision arithmetic is now supported in expr. * src/expr.c (enum valtype): Added mp_integer, signifying a GNU MP number. (usage): Document the new options --bignum and --no-bignum which force and prohibit the use of arbitrary-precision arithmetic, respectively. (long_options): data structure for getopt_long, which we need to use to parse the options mentioned above. (main): parse these options with getopt_long instead of parse_long_options. (valinfo): Downgrade the numeric member of the union from intmax_t to signed long, since MP lacks functions for promoting an intmax_t to an arbitrary-precision quantity. (enum arithmetic_mode): Represents the current choice between --bignum, --no-bignum and the default (automatically switch from one to the other if needed). (integer_overflow): issue a more explicit error message indicating that MP is not available. (string_too_long): new function, emits a fatal error message for the case where an argument to the 'index' expression is too long for a string offset to be represented. (int_value): With --bignum, create the value as mp_integer rather than plain integer. (substr_value): factored out of eval6; implements "substr". (freev): also destroy mp_integer values. Check that no mp_integer values exist if --no-bignum was specified. (printv, null, tostring): support mp_integer. (toint): new funtion for converting from string or mp_integer to integer. (getsize): extracts a size_t value from a VALUE object; used to implement substr. (promote): promotes a value from integer to mp_integer. (domult, dodivide): functions for multiplication and division, factored out of eval4. (doadd): addition/subraction function, factpred out of eval3. (eval3): support mp_integer types; call doadd. (eval4): support mp_integer types; call domult, dodivide. (eval6): support mp_integer offsets and lengths for "substr" and "index". * TODO: Mention that expr supports arbitrary-precision arithmetic, and suggest that this might also be a good idea for seq. * AUTHORS (expr): Add James Youngman. doc: mv,cp: undocument the --reply option * doc/coreutils.texi (mv invocation): Remove documentation for mv --reply. (cp invocation): Likewise. * NEWS: mention this. document the supported baud rates beyond 38400 * doc/coreutils.texi (Special): Document the supported baud rates beyond 38400. 2008-08-05 John David Anglin ls: ignore spurious getfilecon failure due to lack of SELinux support * src/ls.c (gobble_file): Upon failed getfilecon, treat an errno value of EOPNOTSUPP just like ENOTSUP. See . 2008-08-05 James Youngman Document uptime. * doc/coreutils.texi (uptime invocation): document uptime. * TODO: uptime is documented now. * src/uptime.c (print_uptime): Use fprintftime to print the time, rather than printf. This should make the situation better for translations. 2008-08-04 Benno Schulenberg doc: correct and normalize --help output of several tools * src/chroot.c (usage): Add "[ARG]" to synopsis. * src/cut.c (usage): Remove an inconsistent period in an option description. * src/du.c (usage): Remove superfluous argument after short option -X. Also remove inconsistent uppercase and final period. Use a single indent level for prettiness. * src/shred.c (usage): Normalize the synopsis. * src/stty.c (usage): Options -F and --file are alternatives, cannot both be used. * src/sum.c (usage): -r does not overrule -s; the last one counts. * src/uptime.c (usage): Remove inconsistent space from the synopsis. * src/users.c: Likewise. 2008-08-04 Jim Meyering false: mark "false" description for translation * src/true.c (usage): Mark both strings with N_, so that the one for "false" is also extracted for translation. For consistency, mark both, although only the latter one needed it. Inspired by a patch from Benno Schulenberg. 2008-08-04 James Youngman factor: credit Torbjörn Granlund * src/factor.c: Credit Torbjörn Granlund as the author of the arbitrary-precision factorization code. 2008-08-03 Jim Meyering doc: make it clear we're talking about the Linux kernel * doc/coreutils.texi (mv invocation): tweak wording 2008-08-02 Ralf Wildenhues tests: fix build-aux/check.mk for non-GNU make * build-aux/check.mk ($(TEST_LOGS)) [!GNU_MAKE]: Check for a $(TESTS) test in the build dir, before one in srcdir. For details, see . * bootstrap: Fix unportable expr usage. 2008-08-01 Kamil Dudka ls: --color now highlights files with capabilities, too * src/ls.c: [HAVE_CAP] Include . (has_capability): New function for capability detection. (print_color_indicator): Colorize file with capability. * m4/jm-macro.m4: New configure option: --disable-libcap. Check for libcap usability. * src/Makefile.am (dir_LDADD, ls_LDADD, ...): Append $(LIB_CAP). * src/dircolors.c: Update color lists. * src/dircolors.hin: Mention new CAPABILITY color attribute. * tests/ls/capability: Test for ls - colorize file with capability. * tests/Makefile.am (root_tests): Add ls/capability. * NEWS: Mention the change. 2008-08-01 James Youngman factor arbitrarily large numbers * m4/gmp.m4: New file; adds cu_GMP, which detects GNU MP. * configure.ac: Use cu_GMP. * src/Makefile.am: Link factor against libgmp if available. * src/factor.c: Use GNU MP if it is available. (emit_factor, emit_ul_factor, factor_using_division, factor_using_pollard_rho, extract_factors_multi, sort_and_print_factors, free_factors): new functions for the arbitrary-precision implementation, taken from an example in GNU MP. (factor_wheel): Renamed; was called factor. (print_factors_single): Renamed; was called print_factors. (print_factors): New function, chooses between the single- and arbitrary-precision algorithms according to availability of GNU MP and the length of the number to be factored. (usage, main): New options --bignum and --no-bignum. * coreutils.texi (factor invocation): Document new command-line options for the MP implementation and update the performance numbers to take into account the asymptotically faster algorithm. * TODO: Remove item about factoring large primes (it's done). * m4/gmp.m4: Add support for --without-gmp. * NEWS: Mention the new feature. 2008-08-01 Kamil Dudka ls -U1 now uses constant memory When printing one name per line and not sorting, ls now uses constant memory per directory, no matter how many files are in the directory. * ls.c (print_dir): Print each file name immediately, when possible. * NEWS: Mention the improvement. 2008-07-30 Jim Meyering * timeout.c: Fix grammar in a comment. Normalize comment syntax. 2008-07-28 Jim Meyering bootstrap: work also when there are no .po files in po/ * bootstrap (update_po_files): Complete the change that I began in 7ba2dd808232cff3ee76aaceb97f4381c3c9cde4. 2008-07-27 Jim Meyering * NEWS: Move shuf --zero-terminated item into bug-fixes section. 2008-07-27 Mikael Magnusson shuf: correctly document --head-count * src/shuf.c (usage): Correct --help output. * doc/coreutils.texi: Correct option listing. * NEWS: Mention correction. 2008-07-27 Jim Meyering shuf: honor --zero-terminated option even with --input-range=LO-HI * src/shuf.c (write_permuted_output): Add EOLBYTE parameter and use it rather than hard-coding "\n". (main): Adjust sole caller. * tests/misc/shuf: Add a test to exercise this bug fix. * NEWS: Mention it. 2008-07-23 Jim Meyering dd: minor fullblock changes * src/dd.c (O_FULLBLOCK): Define using an enum, not #define. Derive the value, rather than hard-coding to one that might conflict. (usage): Mention iflag=fullblock in --help output. (scanargs): Reset the O_FULLBLOCK bit, so that we don't try to set an undefined attribute via fcntl (fd, F_SETFL, ... * tests/dd/misc: Signal framework_failure when necessary. Use "compare actual expected", so any diffs look "right". * NEWS (dd): Alphabetize and reword. * coreutils.texi (dd invocation): Adjust wording. 2008-07-23 Kamil Dudka dd: new option: iflag=fullblock to accumulate full input blocks * src/dd.c (iread_fullblock): New function for reading full blocks. (scanargs): Check for new parameter iflag=fullblock. (skip): Use iread_fnc pointer instead of iread function. (dd_copy): Use iread_fnc pointer instead of iread function. * tests/dd/misc: Add test for dd - read full blocks. * doc/coretuils.texi: Mention new parameter iflag=fullblock. * NEWS: Mentioned the change. 2008-07-23 Jim Meyering dd: adjust --help output so help2man formats the man page properly * src/dd.c (usage): Use two spaces (not one) to separate "directory" from its description, so help2man formats the derived man page properly. 2008-07-23 Reuben Thomas doc: add example .bashrc code for a ~/.dircolors file * coreutils.texi: Add tip for .bashrc use from Jim Meyering. 2008-07-22 Jim Meyering tests: do not run chmod on a prefix of space-embedded tmpdir * TESTS/test-lib.sh (remove_tmp_): New function. (trap 0): Use it instead of open-coded (and misquoted) version. tests: ensure "make check" w/tainted build dir no longer impacts $HOME * maint.mk (taint-distcheck): New rule. (maintainer-distcheck): Make it. 2008-07-22 Ralf Wildenhues tests: again, do not change the mode of all directories below $HOME * tests/CuTmpdir.pm (chmod_tree): Do not run chmod on undefined argument, can happen when the build path contains spaces. 2008-07-19 Jim Meyering * THANKS: Update, now that I have a name for jemm4jemm. 2008-07-18 Andreas Schwab mknod: correct misplaced -Z description in --help output * src/mknod.c (usage): Put it after the "Mandatory arguments..." line. 2008-07-16 Jim Meyering dircolors.hin: add Ogg/Theora-related extensions * dircolors.hin: Add extensions from http://wiki.xiph.org/index.php/MIME_Types_and_File_Extensions Suggestion from jemm4jemm@yahoo.com. * HACKING: describe how to find a misplaced change-set 2008-07-15 Jim Meyering fix two bugs in ptx * src/ptx.c (fix_output_parameters): Don't let before_max_width go negative -- that would cause an infloop in define_all_fields. (main): Don't clobber name[0] with lists of two or more input files. * tests/misc/ptx: New file. Test for the above. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add misc/ptx. 2008-07-11 Pádraig Brady tests: expand: test for lines starting with both spaces and tabs The expand released in current distributions (Fedora Core 4 - Fedora 9 at least), doesn't expand --initial tabs if spaces are present. tests/misc/expand: Add test to verify --initial works correctly with lines starting with both spaces and tabs. 2008-07-10 Jim Meyering make check: accommodate stricter POSIX-conforming shells Without this, test-related variable settings were not exported to the shell_or_perl_ function when using dash or Solaris 11's /bin/sh. * tests/check.mk (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Use an explicit "export", so as not to rely on non-POSIX behavior of some /bin/sh (e.g., bash-based ones). 2008-07-06 Jim Meyering * bootstrap: Remove $bt and $bt2 also when not using gettext. 2008-07-04 Jim Meyering who -r: don't print "last=" when the corresponding byte is unprintable * src/who.c (print_runlevel): Print last=%c only when the "preceding run-level" byte is printable. Reported by Gian Piero De Lolliis in . 2008-07-04 Ondřej Vašík doc: describe who's -p, -r, and -t options * doc/coreutils.texi (who invocation): 2008-07-04 Jim Meyering install with just-built ./ginstall only when not cross-compiling * src/Makefile.am (install-exec-am): ...otherwise, use the default value, $(INSTALL_PROGRAM). Reported by Brian Silverman. * README-hacking: Update the section on LZMA. 2008-06-30 Pádraig Brady truncate: ignore whitespace in --size parameters Without this, `truncate -s '> -1' F` would truncate F to length 0, and `truncate -s " +1" F` would truncate F to 1 byte. Now, each elicits a diagnostic. * src/truncate.c: Skip leading white space in the --size option argument and any white space after one of the relative modifiers, so that the presence of a +/- modifier can be detected reliably. * tests/misc/truncate-parameters: Add tests for the above. 2008-06-28 Jim Meyering doc: add "..." to Usage, to indicate there may be multiple OPTIONs * src/base64.c (usage): Likewise. * src/cat.c (usage): Likewise. * src/md5sum.c (usage): Likewise. * src/mkdir.c (usage): Likewise. * src/mkfifo.c (usage): Likewise. * src/split.c (usage): Likewise. * src/stat.c (usage): Likewise. Heiko Marr reported the problem with mkdir. mkfifo: correct misplaced -Z description in --help output * src/mkfifo.c (usage): Put it *after* the "Mandatory arguments..." line. uniq: remove redundant test * src/uniq.c (find_field): Remove redundant test in outer loop- termination expression. Also, add a "const" attribute. 2008-06-27 Pádraig Brady timeout: fix invalid argument tests * tests/misc/timeout-parameters: Remove test for invalid signal number (we don't know what signal numbers are invalid on all systems). Also tweak the other invalid signal check so that the rest of the arguments are correct. 2008-06-27 Jim Meyering avoid a -Wsign-compare warning * src/tee.c (tee_files): Swap fwrite's size/n_elem args and compare the return value against "1". base64: don't rely on feof returning 0/1 * src/base64.c (do_decode): feof is specified to return nonzero, not 0/1, so use "k < 1 + !!feof(in)" as the loop termination test. 2008-06-27 Pádraig Brady truncate: silence -Wsign-compare warnings * src/truncate.c: Cast signed to unsigned to confirm intent which will silence -Wsign-compare warnings 2008-06-27 Jim Meyering factor out time_t-to-string conversion idiom * src/system.h: Include "inttostr.h". (timetostr): New function, factored out of... * src/date.c (show_date): Use timetostr. * src/du.c (show_date): Likewise. * src/ls.c (print_long_format): Likewise. * src/pinky.c (time_string): Likewise. * src/stat.c (human_time): Likewise. * src/*.c: Don't include inttostr.h, since system.h does. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Adjust offsets. 2008-06-27 Pádraig Brady truncate: Fix integer portability issues * src/truncate.c: Explicitly convert from off_t to intmax_t when printing numbers as they may be different types. Also don't mix size_t and off_t types in operations as the latter will be promoted to unsigned when these types are the same size. 2008-06-26 Jim Meyering tests: adjust c99-to-c89 patch as well as the code to generate it * maint.mk (patch-check) [REGEN_PATCH]: Trim some trailing blanks. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Adjust shred.c offsets. tests: fix make distcheck failure due to TODO change * maint.mk (po-check): Limit check for e.g., _(...)-marked messages to files matching *.? and *.??, thus excluding TODO and *.diff. * TODO: Add item: remove uses of imaxtostr. 2008-06-26 Peter O'Gorman tests: accommodate difference in an AIX 5.3 diagnostic * tests/mkdir/selinux: Handle different strerror (ENOTSUP) spelling. 2008-06-26 Jim Meyering shred: also ignore EISDIR upon failed fsync/fdatasync on HP-UX * src/shred.c (ignorable_sync_errno): New function. (dosync): Use it. Based on a patch from Peter O'Gorman. * HACKING: use shorter "-1" (over HEAD~1) with git format-patch bootstrap.conf: don't list "open" specifically It is no longer necessary to list it specifically, now that several gnulib modules depend on the "open" module. This reverts commit 3ea1fe588e20f196cc9b9907d5943bd620c6b944. truncate: handle the case in which off_t != intmax_t * src/truncate.c (parse_len): Use a temporary of type intmax_t, rather than off_t; detect out of range [OFF_T_MIN..OFF_T_MAX]. (main) [IF_LINT]: Initialize, to avoid an unwarranted "may be used uninitialized" warning. Reported by Michael Geng. 2008-06-23 Jim Meyering basename: List David MacKenzie as the author. * src/basename.c (AUTHORS): List David as the author. * AUTHORS: Update here, too. 2008-06-23 Ondřej Vašík echo: use AUTHORS from bash's built-in echo * AUTHORS,src/echo.c: Use bash builtin echo authors instead of FIXME unknown 2008-06-22 Jim Meyering use gnulib's "open" module * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add open. This is required at least for Solaris 9 and HP-UX 11, to avoid a truncate test failure. For details, see this thread: http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/13755 stat: warn that the --context (-Z) option (a no-op) is obsolete * src/stat.c (main): It will be removed in a couple years. * NEWS (Change in behavior): Mention this. 2008-06-20 Jim Meyering make "make syntax-check" quieter * maint.mk (po-check, makefile-check, sc_proper_name_utf8_requires_ICONV): Add "@" prefix. 2008-06-20 Bo Borgerson sort: Fix bug where --batch-size option shrank SORT_SIZE. * src/sort.c (specify_nmerge, main): Only adjust SORT_SIZE if it's already set. * tests/misc/sort-merge: Test bug fix. 2008-06-19 Jim Meyering tests: avoid test failure when root's primary group-ID is not 0 * tests/cp/preserve-gid: Expect a cp-without-`-p'-created file to have a group ID of $(id -g). Reported by Jarod Wilson. Details in http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/13803/focus=13837 tests: avoid root-only test failure when run in a chroot * tests/misc/runcon-no-reorder: Accept the diagnostic that is produced when running in a chroot without /selinux/context. Reported by Jarod Wilson. Details in http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/13803/focus=13837 2008-06-18 Jim Meyering * tests/check.mk: Fix a typo in a comment. 2008-06-17 Jim Meyering doc: fix a syntax error * coreutils.texi (du invocation): Add missing comma. 2008-06-17 Bo Borgerson sort: accept new option --batch-size=NMERGE * src/sort.c: (static unsigned int nmerge) Replace constant NMERGE. (specify_nmerge) Validate and apply new option. (mergefps) Replace some arrays with pointers to xnmalloc'd storage. * tests/misc/sort-merge: Test new option. * doc/coreutils.texi: Describe new option. * NEWS: Advertise new option. sort: add new option --files0-from=F * src/sort.c: Support new option. * tests/misc/sort-files0-from: Test new option. * tests/misc/Makefile.am: Indicate new test. * docs/coreutils.texi: Explain new option. * NEWS: Advertise new option. HACKING: Add section for tips on reducing translator workload. * HACKING (Be nice to translators): New section. Add Jim's suggestion to avoid changing translatable strings if possible. 2008-06-17 Jim Meyering * THANKS: Add name and email for Carl Roth. 2008-06-17 Eric Blake ls, od: avoid redundant const * src/ls.c (long_time_format, sort_functions): Avoid redundant const. * src/od.c (charname): Likewise. * maint.mk (sc_redundant_const): Add rule to detect this. 2008-06-17 Bo Borgerson join: improve memory management * src/join.c (struct seq): Use a (struct line **) for `lines' rather than one long (struct line *). This allows individual lines to be swapped out if necessary. (reset_line): Get a line ready for new input. (init_linep): Create a new line and assign it to the the pointer passed in. (spareline[2]): Hold a spare line for each input file. (free_spareline): Clean up. (get_line): Take a (struct line **) instead of a (struct line *). If the line to be overwritten is the previous line for the current file then swap it out for the spare. (join): Accomodate new structure of SEQs and new parameters to get_line; Don't free stale lines until the end -- they're re-usable now. (dup_line): Remove function. * NEWS: Mention the performance improvement. 2008-06-16 Ralf Wildenhues * doc/coreutils.texi (join invocation): Drop leading blanks. 2008-06-16 Jim Meyering remove redundant const directives In 1463824d8e7f72c31f1d803d7cfe2b608ccafc5c, I added some missing "const" directives, as well as some new, redundant ones. This removes the redundant ones. Pointed out by Eric Blake. * base64.c, cat.c, chcon.c, chgrp.c, chmod.c, chown.c, comm.c: * cp.c, csplit.c, cut.c, date.c, dd.c, df.c, dircolors.c, du.c: * env.c, expand.c, fmt.c, fold.c, groups.c, head.c, id.c: * install.c, join.c, kill.c, ln.c, ls.c, md5sum.c, mkdir.c: * mkfifo.c, mknod.c, mktemp.c, mv.c, nice.c, nl.c, od.c: * paste.c, pathchk.c, pinky.c, pr.c, ptx.c, readlink.c, rm.c: * rmdir.c, runcon.c, seq.c, shred.c, shuf.c, sort.c, split.c: * stat.c, stty.c, su.c, sum.c, tac.c, tail.c, tee.c, timeout.c: * touch.c, tr.c, truncate.c, tty.c, uname.c, unexpand.c, uniq.c: * wc.c, who.c: Remove redundant const directives. * maint.mk (sc_const_long_option): Don't require redundant "const". chcon: correct --verbose output to include newlines * src/chcon.c (process_file): Append "\n" to --verbose diagnostic. * tests/misc/chcon: Add a test for the above. * NEWS: mention the bug fix Reported by Carl D. Roth in http://bugzilla.redhat.com/451478. 2008-06-15 Jim Meyering address root cause of compilation failures: The affected code wasn't even being compiled on my system, because HAVE_NL_LANGINFO was not defined. On other systems, where vasnprintf.m4 determines it needs %A or %a replacement support, it _would_ check for nl_langinfo, and expose the compilation failure. * m4/jm-macros.m4: Check for nl_langinfo, required by sort.c. fix the compilation failure for real * src/sort.c (monthtab): Neither "const" may be added. fix a const-related compilation failure in sort.c * src/sort.c (monthtab): Remove overzealous "const". Table entries are modified in an #if HAVE_NL_LANGINFO block. Introduced by 1463824d8e7f72c31f1d803d7cfe2b608ccafc5c. update HACKING guidelines * HACKING: Don't suggest --signoff; it's redundant. (log requirements): Specify preferred forms. Mention preference for "<" over ">". Mention the "const placement" preference. 2008-06-14 Jim Meyering run gnulib-tests in parallel * tests/Makefile.am: Define AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS, so check.mk can append. * tests/check.mk: Define SUFFIXES, so check.mk can append. * build-aux/check.mk (SUFFIXES): Append, so as not to evoke automake warning the prior definition in gnulib-tests/gnulib.mk. (AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS): Likewise. * gnulib-tests/Makefile.am (TEST_LOGS): Define. Include build-aux/check.mk * maint.mk (sc_proper_name_utf8_requires_ICONV) Fix typo in diagnostic. add "const" attribute, where possible * maint.mk (sc_const_long_option): New rule. Enforce global change. * src/base64.c (long_options): Use "const" where possible. * src/cat.c (main): Likewise. * src/chcon.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/chgrp.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/chmod.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/chown.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/comm.c (long_options, OUTPUT_DELIMITER_OPTION): Likewise. * src/cp.c (long_opts): Likewise. * src/csplit.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/cut.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/date.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/dd.c (conversions, flags, statuses): Likewise. * src/df.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/dircolors.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/du.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/env.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/expand.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/fmt.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/fold.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/groups.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/head.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/id.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/install.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/join.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/kill.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/ln.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/ls.c (long_time_format, long_options, sort_functions): Likewise. * src/md5sum.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/mkdir.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/mkfifo.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/mknod.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/mktemp.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/mv.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/nice.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/nl.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/od.c (charname, long_options): Likewise. * src/paste.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/pathchk.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/pinky.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/pr.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/ptx.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/readlink.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/rm.c (long_opts): Likewise. * src/rmdir.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/runcon.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/seq.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/shred.c (long_opts): Likewise. * src/shuf.c (long_opts): Likewise. * src/sort.c (monthtab, long_options): Likewise. * src/split.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/stat.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/stty.c (mode_info, control_info, longopts, set_mode) Likewise. (set_control_char, speeds): Likewise. * src/su.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/sum.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/tac.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/tail.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/tee.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/timeout.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/touch.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/tr.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/truncate.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/tty.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/uname.c (uname_long_options, arch_long_options): Likewise. * src/unexpand.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/uniq.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/wc.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/who.c (longopts): Likewise. revert previous change, "don't use "const" with scalar types" * src/truncate.c: There is nothing wrong with that construct. This reverts commit d7d80c5b7b122377fe250357a3ab182e8fbde20a. don't use "const" with scalar types * src/truncate.c: Several vendor compilers reject that. See http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.lib.gnulib.bugs/13876 2008-06-13 Eric Blake od: improve handling of padding * src/od.c (decode_one_format): Alter the format, again. (FMT_BYTES_ALLOCATED): Reduce size by adjusting to new format. (MAX_INTEGRAL_TYPE_SIZE): Move earlier in the file. (charname): Turn it into a 2D array, since there's no need for pointers now. (PRINT_TYPE, print_named_ascii, print_ascii): Add a width parameter. (write_block): Account for width parameter. Using ideas from Paul Eggert. od: align multiple -t specs * src/od.c (struct tspec): Add pad_width field, and adjust print_function prototype. (decode_one_format): Rewrite all fmt_string values to account for pad width. (FMT_BYTES_ALLOCATED): Adjust to new format style. (main): Compute pad width per spec. (write_block): Account for pad width. (dump): Don't print padding-only fields. (PRINT_TYPE, print_named_ascii, print_ascii): All print functions adjusted to use variable pad width. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add test. * tests/misc/od-multiple-t: New file. * THANKS: Update. * NEWS: Mention the improvement. Reported by Gary Johnson. od: use gnulib printf replacement as necessary * src/od.c (includes): Add xprintf.h. (PRINT_TYPE): New macro, using xprintf instead of printf. (print_s_char, print_char, print_s_short, print_short, print_int) (print_long, print_long_long, print_float, print_double) (print_long_double): Factor into PRINT_TYPE macro. (print_named_ascii, print_ascii): Use xprintf. * NEWS: Mention this as a bug fix. od: simplify long double support * m4/jm-macros.m4 (gl_CHECK_ALL_TYPES): Remove obsolete check for AC_C_LONG_DOUBLE. * src/od.c (LONG_DOUBLE): Delete. (width_bytes, MAX_FP_TYPE_SIZE, decode_one_format, main): Just use 'long double' directly. (print_long_double): No longer protect by HAVE_LONG_DOUBLE. doc: od defaults to -toS, not -td2 * src/od.c (usage): Correct description of default. 2008-06-13 Jim Meyering skip (don't fail) root-only tests for common set-up failures Address 2 of 4 failures reported by Jarod Wilson in http://bugzilla.redhat.com/442352. More details here: http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/13803 * tests/cp/cp-a-selinux: Skip the test if "mkfs -t ext2" fails. * tests/rm/fail-2eperm: Skip the test if "rm" is not accessible. 2008-06-12 Jim Meyering tweak to conform with syntax policy Use "<" or "<=" rather than ">" or ">=". Use "Type const *", rather than "const Type *". 2008-06-12 Bo Borgerson comm: accept new option: --output-delimiter=STR * src/comm.c (delimiter): New global. (writeline): Use delimiter string instead of single TAB character. (main): Initialize delimiter. * tests/misc/comm: Add tests for comm output delimiter specification. * doc/coreutils.texi: Document new option. * NEWS: Advertise new option. * TODO: Remove associated item. comm: ensure that input files are sorted * NEWS: List new behavior. * doc/coreutils.texi (checkOrderOption) New macro for describing `--check-order' and `--nocheck-order', used in both join and comm. * src/comm.c (main): Initialize new options. (usage): Describe new options. (compare_files): Keep an extra pair of buffers for the previous line from each file to check the internal order. (check_order): If an order-check is required, compare and handle the result appropriately. (copylinebuffer): Copy a linebuffer; used for copy before read. * tests/misc/Makefile.am: List new test. * tests/misc/comm: Tests for the comm program, including the new order-checking functionality and attendant command-line options. 2008-06-11 Jim Meyering fix another unportable use of 'tr' * configure.ac [EXTRA_PROGRAMS]: Add omitted space in tr's STRING2. Spotted by Denis Excoffier, upon Solaris 8 build failure. tests: skip a chown test on FreeBSD 6.x * tests/chown/separator: Skip this test if is likely to fail due to the combination of a bogus group name and a broken getgrnam function. tests: remove duplicate mention of misc/selinux * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Remove misc/selinux, since it's already listed in $(root_tests). 2008-06-11 Bruno Haible fix build failure on AIX 4 * configure.ac: Fix unportable invocation of 'tr', introduced on 2008-04-22. Affects tr from at least AIX 4.3.2. 2008-06-10 Pádraig Brady remove test for specific diagnostic when truncating missing directory Solaris 10 returns ENOTDIR when truncating a nonexistent directory, whereas Linux returns EISDIR (because it has a trailing /). * tests/misc/truncate-fail-diag: Remove the test for the specific error. timeout: use system-independent exit values Change exit values from ETIMEDOUT and ECANCELED, the values of which are system dependent, to 124 and 125 respectively. * src/timeout.c (EXIT_TIMEDOUT, EXIT_CANCELED): Define. (usage, main): Adjust. * coreutils.texi (timeout invocation): Update. * tests/misc/timeout: Adjust. 2008-06-09 Jim Meyering enforce the proper_name_utf8-requires-ICONV link rule * maint.mk (sc_proper_name_utf8_requires_ICONV): New rule. * src/Makefile.am (timeout_LDADD, truncate_LDADD): Add $(LIBICONV). 2008-06-09 Bruno Haible * NEWS (Improvements): Mention improved (via gnulib) ACL support. 2008-06-08 Jim Meyering maint.mk: my-distcheck runs $(MAKE) syntax-check once again * maint.mk (my-distcheck): Run $(MAKE) syntax-check once again. Run "$(MAKE) check" _after_ the less expensive syntax-check. 2008-06-08 Bo Borgerson standardize some error messages * maint.mk: (sc_error_message_warn_fatal, sc_error_message_uppercase): (sc_error_message_period): Add automatic checks for non-standard error messages. * .x-sc_error_message_uppercase: explicit exclusion for this check * src/cp.c: Standardize some error messages. * src/date.c: Likewise. * src/dircolors.c: Likewise. * src/du.c: Likewise. * src/expr.c: Likewise. * src/install.c: Likewise. * src/join.c: Likewise. * src/ln.c: Likewise. * src/mv.c: Likewise. * src/od.c: Likewise. * src/pr.c: Likewise. * src/split.c: Likewise. * src/truncate.c: Likewise. * src/wc.c: Likewise. * tests/du/files0-from: Expect new error message. * tests/misc/join: Likewise. * tests/misc/split-a: Likewise. * tests/misc/wc-files0-from: Likewise. * tests/misc/xstrtol: Likewise. * lib/xmemxfrm.c: Likewise. 2008-06-08 Jim Meyering syntax-check: detect anachronistic Perl-based tests * maint.mk (sc_no_exec_perl_coreutils): Rename and rewrite. 2008-06-06 Pádraig Brady Add new program: truncate * AUTHORS: Register as the author * NEWS: Mention this change * README: Add truncate command to list * src/truncate.c: New command * src/Makefile.am: Add truncate command to list to build * src/.gitignore: Add truncate binary to list to ignore * doc/coreutils.texi (truncate invocation): Add truncate info * man/Makefile.am: Add truncate man page to list to build * man/truncate.x: Add truncate man page template * po/POTFILES.in: Add truncate to list to translate * tests/Makefile.am: Add truncate tests * tests/misc/help-version: Add support for new truncate command * tests/misc/truncate-dangling-symlink: check dangling link ok * tests/misc/truncate-dir-fail: ensure dirs fail * tests/misc/truncate-fail-diag: validate messages for missing paths * tests/misc/truncate-fifo: ensure fifos ignored * tests/misc/truncate-no-create-missing: ensure -c option honoured * tests/misc/truncate-overflow: check signed integer overflows * tests/misc/truncate-owned-by-other: root permissions check * tests/misc/truncate-parameters: check invalid parameter combinations * tests/misc/truncate-relative: check invalid relative sizes 2008-06-06 Eric Blake improve 'date +%C' documentation * src/date.c (usage): Use 20, not 21, for current century. * THANKS: Update. Reported by Dameon G. Rogers, fix suggested by Philip Rowlands. 2008-06-03 Jim Meyering nice.c: avoid a cast * src/nice.c (main): Use argv[0], rather than "program_name with a cast". Suggestion from Eric Blake. adjust c99-to-c89 patch as well as the code to generate it * maint.mk (patch-check) [REGEN_PATCH]: Eliminate date-related differences in generated diffs. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Adjust offsets. use gnulib's progname module * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add progname. * src/*.c (program_name): Remove declaration. * (main): Call set_program_name rather than setting program_name. * src/nice.c (main): Cast program_name to "(char *)". * src/prog-fprintf.c: Include "system.h" * src/system.h: Include "progname.h". * maint.mk (sc_program_name): Adjust rule. Suggestion from Eric Blake. remove duplicate definition of matchpathcon_init_prefix * gl/lib/se-selinux.in.h (matchpathcon_init_prefix): Remove definition. It is already defined there. Reported by Eric Blake. 2008-06-02 Jim Meyering fix cpp indentation policy violations * src/copy.c (mkfifo): Indent nested "# define". * src/timeout.c (ECANCELED): Likewise. accommodate older SELinux which lacks matchpathcon_init_prefix * m4/jm-macros.m4: Check for matchpathcon_init_prefix. * src/install.c [!HAVE_MATCHPATHCON_INIT_PREFIX] (matchpathcon_init_prefix): Define away. * gl/lib/se-selinux.in.h (matchpathcon_init_prefix): Define. Reported by Ilya N. Golubev in . each file with a "main" must also declare program_name * maint.mk (sc_program_name): New rule. * .x-sc_program_name: New file. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add .x-sc_program_name. declare program_name consistently * src/base64.c: Likewise. * src/basename.c: Likewise. * src/cat.c: Likewise. * src/chcon.c: Likewise. * src/chgrp.c: Likewise. * src/chmod.c: Likewise. * src/chown.c: Likewise. * src/chroot.c: Likewise. * src/cksum.c: Likewise. * src/comm.c: Likewise. * src/cp.c: Likewise. * src/csplit.c: Likewise. * src/cut.c: Likewise. * src/date.c: Likewise. * src/dd.c: Likewise. * src/df.c: Likewise. * src/dircolors.c: Likewise. * src/dirname.c: Likewise. * src/du.c: Likewise. * src/echo.c: Likewise. * src/env.c: Likewise. * src/expand.c: Likewise. * src/expr.c: Likewise. * src/factor.c: Likewise. * src/fmt.c: Likewise. * src/fold.c: Likewise. * src/groups.c: Likewise. * src/head.c: Likewise. * src/hostid.c: Likewise. * src/hostname.c: Likewise. * src/id.c: Likewise. * src/install.c: Likewise. * src/join.c: Likewise. * src/kill.c: Likewise. * src/link.c: Likewise. * src/ln.c: Likewise. * src/logname.c: Likewise. * src/ls.c: Likewise. * src/md5sum.c: Likewise. * src/mkdir.c: Likewise. * src/mkfifo.c: Likewise. * src/mknod.c: Likewise. * src/mktemp.c: Likewise. * src/mv.c: Likewise. * src/nice.c: Likewise. * src/nl.c: Likewise. * src/nohup.c: Likewise. * src/od.c: Likewise. * src/paste.c: Likewise. * src/pathchk.c: Likewise. * src/pinky.c: Likewise. * src/pr.c: Likewise. * src/printenv.c: Likewise. * src/printf.c: Likewise. * src/ptx.c: Likewise. * src/pwd.c: Likewise. * src/readlink.c: Likewise. * src/rm.c: Likewise. * src/rmdir.c: Likewise. * src/runcon.c: Likewise. * src/seq.c: Likewise. * src/setuidgid.c: Likewise. * src/shuf.c: Likewise. * src/sleep.c: Likewise. * src/sort.c: Likewise. * src/split.c: Likewise. * src/stat.c: Likewise. * src/stty.c: Likewise. * src/su.c: Likewise. * src/sum.c: Likewise. * src/sync.c: Likewise. * src/tac.c: Likewise. * src/tail.c: Likewise. * src/tee.c: Likewise. * src/test.c: Likewise. * src/timeout.c: Likewise. * src/touch.c: Likewise. * src/tr.c: Likewise. * src/true.c: Likewise. * src/tsort.c: Likewise. * src/tty.c: Likewise. * src/uname.c: Likewise. * src/unexpand.c: Likewise. * src/uniq.c: Likewise. * src/unlink.c: Likewise. * src/uptime.c: Likewise. * src/users.c: Likewise. * src/wc.c: Likewise. * src/who.c: Likewise. * src/whoami.c: Likewise. * src/yes.c: Likewise. 2008-06-02 Eric Blake export program_name, required by gnulib * src/timeout.c (program_name): Export. 2008-06-02 Jim Meyering revert inadvertent change in last patch * configure.ac (AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE): Restore accidentally-modified options. Spotted by Eric Blake. 2008-06-02 Pádraig Brady new program: timeout * AUTHORS: Register as the author. * NEWS: Mention this change. * README: Add timeout command to list. * src/timeout.c: New file. * src/kill.c (operand2sig): Move function to its own file, now that timeout.c will also use it. * src/operand2sig.c (operand2sig): New file, extracted from kill.c. * src/operand2sig.h (operand2sig): Declare. * src/Makefile.am (EXTRA_PROGRAMS): Add timeout. * src/.gitignore: Add timeout binary to list to ignore. * doc/coreutils.texi (timeout invocation): Add timeout info. (Signal specifications): New section, also referenced by kill. * man/Makefile.am (timeout.1): Add dependency. * man/timeout.x: New file. * po/POTFILES.in: Add timeout.c and operand2sig.c to list to translate. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add the two new tests. * tests/misc/help-version: Add support for new timeout command. * tests/misc/invalid-opt: Add support for new timeout command. * tests/misc/timeout: New file: check basic timeout operation. * tests/misc/timeout-parameters: New file: check invalid parameter combinations. 2008-06-02 Jim Meyering spell author names consistently * src/comm.c (AUTHORS): Use RMS' middle initial. * src/ls.c (AUTHORS): Likewise. * src/rm.c (AUTHORS): Likewise. * src/uniq.c (AUTHORS): Likewise. * src/cut.c (AUTHORS): Use David M. Ihnat's middle initial. * AUTHORS: Update to match. Reported by Michael Piefel. 2008-06-01 Simon Josefsson doc: adjust base64 documentation * coreutils.texi (base64 invocation): Use RFC 4648 as the specification. Move the URL down a bit in the text. 2008-06-01 Erik Auerswald md5sum: new option, --quiet, to suppress OK messages sha1sum, sha224sum, sha384sum, and sha512sum accept it, too. * src/md5sum.c: add option --quiet to suppress OK messages * doc/coreutils.texi: document option --quiet * tests/misc/md5sum: add test for option --quiet * NEWS: mention new option --quiet for md5sum+sha*sum in "New features" section 2008-06-01 Jim Meyering add rules to commit three post-release changes automatically * maint.mk (noteworthy): Define. (emit-commit-log): Define. (alpha beta major): Also update NEWS and cfg.mk automatically, and commit all three changes at once. update old_NEWS_hash * cfg.mk (old_NEWS_hash): Update by running "make update-NEWS-hash". Reported by Erik Auerswald. 2008-06-01 Simon Josefsson src/base64.c: Improve comments. 2008-06-01 Jim Meyering * NEWS: add header line for next release adjust format of .prev-version commit message * maint.mk (alpha beta major): Start with "*", omit version number. * .prev-version: Record previous version. 2008-05-31 Jim Meyering Version 6.12. * NEWS: Record release date. install: reenable matchpathcon-related code The underlying performance problem is being dealt with in Automake by limiting the number of install invocations, and in SELinux with incremental changes as well as a potential new implementation. * src/Makefile.am (ginstall_CPPFLAGS) [ENABLE_MATCHPATHCON]: Define. * src/install.c [ENABLE_WHEN_MATCHPATHCON_IS_MORE_EFFICIENT]: Rename to ENABLE_MATCHPATHCON. * NEWS: mention this change 2008-05-30 Jim Meyering configure.ac: remove explicit use of AB_INIT * configure.ac: Don't invoke AB_INIT directly, now that it's done automatically via gl_INIT. tests: ignore known failure on all Darwin 8.x / Mac OS X v10.4.x * tests/chgrp/basic: Update comment and host_triplet version test. tests: avoid failure with older version of Perl's File::Temp * tests/CuTmpdir.pm (import): Use &File::Temp::cleanup only if it is defined. Reported by Bruno Haible in http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/13652 NEWS: mention that cp -p copies permissions more portably Based on wording suggested by Bruno Haible. 2008-05-29 Jim Meyering improve description of du's--separate-dirs option * coreutils.texi (du invocation): Prompted by Volker Badziong's report in http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/13646 du.c: tiny cleanup (no semantic change) * src/du.c (process_file): Use "file", rather than equivalent "ent->fts_path". 2008-05-27 Jim Meyering in 280+ tests/* files, use $srcdir, not $top_srcdir/tests prefer abs_srcdir over abs_top_srcdir, ... so that e.g., tests/* may refer to absolute names without hard-coding the name of the containing directory (tests/, here). * tests/check.mk (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Define abs_srcdir. * tests/pr/pr-tests: Use $abs_srcdir/pr not $abs_top_srcdir/tests/pr. * tests/chmod/c-option: Use $abs_srcdir, not $abs_top_srcdir/tests. * tests/cp/cp-parents: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/parents: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/perm: Likewise. * tests/mv/acl: Likewise. * tests/mv/backup-is-src: Likewise. * tests/mv/hard-link-1: Likewise. * tests/mv/into-self-2: Likewise. * tests/mv/leak-fd: Likewise. * tests/mv/mv-special-1: Likewise. * tests/mv/part-fail: Likewise. * tests/mv/part-hardlink: Likewise. * tests/mv/part-rename: Likewise. * tests/mv/part-symlink: Likewise. * tests/mv/partition-perm: Likewise. * tests/mv/sticky-to-xpart: Likewise. * tests/mv/to-symlink: Likewise. * tests/rm/one-file-system: Likewise. * tests/sample-test: Likewise. tests: generalize my-distcheck * maint.mk (my-distcheck): Accommodate missing gnulib-tests. 2008-05-26 Jim Meyering reflect renaming of acl.c in gnulib * POTFILES.in: s/acl.c/set-mode-acl.c/ test installation results more thoroughly * maint.mk (my-distcheck): Ensure that properly-named binaries are installed. Also check all man pages, except [.1. Move configure-time --prefix= to install-time prefix=. (my-instcheck, install-transform-check): Define. install many binaries at once, when possible * src/Makefile.am (install-exec-am): Override the standard automake-generated target, so we can decide whether to use the usual install-one-by-one rule, or whether we can use the new install-many-at-once rule: (cu-install-binPROGRAMS): New rule. * src/runcon.c: Add copyright comment. adjust AUTHORS and check-AUTHORS rule to accommodate * AUTHORS: Add coding: utf-8 comment at end. Spell François' and Torbjörn's names properly. * src/Makefile.am: Parse AUTHORS file more carefully. Use perl to join now-split lines. Use en_US.UTF-8 to generate --version output. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Adjust offsets. adjust copyright dates convert the rest to use proper_name -- manually * src/base64.c (AUTHORS): Rename from AUTHOR, for consistency. convert 3-author programs to use proper_name g grep -E -l 'define AUTHORS "[^,]+", "[^,]+", "[^,]+"$'|xargs perl -pi -e \ 's/(define AUTHORS) ("[^,]+"), ("[^,]+"), ("[^,]+")$/$1 \\\n proper_name ($2), \\\n proper_name ($3), \\\n proper_name ($4)/' convert 2-author programs to use proper_name g grep -E -l 'define AUTHORS "[^,]+", "[^,]+"$'|xargs perl -pi -e \ 's/(define AUTHORS) ("[^,]+"), ("[^,]+")$/$1 \\\n proper_name ($2), \\\n proper_name ($3)/' convert single-author programs to use proper_name g grep -E -l 'define AUTHORS "[^,]+"$'|xargs perl -pi -e \ 's/(define AUTHORS) ("[^,]+")$/$1 proper_name ($2)/' use gnulib's proper_name_utf8 function, but *not* proper_name * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add propername. (XGETTEXT_OPTIONS): Add options to tell xgettext about the functions. * src/cat.c, src/cp.c, src/df.c, src/du.c, src/split.c: Mark Torbjörn Granlund's name. * src/ptx.c: Mark François Pinard's name. Use "TRANSLATORS:" comment marker, rather than "Note to translators:". * src/system.h: Include propername.h. (proper_name): Define away. * src/Makefile.am (cat_LDADD, df_LDADD, du_LDADD, ptx_LDADD, split_LDADD): Initialize, so we can... (cat_LDADD, cp_LDADD, df_LDADD, du_LDADD, ptx_LDADD, split_LDADD): ...Use "+=" to append $(LIBICONV) for each program that uses proper_name_utf8. 2008-05-24 Jim Meyering * POTFILES.in: Add lib/copy-acl.c. 2008-05-20 Jim Meyering install: avoid a leak in currently-ifdef'd-out code * src/install.c (setdefaultfilecon) [ENABLE_WHEN_MATCHPATHCON_IS_MORE_EFFICIENT]: Call matchpathcon_init_prefix only once. Suggestion from Stephen Smalley. Reported by Ben Webb in . 2008-05-19 Jim Meyering use gnulib's base64 module, now that it's sync'd to match this one * gl/lib/base64.c: Remove file. * gl/lib/base64.h: Remove file. 2008-05-19 Pádraig Brady doc: clarify field delimiter description in uniq --help output * src/uniq.c: Clarify in help output that field delimiters are blanks and not the larger set of whitespace characters. 2008-05-17 Jim Meyering tests: skip when a debian libc6-2.7-11 bug makes printf segfault * tests/misc/printf-surprise: Detect case of a low-memory-provoked segfault and skip the test (this is actually a bug in snprintf). For details, see http://bugs.debian.org/481543 tests: sync and update wc and du --files0-from tests * tests/du/files0-from: Sync from tests/misc/wc-files0-from. (minus-in-minus): New test. Adjust for new diagnostics. * tests/misc/wc-files0-from: Adjust for new diagnostics. du, wc: merge improved --files0-from=F-related diagnostics du gave a better diagnostic for one unusual case, and wc gave a better diagnostic for a different one. Now each diagnoses both unusual cases. * src/du.c (main): Disallow '-' as file name when reading from stdin. * src/wc.c (main): Give a better diagnostic for a zero-length file name. test invalid-option handling in all programs * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add misc/invalid-opt. * tests/misc/invalid-opt: New file. tests: remove ugly /bin/sh wrapper around each perl-based test script * tests/check.mk (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Save and restore TMPDIR around envvar-check, so that the few scripts that require $TMPDIR don't fail. This is also good to let a user's default TMPDIR setting be used e.g., in the search for an 'other-partition'. FIXME: this is pretty ugly. maybe undo it and find a better way. (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Invoke perl scripts with $(PERL), and use -T if the script requires that. Otherwise, use $(SHELL). * tests/misc/md5sum-newline: Create a file whose name contains a newline in Perl (resort to using "system", since open refuses). Fix old brokenness exposed by this change: * tests/du/files0-from: Correct test not to rely on stdin being attached to a non-tty. * tests/misc/sort (3g, 3h, 3i): Likewise: add explicit empty input file. Avoid warnings about using qw()-around-commas. * tests/rm/fail-eperm: Now that this test is run from a temporary subdirectory, adjust the full name of the "rm" program we're going to run. Change #!/bin/sh to #!/usr/bin/perl, and factor out the few lines of boilerplate code to invoke perl. Do not "require 5.00x"; a configure-time Perl test handles that * tests/dd/skip-seek: * tests/misc/base64: * tests/misc/basename: * tests/misc/cut: * tests/misc/date: * tests/misc/dircolors: * tests/misc/dirname: * tests/misc/expand: * tests/misc/expr: * tests/misc/factor: * tests/misc/fmt: * tests/misc/fold: * tests/misc/head: * tests/misc/head-elide-tail: * tests/misc/join: * tests/misc/ls-misc: * tests/misc/md5sum: * tests/misc/md5sum-newline: * tests/misc/mktemp: * tests/misc/od: * tests/misc/paste: * tests/misc/pr: * tests/misc/printf-cov: * tests/misc/seq: * tests/misc/sha1sum: * tests/misc/sha1sum-vec: * tests/misc/sha224sum: * tests/misc/sha256sum: * tests/misc/sha384sum: * tests/misc/sha512sum: * tests/misc/sort-merge: * tests/misc/stat-printf: * tests/misc/sum: * tests/misc/tac: * tests/misc/tail: * tests/misc/test: * tests/misc/test-diag: * tests/misc/tr: * tests/misc/tsort: * tests/misc/tty-eof: * tests/misc/unexpand: * tests/misc/uniq: * tests/misc/wc: * tests/misc/wc-files0-from: * tests/misc/xstrtol: * tests/mv/i-1: * tests/pr/pr-tests: * tests/rm/empty-name: * tests/rm/fail-eperm: * tests/rm/unreadable: 2008-05-16 Jim Meyering tests: allow to run Perl tests more cleanly Before this change, perl tests were run via a #!/bin/sh script in which perl was invoked via $(PERL) ... -- - <<\EOF. That made some stty tests fail due to the way stdin was usurped. * build-aux/check.mk (am__check_pre): Don't append $(SHELL) to this nominally automake-internal variable. * tests/check.mk (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Instead, define a shell function here, and append it to the more user-visible $(TESTS_ENVIRONMENT). tests: env-related clean up * tests/Coreutils.pm: tiny clean-up: s/env/env --/ * tests/misc/help-version: Use "env" rather than an absolute file name prefix. * tests/misc/printf-surprise: Likewise. tests: improve coverage of printf.c * tests/misc/printf-cov: New file. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add misc/printf-cov. * tests/misc/help-version: Use env rather than abs file name prefix. make HACKING slightly more generic * HACKING: remove some uses of "coreutils" Point to git's own SubmittingPatches URL. 2008-05-15 Bruno Haible doc: some Unicode characters cannot be specified via \u or \U * doc/coreutils.texi (printf invocation): Clarify invalid ranges for Unicode character escape syntax. 2008-05-11 Jim Meyering move sha256 and sha512 modules to gnulib * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules) [sha256, sha512]: Add "crypto/" prefix to module name, now that they come from gnulib. * gl/lib/sha256.c: Remove file. * gl/lib/sha256.h: Likewise. * gl/lib/sha512.c: Likewise. * gl/lib/sha512.h: Likewise. * gl/lib/u64.h: Likewise. * gl/m4/sha256.m4: Likewise. * gl/m4/sha512.m4: Likewise. * gl/modules/sha256: Likewise. * gl/modules/sha512: Likewise. 2008-05-10 Jim Meyering now that the last of the mk-script-using tests is gone... * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Remove Makefile.am.in and mk-script. Move/adjust SUBDIRS-related comments. * tests/Makefile.am.in: Remove file, no longer used. * tests/mk-script: Likewise. * bootstrap: Remove coreutils-specific SUBDIRS-related code. tests: remove directory, tests/join/ * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Remove tests/join/Makefile. * tests/misc/join: New file, with tests from... * tests/join/Test.pm: ...here. Remove file. * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Remove definition. * tests/misc/tac: Also perform stdin and piped tests. tests: convert pr tests * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Remove tests/pr/Makefile. * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Remove pr. * tests/pr/pr-tests: New file, with tests from... * tests/pr/Test.pm: ...here. Remove file. * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add $(pr_data). (pr_data): List all of the pr's test-related data files. tests: remove directory, tests/tail/ * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Remove tests/tail/Makefile. * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Remove tail. * tests/misc/tail: New file, with tests from... * tests/tail/Test.pm: ...here. Remove file. 2008-05-09 Bernhard Marx doc: improve description of "niceness" values * doc/coreutils.texi (nice invocation): 2008-05-09 Jim Meyering tests: remove directory, tests/sort/ * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Remove tests/sort/Makefile. * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Remove sort. * tests/misc/sort: New file, with tests from... * tests/sort/Test.pm: ...here. Remove file. 2008-05-08 Bruno Haible Speed up "wc -m" and "wc -w" in multibyte case. * src/wc.c: Include mbchar.h. (wc): New variable in_shift. Use it to avoid calling mbrtowc for most ASCII characters. Reported via Jan Engelhardt in http://bugzilla.novell.com/381873 with discussion here http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/13520 2008-05-08 Jim Meyering tests: remove directory, tests/tac/ * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Remove tests/tac/Makefile. * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Remove tac. * tests/misc/tac: Many new tests, from... * tests/tac/Test.pm: ...here. Remove file. tests: remove directory, tests/test/ * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Remove tests/test/Makefile. * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Remove test. * tests/misc/test: Many new tests, from... * tests/test/Test.pm: ...here. Remove file. tests: Coreutils.pm: support running a program that is a shell built-in * tests/Coreutils.pm (run_tests): Add support for running a program like 'test', that is a shell built-in. 2008-05-06 Jim Meyering * TODO: Bo Borgerson is rewriting support for cp --recursive tests: remove directory, tests/tr/ * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Remove tests/tr/Makefile. * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Remove tr. * tests/misc/tr: Many new tests, from... * tests/tr/Test.pm: ...here. Remove file. * tests/tr/failures: Remove file. * tests/tr/TODO: Remove file. tests: skip another test if mcstransd is running * tests/test-lib.sh (skip_if_mcstransd_is_running_): New function, extracted from... * tests/misc/chcon: ...here. Use function, not open-coded test. * tests/misc/selinux: Use the function here, too. Require root, not non-root. * tests/Makefile.am (root_tests): Add misc/selinux. tests: translate uniq-z-test-adding code to new framework * tests/misc/uniq (add-z-variants): New function. Use it. tests: remove directory, tests/uniq/ * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Remove tests/uniq/Makefile. * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Remove uniq. * tests/misc/uniq: Many new tests, from... * tests/uniq/Test.pm: ...here. Remove file. tests: remove directory, tests/cut/ * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Remove tests/cut/Makefile. * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Remove cut. * tests/misc/cut: Many new tests, from... * tests/cut/Test.pm: ...here. Remove file. tests: remove directory, tests/head/ * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Remove tests/head/Makefile. * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Remove head. * tests/misc/head: New file, derived from ... * tests/head/Test.pm: ...this. Remove file. * tests/head/in: Remove file. * tests/head/in-1024: Remove file. * tests/Coreutils.pm (triple_test): New function. tests: Coreutils.pm improvements * tests/Coreutils.pm: Allow test names longer than 12. Print a useful diagnostic for bogus spec entry. Handle the combination of IN_PIPE and ENV properly. * tests/Coreutils.pm (run_tests): Put ENV right before command, not before the "cat INPUT_FILE |" prefix. tests: move "sparse-file" into test-lib.sh * tests/sparse-file: Remove file Move contents into ... * tests/test-lib.sh (require_sparse_support_): ...here. New function. * tests/cp/sparse: Use the function, not the file. * tests/du/8gb: Likewise. * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Remove sparse-file. tests: move "group-names" into test-lib.sh * tests/group-names: Remove file Move contents into ... * tests/test-lib.sh (require_membership_in_two_groups_): ...here. New function. * tests/chgrp/basic: Use the function, not the file. * tests/chgrp/default-no-deref: Likewise. * tests/chgrp/deref: Likewise. * tests/chgrp/no-x: Likewise. * tests/chgrp/posix-H: Likewise. * tests/chgrp/recurse: Likewise. * tests/cp/existing-perm-race: Likewise. * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Remove group-names. tests: use printf+sed rather than yes+head+tr * tests/misc/fmt-long-line: Minor clean-up. Using "yes" like that has caused trouble in the past. tests: save and restore TERM around use of TESTS_ENVIRONMENT, now that TESTS_ENVIRONMENT unsets it. * check.mk (am__check_pre): Save $TERM. (am__check_post): Restore saved value of TERM and export. tests: hoist the sourcing of "lang-default" * tests/check.mk (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Source lang-default here, ... ... rather than in each of 100+ test scripts. * tests/chgrp/basic: * tests/chgrp/no-x: * tests/chmod/c-option: * tests/chmod/no-x: * tests/chmod/setgid: * tests/chmod/thru-dangling: * tests/chmod/umask-x: * tests/chmod/usage: * tests/chown/basic: * tests/chown/deref: * tests/chown/preserve-root: * tests/cp/abuse: * tests/cp/acl: * tests/cp/backup-is-src: * tests/cp/cp-a-selinux: * tests/cp/cp-i: * tests/cp/cp-mv-backup: * tests/cp/deref-slink: * tests/cp/fail-perm: * tests/cp/into-self: * tests/cp/link-preserve: * tests/cp/preserve-gid: * tests/cp/same-file: * tests/cp/slink-2-slink: * tests/cp/special-f: * tests/cp/symlink-slash: * tests/cp/thru-dangling: * tests/du/basic: * tests/du/hard-link: * tests/du/inacc-dest: * tests/du/long-sloop: * tests/du/no-x: * tests/install/basic-1: * tests/ln/hard-backup: * tests/ln/sf-1: * tests/ls/file-type: * tests/ls/infloop: * tests/ls/nameless-uid: * tests/ls/rt-1: * tests/ls/stat-failed: * tests/ls/symlink-slash: * tests/ls/x-option: * tests/misc/chcon: * tests/misc/chcon-fail: * tests/misc/csplit: * tests/misc/df-P: * tests/misc/groups-dash: * tests/misc/groups-version: * tests/misc/nohup: * tests/misc/printf-surprise: * tests/misc/runcon-no-reorder: * tests/misc/selinux: * tests/misc/split-a: * tests/misc/split-fail: * tests/misc/tac-continue: * tests/misc/wc-files0: * tests/mkdir/p-v: * tests/mkdir/selinux: * tests/mv/acl: * tests/mv/backup-dir: * tests/mv/backup-is-src: * tests/mv/childproof: * tests/mv/diag: * tests/mv/dir2dir: * tests/mv/dup-source: * tests/mv/force: * tests/mv/hard-link-1: * tests/mv/hard-verbose: * tests/mv/i-2: * tests/mv/i-3: * tests/mv/i-4: * tests/mv/i-5: * tests/mv/i-link-no: * tests/mv/into-self: * tests/mv/into-self-2: * tests/mv/into-self-3: * tests/mv/mv-special-1: * tests/mv/part-fail: * tests/mv/part-symlink: * tests/mv/partition-perm: * tests/mv/perm-1: * tests/mv/reply-no: * tests/mv/sticky-to-xpart: * tests/mv/update: * tests/rm/cycle: * tests/rm/dir-no-w: * tests/rm/dir-nonrecur: * tests/rm/fail-2eperm: * tests/rm/fail-eacces: * tests/rm/inaccessible: * tests/rm/interactive-always: * tests/rm/interactive-once: * tests/rm/isatty: * tests/rm/one-file-system: * tests/rm/r-1: * tests/rm/r-2: * tests/rm/rm1: * tests/rm/rm2: * tests/rm/rm3: * tests/rm/rm4: * tests/rm/rm5: * tests/rm/unread2: * tests/rm/v-slash: * tests/touch/fail-diag: * tests/touch/not-owner: tests: hoist envvar-check so it is run for every test I.e., also for Perl-based tests; not just the ones using test-lib.sh. * tests/check.mk (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Source envvar-check here, ... * tests/test-lib.sh: ...not here. fix typo in comments: s/ouput/output/ adjust spelling in that same comment: s/localisation/localization/ * tests/touch/Makefile.am: Remove now-unused file. tests: test split more thoroughly * tests/misc/split-a: Clean up. Catch more failures. * tests/misc/wc: Remove an unused variable. tests: detect and check more uses of strcmp * maint.mk (sc_prohibit_strcmp): Relax regexp to recognize other formatting styles. avoid problems with sign-extended "char" operand to is* functions * src/cut.c (set_fields): Apply to_uchar to isblank operands. * src/uniq.c (find_field): Likewise. * src/seq.c (scan_arg): Likewise, for isspace. * tests/misc/uniq: New file. Test for the above, but only when isspace(0240). * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add misc/uniq. * configure.ac: Use gt_LOCALE_FR. * tests/check.mk (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Propagate LOCALE_FR to scripts. * NEWS: Mention the bug fixes. Before this patch, on FreeBSD 6: $ printf 'x y z\nx \xa0 y z\n' > in $ LC_ALL=fr_FR.UTF-8 uniq -f2 in|tr ' ' . x.y.z x. .y.z With the patch: $ LC_ALL=fr_FR.UTF-8 uniq -f2 in|tr ' ' . x.y.z This also affected many other locales: for i in $(locale -a); do test $(LC_ALL=$i ./uniq -f1 in|wc -l) = $(LC_ALL=$i uniq -f1 in|wc -l) || echo $i ; done ... en_GB.ISO8859-1 en_GB.ISO8859-15 en_GB.UTF-8 en_IE.UTF-8 en_NZ.ISO8859-1 en_NZ.ISO8859-15 en_NZ.UTF-8 en_US.ISO8859-1 en_US.ISO8859-15 en_US.UTF-8 ... 2008-05-06 Bo Borgerson base64: remove some unused/redundant getopt code * src/base64.c (struct option long_option): Remove redundant help/version option items. (main): Remove unused 'q' from short options. 2008-05-06 Jim Meyering help2man: fix perl 5.10 problem properly * man/help2man: Do pull LC_ALL via "use POSIX". Instead, limit the importing of gettext-related symbols to just those two we'll use: gettext and textdomain. 2008-05-05 Jim Meyering help2man: avoid failure with Debian unstable's Perl 5.10.0 Avoid failure that produced this diagnostic: Constant subroutine main::LC_ALL redefined at /.../Exporter.pm * man/help2man: Don't include LC_ALL in the "use POSIX" list, since Locale::gettext->import will get it. 2008-05-05 Bo Borgerson base64 module: adjust API so it's compatible with gnulib's * gl/lib/base64.c (base64_decode_ctx): If no context structure was passed in, treat newlines as garbage (this is the historical behavior). Formerly base64_decode. (base64_decode_alloc_ctx): Formerly base64_decode_alloc. * gl/lib/base64.h (base64_decode): Macro for four-argument calls. (base64_decode_alloc): Likewise. * src/base64.c (do_decode): Call base64_decode_ctx instead of base64_decode. 2008-05-05 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/tac: Set execute bit. tac: avoid segfault for e.g., "echo > x; tac -r x x" * src/tac.c (tac_seekable): Move local "regs" declaration out to file scope, so its values aren't clobbered between calls. Discovered by Cristian Cadar, Daniel Dunbar and Dawson Engler, reported in http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/13501 * NEWS: Mention the bug fix. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add misc/tac. * tests/misc/tac: New file. Test for the above. 2008-04-30 Jim Meyering tests: avoid a "make check-root" failure when mcstransd is running * tests/misc/chcon: Skip this test if mcstransd seems to be running. tests: avoid spurious "make check-root" failure * README (Running tests as root): Also set PATH in suggested "sudo" command. This avoids failure of at least tests/cp/cp-a-selinux when the default PATH does not contain /sbin. * tests/cp/cp-a-selinux: Don't redirect stderr to /dev/null. "mkfs" was failing due to /sbin not being in PATH. 2008-04-30 Bo Borgerson Add Daniel Dunbar's lcov instructions to HACKING * HACKING: New section `Finding things to do', points to TODO file and gives instructions on generating an html coverage report as provided by Daniel Dunbar. * TODO: Add item for improving test coverage. Point back to HACKING. 2008-04-29 Jim Meyering chcon, runcon: make --help print the bug-reporting address * src/chcon.c (usage): Use emit_bug_reporting_address. * src/runcon.c (usage): Likewise. * tests/misc/help-version: Don't exempt chcon and runcon. * NEWS: Mention this. 2008-04-28 Jim Meyering tests: don't hard-code coreutils list of tests/ SUBDIRS in bootstrap * bootstrap: Extract the list from tests/Makefile.am, and die when it is empty -- it will be, eventually. 2008-04-28 Bo Borgerson tests: remove references to tests/wc from bootstrap * bootstrap: Don't try to initialize anything in tests/wc. 2008-04-28 Jim Meyering tests: slightly relax sc_cast_of_argument_to_free syntax check * maint.mk (sc_cast_of_argument_to_free): Relax regexp slightly. (sc_no_have_config_h): Add a comment. 2008-04-28 Bo Borgerson tests: don't chmod after a failed chdir in cleanup * tests/CuTmpdir.pm (chmod_tree): Don't chmod if chdir failed. Only cleanup test dirs from the process that created them. * tests/CuTmpdir.pm (import): Use closure around current PID to avoid cleanup races. 2008-04-27 Jim Meyering move wc tests from own subdir into a single script * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Remove wc/Makefile from the list. * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Remove wc from the list. (TESTS): Add misc/wc. * tests/misc/wc: New file, derived from tests/wc/Tests.pm. * tests/wc/Test.pm: Remove file. tests: remove temporary log file upon catchable signal * check.mk (am__check_pre): Add signal handler to remove $@-t. tests: don't source envvar-check manually, test-lib.sh does it * tests/cp/abuse: Remove ". $top_srcdir/tests/envvar-check". * tests/cp/parent-perm: Likewise. * tests/cp/special-f: Likewise. * tests/ls/proc-selinux-segfault: Likewise. * tests/misc/help-version: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/selinux: Likewise. * tests/mv/sticky-to-xpart: Likewise. * tests/touch/now-owned-by-other: Likewise. * tests/sample-test: Remove commented out suggestion. tests: ensure at least one failure when $built_programs is empty Before, this test and others would pass with empty $built_programs. * tests/misc/help-version: Fail if built_programs is empty. tests: improve perl-based tempdir handling Before, upon interrupt, directories would be left behind. * tests/CuTmpdir.pm: Remove temporary directory on interrupt. tests: reorder some tests in the long list * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Move some tests that use sleep "up" in the list so that they don't delay even a little the completion of "make check". Also run a chmod test early. tests: put root-only (usually skipped) tests at the end * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS): Don't list root-only tests explicitly. Instead, just use $(root_tests). * tests/check.mk (vc_exe_in_TESTS): Now that root_tests are separate, parse out the union of $(TESTS) and $(root_tests). tests: move another file (expensive) into test-lib.sh * tests/expensive: Remove file. Move contents into ... * tests/test-lib.sh (expensive_): ...here. New function. * tests/du/fd-leak: Update caller to use the new function. * tests/mv/leak-fd: Likewise. * tests/rm/hash: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/big-4gb: Likewise. * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Remove its name. tests: cp/perm (usually not run) was failing on systems with SELinux * tests/cp/perm: Use stat to get the permission string, not ls. This test was run only when RUN_VERY_EXPENSIVE_TESTS=yes was set in the environment. It would fail on SELinux-enable systems because ls-generated permission strings would not match, e.g., "test _-rw-r--r--+ = _-rw-r--r--" would fail. tweak HACKING advice 2008-04-24 Jim Meyering tests: do define built_programs * tests/check.mk (built_programs): Define here, where it's used. This definition was in now-removed tests/misc/Makefile.am. 2008-04-23 Jim Meyering tests: update commented-out examples in sample-test, too * tests/sample-test: Use $top_srcdir/tests/SCRIPT_NAME, not $top_srcdir/../SCRIPT_NAME here, too. 2008-04-23 Ondřej Vašík tests: don't fail in a non-English locale * tests/chmod/thru-dangling: Source lang-default. * tests/cp/thru-dangling: Likewise. * tests/misc/printf-surprise: Likewise. 2008-04-23 Jim Meyering tests: remove now-unused Makefile.am * tests/misc/Makefile.am: Remove file. 2008-04-23 Ondřej Vašík id: do not print SELinux context when invoked with a USERNAME argument * NEWS: Mention new behaviour. * src/id.c (main): Do not print SELinux context when user is specified. * tests/Makefile.am: Add the new test. * tests/misc/id-context: New file. Test for the fix. Problem reported by Ronny Buchmann in http://bugzilla.redhat.com/443485. 2008-04-23 Jim Meyering id: do print the AFS-specific nameless group ID (called a PAG) In 6.11, we mistakenly suppressed the printing of certain group IDs, thinking they were useless AFS-specific artifacts. This change reverts that, so now they are printed once again. http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.org.fsf.announce/867/focus=13345 This also reverts the bug-fix that applied solely to the new code used to avoid printing those IDs Revert "id bug fix: don't point to potentially clobbered static storage" This reverts commit f7d1c59c224f81a8bab5fa2afcaf815988f50467. Revert "Work around AFS bug: id and groups would print invalid group number." This reverts commit b7a836c0a3524cda8ef79c30c3fe7ea759ae4656. Revert "* src/c99-to-c89.diff: Accommodate a C99-ism in id.c." This reverts commit d44893c5dba4150b4ded9cf6aad316c1ef620c9f. 2008-04-22 Jim Meyering build: move a project-specific definition to cfg.mk * cfg.mk (old_NEWS_hash): Define here, ... * maint.mk: ... not here. (update-NEWS-hash): Update comment. Suggestion from Eric Blake. Accommodate building on OS/2 (www.ecomstation.com Ecs v2 rc4) * configure.ac: Filter out carriage returns in more places. Reported by Elbert Pol, details here: http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.org.fsf.announce/867/focus=13332 guard against inserting a NEWS entry into a block for a prior release Without a guard like this, it is far too easy to apply a patch prepared against a preceding release, and not notice that a NEWS entry is inserted into the wrong block. * maint.mk (sc_immutable_NEWS): New rule. (update-NEWS-hash): New rule to update the hard-coded hash. tests: ensure that all exec-$PERL lines are the same * maint.mk (sc_perl_coreutils_test): New rule. 2008-04-21 Jim Meyering tests: skip (don't fail) rm/one-file-system when mount --bind fails * tests/rm/one-file-system: Reported by Allen Hewes. tests: convert umask-check to a function * tests/test-lib.sh (working_umask_or_skip_): New function, from... * tests/umask-check: ...here. Remove file. * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Remove umask-check. * tests/mkdir/perm: Use the function rather than sourcing the file. * tests/cp/cp-parents: Likewise. * tests/cp/parent-perm: Likewise. Bruno Haible reported that parent-perm was failing to run umask-check. tests: adjust perl -I to use $top_srcdir/tests, not $srcdir/.. tests: clean up root tests; adapt to new layout * tests/Makefile.am (root_tests): New list. (check-root): Add 'SUBDIRS='. (root-hint): Point to README. * Makefile.am (check-root): Add 'SUBDIRS=' here, too. * maint.mk (sc_root_tests): Adapt rule to new syntax used in tests/Makefile.am. Revamp test-related Makefiles. One side-effect of this change is that "make check" now works even if you put "." early in your shell's search PATH (don't do that!). Remove all test-related Makefile.am files, except those generated by mk-script. Instead, tests/Makefile.am now lists not only the tests directly under tests/, but also those in tests/*/ that are not generated by mk-script, e.g., cp/abuse, cp/acl, mv/i-1, etc. A lot of these changes are like this: -. $srcdir/../lang-default +. $top_srcdir/tests/lang-default -. $srcdir/../test-lib.sh +. $top_srcdir/tests/test-lib.sh * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Remove corresponding Makefiles. * tests/check.mk (vc_exe_in_TESTS): Relax syntax requirements. * tests/rwx-to-mode: Remove file. Rewritten as... * tests/test-lib.sh (rwx_to_mode_): ...this new function. * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Remove rwx-to-mode. (SUBDIRS): Remove each dir with a removed Makefile.am. (EXTRA_DIST): Add $(TESTS). (TESTS): Add over 300 entries. 2008-04-20 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/Makefile.am (built_programs): Remove. Unused. Use "env" to invoke potential built-ins. * tests/misc/pwd-unreadable-parent: Invoke pwd via "env -- pwd", rather than via an absolute name. * tests/touch/not-owner: Likewise for test. * tests/chmod/setgid: Likewise. 2008-04-19 Jim Meyering * .prev-version: Record previous version: 6.11. Version 6.11. * NEWS: Record release date. * maint.mk (writable-files): Fix syntax error. * doc/.gitignore: Add texinfo-related outputs. 2008-04-19 Sven Joachim * THANKS: Update my address, correct encoding for a name. 2008-04-19 Jim Meyering pr -e, with a mix of backspaces and TABs, could corrupt the heap * tests/pr/Test.pm: New tests for the above. * src/pr.c (char_to_clump): Ensure that "input_position" never goes below 0. Also, elide any backspace encountered when input_position is 0, to be compatible at least with /bin/pr from Solaris 10. This bug is present in the original version: b25038ce9a234ea0906ddcbd8a0012e917e6c661 * NEWS [Bug fixes]: Mention this. Report and diagnosis by Cristian Cadar, Daniel Dunbar and Dawson Engler in http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/13272 2008-04-19 Mike Frysinger * src/dircolors.hin: Add .flv. Move .svgz to "image formats". 2008-04-19 Jim Meyering md5sum -c: ignore a line with a NUL byte among checksum hex digits * src/md5sum.c (hex_digits): Require that all "digest_hex_bytes" be hexadecimal digits, not just those before the first NUL byte. This bug dates back to the original version: 3763a4f24eb21be40674d13ff7b04e078f473e85 * tests/misc/md5sum (nul-in-cksum): Test for the above. * NEWS [Bug fixes]: Mention this. Prompted by a report from Flóki Pálsson in http://bugzilla.redhat.com/439531 2008-04-16 Matthew Woehlke tests: accommodate built-in mknod more cleanly still * tests/mkdir/selinux: Use "env" rather than "nice". 2008-04-16 Jim Meyering tests: accommodate built-in mknod more cleanly * tests/mkdir/selinux: Undo most of previous change, bc22dbbf844f31ddaf2e68b167d0128a985d73ab, and instead invoke the command via "nice". Using "exec" should be enough, but isn't with OpenBSD's PD KSH v5.2.14 99/07/13.2. Eric Blake suggested using nice. mknod --help: note that this command may be a shell built-in * src/mknod.c (usage): Print USAGE_BUILTIN_WARNING. Suggestion from Eric Blake. avoid "may be used uninitialized" warning from newer gcc * src/md5sum.c (digest_check) [lint]: Initialize local, "filename". tests: add a comment explaining the potential failure tests: avoid mkdir/selinux failure when mknod is a shell built-in * tests/mkdir/selinux: Skip the mknod test if it's a built-in. 2008-04-15 Jim Meyering md5sum, sha1sum, etc: handle invalid input (i.e., don't segfault) * src/md5sum.c (bsd_split_3): Return right away if s_len == 0. * tests/misc/md5sum (bsd-segv): New test for the above. * tests/misc/sha1sum (bsd-segv): Likewise. * NEWS: Mention the bug fix. Reported by Cristian Cadar, Daniel Dunbar and Dawson Engler. 2008-04-14 Jim Meyering tests: don't fail on systems without a "stat" syscall * tests/test-lib.sh (require_strace_): Add a syscall parameter. * tests/ls/stat-free-symlinks: Update caller. * tests/mv/atomic: Likewise. * tests/mv/atomic2: Likewise. Reported by Mike Frysinger in http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/13222 tests: accommodate a different errno string on Irix 6.5 * tests/mkdir/selinux: Also handle "Not supported". Reported by Peter Fales. seq: work around floating point inaccuracies on more systems * src/seq.c: Include for fabs. Include for DBL_EPSILON. (abs_rel_diff): New function. (print_numbers): Use abs_rel_diff rather than a strict equality test. Without this change, Solaris 8 and Irix 6.2 would fail the float-6 test. Reported by Peter Fales in http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/13183 * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Adjust seq.c offsets. doc: fix typo * coreutils.texi (sort invocation): s/Whitespace/White space/ 2008-04-12 Jim Meyering tests: Accommodate a different errno value on OSF/1 4.0F. * tests/mkdir/selinux: Also handle "Function not implemented". Avoid link failure when using mkstemp replacement. * src/Makefile.am (tac_LDADD): Add $(LIB_CLOCK_GETTIME). This is necessary at least on a DEC Alpha OSF/1 4.0F. tests: always enable VERBOSE output, now that test framework works better * cfg.mk: Set VERBOSE=yes. * tests/check.mk: Likewise. 2008-04-11 Jim Meyering doc: avoid "make pdf" failure (due to texi2dvi bug?) * doc/coreutils.texi (filesZeroFromOption): Comment out @cindex-in-@macro use. doc: use a valid texinfo macro name * doc/coreutils.texi (filesZeroFromOption): s/0/Zero/ 2008-04-08 Jim Meyering tests: accommodate a different errno value on HPUX-10.20 * tests/mkdir/selinux: Also handle "Unknown system error". Reported by Peter Fales. 2008-04-06 Jim Meyering doc: factor out --files0-from duplication * coreutils.texi (wc invocation) [files0fromOption]: New macro. Use it. (du invocation): Use it here, too. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Adjust remove.c diffs. 2008-04-06 Jim Meyering remove.c: accommodate systems with negative errno values This is required at least on Haiku and BeOS. * src/remove.c (write_protected_non_symlink): Return 1 for a write- protected non-symlink, 0 if we determine it's not, and -1 upon error (setting errno accordingly only in this final case). (prompt): Deal with the changed semantics of the above function. Based on this patch from Axel Dörfler: http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/13071 2008-04-05 Jim Meyering Accommodate building on OS/2 (www.ecomstation.com Ecs v2 rc4) * configure.in: Also filter out carriage returns from the value of $no_install_progs_default. Reported by Elbert Pol. 2008-04-02 Jim Meyering "touch E; mkfifo F; cp -fR F E" no longer fails due to existing E * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Revert change of 2005-03-01, 4303f0454592421eea48be87777d32a49e1d5e5b Prompted by Michael Stone, who pointed me to an old bug report from Ian Jackson: http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/7504 * tests/cp/special-f: New file. Test for the above. * tests/cp/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add special-f. * NEWS: mention this bug fix. copy.c: remove an in-function #ifdef * src/copy.c (rpl_mkfifo) [! HAVE_MKFIFO]: New function. (mkfifo) [! HAVE_MKFIFO]: Define to rpl_mkfifo. (copy_internal): Remove #ifdef. HACKING: rename README-contribution-guidelines README-contribution-guidelines: Rename to .. HACKING: ...this. 2008-04-01 Jim Meyering bootstrap: remove dangling *.[ch] symlinks from lib * bootstrap [dangling symlink removal]: Match *.[ch] files, too. Suggestion from Eric Blake. bootstrap: make find's -depth option be the first. * bootstrap [dangling symlink removal]: Move find's -depth option to precede all others, to avoid a warning. * bootstrap: Remove dangling symlinks from lib (aka $source_base), too. Avoid root-only SELinux-related test failures w/o mcstransd. When mcstransd is not running (i.e., after service mcstrans stop), "make check" as root would provoke two test failures. * tests/cp/cp-a-selinux: Use the context, root:object_r:tmp_t:s0, that works both with and without mcstransd. Thanks to Eric Paris for the tip and to Ondřej Vašík for alerting me to the problem. Reported by Robert Scheck in . root tests: Set NON_ROOT_USERNAME if not set already. * tests/test-lib.sh (require_root_): This avoids failure of a couple of root-only tests that require a value for that envvar. texinfo formatting tweaks * coreutils.texi: Avoid some overfull hbox warnings. (Treating / specially): Use @file{/} rather than a bare /. printf doc: xref print(3) and libc's "Output Conversion Syntax" node * coreutils.texi (printf invocation): Add xref. Use "The GNU C Library Reference Manual" as the name of the 'libc' document consistently. * man/printf.x: Add See also: printf(3). Suggested by A. Costa in http://bugs.debian.org/465522 2008-03-31 Jim Meyering Emit "#line 1" right after the two 'read-only/GENERATED' lines. * bootstrap (cp_mark_as_generated): This preserves line numbering e.g., in assertions, which is important when correlating between coreutils test failures and the original files in gnulib/tests. Suggested by Eric Blake. * README-contribution-guidelines: Mention how to amend a commit. Suggestion from Pádraig Brady. Begin documenting contribution guidelines. * README-contribution-guidelines: New file. For now, not distributed. "rm -r DIR" would mistakenly prompt about very long names * src/remove.c (write_protected_non_symlink): Return 0(-1) when euidaccess_stat pronounces a writable(not-writable) file, not -1(0). * tests/rm/deep-2: New file. Test for the above-fixed bug. * tests/rm/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add deep-2. Discovered while reviewing this change: http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/13071 * NEWS: Note the dd bug fix. The bug was introduced over 8 years ago: 9fca49f67c16c8b42c32e185808fe187cedb0fa7 2008-03-31 Paul Eggert dd bug fix: accept e.g., if=/dev/stdin and of=/dev/stdout * lib/fd-reopen.c: Work even if FILE is "/dev/stdin". Problem reported by Geoffrey Lee in . * tests/dd/misc: Check for this bug. 2008-03-29 Jim Meyering avoid failure of new test on kernel without SELinux support * tests/mkdir/selinux: Also accept ENOENT. Reported by Sven Joachim. tests: accept ENOTSUP message as well as the EINVAL one This test would fail on most non-Linux systems because the original expected an "Invalid argument" diagnostic, yet they all produced "Operation not supported". * tests/mkdir/selinux: Accept both strings. Factor out duplication. Work around a recent glibc/getopt.c diagnostic change. * tests/misc/factor: Map new "-- '1'" to expected "-- 1". 2008-03-28 Jim Meyering mknod, mkfifo: don't segfault when diagnosing invalid SELinux context Identical to the bug fixed by 72d052896a9092b811961a8f3e6ca5d151a59be5. * src/mkfifo.c (main): Use "scontext", not NULL optarg in diagnostic. * src/mknod.c (main): Likewise. Reported by Cristian Cadar, Daniel Dunbar and Dawson Engler. * tests/mkdir/selinux: Test for the above fixes. * NEWS: Mention the fixes. Fix typo in old NEWS and ChangeLog: s/commmand/command/. * ChangeLog-2007: Likewise. * NEWS: Likewise. Prompted by http://bugzilla.redhat.com/439410 2008-03-28 Pádraig Brady tests: Factor out code that's going to be reused. * tests/test-lib.sh (mkfifo_or_skip_): New function, factored out of... * tests/touch/fifo: ...here. 2008-03-28 Jim Meyering Require that "(exit $fail); exit $fail" be last line of each test. * maint.mk (sc_require_test_exit_idiom): New rule to enforce policy. * tests/cp/acl: Adhere to the new policy. * tests/cp/preserve-gid: Likewise. * tests/dd/misc: * tests/install/create-leading: * tests/ln/sf-1: * tests/ls/symlink-slash: * tests/misc/help-version: * tests/misc/ls-time: * tests/misc/nice: * tests/misc/shred-remove: * tests/misc/stty: * tests/misc/stty-row-col: * tests/mkdir/p-1: * tests/mkdir/p-2: * tests/mkdir/p-3: * tests/mkdir/p-v: * tests/mkdir/special-1: * tests/mkdir/writable-under-readonly: * tests/mv/acl: * tests/mv/backup-is-src: * tests/mv/diag: * tests/mv/dir-file: * tests/mv/force: * tests/mv/hard-link-1: * tests/mv/i-2: * tests/mv/i-4: * tests/mv/into-self: * tests/mv/into-self-2: * tests/mv/into-self-3: * tests/mv/partition-perm: * tests/mv/to-symlink: * tests/rmdir/ignore: * tests/tail-2/assert: * tests/tail-2/assert-2: * tests/touch/dangling-symlink: * tests/touch/dir-1: * tests/touch/empty-file: * tests/touch/fifo: * tests/touch/no-rights: Likewise. Perform explicit exit-nonzero if the embedded Perl script fails. * tests/misc/pwd-long: Add canonical '(exit $fail); exit $fail'. 2008-03-27 Jim Meyering paste -d\\: avoid heap overrun for backslash at end of delim list * src/paste.c: Include "quotearg.h". (collapse_escapes): Handle backslash-escaped backslash explicitly. Handle unescaped backslash at end of string by returning nonzero, rather than by overrunning memory. (main): Diagnose an invalid delimiter list -- carefully. Reported by Cristian Cadar, Daniel Dunbar and Dawson Engler. * tests/misc/paste-no-nl (delim-bs): Add a test to demonstrate the heap-smashing capability. (delim-bs2): Prior to coreutils-5.1.2, this bug was a little harder to demonstrate: it would corrupt a first-argument containing e.g., \b * NEWS: Mention the bug fix. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Reflect renaming. * tests/misc/paste: Rename from paste-no-nl. 2008-03-26 Jim Meyering * src/join.c (keycmp): Document new parameters. Test for mkdir bug fix. * tests/mkdir/selinux: New file: test for today's fix. * tests/mkdir/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add selinux. 2008-03-26 Daniel Dunbar mkdir -Z x d: don't segfault when diagnosing invalid context "x" (tiny change) * src/mkdir.c (main): Use "scontext", not NULL optarg in diagnostic. Reported by Cristian Cadar, Daniel Dunbar and Dawson Engler. * NEWS: Mention the bug fix. 2008-03-25 Peter Fales id bug fix: don't point to potentially clobbered static storage On at least Mac OS, when calling getpwuid twice with the same UID, the static storage containing results from the first call is invalidated by the second call. * src/id.c (main): Point to a copy of the user name string. 2008-03-25 Eric Blake Use new gnulib gnumakefile module. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Pull in new module. * GNUmakefile: Remove from version control. * .gitignore: Update. * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_LINKS): Delete; rely on gnulib to do this now. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST, distclean-local): Likewise. 2008-03-25 Jim Meyering join bug fix: adapt keycmp to work with new order-checking feature * src/join.c (keycmp): Add two join-field parameters. (check_order, join): Update callers. Reported by Dmitry V. Levin in http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/12731/focus=13017 * tests/join/Test.pm (chkodr-7): New test for this fix. 2008-03-23 Jim Meyering join.c: syntax/style tweaks * src/join.c (check_order): Rename from checkorder. Move definition to precede first use and remove prototype. Use EXIT_FAILURE, rather than "1". (key_cmp): Move definition to precede first use. 2008-03-22 Jim Meyering portability: work around a "busybox sed" limitation * configure.ac: While every other sed tested supports usage like '/\(re\)/{s//\1/;...}', and POSIX appears to requires this, busybox's sed does not support it. So duplicate the regexp: '/\(re\)/{s/\(re\)/\1/;...}'. Reported by Vincent Lefevre: . 2008-03-21 Jim Meyering * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Adjust seq.c offsets. ptx: avoid heap overrun for backslash at end of optarg string * src/ptx.c (copy_unescaped_string): Ignore a lone backslash at end of string. Reported by Cristian Cadar, Daniel Dunbar and Dawson Engler. Details here: . * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add ptx-overrun. * tests/misc/ptx-overrun: New file. Test for the above fix. * NEWS: Mention the fix. ptx.c readability * src/ptx.c (copy_unescaped_string): Add braces around 80+-line single-stmt while-loop body. Write NEWS and update c99-to-c89 patch for today's rm improvement. * NEWS: call this a "portability improvement" ;-) * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Adjust remove.c offsets. 2008-03-21 Ingo Weinhold remove.c: Accommodate systems with negative errno values. * src/remove.c (cache_fstatat): Store errno value directly in the st_ino field, rather than trying to shoehorn it into st_size. This is required at least on BeOS and Haiku. 2008-03-21 Jim Meyering * src/seq.c (long_double_format): Add a comment. * GNUmakefile: Update from gnulib. 2008-03-20 Jim Meyering Remove today's automake kludge, altogether. Fix properly. * man/Makefile.am: Use dist_man1_MANS instead of dist_man_MANS. Suggestion from Ralf Wildenhues. Add a check to detect this problem, in case it reappears. * maint.mk (my-distcheck): Run "make install", and then ensure that ls.1 is installed. Kludge to make automake generate install-man rules * man/Makefile.am (dist_man_MANS): Add a literal, rm.1. Without this, "make install" would not install man pages. However, with this kludge, the rm.1 man page is installed even when you configure with --enable-no-install-program=rm. Revert recent man/Makefile.am change. Revert 4b544e447eb78fd1f031a026a499f6aed177808a. * man/Makefile.am: That change was only a band-aid. It solved the stated problem, but not a deeper one: that "make install" would no longer man pages. Reported by Dmitry V. Levin. The latter problem arose in 167b8025aca487de001da2448c1aebc2747bc1d3 with the removal of the sole literal from the definition of dist_man_MANS. When automake perceives dist_man_MANS as empty, it no longer emits the install-man* rules. 2008-03-20 Eric Blake Sync GNUmakefile with gnulib. * GNUmakefile (Makefile.cfg): Rename... (cfg.mk): ...to this, and make optional. (GNUmakefile.cfg): Delete, redundant with cfg.mk. (Makefile.maint): Rename... (maint.mk): ...to this. (all) [!_have-Makefile]: Rename... (abort-due-to-no-makefile): ...to this, and invoke via .DEFAULT_GOAL to pick up all targets. * Makefile.cfg: Rename... * cfg.mk: ...to this. * Makefile.maint: Rename... * maint.mk ...to this. (ME): Reflect rename. (makefile-check, m4-check, author_mark_check, msg): Use $(ME) rather than hard-coded name. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Distribute renamed files. * .x-sc_file_system: Remove Makefile.maint along with others. No longer needed. * .x-sc_obsolete_symbols: Likewise. * .x-sc_prohibit_atoi_atof: Reflect renaming and remove no-longer-VC'd names. * TODO: Likewise. 2008-03-19 Bob Proulx make check: Remove /tmp/ls-creating debug code. * tests/misc/ls-misc: Remove debug code creating /tmp/ls. 2008-03-19 Jim Meyering bootstrap: restore kludge removed on 2008-03-12: it's still necessary. * bootstrap: Make the gnulib-tests/test-*.sh scripts executable. This restores code removed by dec8bb25bb6da2fe9fe6dd63c0fbbd593a0e94cb. Reported by Bob Proulx. Check for -- and remove -- some unnecessarily included header files. * Makefile.maint: Add checks for a handful of additional header files. * src/mktemp.c: Don't include "long-options.h". Not used. * src/pr.c: Don't include "inttostr.h". Not used. * src/printenv.c: Don't include "error.h". Not used. * src/test.c: Don't include "error.h". Not used. * src/touch.c: Don't include "safe-read.h". Not used. Remove more vestiges of CVS. * Makefile.maint (VC_LIST): Rename from CVS_LIST. (VC_LIST_EXCEPT): Rename from CVS_LIST_EXCEPT. mv: never unlink a destination file before calling rename While cp --preserve=links must unlink certain destination files, mv must never do that. * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Pull the '! x->move_mode' test "up", so it affects the entire condition, and not just DEREF_NEVER mode. Reported by James Ralston in . * tests/mv/atomic2: New file. Test for the above fix. * tests/mv/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add atomic2. * NEWS: Mention the bug-fix. [Bug introduced in 367719ba5f1dbd5e2f7fa2466c441f23f66a7c9e] "make" would not always update man/*.1 files (but "make dist" would) * man/Makefile.am (BUILT_SOURCES): Define, so that "make" always updates man/*.1 files. Reported by Bob Proulx. 2008-03-18 Jim Meyering syntax-check: Make the space-before-open-paren optional. * Makefile.maint (sc_prohibit_assert_without_use): Match also when there is no space before the opening parenthesis. (sc_prohibit_getopt_without_use): Likewise. (sc_prohibit_quotearg_without_use): Likewise. (sc_prohibit_quote_without_use): Likewise. * Makefile.maint (sc_no_have_config_h): Use a more precise regexp. * Makefile.maint (CVS): Remove now-unused definition. Factor out duplication in sc_prohibit_*_without_use rules. * Makefile.maint (_header_without_use): New "command", factored out of four sc_prohibit_HEADER_without_use rules. (sc_prohibit_assert_without_use): Rewrite using $(_header_without_use). (sc_prohibit_getopt_without_use): Likewise. (sc_prohibit_quotearg_without_use): Likewise. (sc_prohibit_quote_without_use): Likewise. 2008-03-18 Dmitry V. Levin Correct typo in "make syntax-check" diagnostic. * Makefile.maint (sc_prohibit_getopt_without_use): s/assert.h/getopt.h/ 2008-03-16 Jim Meyering Prohibit inclusion of getopt.h without use. * Makefile.maint (sc_prohibit_getopt_without_use): New rule. Include only if used. * src/group-list.c: Don't include . * src/printf.c: Likewise. 2008-03-16 J. Scott Edwards sha512_process_bytes: fix a bug in processing a buffer where length&64 != 0 * gl/lib/sha512.c (sha512_process_bytes): s/63/127/. 2008-03-12 Jim Meyering Generalize GNUmakefile, ... ...so that it can be used unmodified by autoconf. * GNUmakefile: Include optional file, GNUmakefile.cfg. Autoconf will use this to override _autoreconf and to export PATH. (_autoreconf): Define. (_dummy): cd to $(srcdir) before removing autom4te.cache. * bootstrap: Sync from gnulib and remove part of a local kludge. 2008-03-10 Ondřej Vašík install, rmdir: write --verbose output to stdout, not to stderr. * src/install.c (announce_mkdir): Write verbose output to stdout, not to stderr. * src/mkdir.c (announce mkdir): Use prog_fprintf for verbose output. * src/prog-fprintf.c (prog_fprintf): New function and file. * src/prog-fprintf.h: New file. * src/rmdir.c (main): Write verbose output to stdout, not to stderr. Quote directory name in a diagnostic. * src/rmdir.c (remove_parents): Write verbose output to stdout, not to stderr. * doc/coreutils.texi: Mention that shred verbose output is to stderr. * NEWS: Mention the changes. 2008-03-10 Jim Meyering make syntax-check: also check src/*.h files for extern functions, * src/Makefile.am (sc_tight_scope): ... now that there is one. 2008-03-07 Jim Meyering dd: avoid unnecessary, but harmless close_stdout call. * src/dd.c (close_stdout_required): New global. (maybe_close_stdout): New function. (main): Set the global. Reported by Ulrich Drepper in http://bugzilla.redhat.com/436368 2008-03-06 Jim Meyering Now that ChangeLog is no longer under version control, ... * Makefile.maint (alpha beta major): Don't make changelog-check. (changelog-version-check): Rename from changelog-check. 2008-03-05 Jim Meyering * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Accommodate a C99-ism in id.c. 2008-03-05 ribalba Work around AFS bug: id and groups would print invalid group number. * src/id.c (main): Call print_group_list with a user name, if possible. * src/groups.c (main): Likewise. * NEWS: Mention this. For details, see http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/12852 http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/12875 2008-03-05 Jim Meyering Now that Makefile.maint is used in VPATH builds, too... * Makefile.maint (prev_version_file): Prefix with $(srcdir)/. (syntax-check-rules): Prefix $(ME) with $(srcdir)/. Avoid new "make distcheck" failure, now that VPATH has GNUmakefile. * GNUmakefile: Remove commands to create ".version". They were unnecessary, and caused creation of a newer .version file in a VPATH build, which in turn caused creation of updated man/*.1 files reflecting the newer time stamp on .version. Those *.1 files were not removed (since they're distributed), and the fact that they remained after "distclean" triggered the failure. 2008-03-04 Eric Blake Reinstate GNUmakefile patch, but with workaround for automake. * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_LINKS): Use shell variable to bypass automake distclean rules. * Makefile.am (distclean-local): Clean GNUmakefile in VPATH builds, since we are bypassing automake. * GNUmakefile (_is-dist-target): 'distclean' is not a dist target. 2008-03-04 Jim Meyering Clarify comment and attribute preceding change: Reported by Ralf Wildenhues. Comment out yesterday's VPATH-friendly addition, for now. * configure.ac: ...while we wait for a fixed version of automake. 2008-03-03 Eric Blake Use m4_PACKAGE_VERSION, not AC_AUTOCONF_VERSION. * configure.ac: The latter is only in post-2.61 autoconf. GNUmakefile build tweaks. * GNUmakefile: When Makefile is not present, make common targets depend on "all" in order to trigger nicer error message. * configure.ac: If autoconf is new enough, link GNUmakefile into VPATH builds. For more details, see . 2008-03-03 Simon Josefsson Define SHA*_DIGEST_SIZE symbols. * gl/lib/sha256.h (SHA224_DIGEST_SIZE, SHA256_DIGEST_SIZE): Define. * gl/lib/sha512.h (SHA384_DIGEST_SIZE, SHA512_DIGEST_SIZE): Define. 2008-03-02 Ralf Wildenhues Fix so that out-of-tree VPATH "make dist" works, too. * GNUmakefile: Add $(srcdir)/ prefix to git-version-gen and argument. 2008-03-02 Jim Meyering One more for non-srcdir "make dist". * GNUmakefile: Also cd $(srcdir) before running autoreconf. Adjust so that non-srcdir "make dist" works, too. * GNUmakefile: Add $(srcdir)/ prefix to git-version-gen and argument. Don't infringe namespace of "sub"-Makefiles. * GNUmakefile (_dummy, _have-Makefile): Add "_" prefix. Create sha256 and sha512 modules and move files into gl/. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add sha256 and sha512. * m4/prereq.m4: Don't require gl_SHA256 or gl_SHA512. * gl/modules/sha512: New file. * gl/modules/sha256: New file. * m4/sha256.m4: Move to ... * gl/m4/sha256.m4: ...here, removing use of AC_SOURCES. * m4/sha512.m4: Move to ... * gl/m4/sha512.m4: ...here, removing use of AC_SOURCES. * lib/sha256.c, lib/sha256.h: Move to ... * gl/lib/sha256.c, gl/lib/sha256.h: ...here. * lib/sha512.c, lib/sha512.h: Move to ... * gl/lib/sha512.c, gl/lib/sha512.h: ...here. * lib/u64.h: Move to ... * gl/lib/u64.h: ...here. * bootstrap: Remove only *.m4, and only from $m4_base/. Rewrite the comment. * bootstrap: Sync from gnulib. 2008-03-01 Jim Meyering Don't skip the groups-version test. * tests/Makefile.am (built_programs): Remove unused definition. * src/Makefile.am (built_programs.list): Print a space-separated list of program names, not NL-separated, since all clients now expect a space-separated list. Don't exempt "groups" from write-failure test, now that it's a C program. * tests/misc/help-version: Since groups is no longer a shell script, a buggy bourne shell can't cause trouble. * configure.ac (AC_INIT): Use .tarball-version, not .version. Don't depend on gnulib's deprecated "free" module. * bootstrap.conf (obsolete_gnulib_modules): Remove free. * gl/modules/mgetgroups (Depends-on): Remove free. 2008-02-29 Jim Meyering Merge bootstrap changes from gnulib. * bootstrap (MSGID_BUGS_ADDRESS): Define and use. (version_controlled_file): Use "git rm", not "git-rm". Use "git tag", not "git-tag", in preparation for git-1.6.0. * Makefile.maint (VC-tag): Remove '-': s/git-tag/git tag/ 2008-02-28 Jim Meyering Make copyright comments consistent. * src/mktemp.c: Update copyright to use newer form. Make first copyright lines consistent. Some did not end in ", Inc.". Due to that missing ", Inc" at end of line, emacs' copyright-updating code missed some opportunities. This corrects most of those, and adds some mistakenly omitted years. * src/chown-core.c: Adjust. * src/chown-core.h: Likewise. * src/copy.c: Likewise. * src/copy.h: Likewise. * src/cp-hash.c: Likewise. * src/cp.c: Likewise. * src/group-list.h: Likewise. * src/mktemp.c: Likewise. * src/stat.c: Likewise. * tests/chmod/equal-x: Likewise. * tests/dd/skip-seek: Likewise. * tests/envvar-check: Likewise. * tests/mv/into-self-2: Likewise. 2008-02-25 Bob Proulx Fix test failure where rm would appear to succeed incorrectly. * tests/rm/fail-eperm: Ignore files that were opportunistically chosen to test permission failures but disappear before we can finish the test. 2008-02-24 Jim Meyering * gl/lib/mgetgroups.c (mgetgroups): Parenthesize correctly. * gl/lib/mgetgroups.c: Include . 2008-02-23 Jim Meyering Avoid test failures when root (/) is not readable. * tests/test-lib.sh (require_readable_root_): New function. * tests/misc/pwd-long: Skip this test when / is unreadable. * tests/du/slash: Likewise. This is required at least for Mandrake/Mandriva in "secure" mode. Reported by Theodoros V. Kalamatianos in http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/12800 2008-02-22 Jim Meyering id: avoid race when a group is added between getgrouplist calls * gl/lib/mgetgroups.c (mgetgroups) [N_GROUPS_INIT]: Rename enum. Use a larger value. Update *groups only upon success. Iterate upon failed getgrouplist. 2008-02-21 James Youngman id: use getgrouplist when possible * gl/m4/mgetgroups.m4: Check for getgrouplist. * gl/lib/mgetgroups.c (mgetgroups): Use getgrouplist, if available. * TODO: Remove the item about switching to getgrouplist. * NEWS: mention this 2008-02-21 Paul Eggert du vs. hard links and argument order: improve documentation * doc/coreutils.texi (du invocation): Document default behavior on hard links, and why argument order matters. 2008-02-20 James Youngman join: avoid new leaks * src/join.c (prevline): Make prevline module-level static, so that the allocated items can be freed at exit. (free_prevline): new atexit function; frees items in prevline[]. Use ARRAY_CARDINALITY, so include "argmatch.h" to get that. (main): Arrange for free_prevline to be called during exit. (get_line): Free prevline[which - 1] also, as that will have been allocated by dup_line. 2008-02-20 Jim Meyering Remove xdelta support, clean up distcheck process. * Makefile.maint (writable-files): Don't create $(release_archive_dir). (my-distcheck): Don't depend on prev-tgz. Remove xdelta-related variables and uses. (alpha beta major): Skip steps if $(release_archive_dir) doesn't exist. * bootstrap: Remove dangling symlinks before invoking aclocal. 2008-02-20 Andreas Schwab sort: add --sort=... option. * src/sort.c (SORT_OPTION): New enum. (sort_args, sort_types): Define. (usage, long_options, main): New option --sort. * tests/sort/Test.pm: Test it. * doc/coreutils.texi (sort invocation): Document --sort option. * NEWS: Mention this. 2008-02-19 Jim Meyering 2008-02-19 Jim Meyering * TODO: Remove final seq-related item. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Adjust seq.c offsets. Accommodate a new C99-ism. 2008-02-19 Steven Schubiger seq: give better diagnostics for invalid formats. * src/seq.c: (validate_format): New function. (main): Use it. * tests/misc/seq (fmt-d, fmt-e): Test for expected diagnostics with invalid formats. * NEWS: Mention this change. * TODO: Remove this item. [jm: src/seq.c: make diagnostics more consistent tests/misc/seq (fmt-eos1): adjust the expected diagnostic ] 2008-02-19 James Youngman join: new options: --check-order and --nocheck-order. * src/join.c: Support --check-order and --nocheck-order. New variables check_input_order, seen_unpairable and issued_disorder_warning[]. For --check-order, verify that the input files are in sorted order. For the default case, check the order only if there are unpairable lines. (join): Perform ordering checks after reaching EOF on either input. (usage): Mention --check-order and --nocheck-order. (dupline): Save a copy of the previously-read input line so that we can detect disorder on the input. (get_line): Temporarily save a copy of the previous line (by calling dupline) and check relative ordering (by calling checkorder) before returning the newly-read line. (getseq, join): Tell get_line which file we are reading from. (advance_seq): New function, factoring out some of the code commonly surrounding calls to getseq. (checkorder): New function. Verifies that a pair of consecutive input lines are in sorted order. * doc/coreutils.texi (join invocation): Document the new options --check-order and --nocheck-order. * tests/join/Test.pm (tv): Added tests for --check-order and --nocheck-order. * NEWS: Mention this new feature. Fix non-srcdir "make distcheck" failure. * Makefile.am (check-ls-dircolors): Look for sources under $(srcdir), not under ".". 2008-02-18 Jim Meyering seq: give a proper diagnostic for an invalid --format=% option * src/seq.c (long_double_format): Handle '%' at end of string. * tests/misc/seq [fmt-eos1, fmt-eos2]: New tests for the bug. * NEWS: Mention this. Reported by Pádraig Brady. 2008-02-17 Jim Meyering .gitignore, src/.gitignore: ignore more Clean up Makefile.maint. * Makefile.maint: Remove obsolete comments. (local-checks-available): Remove changelog-check. Clean up ls.c. * src/ls.c (put_indicator): Use fwrite, not a loop. Ensure that dircolors.c and ls.c remain in sync. * Makefile.am (check-ls-dircolors): New rule. (distcheck-hook): Depend on it. Expand "ls --color" tests to also use the dircolors defaults. * tests/misc/ls-misc: Adjust this test so each is run twice. First, as usual, and the second time with LS_COLORS set using the default settings produced by running dircolors. * tests/Coreutils.pm: See below. This required some changes: - save and restore $ENV{LS_COLORS} for each individual test that requires a specific value. - Since this is the first test to call the run_tests command more than once, it has exposed that that function erroneously modifies the \@Tests array. Fix that in tests/Coreutils.pm. Adjust dircolors to match ls.c. * src/dircolors.hin: comment out NORMAL and FILE, define RESET. * src/dircolors.c (slack_codes) Add "RESET". (ls_codes): Add "rs". 2008-02-17 Ed Avis ls --color no longer outputs unnecessary escape sequences In --color mode, plain files do not get any color, not even white. When no highlighting is required, ls outputs no escape sequence at all. * src/ls.c (print_with_color): (used_color): New global. (indicator_no) [C_RESET]: New enum value. (indicator_name) ["rs"]: Corresponding new string. (color_indicator): Make the 'normal' and 'file' markers be NULL. Use "rs" (C_RESET) to reset to ordinary colors. (process_signals): Restore default colors only if necessary. (main): Don't call prep_non_filename_text here. (print_name_with_quoting): Call it here, instead. (prep_non_filename_text): Use C_RESET, not C_NORM. (print_color_indicator): Return bool, not void. Print nothing, when possible. (put_indicator): Call prep_non_filename_text the first time. * tests/misc/ls-misc: Test for above. * tests/ls/color-dtype-dir: Adapt: no escapes around regular file name. * TODO: Remove item. * NEWS: Mention this. 2008-02-17 Dan Jacobson ls: Improve description of --group-directories-first. * src/ls.c (usage) [--group-directories-first]: Improve description. * doc/coreutils.texi (Which files are listed): Likewise. 2008-02-16 Jim Meyering Avoid tests/cp/acl test failure. * tests/check.mk (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT) [CONFIG_HEADER]: Define to an absolute name, so it can be used from any point in the test hierarchy. Reported by James Youngman. 2008-02-16 James Youngman Use the gettime module in ls.c. Implement TODO list item to make ls.c use the gettime module. * TODO (ls): Now that we use gettime, remove the TODO entry. * src/ls.c: Use timespec.h and the gettime module. (current_time): Change type from time_t to struct timespec. (current_time_ns): Removed. (get_current_time): Removed. (print_long_format): Remove when and when_ns, since we have when_timespec anyway. Change type of variable six_months_ago from time_t to struct timespec. 2008-02-14 Jim Meyering groups: don't test printf and putchar calls for failure They are unnecessary, since we use gnulib's closeout module. * src/group-list.c (print_group): Remove explicit error tests. * src/groups.c (main): Likewise. (write_error): Remove function. 2008-02-13 James Youngman Replace groups.sh with groups.c. * src/groups.c (main): New file, replacing groups.sh. * src/group-list.c, src/group-list.h: New files, factored out of id.c, implementing the functionality that "id" and "groups" have in common. * src/id.c (print_full_info): Avoid a segfault when trying to print an error message if getgroups fails. (print_group_list): Move to group-list.c. (print_group): Likewise. * man/Makefile.am: When building groups.1, obtain the help text from src/groups.c, not src/groups.sh. (noinst_HEADERS): Add group-list.h. (group): Remove rule. (dist_man_MANS): Remove groups.1. * doc/coreutils.texi (groups: Print group names a user is in): Explain why "groups" and "groups $(id -un)" give different results in existing login sessions after you change the group database. (id: Print user identity): Likewise for "id". * po/POTFILES.in: Add src/group-list.c and src/groups.c. * NEWS: mention this. * AUTHORS: Update. 2008-02-12 Jim Meyering Move more test_skip_-using code to follow ". test-lib.sh". * tests/mv/acl: Likewise. * tests/cp/acl: Likewise. 2008-02-12 Peter Fales tests/touch/not-owner: Source test-lib.sh before using skip_test_. 2008-02-12 Jim Meyering * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Remove strace. 2008-02-11 Jim Meyering tests: Migrate sourced strace file into a function, require_strace_. * tests/strace: Remove file. * tests/test-lib.sh (require_strace_): New function. * tests/mv/atomic: Use require_strace_, rather than ". strace". * tests/ls/stat-free-symlinks: Likewise. Peter Fales reported that stat-free-symlinks failed without strace. * tests/rm/inaccessible: Source test-lib.sh *before* using skip_test_. Reported by Peter Fales. 2008-02-10 Jim Meyering Ensure there are no removable (useless) if-before-free tests. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add useless-if-before-free. * Makefile.maint (sc_avoid_if_before_free): New rule. Use a better dirname emulation. * build-aux/check.mk (_dirname): Define. (am__check_pre): Use it. Avoid test failure when run with risky PATH ("." before /usr/bin). * build-aux/check.mk (approx_dirname_filter): Define. (am__check_pre): Emulate dirname using sed. Report and suggested fix from Bruno Haible in http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/12587/focus=12590 * build-aux/.gitignore: Remove file from version control. It's generated. Generate ChangeLog from git log. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add gitlog-to-changelog. Ensure that ChangeLog exists, for automake. * Makefile.am (gen-ChangeLog): New rule. (dist-hook): Depend on it. (EXTRA_DIST): Add ChangeLog-2006, ChangeLog-2007, ChangeLog-2008. Remove ChangeLog, dividing its content into ChangeLog-200? * ChangeLog: Remove file. * ChangeLog-2005: Prepend the 2005 entries. * ChangeLog-2006: New file. * ChangeLog-2007: New file. * ChangeLog-2008: New file. * ChangeLog: Manually update copyright notice at *bottom*. 2008-02-09 Jim Meyering tests: rm/fail-eperm: require-non-root in perl, not sh Since it creates no temporaries and since it requires non-root, do the require-non-root bit in perl, rather than using test-lib.sh. tests: Remove priv-check. Use new require_root_ function instead. * tests/priv-check: Remove file. * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Remove priv-check. * tests/test-lib.sh (require_root_): New function. Use this function rather than sourcing the priv-check file. * tests/sample-test: Use require_root_ rather than priv-check. * tests/chown/basic: Likewise. * tests/cp/cp-a-selinux: Likewise. * tests/cp/preserve-gid: Likewise. * tests/cp/special-bits: Likewise. * tests/ls/nameless-uid: Likewise. * tests/misc/chcon: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/writable-under-readonly: Likewise. * tests/mv/sticky-to-xpart: Likewise. * tests/rm/fail-2eperm: Likewise. * tests/rm/no-give-up: Likewise. * tests/rm/one-file-system: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/append-only: Likewise. * tests/touch/now-owned-by-other: Likewise. * tests/rm/fail-eperm: Use skip_if_root_ rather than priv-check. * Makefile.maint (sc_root_tests): Reflect this change: search for the new function name. tests: factor out the perl-requiring code in many test scripts * tests/require-perl: New file. * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add require-perl. * tests/dd/skip-seek: Use it, and remove manual tests. * tests/du/files0-from: Likewise. * tests/ls/nameless-uid: Likewise. * tests/misc/base64: Likewise. * tests/misc/basename: Likewise. * tests/misc/cut: Likewise. * tests/misc/date: Likewise. * tests/misc/dircolors: Likewise. * tests/misc/dirname: Likewise. * tests/misc/expand: Likewise. * tests/misc/expr: Likewise. * tests/misc/factor: Likewise. * tests/misc/fmt: Likewise. * tests/misc/fold: Likewise. * tests/misc/head-elide-tail: Likewise. * tests/misc/ls-misc: Likewise. * tests/misc/md5sum: Likewise. * tests/misc/md5sum-newline: Likewise. * tests/misc/mktemp: Likewise. * tests/misc/od: Likewise. * tests/misc/paste-no-nl: Likewise. * tests/misc/pr: Likewise. * tests/misc/pwd-long: Likewise. * tests/misc/seq: Likewise. * tests/misc/sha1sum: Likewise. * tests/misc/sha1sum-vec: Likewise. * tests/misc/sha224sum: Likewise. * tests/misc/sha256sum: Likewise. * tests/misc/sha384sum: Likewise. * tests/misc/sha512sum: Likewise. * tests/misc/sort-merge: Likewise. * tests/misc/stat-printf: Likewise. * tests/misc/sum: Likewise. * tests/misc/sum-sysv: Likewise. * tests/misc/test-diag: Likewise. * tests/misc/tsort: Likewise. * tests/misc/tty-eof: Likewise. * tests/misc/unexpand: Likewise. * tests/misc/wc-files0-from: Likewise. * tests/misc/xstrtol: Likewise. * tests/mv/i-1: Likewise. * tests/rm/empty-name: Likewise. * tests/rm/fail-eperm: Likewise. * tests/rm/unreadable: Likewise. (EXTRA_DIST): *do* require require-perl as a stand-alone, 'source'able script. tests: call skip_test_ in place of echo+exit 77 * tests/mv/no-target-dir: Likewise. * tests/other-fs-tmpdir: Likewise. * tests/rm/empty-name: Likewise. * tests/rm/fail-eperm: Likewise. * tests/rm/inaccessible: Likewise. * tests/rm/isatty: Likewise. * tests/rm/unreadable: Likewise. * tests/setgid-check: Likewise. * tests/sparse-file: Likewise. * tests/strace: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/append-only: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/big-4gb: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/tail-n0f: Likewise. * tests/touch/dangling-symlink: Likewise. * tests/touch/fifo: Likewise. * tests/touch/not-owner: Likewise. * tests/mv/i-3: Likewise. * tests/umask-check: Likewise. * tests/mv/acl: Likewise. * tests/cp/acl: Likewise. * tests/chgrp/deref: Likewise. * tests/chmod/setgid: Likewise. * tests/cp/existing-perm-race: Likewise. * tests/cp/file-perm-race: Likewise. * tests/cp/parent-perm-race: Likewise. * tests/du/2g: Likewise. * tests/du/8gb: Likewise. * tests/du/long-from-unreadable: Likewise. * tests/du/long-sloop: Likewise. * tests/du/slink: Likewise. * tests/ls/nameless-uid: Likewise. * tests/ls/stat-dtype: Likewise. * tests/misc/cat-proc: Likewise. * tests/misc/md5sum-newline: Likewise. * tests/misc/nice: Likewise. * tests/misc/od-x8: Likewise. * tests/misc/pwd-unreadable-parent: Likewise. * tests/misc/selinux: Likewise. * tests/misc/stty-row-col: Likewise. * tests/misc/tac-continue: Likewise. * tests/misc/arch: Likewise, and source $srcdir/../test-lib.sh *before* the use of skip_test_. tests: move the very-expensive file into test-lib.sh * tests/very-expensive: Remove file. * tests/test-lib.sh (very_expensive_): New function. * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Remove very-expensive. * tests/cp/perm: Call the new function, rather than sourcing the file. * tests/tail-2/assert: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/assert-2: Likewise. * tests/du/2g: Likewise. tests: start migrating sourced-file function-like tests into test-lib.sh. * tests/acl: Remove file. * tests/test-lib.sh (require_acl_): New function. * tests/cp/acl: Use require_acl_ instead. * tests/mv/acl: Likewise. * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Remove acl. tests: mv/acl: Don't mention "yes" as a partition name in diagnostic. 070701000090d9000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7d0006d967000000660000000300000000000000000000002300000000reloc/doc/coreutils/ChangeLog-20052005-12-27 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (sc_obsolete_symbols): Prohibit use of O_NDELAY. (sc_prohibit_assert_without_use): New rule. (syntax-check-rules): Add it to the list. * .x-sc_prohibit_assert_without_use: New empty file. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add it. * Makefile.maint (CVS_LIST): Define in terms of $(srcdir). * cp.c, df.c, link.c, mknod.c, nice.c, sleep.c, unlink.c: Don't include ; it wasn't used. 2005-12-26 Paul Eggert * src/chown-core.c (restricted_chown): Don't try O_WRONLY unless O_RDONLY failed wth EACCES. * src/remove.c (fd_to_subdirp): Open with O_DIRECTORY | O_NOCTTY | O_NOFOLLOW too, for consistency with other dir-openers. Use POSIX-preferred O_NONBLOCK rather than O_NDELAY. (is_empty_dir): Likewise. * src/shred.c (wipename): Likewise. Don't bother trying to open dir for writing, since POSIX prohibits it. 2005-12-22 Jim Meyering * tests/help-version: Redirect stderr to /dev/full, to suppress write error diagnostic. 2005-12-19 Jim Meyering * src/mkdir.c, src/mknod.c, src/mkfifo.c (main) Avoid a minor race condition when `-m MODE' is specified, by using open, fchown, and close rather than just chown. To do that reliably -- even with an overly restrictive umask -- ensure that each mkdir, mknod and mkfifo call uses a mode including at least owner-read access. * src/mknod.c (main): When `-m MODE' is specified, exit nonzero if the subsequent chown (or equivalent open,fchown,close) fails. * tests/misc/mknod: New tests. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add mknod. 2005-12-17 Jim Meyering * src/remove.c (is_empty_dir): Open with O_NDELAY, so we don't hang, e.g., on a named pipe. (OPEN_NO_FOLLOW_SYMLINK): Remove definition. Use O_NOFOLLOW in place of all uses, since it is guaranteed (system.h) to be defined. 2005-12-05 Andreas Gruenbacher Add POSIX ACL support * src/ls.c: Switch back from HAVE_ACL to USE_ACL: The acl() syscall is no requirement for ACL support; particularly, it does not exist on systems that have POSIX ACLs. * src/copy.h (cp_option_init) [umask_kill]: Remove member. * src/cp.c (umask_kill): With default acls, the umask is not to be applied. Remove umask_kill, don't change the process umask, and let the kernel apply the umask where appropriate. * src/cp.c (make_dir_parents_private): Fix logic for POSIX ACLs. * src/copy.c (get_dest_mode): Remove; it is obsolete after removing umask_kill. (copy_reg, copy_internal): Use copy_acl and set_acl instead of fchown/chown. Fix the logic for POSIX ACLs. (chown_succeded): Remove; we now always copy acls and preserve S_ISUID, S_ISGID, and S_ISVTX when needed, no matter if we did a chown before or not. * src/mv.c, src/install.c (cp_option_init): Don't set umask_kill member. * src/Makefile.am (dir_LDADD, ls_LDADD, vdir_LDADD, cp_LDADD, mv_LDADD, ginstall_LDADD): On systems with an ACL library, arrange to link with it via $(LIB_ACL), for the utilities that need it. 2005-12-16 Paul Eggert * src/remove.c (OPENAT_CWD_RESTORE__REQUIRE): Remove. (OPENAT_CWD_RESTORE__ALLOW_FAILURE): Likewise. (fd_to_subdirp): Remove openat_cwd_restore_allow_failure arg; its value is now signified by whether cwd_errno is null. (fd_to_subdirp, remove_dir, rm_1); Change cwd failure indicator from pointer-to-bool to pointer-to-errno-value. All callers changed. (rm_1): Don't bother setting a local cwd failure flag and then ORing it into the caller's. Just set the caller's. (rm): Use cwd failure errno value to print a slightly-better diagnostic. 2005-12-15 Jim Meyering * src/stat.c (print_it): Properly handle a backslash at the end of a --printf format string. Reported by Paul Eggert. * tests/misc/stat-printf (end-bs): Add a test for the above. 2005-12-15 Paul Eggert * tests/acl: Port to pre-POSIX shells like Solaris 8 /bin/sh. Don't assume /etc/passwd contains user names; use 'id' instead. 2005-12-15 Jim Meyering stat: revert behavior of --format=FMT (-c) stat: add new option: --printf=FMT * NEWS: Mention this. * src/stat.c (isodigit, octtobin, hextobin): Define. (PRINTF_OPTION): Define. (interpret_backslash_escapes, trailing_delim): New globals. (usage): Document them. Alphabetize on long option names. (print_esc_char): New function. (print_it): Rewrite, in order to handle backslash escapes. (main): Handle new option. Set globals for --format, too. * tests/misc/stat-printf: Test --printf and --format. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add stat-printf. 2005-12-14 Paul Eggert * NEWS: sort now reports incompatible options. * src/sort.c (incompatible_options, check_ordering_compatibility): New functions. (main): Use them. Don't bother with a usage message for "sort -c a b", for consistency with other error diagnostics. * tests/sort/Test.pm (incompat1, incompat2, incompat3, incompat4): New tests. * src/cat.c (main): Undo previous change. close_stdout already does the check, so the previous change wasn't necessary. 2005-12-13 Paul Eggert * src/cat.c (main): Check for close (STDOUT_FILENO) failure. 2005-12-12 Paul Eggert Install a more-conservative approach for sort -R. It's the same basic idea as the existing code, except it uses the full ISAAC approach (called the "more kosher" approach in the existing comments). This makes "sort -R" quite a bit slower (about a factor of 2 on my little tests involving 10000 lines on a 2.4 GHz P4), but I think it's better to be conservative here at first, and review any performance improvements carefully. * .x-sc_require_config_h: Add src/rand-isaac.c. * src/rand-isaac.h: Remove. All uses now simply include rand-isaac.c. * src/Makefile.am (noinst_HEADERS): Remove rand-isaac.h. (shred_SOURCES, sort_SOURCES): Remove. (EXTRA_DIST): Add rand-isaac.c. * src/rand-isaac.c: Revert to what used to be in shred.c, without changing it to allow for varying numbers of words in the state. Alter so that we include rand-isaac.c directly rather than compiling it and linking to it. Don't include config.h or system.h; that's the includer's responsibility. Omit functions that are specific to shred. (ISAAC_LOG, ISAAC_WORDS, ISAAC_BYTES, struct isaac_state, ind): (isaac_step, struct irand_state): Resurrect these, with the same defns that used to be in shred.c. (ISAAC_SIZE, isaac_new, isaac_copy): Remove. (isaac_refill, isaac_seed_start, isaac_seed_data, irand_init, irand32): static again. (struct isaac_state, isaac_refill, isaac_mix, isaac_init): (isaac_seed_start, isaac_seed_data, isaac_seed_finish, isaac_seed): (irand_init, irand32, irand_mod): Number of words is constant again. (struct irand_state, irand_init, irand32, irand_mod): Move to shred.c. * src/shred.c: Include rand-isaac.c rather than rand-isaac.h. * src/sort.c: Likewise. * src/shred.c (fillrand, dopass, main): Undo previous change. (struct irand_state, irand_init, irand32, irand_mod): Moved back here, from rand-isaac.c. * src/sort.c: Don't include md5.h; it wasn't needed. (struct keyfield): Rename random_hash to random, for consistency with the other member names. All uses changed. (usage): Tweak wording to mention STRING for --seed option. (short_options): Rorder for consistency with other programs. (rand_state): Now a struct, not a pointer to one. All uses changed. (HASH_WORDS, HASH_SIZE): Remove. (get_hash): Remove comments around resbuf size, since we can assume C89. Use a "more-kosher" (but slower) approach of invoking isaac_refill. (keycompare): Adjust to the new get_hash. Add a FIXME. (badfieldspec): Omit recently-introduced comment; it isn't needed. (main): Don't set need_random simply because gkey has it set; that doesn't necessarily mean we'll need random numbers. Redo seeding to match new get_hash approach. 2005-12-10 Jim Meyering * src/Makefile.am (noinst_HEADERS): Add rand-isaac.h. Avoid shred segfault on 64-bit systems. * src/rand-isaac.c (isaac_refill): Don't try to negate a local of type uint32_t. Make the local an `int' instead. * NEWS: Mention sort's new options. * src/rand-isaac.c (isaac_mix): Declare to be static. Mark all other functions as `extern' so the tight-scope part of `make distcheck' passes once again. * src/rand-isaac.h (isaac_mix): Remove declaration. * src/sort.c (get_hash): Change position of `*' in parameter type to conform with convention. (main): Split a long line so it fits in 80 columns. (keycompare): Remove stray SPACE before TAB that was causing `make distcheck' to fail. * src/shred.c: Don't include gethrxtime.h. No longer needed. * tests/misc/sort-rand: New file: basic tests for the new options. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add sort-rand. 2005-12-10 Frederik Eaton * src/Makefile.am (sort_LDADD): Add $(LIB_GETHRXTIME). (shred_SOURCES, sort_SOURCES): New macros, so we compile rand-isaac.c. * src/rand-isaac.c: New file, containing ISAAC code that was in shred.c. Make state size runtime-configurable. (isaac_new, isaac_copy): New functions. * src/rand-isaac.h: New file. * src/shred.c: Include rand-isaac.h. Move ISAAC code to rand-isaac.c. (fillrand, main): Adjust to the fact that the state size is now runtime-configurable. * src/sort.c (short_options, long_options, WORDS, keycompare, main): (usage): Add options --random-sort and --seed to implement a random shuffle. Include md5.h and rand-isaac.h. (get_hash): New function. (rand_state): New var. (HASH_WORDS, HASH_SIZE): New macros. 2005-12-09 Paul Eggert * tests/dd/misc: Add test for dd iflags=noatime. 2005-12-09 Jim Meyering * src/sort.c (usage): Mention white space vs -b and -t options. From The Wanderer. 2005-12-09 Eric Blake * src/test.c (main): Fix misleading comment. 2005-12-07 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Mention dd's new noatime flag. * src/system.h (O_NOATIME): Define to 0 if not already defined. * src/dd.c (flags, usage): Add support for noatime flag. 2005-12-07 Jim Meyering Distribute the cvsu script, used only by `make syntax-check'. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add build-aux/cvsu. * Makefile.maint (CVS_LIST): Use build-aux/cvsu, now that we distribute a copy of this script. * .x-sc_unmarked_diagnostics: Add build-aux/cvsu. * tests/mv/acl: exit-77 before the trap, not after, if we fail to create a temporary directory on another partition. From Andreas Gruenbacher. 2005-12-06 Tomas Pospisek (tiny change) * man/basename.x: Cross-reference to dirname and readlink. * man/dirname.x: Cross-reference to basename and readlink. 2005-12-05 Andreas Gruenbacher * src/copy.c [!HAVE_FCHOWN]: Define fchown(...) to -1. (set_owner, preserve_author): New functions, factored out of copy_reg. (copy_reg): Use them. (copy_internal): Use them here, too. 2005-12-04 Jim Meyering * src/sleep.c (usage): Say what happens with two or more arguments. Suggested by Justin Pryzby. * src/uptime.c (print_uptime): Move decl of `upsecs' into scope where it's used. 2005-12-03 Jim Meyering * src/rm.c (long_opts): Change the name of each undocumented, for- testing-only option to start with `-', so that it cannot render ambiguous any prefix it happens to share with some other option name. Problem reported by Eric Blake. * src/head.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/tail.c (long_options): Likewise. * tests/misc/head-elide-tail: Update uses of undocumented, for- testing-only --presume* options to start with `---'. * tests/rm/dangling-symlink: Likewise. * tests/rm/dir-no-w: Likewise. * tests/rm/isatty: Likewise. 2005-11-30 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint: Add a comment about cvsu. 2005-11-25 Paul Eggert * NEWS: df updates for "none", "proc", inaccessible file systems. * src/df.c (show_point): Ignore inaccessible file systems. (usage): -a includes dummy file systems, not size-0 file systems. * src/od.c (unsigned_long_long_int): Renamed from ulonglong_t, to avoid collision with POSIX name space. All uses changed. 2005-11-24 Jim Meyering * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add acl to the list. * tests/acl: Add `$0: ' prefix to diagnostics. * .x-sc_require_config_h: Add lib/buffer-lcm.c to the list. 2005-11-23 Paul Eggert * src/copy.c: Improve performance a bit by optimizing away unnecessary system calls and going to a block size of at least 8192 (on normal hosts, anyway). This improved performance 5% on my Debian stable host (2.4.27 kernel, x86, copying from root ext3 file system to itself). Include "buffer-lcm.h". (copy_reg): Omit last argument. All callers changed. Use xmalloc to allocate rather than trusting alloca (which is unwise with large block sizes). Declare locals more locally, if possible. Use uintptr_t words instead of int words, for a bit more speed when looking for null blocks on 64-bit hosts. Optimize away reads of zero bytes on regular files. In the typical case, insist on 8 KiB buffers, at least. Avoid unnecessary extra call to fstat when checking for sparse files. Avoid now-unnecessary cast to off_t, and "0L". Avoid unnecessary test of *new_dst when checking for same owner and group. 2005-11-22 Paul Eggert * src/remove.c (rm): Don't assume C99 for-loop syntax. 2005-11-22 Jim Meyering * src/remove.c (AD_push): Remove debugging cruft. * tests/rm/unread2 (rm): Change expected diagnostic, `cannot open directory' to `cannot remove', to align with new version of rm. * tests/rm/rm2: Ensure that rm now continues removing entries even after certain types of failure. * src/remove.c: Rewrite. Now, this module is reentrant on systems that provide openat (Solaris), and on systems like Linux+procfs where our openat emulation code is reentrant. This also fixes a few low-probability leaks and eliminates some code that could, in very unusual circumstances, cause rm() (via a callee) to exit. * NEWS: Mention this. * configure.ac: Put copyright dates all on one line so the emacs function that updates them works properly. 2005-11-18 Paul Eggert * configure.ac (AM_PROG_CC_C_O): Add. Needed for CVS Automake. Problem reported by Eric Blake. (AC_PROG_CC_STDC): Use this instead of AC_PROG_CC, so that we get a standard-conforming compiler. This relies on the new m4/c.m4 file. Note that it's a bit tricky, since c.m4 doesn't define AC_PROG_CC_STDC; we are relying on Autoconf 2.59 internals. m4/c.m4 can go away with Autoconf 2.60 comes out. 2005-11-17 Jim Meyering * src/remove.c (AD_mark_helper): Make a `char *' parameter `const'. (AD_mark_current_as_unremovable): Likewise, but for a local. (rm_1): Likewise. * tests/mv/acl: Let traps handle removing temporary directories. Expect acl-related tests to fail, until the corresponding patches are committed. * tests/mv/Makefile.am (XFAIL_TESTS): Add acl. * tests/cp/Makefile.am (XFAIL_TESTS): Likewise. ACL tests, from Andreas Gruenbacher. * tests/acl, tests/mv/acl, tests/cp/acl: New files. * tests/mv/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add acl. * tests/cp/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add acl. * src/ls.c (basename_is_dot_or_dotdot): Correct wording in comment. 2005-11-16 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Improve quality of ln's diagnostics. * src/ln.c (do_link, usage): Likewise. (do_link): Don't use alloca on a buffer of unbounded size. 2005-11-16 Jim Meyering * tests/cp/fail-perm: Accommodate HPUX. It appears to fail with EACCES rather than EPERM. Reported by Peter O'Gorman here: http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.core-utils.bugs/5766 This also affects AIX 4.3.3, according to Ralf Wildenhues, in http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2006-05/msg00192.html 2005-11-14 Jim Meyering * NEWS (sort): Mention consequences of today's mkstemp-safer.c fix. 2005-11-13 Jim Meyering * announce-gen: Accept new option, --gpg-key-id=ID and emit a blurb telling how to use the .sig files. * Makefile.cfg (gpg_key_ID): Define. * Makefile.maint (announcement): Use new option and key. Require that most .c files include . * Makefile.maint (sc_require_config_h): New rule. (syntax-check-rules): Add it. * .x-sc_require_config_h: New file listing exceptions to the above rule. Some are legit, others are simply grandfathered in. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add .x-sc_require_config_h here, too. 2005-11-12 Jim Meyering * src/checksum.h, src/md5.c, src/sha1sum.c: Remove now-unused files. 2005-11-11 Jim Meyering * NEWS: Mention `readlink -f' bug fix in 5.3.0 news. Mention new readlink options in 5.3.0's `New features' section. Spotted by Thomas Hood. 2005-11-08 Jim Meyering * NEWS: Merge in changes from b5_9x branch. 2005-11-08 Paul Eggert * NEWS: ls now defaults to --time-style='locale', which in turn acts like --time-style='posix-long-iso' if the locale settings are messed up. * src/ls.c (decode_switches): Implement this. 2005-11-08 Jim Meyering * tests/du/2g: s/expensive/very expensive/ in a comment. From Paul Townsend. 2005-10-17 Eric Blake * src/ls.c (usage): Fix descriptions of --sort, --time. Reported by Vitaly A. Ostanin. 2005-11-04 Paul Eggert * src/ln.c: Include filenamecat.c. (FILE_BASENAME_CONCAT): Remove. (do_link): Remove last arg DEST_IS_DIR. All callers changed. (main): Use file_name_concat, base_name, and strip_trailing_slashes instead of FILE_BASENAME_CONCAT. This simplifies the code, and avoids the use of alloca. 2005-11-04 Jim Meyering * src/du.c (process_file): Don't overflow for files of size >= 2^31 on systems with stat.st_blocks of a signed 32-bit type. This bug causes trouble on some AIX 5.1 systems. Report and trivial patch from Paul Townsend: * NEWS: Mention this. * tests/du/2g: New (very-expensive) test for the above-fixed bug. * tests/du/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add it here. * tests/very-expensive: New file. * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add it here. * tests/cp/perm: Mark this test as `very-expensive', too. 2005-11-02 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Mention that rm -d and maybe ln -d are scheduled for removal in 2006. * src/remove.h (struct rm_options): Remove unlink_dirs. All uses removed. * src/rm.c (usage): Don't mention rm -d. 2005-11-02 Jim Meyering * tests/dd/skip-seek: Fix typo in comment: s/fileutils/coreutils. From Andreas Schwab. * tests/dd/unblock-sync: Redirect stderr to /dev/null so the `M+N records in/out' lines don't pollute `make check' output. * tests/dd/skip-seek (sk-seek4): New test, to exercise the bug fixed on 2005-10-31. This test uses the new, IN_PIPE specifier. * tests/Coreutils.pm: Accept a new type of input specifier: IN_PIPE, to indicate that the input file should be piped into the command under test (via `cat FILE | $prog ...'). * src/remove.c (remove_entry): Emit a better diagnostic when rm (without -r) fails to remove a directory on a non-Linux system. This change affects only newer Solaris systems (with priv_* functions like priv_allocset). Reported by Keith Thompson. * tests/rm/dir-nonrecur: New file/test for the above fix. * tests/rm/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add dir-nonrecur. 2005-11-01 Paul Eggert * NEWS: "tail -c 2 FILE" and "touch 0101000000" now operate as POSIX 1002.1-2001 requires. * src/tail.c (parse_obsolete_option): Implement this. Problem reported by Vincent Lefevre. * src/touch.c (main): Pass PDS_PRE_2000 to posixtime. * tests/tail/Test.pm (c-2, c-2-minus, c2, c2-minus): New tests. (test_vector): Add special cases for _POSIX2_VERSION, and regularize the old ones a bit. * tests/touch/obsolescent: Add y2000 test. 2005-10-31 Paul Eggert * src/dd.c (skip): Fix off-by-one error reported by Theodoros V. Kalamatianos. 2005-10-30 Paul Eggert * tests/mkdir/p-3: Require that the test be run as non-root. Problem and trivial fix reported by Theodoros V. Kalamatianos. 2005-10-28 Paul Eggert * src/ln.c (FILE_BASENAME_CONCAT): Omit unnecessary slashes in the boundary between DEST and SOURCE in the result. 2005-10-26 Dmitry V. Levin * src/md5sum.c (main) [!O_BINARY]: Changed default read mode back to text, to sync with documentation and for backwards compatibility. 2005-10-25 Jim Meyering * tests/dircolors/simple (other-wr): Add an explicit test for the dircolors bug (NULL-dereference) fixed yesterday. 2005-10-24 Jim Meyering * src/tac.c (tac_file): When determining whether a file is seekable, also test whether it is a tty. Using only the lseek-based test would give a false positive on Solaris. Reported by Peter Fales. 2005-10-24 Dmitry V. Levin * tests/install/d-slashdot: New test, for "install -d" failure. * tests/install/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add d-slashdot. * tests/mkdir/p-slashdot: New test, for "mkdir -p" failure. * tests/mkdir/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add p-slashdot. 2005-10-24 Jim Meyering * src/dircolors.c (ls_codes): Add missing comma. Anonymous report and patch from http://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?func=detailitem&item_id=14849 * src/dircolors.c: Add compile-time assertion that the slack_codes and ls_codes arrays have the same number of elements. This would have prevented the above-fixed bug. * src/expand.c (parse_tab_stops): Add a comment to make this function identical to the one in unexpand.c. * src/unexpand.c (parse_tab_stops): Adjust syntax to make this function identical to the one in expand.c. * src/expand.c (next_file): Don't assume fopen cannot return stdin. 2005-10-23 Jim Meyering * src/md5sum.c (digest_check, main): Use ptr_align rather than a dangerous pointer-value-to-`unsigned' cast. * NEWS: mention the new sha* programs. * AUTHORS: Add new sha* programs. 2005-08-28 David Madore Add new programs: sha224sum, sha256sum, sha384sum, sha512sum. * README: Add their names to the list. * src/md5sum.c: Provide framework for computing sha-2 hashes. * src/Makefile.am (sha224sum, sha256sum, sha384sum, sha512sum): Rules for compiling sha-2 utilities (noinst_HEADERS): Remove checksum.h. * man/sha512sum.x, man/sha384sum.x, man/sha256sum.x, man/sha224sum.x: New files. * man/Makefile.am (dist_man_MANS): Add the corresponding .1 names. (sha224sum.1, sha256sum.1, sha384sum.1, sha512sum.1): New dependencies. * tests/misc/sha224sum, tests/misc/sha256sum: New files. * tests/misc/sha384sum, tests/misc/sha512sum: New files. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add new sha224sum, sha256sum, sha384sum, sha512sum test scripts here rather that each in its own directory. 2005-08-28 David Madore * tests/sha1sum/basic-1 (million-a): Add the "million a's" test (one of the FIPS test vectors). 2005-10-23 Jim Meyering * configure.ac: Use 6.0-cvs as the version string. * NEWS: Adjust accordingly. 2005-10-22 Jim Meyering * Version 5.92. * configure.ac: Remove -cvs suffix from version string. * NEWS: Add today's date. * tests/mkdir/writable-under-readonly: New test, neither run nor distributed via tarballs. 2005-10-20 Jim Meyering * tests/chmod/octal: New file/test, to exercise today's lib/modechange.c fix. * tests/chmod/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add octal. * NEWS: Mention this chmod fix as well as the dircolors one. 2005-10-18 Paul Eggert * src/dircolors.c (append_quoted): Quote ' correctly. Problem reported by Eric Blake. 2005-10-19 Jim Meyering * tests/dircolors/simple (quote): Add test for the above fix. 2005-10-18 Jim Meyering * tests/chgrp/basic: Add a comment explaining (probably) why this test fails on OpenBSD 3.2 when run in an NFS-mounted directory. 2005-10-17 Jim Meyering * configure.ac: Use 5.92-cvs as the version string. * NEWS: Adjust accordingly. * Makefile.maint (my-distcheck): Depend on $(release_archive_dir)/$(prev-tgz) here, so that if it's missing we fail earlier. 2005-10-16 Jim Meyering * Version 5.91. * Makefile.maint (VERSION_REGEXP): New variable. (news-date-check, changelog-check): Use tighter regular expressions. * configure.ac: Remove -cvs suffix from version string. * NEWS: Add today's date. * NEWS: Mention the `mkdir -p' bug fix. 2005-10-15 Jim Meyering * src/who.c (usage): Undocument deprecated --idle (-i) option. * src/df.c (main): Warn about the deprecated --kilobytes option. * src/ls.c (decode_switches): Likewise. * src/du.c (usage): Document -m, once again. (main): Warn about use of deprecated long options: --kilobytes and --megabytes. * src/tail.c (parse_options): Remove --allow-missing option. You can use --retry instead. * src/stat.c (main): Remove --link -l options. You can use --dereference (-L) instead. 2005-09-30 Eric Blake (tiny change) * man/Makefile.am (.x.1): Remove temp directory first. * NEWS: Document dircolors change of 2005-09-05. 2005-10-07 Paul Eggert * src/sort.c (sortlines_temp): Redo previous change, since I'm no longer confident that the m4/stdbool.m4 patch suffices. 2005-10-06 Paul Eggert * src/sort.c (sortlines_temp): Undo previous change, since today's change to m4/stdbool.m4 should catch it. 2005-10-06 Jim Meyering * TODO: rm: add support for a -I option, like that from FreeBSD's. 2005-10-05 Jim Meyering * src/sort.c (sortlines_temp): Declare temporary as `int' rather than `bool' to work around AIX 5.3 compiler bug in 64-bit mode. From James Lemley. 2005-10-03 Jim Meyering * src/factor.c (MAX_N_FACTORS): Define in terms of sizeof (uintmax_t) rather than hard-coding to 128. From Thomas M.Ott. 2005-10-02 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (sc_unmarked_diagnostics): Search only cvs-controlled files. * .x-sc_unmarked_diagnostics: New file. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add it. 2005-10-01 Jim Meyering * src/factor.c (main): Don't stop processing arguments upon the first invalid one. Suggestion from Eric Blake * tests/factor/basic: Add a test for this. 2005-09-30 Jim Meyering * configure.ac: Use 5.91-cvs as the version string. * NEWS: Adjust accordingly. 2005-09-29 Paul Eggert * src/dd.c (main): Don't assume size_t has the same width as unsigned long. Problem reported by Eric Blake. * NEWS: Clarify "tail - f" example. 2005-09-29 Jim Meyering * Version 5.90. * configure.ac: Remove -cvs suffix from version string. * NEWS: Add today's date. * NEWS: Mention this bug fix: stat now exits nonzero if a file operand does not exist 2005-09-28 Paul Eggert * src/system.h (LONGEST_MODIFIER): Use ULONG_MAX_LT_ULLONG_MAX instead of ULLONG_MAX, as the latter doesn't work with GCC 2.7.2.1. 2005-09-28 Jim Meyering * configure.ac: Use 5.90-cvs as the version string, not 5.3.1-cvs. * NEWS: Adjust accordingly. * README: Remove note about FreeBSD make test failure. 2005-09-28 Paul Eggert * tests/install/trap: Work around a bug in FreeBSD 5.0. 2005-09-28 Jim Meyering * README: Warn about a (now-)known problem on FreeBSD 5.0: 2005-09-26 Paul Eggert * src/touch.c (touch): Handle "touch -c - >&-" by checking for EBADF and ENOSYS. Do not pass "-" to futimens; pass NULL instead. If close (STDIN_FILENO) fails, report the error separately instead of letting the 'close' pollute errno. * tests/touch/empty-file: Test "touch -" too. * tests/touch/no-create-missing: Likewise. * tests/touch/read-only: Likewise. 2005-09-26 Jim Meyering * tests/touch/read-only: New test, for root of chmod/usage failure. * tests/touch/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add read-only. Work around the root cause of alpha-linux-1.sf.net test failure. * tests/chmod/usage: Remove *all* files before each inner loop iteration. Otherwise, with a touch program that fails on unwritable files, (this happens at least on linux-2.2.20) a -w file left behind from a previous iteration could cause a spurious test failure. 2005-09-25 Paul Eggert * tests/chmod/usage: Undo the s/files/file/ change, but add comments about why the old version was desired. 2005-09-25 Jim Meyering * tests/ls-2/tests (setuid-etc): Work around output mismatch when a just-created test file cannot be made set-group-ID. Avoid test failures on alpha-linux-1.sf.net. * tests/chmod/usage: Use newer trap and tmpdir-creation framework. Fix apparent typos (s/files/file/) in inner loop. 2005-09-24 Paul Eggert * NEWS: "touch -" now touches standard output. * src/touch.c (touch): Implement this. (usage): Document this. * src/copy.c (HAVE_FCHMOD, HAVE_FCHOWN): Define to 0 if not defined. (copy_reg): New args CHOWN_SUCCEDED and DST_SB. All callers changed. Add a "goto close_src_and_dst_desc;" that was missing in the previous patch. (copy_reg) [HAVE_FCHOWN]: Prefer fchown to chown. (copy_reg) [HAVE_FCHMOD]: Prefer fchmod to chmod. (copy_internal): Don't invoke chown if fchown worked, and likewise for chmod and fchmod. 2005-09-24 Jim Meyering * src/shred.c: Use `#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H', not `#if HAVE_CONFIG_H', for consistency with gnulib. * src/dircolors.c: Likewise. * Makefile.maint (sc_no_if_have_config_h): New rule. (syntax-check-rules): Add it. .x-sc_no_if_have_config_h: New file. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add it. * tests/seq/basic (eq-wid-1, eq-wid-2): Disable these tests for now. They fail with non-gcc compilers and some combinations of options and libraries on Solaris systems. * tests/misc/date (uninit-64): Restore this test. Add start-up code to detect, and work around, the cases in which the test might fail. 2005-09-24 Paul Eggert * tests/misc/date (uninit-64): Remove this test. It wasn't portable in theory (it doesn't work on hosts where 'int' is 64 bits, example) or in practice (Solaris 8 localtime returns garbage in tm_year for the specified date, but that's not coreutils's fault). 2005-09-23 Paul Eggert * src/copy.c (copy_reg): Preserve time stamps if x->preserve_timestamps is set, using futimens so that we needn't resolve the path again. (copy_internal): Don't preserve time stamps if copy_reg did it already. * src/install.c (change_timestamps): First arg is source struct stat, not file name. All uses changed. (install_file_in_file): Stat the source file. Don't try to change time stamps if copy_file did it. * src/system.h: Don't include utime.h; not needed. (struct utimbuf) [!defined HAVE_STRUCT_UTIMBUF]: Remove; not needed. 2005-09-23 Jim Meyering * src/od.c: Use `verify' to ensure that our hard-coded bytes_to_*_digits arrays are long enough. Of course, 17+-byte integral types aren't on the near horizon, but just in case... (MAX_INTEGRAL_TYPE_SIZE): Move definition to precede new first use. (bytes_to_oct_digits, bytes_to_signed_dec_digits): (bytes_to_unsigned_dec_digits, bytes_to_hex_digits): Change base type from `char' to the clearer `unsigned int'. 2005-09-21 Paul Eggert * src/rmdir.c (EEXIST, ENOTEMPTY): Remove unused macros. Sync from gnulib. * src/dircolors.c: Include strcase.h. * src/pinky.c: Include canon-host.h rather than declaring canon_host ourselves. * src/who.c: Likewise. * src/system.h (X2NREALLOC, X2REALLOC): Moved here from ../lib/xalloc.h, with args properly parenthesized, and using verify_expr rather than the old VERIFY_EXPR. 2005-09-21 Jim Meyering * tests/install/basic-1: Require that this test be run as non-root. Otherwise, it fails due to the fact that the chmod 0 . doesn't affect root. 2005-09-20 Jim Meyering * src/remove.c (write_protected_non_symlink): Change comment to agree with the code. 2005-09-19 Jim Meyering * src/remove.c (remove_dir): Return RM_ERROR, not `1', when attempting to remove `/' with --preserve-root. * src/remove.c (remove_cwd_entries): Syntactic tweak: move an assignment out of an if-expression. 2005-09-17 Jim Meyering * src/extract-magic (usage): Request that additions be sent to bug-coreutils@gnu.org, too. 2005-09-16 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/date (rfc822-1): Compensate for Solaris 5.9's /bin/sh, which emits a diagnostic to stderr when this test's LC_ALL=de_DE setting cannot be honored. * tests/misc/date (subfmt-up1): Put quotes around format string to protect `^' from interpretation by some shells. Add a use of OUT_SUBST to compensate for Solaris strftime's slightly different formatting of %c. * src/dd.c (main): When failing to truncate, mention both the seek block count and the block size, in case the block size is very large. Now `make distcheck' should pass, once again. 2005-09-16 Paul Eggert * src/copy.c: Include stat-time.h. (copy_internal): Use its functions instead of the obsolete TIMESPEC_NS macro. * src/cp.c (re_protect): Likewise. * src/date.c (main): Likewise. * src/du.c (struct duinfo, duinfo_init, duinfo_set, duinfo_add): (show_date, print_size, process_file): Likewise. * src/install.c (change_timestamps): Likewise. * src/ls.c (cmp_ctime, cmp_mtime, cmp_atime, print_long_format): Likewise. * src/pr.c (init_header): Likewise. * src/stat.c (human_time, print_stat): Likewise. * src/tail.c (record_open_fd, tail_forever): Likewise. * src/test.c (get_mtime, binary_operator): Likewise. * src/touch.c (touch, main): Likewise. * src/test.c (get_mtime): Renamed from age_of. All uses changed. 2005-09-16 Jim Meyering Date no longer needs to allocate virtual memory to do its job, so it can no longer fail due to an out-of-memory condition. * src/date.c: Include fprintftime.h. Don't include strftime.h or xanstrftime.h -- no longer needed. (show_date): Use new fprintftime function rather than xanstrftime. Correct comment: this function no longer handles a NULL format string. * src/du.c: Likewise. * NEWS: Mention this. * tests/misc/date (subfmt-up1): Test the combination of the to-upper-case modifier (^) and a conversion specifier that expands to a string containing lower case characters. 2005-09-15 Paul Eggert * NEWS: uname -a no longer generates the -p and -i outputs if they are unknown. * src/uname.c (usage): Document this. (main): Implement this. 2005-09-14 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/date (tz-5w, tz-5wf): Test new %:z format with a field width. 2005-09-13 Paul Eggert * src/dd.c: Detect some very unlikely buffer overflows. (INPUT_BLOCK_SLOP, OUTPUT_BLOCK_SLOP): New macros. (MAX_BLOCKSIZE): Now accepts an arg. All uses changed. (page_size): New var. (scanargs, skip, main): Use more-straightforward way to detect overflow. (dd_copy): Use page_size rather than invoking getpagesize. Use INPUT_BLOCK_SLOP, OUTPUT_BLOCK_SLOP. (main): Set page_size. Avoid a call to stat in the usual case where ftruncate succeeds. * src/expr.c (docolon): Add IF_LINT check to avoid GCC warning. * configure.ac: Don't invoke AC_CONFIGURE_HOST directly; AB_INIT does it for us, and our invocation evokes a diagnostic from Autoconf 2.59. * NEWS: date has a new --rfc-3339 option, and the old --iso-8601 option is deprecated. date, du, ls, and pr also have new time format specifiers %:z, %::z, %:::z. * src/date.c (TIME_SPEC_DATE): No longer needs to be nonzero, so remove the "=1". (TIME_SPEC_HOURS, TIME_SPEC_MINUTES): Must be at end now, so put them there. (time_spec_string, time_spec): Hours and minutes must be at start now, so put them there. (rfc_2822_format): Now a string constant, not a boolean. All uses changed. (iso_8601_format, rfc_format): Remove. (RFC_3339_OPTION): New constant. (long_options): Add --rfc-3339. (usage): Add --rfc-3339. Don't mention --iso-8601. Mention %:z, %::z, %:::z. (main): Simplify calculation of 'format'; it was getting too hairy to follow. Add --rfc-3339. (show_date): Assume format arg is not NULL, which is the case now. The default code is moved to 'main'. This simplifies things and allows the default to be calculated just once. * tests/misc/date: Add tests for --rfc-3339, %:z, %::z, %:::z. 2005-09-13 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (GZIP_ENV): Add --rsyncable option. (makefile-check): Escape a `$' in a diagnostic. * configure.ac: Use AB_INIT (from autobuild). 2005-09-11 Jim Meyering * src/factor.c (usage): Remove leading spaces in 2-line description, so that help2man doesn't mangle it. Reported by Justin Pryzby. 2005-09-10 Jim Meyering csplit could produce corrupt output, given input lines longer than 8KB * src/csplit.c (load_buffer): Don't read from free'd memory when handling lines longer than the initial buffer length. (save_to_hold_area): Don't leak the previous hold_area buffer. Reported by Tristan Miller and Luke Kendall. * NEWS: Mention this. * tests/misc/csplit: New test for this. * src/csplit.c (load_buffer): Avoid integer overflow in buffer size calculations for very long lines. 2005-09-09 Paul Eggert Support regular expressions in 64-bit code correctly, by importing the latest gnulib regexp code, and not assuming that sizes fit in 32 bits. * src/csplit.c (process_regexp): Store match length in regoff_t, not int. Assume that negative return values less than -2 represent regoff_t overflow. * src/expr.c (docolon): Likewise. * src/nl.c (proc_text): Likewise. * src/ptx.c (SKIP_SOMETHING, find_occurs_in_text): Likewise. * src/tac.c (tac_seekable): Likewise. * src/expr.c (docolon) Check for size calculation overflow. * src/nl.c (build_type_arg): Likewise. * src/ptx.c (matcher_error): New function. (SKIP_SOMETHING): Use it to report matcher errors. (alloc_and_compile_regex): No longer any need to worry about int versus size_t mismatch. * NEWS: Document "niceness" vs "nice value". * configure.ac (utils_cv_func_setpriority): Simplify the tests. Define HAVE_NICE rather than NICE_PRIORITY (since a niceness is not a priority); all uses changed. * src/nice.c (main): Hoist errno=0 outside the ifdef. 2005-09-09 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/date (neg-secs2, fill-1, fill-2): Add new tests. 2005-09-07 Paul Eggert Use the phrase "niceness" instead of "nice value" to describe the biased nice value that can go negative. This corrects a discrepancy with POSIX, which states that nice values are nonnegative. * src/nice.c (GET_NICENESS): Renamed from GET_NICE_VALUE. All uses changed. (usage): Say "niceness" rather than "nice value". (main): Say "niceness" rather than "priority" (which is something else entirely nowadays). 2005-09-07 Jim Meyering * src/du.c (time_args): Use NULL in place of 0. 2005-09-05 Jim Meyering * src/dcgen: Don't omit comments until there is better documentation. Colorize set-user-ID and set-group-ID files and sticky, other-writable, and sticky-and-other-writable directories. * src/dircolors.c (slack_codes): Add new dircolors mode names. (ls_codes): Add corresponding two-letter ls mode strings. * src/ls.c (indicator_no[]): Add new symbols. (indicator_name[]): Add corresponding mode strings. (color_indicator[]): Add an entry for each new mode string. (print_color_indicator): Honor new types. * src/dircolors.hin: Document the default colors for the new strings. From Mike Frysinger, based on a patch from Fedora. * tests/ls-2/tests (setuid-etc): New test, for the above. 2005-08-29 Paul Eggert * NEWS: "rm -FOO" now suggests "rm ./-FOO" if the file "-FOO" exists and "-FOO" is not a valid option. * src/rm.c: Include lstat.h, quotearg.h. (diagnose_leading_hyphen): New function. (main): Use it. 2005-08-27 Jim Meyering * src/du.c: Go ahead and leave the patch in (i.e., revert today's change). It doesn't cause a problem after all, since --exclude-from=- is always handled before --files0-from=F. * src/du.c: Revert the du.c part of the change from 2005-07-02: That change (to reopen stdin on F for --files0-from=F) made it so --exclude-from=- and --files0-from=F would not work together. 2005-08-23 Jim Meyering * configure.ac: Use `5.3.1-cvs' as the version string. * NEWS: Adjust accordingly. * Makefile.maint (sc_useless_cpp_parens): New rule. (syntax-check-rules): Add it. * .x-sc_useless_cpp_parens: New file. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add it. * src/od.c: Include unconditionally. * src/uptime.c (print_uptime): Remove unnecessary parens in `#if defined (SYMBOL)' expressions. * src/system.h: Likewise. * src/hostname.c: Likewise. * src/su.c: Likewise. * src/test.c: Likewise. 2005-08-22 Jim Meyering * src/tail.c (xwrite_stdout): Rename from xwrite. Remove always- equal-to-STDOUT_FILENO parameter and associated assertion. Adjust all callers. 2005-08-21 Jim Meyering * src/ln.c (do_link): If ln is invoked with --interactive (-i), encounters an existing destination file, and gets an affirmative response, then first try to unlink the destination file rather than simply failing. Suggestion from Karl Berry. FIXME: add test for this * src/ln.c (main): Declare `target_directory' with const attribute. * src/du.c (time_style): Add `const' attribute. (tot_dui): Remove unnecessary (and too-short) initializer list. 2005-08-19 Jim Meyering * src/sort.c (usage) [-b,-t]: Ensure that there are at least two spaces between each option and the corresponding description -- this lets help2man format entries properly. Reported by Edward Welbourne. 2005-08-17 Jim Meyering * src/sort.c (usage): Fix typo s/POS 2/POS2/. Reported by Edward Welbourne. * tests/misc/date [neg-secs]: New test for today's strftime.c bug fix. * tests/misc/date: Remove terminating "\n"s once again. Automatically add them whenever EXIT != 0. 2005-08-16 Paul Eggert * src/df.c (show_dev): New arg STAT_FILE. All uses changed. This sometimes gives better results on networked file systems that do not respect POSIX semantics. Problem reported by Bruno Haible. 2005-08-15 Jim Meyering Don't print uninitialized data (or anything else) to stdout upon localtime failure. * src/date.c (show_date): Remove stray `puts (buf);' (debugging?) from the 2004-02-02 change. * tests/misc/date (uninit-64): New test for the above. Rewrite all other OUT strings to include the terminating "\n". 2005-08-14 Jim Meyering * src/md5sum.c (usage): Fix typo s/formated/formatted/ reported by Norbert Kiesel. Use one fewer file descriptor in a common case. * src/touch.c: Include "fd-reopen.h", rather than "fcntl--.h". Use fd_reopen rather than open. 2005-08-14 James Youngman * src/test.c (age_of): Return the nanoseconds part of the timestamp, if available. (binary_operator) [-nt, -ot]: Use nanosecond values to break ties. 2005-08-14 Jim Meyering * src/ls.c (long_time_expected_width): Revert last change, just to be paranoid, and add a comment explaining why. Paul Eggert mentioned the possibility. * src/wc.c: Don't define mbrtowc at all. If mbstate_t is not defined, then AC_TYPE_MBSTATE_T will define it to `int' for us. Now wc.c really does compile on HP-UX 11.23. 2005-08-13 Jim Meyering * tests/date: Remove directory * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Remove date. * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Remove tests/date/Makefile. * tests/Coreutils.pm: New keywords, ENV and ENV_DEL, to support tests/misc/date. With todays additions, the generated shell script, tests/date/date-tests had becoming far too large (over 350KB), so use the superior-but-perl-requiring framework instead. * tests/date/Test.pm: Move all tests from here... * tests/misc/date: ...to this new file. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add date. * tests/date/Test.pm (test_vector) [cross-dst]: New test for just-fixed getdate.y bug. * tests/date/Test.pm (test_vector): Add 364 more tests like the above. Remove unused $sunos4 variable. 2005-08-12 Jim Meyering * src/nohup.c (main): Explain why we reopen stdin for write-only access. * src/ls.c (long_time_expected_width): Don't test for failed localtime. That cannot happen when the result date's year is in range. Add an assertion instead. * src/ls.c (sort_files): Use cleaner `sizeof *VAR_NAME' rather than `sizeof (TYPE_NAME)'. * src/ptx.c (sort_found_occurs, digest_word_file): Likewise. (alloc_and_compile_regex): Likewise. * src/wc.c: Test `!defined HAVE_MBSTATE_T' rather than `defined mbstate_t' to detect missing support for mbstate_t. The latter didn't work for HP-UX 11.23. Add bulletproofing in case stdin is closed. * src/dircolors.c (have_read_stdin): Remove global variable. (dc_parse_stream): Always use stdin (freopen, if needed) rather than sometimes using fopen to get a new file descriptor. Call fclose unconditionally. (main): Don't close stdin here. If needed, now it's already done by dc_parse_stream. * src/dircolors.c (dc_parse_file): Remove comment about now-removed OPENOPTS. * src/fold.c (fold_file): Cosmetic: use X2REALLOC rather than x2realloc. * src/pr.c (main): Likewise. * src/csplit.c (new_control_record): Cosmetic: use X2NREALLOC (only two arguments) rather than x2nrealloc (with three). * src/cut.c (ADD_RANGE_PAIR): Likewise. * src/expand.c (add_tab_stop): Likewise. * src/join.c (extract_field, getseq): Likewise. * src/od.c (decode_format_string): Likewise. * src/sort.c (add_temp_dir): Likewise. * src/unexpand.c (add_tab_stop): Likewise. * src/pr.c (main): Cosmetic: use '\0' in place of 0. 2005-08-02 Jim Meyering * src/date.c: Include "xanstrftime.h". (show_date): Use xanstrftime instead of open-coding it. * src/du.c: Likewise. 2005-07-29 Jim Meyering * src/date.c (show_date): Remove now-unnecessary code that treated an empty format string as a special case. * tests/date/Test.pm (empty-format): New test, for this case. 2005-07-19 Jim Meyering * src/md5sum.c (usage): Adjust printf argument list to match new format string. 2005-07-19 Paul Eggert * NEWS: md5sum --check now accepts multiple input files, and similarly for sha1sum. Extension suggested by Chris Girling. * src/md5sum.c (usage, main): Support this new usage. 2005-07-18 Paul Eggert Fix a problem noted by James Youngman: VPATH-style builds don't work because of po file problems. * src/Makefile.am (BUILT_SOURCES): Remove false.c. (false.c): Remove; it's now a source file. * src/false.c: New file. * src/true.c (EXIT_STATUS): New macro. (PROGRAM_NAME, usage): Behave like "false" if EXIT_STATUS indicates. (usage): Remove "These option names may not be abbreviated." 2005-07-15 Paul Eggert * src/nohup.c (main): Don't worry about POSIXLY_CORRECT. Today's Austin Group Minutes says that the GNU behavior will be put forward as proposed text for a future revision. 2005-07-13 Paul Eggert * src/Makefile.am (nanosec_libs): Remove $(FESETROUND_LIBM); no longer needed. Problem reported by Jeff Bailey. 2005-07-12 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (copyright-check): Reflect rearrangement in version-etc files. 2005-07-11 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Binary input and output are now implemented more consistently. These changes affect only platforms like MS-DOS that distinguish between binary and text files. * src/cat.c (usage, main, long_options) [O_BINARY]: Remove support for -B. Use same rules as other programs to decide whether to use binary I/O, except that the -bensAE options always select text mode. * src/cat.c (main): Avoid setmode; use POSIX-specified routines instead. * src/cksum.c (cksum): Likewise. * src/head.c (head_lines, head_file): Likewise. * src/od.c (open_next_file): Likewise. * src/split.c (main): Likewise. * src/sum.c (bsd_sum_file, sysv_sym_file): Likewise. * src/tac.c (copy_to_temp, tac_file, main): Likewise. * src/tail.c (tail_bytes, tail_lines, tail_file, main): Likewise. * src/tee.c (tee): Likewise. * src/tr.c (main): Likewise. * src/wc.c (wc): Likewise. * src/copy.c (copy_reg): Always copy in binary mode. * src/expand.c (expand): Always copy in text mode. POSIX says the input and output must be text. * src/unexpand.c (unexpand): Likewise. * src/head.c (elide_tail_bytes_file, elide_tail_lines_file, head_bytes): (head_lines, head_file): Always use binary mode except for std tty. * src/md5sum.c (usage): Clarify whether text or binary is the default. (split_3, main): BINARY is now a 3-way value. All uses changed. (digest_file): Likewise. Clear *BINARY if we determine the file to be text. All uses changed. (main): Don't report a file to be binary if we actually read it as text in MS-DOS, because it was a terminal. * src/shred.c (wipefile): Always use binary mode. Clearly this never worked right on DOS! * src/system.h (setmode, fileno): Remove; no longer needed, we think. (SET_MODE, SET_BINARY, SET_BINARY2): Remove. [defined __DJGPP__]: Don't include or . * src/wc.c (wc_file): FILE might be null now. (main): Simplify code a bit, so that fewer places need the setmode fixes. 2005-07-09 Paul Eggert * src/comm.c, src/csplit.c, src/dd.c, src/join.c, src/md5sum.c: * src/pr.c, src/sort.c, src/tee.c: Don't include stdio.h; no longer needed. 2005-07-08 Paul Eggert Fix porting problems reported by Eric Blake. * configure.ac: Remove check for AC_HEADER_TIOCGWINSZ. * src/cat.c, src/ls.c, src/stty.c: Include stropts.h if available, because POSIX says that's where ioctl is declared. * src/cat.c: Use HAVE_SYS_IOCTL_H instead of _POSIX_SOURCE to decide whether to include . * src/stty.c: Use only HAVE_SYS_IOCTL_H to decide whether to include . * src/id.c (print_user): Don't assume uid fits in unsigned int. (print_group): Likewise, for gid. 2005-07-05 Paul Eggert * src/system.h (DECIMAL_DIGIT_ACCUMULATE): Generate a hard error (not just a warning) if GCC is used and the types don't match. 2005-07-04 Paul Eggert * src/system.h (VERIFY_W_TYPEOF): Remove; no longer needed. (DECIMAL_DIGIT_ACCUMULATE): Change last arg from T's maximum value to T itself. All callers changed. Check that T is unsigned, and that Accum is of type T. This fixes a bug in the unlikely case where SIZE_MAX <= INT_MAX, and it no longer requires typeof to do the proper validity checks. * src/od.c: Adjust to verify.h change. * src/system.h (VERIFY_W_TYPEOF): Likewise. 2005-07-04 Jim Meyering * src/system.h: Include "verify.h". * src/system.h (verify): Rename from VERIFY_EXPR, to be lower case, like assert. Use sizeof, rather than equivalent ((...)0), for it's slightly simpler syntax. Suggestions from Paul Eggert. (verify_decl): Rename from VERIFY. * src/od.c: Reflect name change. 2005-07-03 Jim Meyering * NEWS: cp and mv: the --reply=X option is deprecated Suggested by Bob Proulx, after numerous user complaints about how --reply=no appeared not to work. * src/mv.c (main): Using --reply now evokes a warning. (usage): Remove description of --reply. * src/cp.c (main): Using --reply now evokes a warning. (usage): Remove description of --reply. * tests/mv/i-link-no: Adjust for new diagnostic. * tests/mv/reply-no: Likewise. * src/printf.c (verify_numeric): Rename from verify. Update caller. 2005-07-03 Paul Eggert * src/copy.h: Include "lstat.h" rather than rolling our own. * src/ls.c: Likewise. * src/remove.c: Likewise. 2005-07-02 Paul Eggert Cleanup to isolate "safer" functions to a small part of the code. * src/comm.c: Include stdio--.h, not stdio-safer.h. (compare_files): Use fopen, not fopen_safer. * src/copy.c: Include fcntl--.h, not unistd-safer.h. (copy_reg): Don't call fd_safer; no longer needed now that we include fcntl--.h. * src/csplit.c: Include fd-reopen.h. Include stdio--.h, not stdio-safer.h. (input_desc): Remove. All uses changed to STDIN_FILENO. (set_input_file): Reopen stdin, to simplify code. (create_output_file): Use fopen, not fopen_safer. * src/dd.c: Include fd-reopen.h. (open_fd): Remove. All callers changed to use fd_reopen instead. * src/join.c: Include stdio--.h, not stdio-safer.h. (main): Use fopen, not fopen_safer. * src/md5sum.c: Include stdio--.h. (digest_check): Don't try to read both checksums and data from stdin. * src/nohup.c: Include fd-reopen.h. Include unistd--.h, not unistd-safer.h. (main): Use fd_reopen to simplify code. When replacing stdin, use "/dev/null" not "/", as that's less likely to go wrong these days. (main): Use dup, not dup_safer. * src/pr.c: Include stdio--.h, not stdio-safer.h. (open_file): Invoke fopen, not fopen_safer. * src/shred.c: Include fcntl--.h, not unistd-safer.h. (wipename, wipe_file): Don't use fd_safer; no longer needed now that we include fcntl--.h. * src/sort.c: Include stdio--.h rather than stdio-safer.h. Include stdlib--.h. Do not include unistd-safer.h. (create_temp_file): Don't call fd_safer; no longer needed now that we include *--.h files. (xfopen): Don't call fopen_safer, for similar reasons. * src/split.c: Include fcntl--.h rather than unistd-safer.h. Include fd-reopen.h. (input_desc): Remove. All uses replaced by STDIN_FILENO. (cwrite): Don't call fd_safer; no longer needed now that we include fcntl--.h. (main): Reuse stdin rather than opening a new one. This saves a file descriptor. * src/stty.c: Include fd-reopen.h. (display_all, display_settings, display_window_size, set_window_size): Remove fd arg, since we now assume stdin. All callers changed. (main): Reuse stdin rather than opening a new one. This saves a file descriptor. * src/tac.c: Include stdlib--.h rather than unistd-safer.h. (copy_to_temp): Don't call fd_safer; no longer needed now that we include stdlib--.h. * src/tail.c: Include fcntl--.h, not unistd-safer.h. (recheck, tail_file): Don't call fd_safer; no longer needed now that we include fcntl--.h. * src/tee.c: Include stdio--.h, not stdio-safer.h. (tee): Don't call fopen_safer; no longer needed now that we include stdio--.h. * src/touch.c: Include fcntl--.h, not unistd-safer.h. (touch): Don't call fd_safer; no longer needed now that we include fcntl--.h. * src/du.c (main): Reuse stdin rather than opening a new stream. This saves a file descriptor. * src/uniq.c: Don't include stdio-safer.h; no longer needed. (writeline): Remove stream arg; we now always output to stdout. All callers changed. (check_file): Reuse stdout rather than opening a new stream. This saves a file descriptor. 2005-07-02 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (sc_obsolete_symbols): New rule. (syntax-check-rules): Add it to the list. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add .x-sc_obsolete_symbols. * .x-sc_obsolete_symbols: New file. 2005-07-01 Jim Meyering * src/system.h: Assume HAVE_FCNTL_H (i.e., include unconditionally, and don't include ). * src/system.h: Likewise for HAVE_UNISTD_H. 2005-06-30 Jim Meyering * src/cp.c: Add uses of ARGMATCH_VERIFY to ensure that corresponding option string and value arrays are consistent. * src/date.c: Likewise. * src/du.c: Likewise. * src/ls.c: Likewise. cp.c and date.c each had a harmless trailing `, 0' (now-removed) in a value list. * src/system.h (VERIFY): Guard definition with #ifndef. (VERIFY_EXPR): Undef before defining. 2005-06-29 Jim Meyering * src/pr.c (main, store_char): Use X2REALLOC rather than x2realloc. * src/du.c (show_date): Likewise. * src/date.c (show_date): Likewise. * src/od.c (dump_strings): Likewise. * src/sort.c (fillbuf): Likewise. * src/chmod.c (main): Likewise. * src/system.h (VERIFY): Rewrite to use string-concatenation and __LINE__ so as not to require a struct name parameter. (GL_CONCAT, GL_CONCAT2): Define helper macros. * src/od.c: Update sole use. * src/ls.c (gobble_file): Use stat.st_author, not stat.st_uid when computing the --author column width. This bug might have resulted in misaligned columns when using the --author option on the Hurd. Spotted by Arnold Robbins. 2005-06-28 Jim Meyering * src/pr.c (main, store_char): Use x2realloc on 1-byte base types, not x2nrealloc. The former is a little more concise and readable. N.B. this sort of transformation is ok only when the base type is unlikely ever to change to a multibyte type. * src/du.c (show_date): Likewise. * src/date.c (show_date): Likewise. * src/od.c (dump_strings): Likewise. * src/sort.c (fillbuf): Likewise. 2005-06-24 Jim Meyering * src/mv.c (usage): Clarify how --reply=no works. 2005-06-23 Paul Eggert Address the following "du" issues: - The option name "--last-time=TYPE" is different from the ls's option "--time=TYPE" with a similar meaning. I assume this wasn't intended. - --time-style implies --time, but this is not true for "ls". It's better to be consistent. - Since we don't have POSIX compatibility concerns, there's no need for the "posix-" styles, or for support of styles with newlines, or for the "locale" style, except for parsing the TIME_STYLE environment variable. - It's cleaner (and these days, no less efficient) to use functions rather than macros when possible. - struct duinfo doesn't need a 'valid' flag; you can simply use a time stamp that is less than all valid time stamps. - The code needs a bit of reformatting to fit the usual GNU style. * NEWS: du's --last-time option is now --time. * doc/coreutils.texi (ls invocation): Fix typo: --time=use is equivalent to --time=atime, not --time=ctime. (ls invocation, du invocation): Fix typo: --time-style=long-iso is equivalent to a time style with a leading "+". (du invocation): --last-time is now --time. --time-style no longer implies --time. The locale and posix- stuff now works only for TIME_STYLE, not for --time-style. Give equivalent format for --time-style=iso. * src/du.c: Do not include hard-locale.h. (struct duinfo): Remove 'valid' member. All uses changed to use negative nsec instead. (DUIINFO_INI, DUINFO_SET, DUINFO_ADD): Remove. (duinfo_init, duinfo_set, duinfo_add): New functions, taking the role of the removed macros. (opt_time): Renamed from opt_last_time. All uses changed. (TIME_OPTION): Renamed from LAST_TIME_OPTION. All uses changed. (long_options, usage): Rename --last-time to --time. (locale_time_style): Remove. (time_style_args, time_style_types, usage): Remove support for --time-style=locale. (show_date): Now returns void, since nobody looked at the result. Assume FORMAT is not null. An empty FORMAT now outputs an empty time. Simplify nstrftime invocation. (main): Put in ls compatibility workarounds only for TIME_STYLE, not for --time-style. Omit unnecessary space in iso time style. 2005-06-23 Jim Meyering * src/du.c (time_format): Add `const' attribute. * src/date.c (show_date): Use puts rather than printf ("%s\n",. * src/du.c (show_date): Rename local `time_format' so as not to shadow the file-scoped global by that name. (show_date): Add a FIXME comment. * src/du.c: Include hard-locale.h and strftime.h. (DUINFO_INI, DUINFO_SET, DUINFO_ADD): Enclose body in `do {...} while (0)', not just `{...}'. Adjust uses (add semicolons). Adjust formatting, indentation. (usage): Tweak formatting to maintain more or less constant indentation. 2005-06-14 William Brendling * src/du.c: Add --last-time and --time-style options. 2005-06-22 Paul Eggert * tests/umask-check: New file. * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add umask-check. * tests/mkdir/perm: Use umask-check. * tests/cp/cp-parents: Likewise, instead of using chmod as described below. Problem reported by Kevin Mudrick. 2005-06-22 Jim Meyering Make rmdir produce diagnostics like this: rmdir: /tmp: Permission denied not like this: rmdir: `/tmp': Permission denied * src/rmdir.c: Include "quotearg.h", not "quote.h". (remove_parents, main): Use quotearg_colon, not quote. 2005-06-22 Paul Eggert * tests/cp/cp-parents: Use chmod to work around some hosts with ACL problems. Problem reported by Kevin Mudrick. 2005-06-21 Jim Meyering * tests/du/deref-args: Use --apparent-size to avoid the vagaries of counting blocks. Kevin Mudrick reported that this test would fail on an nfs-mounted directory where attribute-caching is turned on. 2005-06-19 Jim Meyering * src/tac.c (tac_mem, tac_stdin_to_mem): Remove #if-0'd functions. * src/shred.c (usage): Use `file system', not `filesystem'. 2005-06-18 Jim Meyering * src/tr.c (unquote): Remove unnecessary `' quotes from a diagnostic. 2005-06-17 Jim Meyering * src/shred.c (usage): Clarify that shred works on an ext3 file system as long as it's not in data=journal mode. Tiny change by Mark Melahn. 2005-06-16 Paul Eggert * src/hostid.c (main): Don't print fewer than 8 digits, or spurious leading "f"s. "f" problem reported by Tim Waugh. * NEWS: Document this. 2005-06-16 Jim Meyering Don't embed `this'-style quotes in format strings. * src/tr.c: Rather than this: error (..., "...`%s'...", arg); do this: error (..., "...%s...", quote (arg)); * src/od.c, src/tr.c, src/csplit.c, src/date.c, src/hostname.c: * src/join.c, src/ptx.c, src/seq.c, src/sort.c, src/split.c: * src/split.c, src/tail.c: Likewise. * src/sleep.c: Include "quote.h". Remove hard-coded quotes, as above. * src/nice.c, src/printf.c, src/fold.c, src/pr.c: Likewise. * src/factor.c, src/cat.c, src/expr.c, src/stty.c: Likewise. * src/mv.c: Finally remove support for --version-control=S (-V). It was deprecated nearly 6 years ago and has been warning users to switch to --backup=S since fileutils-4.0j. * src/cp.c, src/install.c, src/ln.c: Likewise. 2005-06-15 Jim Meyering * src/install.c (main): Fix my typo: s/argv[optind]/file[i]/. * tests/install/basic-1: Ensure that each `-d'-specified directory is created. Ensure that rel-named dirs are not created when chdir($PWD) fails. * tests/mkdir/p-3: Add a test for just-fixed bug in mkdir-p.c. 2005-06-14 Paul Eggert Improve diagnostics for restore_cwd failure. * src/install.c (main): Standardize on a diagnostic for restore_cwd failure, and report errno. (install_file_in_file_parents): Fail if restore_cwd fails and one of the files is relative. This fixes a bug (albeit unlikely). * src/mkdir.c (create_parents): Remove static var (now local to 'main'). (main): Standardize on a diagnostic for restore_cwd failure, and report errno. Don't bother to check cwd_errno unless create_parents. Use mkdir rather than make_dir; it's simpler. * src/install.c (main): Adjust to new make_dir_parents convention. * src/mkdir.c (main): Likewise. 2005-06-14 Jim Meyering * tests/mkdir/p-3: Ensure mkdir succeeds if the following argument is an absolute directory name. * Makefile.maint (my-distcheck): Add -Wall to the list of options that are used with -Werror. This target is not intended for general use. 2005-06-13 Jim Meyering * src/mkdir.c (main): Give a diagnostic for -- and skip -- each relative directory name after make_dir_parents fails to restore the working directory. Before, `mkdir -p' could create directories in the wrong place in unusual circumstances. * src/install.c (main): Likewise. (install_file_in_file_parents): Update make_dir_parents caller. * tests/mkdir/p-3: New test for today's mkdir.c/mkdir-p.c bug fixes. * tests/mkdir/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add p-3. 2005-06-10 Paul Eggert Act on the Austin Group's response yesterday to XCU ERN 63; see . * NEWS: ls no longer outputs an extra space between mode and link count. * doc/coreutils.texi: Remove the extra spaces in "ls -l" output. * src/ls.c (any_has_acl): New var. (clear_files): Clear it. (gobble_file): Set it if a file has an ACL. (print_long_format): Omit needless space unless some file has an ACL. 2005-06-10 Jim Meyering * src/system.h (VERIFY_W_TYPEOF): Add parentheses. 2005-06-02 Jim Meyering * src/sort.c (usage): Put `Ordering options:' line where it belongs. 2005-06-01 Paul Eggert Use "file name" when talking about file names, instead of "filename" or "path", as per the GNU coding standards. * src/basename.c: Don't use "path" or "filename". * src/copy.c: Likewise. * src/copy.h: Likewise. * src/cp-hash.c: Likewise. * src/cp.c: Likewise. * src/df.c: Likewise. * src/install.c: Likewise. * src/ls.c: Likewise. * src/pinky.c: Likewise. * src/pr.c: Likewise. * src/pwd.c: Likewise. * src/remove.c: Likewise. * src/rmdir.c: Likewise. * src/sort.c: Likewise. * src/system.h: Likewise. * src/tty.c: Likewise. * src/who.c: Likewise. * src/cp.c (parents_option): Renamed from flag_path. All uses changed. (make_dir_parents_private): Renamed from make_path_private. All uses changed. * src/cp.c (usage): Don't use "path" to describe a file name. * src/readlink.c (usage): Likewise. * src/rmdir.c (usage): Likewise. * src/df.c: Don't include "path-concat.h"; not needed. * src/install.c (install_file_in_file_parents): Renamed from install_file_to_path. All uses changed. * src/ln.c (FILE_BASENAME_CONCAT): Renamed from PATH_BASENAME_CONCAT. All uses changed. * src/ls.c (make_link_name): Renamed from make_link_path. All uses changed. * src/pwd.c (struct file_name): Renamed from struct Path. All uses changed. (file_name_free): Renamed from path_free. All uses changed. (file_name_init): Renamed from path_init. All uses changed. (file_name_prepend): Renamed from path_prepend. All uses changed. * src/rmdir.c (remove_empty_parents): Renamed from empty_paths. All uses changed. (longopts): Add comment that --path is deprecated. 2005-05-31 Jim Meyering * src/copy.c (chown_privileges, chown_failure_ok): Mark as `extern'. This is a crutch so that `make distcheck's sc_tight_scope rule knows that they really are deliberately declared that way. 2005-05-30 Paul Eggert Port to Solaris 10's rules for whether programs can chown files. * src/copy.c [HAVE_PRIV_H]: Include . (DO_CHOWN): Remove. Replaced by chown_failure_ok. All callers changed. (copy_internal): If chown failed, don't worry about what happened to the mode bits; they can't have changed. (chown_privileges, chown_failure_ok): New functions. * src/copy.h: Add copyright notice. (struct cp_options): Remove myeuid member. Add chown_privileges member. (chown_privileges, chown_failure_ok): New function decls. * src/cp.c (re_protect): Remove unnecessary call to geteuid. Use chown_failure_ok rather than our own code. * src/cp.c (cp_options_init): Use chown_privileges rather than geteuid. * src/install.c (cp_option_init): Likewise. * src/mv.c (cp_option_init): Likewise. 2005-05-29 Paul Eggert * src/chgrp.c (getgrnam) [!defined _POSIX_VERSION]: Remove decl. * src/chown-core.c (getgrnam, getgrgid) [!defined _POSIX_VERSION]: Remove decls. * src/cp.c (geteuid) [!defined _POSIX_VERSION]: Remove decl. * src/id.c (getpwuid, getgrgid, getuid, getgid, geteuid, getegid) [!defined _POSIX_VERSION]: Remove decls. * src/install.c (getpwnam, getgrnam): Remove decl. (getuid, getgid) [!defined _POSIX_VERSION]: Remove decls. * src/md5sum.c (OPENOPTS, TEXT1T01, TEXTCNVT): Remove. (digest_file): Use O_BINARY-using expr instead of OPENOPTS. * src/system.h: Don't bother mentioning _POSIX_VERSION in comment. * src/test.c: Include sys/param.h if it exists, not if _POSIX_VERSION isn't defined. Don't include ; no longer needed. (getegid, geteuid): Remove no-longer-necessary decls. * src/pathchk.c (_POSIX_PATH_MAX) [!defined _POSIX_PATH_MAX]: Define to 256, not 255, as per modern POSIX. 2005-05-27 Paul Eggert * NEWS: dd seek=N now conforms to POSIX if the output isn't seekable. * src/dd.c (skip): Return the number of records that were not skipped due to encountering EOF. (dd_copy): If the file wasn't seekable and EOF was encountered, write zeros past EOF until the desired offset is reached. * NEWS: expr and test now correctly compare integers of unlimited size. (Also, correct a comment that claimed that expr detects integer overflow; it does so only when converting from strings.) * src/expr.c: Include strnumcmp.h, xstrtol.h. (looks_like_integer): New function. (toarith): Use it. Also, use xstrtoimax rather than rolling our own diagnostics. (eval2): Don't look for trouble if !evaluate; this simplifies things. Compare numbers using string comparison, so that overflow is not possible. * src/sort.c: Refactor so that others can use large-integer comparison functions. Include "strnumcmp.h". (NEGATION_SIGN, NUMERIC_ZERO, fraccompare): Remove; moved to strnumcmp. (decimal_point): Now int, to simplify converison overhead with new API. All uses changed. (thousands_sep): Now -1 if there isn't one, as per new API. All uses changed. (numcompare): Move contents to strnumcmp module, except for skipping blanks. * src/test.c: Include inttostr.h, strnumcmp.h. (whitespace, digit, digit_value, integer_expected_error): Remove. (is_int): Remove; replaced by... (find_int): New function. (binary_operator): Don't let integers overflow in comparisons; return the correct answer instead. Simplify the code. (unary_operator): Convert the integer ourself, since find_int no longer does so. * tests/expr/basic (bigcmp): New test. * tests/test/Test.pm (eq-6, gt-5, lt-5): New tests. 2005-05-26 Paul Eggert * NEWS: nohup now redirects a tty stdin to an unreadable fd instead of closing it. * doc/coreutils.texi (nohup invocation): Document this. * src/nohup.c (main): Implement this. 2005-05-26 Jim Meyering * src/expr.c (toarith): Fix a sign error introduced on 2005-01-14. Reported by David Alan Gilbert. * tests/expr/basic: Add tests using arithmetic on negative integers. 2005-05-19 Jim Meyering * src/remove.c (AD_mark_helper, AD_mark_current_as_unremovable): Remove inaccurate-but-harmless `const' attributes. * src/join.c (decode_field_spec): Add an abort after `error (EXIT_FAILURE, ...' to avoid a gcc warning in caller, about variables being used uninitialized. 2005-05-18 Paul Eggert * configure.ac: Add copyright notice. gl_LIB_CHECK -> cu_LIB_CHECK. * src/Makefile.am: Add copyright notice. (factor_LDADD): Remove, as factor no longer needs sqrt. * src/hostname.c: Remove test for HAVE_LIMITS_H; we can assume it's always true now. 2005-05-16 Paul Eggert Fix Cygwin porting problem reported by Eric Blake. * src/remove.c (DT_IS_DIR): Remove. (DT_IS_KNOWN, DT_MUST_BE): New macros. (remove_entry): Use them. 2005-05-14 Paul Eggert * src/remove.c: Include unlinkdir.h. (UNLINK_CAN_UNLINK_DIRS): Remove. (remove_entry): Use cannot_unlink_dirs () rather than UNLINK_CAN_UNLINK_DIRS. 2005-05-14 Jim Meyering Update FSF postal mail address. * Makefile.maint, Makefile.cfg, gnupload * src/basename.c, src/cat.c, src/checksum.h, src/chgrp.c * src/chmod.c, src/chown-core.c, src/chown-core.h, src/chown.c * src/chroot.c, src/cksum.c, src/comm.c, src/copy.c, src/copy.h * src/cp-hash.c, src/cp-hash.h, src/cp.c, src/csplit.c, src/cut.c * src/date.c, src/dcgen, src/dd.c, src/df.c, src/dircolors.c * src/dirname.c, src/du.c, src/echo.c, src/env.c, src/expand.c * src/expr.c, src/factor.c, src/fmt.c, src/fold.c, src/fs.h * src/groups.sh, src/head.c, src/hostid.c, src/hostname.c, src/id.c * src/install.c, src/join.c, src/kill.c, src/lbracket.c, src/link.c * src/ln.c, src/logname.c, src/ls-dir.c, src/ls-ls.c, src/ls-vdir.c * src/ls.c, src/ls.h, src/md5.c, src/md5sum.c, src/mkdir.c * src/mkfifo.c, src/mknod.c, src/mv.c, src/nice.c, src/nl.c * src/nohup.c, src/od.c, src/paste.c, src/pathchk.c, src/pinky.c * src/pr.c, src/printenv.c, src/printf.c, src/ptx.c, src/pwd.c * src/readlink.c, src/remove.c, src/remove.h, src/rm.c, src/rmdir.c * src/seq.c, src/setuidgid.c, src/sha1sum.c, src/shred.c * src/sleep.c, src/sort.c, src/split.c, src/stat.c, src/stty.c * src/su.c, src/sum.c, src/sync.c, src/system.h, src/tac-pipe.c * src/tac.c, src/tail.c, src/tee.c, src/test.c, src/touch.c * src/tr.c, src/true.c, src/tsort.c, src/tty.c, src/uname.c * src/unexpand.c, src/uniq.c, src/unlink.c, src/uptime.c * src/users.c, src/wc.c, src/who.c, src/whoami.c, src/yes.c 2005-05-13 Jim Meyering * NEWS: `rm -r' now removes all of the files it should, even on systems with a buggy readdir affecting file systems inaccessible at configure time. In some unusual circumstances `rm -r' would fail to remove -- or even consider -- all entries in a directory with more than 254 (SunOS) or 338 (Darwin) entries. This could cause trouble even on other types of systems when using an affected file system via e.g., NFS. The underlying cause was a bug in readdir on those systems. Coreutils-5.2.1 and earlier used a configure-time test designed to detect precisely those problem systems, but it would detect the problem and enable remove.c's work-around code only when its configure-time test was run on a losing file system. Obviously, it couldn't detect a problem if the offending file system wasn't tested or even mounted at coreutils configure time. Now, rm itself performs a minimal-cost run-time test to detect the problem. * src/remove.c (CONSECUTIVE_READDIR_UNLINK_THRESHOLD): Define. (remove_cwd_entries): When readdir returns NULL for a directory from which we've removed more than CONSECUTIVE_READDIR_UNLINK_THRESHOLD entries, call rewinddir and then resume the readdir/unlink loop. (UNLINK_CAN_UNLINK_DIRS): Rename from ROOT_CAN_UNLINK_DIRS. 2005-05-12 Paul Eggert * NEWS: nohup now closes stdin if it is a terminal, unless POSIXLY_CORRECT is set. This fixes a glitch noted by Wayne Pollock in . * doc/coreutils.texi (nohup invocation): Document this. * src/nohup.c (main): Implement this. 2005-05-12 Jim Meyering * src/date.c: Assume `free (NULL)' works. * src/dd.c: Likewise. * src/df.c:Likewise. * src/dircolors.c:Likewise. * src/head.c: Likewise. * src/ls.c: Likewise. * src/md5sum.c: Likewise. * src/pr.c: Likewise. * src/sort.c: Likewise. 2005-05-10 Jim Meyering * tests/touch/not-owner: Skip this test if the user running it owns `/' or has write access to it. * src/copy.c (abandon_move): Remove erroneous UNWRITABLE check. This makes `mv -i --reply=no f1 f2' work as expected (in not performing the move operation). But note that specifying `-i' after `--reply=no' does *not* work. Tiny patch from Vlada Macek. Correct a comment. * tests/mv/reply-no: New file. Test for the above fix. * tests/mv/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add reply-no. * tests/ls-2/tests: Don't print PATH to stderr. 2005-05-08 Paul Eggert * NEWS: cp, ln, mv, rm no longer discard white space when intepreting responses. 2005-05-06 Paul Eggert * NEWS: dd has new iflag= and oflag= flags "binary" and "text". * src/dd.c (flags, usage): Add support for "binary" and "text". 2005-05-04 Paul Eggert * NEWS: chmod -w now complains if it differs from chmod a-w. * src/chmod.c: Include quotearg.h. (diagnose_surprises): New var. (process_file): Diagnose surprises. Simplify the logic a bit, while we're at it. (main): Prepare to diagnose surprises. Remove useless code for '-' option. * tests/chmod/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add umask-x. * tests/chmod/umask-x: New file. 2005-05-02 Paul Eggert * NEWS: ls --indicator-style=directory renamed to ls --indicator-style=slash, to avoid confusion with ls --directory. * src/ls.c (usage): Likewise. (slash): Renamed from directory_only. All uses changed. 2005-05-01 Paul Eggert * NEWS: "chmod +1 foo" is now diagnosed. 2005-04-29 Paul Eggert * NEWS: ls -p now marks only directories. New option --indicator-style=directory equivalent to -p. * doc/coreutils.texi (ls invocation): Document this. Also, mention ">" is for doors. * src/ls.c (enum indicator_style): New constant directory_only, for -p. (indicator_style_args, indicator_style_types): Set it appropriately. (decode_switches, gobble_file, print_type_indicator): (length_of_file_name_and_frills): Implement the change described in NEWS. (decode_switches): Quote ">", too. (usage): Update to match the new behavior. Describe ">". * tests/ls/file-type: Test for new behavior. Omit -1 option. The "ls --color" test wasn't being checked; add a check for "ls --color=auto" instead. * tests/head/Test.pm: Don't set _POSIX2_VERSION; no longer needed. * tests/misc/split-fail: Likewise. * tests/pr/Test.pm: Likewise. * tests/sort/Test.pm: Fix comment to match new behavior of "sort". * tests/tail/Test.pm (tv): Rename tests from obs to obs-plus if they use file names starting with +. (test_vector): Don't set _POSIX2_VERSION if obs but not obs-plus. * tests/uniq/Test.pm (tv, test_vector): Likewise. The following was partly derived from a tiny change by Eric Blake: * tests/misc/nice: Don't use 'set -'. It's not portable to strict POSIX 1003.1-2001 hosts. Also, don't set _POSIX2_VERSION. * tests/mkdir/perm: Don't use 'set -'. Simplify test construction. Work even if the underyling system attaches ACLs to new dirs. * tests/mv/part-hardlink: Don't use 'set -'. * tests/stty/row-col-1: Don't use 'set -'. 2005-04-28 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Document fixes described below. * src/chmod.c (change, umask_value): New static vars. (reference_file): Move this static var to inside "main". (process_file, process_files): Remove CHANGES arg; now taken from static var. All uses changed. (usage): Fix incorrect description of MODE operand. (main): For invalid mode usages, output a brief usage message. Adjust to new modechange API. * install.c (main): Adjust to new modechange API. Also, free the mode_change object when done. * mkdir.c (main): Likewise. * mkfifo.c (main): Likewise. * mknod.c (main): Likewise. * tests/chmod/equal-X: Check for =xX bug. * tests/chmod/equals: Check for =u bug. * tests/chmod/usage: Check for u+gr and ug,+x bugs. 2005-04-26 Paul Eggert Restore support for usages like "head -1" and "tail -1", even when conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2001. Fix bug with "POSIXLY_CORRECT=1 fold file -3". join now supports a NUL field separator, e.g., "join -t '\0'". join now detects and reports incompatible options, e.g., "join -t x -t y", * NEWS: Document this. * src/date.c: Remove posixver.h and its uses. (COMMON_SHORT_OPTIONS): Remove. (short_options): New constant. (short_options, usage): -I now always takes an optional arg. * src/expand.c: Remove posixver.h and its uses. (shortopts): New constant. -DIGIT now always takes an optional arg. (main): Revamp parsing of -DIGIT to let parse_tab_stops handle it. Don't complain about -DIGIT. * src/fold.c: Remove posixver.h and its uses. (shortopts): New constant. -DIGIT now always takes an optional arg. (main): Don't preprocess arg list; that was buggy. Use method similar to expand. * src/head.c: Remove posixver.h and its uses. (header_mode_option): Remove. (main): Don't complain about obsolete -NUM args. * src/join.c: Remove posixver.h and its uses. (obsolete_usage): Remove. (join_field_1, join_field_2): Initialize to SIZE_MAX to indicate they haven't been set yet. (tab): Now int, not char. Initialize to -1 to indicate white space separates columns, so that we can use NUL as a separator. All uses changed. (OBSOLETE_LONG_OPTIONS, get_option): Remove. (string_to_join_field): Remove ERR_MSG_FMT arg; a single format suffices. Use xstrtoul for sizes; it suffices. (decode_field_spec): Report an error and exit on failure. Return void, not bool. (add_field_list): Likewise. (set_join_field): New function. (enum operand_status): New enum. (add_file_name): New args OPERAND_STATUS, JOPTION_COUNT, PREV_OPTC_STATUS, OPTC_STATUS to handle the bewildering array of possibilities with obsolete option parsing. (main): Use it. Do not depend on POSIX version. Check for conflicting options. Parse obsolete options -j1 and -j2 so that it is a pure extension to POSIX 1003.1-2001. Allow '-t\0' to specify a NUL tab, stealing the code from 'sort'. * src/nice.c: Remove posixver.h and its uses. (main): Always support -NUM option. * src/od.c: Remove posixver.h and its uses. (short_options): New constant, which always supports -w[num]. (COMMON_SHORT_OPTIONS): Remove. * src/pr.c: Remove posixver.h and its uses. (short_options): New constant, which always supports -S[string]. (COMMON_SHORT_OPTIONS): Remove. * src/sort.c: Remove posixver.h and its uses. (short_options): New constant, which always supports -y arg. (COMMON_SHORT_OPTIONS): Remove. (main): Redo workaround for Solaris compatibility with -y. This change isn't visible to the user; it just cleans up the code so that we don't need posixver.h. * src/split.c: Remove posixver.h and its uses. (main): Don't complain about -NUM option. * src/tail.c (parse_obsolete_option): Don't complain about -NUM. * src/unexpand.c: Remove posixver.h and its uses. (main): Don't complain about -TAB. * src/uniq.c (main): Don't complain about -NUM. 2005-04-22 Paul Eggert * src/nohup.c (main): If getopt fails, exit with status 127, not status 1. POSIX requires this. * NEWS: Document this. * src/nice.c (main): Report proper program name when getopt finds trouble. Problem reported by Behdad Esfahbod. * NEWS: Fix bug with "mkdir -m =+x dir"; the umask was being ignored when the "+x" was being evaluated. * mkdir.c (main): Compile mode with MODE_MASK_ALL and initial umask. * mkfifo.c (main): Likewise. * mknod.c (main): Likewise. * tests/mkdir/perm: Test for the above bug. 2005-04-20 Paul Eggert Port test cases to Microsoft-Windows-related environments, following suggestions from Eric Blake. * tests/install/Makefile.am (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Add EXEEXT. * tests/install/basic-1: Undo previous change. (dd, dd2): New vars, which use $EXEEXT. All uses of dd and dd2 changed. * tests/install/trap: Undo previous change. (sig): New var. Use it insted of "trap '' CHLD". Append $EXEEXT to executable name. "fetish" -> "coreutils" in more places. * tests/Coreutils.pm: Renamed from tests/Fetish.pm. (package Coreutils): Renamed from package Fetish. All uses changed. * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add Coreutils.pm and remove Fetish.pm. 2005-04-19 Paul Eggert * tests/mv/setup (dot_mount_point): Use stat -L, in case the directory is actually a symbolic link. Problem reported by Eric Blake. * tests/mv/mv-special-1: Use test -p to test for fifos, rather than the (incorrect) test -f and the (inadequate) ls. ls is inadequate because on some hosts a buggy mv will create a file of the wrong type (problem reported by Eric Blake). Skip this test if test -p doesn't work. * tests/chmod/setgid: Use numeric group ids, not symbolic group names, since the latter can have shell metacharacters in them (e.g., spaces). This follows up to the 2005-01-17 patch, which missed this occurrence. 2005-04-18 Paul Eggert "fetish" -> "coreutils" in several places. * Makefile.cfg (ftp): Remove fetish.sf.net. * Makefile.maint (emit_upload_commands): Likewise. * src/Makefile.am (LDADD, $(PROGRAMS)): fetish -> coreutils. * tests/group-names (COREUTILS_GROUPS): Renamed from FETISH_GROUPS. * tests/chmod/setgid (FETISH_GROUP): Renamed from COREUTILS_GROUP. * tests/install/basic-1: Use "cat", not "test", to test for ../../src/dd. Problem reported by Eric Blake. 2005-04-18 Jim Meyering * src/dd.c: Don't include stat-macros.h directly. system.h does that. 2005-04-17 Paul Eggert Work around a couple of "make check" failures reported for Cygwin and ash by Eric Blake. * tests/install/basic-1: Skip this test if ../../src/dd isn't readable. * tests/install/trap: Skip this test if "trap '' CHLD" doesn't work. 2005-04-16 Jim Meyering * src/dd.c (S_TYPEISSHM): Remove definition. Get the definition by including "stat-macros.h", instead. 2005-04-14 Paul Eggert Fix test suite problems reported by Eric Blake on Cygwin. * tests/mv/mv-special-1: Ignore chatter about when files are removed, since POSIX doesn't require rename to fail across file systems. * tests/mv/setup (dot_mount_point): Use stat rather than df, as it's more reliable. (other_partition_tmpdir): Remove df from name as that would be misleading now. 2005-04-14 Jim Meyering * src/chown-core.c: Correct typo, fchmod -> fchown, in a comment. 2005-04-12 Paul Eggert * src/ls.c (usage): "uid" -> "user ID". 2005-04-12 Jim Meyering * src/tsort.c (tsort): Use "%s" as the format string, rather than a diagnostic or a file name. * src/comm.c (compare_files): Remove declaration of unused local. * src/chown-core.c (chopt_free): Mark parameter as unused. 2005-04-11 Paul Eggert * man/chown.x: Reword to match user manual. * man/id.x: Likewise. * src/setuidgid.c (usage): Use "user ID", not "UID", and similarly for "group ID". * src/whoami.c (usage, main): Likewise. Add bulletproofing for cases where stdin, stdout, or stderr are closed. * src/comm.c: Include stdio-safer.h. (compare_files): Exit right away on I/O error rather than continuing and producing confusing output and error messages. Return void, not int; all callers changed. Use fopen_safer to avoid confusion with file descriptors. * src/copy.c: Include unistd-safer.h. (copy_reg): Use fd_safer. * src/csplit.c: Include stdio-safer.h. (input_desc): Remove unnecessary static initialization. (set_input_file): Use STDIN_FILENO, not 0. (create_output_file): Use fopen_safer. * src/dircolors.c (dc_parse_file): Don't assume fopen does not return stdin. * src/head.c (head_file): Don't assume open does not return 0. * src/join.c: Include stdio-safer.h. (main): Use fopen_safer. Simplify the resulting code. * src/md5sum.c (digest_file, digest_check): Don't assume that fopen does not return stdin. * src/nohup.c: Include unistd-safer.h. (main): Don't dup stderr to stdin or stdout by mistake. * src/od.c (check_and_close): Don't assume fopen does not return stdin. * src/paste.c (paste_serial): Likewise. * src/pr.c: Include stdio-safer.h. (open_file): Use fopen_safer. (close_file): Don't assume fopen does not return stdin. * src/ptx.c (main): Don't assume fopen returns stdout after closing stdout. Use freopen instead. * src/shred.c: Include unistd-safer.h. (wipename): Use fd_safer on directory file descriptor. (wipefile): Remove special case for /dev/fd/* on older hosts. It didn't work in general, and wasn't documented. Use fd_safer. * src/sort.c: Include unistd-safer.h. (create_temp_file): Use fd_safer. (xfclose): Don't assume fileno (stdin) == STDIN_FILENO, etc. * src/split.c: Include unistd-safer.h. (cwrite): Use fd_safer. Replace mystery constant 0666 with symbolic version, as POSIX requires. * src/sum.c (bsd_sum_file, sysv_sym_file): Use same pattern as elsewhere for checking for stdin. * src/tac.c: Include unistd-safer.h. (copy_to_temp): Use fd_safer. (tac_file): Don't assume fopen cannot return stdin. * src/tail.c: Include unistd-safer.h rather than fcntl-safer.h. (recheck, tail_file): Use fd_safer rather than open_safer. * src/tee.c: Include stdio-safer.h. (tee): Use fopen_safer. * src/touch.c: Include unistd-safer.h. (touch): Use fd_safer. * src/tsort.c (have_read_stdin): Remove; no longer needed. All uses removed. (tsort): Do not assume fopen can't return stdin. Close stdin before returning. All uses changed. * src/unexpand.c (next_file): Don't assume fopen cannot return stdin. * src/uniq.c: Include stdio_safer.h. (check_file): Don't assume fopen cannot return stdin or stdout. 2005-04-09 Jim Meyering * src/dd.c (quit): Define with ATTRIBUTE_NORETURN. Now that close_stdout closes standard output unconditionally, these workarounds for dd and cat are no longer necessary. * src/dd.c (close_stdout_wrapper): Remove function. (main): Call atexit with close_stdout, instead. * src/cat.c (close_stdout_wrapper): Likewise. Don't close STDOUT_FILENO explicitly; close_stdout does it. * src/system.h (__attribute__): Readability nit: Change this: # define __attribute__(x) to this: # define __attribute__(x) /* empty */ 2005-04-09 Jim Meyering * src/rm.c (usage): Mention that --recursive removes listed directories too, not just their contents. Say that by default, rm does not remove directories. * src/pr.c: Don't include "timespec.h". system.h does that. * Makefile.maint (sc_system_h_headers): Propagate exit status through trap. 2005-04-08 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Document that dd no longer treats QUIT or PIPE specially, and when conforming to POSIX no longer treats USR1 specially. Document that dd no longer dumps core when handling signals. * src/system.h (RETSIGTYPE): Remove; no longer needed. All uses replaced with void. * src/csplit.c (SA_NOCLDSTOP): Define to 0 if not defined. All uses changed. (siginterrupt) [!HAVE_SIGINTERRUPT]: New macro. (delete_all_files): New arg IN_SIGNAL_HANDLER, to avoid undefined behavior when called from a signal handler. All uses changed. (main) [!defined SA_NOCLDSTOP]: Use siginterrupt to specify that system calls should be interrupted. * src/dd.c: Do not include safe-read.h or full-write.h; no longer needed. (process_signals): Add forward decl. (SA_NOCLDSTOP, sigprocmask, sigset_t) [!defined SA_NOCLDSTOP]: New macros. (siginterrupt) [! HAVE_SIGINTERRUPT]: New macro. (SA_NODEFER) [!defined SA_NODEFER]: New macro. (SA_RESETHAND) [!defined SA_RESETHAND]: New macro. (caught_signals, interrupt_signal, info_signal_count, catch_siginfo): New vars. (usage): Mention -USR1 versus -INFO. (cleanup): Don't invoke print_stats; the caller must do it now. All callers changed. (quit): Process signals just before exiting. (interrupt_handler): Simply record the signal and return. (siginfo_handler): Simply increment the signal counter and return. (install_handler): Remove, replacing with: (install_signal_handlers, process_signals, iread, iwrite): New functions. All callers to safe_read and full_write replaced by iread and iwrite. All callers to install_handler replaced by install_handlers. * src/ls.c (SA_NOCLDSTOP): Define to 0 if not defined. All uses changed. (siginterrupt) [! HAVE_SIGINTERRUPT]: New macro. (main) [! SA_NOCLDSTOP]: Use it. * src/shred.c: Remove all uses of signals; modern hosts have /dev/random and don't need this gorp. Do not include signal.h. (env, sigill_handler, isaac_seed_machdep): Remove. All uses removed. * src/sort.c (SA_NOCLDSTOP): Define to 0 if not defined. All uses changed. (siginterrupt) [! HAVE_SIGINTERRUPT]: New macro. (main) [! SA_NOCLDSTOP]: Use it. * src/dd.c: Do not include inttostr.h, no longer needed. (print_stats, main): Rewrite and simplify formats to use PRIuMAX instead of umaxtostr. (print_stats): Work even in languages that have special forms for two of things, for r_truncate and w_bytes. We can't fix delta_s in this way, since ngettext doesn't support floating-point. (main): Rewrite to avoid casts. 2005-04-07 Jim Meyering Placate gcc-4's -Wuninitialized. * src/md5sum.c (digest_check) [lint]: Initialize hex_digest to NULL. * src/test.c (binary_operator) [lint]: Initialize lt and rt to 0. * src/test.c (is_int, age_of, binop): Declare `char *' parameters to be `const'. (binop): Move function definition to precede first use so we can... (binop): ...remove prototype. 2005-04-05 Paul Eggert * man/Makefile.am (.x.1): Remove "COMMAND.td/" from examples. * src/basename.c (usage): Add examples. * src/cat.c (usage): Likewise. * src/chgrp.c (usage): Likewise. * src/chown.c (usage): Likewise. * src/dirname.c (usage): Likewise. 2005-04-05 Jim Meyering * src/nice.c (usage): Mention that some shells provide a built-in function by the same name. * src/nohup.c (usage): Likewise. * src/printenv.c (usage):Likewise. 2005-04-04 Dmitry V. Levin * src/tee.c (tee): When closing files, do not close stdout, leave this job to close_stdout() instead. * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Add tests/tee/Makefile. * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Add tee. * tests/tee/Makefile.am: New file. * tests/tee/.cvsignore: Likewise. * tests/tee/{basic,dash}: New tee tests. 2005-04-04 Jim Meyering * src/echo.c (usage): Mention that some shells provide a built-in function by the same name. * src/kill.c (usage): Likewise * src/printf.c (usage): Likewise. * src/pwd.c (usage): Likewise. * src/stat.c (usage): Likewise. * src/test.c (usage): Likewise. * src/true.c (usage): * src/system.h (USAGE_BUILTIN_WARNING): New macro. * man/echo.x: Remove `DESCRIPTION' section, now that --help includes it. * man/printf.x: Likewise. * man/pwd.x: Likewise. 2005-04-03 Jim Meyering * src/pr.c (main): Fix off-by-one error. pr -$(perl -e 'print "0"x63 . 1') would write one byte beyond the end of a malloc'd buffer. 2005-04-01 Jim Meyering * src/pr.c (main): Free column_count_string when done with it. Don't let pr treat +1:-1 like +1:18446744073709551615. * src/pr.c (strtoumax): Remove declaration. (first_last_page): Use xstrtoumax in place of strtoumax, so we don't interpret a negative page number (e.g., in an option like --pages=1:-1) as valid. * tests/pr/Test.pm (neg-page): Add a test for this. 2005-03-30 Paul Eggert * src/pinky.c (short_pinky): Adjust to read_utmp signature change. * src/uptime.c (uptime): New arg OPTIONS. All uses changed. * src/users.c (users): Likewise. * src/who.c (who): Likewise. * src/uptime.c (main): Check PIDs when invoked with zero arguments. * src/users.c (main): Likewise. * src/who.c (main): Likewise. Also with two arguments. Omit duplicate code in 2-arg case. (UT_PID): Moved to ../lib/readutmp.h. 2005-03-29 Jim Meyering * src/system.h (ptr_align): Declare `ptr' parameter to be a `const' pointer, since this function never writes through it. * src/uname.c: Indent cpp directives to reflect nesting. 2005-03-28 Jim Meyering * src/seq.c (get_width_format) [HAVE_RINT && HAVE_MODF && HAVE_FLOOR]: Add `void' to make this an ANSI-style function declaration. * src/remove.c (ds_init): Likewise. * src/pr.c (print_sep_string): Likewise. * src/stty.c (speeds): Declare this array to be static. * src/Makefile.am (sc_tight_scope): Adjust to catch any new declarations like that of stty.c's `speeds'. * src/system.h (GETOPT_HELP_OPTION_DECL): Use NULL, not `0'. (GETOPT_VERSION_OPTION_DECL): Likewise. * src/chown.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/chgrp.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/chmod.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/cp.c (sparse_type_string, reply_args, decode_preserve_arg): Likewise. * src/chown-core.c (chopt_init): Likewise. * src/comm.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/copy.c (copy_reg): Likewise. * src/csplit.c (extract_regexp): Likewise. * src/cut.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/date.c (time_spec_string): Likewise. * src/df.c (find_mount_point, show_point): Likewise. * src/expr.c (docolon): Likewise. * src/fmt.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/ls.c (time_style_args, indicator_style_args, long_options) (format_args, sort_args, time_args, decode_switches) (gobble_file): Likewise. * src/md5sum.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/mv.c (reply_args): Likewise. * src/paste.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/pinky.c (print_entry): Likewise. * src/pr.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/ptx.c (long_options, format_args): Likewise. * src/readlink.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/sort.c (long_options, mergefps): Likewise. * src/stat.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/tac.c (main): Likewise. * src/tail.c (follow_mode_string): Likewise. * src/touch.c (longopts, time_args): Likewise. * src/uniq.c (delimit_method_string): Likewise. * src/uptime.c (print_uptime): Likewise. * src/who.c (print_user): Likewise. 2005-03-27 Jim Meyering * src/dcgen: Simplify further, clean up. Add a standard-output-closing global destructor. Require perl-5.002. * src/wheel-gen.pl: Use the same global destructor as dcgen. 2005-03-26 Paul Eggert * src/dcgen: Squeeze multiple blanks into one. Output a simple array of adjacent strings rather than a more complicated data structure; this saves space in the dircolors executable. * src/dircolors.c (parse_line): Use char *, not unsigned char *. This avoids casts. (dc_parse_stream, main): Avoid casts. Adjust to simpler data structure generated by new dcgen. 2005-03-25 Eric Blake (tiny change) * src/ls.c (usage): Document usage of LS_COLORS. 2005-03-25 Paul Eggert * src/dircolors.hin: Add "TERM cygwin". 2005-03-25 Jim Meyering * src/system.h (DECIMAL_DIGIT_ACCUMULATE): Reverse the sense of the return value, and update callers: * src/cut.c (set_fields): Update use of DECIMAL_DIGIT_ACCUMULATE. * src/expand.c (parse_tab_stops, main): Likewise. * src/split.c (main): Likewise. * src/unexpand.c (parse_tab_stops, main): Likewise. * src/uniq.c (main): Likewise. 2005-03-22 Jim Meyering * build-aux: New directory. Renamed from config. * configure.ac: Reflect renaming: config -> build-aux. * Makefile.am (dist-hook): Likewise. * Makefile.maint: Likewise. * Makefile.cfg (cvs_files): Likewise. * .x-sc_sun_os_names: Likewise. * .x-sc_trailing_blank: Likewise. * src/ls.c (get_funky_string): Use '\a', rather than 7, for portability to EBCDIC hosts. 2005-03-20 Jim Meyering * src/pr.c (init_header): Add missing `%' in new format string. (init_header): Use zero-filled `.%09d' format, not space-filled `.%9d'. 2005-03-19 Jim Meyering * src/Makefile.am (pr_LDADD): Now that pr uses gettime, add $(LIB_CLOCK_GETTIME) to get the required -lrt on newer Linux systems. 2005-03-18 Paul Eggert * NEWS: pr -D "FORMAT" now accepts the same formats that date +"FORMAT" does. * src/pr.c: Include strftime.h, timespec.h. (init_header): Obtain and format nanosecond part of time stamp. * NEWS: nohup now ignores the umask when creating nohup.out. nohup now closes stderr if it is a terminal and stdout is closed. * src/nohup.c (main): Likewise. Be a little more paranoid about return values; e.g., check for any negative return from open. Assume free (NULL) works. Close file descriptor leak when redirecting standard output to a file. 2005-03-17 Jim Meyering * src/cut.c (set_fields): Use DECIMAL_DIGIT_ACCUMULATE macro, in place of functionally-equivalent code. * src/expand.c (parse_tab_stops, main): Likewise. * src/split.c (main): Likewise. * src/unexpand.c (parse_tab_stops, main): Likewise. * src/uniq.c (main): Likewise. * src/od.c: Use VERIFY macro in place of an equivalent open-coded declaration. * src/system.h (VERIFY, VERIFY_EXPR, DECIMAL_DIGIT_ACCUMULATE): New macros. Before, this command would make uniq skip 11 fields and print only the first line: $ _POSIX2_VERSION=1 ./uniq -f1 -1 <(seq --format='1 %g' 2) 1 1 1 2 * src/uniq.c (main): Interpret `uniq -f1 -1' like `uniq -f1', not like `uniq -f11'. 2005-03-15 Jim Meyering Both `pr -0' and e.g., `pr -03' would evoke `column count too large'. `pr -0' should give a better diagnostic and `pr -03' should be equivalent to `pr -3'. * src/pr.c (parse_column_count): Change return type to void. Call error (EXIT_FAILURE, ... for an invalid string. (main): Allocate space for column_count_string using malloc. Accumulate all old-style column-count digits before converting. When the number of columns is specified via both old-style, (e.g., -3), and a long option (--columns=5), ensure that only the last one specified takes effect. * tests/pr/Test.pm: Add tests for the above. 2005-03-15 Corinna Vinschen (tiny change) * src/copy.c (copy_reg): Copy regular files in binary mode. 2005-03-14 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Restate why ls limits time stamp lengths. 2005-03-12 Jim Meyering Add a little infrastructure to help prevent future bugs like the one fixed below. * src/stat.c (xstrcat): New function. (print_statfs, print_stat): Add buf_len parameter and convert all uses of strcat to xstrcat. Update callers. (print_it): Call print_func with buf_len parameter. Invoking stat -c FMT with a lone format directive of %s, %f, %h, %s, could cause a buffer overrun error. * src/stat.c (print_it): Allocate 2 more bytes, to accommodate our conversion of the stat %s format string to the longer printf %llu one. Patch from Guochun Shi. 2005-03-11 Paul Eggert * src/ls.c (TIME_STAMP_LEN_MAXIMUM): New constant. (long_time_expected_width, print_long_format): Use it, to avoid some possible denial-of-service attacks. * NEWS: Document this. 2005-03-11 Jim Meyering Prompt once again for `mv -i A B' when A and B are hard links to the same file. This fixes a bug introduced by my 2003-04-04 (coreutils-5.0.1) change. Reported by Thomas Wolff via Eric Blake. * src/copy.c (abandon_move): New function, factored out of copy_internal, now that this code is being used from two places. (copy_internal): Perform the same interactive-related test for whether it's alright to proceed and (usually) overwrite the destination file. * tests/mv/i-4: Add tests for the above. Don't segfault for a very long date format string, e.g., ls -ld --time-style=+%99999999H . * src/ls.c (long_time_expected_width): Use x2nrealloc, not alloca, so format string abuse cannot provoke stack overflow. (print_long_format): Likewise. Don't segfault for a long header date string, e.g., echo a|pr -D +%9999999A * src/pr.c (init_header): Use x2nrealloc, rather than alloca. Don't bother with fixed-sized initial buffer; always use x*alloc. * src/pr.c (init_header): Use slightly clearer INT_BUFSIZE_BOUND in place of equivalent INT_STRLEN_BOUND + 1. * src/expr.c (tostring, printv): Likewise. 2005-03-09 Paul Eggert * src/system.h: Include intprops.h. (TYPE_SIGNED, TYPE_MINIMUM, TYPE_MAXIMUM, INT_STRLEN_BOUND): Remove; they are now defined in intprops.h. 2005-03-09 Jim Meyering * TODO: Remove entry about named pipes. It was fixed in 5.3.0. 2005-03-08 Paul Eggert * src/date.c (usage): Redo to match recent documentation changes. Don't bother documenting which usages are GNU extensions; the list wasn't correct, and is better left to the printed manual anyway. 2005-03-06 Jim Meyering Factor out column-count processing. * src/pr.c: Include "inttostr.h". (parse_column_count): New function. (main): Use the new function for both old-style, -9, and long, --columns=-9, options. * src/cksum.c: Remove `register' keyword. * src/cut.c: Likewise. * src/dd.c: Likewise. * src/env.c: Likewise. * src/factor.c: Likewise. * src/fmt.c: Likewise. * src/fold.c: Likewise. * src/id.c: Likewise. * src/logname.c: Likewise. * src/ls.c: Likewise. * src/pr.c: Likewise. * src/printf.c: Likewise. * src/shred.c: Likewise. * src/sort.c: Likewise. * src/sum.c: Likewise. * src/test.c: Likewise. * src/tsort.c: Likewise. * src/uniq.c: Likewise. * src/wc.c: Likewise. * src/whoami.c: Likewise. 2005-03-01 Paul Eggert * src/Makefile.am (nanosec_libs): Remove $(LIB_XANOSLEEP); no longer needed. 2005-03-01 Jim Meyering * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Change test of source type from !S_ISREG to S_ISLNK. Reported by Paul Eggert in http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2004-10/msg00050.html. 2005-02-28 Jim Meyering * NEWS: Mention that xnanosleep fixes sleep failure on linux-2.6.8.1. 2005-02-21 Paul Eggert * src/Makefile.am (dd_LDADD, shred_LDADD): Add $(LIB_GETHRXTIME). (nanosec_libs): Add $(LIB_XNANOSLEEP). Needed for newer GNU/Linux hosts with clock_gettime. 2005-02-20 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Describe user-visible change to dd. * src/Makefile.am (dd_LDADD, shred_LDADD, nanosec_libs): Remove $(LIB_CLOCK_GETTIME). These functions now use gethrxtime instead. * src/dd.c: Include gethrxtime.h, xtime.h. (start_time): Now of type xtime_t, not struct timespec. (print_stats, main): Use gethrxtime rather than gettime. * src/ls.c (time): Remove obsolete decl. (get_current_time): gettimeofday always returns 0, so don't check its result. * src/shred.c: Include gethrxtime.h. (isaac_seed): Use gethrxtime rather than a mishmash. * src/touch.c (time): Remove obsolete decl. * tests/misc/split-fail: Don't assume that the current host supports integers wider than 32 bits. Fix comment typo. * tests/od/x8: Likewise. * src/chown-core.c (enum RCH_status): Remove trailing comma, as it's not valid in standard C89. 2005-02-15 Jim Meyering * src/stat.c (human_fstype): Add case/definition for S_MAGIC_XFS so that file systems of type `xfs' are recognized as such. * src/fs.h: Regenerate. Reported by Bernd Eckenfels. * src/stat.c (human_fstype): Likewise for S_MAGIC_JFS/jfs. * src/fs.h: Regenerate. Reported by Andreas Schwab. * src/nice.c (NZERO) [NZERO == 0]: Undefine and define to 20, to work around the invalid definition from Darwin 7.7.0. Test failure reported by Sébastien Maret. 2005-02-14 Paul Eggert * src/sort.c (mergefps): Use binary search rather than linear one when comparing new line to lines already in main memory. Idea suggested by James Lemley. 2005-02-09 Jim Meyering * src/copy.c (valid_options): Add an assertion that not both hard_link and symbolic_link are set. 2005-02-08 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Document stat -f -c %S, plus changes to default formats. * doc/coreutils.texi (stat invocation): Normalize terminology, capitalization, and sort order to match --help output. Mention %c for file systems. Add new -f -c format %S, and document %s versus %S; problem reported by Jeroen van Wolffelaar. * src/stat.c (usage): Likewise. (STATFS_FRSIZE): New macro. (print_statfs): Use it, for stat -f -c %S. (do_statfs): Change default formats to output %S. 2005-02-03 Paul Eggert * src/system.h: Include "memrchr.h". (memrchr) [!HAVE_DECL_MEMRCHR]: Remove decl. 2005-02-02 Jim Meyering * tests/du/8gb: Also adjust the test (s/64/128/) to detect systems that don't support sparse files. Check for $2 -ge 128, rather than $2 = 128, in case there is a file system type that doesn't support sparse files, yet for which metadata takes up additional space. Both reported by Andreas Schwab. 2005-02-01 Eric Blake (tiny change) * tests/du/8gb: Create a larger test file, so we properly detect that sparse files can be created on NTFS under cygwin. 2005-01-30 Jim Meyering * src/head.c (elide_tail_bytes_pipe): Correct wording in diagnostic. * src/stty.c: Remove unnecessary parentheses in all #if directives. 2005-01-29 Eric Blake (tiny change) * .cvsignore: Ignore config.cache and config.status.lineno. * src/stty.c [VSWTCH]: Some systems, like Cygwin, use VSWTC instead of VSWTCH, for use with CSWTCH. 2005-01-29 Eric Blake (tiny change) * tests/Makefile.am (.PHONY): Add check-root and root-hint. * tests/rwx-to-mode: Ignore ACL designation. * tests/setgid-check: Likewise. * tests/chown/separator: Quote user and group names. 2005-01-24 Jim Meyering * src/cp.c (usage): Merge the descriptions of --no-dereference and -P. Suggestion from Johan Boule. 2005-01-17 Eric Blake (tiny change) * src/Makefile.am (all_programs.list): Strip $(EXEEXT) and remove duplicates. * man/Makefile.am (all_programs): Revert previous patch; updated all_programs.list fixes this. (.x.1): No need to add $(EXEEXT). 2005-01-03 Corinna Vinschen (tiny change) * src/system.h: Use S_BLKSIZE value for ST_NBLOCKSIZE where available. 2005-01-22 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (v_etc_file): The version string has moved to version-etc-fsf.c, search that new file, not version-etc.c. 2005-01-17 Paul Eggert * tests/group-names: Use numeric group ids, not symbolic group names, since the latter can have shell metacharacters in them (e.g., spaces). Problem reported by Eric Blake. * tests/chgrp/basic: Assume groups are numeric, not symbolic. * tests/chgrp/deref: Likewise. * tests/chgrp/posix-H: Likewise. * tests/chgrp/recurse: Likewise. 2005-01-15 Jim Meyering * src/shred.c (isaac_seed) [HAVE_GETHRTIME]: #if-0 this block, because just calling gethrtime evokes an `illegal instruction' failure when compiled with Sun's c89 on Solaris 8 and 9. Reported by Nelson Beebe. * src/shred.c (isaac_seed) [HAVE_GETHRTIME]: Don't call ISAAC_SEED twice with the same value of `t'. Replace nested #if-#else blocks with #if-#elif-#elif chain. 2005-01-14 Jim Meyering The test, tests/tail/f-1, failed on powerpc-apple-darwin7.7.0. * src/tail.c (IS_TAILABLE_FILE_TYPE): Adjust definition also to include sockets, since that's what you get when reading from a command-line- supplied pipe on Darwin 7.7. (IS_PIPE_LIKE_FILE_TYPE): Define. (main): Use new IS_PIPE_LIKE_FILE_TYPE rather than simply S_ISFIFO. Reported by Nelson Beebe. This same change is also required on NetBSD/sparc-1.5. Reported by Adrian Bunk. * src/expr.c (toarith): Rewrite to detect/diagnose integer overflow, rather than suffering silently. Before, expr would silently overflow and wrap around: $ expr 9223372036854775808 = 0 # $(echo 2^63|bc) 1 Now it detects the problem and exits nonzero: $ ./expr $(echo 2^63|bc) = 0 ./expr: 9223372036854775808: integer is too large * tests/chown/separator (id_gn): Exit 77, not 1, for a test-framework failure, so that doesn't cause `make check' to stop. Nelson Beebe reported that this test would fail with the diagnostic, `cannot find name for group ID 10', on one of his systems. 2005-01-13 Jim Meyering * src/test.c (is_int): Don't overflow when evaluating integer constants. Before, ./test $(echo 2^64|bc) -eq 0 && echo FAIL would print `FAIL'. * tests/Fetish.pm (run_tests): Add code (if-0'd out) to detect names of temporary files that would clash on 8.3 file systems. * tests/mk-script (validate): Likewise. 2005-01-12 Jim Meyering * tests/dd/skip-seek: Shorten test names to accommodate 8.3 systems. * tests/tr/Test.pm (repeat-xC): Change test name from `repeat-Compl', to avoid 8.3 conflict with `repeat-compl'. Reported by Eric Blake. (repeat-000): Rename to `repeat-zeros' for the same reason. 2005-01-11 Jim Meyering * configure.ac: Update version to 5.3.1. 2005-01-11 Eric Blake * src/Makefile.am (check-README, check-AUTHORS): Account for $(EXEEXT). * man/Makefile.am (all_programs): Account for $(EXEEXT). 2005-01-11 Jim Meyering * src/unexpand.c (add_tab_stop): Properly diagnose a tabstop list with decreasing values. * src/expand.c (main): Likewise. * src/unexpand.c (main): Check for overflow in tabstop values specified via the obsolete form. E.g., now this command fails: _POSIX2_VERSION=1 ./unexpand -$(echo '2^64+1'|bc) Before it would act like `_POSIX2_VERSION=1 ./unexpand -1'. * tests/unexpand/basic-1 (obs-ovflo): New test for this. 2005-01-10 Paul Eggert Respond to POSIX interpretations about pathchk -p dated 2005-01-06. * NEWS: Document the changes. * doc/coreutils.texi (pathchk invocation): Likewise. * src/pathchk.c (PORTABILITY_OPTION): New constant. (longopts, usage, main, validate_file_name): Add support for new -P option. Reject empty file names (unless -p is not specified and the current system allows empty file names). Change --portability so that is now equivalent to -p -P. Don't test whether file name is too long, if it is known to exist. (no_leading_hyphen): New function. * tests/misc/pathchk1: Add tests for empty file names and pathchk -P. 2005-01-08 Jim Meyering * Version 5.3.0. `pr --columns=N' was not equivalent to `pr -N' when also using either -s or -w. * src/pr.c (main): Set `explicit_columns' for --columns=N, not just for -N. This bug has existed since the introduction of the --columns=N option on 1998-08-15. * NEWS: Document this. * tests/pr/Test.pm (test_vector): For each -N test, automatically create a new test vector using --columns=N. 2005-01-07 Paul Eggert * src/pr.c (main): Check for column count overflow with usages like "pr -2147483648". 2005-01-07 Jim Meyering * src/pr.c (init_fps): Use xnmalloc, rather than xmalloc. 2005-01-06 Jim Meyering * README: List the precise HP-UX version numbers that are affected. Suggestion from Bob Proulx. * Makefile.maint (sc_changelog): Specify find's `-maxdepth 2' predicate before `-name ChangeLog' to avoid a harmless warning from find-4.2.10. 2005-01-05 Jim Meyering * tests/help-version: Punt on the uptime test, since it fails when it can't get boot time, and I don't want that to stop `make check'. * src/du.c (process_file): Evaluate exclusion rules against the entire file name, not just the last component. Reported by Robert Lindgren. * tests/du/exclude: Test for this. * NEWS: Document this. Ensure that tests/Makefile.am's check-root actions stay up to date. * Makefile.maint (sc_root_tests): New rule. (syntax-check-rules): Add it to the list. 2005-01-04 Jim Meyering * man/shred.x: Change one-line summary to reflect that shred does not remove files by default. Suggestion from Helen Faulkner in http://bugs.debian.org/288552 * README: Request VERBOSE=yes output when reporting test failures. Other minor changes. * tests/Makefile.am (check-root): Update. 2005-01-03 Paul Eggert * src/system.h: Undo previous change; we now use Autoconf. 2005-01-03 Jim Meyering * tests/stty/row-col-1: Don't set rows or columns to zero, to avoid a bug in the TIOCGWINSZ ioctl on at least Solaris5.9 systems. Setting either (or both) to zero would succeed, but subsequent `stty size' would say `no size information for this device' due to the ioctl failing with EINVAL. * src/system.h: If PRIdMAX, PRIoMAX, PRIuMAX, and PRIxMAX are not all defined and either ULONG_MAX or ULLONG_MAX is not defined, then fail at compile-time rather than let tools like od produce invalid results at run time. 2004-12-21 Jim Meyering * src/csplit.c (usage): Say the default names are `xx00, xx01, ...', not `xx01, xx02, ...'. Reported by Matt Kraai in http://bugs.debian.org/286605 * tests/misc/split-fail: Avoid spurious failure on x86 Solaris5.9 when using c89. 2004-12-20 Paul Eggert * src/split.c (usage): Mention default size. Suggested by Dan Jacobson. 2004-12-19 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Mention that one should eval "`dircolors`" rather than `dircolors`. 2004-12-17 Jim Meyering * tests/mv/hard-link-1: Rearrange to use newer trap-handling code, so temporary directories aren't left behind upon e.g., interrupt. 2004-12-16 Paul Eggert * src/ls.c (print_dir): Use "%s: not listing already-listed directory", not "not listing already-listed directory: %s", to format already-listed directories, to be consistent with other diagnostics involving file names and colons. 2004-12-15 Jim Meyering * src/Makefile.am (__LDADD): Define, so that building `[' on Solaris still uses the -lgen library that it requires in order to get a definition of eaccess. 2004-12-14 Jim Meyering tac would exit immediately upon I/O or temp-file creation failure. Now it continues on, processing any remaining command line arguments. * src/tac.c: Include quotearg.h. Use quotearg_colon in most diagnostics. (copy_to_temp): Rewrite not to exit upon I/O or temp-file-creation failure. Before, this command (with /full/tmp being a full partition) TMPDIR=/full/tmp ./tac /proc/modules tac.c would exit immediately upon the write error while trying to copy non-seekable /proc/modules to the full partition. Now it still reports the failure but continues on with the remaining file. (tac_nonseekable): Return false also if copy_to_temp fails. [DONT_UNLINK_WHILE_OPEN]: Add a FIXME comment explaining that using atexit like this is wrong. * NEWS: Document this. * tests/misc/tac-continue: New test for this. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add tac-continue. * tests/chown/basic: Add a few more tests. 2004-12-13 Paul Eggert * src/ls.c (gobble_file): Change arg name to be command_line_arg rather than explicit_arg, for consistency with copy.c. (extract_dirs_from_files): Remove ignore_dot_and_dot_dot arg, since it is deducible from dirname arg. All callers changed. (extract_dirs_from_files, print_dir, queue_directory): Add command_line_arg arg. All callers changed. (struct pending): Add command_line_arg member. (main): Use NULL rather than 0 when appropriate. (set_exit_status, file_failure): New functions. (queue_directory): Store command_line_arg into new structure. (print_dir, gobble_file, get_link_name): Use file_failure to report problems in accessing files, so that the exit status is set consistently. (print_dir): Simplify readdir failure code yet again. If closedir fails, report "closing directory" rather than "reading directory" failure. (xstrcoll): Use set_exit_status to set status on failure. * tests/ls-2/tests (no-a-isdir-b): This now exits with status 2, not status 1. 2004-12-11 Jim Meyering Avoid a race condition vulnerability in chown, when used with --from=O:G and without the (-h) --no-dereference option. * src/chown-core.c (restricted_chown): New function. (change_file_owner): Call it. Reported by Ulrich Drepper. * NEWS: Mention this. 2004-12-09 Paul Eggert * ls now exits with status 1 on minor problems, 2 if serious trouble. * NEWS: Document this. * src/ls.c (LS_MINOR_PROBLEM, LS_FAILURE): New constants. All uses of EXIT_FAILURE replaced with LS_FAILURE, unless specified below. (main): Initialize exit failure to LS_FAILURE. (print_dir, gobble_file, get_link_name, xstrcoll): Set exit status to LS_MINOR_PROBLEM if the failure is minor. (print_dir): Do not give up on entire directory merely because readdir returns EOVERFLOW. (usage): Explain exit status. * tests/help-version: ls and variants now exit with status 2 on serious trouble. 2004-12-08 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Document new UTC+HH:MM date syntax, and put date changes together. 2004-12-07 Paul Eggert * src/factor.c (factor): Don't list 1 as a factor of 1. Problem reported by Thomas Folz-Donahue. 2004-12-06 Jim Meyering * tests/du/files0-from: Sanitize environment. Otherwise, e.g., BLOCKSIZE=k would cause a failure, and that setting is the default (exported from /etc/profile) on at least one NetBSD 1.6 system. * tests/du/no-deref: Likewise. * tests/cp/symlink-slash: Likewise. * tests/ls/symlink-slash: Likewise 2004-12-05 Jim Meyering * tests/tail/Test.pm (err-6) ["tail -c"]: Avoid test failure when _POSIX2_VERSION=199209 is in the environment, or when building on e.g., OpenBSD 3.2. 2004-12-04 Jim Meyering * NEWS: Mention cut's new --complement option. 2004-10-01 Paolo Bonzini * cut.c (complement, COMPLEMENT_OPTION): New. (longopts): Add --complement. (usage): Say not that -b, -c, and -f `print' fields, but rather that they `select' fields for printing. Describe the new --complement option. (mark_range_start): Extracted from set_fields. (print_kth): Support --complement. (compare_ranges): New function. (set_fields): Rewrite the part that populates range_start_ht, merging it with the part that populates printable_field. (main): Handle --complement. 2004-12-03 Paul Eggert * src/tail.c (tail_file): Set errnum to -1 if the initial "tail" failed. This works around an assertion failure reported by Roberto Nibali in: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2004-12/msg00012.html 2004-12-02 Jim Meyering With using --color and with LS_COLORS saying not to color executables, don't stat every file. * src/ls.c (is_colored): New function. (gobble_file): Use it. (main): Use it here, in place of too-strict tests against NULL: if either ORPHAN or MISSING was set to 0 from LS_COLORS, the old test would fail. 2004-12-01 Paul Eggert * src/comm.c (compare_files): Assume setlocale exists. * src/join.c (keycmp): Likewise. * src/seq.c (decimal_point): Treat like sort. Now char. All uses changed. (main): Assume localeconv exists. Use same code as sort. * src/sort.c (C_DECIMAL_POINT): Remove. Use changed to '.'. Assume setlocale exists. (thousands_sep): Renamed from th_sep. (IS_THOUSANDS_SEP): Remove. All uses replaced by comparisons. (NONZERO): Parenthesize use of arg. (numcompare): Avoid duplicate loads. Use ISDIGIT as boolean, for consistency. Avoid unnecessary negation by reversing fraccompare args. (main): Rewrite localeconv call to match seq.c. * src/system.h: Assume locale.h exists. (HAVE_SETLOCALE): Remove. * src/uniq.c (different): Assume setlocale exists. * src/ls.c (sort_files): Minor cleanup. Remove an unnecessary 'volatile' on a local variable. Rewrite to avoid unnecessary double-assignment to 'func' in the usual case where strcoll does not fail. 2004-11-30 Paul Eggert * src/pinky.c (gethostname): Remove decl. (scan_entries): Use IS_USER_PROCESS instead of by-hand code. * src/uptime.c (print_uptime): Use IS_USER_PROCESS and UT_TYPE_BOOT_TIME instead of by-hand code. * src/users.c (list_entries_users): Use IS_USER_PROCESS instead of by-hand code. * src/who.c (USER_PROCESS, RUN_LVL, INIT_PROCESS, LOGIN_PROCESS, DEAD_PROCESS, BOOT_TIME, NEW_TIME, UT_TYPE_UNDEF, UT_TYPE): Remove. (IS_USER_PROCESS): Move to ../lib/readutmp.h. (UT_TYPE_RUN_LVL, UT_TYPE_INIT_PROCESS, UT_TYPE_LOGIN_PROCESS, UT_TYPE_DEAD_PROCESS, UT_TYPE_NEW_TIME): New macros. (gethostname): Remove decl. (list_entries_who, scan_entries): Use the new macros defined above, for consistency with pinky, uptime, and users. 2004-11-25 Paul Eggert Fix problem reported by Scott S. Tinsley for HP-UX 11.11 using HP's ANSI C compiler. Declaring int functions causes warnings on some modern systems and shouldn't be needed to compile on ancient ones. * src/copy.h (stat, lstat, rename): Remove decls. * src/install.c (stat): Remove decl. * src/ln.c (link, symlink): Remove decls. 2004-11-25 Jim Meyering * man/help2man: Import help2man-1.35.1. * man/Makefile.am (.x.1): Remove now-unnecessary use of locally-added --program-name=NAME option. Now, help2man gets the name from the [NAME] section (i.e. from our .x file). * man/install.x: Use `install', not `ginstall' in the one-line description. Reported by Brendan O'Dea. * man/sha1sum.x: Use `sha1sum', not `shasum'. 2004-11-24 Jim Meyering Since the changes of 2004-05-22, the u.saved_cwd member at the bottom of the active-directory stack was no longer strictly necessary. This change removes that member and uses the newer cwd_state parameter for the final restore_cwd. * src/remove.c (struct AD_ent) [u]: Remove now-unnecessary union. [dev_ino]: Rename from `a'. (AD_pop_and_chdir): Add a parameter to play the role of just-removed bottom-of-stack cwd-state member. (AD_pop_and_chdir): No longer return boolean. Adjust caller. (AD_push_initial): Remove CWD parameter. Adjust caller. 2004-11-23 Paul Eggert Minor performance improvements and cleanups for "touch". * src/touch.c (posix_date): Remove; not needed as a static var. All uses rewritten. (touch): Use new futimens function to operate more efficiently in some cases. Don't stat/fstat existing file when (!amtime_now && change_times == (CH_ATIME | CH_MTIME)); the old time stamps aren't needed in that case. (main): change_times is int, not bool. Simplify test for change_times. 2004-11-20 Paul Eggert * src/install.c (usage): Avoid usage that runs afoul of Docbook translation. Problem reported by Eric S. Raymond. Restore dd's noctty flag, reverting the change of 2004-04-08. POSIX does not allow "dd" to use O_NOCTTY by default. * NEWS: Add noctty flag to dd. * doc/coreutils.texi (dd invocation): Likewise. * src/dd.c (flags, usage, main): Likewise. 2004-11-19 Alfred M. Szmidt * src/ls.c (usage): Clarified description of --no-group (-G), --human-readable (-h), --inode (-i), --size (-s), --time, and --time-style. 2004-11-19 Jim Meyering * src/ls.c (usage): Clarify description of --author. Tweak indentation so that help2man creates better nroff. Reported by Dan Jacobson. * src/uniq.c (check_file): Don't check stdout for errors here. * src/pwd.c (find_dir_entry): Update comment to match reality. 2004-11-18 Jim Meyering * src/pwd.c (robust_getcwd): Correct the comment: this function constructs the directory name. The caller prints it. 2004-11-16 Paul Eggert * src/stat.c (STATFS): New macro, for portability to Solaris 9. (do_statfs): Use it. * src/basename.c, src/chroot.c, src/cksum.c, src/dd.c, src/dirname.c, src/factor.c, src/hostid.c, src/hostname.c, src/link.c, src/logname.c, src/nohup.c, src/printenv.c, src/pwd.c, src/setuidgid.c, src/sleep.c, src/sync.c, src/tsort.c, src/unlink.c, src/uptime.c, src/users.c, src/whoami.c, src/yes.c (main): Use getopt_long rather than getopt. * src/readlink.c (main): argv is not const. * src/cut.c (usage): Improve documentation along the lines suggested by Debian 5.2.1-2. * src/echo.c (usage): Likewise. * src/expr.c (usage): Likewise. * src/dircolors.hin: Add putty, screen-bce. * src/pinky.c (print_entry): Fix memory leak. * src/who.c (print_user): Likewise. 2004-11-15 Paul Eggert * NEWS: New dd operand "status=noxfer". * src/dd.c (C_ASCII, C_EBCDIC, C_IBM, C_BLOCK, C_UNBLOCK, C_LCASE, C_UCASE, C_SWAB, C_NOERROR, C_NOTRUNC, C_SYNC, C_TWOBUFS, C_NOCREAT, C_EXCL, C_FDATASYNC, C_FSYNC): Now constants, not macros. (STATUS_NOXFER, statuses): New constants. (usage, print_stats, scanargs): Add support for status=noxfer. (usage): Update status output to match new behavior. (print_stats): Always output complete byte count. Put space between numbers and units, as SI requires. Use ngettext so that i18n can use plurals for "byte" and "second". Don't multiply by 1e-9 (inexact); divide by 1e9 (which is exact). (iflag_error_msgid, oflag_error_msgid): Remove; replace uses by the string. * tests/dd/skip-seek (@Tests): Use status=noxfer to avoid problems with regression testing. 2004-11-14 Paul Eggert * NEWS: dd now outputs total bytes, seconds, and bytes per second. * src/Makefile.am (dd_LDADD): Add $(LIB_CLOCK_GETTIME). * src/dd.c: Include "human.h". (w_bytes, start_time): New vars. (usage): Document new I/O statistics output (print_stats): Output new I/O statistics. (cleanup): Do statistics after closing stdin and stdout, so that the times are more accurate. (write_output, dd_copy): Count output bytes. (main): Get initial value of clock. 2004-11-14 Jim Meyering Backslash-escape `-'s in email addresses, so that they are rendered properly in UTF-locales. * man/help2man (escape_hyphens): New function. (main): Call it on email addresses. * src/sort.c (zaptemp): Mark new diagnostic for translation. * tests/misc/close-stdout: New file. Test today's closeout.c change. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add close-stdout. 2004-11-13 Jim Meyering * src/test.c (usage): Put the description of `[-n] STRING' on two lines, one for `-n STRING' and one for `STRING' so that help2man properly escapes the `-'. Otherwise, the hyphen is rendered inappropriately in UTF-8 locales. Reported by Uwe Zeisberger in http://bugs.debian.org/281069. 2004-11-12 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Document the following changes. * src/sort.c: Avoid O(N**2) behavior when there are many temporary files. (temptail): New variable, so that we can easily append to list. (create_temp_file): Create new files at end of list, so that searching the list has O(N*NMERGE) behavior instead of O(N**2). (zaptemp): Update temptail if needed. (mergefps, merge): Accept new arg that counts temp files, and keep it up to date as we create and remove temporaries. This is for efficiency, so that we don't call zaptemp so often. All callers changed. (sort): Don't create array in reverse order, since the list of temporaries is now in the correct order. (zaptemp): Protect against race condition: if 'sort' is interrupted in the middle of zaptemp, it might unlink the temporary file twice, and the second time this happens the file might already have been created by some other process. (zaptemp): Warn if a temporary file is not removed. (create_temp_file): Use offsetof for clarity. (die): Move it up earlier, to clean up the code a bit. * src/pr.c (strtoumax): Declare if not declared. (skip_to_page, first_page_number, last_page_number, page_number, first_last_page, print_header): Use uintmax_t for page numbers. (first_last_page): Remove unnecessary forward declaration. Do not modify arg (it is now a const pointer). Return a true if successful, false (without print a diagnostic) otherwise. (main): If +XXX does not specify a valid page range, treat it as a file name. This follows the response to Open Group XCU ERN 41 , which says the behavior is allowed. (skip_to_page): When starting page number exceeds page count, print both numbers in the diagnostic. (print_header): Detect page number overflow. 2004-11-07 Jim Meyering * src/uname.c [__APPLE__]: Include and . (main) [__APPLE__]: Get the processor type via syscall rather than hard-coding "powerpc". From Toby Peterson. * src/sort.c (merge): Remove declarations of now-unused variables. 2004-11-06 Paul Eggert * src/sort.c (first_same_file): Remove. Move most of the code to.... (avoid_trashing_input): New function. (merge): Avoid some silly merges, e.g., copying a single file to a temporary file when there are exactly 17 input files to merge. Take a count of temporary files rather than a max_merge arg. All uses changed. 2004-11-06 Jim Meyering * src/sort.c (xfclose): Don't close stdout here (just flush it), since close_stdout now closes stdout unconditionally. 2004-11-05 Paul Eggert * src/sort.c (inittables, sort_buffer_size, getmonth, mergefps, first_same_file, merge, sort, main): Use size_t for indexes to arrays. This fixes some unlikely havoc-wreaking bugs (e.g., more than INT_MAX temporary files). (getmonth, keycompare, compare): Rewrite to avoid need for alloca, thus avoiding unchecked stack overflow in some cases. As a side effect this improve the performance of "sort -M" by a factor of 4 on my benchmarks. 2004-11-03 Paul Eggert * src/stty.c: Include "vasprintf.h" since we use vasprintf now. * src/Makefile.am (check-AUTHORS): Don't assume \? works in a sed expression; it's not portable. Problem reported by Albert Chin. Don't invoke a program more than once. * src/groups.sh (version): New variable, containing author info, for benefit of AUTHORS check. Use it when acting on --version option. * AUTHORS: Remove duplicate lines. Remove bogus "chroot:" in groups line. * src/system.h: Don't #define and #undef getopt around , as this breaks the new regime that does "#define getopt rpl_getopt". Problem reported by Albert Chin for Solaris 9 with Sun cc in: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-gnulib/2004-11/msg00019.html I suppose this may cause problems on ancient hosts with incompatible getopt declarations, but we'll cross that bridge if the problem gets reported to us by someone who can test the fix. 2004-11-03 Jim Meyering * src/tac.c: quote(...) file names in diagnostics. 2004-10-29 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Document getdate changes. 2004-10-29 Jim Meyering * src/tac.c (tac_file): Remove temporary prototype and move this function `down' so that it precedes definition of tac_nonseekable. `tac /proc/modules' would print nothing Reported by Harald Dunkel in http://bugs.debian.org/278604. * src/tac.c (copy_to_temp): Renamed from save_stdin, since now it copies a general file descriptor, not just stdin. (tac_nonseekable): Renamed/adapted from tac_stdin. (tac_file): Get fd via `open' directly rather than via fopen/fileno, since we never used the stream. Perform "-" to stdin mapping here rather than in main. Determine whether a file is seekable, by trying to `lseek' to its end, and dispatch to tac_seekable or tac_nonseekable accordingly. (main): Rewrite argument handling now that it uses only tac_file. * NEWS: Mention it here. 2004-10-21 Jim Meyering * tests/mv/leak-fd: New file. * tests/mv/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add it. * tests/rm/dot-rel: New file. * tests/rm/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add it. Correct my patch of 2004-10-18. * src/remove.c (rm): Destroy the saved_cwd here (via cwd_state), if necessary, not in remove_dir. Otherwise, removing multiple `.'-relative nonempty directories no longer worked. 2004-10-20 Paul Eggert * src/fmt.c (usage): Improve description of --prefix. Problem reported by Edward Welbourne. * man/uniq.x: Change summary so that it doesn't imply that uniq writes to its input file. Problem reported by Dan Jacobson. 2004-10-18 Jim Meyering Plug a leak that would cause a cross-device mv to fail when operating on too many command-line-specified nonempty directories. * src/remove.c (remove_dir): Destroy the `struct saved_cwd' on the top of the stack before returning. This usually closes the file descriptor that was used to return to the original working directory. Reported by Cyril Bouthors in http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.core-utils.bugs/3048 * NEWS: Mention it here. * src/pathchk.c (validate_file_name): Give a more descriptive diagnostic when pathconf fails. This also avoids an unwarranted warning from gcc-3.3.5 about a format not being a string literal. * src/sleep.c (main): Remove declaration of unused local, c. * src/printenv.c (main): Likewise. * src/logname.c (main): Likewise. * src/uptime.c (main): Likewise, for optc. * src/tsort.c (main): Likewise, for opt. 2004-10-17 Paul Eggert * AUTHORS: Add self to pathchk. * src/pathchk.c (AUTHORS): Add self. Change "path" to "file name" whenever possible. Remove usage comment, as it was a duplication of the code or doc. Include if available. (mbrlen, mbstate_t) [! (HAVE_MBRLEN && HAVE_MBSTATE_T)]: Define. (NEED_PATHCONF_WRAPPER, PATH_MAX, PATH_MAX_FOR, NAME_MAX, pathconf_wrapper, portable_chars, dir_ok): Remove. (NAME_MAX_MINIMUM, PATH_MAX_MINIMUM): New macros. (pathconf, _PC_NAME_MAX, _PC_PATH_MAX): Define if nonexistent. (portable_chars_only): New arg FILELEN. Don't assume ASCII; we might be on an EBCDIC host. Don't assume unibyte locale in diagnostic. (component_start, component_len): New functions. (validate_file_name): Renamed from validate_path. All uses changed. Pretty much a complete rewrite. Don't make copy of file arg. Always append trailing slash to pathconf arg, just in case it's a symlink (this is pure paranoia; we don't know of any hosts where the trailing slash is required). Use size_t instead of long int when possible. Avoid need to call pathconf in most practical cases. Don't use euidaccess several times to test searchability; just use lstat once. Reword diagnostic to put the (often very long) file names last. 2004-10-15 Paul Eggert * src/printf.c (usage): Mention Unicode, and use H for hex digits. 2004-10-13 Jim Meyering * NEWS: Mention today's fts.c fix. 2004-10-13 Paul Eggert * tests/stty/row-col-1: Set LC_ALL=C. 2004-10-12 Jim Meyering * src/dircolors.hin: Add .flac and .mpc as audio suffixes. From Jesus Climent in http://bugs.debian.org/276149. 2004-10-05 Paul Eggert * src/ls.c (ignore_mode): Renamed from ignore, to avoid shadowing problems. All uses changed. 2004-10-05 Jim Meyering * .x-sc_trailing_blank: Add an exclusion for config/texinfo.tex, since Karl says its trailing blanks are there to stay :-) 2004-10-04 Paul Eggert * src/expr.c (NEW, OLD): Remove, partly to avoid reference to obsolescent macro XMALLOC. All uses replaced by xmalloc and free. 2004-09-28 Jim Meyering * src/tail.c (usage): Clarify: --retry works only with --follow=name. Reported by Nik A. Melchior in http://bugs.debian.org/273781. 2004-09-27 Paul Eggert * src/od.c (format_address_paren): c is optional, so don't output it if it's '\0'. 2004-09-26 Paul Eggert Add support for ls --hide. Idea suggested by Bardur Arantsson. * NEWS: Document this. * src/ls.c (file_ignored): Renamed from file_interesting, with inverted return value. Accept the file name, not a struct dirent *. All uses changed. Avoid the expense of calling fnmatch if the file is ignorable due to leading '.'. (all_files, really_all_files): Removed; replaced by: (ignore): New variable. All uses changed. (IGNORE_DEFAULT, IGNORE_DOT_AND_DOTDOT, IGNORE_MINIMAL, HIDE_OPTION): New constants. (hide_patterns): New variable. (long_options, decode_switches, file_ignored, usage): Add support for --hide. (patterns_match): New function. (usage): Replace "hide" with "ignore" in explanation, to avoid confusion. 2004-09-25 Paul Eggert * src/ls.c (gobble_file, print_long_format): Don't assume that human-readable output has a byte count equal to its column width; this isn't always true in locales where the radix character is not '.' or ','. (format_user_or_group): Revamp code to match the above fix; this avoids the (very faint) possibility of integer overflow. 2004-09-24 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Mention that "chmod -r -w x" now works as expected. * src/chmod.c (main): Revamp option processing to support this. * tests/chmod/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add 'usage'. * tests/chmod/usage: New set of tests for usage like that. 2004-09-24 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (CVS_LIST): Use --types=AFGM option so that it lists only cvs-controlled regular files. * src/csplit.c (xalloc_die): Declare to be `extern', not `static' to avoid a warning from gcc-3.4.1. Reported by Paul Eggert. 2004-09-23 Paul Eggert * Makefile.maint (CVS_LIST): New macro. (sc_space_tab, sc_prohibit_atoi_atof, sc_file_system, sc_prohibit_jm_in_m4, sc_system_h_headers, sc_sun_os_names, sc_trailing_blank, po-check): Use it instead of the nonstandard "cvsu --list". * src/tail.c (parse_obsolete_option): Bring back support for obsolete option followed by non-obsolete, or by more than one file. When obsolete, conform to SUSv2 rather than original POSIX 1003.2-1992, as SUSv2 corrected the case of "tail -c". Add support for the SUSv2 "b" modifier. * NEWS: Mention the above. * tests/tail/Test.pm: New test case obs-b to check the above. err-[134] no longer need _POSIX2_VERSION=199209. Fix comments to match revised behavior. 2004-09-22 Jim Meyering * Use automake-1.9.2. Regenerate dependent files. * src/remove.c (struct dirstack_state) [current_arg_jumpbuf]: Improve the comment. Clean up scoping etc. so that some make `distcheck' tests pass. * src/csplit.c (xalloc_die): Declare to be static. * src/chown-core.c (chown_files): Declare as `extern'. * src/cp-hash.c (remember_created): Likewise. * src/copy.c (copy): Likewise. * src/checksum.h (enum) [ALG_MD5]: Define to be 1, not 0. * src/id.c, src/nl.c, src/expand.c: Remove trailing blanks. * src/unexpand.c: Likewise. * src/Makefile.am (check-AUTHORS): New rule. (check): Depend on it. * AUTHORS: Update. * Makefile.maint (syntax-check-rules): Remove duplicate sc_tight_scope. (sc_system_h_headers): Also exclude copy.h; it includes . 2004-09-22 Paul Eggert * src/ls.c (decode_switches): Don't compare a short value to SIZE_MAX: GCC sometimes complains. 2004-09-21 Paul Eggert * NEWS: The following commands now reject unknown options: basename dirname factor hostname link nohup sync unlink yes Also, pathchk no longer accepts trailing options. * src/basename.c: Include . * src/chroot.c: Likewise. * src/dirname.c: Likewise. * src/factor.c: Likewise. * src/hostid.c: Likewise. * src/hostname.c: Likewise. * src/nohup.c: Likewise. * src/pwd.c: Likewise. * src/setuidgid.c: Likewise. * src/sync.c: Likewise. * src/basename.c (main): Reject unknown options. * src/dirname.c (main): Likewise. * src/factor.c (main): Likewise. * src/hostid.c (main): Likewise. * src/hostname.c (main): Likewise. * src/link.c (main): Likewise. * src/nohup.c (main): Likewise. * src/pwd.c (main): Likewise. * src/setuidgid.c (main): Likewise. * src/sync.c (main): Likewise. * src/unlink.c (main): Likewise. * src/yes.c (main): Likewise. * src/cat.c (main): Remove unused "case 0". * src/chgrp.c (main): Likewise. * src/chmod.c (main): Likewise. * src/chown.c (main): Likewise. * src/comm.c (main): Likewise. * src/cp.c (main): Likewise. * src/csplit.c (main): Likewise. * src/cut.c (main): Likewise. * src/date.c (main): Likewise. * src/df.c (main): Likewise. * src/du.c (main): Likewise. * src/env.c (main): Likewise. * src/expand.c (main): Likewise. * src/fold.c (main): Likewise. * src/head.c (main): Likewise. * src/id.c (main): Likewise. * src/install.c (main): Likewise. * src/join.c (main): Likewise. * src/ln.c (main): Likewise. * src/ls.c (decode_switches): Likewise. * src/mkdir.c (main): Likewise. * src/mkfifo.c (main): Likewise. * src/mknode.c (main): Likewise. * src/mv.c (main): Likewise. * src/nl.c (main): Likewise. * src/paste.c (main): Likewise. * src/pinky.c (main): Likewise. * src/pr.c (main): Likewise. * src/ptx.c (main): Likewise. * src/readlink.c (main): Likewise. * src/rm.c (main): Likewise. * src/rmdir.c (main): Likewise. * src/seq.c (main): Likewise. * src/shred.c (main): Likewise. * src/split.c (main): Likewise. * src/sum.c (main): Likewise. * src/tac.c (main): Likewise. * src/tail.c (main): Likewise. * src/tee.c (main): Likewise. * src/touch.c (main): Likewise. * src/tr.c (main): Likewise. * src/tty.c (main): Likewise. * src/uname.c (main): Likewise. * src/unexpand.c (main): Likewise. * src/wc.c (main): Likewise. * src/who.c (main): Likewise. * src/chroot.c (main): Use getopt where it suffices, not getopt_long. * src/cksum.c (main): Likewise. * src/dd.c (main): Likewise. * src/logname.c (main): Likewise. * src/printenv.c (main): Likewise. * src/sleep.c (main): Likewise. * src/tsort.c (main): Likewise. * src/uptime.c (main): Likewise. * src/users.c (main): Likewise. * src/whoami.c (main): Likewise. * src/du.c (long_options): Standardize on NULL vs 0. * src/rm.c (long_opts): Likewise. * src/logname.c (long_options): Remove. * src/printenv.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/sleep.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/tsort.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/uptime.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/users.c (longopts): Likewise. * src/whoami.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/pathchk.c (longopts): Add --help, --version. (main): Use longopts rather than parse_long_options. * src/stty.c (longpts, main): Likewise. * src/pathchk.c (main): Don't reorder arguments, so that we can check weird file names. * src/readlink.c: Don't include "long-options.h". * src/sort.c: Likewise. * src/stty.c: Likewise. * src/split.c (verbose): Now bool, not int. (VERBOSE_OPTION): New enum. (longopts, main): Use it. * tests/factor/basic: Adjust to new wording in diagnostic that results from the above changes. 2004-09-21 Jim Meyering * man/rm.x: Say "the response is affirmative" rather than "the response begins with y or Y", so that the documentation is accurate in non-English locales. Problem reported by Munzir Taha. 2004-09-19 Paul Eggert * src/echo.c (main): Don't pass NULL to strcmp when POSIXLY_CORRECT and given no arguments. * src/md5sum.c (STRING_OPTION): Remove. (long_options, main): Remove support for undocumented and obsolete --string option, as suggested in the 1996-09-26 patch. * NEWS: Document this. * tests/rm/fail-eperm: Don't try to remove writeable files in a sticky /tmp directory, as SVR4-like systems (e.g., Solaris 9) let you remove such files. Problem reported by Bert Fischer in: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2004-09/msg00074.html 2004-09-18 Paul Eggert * src/md5sum.c (STATUS_OPTION, STRING_OPTION): New enums. (long_options, main): Use them instead of magic numbers 2 and 1. For --string, optarg can't possibly be NULL. * src/dd.c (usage): Distinguish between options and operands. (scanargs): Don't mess with argc, argv; getopt_long handles this now. Say "operands" for operands, not "options". (main): Use getopt_long, so that "dd --" works as POSIX requires. * tests/dd/misc: Check for "dd --". * src/chroot.c (main): Reject unknown options instead of interpreting them as a directory to chroot to. * src/cksum.c: Remove obsolete comment about POSIX 1003.2/D11.2. The current standard (POSIX 1003.1-2004) is correct. (crc_remainder) [defined CRCTAB]: Renamed from "remainder" to avoid collision with builtin function. (main) [defined CRCTAB]: Output in lowercase hexadecimal, and output the first 0 as 8 digits, to make it easier to compare to the text of the standard. Output crctab to be a const array. (crctab): Use result of above changes. (long_options): Remove; not needed if empty. (main): getopt_long can't return 0 here, so simplify the code. 2004-09-13 Jim Meyering * src/Makefile.am (localedir.h): Don't redirect directly to target. 2004-09-13 Paul Eggert * src/id.c (print_full_info): Don't exit with failure status simply because a user or group number can't be turned into a name. Problem reported by Felipe Kellermann in: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2004-09/msg00081.html 2004-09-12 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (my-distcheck): When building with -Werror, also require -Wshadow. 2004-09-10 Paul Eggert * NEWS: "tail" now handles obscure POSIX 1003.2-1992 cases better. * src/tail.c (parse_obsolete_option): Renamed from parse_obsolescent_option, since the options are obsolete now. Remove bool *arg; just exit if there's an error. Revamp to follow POSIX 1003.2-1992 more precisely, to handle cases like "tail - file" and "tail -10 -- file" correctly when we are conforming to the older standard. (main): Adjust to this change. * tests/tail/Test.pm (test_vector): minus-* requires _POSIX2_VERSION=199209 now, to work correctly if there is an input file. err-1 and err-3 no longer errors if there is another file. 2004-09-09 Paul Eggert * src/test.c (usage): Document -r, -w, -x more carefully. 2004-09-08 Paul Eggert * src/test.c (usage): Document "test" (with no args) and "[ ]". Document that -h and -L don't dereference. * NEWS: Document that "tr xy -z" now works as per POSIX. Sort the descriptions. * src/tr.c (main): Don't reorder options. * tests/tr/Test.pm (fowler-1): New test case. 2004-09-06 Paul Eggert * src/touch.c (main): Fix POSIX-conformance bug: "touch -- MMDDhhmm file" must be treated like "touch MMDDhhmm file" when conforming to pre-2001 POSIX. * NEWS: Document this. * tests/touch/obsolescent: Test for this bug. Also, set _POSIX2_VERSION=199209 and POSIXLY_CORRECT=1 so that it's a better test for obsolescent features. * src/sort.c (main): Emulate Solaris 8 and 9 "sort -y", so that "sort -y abc" is like "sort abc" whereas "sort -y 100" is like plain "sort". * src/od.c: Several changes for POSIX and FreeBSD compatibility. (COMMON_SHORT_OPTIONS): Add -B, -D, -e, -F, -H, -I, -L, -O, -s, -X. (long_options, main): --strings is now -S, not -s. (usage): Reflect the usage changes. (parse_old_offset): Do not issue a diagnostic on failure; callers now do this as necessary. (main): Support POSIX syntax. Remove unused case 0 from getopt_long. Add support for new short options (many undocumented) for compatibility with FreeBSD. Remove FIXME for -s; it's now POSIX-compatible. Default format is now oS, not o2. * NEWS: Describe the above. 2004-09-05 Paul Eggert * src/stty.c (valid_options): Remove. (main): Fix some bugs in handling invalid option-combinations like "stty -F". (recover_mode): Arg is now char const *, not char *. (main): Use STDIN_FILENO, not 0. Simplify option-parsing code a tad. * tests/stty/basic-1: Check for the fixed bugs. 2004-09-03 Paul Eggert * src/stat.c (HAVE_STRUCT_STATXFS_F_TYPE): Fix typo that prevented it from ever being nonzero. Reported by Pozsar Balazs in: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2004-08/msg00189.html (human_fstype): Add ramfs, squashfs, sysfs. Reported by Pozsar Balazs in: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2004-08/msg00188.html (human_fstype): Return char const *, not char *. Simplify internals a bit, and avoid casts. * src/dd.c (usage): "alternated EBCDIC" -> "alternate EBCDIC". (bit_count): Remove. All uses changed to.... (multiple_bits_set): New function. (scanargs): Use it, and check separately for each set of incompatible options, to improve diagnostics. (MX): Remove. (apply_translations): Move checks for incompatible options to scanargs, so that they're done consistently. 2004-09-02 Paul Eggert Output correct errno-related diagnostic on "paste" I/O errors. * src/paste.c (write_error, xputchar): New functions. (paste_parallel): Use correct errno value after input error. (paste_parallel, paste_serial): Report errno value after output error. Port to diet libc. Problem reported by Felix von Leitner in: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2004-08/msg00171.html * src/paste.c (dummy_closed, CLOSED, dummy_endlist, ENDLIST): Remove; it's not portable C to assume FILE is a complete type. (paste_parallel): Use index test instead of ENDLIST, and NULL instead of CLOSED. 2004-08-24 Paul Eggert POSIX-conformance fixes for "expand" and "unexpand". Also, consistently use "tab stop" rather than "tabstop". * NEWS: Document fixes. * src/expand.c: Revamp to resemble the new unexpand.c better. (usage): -i does not convert tabs after non-tabs. (add_tab_stop): Renamed from add_tabstop. All uses changed. (parse_tab_stop): Renamed from parse_tabstop. All uses changed. (validate_tab_stop): Renamed from validate_tabstop. All uses changed. (next_file, main): Check fclose against 0, not EOF. (expand): Remove unnecessary casts. Add another loop nesting level, for lines, so that per-line variables are initialized cleanly. Revamp tab checking. Check for write error immediately, rather than just once at the end of the program. * src/unexpand.c: Lkewise (for the expand.c changes). (TAB_STOP_SENTINEL): Remove. (tab_size): Now size_t, not uintmax_t, since we need to store the sequences of blanks. (max_column_width): New var. (usage): Say "blank" where POSIX requires this. (add_tab_stop): Calculate maximum column width. (unexpand): Store the pending blanks, instead of merely counting them. Follow POSIX's rules about -a requiring two blanks before a tab stop. Get rid of internal label and goto. * tests/unexpand/basic-1: Fix infloop-3 to match POSIX. Add blanks-1 through blanks-13. 2004-08-19 Paul Eggert * NEWS: "chown : file", "chown '' file", and "chgrp '' file" now succeed without changing the uid and gid, like FreeBSD. * src/chgrp.c (parse_group): Return gid_t rather than storing it through a pointer. Treat "chgrp '' file" as a no-op change, as FreeBSD does. (main): Set chopt.group_name to NULL if the group is the empty string. * src/chown-core.c (describe_change): Describe changes to -1:-1 without using "to OWNERSHIP" phrase. * src/chown.c (usage): "chown '' file" is now allowed. (main): Do not set user name to the empty string if the group name is null. * tests/chgrp/basic: Test "chgrp '' file". * tests/chown/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add separator. * tests/chown/separator: New file, partly taken from Dmitry V. Levin's suggestion in 2004-08-11 Paul Eggert * tests/install/basic-1: Test for the -d regression. 2004-08-11 Dmitry V. Levin * src/install.c (main): Fix -d regression introduced with --target-directory support at 2004-06-25. 2004-08-11 Paul Eggert * src/copy.c (copy_internal): When preserving links, unlink a destination with link count greater than one. This is so that commands like "cp -a" don't get confused when copying into a destination that already contains many hard links. Problem reported by Tim Waugh in: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2004-08/msg00053.html 2004-08-10 Paul Eggert Convert all files to UTF-8. * tests/fmt/basic (8-bit-pfx): Use UTF-8, not Latin-1. * tests/sort/Test.pm (16a): Likewise. * tests/uniq/Test.pm (8): Likewise. * tests/misc/printf-hex: Use ASCII, not Latin-1. * NEWS: Document "sort -o -" and "tee -" POSIX-conformance fixes. * src/shred.c (usage): "-" is an operand, not an option. * src/sort.c (die, xfopen, mergefps, first_same_file, merge): A null file arg means standard output. (main): "-o -" means to write to a file named "-", not to standard output. * src/tee.c (usage, tee): "tee -" writes to standard output, not to a file named "-". 2004-08-10 Dmitry V. Levin * src/install.c (change_timestamps): Fix int->bool conversion bugs introduced on 2004-07-29. 2004-08-09 Paul Eggert * src/shred.c (wipename): Work even if the directory is writeable and not readable. Prefer write access, since this should work better with fdatasync. * src/csplit.c (xalloc_die): New function. (main): Remove now-obsolete initialization of xalloc_fail_func. * src/md5sum.c: Adjust to sha->sha1 renaming. 2004-08-08 Dmitry V. Levin Minor code cleanup. * src/readlink.c (canonicalize_fname): Remove unneeded proxy function. (can_mode): Make variable local. 2004-08-07 Paul Eggert * src/system.h (O_BINARY) [!O_BINARY && defined O_BINARY]: Do not define, to avoid annoying compiler messages on QNX 6.3. Problem reported by Johan in: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2004-08/msg00050.html 2004-08-04 Paul Eggert * src/system.h (PRIdMAX, PRIoMAX, PRIuMAX, PRIxMAX): Define to a concatenation of string literals, not to an expression; needed for concatenation contexts. (INTMAX_MAX, INTMAX_MIN): New macros. * src/stat.c (print_stat): Don't assume st_ino / st_dev fits in unsigned long; this isn't true for st_ino on Solaris 9. 2004-08-03 Paul Eggert * src/uname.c: Do not depend on HAVE_SYSCTL when deciding whether to include files. Include if HAVE_SYS_PARAM_H (not HAVE_SYSCTL). (main) [defined __POWERPC__]: Add a kludge to work around a Mac OS X bug, so that uname -p defaults to "powerpc" if sysctl ((int[]) {CTL_HW, HW_MACHINE_ARCH}, 2, buffer, &bufsize, 0, 0) fails. Problem reported by Petter Reinholdtsen in: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-gnu-utils/2003-02/msg00201.html * src/uniq.c (hard_LC_COLLATE, ignore_case, different, check_file, main): Use bool for booleans. (writeline, check_file): Use uintmax_t for line counts. (check_file): Check for and report line number overflow, when that matters. * src/wc.c (iswspace, wc): Use to_uchar rather than a cast. (print_lines, print_words, print_chars, print_bytes, print_linelength, have_read_stdin, wc, wc_file, main): Use bool for booleans. (exit_status): Remove. (wc, wc_file): Return bool status. All callers changed. * src/who.c (scan_entries): 0 -> STDIN_FILENO. * src/whoami.c (main): Print uids using unsigned long int, not unsigned int. * src/unexpand.c: Int cleanup and minor reorganization to be more like src/expand.c. Include quote.h, xstrndup.h. (TAB_STOP_SENTINEL): Increase from INT_MAX to INTMAX_MAX. (convert_entire_line, have_read_stdin, parse_tabstops, next_file, unexpand, main): Use bool for booleans. (tab_size, tab_list, add_tabstop, validate_tabstops, unexpand): Use uintmax_t for column counts. (first_free_tab, validate_tabstops, unexpand): Use size_t for sizes. (add_tabstop, parse_tabstops, main): Don't reserve UINTMAX_MAX as a tab stop. (parse_tabstops): Don't use ISBLANK on possibly-signed char. Detect overflow in tab stop string. (next_file, main): Use EXIT_FAILURE/EXIT_SUCCESS instead of 1/0. (unexpand): Concatenate input files the same way expand does. * src/touch.c (no_create, use_ref, posix_date, amtime_now, touch, main): Use bool for booleans. (main): Avoid integer overflow when given more than INT_MAX options. * src/tsort.c (struct item, n_strings): Use size_t for sizes. (have_read_stdin, count_items, scan_zeros, detect_loop, recurse_tree, walk_tree, tsort, main): Use bool for booleans. (exit_status): Remove. (tsort): Return a success flag instead of storing into a global. (main): Use it. * src/tty.c (silent, main): Use bool for booleans. (main): 0 -> STDIN_FILENO. * src/uname.c (print_element): Use bool for booleans. * src/test.c (TRUE, FALSE, SHELL_BOOLEAN, TRUTH_OR, TRUTH_AND): Remove. All uses replaced by C99 boolean primitives. (TEST_TRUE, TEST_FALSE): New constants, for readability. (test_unop, binop, unary_operator, binary_operator, two_arguments, three_arguments, posixtest, expr, term, and, or, is_int, age_of, one_argument, main): Use bool for booleans. (advance, unary_advance): Now inline procedures rather than a macros. (is_int): Renamed from isint, to avoid namespace clash with ctype.h. (term, and, or): When it's easy, loop instead of recursing. (term): Avoid integer overflow if there are INT_MAX-3 args (!). (binary_operator, unary_operator): Simplify by systematically rewriting true==FOO to FOO (where FOO is a boolean). (unary_operator): Don't consider a file to be a regular file merely because its mode&S_IFMT is zero. Just use S_ISREG. Remove unnecessary casts. Remove ifdefs for things like S_ISSOCK that are no longer needed, since stat-macros.h always defines them now. * src/tac-pipe.c (buf_init_from_stdin, find_bol, tac_mem): Use bool for booleans. (buf_init_from_stdin, buf_free, find_bol, print_line): Use size_t for sizes. * src/tac.c (separator_ends_record, tac_seekable, tac_file, tac_stdin, tac_stdin_to_mem, main): Use bool for booleans. (match_length, G_buffer_size, tac_seekable, main): Use size_t for sizes. (tac_seekable): Use ptrdiff_t for pointer subtraction. Report an error if the result is out of range. (tac_seekable, main): Check for integer overflow in buffer size calculations. (main): Remove unnecessary casts. * src/su.c (run_shell): Pass a new n_additional_args arg, so that the callee doesn't have to count 'em. All callers changed. Don't allocate more space for the arg vector than we'll need. Use memcpy to copy the args rather than rolling our own loop. Use size_t for sizes. (fast_startup, simulate_login, change_environment, log_su, correct_password, restricted_shell, main): Use bool for booleans. (longopts): Don't assume change_environment is an int. Use NULL, not 0, for pointers. (xsetenv): New function, replacing xputenv and concat. All callers changed. (elements): Remove; no longer needed. (log_su, correct_passwd, main): Prefer !x to x==NULL. (log_su): 2 -> STDERR_FILENO. (modify_environment, main): Don't assume that getenv's returned value has an indefinite lifetime. (modify_environment): Allocate a larger environ. (main): Remove an impossible 'case 0'; if it happens now, it'll get diagnosed. Don't assume getpwnam results outlive endpwent. Check for null or empty pw_name, pw_dir and for null pw_passwd. * src/stty.c (VA_START): Remove. All callers now use va_start. (_POSIX_VDISABLE): Remove unnecessary cast. (struct control_info, visible): Use cc_t for control chars. (struct control_info): Use size_t for sizes. (recover_mode, set_mode, display_speed, display_window_size, valid_options, main, display_changed): Use bool for booleans. (integer_arg): Return unsigned long int, not long int. Accept new max arg; all callers changed, to specify a maximum value for integer parameters instead of silently overflowing. (wrap): Do not overrun the stack buffer if the output contains more than 1024 bytes. Instead, malloc a buffer. (main): Remove a "what is this?!?" FIXME. Nobody knows what it is. Remove unnecessary casts. (set_control_char): Allow int values only up to cc_t range. (screen_columns): Don't reject INT_MAX. (display_changed, display_all, display_speed, recover_mode): Don't assume cc_t fits in int. * src/remove.h: Add copyright notice. (struct rm_options): Use bool for booleans. * src/rmdir.c (empty_paths, ignore_fail_on_non_empty, verbose, errno_rmdir_non_empty, remove_parents, main): Likewise. * src/sum.c (have_read_stdin, bsd_sum_file, sysv_sum_file, main): Likewise. (main): Don't dump core if invoked with argv[0]==NULL. * src/tee.c (tee, append, ignore_interrupts, main, tee): Use bool for booleans. (tee): Use ssize_t for read returns. * src/ptx.c: Add a FIXME mentioning that there are many unchecked integer overflows in this file. (gnu_extensions, auto_reference, input_reference, right_reference, ignore_case, initialize_regex, fix_output_parameters, output_one_roff_line, output_one_text_line, output_one_dumb_line, main): Use bool for booleans. (SKIP_SOMETHING, compare_words, digest_break_file, find_occurs_in_text, fix_output_parameters): Use to_uchar instead of a caset. (print_field): Rewrite to avoid cast. * src/printf.c (posixly_correct): Use bool for booleans. (verify, main): Use EXIT_FAILURE/EXIT_SUCCESS instead of 1/0. (STRTOX): Rewrite to avoid casts. (print_esc_char): Arg is char, not int. * src/readlink.c (canonicalize): Remove. All uses now merely inspect can_mode. (no_newline, verbose): Use bool for booleans. (can_mode): Now of type int; use -1 to denote otherwise-uninitialized. * src/shred.c (struct Options, main): Use bool for booleans. (isaac_seed_data, fillpattern, wipefile): Rewrite to avoid casts. * src/split.c (cwrite, bytes_split, lines_split, line_bytes_split): Use bool for booleans. * src/stat.c (G_fail): Remove. (print_statfs): Print various gotta-be-nonnegative values using unsigned long int, not long int or int. (do_statfs, do_stat): Return a boolean success flag. (do_stat, main): Use bool for booleans. * src/pr.c: Add a FIXME mentioning that there are many unchecked integer overflows in this file. (TRUE, FALSE): Remove. All uses replaced by true and false. (struct COLUMN, read_line, print_page, print_stored, open_file, skip_to_page, init_fps, parallel_files, align_empty_cols, empty_line, FF_only, explicit_columns, extremities, keep_FF, print_a_FF, print_a_header, use_form_feed, have_read_stdin, print_across_flag, storing_columns, balance_columns, truncate_lines, join_lines, untabify_input, failed_opens, numbered_lines, skip_count, use_esc_sequence, use_cntrl_prefix, double_space, ignore_failed_opens, use_col_separator, pad_vertically, last_line, main, init_parameters, skip_read, read_line, print_stored): Use bool for booleans. (struct COLUMN, char_to_clump, store_char, print_char): Use char for chars. (clump_buff, print_clump): Use char[], not int[], for an array whose elements are always chars. (first_last_page, main, getoptarg, balance, add_line_number, char_to_uclump): Remove unnecessary casts. (init_parameters): Allocate chars, not ints, for clump_buff. (print_char): Use to_uchar before invoking ISPRINT. (char_to_clump): Convert to unsigned char before invoking ISPRINT. * src/nohup.c (main): Use bool for booleans. * src/paste.c (paste_parallel, paste_serial, main): Likewise. * src/pathchk.c (validate-path, main, portable_chars_only): Likewise. (portable_chars_only): Use to_uchar rather than a cast. * src/printenv.c (main): Use bool for booleans. Do not assume that the environ has at most one matching entry for each option (integer overflow was possible otherwise). * src/od.c (FMT_BYTES_ALLOCATED): Now an enum, not a decimal constant. Do not assume PRIdMAX etc. are strings of length 3 or less. (struct tspec): Use it. fmt_string is now an array, not a pointer, as there's little point to the indirection here. (struct tspec, flag_dump_strings, traditional, flag_pseudo_start, limit_bytes_to_format, abbreviate_duplicate_blocks, have_read_stdin, simple_strtoul, decode_one_format, open_next_file, check_and_close, decode_format_string, skip, write_block, read_char, read_block, parse_old_offset, dump, dump_strings, main): Use bool for booleans. (struct tspec): Use void *, not char *, for generic pointers. (bytes_to_oct_digits, bytes_to_signed_dec_digits, bytes_to_unsigned_dec_digits, bytes_to_hex_digits): Use char, not unsigned int, since char suffices. (print_s_char, print_char, print_s_short, print_short, print_int, print_long, print_long_long, print_float, print_double, print_long_double): Rewrite to avoid casts. These now take void * arguments, instead of char *. Use the same body for all functions, except for the choice of type. Assume C89 to simplify handling of signed char. (dump_hexl_mode_trailer, print_named_ascii, print_ascii): Rewrite to avoid casts. (print_named_ascii, print_ascii): Now takes void *, not char *. (decode_one_format): Use int for printf field widths, not unsigned int. Pass void * to subsidiary printers, not char *. Simplify handling of floating-point formats by factoring out common code dealing with precision and field width. (decode_format_string): Avoid need for temporary copy of each decoded struct tspec. (get_lcm): Remove unnecessary cast. (main): Fix bug where more than INT_MAX failed decodes were ignored. 2004-08-02 Paul Eggert * src/nl.c (TRUE, FALSE): Remove; all uses changed to true, false. (enum number_format): Remove. (FORMAT_RIGHT_NOLZ, FORMAT_RIGHT_LZ, FORMAT_LEFT): Now strings, not enum values. (DEFAULT_SECTION_DELIMITERS): Now an array constant, not a macro. (section_del): Now const. (print_fmt): Remove. (starting_line_number, page_incr, blank_join, line_no, print_lineno, proc_text, main): Use intmax_t for line numbers. (reset_numbers, have_read_stdin, build_type_arg, nl_file, main): Use bool for booleans. (lineno_format): Now a string, not an enum value. (build_print_fmt): Remove. All calls removed. This work is now done within print_lineno. (build_type_arg): Use size_t for sizes. (print_lineno): Check for line number overflow. (proc_text, main): Remove unnecessary cast. * src/ln.c (symbolic_link, interactive, remove_existing_files, verbose, hard_dir_link, dereference_dest_dir_symlinks, do_link, main): Use bool for booleans. * src/ls.c (struct fileinfo, file_interesting, extract_dirs_from_files, color_symlink_as_referent, FILE_OR_LINK_MODE, sort_reverse, print_owner, print_group, numeric_ids, print_block_size, dired, print_with_color, check_symlink_color, print_inode, recursive, immediate_dirs, all_files, really_all_files, qmark_funny_chars, print_dir_name, format_needs_stat, format_needs_type, visit_dir, main, decode_switches, parse_ls_color, print_dir, file_interesting, gobble_file, make_link_path, basename_is_dot_or_dotdot, extract_dirs_from_files, print_long_format): Use bool for booleans. (dir_defaulted): Remove; no longer needed. (main): Use int to count files, since it suffices for argv. Rewrite to avoid need for dir_defaulted. (main, print_dir, gobble_file, get_link_name, xstrcoll): Set exit status to EXIT_SUCCES/EXIT_FAILURE rather than 0/1. (decode_switches): Put back check for ws.ws_col <= SIZE_MAX. Remove unnecessary cast to int. Use int instead of unsigned int to count from 0 to 1. (get_funky_string, print_type_indicator): Use char for bytes, not int. (make_link_path): Use NULL for null pointers. (quote_name): Use to_uchar instead of cast. * src/id.c (use_name, main, print_user, xgetgroups, print_group_list, print_full_info): Use bool for booleans. (problems): Remove, replacing with.... (ok): New var (inverted from old sense). (print_user, print_group, print_full_info): Print uids/gids with %lu, not %u. (xgetgroups): Don't run out of memory if getgroups or getugroups returns -1. * src/setuidgid.c (main): Print uids/gids with %lu, not %ld. * src/factor.c (wheel_tab): Use unsigned char instead of unsigned int, since it suffices. (factor, print_factors): Use size_t for sizes. (print_factors, do_stdin, main): Use bool for booleans. * src/fold.c (TAB_WIDTH): New macro; use it instead of "8". (fold_file, main): Use bool for booleans. (fold_file, main): Use size_t for sizes. (main): Allow -w options up to SIZE_MAX - TAB_WIDTH - 1, instead of prohibiting widths greater than INT_MAX. * src/head.c (presume_input_pipe, print_headers, have_read_stdin, write_header, elide_tail_bytes_pipe, elide_tail_bytes_file, elide_tail_lines_pipe, elide_tail_lines_seekable, elide_tail_lines_file, head_bytes, head_lines, head, head_file, string_to_integer, main): Use bool for booleans. (main): Rewrite to avoid cast. * src/csplit.c (struct line): Use size_t for sizes. (main): Remove unnecessary cast. * src/cut.c (cut_fields): Use to_uchar rather than a cast. * src/cut.c (cut_file, main): Use bool for booleans. * src/date.c (show_date, rfc_format, batch_convert, main): Likewise. * src/env.c (main): Likewise. * src/expr.c (nextarg): Likewise. * src/env.c (main): Remove unused and nonstandard envp arg. * src/fmt.c (COST, MAXWORDS): Add a comment describing some of fmt's arbitrary limits. (TRUE, FALSE): Remove; all uses changed to (true, false). (main): Use bool for booleans. Limit maximum width to MAXCHARS / 2. Use xstrtoul, not xstrtol, to parse width. (copy_rest): Remove unnecessary cast. (get_prefix): Rewrite to avoid cast. (check_punctuation): Use char *, not unsigned char *; C89 requires this. Avoid off-by-one buffer read overrun when line is empty. (flush_paragraph): Don't assume wptr-parabuf is <= INT_MAX. Remove unnecessary casts. * tests/fmt/basic (wide-1, wide-2, bad-suffix): Adjust to above changes. * src/expand.c (convert_entire_line, have_read_stdin, parse_tabstops, next_file, expand, main): Use bool for booleans. (tab_size, tab_list, add_tabstop, parse_tabstops, validate_tabstops, expand, main): Use uintmax_t for column counts. (add_tabstop): Don't reserve -1 (now UINTMAX_MAX) as a special value. All callers changed. (parse_tabstops): Don't pass a negative char to isblank. Avoid memory leak with large tab stops. (validate_tabstops, expand): Don't assume number of tab stops is <= INT_MAX. (next_file, main): Use EXIT_SUCCESS/EXIT_FAILURE rather than 0/1 when storing values into exit_status. (expand): Use same pattern as unexpand for reading chars. Report an error when input line is too long, instead of silently screwing up. Do not mishandle tab stops when backspacing left over start of line. * src/dircolors.c (have_read_stdin, append_quoted, dc_parse_stream, dc_parse_file, main): Use bool for booleans. (dc_parse_stream): Use enum for state, rather than int. Use ssize_t to store getline result. * src/dd.c (translation_needed, parse_integer, scanargs, apply_translations, char_is_saved, swab_buffer, skip_via_lseek): Use bool for booleans. (translate_buffer): Use to_uchar rather than a cast. (swab_buffer, copy_simple, copy_with_unblock): Use size_t for sizes. * src/seq.c (equal_width, valid_format, main): Use bool for booleans. * src/sleep.c (apply_suffix): Likewise. * src/tail.c (struct File_spec, reopen_inaccessible_files, count_lines, forever, from_start, print_headers, have_read_stdin, valid_file_spec, write_header, file_lines, pipe_lines, pipe_bytes, recheck, tail_forever, tail_bytes, tail_lines, tail, tail_file, parse_obsolescent_option, parse_options, main): Likewise. * src/sleep.c (apply_suffix): Invert sense of result. Use int (not unsigned int) for multiplier, as this generates better code with some compilers. Simplify code a bit. * src/tail.c (struct File_spec, max_n_unchanged_stats_between_opens, parse_options): Use uintmax_t, not unsigned int or unsigned long int, for state counters. (tail_bytes, tail_lines): Redo test of return value (-1, 0, 1) to make it a bit clearer. * src/hostname.c: Include "xgethostname.h". (xgethostname): Remove decl; xgethostname.h has it. (sethostname) [!defined(HAVE_SETHOSTNAME) && defined(HAVE_SYSINFO) && defined (HAVE_SYS_SYSTEMINFO_H) && defined(HAVE_LIMITS_H)]: Use prototypes rather than K&R form. Assume any negative value from sysinfo denotes failure, not just -1. (main): Simplify use of sethostname. * src/pinky.c (include_idle, include_heading, include_fullname, include_project, include_plan, include_home_and_shell, do_short_format, include_where, main): Use bool for booleans. (count_ampersands, create_fullname, scan_entries, short_pinky): Use size_t for sizes. (create_fullname): Check for overflow in size calculations. (idle_string): Don't assume that the number of idle days is less than 10**8 and/or INT_MAX/(24*60*60). (main): No need to pass a non-NULL last arg to getopt_long. * src/uptime.c (print_uptime, uptime): Use size_t for sizes. (print_uptime): Remove unused local variable. (main): No need to pass a non-NULL last arg to getopt_long. * src/users.c (list_entries_users, users): Use size_t for sizes. (list_entries_users): Use char for bytes. (main): No need to pass a non-NULL last arg to getopt_long. * src/who.c (do_lookup, short_list, short_output, include_idle, include_heading, include_mesg, include_exit, need_boottime, need_deadprocs, need_login, need_initspawn, need_clockchange, need_runlevel, need_users, my_line_only, main): Use bool for booleans. (print_runlevel): Use unsigned char for bytes. (list_entries_who, scan_entries, who): Use size_t for sizes. (main): No need to pass a non-NULL last arg to getopt_long. * src/install.c (isdir): Remove decl. (install_file_to_path): Rely on make_path to fail if the destination is not a directory, by passing preserve_existing==true to it. Hence we no longer need to call isdir. Free dest_dir immediately when it's no longer needed, rather than waiting until the end of the function. (copy_file): Don't bother calling isdir, as copy will do the right thing if the destination is a directory. * src/du.c (fts_debug, opt_all, apparent_size, opt_count_all, print_grand_total, opt_separate_dirs, hash_ins, process_file, main): Use bool for booleans. (max_depth): Now size_t, not int, to avoid an arbitrary limit of INT_MAX on depth. (G_fail): Remove: no longer needed, now that the relevant functions return bool. (process_file): Use return value to signal success rather than setting a global. Remove first_call static var; not needed, since we can look at n_alloc. Use size_t for depths. Remove FIXME about size_t casts, as it's now fixed. Use xnrealloc rather than the obsolescent XREALLOC. Don't bother to check whether reallocation is needed unless level > prev_level. (du_files): Invert sense of result, for consistency with other coreutils code. All callers changed. (main): Allow --max-depth values up to SIZE_MAX. * src/df.c (inode_format, show_all_fs, show_local_fs, show_listed_fs, posix_format, require_sync, print_type, selected_fstype, excluded_fstype, show_dev, show_point, main): Use bool for booleans. (df_readable, show_dev): Use UINTMAX_MAX instead of -1. (show_dev, show_point, main): Use EXIT_SUCCESS/EXIT_FAILURE instead of 0/1. Don't assume disk name lengths are <= INT_MAX. Rewrite pct calculation to avoid cast. (show_point): Don't assume resolved length is <= SSIZE_MAX. * src/cut.c (hash_int) [!defined UINTPTR_MAX]: Use size_t instead of uintptr_t. * src/shred.c (UINT_MAX_32_BITS): Remove. (word32): Remove. All uses changed to uint32_t. (isaac_seed_data): Remove unnecessary cast. * src/system.h (ptr_align): Use size_t; in practice, this is just as good as uintptr_t in checking for alignments, and has fewer configuration hassles. * src/Makefile.am (localedir.h): Make it readonly; this undoes part of the 2004-07-27 patch. 2004-07-30 Paul Eggert * src/sort.c (UCHAR): Remove; all uses changed to to_uchar. (IS_THOUSANDS_SEP): Use bool when appropriate. (numcompare, main): Use char, not int, when the value is always a char. (numcompare): Remove "register"; compilers are smart enough these days. * src/system.h (errno, CHAR_BIT): Remove decls; no longer needed now we assume C89 or better. Include before , as it's the Autoconf-recommended pattern. (to_uchar): New inline function, moved here from tr.c. Use full names for int types, e.g. "long int" rather than "long". * src/tr.c (to_uchar): Remove; now in system.h. (is_char_class_member): Use bool when appropriate. * src/mkdir.c (create_parents, main): Use bool when appropriate. (main): Use EXIT_SUCCESS/EXIT_FAILURE instead of 0/1. 2004-07-29 Paul Eggert * src/mkfifo.c (main): Use EXIT_SUCCESS and EXIT_FAILURE, not 0 and 1. * src/chmod.c (recurse, force_silent, process_file, process_files, main): Use bool when appropriate. * src/cksum.c (cksum, main): Likewise. * src/comm.c (hard_LC_COLLATE, only_file_1, only_file_2, both, compare_files, main): Likewise. * src/copy.h (struct cp_options): Likewise. * src/copy.c (copy_internal, is_ancestor, copy_dir, copy_reg, same_file_ok, seen_file, copy_internal, valid_options, copy): Likewise. * src/cp-hash.h (remember_created): Likewise. * src/cp-hash.c (remember_created): Likewise. * src/cp.c (struct dir_attr, flag_path, remove_trailing_slashes, re_protect, make_path_private, target_directory_operand, do_copy, cp_option_init, decode_preserve_arg, main): Likewise. * src/install.c (isdir, change_timestamps, change_attributes, copy_file, install_file_to_path, install_file_in_dir, install_file_in_file, strip_files, dir_arg, cp_option_init, main, change_attributes, change_timestamps): Likewise. * src/mv.c (remove_trailing_slashes, rm_option_init, cp_option_init, do_move, movefile, main): Likewise. * src/remove.c (right_justify), full_filename_, AD_pop_and_chdir, AD_push, prompt, remove_dir): Likewise. * src/rm.c (rm_option_init, main): Likewise. * src/remove.c (top_dir, pop_dir, full_filename_): Use size_t for sizes. * src/cp.c (target_directory_operand): Do not clear *NEW_DST if stat succeeds. It's not necessary in that case, as *NEW_DST is always false already. (do_copy): Rewrite slightly to avoid need for "unreachable" comment. (main): Use EXIT_SUCCESS, EXIT_FAILURE instead of 0, 1. * src/rm.c (main): Likewise. md5sum, sha1sum integer cleanups. * src/checksum.h: Don't include config.h, sys/types.h, stdio.h: not needed. (ALG_UNSPECIFIED): Remove. (ALG_MDT): Don't make it equal to CHAR_MAX + 1; this isn't necessary. * src/md5.c: Don't include any files other than checksum.h. * src/sha1sum.c: Likewise. * src/md5sum.c (OPENOPTS, have_read_stdin, status_only, warn, bsd_split_3, split_3, hex_digits, digest_file, digest_check, main): Use bool when appropriate. (digest_check): Increase limit of number of input lines to UINTMAX_MAX from INT_MAX. Diagnose any overflows of this counter. Use ngettext instead of hard-to-i18nize hardcoded stuff for plurals. 2004-07-28 Paul Eggert * src/cat.c (exit_status): Remove. Now done by passing a boolean 'ok' flag around. (simple_cat, cat): Return true if successful. All callers changed. (simple_cat, cat, main): Use bool for booleans. (simple_cat): Use size_t for sizes. (cat, main): Use the same names for parameters that we use for long options, to avoid confusion. This inverts the sense of the show_tabs (formerly output_tabs) and number_nonblank (formerly numbers_at_empty_lines) variables. (main): Don't mess up (due to integer overflow) if we are given INT_MAX - INT_MIN + 1 options. [O_BINARY]: Don't invoke isatty unless the other options require it. (main): When deciding whether to use simple_cat, don't worry about binary option; it's irrelevant. * src/dcgen: Remove comments, trailing white space, and empty lines from the output strings, to save space. Use a narrower type like 'unsigned char' for line lengths, if that will do. Make the output variables static, not extern. * src/chgrp.c (parse_group): Require base 10 when parsing groups as integers. (main): int -> bool when appropriate. * src/chown.c (main): Likewise. * src/chown-core.c: Include inttostr.h. (UINT_MAX_DECIMAL_DIGITS, uint_to_string): Remove. (gid_to_name, uid_to_name): Use imaxtostr/umaxtostr instead of uint_to_string). (describe_change): Instead of an int flag, use a char * auxiliary; this avoids the need for casts. Assume free (NULL) works. (change_file_owner): Return true/false, not 0/-1, since we don't set errno. All callers changed. Use bool when appropriate. (chown_files): Likewise. * src/chown-core.h (chown_files): Likewise. * tests/chown/basic: Test for proper handling of uids like "010", which must be parsed as decimal. * tests/misc/pwd: Don't assume that Perl's getpwd agrees with our pwd when there are multiple names for the working directory (which can happen with an automounter, sigh). * src/Makefile.am ($(SCRIPTS)): Don't depend on Makefile; this causes Solaris 8 'make' to refuse to build "groups". (localedir.h): Don't depend on Makefile: this causes Solaris 8 'make' to build localedir.h unnecessarily. The dependence on Makefile is ineffective anyway, since $(localedir) might change even if Makefile hasn't. * src/remove.c (remove_dir): If we can't save the state of the working directory, pretend we started from "/", not ".". This avoids a bug on hosts like Solaris that don't let you remove the working directory. 2004-07-27 Paul Eggert * src/printf.c (strtiomax, strtoumax): Declare if not already declared: this fixes a portability bug with Solaris 8 + GCC. (STRTOX): Parenthesize use of macro arg as expression. (vstrtoimax, vstrtoumax, vstrtold): Remove now-unnecessary parentheses. * configure.ac: Check for declaration of strtoumax, for src/printf.c. * src/Makefile.am (cp_LDADD, ginstall_LDADD, mv_LDADD, pathchk_LDADD, rm_LDADD, test_LDADD): New vars, for eaccess. * tests/readlink/can-e: Don't assume that we can remove the working directory: this isn't possible under Solaris 8, say. * tests/readlink/can-f: Likewise. * tests/readlink/can-m: Likewise. * src/copy.c (copy_internal): find_backup_file_name no longer returns NULL, so don't bother to check for this. * src/cp.c (do_copy): Likewise. * src/ln.c (do_link): Likewise. 2004-07-25 Paul Eggert * src/nice.c (GET_NICE_VALUE): Renamed from GET_PRIORITY. All uses changed. (NZERO): New macro, if system doesn't define it already. (usage): Distinguish priorities from nice values. Don't assume NZERO is 20. (main): Use bool instead of int where appropriate. If user specifies an adjustment out of range, always truncate it to an inrange value instead of sometimes giving an error message and sometimes not. Do not assume that -1 is an error return from "nice" or "getpriority", as it might be the current nice value minus NZERO. If nice/setpriority fails with errno == EPERM, go ahead and run the command anyway; POSIX requires this. * src/pathchk.c: Include euidaccess.h. (dir_ok): Use euidaccess, not access. * src/test.c (R_OK, W_OK, X_OK, FOK): Remove; system.h defines them. (eaccess): Remove. All users changed to use euidaccess instead. 2004-07-24 Paul Eggert * src/uptime.c (print_uptime) [defined BOOT_MSG]: Don't assume ut_line is null-terminated. * src/who.c (print_line): New arguments USERLEN and LINELEN, since USER and LINE might not be null terminated. All callers changed. 2004-07-23 Paul Eggert Fix bug with "tail -f" reported by Rob Holland in . Also, remove the undocumented and unsupported-since-2000 --max-consecutive-size-changes options. Fix another related bug: "tail" got confused if stdin, stdout, or stderr were closed. Also, use output buffering even with "tail -f". * NEWS: Document this, plus yesterday's patch. * doc/coreutils.texi (tail invocation): "size has remained the same" -> "file has not changed", which is more accurate for fifos. * src/tail.c: Include fcntl-safer.h. (COPY_TO_EOF): Set to UINTMAX_MAX, not OFF_T_MAX (which was wrong). (COPY_A_BUFFER): New macro. (struct File_spec): New members mtime, mode, blocking. Remove member n_consecutive_size_changes. (DEFAULT_MAX_N_CONSECUTIVE_SIZE_CHANGES, max_n_consecutive_size_changes_between_opens, MAX_CONSECUTIVE_SIZE_CHANGES_OPTION): Remove. (long_options, tail_forever, parse_options): Remove (non-)support for --max-consecutive-size-changes. (record_open_fd): New function. (recheck, tail_file): Use it. Don't assume that stdin is open. (dump_remainder): Add support for new COPY_A_BUFFER special value. Treat errno==EAGAIN like EOF, since it might be a nonblocking read. (recheck): New arg BLOCKING, specifying whether to use blocking reads. All uses changed. (n_live_files): Remove, replacing with... (any_live_files): New function. All uses changed. (tail_forever): Use nonblocking I/O unless we know that blocking I/O is safe; this avoids some hangs when reading from a fifo. Avoid invoking fstat or sleep when using blocking I/O. Do not check for changes to size if the file is not a regular file, as the size is undefined in that case. Check for changes to mtime or mode, too; this works for non-regular files. (tail_forever, main): Redo fflush strategy to work even when input is nonblocking. Don't use unbuffered output; just flush when needed. 2004-07-22 Paul Eggert * src/tail.c (main): Ignore -f if no file operand is specified and standard input is a pipe. * doc/coreutils.texi (tail invocation): Do not ignore -f for all pipes, just for when standard input is a pipe and no file operand is specified. * tests/tail/Test.pm: Reinstate f-1 test, since we now pass. Add a new commented-out f-2 test, which we still fail. (test_vector): All f-* tests are special cases, not just f-1. 2004-07-12 Paul Eggert * src/uptime.c: Include c-strtod.h. (print_uptime): Use c_strtod instead of setlocale and sscanf. Use long int rather than int to count days (for 64-bit hosts), and check for arithmetic overflow when converting double to time_t. 2004-07-11 Paul Eggert * src/printf.c (vstrtold): Renamed from vstrtod. Now returns long double. All uses changed. (print_direc): Use "L" length modifier when printing floating point numbers, since we're now printing long double. 2004-07-06 Paul Eggert printf cleanup, to avoid undefined behavior, to add support for formats that Bash supports, and to support wide integers like Bash does. * NEWS: Document this. * src/printf.c (UNSPECIFIED): Remove. All uses now replaced by booleans, so that we don't reserve any values for precision or width (like Bash). (STRTOX): Use prototype, not K&R-style definition. (vstrtoimax): Renamed from xstrtol (to avoid confusion with xstrtol in ../lib), with type change to intmax_t. All uses changed. (vstrtoumax): Renamed from xstrtoul, with type change to uintmax_t. All uses changed. (vstrtod): Renamed from xstrtod. All uses changed. (print_direc): Use boolean arg instead of special value to indicate a missing precision or width. LENGTH no longer includes length modifiers or conversion character. New arg CONVERSION now specifies conversion character. Use intmax_t-width formatting for integers (like Bash). Add support for C99 %a, %A, %F (like Bash). Add support for field width with %c (POSIX requires this). Add a FIXME for lack of support for field width and precision for %b. Add support for '\'', '0' flags. Check for invalid combinations of flags, field width, precision, and conversion, to prevent use of undefined behavior. Allow multiple length modifiers, for formats like "%lld" (like Bash). Add support for C99 'j', 't', 'z' length modifiers (like Bash). In error message, output entire invalid conversion specification, instead of merely outputting % followed by the conversion char. * tests/misc/printf: Add tests for the above. 2004-04-03 Dmitry V. Levin Change "readlink -f" to be more compatible with prior implementations. Add more canonicalize options, -e and -m. Add comprehensive tests for all readlink modes. * m4/canonicalize.m4 (AC_FUNC_CANONICALIZE_FILE_NAME): Do not add canonicalize.c here. * src/readlink.c (longopts): Add new options. (usage): Document them. (canonicalize_fname): New proxy function. (main): Handle new options. * doc/coreutils.texi (readlink invocation): Document new "readlink -f" behaviour and new canonicalize options, -e and -m. * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Add tests/readlink/Makefile. * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Add readlink. * tests/readlink/Makefile.am: New file. * tests/readlink/{rl-1,can-e,can-f,can-m}: New readlink tests. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Remove basic readlink test. * tests/misc/readlink: Remove file. 2004-07-04 Jim Meyering * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Add a FIXME comment. 2004-07-02 Paul Eggert * src/copy.c (copy_dir): Assume path_concat returns non-NULL. * src/cp.c (do_copy): Likewise. * src/mv.c (movefile): Likewise. * src/cp.c (make_path_private): 2nd arg is now size_t, not int, to avoid problem when path_concat dir name is longer than 2 GiB (!). * src/nohup.c (main): Don't pass NULL first argument to path_concat. This cleans up the semantics a bit, as we no longer try to open the same file twice. 2004-07-01 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Add short names -t and -T for --target-directory and --no-target-directory options, respectively. * src/cp.c (NO_TARGET_DIRECTORY_OPTION, TARGET_DIRECTORY_OPTION): Remove. All uses changed to 'T' and 't', respectively. * src/install.c, src/ln.c, src/mv.c: Likewise. * src/cp.c (long_opts, usage, do_copy, main): Add -t and -T as aliases for --target-directory and --no-target-directory, respectively. * src/install.c (long_options, main, usage): Likewise. * src/ln.c, src/mv.c: Likewise. 2004-07-01 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (sc_file_system): New target. (syntax-check-rules): Add it. .x-sc_file_system: New file. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add it. * man/sync.x: Use "file system" rather than "filesystem". * man/stat.x, man/df.x: Likewise. 2004-06-30 Paul Eggert * src/df.c (usage, main): Output "file system" rather than "filesystem". * src/du.c (usage): Likewise. * src/shred.c (usage): Likewise. * src/stat.c (usage): Likewise. * src/stat.c (long_options, usage): Rename "--filesystem" to "--file-system". But keep the old name around, for compatibility reasons. 2004-06-29 Paul Eggert Add support for --no-target-directory option. * NEWS: Document it. * doc/coreutils.texi (Common options, Target directory, cp invocation, install invocation, mv invocation, ln invocation): Likewise. (link invocation): Explain how to rewrite link using ln now that we have --no-target-directory. (ln invocation): Explain that --no-target-directory subsumes --no-dereference. (unlink invocation): Modify wording to match new wording in link invocation. * src/cp.c (NO_TARGET_DIRECTORY_OPTION): New constant. (long_opts, usage, do_copy, main): Add support for --no-target-directory, * src/install.c (NO_TARGET_DIRECTORY_OPTION, long_options, main, usage): Likewise. * src/ln.c (NO_TARGET_DIRECTORY_OPTION, long_options, usage, main): Likewise. * src/mv.c (NO_TARGET_DIRECTORY_OPTION, long_options, usage, main): Likewise. * src/mv.c (enum): Sort values. 2004-06-29 Jim Meyering Don't let verbose-mode output from a subshell obscure actual differences. * tests/rm/inaccessible: Turn off command-echoing just before invoking subshell, then turn it back on if VERBOSE=yes afterward. 2004-06-25 Paul Eggert Add support for 'install --target-directory', an option that has been documented for years but not implemented (!). * doc/coreutils.texi (install invocation): Document --target-directory in synopsis, too. * src/install.c (TARGET_DIRECTORY_OPTION): New var. (long_options, main, usage): Add --target-directory. (target_directory_operand): New function, stolen from mv.c. (main): Use it. Check for -d and --target-directory. Alter wording of diagnostics to match other programs. 2004-06-28 Jim Meyering * src/cp.c (usage): Fix copy+paste error in description of --target-directory: s/move/copy/. From Paul Jarc. 2004-06-27 Paul Eggert Use more-consistent rules among cp, ln, and mv when dealing with last operands that are (or look like) directories. * src/cp.c (target_directory_operand): New, nearly-common function, It reports an error if the destination appears to be a directory (e.g., because it has a trailing slash) but is not. * src/ln.c, src/mv.c: Likewise. * src/cp.c (do_copy): Use it. * src/ln.c (main): Likewise. * src/mv.c (main): Likewise. * src/cp.c (do_copy): Don't assume argc is positive. Don't bother to lstat dest, since copy() will do that for us. Use "const" to avoid the need for cast. * src/cp.c (do_copy): Don't output a usage message because of file problems (e.g., an operand is not a directory). Use it only for syntax. Standardize on "target %s is not a directory" for the diagnostic. * src/ln.c (main): Likewise. * src/mv.c (main): Likewise. * src/cp.c (do_copy): Remove test for trailing slash, since target_directory_operand now does this. * src/ln.c (main): Likewise. * src/mv.c (movefile): Likewise. * src/cp.c (main): Reject multiple target directories. Check whether a specified target is a directory when parsing the options, using stat. This gives more-accurate diagnostics. * src/ln.c (main): Likewise. * src/ln.c (isdir): Remove decl; no longer needed. * src/mv.c (isdir, lstat): Likewise. * src/ln.c (do_link): New arg dest_is_dir. All uses changed. Don't check the destination ourself; rely on dest_is_dir. This way we can avoid lstatting the destination in the usual case, and in the worst case we lstat 1, not 3 times. Don't bother to unlink unless link failed; this saves a syscall. Remove unnecessary backup_succeeded flag; it was identical to "dest_backup != NULL". * src/ln.c (main): Use int to count to argc, not unsigned int. This handles negative operand counts. * src/mv.c (main): Likewise. * src/mv.c (do_move): Don't call hash_init; expect the caller to do it, for consistency with cp.c and ln.c. All callers changed. (movefile): dest_is_dir parameter is now bool, not int. (main): Standardize on "missing destination file operand after %s" for the diagnostic, for consistency with cp.c. * tests/mv/diag: Don't assume "mv --target=nonexistentdir" will complain about the arg count. Adjust to new (briefer) diagnostics. * tests/cp/fail-perm: Add a test to verify that we get the new diagnostic when failing to copy through a symlink-to-inaccessible-dir. 2004-06-27 Paul Eggert Fix a bug: formerly, if d/x was a directory and x a file, "ln x d/" incorrectly created a link d/x/x. It also saves some system calls. * NEWS: Document the fix. * src/ln.c (main): Don't append basename to dest if this results in an existing directory name. * tests/ln/misc: See whether a trailing slash is followed too far. 2004-06-26 Jim Meyering * src/printf.c (main): When given no arguments, print the standard "missing operand\nTry printf --help..." message -- to be consistent. 2004-06-26 Jim Meyering * src/mknod.c (main): Add \n at the end of message output via fprintf. 2004-06-25 Jim Meyering * tests/ln/misc: Add test for ln subscript error. 2004-06-23 Paul Eggert * src/ln.c (do_link): Remove unnecessary call to lstat. (main): Avoid subscript error when the destination is "". 2004-06-23 Jim Meyering * tests/*: Replace all occurrences of `(exit N); exit' with `(exit N); exit N'. Otherwise, those many tests could exit with improper exit status when exiting via e.g., a trapped interrupt. Thanks to a report from Bob Proulx. 2004-06-22 Paul Eggert * src/who.c (idle_string, print_user): New arg boottime, specifying the most recent boot time. All uses changed. (idle_string) Consider a line to be "old" if it hasn't been used since the last boot time. Watch out for overflow when computing times, and for times in the future. (idle_string): Record latest boot time. 2004-06-22 Jim Meyering * src/test.c (usage): Correct description of `-t FD'. The file descriptor, FD, is no longer optional. Reported by Ton Nijkes. 2004-06-21 Paul Eggert The 2004-06-19 fix for who and pinky was incomplete, as ctime has undefined behavior if the year precedes -999 or follows 9999. Since we have to stop using ctime anyway, we might as well use strftime and fix the FIXME, and support internationalized dates. * NEWS: Document the new behavior. * src/who.c: Include "hard-locale.h". (time_format, time_format_width): New vars. (time_string, print_line): Use them. (main): Set them. (time_string): Use localtime + strftime instead of ctime, to avoid problems with years before -999 or after 9999. * src/pinky.c: Likewise. 2004-06-21 Paul Eggert Fix bug: GNU 'ls' didn't count columns correctly if user or group names contained multibyte characters where the column count differed from the byte count. This patch also corrects some comments. * src/ls.c (format_user_or_group): New function, which counts columns correctly. (format_user, format_group): Use it. (format_user_or_group_width): New function, which counts columns correctly. (format_user_width, format_group_width): Use it. 2004-06-21 Jim Meyering * tests/priv-check: Quote "$PATH" in PATH=$PATH. Suggestion from Andreas Schwab. * tests/priv-check: When running as root, be sure to propagate PATH through to the process we exec as non-root. Reported by michael@aplatform.com. * src/mknod.c (main): Don't segfault when calculating the expected number of operands for `mknod NAME'. 2004-06-20 Jim Meyering * src/dd.c (input_seek_errno): Declare file-scoped variable as static. 2004-06-20 Paul Eggert * src/basename.c (main): Standardize on the diagnostics given when someone gives too few operands ("missing operand after `xxx'") or too many operands ("extra operand `xxx'"). Include "quote.h" and/or "error.h" if it wasn't already being included. * src/chgrp.c (main): Likewise. * src/chmod.c (main): Likewise. * src/chown.c (main): Likewise. * src/chroot.c (main): Likewise. * src/comm.c (main): Likewise. * src/cp.c (do_copy): Likewise. * src/csplit.c (main): Likewise. * src/date.c (main): Likewise. * src/dircolors.c (main): Likewise. * src/dirname.c (main): Likewise. * src/du.c (main): Likewise. * src/expr.c (main): Likewise. * src/hostid.c (main): Likewise. * src/hostname.c (main): Likewise. * src/id.c (main): Likewise. * src/install.c (main): Likewise. * src/join.c (add_file_name, main): Likewise. * src/link.c (main): Likewise. * src/ln.c (main): Likewise. * src/logname.c (main): Likewise. * src/md5sum.c (main): Likewise. * src/mkdir.c (main): Likewise. * src/mkfifo.c (main): Likewise. * src/mknod.c (main): Likewise. * src/mv.c (main): Likewise. * src/nohup.c (main): Likewise. * src/od.c (main): Likewise. * src/pathchk.c (main): Likewise. * src/ptx.c (main): Likewise. * src/readlink.c (main): Likewise. * src/rm.c (main): Likewise. * src/rmdir.c (main): Likewise. * src/seq.c (main): Likewise. * src/setuidgid.c (main): Likewise. * src/shred.c (main): Likewise. * src/sleep.c (main): Likewise. * src/sort.c (main): Likewise. * src/split.c (main): Likewise. * src/stat.c (main): Likewise. * src/test.c (beyond, main): Likewise. * src/touch.c (main): Likewise. * src/tr.c (main): Likewise. * src/tsort.c (main): Likewise. * src/tty.c (main): Likewise. * src/uname.c (main): Likewise. * src/uniq.c (main): Likewise. * src/unlink.c (main): Likewise. * src/uptime.c (main): Likewise. * src/users.c (main): Likewise. * src/who.c (main): Likewise. * src/whoami.c (main): Likewise. * tests/basename/basic: Adjust to new diagnostics. * tests/du/files0-from: Likewise. * tests/expr/basic: Likewise. * tests/mv/diag: Likewise. * tests/tsort/basic-1: Likewise. 2004-06-20 Jim Meyering * src/ln.c: Remove declaration of yesno. Instead, include yesno.h. * src/copy.c: Likewise. * src/remove.c: Remove declaration of yesno. Instead, include yesno.h. (top_dir): Remove now-unnecessary cast of obstack_base. (pop_dir): Likewise. (full_filename_): Likewise. 2004-06-19 Paul Eggert Don't dump core if ctime returns NULL; this is possible on hosts with 64-bit time_t and 32-bit int. * src/who.c: Include "inttostr.h". (time_string): If ctime fails, print the raw time as an integer instead of dumping core. * src/pinky.c: Likewise, as follows: Include "inttostr.h". (time_string): New function, copied from who.c. (print_entry): Use it. 2004-06-19 Paul Eggert * src/who.c (print_line): Don't truncate user names at 8 bytes. Problem reported by Guido Leenders in: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2004-06/msg00056.html * NEWS: document this. 2004-06-19 Jim Meyering * src/system.h (case_GETOPT_VERSION_CHAR): Switch back to using GNU_PACKAGE (from PACKAGE) once again. This restores `GNU' to the parenthesized package name in --version output. Before, the first argument from AC_INIT, `GNU coreutils', would be propagated to the PACKAGE variable. Now, `GNU ' is trimmed. Reported by Richard Stallman. 2004-06-17 Jim Meyering * src/tr.c (to_uchar): Rename function from `uchar'. The latter would clash with a typedef in Tru64's . From Albert Chin. 2004-06-15 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Remove more special cases for POSIXLY_CORRECT when POSIX allows the GNU behavior. "--" is now supported by chroot, hostid, hosname, pwd, sync, yes. * doc/coreutils.texi (yes invocation, false invocation, true invocation): Document this. * src/chroot.c (main): Handle "--". * src/hostid.c (main): Likewise. * src/hostname.c (main): Likewise. * src/pwd.c (main): Likewise. * src/sync.c (main): Likewise. * src/yes.c (main): Likewise. * src/true.c (main): Recognize --help and --version even if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set. * src/yes.c (main): Likewise. 2004-06-09 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Remove special cases for POSIXLY_CORRECT when POSIX allows the GNU behavior. * doc/coreutils.texi (pr invocation, unlink invocation): Document this. * src/ls.c (decode_switches): Pay attention to TABSIZE even if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set. POSIX reserves upper-case environment variables to the implementation, so it's OK for ls to depend on TABSIZE. * src/pr.c: Include "hard-locale.h". (main): When in a non-POSIX locale, ignore POSIXLY_CORRECT, since POSIX specifies the behavior only in the POSIX locale. * src/printf.c (print_esc): Support \x, \u, \U even if POSIXLY_CORRECT, since POSIX says the behavior is unspecified here. * src/tail.c (parse_obsolescent_option): Support multiple file operands even if POSIXLY_CORRECT, since POSIX does not require a diagnostic. * src/printf.c (main): Recognize --help, --version even if POSIXLY_CORRECT. POSIX does not specify any options, but it does not prohibit options either, so "printf" is like "expr" here. * src/unlink.c (main): Likewise. * tests/misc/printf: Adjust to the new semantics for \x if POSIXLY_CORRECT. 2004-06-14 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/pwd: New test, for fix of 2004-04-19. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add pwd. (BUILD_SRC_DIR): Define BUILD_SRC_DIR. * src/copy.c: Remove declaration of euidaccess. Instead, include "euidaccess.h". 2004-06-13 Paul Eggert * src/who.c (PIDSTR_DECL_AND_INIT): Don't assume pid_t fits in int. (UT_ID) [!HAVE_STRUCT_XTMP_UT_ID]: Remove bogus comment, as (sizeof "??") reliably returns 3. (print_line): Guard against idle and pid being too long (which is possible when printing headers). (print_user): Allocate enough bytes for idlestr. Use IDLESTR_LEN. Avoid unnecessary cast of sizeof to int. (make_id_equals_comment): Do not assume that UT_ID returns a string; it might return a non-null-terminated array. Use strncat instead. It's not very often where strncat is exactly what you want, but this is one of those rare cases. 2004-06-11 Paul Eggert * src/who.c (list_entries_who): Don't output a trailing space. 2004-06-09 Jim Meyering * src/touch.c (usage): Improve wording in description of the --time=WORD option. Reported by Dan Jacobson. * src/chown-core.c (change_file_owner): Change names of parameters old_uid and old_gid to required_uid and required_gid respectively. * src/chmod.c (mode_changed): Return false, not 0, now that the function returns `bool'. 2004-06-08 Paul Eggert Adjust chmod and chown to be similar if -c or -v are given. In particular, a no-op chown is no longer reported as a change; this reverts to previous behavior. Also, fix both commands so that -v report failures even if the failure is not due to the chmod or chown syscalls. * src/chmod.c (CH_NOT_APPLIED): New constant. (describe_change): Handle it. (process_file): Use it, if a symlink wasn't changed. (mode_changed): Return bool, not int. Accept new argument NEW_MODE; all callers changed. This lets us avoid statting the file unless the new mode has unusual bits. (process_file): Return -1 on error. With -v, report all errors verbosely, not just some. * src/chown-core.c (change_file_owner): Return -1 on error, not 1 sometimes and -1 on others. Our caller ORs together our results, and (-1 | 1) == 0 on ones-complement hosts. With -v report all errors verbosely, not just some. Fix bug when chopt->root_dev_ino && !chopt->affect_symlink_referent: file_stats wasn't set properly in that case. * tests/chgrp/basic: Adjust to above changes. 2004-05-20 Paul Eggert * tests/chgrp/basic: Test that chgrp -h does not fail on symlinks, even on hosts where that's not supported. Test that if -R is specified without -H or L, -h is assumed. Test that chown() is not optimized away. 2004-05-18 Paul Eggert Several fixes to chgrp and chown for compatibility with POSIX and BSD: Check for incompatible options. When -R and --dereference are both used, then either -H or -L must also be used. When -R and -h are both used, then -P must be in effect. -H, -L, and -P have no effect unless -R is also specified. If -P and -R are both specified, -h is assumed. Do not optimize away the chown() system call when the file's owner and group already have the desired value. This optimization was incorrect, as it failed to updated the last-changed time and reset special permission bits, as POSIX requires. Do not report an error if the owner or group of a recursively-encountered symbolic link cannot be updated because the file system does not support it. * NEWS: Document the above. * src/chgrp.c (main): Check for incompatible options. -R --dereference requires either -H or -L, and -R -h requires -P. If -H, specify FTS_PHYSICAL as well as FTS_COMFOLLOW; this is faster. Make this file as much like chown.c as possible. * src/chown.c (main): Likewise. * src/chown-core.c (change_file_owner): Use ent->fts_statp only if needed. Chown a directory only after chowning its children; this avoids problems if the new directory ownership doesn't permit access to the children. Dereference symlinks before doing ROOT_DEV_INO_CHECK, not after, so that we catch symlinks to /. Do not optimize away the chown() system call when the file's owner and group already have the desired value. POSIX does not permit this optimization. Rely on chown and lchown to do the right thing with symlinks and/or -1 arguments, now that we have wrappers to do this. Use ENOTSUPP not ENOSYS, and ignore all ENOTSUPP errors, not just command-line errors. (chown_files): Pass FTS_NOSTAT to xfts_open if we don't need file status. * src/system.h (ENOTSUP): Remove. * tests/chgrp/basic: Use chown --from to discover whether the group changed, since chgrp now changes unconditionally. This complicates the sed script a bit. Do not specify --dereference, since it's the default (and we want to test this). Adjust output to match the fact that chgrp no longer optimizes the case of changing a file's group to the same value as before. * tests/chgrp/posix-H: Do not attempt to combine -h and -H; these options are incompatible, and their behavior is undefined with POSIX. (changed, not_changed): Adjust to match the fact that -h is no longer specified. Sort names. * tests/chown/deref: Adjust error-diagnostic spelling to match new behavior. 2004-06-07 Paul Eggert * src/uname.c (main): Fix typo introduced on 2003-05-10 that prevented a diagnostic of any operands. 2004-06-08 Jim Meyering * src/shred.c (direct_mode): Turn it on/off with directio, too. 2004-06-07 Jim Meyering Enable direct-mode I/O (bypassing the buffer cache), if possible. Prompted by a suggestion from Kalle Olavi Niemitalo in http://bugs.debian.org/207035. * src/shred.c (direct_mode): New function. (do_wipefd): Turn on direct-mode I/O. (dopass): If a file's first write fails with EINVAL, turn off direct-mode I/O and retry the write. 2004-06-05 Paul Eggert * src/tr.c (main): "tr -d a b" is now a fatal error even if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set. The POSIX SYNOPSIS does not allow this option combination. 2004-06-04 Paul Eggert * src/shred.c (dopass): Don't subtract 1 from the offset after a write error. Problem reported by Jon Peatfield in: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2004-06/msg00020.html 2004-06-02 Paul Eggert Fix bug reported by Buciuman Adrian in where 'dd' created a file that was too large. The bug was that dd assumed that the input file offset does not advance after a failed read; but POSIX says that the input file offset is undefined after a failed read. * src/dd.c (MAX_BLOCKSIZE): New macro. (input_seekable, input_seek_errno, input_offset, input_offset_overflow): New vars. (scanargs): Reject block sizes greater than MAX_BLOCKSIZE. (advance_input_offset): New function. (skip_via_lseek): Set errno to zero when reporting our failure, so that we don't report based on garbage errno. (skip): If fdesc is standard input, advance the input offset. Do not quit if reading, and if noerror was specified; POSIX seems to require this. If read fails on output file, report the earlier lseek failure instead; this fixes a FIXME in dd_copy. (advance_input_after_read_error): New function. (dd_copy): Use it, instead of assuming that failed reads do not advance the file pointer. Advance input offset after nonfailed reads. Advance only a partial block if the previous read (before the failed read) succeeded, and do not generate an output block of zeros in this case. (main): Determine initial input offset, seekability of input, and error if it wasn't seekable. 2004-06-02 Jim Meyering rm (without -f) could hang unnecessarily when attempting to remove a symlink to a file on an off-line NFS-mounted partition. Reported by David Howells in https://bugzilla.redhat.com/124699. * src/remove.c (write_protected_non_symlink): New function. Don't invoke euidaccess on symlinks. (prompt): Use write_protected_non_symlink rather than using euidaccess directly, being careful not to call lstat twice for a file. Fix a bug in how the --output-delimiter=D option works with abutting byte or character ranges. Reported by David Krider in http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2004-05/msg00132.html * src/cut.c (print_kth): Remove special case for open-ended range. (set_fields): Record the range start index for an interval even when it abuts another interval on its low side. Also record the range start index of the longest right-open-interval. * tests/cut/Test.pm: Add tests of --output-delimiter=S with abutting and overlapping byte ranges. 2004-06-01 Paul Eggert Some POSIX-conformance cleanups for tr. * src/tr.c (posix_pedantic): Remove; no longer needed since we need to test this in just one place now. (usage): Mention -C. (unquote): Note that \055, \n, etc are escaped. Do not worry about POSIXLY_CORRECT when warning about ambiguous escape sequences. \ at end of string stands for itself. Do not diagnose invalid backslash escapes: POSIX says the behavior is unspecified in this case, so we don't need to diagnose it. (main): Add support for -C (currently an alias for -c). Do not diagnose 'tr [:upper:] [:upper:], as POSIX does not require a diagnostic here. * tests/tr/Test.pm: New tests bs-055, bs-at-end, repeat-Compl. Fix comment for range-a-a. 2004-05-25 Paul Eggert Improve the efficiency (and in one case, correctness) of code that reads symlinks. * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Don't use alloca, as it can mess up royally if the link length is long (e.g., GNU/Hurd). Use xreadlink instead, it's safer. Don't bother to read the link if it's the wrong size. Add a FIXME because this area is a bit murky and undocumented. * src/ls.c (get_link_name): Update use of xreadlink. * src/readlink.c (main): Likewise. * src/stat.c (print_stat): Likewise. 2004-06-01 Jim Meyering * src/env.c (main): Prefer the notation `STREQ (a, b)' over `!strcmp (a, b)'. * src/sort.c (main, sort_buffer_size): Prefer the notation `STREQ (a, b)' over `strcmp (a, b) == 0'. * src/date.c (batch_convert): Likewise. * src/expr.c (nextarg): Likewise. * src/su.c (correct_password, restricted_shell, main): Likewise. * src/ptx.c (swallow_file_in_memory, main): Likewise. * src/test.c (binary_operator, and, or, main): Likewise. 2004-05-13 Paul Eggert * NEWS: echo compatibility cleanup. * doc/coreutils.texi (echo invocation): Document the changes. * src/echo.c (V9_ECHO): Remove; always enabled. (DEFAULT_ECHO_TO_XPG): Renamed from V9_DEFAULT, so that we use the same naming convention as bash. Now an enum, not a macro. (usage): Reword to mention -e/-E more accurately. Mention \0NNN (the POSIX syntax) rather than \NNN (nonstandard). (hextobin): New function. (main): Use bool rather than int for local vars when appropriate. Do not allow options if POSIXLY_CORRECT, unless we are using BSD semantics and the first argument is "-n". Don't pass unnecessary extra arg to parse_long_options. do_v9 now defaults to DEFAULT_ECHO_TO_XPG, not to allow_options. Do not look for options if !allow_options. Use size_t rather than int when appropriate. Open-code option test rather than using strrchr. Use faster test for "-". Avoid redundant argc test. Add support for \x, for Bash compatibility. Use e.g. '\a' rather than '\007', for portability to EBCDIC hosts. When '\c' is encountered, stop printing immediately, as POSIX requires. Add support for \xhh syntax. Add support for \0ooo syntax; POSIX requires this. 2004-06-01 Jim Meyering * Use automake-1.8b. Regenerate dependent files. 2004-05-31 Jim Meyering * tests/Makefile.am.in (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Define PATH to include the build src/ directory -- at the front. ($(srcdir)/$x-tests): Depend on Makefile.am. Use $x as the program name, except when it would be `test' (test is the sole program tested via mk-script that is also a shell built-in). In that case, use the old ../../src/$x. 2004-05-30 Jim Meyering Work around HPUX /bin/cc compiler bug that is exposed, now that sets are arrays of type `bool'. More details here: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-gnulib/2004-05/msg00094.html FIXME: verify that the above URL points to the right message * src/tr.c (card_of_complement): Use cleaner `sizeof in_set' rather than `N_CHARS * sizeof(in_set[0])'. Using HPUX's /bin/cc (aC++/ANSI C B3910B A.05.55 [Dec 04 2003]) on an ia64-hp-hpux11.22 system, those two expressions are not the same (256 vs. 1024). The effect of this problem was that `tr -c x y' would fail: tr: when not truncating set1, string2 must be non-empty (set_initialize): Remove unnecessary initialization of the `in_set' buffer; that initialization triggered the same compiler bug as above. 2004-05-29 Paul Eggert tr cleanup, mostly having to do with integer type ranges. Remove all casts. * tests/tr/Test.pm: Add a few tests for the below. Alas, most of the test cases wouldn't be portable, or would take too much CPU time, or both. * src/tr.c (N_CHARS, N_CHAR_CLASSES): Now an enum, not a macro. This is safe since the code already assumes N_CHARS fits in int. (Filter): Remove: we want to prototype everything. (ORD, CHR): Remove. All uses removed. Some replaced with: (uchar): New function. All places where a char must be converted to an unsigned char are now done this way, not by ad-hoc methods. (count): New type. Use it whenever counts or states are needed. (BEGIN_STATE): Increase from INT_MAX - 1 (which was bogus, anyway, since we used it in an unsigned int context) to UINTMAX_MAX - 1. (REPEAT_COUNT_MAXIMUM): New macro. Use it in place of BEGIN_STATE whenever appropriate. (NOT_A_CHAR): Remove global macro; now a local enum. (UL_LOWER, UL_UPPER, UL_NONE): No longer specify values, since the rest of the code no longer depends on them. (class_ok): Remove; all uses changed to use inline comparisons. (RE_NO_TYPE): Remove; wasn't used or needed. (struct List_element): normal_char and equiv_code are now unsigned char, not int. first_char, last_char, and the_repeated_char are now unsigned char, not unsigned int. repeat_count is now count, not size_t. All uses changed. (struct Spec_list): state is now count, not unsigned int. lengthis now count, not size_t. n_indefinite_repeats is now size_t, not int. has_equiv_class, has_char_class, and has_restricted_char_class are now bool, not int. All uses changed. (struct E_string): s is now char *, not unsigned char *. escaped is now bool *, not int *. All uses changed. (ES_MATCH): Remove macro, replacing with: (es_match): New inline function. All uses changed. (squeeze_repeats, complement, posix_pedantic, truncate_set1, translating): Now bool, not int. (io_buf): Now char array, not unsigned char. (SET_TYPE): Remove. All uses replaced with bool. (is_equiv_class_member, unquote, append_range, append_char_class, append_equiv_class, find_closing_delim, star_digits_closebracket, build_spec_list, parse_str, homogeneous_spec_list): Now returns bool, not int. All uses changed. (is_equiv_class_member): Now inline. (is_equiv_class_member, is_char_class_member, make_printable_str, append_normal_char, append_range, append_repeated_char, get_s2_spec_stats): Args are now of proper integer type. (unquote, look_up_char_class, make_printable_str, append_equiv_class, build_spec_list, squeeze_filter): Avoid unsigned char *p; gently convert *p to unsigned char instead. (unquote, get_spec_stats): Do not jump past declarations and then use them; C doesn't allow this in portable programs. (make_printable_str): Check for overflow in size calculations. (xmemdup): Remove. All uses rewritten. (find_bracketed_repeat): Args are now of proper pointer-to-integer type. Do not reject [c*0]. Use xstrtoumax, not xstrtoul. (find_bracketed_repeat, star_digits_closebracket): Check that the digits are not escaped. (build_spec_list): Don't bother to copy opnd_str; not needed. (build_spec_list, get_next): Simplify internal logic a bit. (card_of_complement): Fix bug due to char overflow. (get_spec_stats): Don't assume len fits into int. Check for integer overflow. Use abort() rather than assert(0). (string2_extend): Fix subscript error: is_char_class_member (..., 255) was being invoked. (squeeze_filter): READER is never null now; simplify code. READER arg now has a simpler type. Remove unnecessary casts. (squeeze_filter, main): Calls to fwrite improperly checked result against zero, rather than against requested size. (plain_read): New function. (read_and_delete, read_and_xlate): Remove unused filter arg, and don't worry about hit_eof. Simplify by using plain_read. (set_initialize): Args are bool and bool *, not int and SET_TYPE *. (main): Always pass a non-null procedure to squeeze_filter. Rewrite so that class_ok isn't needed. 2004-05-29 Paul Eggert * src/shred.c (dosync): Ignore EBADF errors, as IRIX 6.5 fdatasync reports EBADF when syncing (unwritable) directories. Problem reported by Albert Chin-A-Young in: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2004-05/msg00165.html 2004-05-29 Jim Meyering * tests/chown/deref: Fix typo: use ls -ldo, not ls -ldg. Patch from Albert Chin. * src/ptx.c (text_buffer_maxend): Remove declaration of unused variable. * src/remove.c (push_dir): Merge declaration and adjacent assignment into a single statement. 2004-05-28 Jim Meyering * src/remove.c (AD_mark_helper): Eliminate an unnecessary comparison. 2004-05-22 Jim Meyering rm -r would get a failed assertion when run from an inaccessible directory and with two or more command line arguments including an absolute-named directory followed by a relative-named directory. * src/remove.h (struct rm_options) [require_restore_cwd]: New member. * src/remove.c (struct cwd_state): Define. (AD_pop_and_chdir): Redesign interface so that a restore_cwd failure can be detected by the caller. Instead of returning a malloc'd directory name, communicate it to caller via a new parameter, and return an indication of whether restore_cwd failed. Update caller. Eliminate an unnecessary call to AC_stack_top. (remove_dir): Change type of cwd_state parameter to `struct cwd_state' so we can now communicate to caller whether/how functions like restore_cwd have failed. Update caller. (rm_1): Fail if we've failed to restore the working directory and the name of the next file to remove is `.'-relative. (rm): Fail if the require_restore_cwd flag is true and we've failed to restore the working directory. * src/mv.c (rm_option_init): Initialize new member, x->require_restore_cwd. * src/rm.c (rm_option_init): Likewise. 2004-05-21 Jim Meyering * tests/rm/inaccessible: New test for the above fix. * tests/rm/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add inaccessible. * src/remove.c (rm): Use free rather than XFREE. (remove_dir): Use xmalloc, not XMALLOC. (ds_init): Likewise. 2004-05-20 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (sc_unmarked_diagnostics): Now that the unmarked diagnostics in shred.c have been fixed, don't exempt shred.c from this check. * src/shred.c: Use translatable diagnostics, e.g. change "%s: remove" to _("%s: failed to remove") and change "%s: close" to _("%s: failed to close"). 2004-05-17 Paul Eggert * src/shred.c (names): Bring back lower-case letters, "_", and ".". But continue to omit +, =, %, @, #, as they're either shell metacharacters (for some shells) or are not in some character sets, or (in the case of '%') must be a metacharacter somewhere. 2004-05-16 Paul Eggert * src/cut.c (cut_fields): Adjust to new signature of getndelim2. 2004-05-17 Jim Meyering * src/shred.c (incname): Decrement `len' only once per loop iteration. chgrp and chown now dereference symlinks by default, per POSIX. Reported by Michal Politowski as http://bugs.debian.org/249177. * src/chown-core.c (chopt_init): Affect each symlink referent by default. * src/chown.c (usage): Update to reflect this. * src/chgrp.c (usage): Likewise. * NEWS: Describe the change. Adapt tests accordingly. * tests/chgrp/basic: Use -h where necessary to retain semantics. * tests/chgrp/deref: Likewise. * tests/chgrp/posix-H: Likewise. 2004-05-15 Paul Eggert In shred, check for errors from fdatasync more carefully. If fdatasync fails with errno==EINVAL, it means this implementation does not support synchronized I/O for this file. Do not report this as an error, as (for example) AIX 5.2 fdatasync reports it for raw disk devices. Problem reported by Albert Chin in . Check for write errors, though: the old code ignored them. Improve error checking in a few other cases, too (e.g., close of a directory). Also, change several 'int' values to 'bool', so that the error checking is a bit clearer. Similarly, change unsigned values to size_t where appropriate. * src/shred.c: Include "dirname.h". (datasync) [!HAVE_FDATASYNC]: Remove. (dosync): New function. (dopass): Use it. Return 1 on write error, -1 on other error. All callers changed. Report write error if dosync does. (do_wipefd, wipefd, wipename, wipefile): Return bool (true/false), not int (0/-1). All callers changed. Return false if there's a write error. (incname): Return bool (true/false), not int (0/1). Accept size_t length, not unsigned. All callers changed. Do not bother checking for non-digits; it can't happen. Replace recursion with iteration. (wipename): Use dir_name, base_name, etc. instead of assuming Unix file names. Use size_t for length, not unsigned. Report error if unlink or close fails. (wipename, main): Use bool for booleans. (names): Use only digits and uppercase letters, for greater portability. 2004-05-16 Jim Meyering * tests/chown/deref: New test for the yesterday's change. * tests/chown/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add deref. 2004-05-15 Jim Meyering chown --dereference did nothing when the owner/group of a symlink matched the desired owner/group. Reported by David Malone. Also reported in 1999 as http://bugs.debian.org/39642. * src/chown-core.c (change_file_owner): When --dereference has been specified, and when processing a symlink, stat it to get the owner and group of the referent. 2004-05-14 Jim Meyering * man/pwd.x, man/echo.x, man/printf.x: Fix typo: s/supercede/supersede/ reported by Andrew Fabbro. 2004-05-13 Paul Eggert Improve performance of `sort -m' on large files, at the cost of making some contrived examples unsafe. POSIX allows this optimization. Performance problem reported by Jonathan Baker in . * src/sort.c (first_same_file): Do not treat input pipes differently from other files. * doc/coreutils.texi (sort invocation): Document that "sort -m -o F" might write F before reading all the input. * NEWS: Likewise. 2004-05-12 Paul Eggert * src/od.c (print_ascii, dump_strings): Use e.g. '\a' rather than '\007', for portability to EBCDIC hosts. * src/printf.c (print_esc_char): Likewise. * src/tr.c (unquote, make_printable_str): Likewise. 2004-05-12 Jim Meyering * src/remove.c (AD_pop_and_chdir): Move lstat-`.' into if-block where the result is used. This avoids one unnecessary lstat call per command line argument. 2004-05-12 Paul Eggert Don't assume that "make -C" works; Solaris "make" doesn't have -C. * src/Makefile.am (all_programs.list): New rule, copied from man/Makefile.am and tests/Makefile.am, except that we use the system tr rather than ./tr and we don't use tr -s. * tests/Makefile.am (all_programs): Use it. * man/Makefile.am (all_programs): Likewise. Renamed from programs, for consistency. All uses changed. 2004-05-11 Jim Meyering * tests/rm/unread3: New test, for the above fix and today's lib/save-cwd.c improvement. * tests/rm/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add unread3. * src/rm.c: Don't include "save-cwd.h". It's no longer used. 2004-05-10 Jim Meyering * tests/install/trap: New file. Test for bug fix of 2004-04-18. * tests/install/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add trap. * src/remove.c (AD_push): Don't use errno in diagnostic about `changed dev/ino'. Remove these generated files from CVS. * tests/cut/cut-tests, tests/date/date-tests, tests/join/join-tests: * tests/ls/ls-tests, tests/pr/pr-tests, tests/tac/tac-tests: * tests/tail/tail-tests, tests/test/test-tests, tests/tr/range-tests: * tests/tr/tr-tests, tests/wc/wc-tests: 2004-05-09 Jim Meyering * src/tr.c (unquote): Use xcalloc rather than xmalloc and a loop initializing the just-allocated memory to zero. 2004-05-08 Jim Meyering * tests/rm/no-give-up: New file; check for today's fix. * tests/rm/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add no-give-up. 2004-05-08 Paul Eggert Fix bug where "rm" gave up too easily, reported by Dan Jacobsen in . * src/remove.c (remove_entry): Check for errno values like ENOENT that show the file cannot be directory, instead of for errno values like EPERM that show the file might be a directory. This is necessary because, when a single unlink() call has multiple reasons to fail, it can set errno to any of those reasons; it's only the rare errno value like ENOENT that excludes all the other possible reasons to fail even when the file is a directory. (remove_cwd_entries): Don't attempt chdir if the file is known to not be a directory. (remove_dir): Use the same method that remove_cwd_entries uses (for some reason they differed). Don't assert that saved_errno must be EPERM; it might be just about anything. 2004-05-06 Jim Meyering * src/id.c (xgetgroups): Use xnmalloc, rather than xmalloc. Don't add `1' to the buffer size (it was to protect against malloc implementations that fail to allocate a buffer of size zero). That is no longer necessary, since we use a malloc wrapper on such systems. * src/wc.c (get_input_fstatus): Use xnmalloc, rather than xmalloc. * src/head.c (elide_tail_bytes_pipe): Likewise. * src/df.c (main): Likewise. * src/shred.c (do_wipefd): Likewise. * src/users.c (list_entries_users): Likewise. * src/tail.c (main): Likewise. * src/md5sum.c (main): Likewise. 2004-04-29 Paul Eggert * src/df.c (show_disk, show_point): If several filesystems are mounted on the same mount point, prefer the last one, not the first. Problem reported by Christian Jones in . (show_disk): Remove unused statp arg. Return bool, not int. (show_point): Rewrite to avoid gotos. Use the same algorithm for lofs and dummies for each pass through the mount table, rather than subtly different algorithms (which are probably inadvertent). 2004-05-03 Jim Meyering * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add m4/ChangeLog, now that we no longer have m4/Makefile*. 2004-05-01 Jim Meyering When chown or chgrp is modifying the referent of a symlink, use the chown(2) function, if possible. * src/chown-core.c (change_file_owner): Don't hard-code the open/fchown/close kludge here. Use `chown' instead. The chown function works just fine on conforming systems. Other systems now go through the new chown wrapper that resorts to the old kludge. * src/chown-core.c (change_file_owner): Add a comment. 2004-04-27 Jim Meyering * src/ptx.c: Make over 40 global extern variables `static'. (syntax_table, re_syntax_table): Remove declarations of two unused variables (they were exposed by the above change). * src/du.c (G_fail, opt_nul_terminate_output): Declare `static'. * src/ln.c (backup_type): Likewise. * src/remove.c (rm): Add `extern' keyword. * src/cp-hash.c (forget_created, remember_created) (src_to_dest_lookup, remember_copied, hash_init, forget_all): Likewise. * src/copy.c (dest_info_init, src_info_init, copy): Likewise. * src/chown-core.c (chopt_init, chopt_free, gid_to_name) (uid_to_name, chown_files): Likewise. * src/Makefile.am (sc_tight_scope): New rule. * Makefile.maint (sc_tight_scope): New rule. (syntax-check-rules): Add it. 2004-04-26 Jim Meyering * Use automake-1.8.4. Regenerate dependent files. * src/sort.c (limfield): Make a comment clearer. 2004-04-25 Paul Eggert Fix POSIX-conformance bug: "sort -k 3,3.5b" is supposed to skip leading blanks when computing the location of the field end; it is not supposed to skip trailing blanks. Solaris 8 "sort" does conform to POSIX. Also fix the documentation to clarify this and related issues. * doc/coreutils.texi (sort invocation): Mention -k earlier, so that the options are in alphabetical order. Describe how -b works more-accurately; this involves fixing some examples, too. Mention what happens if the start field falls after an end field or after a line end. Warn about using -k without -b, -g, -M, -n, or -t. Add an example of how to sort IPv4 addresses and Apache Common Log Format dates. Remove a duplicate example. (Putting the tools together): Use separate options rather than agglomerating them. * src/sort.c (limfield): Use skipeblanks, not skipsblanks, to decode whether to skip leading blanks. (trailing_blanks): Remove. (fillbuf, getmonth, keycompare): Don't trim trailing blanks. * tests/pr/Test.pm: Fix typo in env_default comment. * tests/sort/Test.pm: Likewise. (18c, 18d): Reverse the order of output lines, so that the test cases conform to POSIX. 2004-04-22 Paul Eggert More signal-handling cleanup for ls.c. Do not allow signals to happen between arbitrary output bytes, as the restore-default-color sequence can bollix up multibyte chars or color-change sequences in the ordinary output. Instead, process signals only between printing a file name and changing the color back to non_filename_text color. That way, if the signal handler changes the color (to the default), 'ls' will change it back when 'ls' continues (after being suspended). Also, do not bother with signal-handling unless stdout is a controlling terminal; this lets stdio buffer better when "ls --color" is piped or sent to a file. * src/ls.c (sigprocmask, sigset_t) [!defined SA_NOCLDSTOP]: New macros. Do not include "full-write.h"; no longer needed. (tcgetpgrp) [! HAVE_TCGETPGRP]: New macro. (put_indicator_direct): Remove. All callers changed to use put_indicator. (caught_signals, interrupt_signal, stop_signal_count): New vars. (restore_default_color): Don't bother checking for put_indicator failure. (sighandler): Don't handle SIGTSTP; that's another handler now. Simply set interrupt_signal to the signal, then exit. (stophandler, process_signals): New functions. (main): Don't output any color changes until _after_ the signal handlers are set up. This fixes a race condition where 'ls' could be interrupted while initializing colors, and leaving the terminal in an undesirable state. Don't mess with signal-handling if standard output is not a controlling terminal. When exiting, restore the default color, then restore the default signal handling, then act on any signals that weren't acted on yet. Do not print //DIRED// etc. in colors; this avoids the need to catch signals when printing them. (print_name_with_quoting): Process signals just before switching color back to non_filename_text. 2004-04-23 Jim Meyering Avoid segfault on systems for which SIZE_MAX != (size_t) -1. * src/ls.c (quote_name): Use SIZE_MAX, not -1, in calls of quotearg_buffer. Patch by Mikulas Patocka. 2004-04-18 Paul Eggert tee ignored SIGPIPE, but POSIX doesn't allow this. * src/tee.c (main): Do not ignore SIGPIPE, as POSIX 1003.1-2001 does not allow this. This undoes the 1996-10-24 patch. 2004-04-18 Paul Eggert Signal-handling cleanup for coreutils. Here are the highlights: - csplit sometimes failed to remove files when interrupted. - csplit didn't clean up if two signals arrived nearly simultaneously. - install -s would infloop on System V if SIGCHLD was ignored. - ls could incorrectly restore color if multiple signals arrived nearly simultaneously. * src/csplit.c (sigprocmask, sigset_t) [!defined SA_NOCLDSTOP]: Define. (filename_space, prefix, suffix, digits, files_created, remove_files): Now volatile. (caught_signals): New var. (cleanup): Block signals while deleting all files. (cleanup_fatal, handle_line_error, regexp_error): Mark with ATTRIBUTE_NORETURN. (create_output_file, close_output_file, interrupt_handler): Block signals while changing the number of output files, to fix some race conditions. (delete_all_files): Do nothing if remove_files is zero. Clear files_created. (main): Don't mess with signals until after argument processing is done. * src/csplit.c (main): Rewrite signal-catching code to make it similar to other coreutils programs. When processing signals, block all signals that we catch, but do not block signals that we don't catch. Avoid problems with unsigned int warnings. * src/ls.c (main): Likewise. * src/sort.c (main): Likewise. * src/csplit.c (interrupt_handler): Use void, not (obsolete) RETSIGTYPE. * src/shred.c (sigill_handler, isaac_seed_machdep): Likewise. * src/csplit.c (interrupt_handler) [defined SA_NOCLDSTOP]: Use simpler "signal (sig, SIG_DFL)" rather than sigaction equivalent. * src/ls.c (sighandler) [defined SA_NOCLDSTOP]: Likewise. * src/sort.c (sighandler) [defined SA_NOCLDSTOP]: Likewise. * src/nohup.c (main) [!defined _POSIX_SOURCE]: Likewise, except for SIG_IGN. * src/tee.c (main) [!defined _POSIX_SOURCE]: Likewise. * src/install.c: Include . (main) [defined SIGCHLD]: Set SIGCHLD handler to the default, if -s is given, since System V fork+wait does not work if SIGCHLD is ignored. * src/ls.c (sighandler) [!defined SA_NOCLDSTOP]: Reset signal handler to self, not to SIG_IGN, since SIGTSTP can be received more than once. (main): Use SA_RESTART, as that is simpler than checking for EINTR failures all over the place. 2004-04-20 Jim Meyering * src/remove.c (is_empty_dir): Clarify comment. * man/help2man: Accept new option: --program-name=NAME, so that we can override the one in --version output. This is needed solely so that test.1 doesn't refer to `[' as the program name. Reported by Benjamin Cutler as http://bugs.debian.org/205251. * man/Makefile.am (.x.1): Use help2man's new --program-name option. * src/pwd.c: Don't include pathmax.h; system.h already does it. * src/cut.c (cut_fields): Free buffer upon getndelim2 failure. 2004-04-19 Jim Meyering * src/shred.c (isaac_seed_start) [AVOID_USED_UNINITIALIZED_WARNINGS]: Initialize a buffer to avoid warnings from tools like valgrind. * Makefile.maint (sc_trailing_blank): New rule. (syntax-check-rules): Add it. * .x-sc_trailing_blank: New file. Make pwd work even if the resulting name is so long that getcwd fails. * src/pwd.c: (path_free, path_init, path_prepend): New functions. (nth_parent, find_dir_entry, robust_getcwd): New functions. (main): First try getcwd, then, upon failure, robust_getcwd. 2004-04-18 Jim Meyering * src/who.c (print_user): Use xrealloc here, rather than unchecked realloc. Remove anachronistic casts. * src/remove.c (full_filename_): Don't leak upon failed realloc. * src/system.h (readdir_ignoring_dot_and_dotdot): New inline function, from remove.c. * src/remove.c (readdir_ignoring_dotdirs): Move function to system.h, renaming it. Update uses. 2004-04-17 Jim Meyering * configure.ac: Depend on automake-1.8.3. * src/join.c (add_file_name): Declare function to be `static'. (string_to_join_field): Likewise. * src/remove.c (ds_init, ds_free): Likewise. * Makefile.maint (sc_prohibit_jm_in_m4): New rule. (syntax-check-rules): Add to the list. 2004-04-13 Paul Eggert Use page-aligned buffers whenever we bother to do I/O using buffer sizes that are tailored for the files. * src/cat.c: Include getpagesize.h. * src/copy.c: Likewise. * src/shred.c: Likewise. * src/split.c: Likewise. * src/cat.c (main): Align I/O buffers to page boundaries. * src/copy.c (copy_reg): Likewise. * src/shred.c (dopass): Likewise. * src/split.c (main): Likewise. * src/dd.c (ROUND_UP_OFFSET, PTR_ALIGN): Remove. All uses replaced by ptr_align. * src/od.c (gcd, lcm): Remove; now in system.h. * src/system.h (gcd, lcm, ptr_align): New functions, moved from od.c. 2004-04-14 Jim Meyering Remove m4/Makefile.am: it's no longer needed, with newer automake * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Remove m4/Makefile.in from the list. * Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Remove `m4' from the list. 2004-04-13 Jim Meyering * configure.ac: Change `jm_' in AC_DEFINE'd names to `gl_'. 2004-03-27 Paul Eggert * NEWS: cp -pu and mv -u (when copying) now take the destination file system time stamp resolution into account. * doc/coreutils.texi (mv invocation): Document this. (cp invocation): Document -u (it was missing!) with new behavior. * src/copy.c: Include "utimecmp.h". (copy_internal): Compare time stamps using utimecmp rather than MTIME_CMP. 2004-04-09 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (.re-list): New rule/file, to replace hard-coded list of header file names. (sc_system_h_headers): Use the new file. Don't look for sys2.h anymore. * src/system.h: Include new "stat-macros.h" rather than hard-coding all of its macro definitions -- the list was slightly out of date. Suggestion from Dmitry V. Levin. 2004-04-08 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Remove noctty flag from dd. Suggested by Philippe Troin. * doc/coreutils.texi (dd invocation): Likewise. * src/shred.c (O_NOCTTY): Remove redundant decl. * src/dd.c (flags, usage): Remove noctty flag. (main): Always use O_NOCTTY when opening files. 2004-04-08 Jim Meyering * src/dd.c (dd_copy): Mark two diagnostics for translations. (set_fd_flags): Undo part of today's change: it's a little cleaner -- and more efficient in the common case -- to go ahead and OR in the -1 when fcntl fails. * Makefile.maint (sc_dd_max_sym_length): New target. (syntax-check-rules): Add it. * src/md5sum.c (PROGRAM_NAME) [algorithm == ALG_SHA1]: Correct spelling: s/shasum/sha1sum. Reported by Jesse Kornblum. * src/dd.c (set_fd_flags): Don't OR in -1 when fcntl fails. Rename parameter, flags, to avoid shadowing global. (LONGEST_SYMBOL): Tweak comment. 2004-04-07 Paul Eggert * NEWS: New dd conv= symbols nocreat, excl, fdatasync, fsync, and new dd options iflag= and oflag=. * src/dd.c (usage): Likewise. * src/Makefile.am (dd_LDADD, shred_LDADD): Add fdatasync's lib. * src/dd.c (fdatasync) [!HAVE_FDATASYNC]: New macro. (C_NOCREAT, C_EXCL, C_FDATASYNC, C_FSYNC): New macros. (input_flags, output_flags): New vars. (LONGEST_SYMBOL): New macro. (struct symbol_value): Renamed from struct conversion. Members symbol and value renamed from convname and conversion. The symbol value is now an array instead of a pointer; this saves a bit of space and time in practice. All uses changed. (conversions): Add nocreat, excl, fdatasync, fsync. Now const. (flags): New constant array. (iflag_error_msgid, oflag_error_msgid): New constants. (parse_symbols): Renamed from parse_conversion and generalized to handle either conversion or flag symbols. (scanargs): Adjust uses of parse_symbols accodingly. Add support for iflag= and oflag=. Reject attempts to use both excl and nocreat. (set_fd_flags): New function. (dd_copy): Just return X rather than calling quit (X), since our caller invokes quit with the returned value. Add support for fdatasync and fsync. (main): Add support for iflag=, oflag=, and new conv= symbols. * src/system.h (O_DIRECT, O_DSYNC, O_NDELAY, O_NOFOLLOW, O_RSYNC, O_SYNC): Define to 0 if not already defined. * NEWS: Remove duplicate mention of BLOCKSIZE. 2004-04-02 Andreas Schwab * src/stty.c: Add support for IUTF8 input flag. 2004-04-06 Jim Meyering * src/system.h (makedev) [mkdev && !makedev]: Define in terms of mkdev. Interix spells it `mkdev'. Reported by Mark Funkenhauser. 2004-04-04 Jim Meyering A specified format is no longer automatically newline terminated. If you want a newline at the end of your format, use `\n'. * src/stat.c (print_it): Don't print a newline at the end of every format. (do_statfs): Add a newline at end of each default format string. 2004-03-30 Paul Eggert * src/nohup.c (main): Adjust to new calling convention for set_cloexec_flag. 2004-03-31 Jim Meyering * tests/Fetish.pm (run_tests): Remove `.orig' file. Remove debugging diagnostic. Specifying an invalid --width=N (-w) or --gap-size=N (-g) would not elicit an error. * src/ptx.c: Include "xstrtol.h" and "quotearg.h". (main): Don't use atoi. Use xstrtoul instead. 2004-03-30 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (sc_prohibit_atoi_atof): New rule. (syntax-check-rules): Add it. * .x-sc_prohibit_atoi_atof: New file. 2004-03-29 Jim Meyering * tests/du/files0-from: Use new OUT_SUBST directive, so that this test is not sensitive to system-dependent block size differences. Prompted by a report of Solaris 8 differences from Paul Eggert. * tests/Fetish.pm: Accept new directives: OUT_SUBST, ERR_SUBST. Rename `%tmp' to `%actual'. Reverse order of last two args to _compare_files (to $actual, $expected) so as to match declaration. 2004-03-28 Paul Eggert Fix some gotchas encountered when porting to Solaris 8, using the Forte 6u2 compiler. * src/hostname.c [HAVE_SETHOSTNAME && !defined sethostname]: Declare sethostname, since no Solaris header does it. * src/who.c: Include "vasprintf.h", for asprintf. 2004-03-28 Jim Meyering Minor optimization: * src/du.c (process_file): Don't record dev/inode for directories. Under some circumstances, without -c, du would mistakenly count the space of hard-linked files, not just the first one it encountered. Reported by Anthony Thyssen. * src/du.c (du_files): Don't ever clear the set of `seen' dev/inodes. * src/du.c: Rename global `print_totals' to `print_grand_total'. * src/du.c (main): Rearrange filtering loop to be a tiny bit more efficient. * src/chown-core.c: Don't include savedir.h -- no longer needed. * src/chmod.c: Likewise. 2004-03-25 Jim Meyering * src/du.c (main): Remove now-unused declaration of `i'. 2004-03-24 Paul Eggert * src/du.c (main): Filter out file names of length zero before invoking fts, so that they don't cause fatal errors. 2004-03-25 Jim Meyering * tests/du/files0-from (zero-len): Add a test for the above. 2004-02-25 Paul Eggert * NEWS: New environment var BLOCKSIZE. * lib/human.c (humblock): Support BLOCKSIZE as well as BLOCK_SIZE. * tests/envvar-check: Test for it. Factor the code to simplify it. 2004-03-23 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Shorten the du --files0-from announcement, and say "NUL-terminated" rather than "NUL-separated". * src/du.c (EXPECTED_BYTES_PER_FILE_NAME, DEFAULT_PROJECTED_N_FILES): Remove: not used. (usage): Say "NUL-terminated", not "NUL-separated". (main): Check for I/O error when istream is closed. Allow --files0-from=F even if F is empty; this specifies no files. (du_files): Now that we allow the list of files to be empty, handle that case. * tests/du/files0-from: Adjust to above changes to src/du.c. 2004-03-24 Jim Meyering * tests/tail-2/assert: Avoid race condition that could cause spurious failure. Based on a patch from Andreas Schwab. 2004-03-23 Jim Meyering * src/du.c (main): Free the hash table, too. 2004-03-22 Jim Meyering * man/Makefile.am (.x.1): Remove --info-page= option, reverting the change of 2004-01-22. I can no longer reproduce the problem that prompted that change, and `info coreutils pr' would display the `printing text' section of the manual, not the one on `pr invocation'. * tests/du/files0-from (nul-1, nul-2): Adjust expected diagnostics to match corrected output. * src/du.c: Include "readtokens0.h" rather than "readtokens.h". (main): Use readtoken0 functions rather than readtokens. Don't use errno when diagnosing readtokens0 failure. Fix off-by-one error in the token number reported in a diagnostic. (du_files): Return bool, rather than int. (main): Call readtokens0_free. 2004-03-21 Jim Meyering * src/remove.c (ds_free): Plug a small leak. * tests/Fetish.pm: Fix typo in comment. 2004-03-07 Jim Meyering * NEWS: du accepts a new option --files0-from=FILE, where FILE contains a list of NUL-separated file names. * src/du.c: Include "readtokens.h". (usage): Describe the new option, and adjust the `Usage': with this option, no FILE may be specified on the command line. (main): Handle the new option. * tests/du/files0-from: New tests, for the above. * tests/du/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add files0-from. * src/factor.c (do_stdin): Reflect changes in use of readtoken. * src/tsort.c (tsort): Likewise. 2004-02-29 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Add support for a new notation @N to get_date to represent the time stamp with numeric value N. Improve support for fractional time stamps. date's -d and -f options now accept them. Likewise for touch -t. date has a new option --iso-8601=ns. * doc/coreutils.texi (touch invocation): Describe use of fractional seconds. (date invocation, Options for date): Likewise. * doc/getdate.texi (General date syntax, Time of day items): Likewise. * doc/coreutils.texi (date invocation): Mention effect of LC_TIME. (Options for date): Describe new --iso-8601=ns option. * doc/getdate.texi: Add copyright notice. Change getdate to get_date when talking about the function name. (Seconds since the Epoch): New section, containing the time_t info moved from Date input formats section, along with new info about the @ syntax. Mention negative time stamps, fractional time stamps, and leap seconds. (General date syntax): Modernize examples a bit to reflect new features. (General date syntax, Relative items in date strings): Use ' rather than " to quote formats. (Time of day items): Add an example with fractional seconds. Describe fractional-second syntax. * src/Makefile.am (touch_LDADD): New macro, since `touch' now needs clock_gettime. * src/date.c (enum Time_spec): New enum TIME_SPEC_NS. (time_spec_string, time_spec, show_date): Support it. (usage): Remove description of -ITIMESPEC, as it's obsolete and confusing. Mention --iso-8601=ns. (batch_convert): getline returns ssize_t, not int. * src/touch.c (newtime): Now an array of two timespecs, one for access and one for modification. (ref_stats): Remove. (get_reldate): Use get_date's parameter profile. (touch, main): Adjust to above changes. (main): Work even if tm_year == INT_MAX (so long as long int is wider). Use gettime instead of gettimeofday, for new get_date signature. * tests/date/Test.pm (test_vector): New tests epoch, ns-10, ns-max32, ns-relative. 2004-03-15 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (alpha beta major): `Make' the emit_upload_commands target before updating $(prev_version_file). * tests/misc/date-sec: New file, to test for just-fixed bug in date. See today's change in lib/getdate.y. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add date-sec. 2004-03-14 Jim Meyering * announce-gen (print_changelog_deltas): Use `.sig' suffix for signature files, not `.asc'. Reported by angico@yahoo.com. 2004-03-13 Jim Meyering * src/cp.c (do_copy): Tweak wording in a diagnostic. Suggestion from Karl Berry. Include "quoatearg.h". (do_copy): Use quotearg_colon (not quote) for diagnostics that begin with `"%s:'. * src/nl.c (usage): Specify that nl uses _basic_ regular expressions. Suggestion from Dan Jacobson. 2004-03-12 Jim Meyering * Version 5.2.1. Sometimes, when source and destination partition are different, mv mistakenly fails to preserve a hard link. Reported by IIDA Yosiaki. * src/copy.c: When moving a set of N hard-linked files between partitions, via two or more command line arguments where the command line argument containing the Nth link contains no other link to that same file, mv would mistakenly copy the file, rather than hard-linking it to the other(s). That happens because when the final link is processed, its link count has been reduced to 1 since the other links have been `copied' to the destination partition and the source links have been removed. (copy_internal): When in move mode, use the source dev/inode pair to look up destination name even when st_nlink == 1. * src/cp-hash.c (src_to_dest_lookup): New function. * src/cp-hash.h (src_to_dest_lookup): Add prototype. * tests/mv/part-hardlink: New file. Test for the above fix. * tests/mv/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add part-hardlink. * announce-gen: Sync with autoconf. * tests/ls/time-1: Exit 77 (not 1) if we can't set up for the test. This was triggered on a Linux-2.2.19 system using a file system NFS-mounted from some sort of Sun. 2004-03-11 Jim Meyering * Use automake-1.8.3. Regenerate dependent files. 2004-03-10 Jim Meyering * tests/du/deref-args: Also convert sizes in the 70-79 kB range, so that this test works with SELinux-enabled systems. Based on a patch from Tim Waugh. `join -1 x' would give a misleading diagnostic * src/join.c (string_to_join_field): Report that a non-numeric field number is invalid, rather than `so large that it is not representable'. * tests/join/Test.pm (invalid-j): New partial test for the above fix. 2004-03-06 Jim Meyering cp --sparse=always sparse-image-file.img /dev/hda1 could produce an invalid copy on the destination device. * src/copy.c (copy_reg): Even with --sparse=always, try to make `holes' only if the destination is a regular file. Reported by Szakacsits Szabolcs. 2004-03-03 Paul Eggert * src/nohup.c (main): Don't invoke set_cloexec_flag with a file descriptor of -1. 2004-03-02 Dmitry V. Levin * src/nohup.c: Include "cloexec.h". (main): Set the copy of stderr to close on exec. 2004-03-01 Paul Eggert * configure.ac: Include when checking for strsignal, sys_siglist, and friends. Problem reported by Tony Leneis in . 2004-02-25 Paul Eggert * tests/du/deref-args, tests/du/exclude, tests/du/slash: * tests/du/trailing-slash: Run envvar-check in case BLOCK_SIZE etc. are set. 2004-02-23 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Document how chown's USER.GROUP argument is now parsed. 2004-02-23 Jim Meyering * src/seq.c (usage): Remove stray space after \n in --help output. 2004-02-22 Jim Meyering * src/du.c (usage): Separate -H and --si. Say that the meaning of -H will soon change to that of --dereference-args (-D). 2004-02-21 Jim Meyering * src/comm.c (usage): Tell what comm does when there are no options. Reword in terms of FILE1 and FILE2 rather than `left file' and `right file'. Suggestion from Dan Jacobson. 2004-02-15 Paul Eggert Fix some POSIX-conformance bugs in expr. * NEWS: document the following changes to src/expr.c. * doc/coreutils.texi (expr invocation): Likewise. Document what forms integers may take, and say "integer" consistently instead of "number". Warn about operands that "expr" can misinterpret, and how to work around the problem. * src/expr.c (eval, eval7, eval6, eval5, eval4, eval3, eval2, eval1): Accept a bool argument specifying whether to evaluate the expression. This is to allow short-circuit evaluation. All callers changed. (null): Report that a string is zero even if it has a form like "-0" or "00". (eval1, eval): Use short-circuit evaluation for | and &. (eval): Return 0 if both arguments are null or zero, instead of returning the first argument. * tests/expr/basic: Add some tests for the above. 2004-02-17 Jim Meyering * Version 5.2.0. `make check' from a build inside a chroot environment would fail * tests/help-version: Specify an argument (`/') for df, in the unusual event that there is no valid entry in /etc/mtab. Likewise for id: add the -u option, so we don't get spurious failures when there are no user or group names. Patch by Tim Waugh. * src/sort.c (usage) [-u]: Add punctuation so that the description in the help2man-generated (line-joined) man page is more readable. Reported by Tim Waugh. [-T]: Add a semicolon, for the same reason. 2004-02-15 Jim Meyering * Makefile.am (dist-hook): Qualify target with $(srcdir)/ prefix. 2004-02-11 Jim Meyering * tests/Makefile.am.in ($(srcdir)/Makefile.am): Use more portable $(srcdir)/../Makefile.am.in, rather than $<. Suggestion from Michael Elizabeth Chastain. 2004-02-10 Jim Meyering * config/install-sh: Make this script executable. * Makefile.am (dist-hook): New target, to ensure that config/install-sh is executable. Otherwise, on systems that lack a suitable install binary, `make install' would fail, because of the way this script is invoked (without `$SHELL ' prefix). Reported by Bob Proulx. 2004-02-08 Jim Meyering * Version 5.1.3. * tests/rm/rm5: Avoid triggering a bug in OSF/Tru64's sed that would cause an unwarranted test failure. * tests/rm/rm3: Likewise. 2004-02-07 Jim Meyering Remove xstat function pointer member. The way it was used was not portable, since some systems (OSF V5.1, Solaris 2.5.1) provide static inline `stat' and `lstat' functions, thus making the tests of `xstat == lstat' in copy.c always fail. * src/copy.h (struct cp_options) [xstat]: Remove member. (XSTAT): New macro. * src/copy.c (copy_dir): Set `.dereference' member, not .xstat. (copy_internal): Use `XSTAT (x, ...)' in place of `*(x->xstat) (...)'. Use `x->dereference == DEREF_NEVER' in place of `x->xstat == lstat'. (valid_options): Remove now-obsolete FIXME comments. * src/cp.c (re_protect): Use `XSTAT (x, ...)' in place of `*(x->xstat) (...)'. (do_copy): Declare/use local xstat rather than x->xstat. (main): Remove code that set x.xstat. * src/mv.c (cp_option_init): Don't initialize xstat member. * src/install.c (cp_option_init): Likewise. * Makefile.cfg (gnu_ftp_host-alpha, etc.): Un-factor .gnu.org suffix, so that emit_upload_commands can use these variables, too. 2004-02-06 Jim Meyering * tests/rm/deep-1: Remove `du' stack space test. Apparently, `ulimit -s N' isn't portable enough. This test will be restored (with a guard against losing ulimit) in its own file later. * tests/rm/deep-1 (deep): Remove progress-style diagnostics, since this test doesn't take long enough to merit them. Run du on $tmp (the containing dir), not $deep, the full path to leaf. * Makefile.maint (signatures): Remove definition. Now, automake's gnupload handles this. (%.sig: %): Remove now-unused rule. (rel-files): Use automake's $(DIST_ARCHIVES), rather than `$(distdir).tar.bz2 $(distdir).tar.gz'. (emit-upload-commands): Adjust to use gnupload. 2004-02-05 Jim Meyering * src/system.h (ST_TIME_CMP_NS, ST_TIME_CMP): Remove definitions. (ATIME_CMP, CTIME_CMP, MTIME_CMP, TIMESPEC_NS): Likewise. Now, those are all defined in timespec.h. Include timespec.h. * src/date.c: Don't include timespec.h, now that system.h does it. 2004-02-02 Paul Eggert Don't dump core if localtime returns NULL (possible on hosts with 64-bit time_t and 32-bit int). * src/date.c: Include "inttostr.h". (batch_convert, main): If time conversion fails, exit with nonzero status. (show_date): Return int to report conversion failure. Print the time as an int if localtime fails. * src/uptime.c: Print "??" if the current clock can't be converted by localtime. This won't happen until the year 2*31 + 1900, but we don't want to dump core even if the current clock has the wrong value. * src/stat.c: Include "inttostr.h". (human_time): Print the date/time as a number of seconds since the epoch if it can't be converted by localtime. This is better than just saying "invalid", and is consistent with what "ls" does. Don't dump core if the year has more than 48 digits; this isn't possible on any contemporary host, but we might as well do it right. 2004-01-31 Paul Eggert * src/stat.c (human_time): Accept time rather than pointer-to-const-time parameter, for clarity. All callers changed. 2004-02-02 Jim Meyering * src/stat.c (do_stat): Remove extra trailing newline from default formats. Reported by Nelson H. F. Beebe. Print actual fractional seconds in time stamps, not just `.00000000'. * src/stat.c (human_time): Add and use new parameter, t_ns. (print_stat): Update callers. * src/ls.c (TIMESPEC_NS): Remove definition. * src/system.h (TIMESPEC_NS): Define here, instead, now that stat.c also uses this macro. Nelson H. F. Beebe noticed that ls --full-time printed nonzero fractional seconds for files on an XFS file system, but that stat's fractional seconds were always zero. 2004-01-28 Paul Eggert * src/seq.c (print_numbers): Use 'double' for loop index, not 'int', to avoid problems with integer overflow. On almost all machines 'double' works in every case where 'int' works, and it works on other cases besides. 2004-01-27 Jim Meyering * src/seq.c (usage): Mention that if INCREMENT is omitted, it defaults to 1, even when FIRST is larger than LAST. Reword so as not to exclude the possibility that INCREMENT be zero. 2004-01-25 Jim Meyering * Version 5.1.2. * Makefile.maint (signatures): Comment out definition. 2004-01-23 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (header_regexp): Add exitfail. * man/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add help2man. Reported by Nelson H. F. Beebe. * man/Makefile.am (.x.1): Prefix help2man invocation with `$(PERL) --' so it works on systems with Perl installed somewhere other than in /usr/bin. * src/paste.c (paste_parallel): Declare local, chr, to be of type `int', not `char', since it must hold EOF. This bug would make paste infloop on some systems. Test failures reported by Nelson H. F. Beebe and Christian Krackowizer. 2004-01-22 Jim Meyering * tests/rmdir/fail-perm: New file. Test for just-fixed rmdir bug. * tests/rmdir/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add fail-perm. * man/help2man: Fix it so using --info-page='coreutils PROG' works. * man/Makefile.am (.x.1): Invoke our own (tweaked) copy of help2man. Use --info-page='coreutils PROG' option. Now, readlink.1 refers the user to `info coreutils readlink' rather than to `info readlink'. Reported by Matt Swift. 2004-01-21 Paul Eggert Exit status cleanup. * src/basename.c (usage): Use EXIT_SUCCESS, not 0, for clarity. * src/cat.c, src/chgrp.c, src/chmod.c, src/chown.c, src/chroot.c, * src/cksum.c, src/comm.c, src/cp.c, src/csplit.c, src/cut.c, * src/date.c, src/dd.c, src/df.c, src/dircolors.c, src/dirname.c, * src/du.c, src/echo.c, src/env.c, src/expand.c, src/expr.c, * src/factor.c, src/fmt.c, src/fold.c, src/head.c, src/hostid.c, * src/hostname.c, src/id.c, src/install.c, src/join.c, src/kill.c, * src/link.c, src/ln.c, src/logname.c, src/ls.c, src/md5sum.c, * src/mkdir.c, src/mkfifo.c, src/mknod.c, src/mv.c, src/nice.c, * src/nl.c, src/nohup.c, src/od.c, src/paste.c, src/pathchk.c, * src/pinky.c, src/pr.c, src/printenv.c, src/printf.c, src/pwd.c, * src/rm.c, src/rmdir.c, src/seq.c, src/setuidgid.c, src/shred.c, * src/sleep.c, src/sort.c, src/split.c, src/stat.c, src/stty.c, * src/su.c, src/sum.c, src/sync.c, src/tac.c, src/tail.c, src/tee.c, * src/test.c, src/touch.c, src/tr.c, src/tsort.c, src/tty.c, * src/uname.c, src/unexpand.c, src/uniq.c, src/unlink.c, src/uptime.c, * src/users.c, src/wc.c, src/who.c, src/whoami.c, src/yes.c: Likewise. * src/cat.c (usage): Don't bother normalizing exit status since the arg is already the correct exit status now. * src/cksum.c, src/comm.c, src/csplit.c, src/cut.c, * src/dircolors.c, src/expand.c, src/fmt.c, src/fold.c, src/head.c, * src/join.c, src/md5sum.c, src/nl.c, src/od.c, src/paste.c, * src/pr.c, src/split.c, src/sum.c, src/tac.c, src/tail.c, src/tr.c, * src/tsort.c, unexpand.c, src/src/uniq.c, src/src/wc.c: Likewise. * src/chown.c (main): Removed unused local 'fail'. * src/chroot.c (CHROOT_FOUND_BUT_CANNOT_INVOKE, CHROOT_FAILURE): Remove. * src/chroot.c (main): Initialize exit_failure to EXIT_FAIL. * src/env.c, src/nice.c, src/su.c: Likewise. * src/nohup.c (main): Likewise, to NOHUP_FAILURE. * src/setuidgid.c (main): Likewise, to SETUIDGID_FAILURE. * src/expr.c (main): Use initialize_exit_failure rather than setting exit_failure directly; this optimizes away redundant assignments. * src/printenv.c, src/sort.c, src/test.c, src/tty.c: Likewise. * src/chroot.c (main): Exit with status 1 rather than 127 if chroot itself fails, as per documentation. * src/chroot.c (main): Use EXIT_ENOENT and EXIT_CANNOT_INVOKE rather than roll-your-own symbols or integers. * src/env.c (main): Likewise. * src/nohup.c (main): Likewise. * src/su.c (run_shell): Likewise. * src/cp.c (exit_status): Remove static var.... (main): Making it local here instead. Use =, not |=, to set it. * src/cut.c (FATAL_ERROR, main): Exit with status EXIT_FAILURE, not 2, on errors. * src/date.c (batch_convert, main): Likewise. * src/dd.c (dd_copy): Likewise. * src/pr.c (first_last_page, main, getoptarg): Likewise. * src/tr.c (main): Likewise. * src/date.c (main): Don't assume EXIT_FAILURE == 1, as POSIX doesn't require it. * src/dd.c (write_output, skip, dd_copy): Likewise. * src/df.c (main): Likewise. * src/id.c (main): Likewise. * src/install.c (main): Likewise. * src/ln.c (main): Likewise. * src/ls.c (main): Likewise. * src/mv.c (main): Likewise. * src/shred.c (main): Likewise. * src/env.c (main): Exit with status 1, not 2, on errors detected by env proper. * src/hostname.c (main): Likewise. * src/nl.c (main): Likewise. * src/stty.c (main): Likewise. * src/expr.c (EXPR_FAILURE): Renamed from EXPR_ERROR, for consistency with the other programs' naming conventions. All uses changed. * src/factor.c (main): Do not report a usage error simply because stdin has bad numbers. * src/id.c (problems): Now a boolean int, not a counter, so that we don't have to worry about int overflow. All uses changed. * src/touch.c (err): Likewise. * src/md5sum.c (main): Use int, not size_t, to store boolean int. * src/mkfifo.c (main): Exit with status 1, not 4, if not implemented. * src/mknod.c: Likewise. * src/nice.c (main): Exit with status EXIT_FAIL, not EXIT_FAILURE, on error; this is in case EXIT_FAILURE is unusual. * src/su.c (main): Likewise. * src/nohup.c (NOHUP_FOUND_BUT_CANNOT_INVOKE): Remove; all uses changed to EXIT_CANNOT_INVOKE. * src/printenv.c (PRINTENV_FAILURE): New constant. (main): Exit with status PRINTENV_FAILURE, not EXIT_FAILURE, on command-line syntax problems. * src/rmdir.c (remove_parents): Don't set 'fail' to a negative number. (main): Avoid integer overflow when seeing whether errors occurred. * src/seq.c (print_numbers): Now returns void, not (zero) int. All callers changed. (main): Remove unused local variable 'errs'. Always exit successfully if we reach the end. * src/setuidgid.c (SETUIDGID_FAILURE): Renamed from FAIL_STATUS, for consistency with other programs here. All uses changed. (main): Use 'error' to exit rather than invoking 'exit' here. * src/sort.c: Don't include . (SORT_OUT_OF_ORDER, SORT_FAILURE): Now enums, not macros. (usage): Don't use 'assert'. (main): Remove redundant assignment to exit_failure. * src/system.h (EXIT_FAIL, EXIT_CANNOT_INVOKE, EXIT_ENOENT): New enum values. (initialize_exit_failure): New inline function. Include exitfail.h here, since we refer to exit_failure. All callers changed to not include exitfail.h. * src/tty.c (TTY_FAILURE, TTY_WRITE_ERROR): New enum values; substitute them for the corresponding integer constants. * tests/help-version (expected_failure_status_date): Remove, as 'date' is now normal. (expected_failure_status_nohup): New var. 2004-01-21 Jim Meyering * tests/touch/relative: Remove `command' syntax. Thanks to Nelson H. F. Beebe and Paul Eggert. * tests/touch/relative: Test only year/month/day, not hours/min/sec, so as to avoid problems with systems using TAI clocks. Although it's no longer necessary, set TZ=UTC0 also for the initial touch command. Reported by Paul Jarc here: http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.core-utils.bugs/1504 2004-01-20 Diego Biurrun * src/dircolors.hin: Add .mov to the list of media files. 2004-01-19 Paul Eggert * tests/touch/relative: Use TZ=UTC0, not TZ=utc (which isn't portable). Problem reported by Christian Krackowizer. Also, use +0000 rather than +0 to specify a time zone, as the documentation requires four digits. 2004-01-19 Jim Meyering * tests/mv/hard-4: Run envvar-check in case SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX is set. * tests/mv/backup-is-src: Likewise. Problem reported by Peter Horst 2004-01-17 Jim Meyering * announce-gen (print_changelog_deltas): Use .sig suffix, not .asc. * Version 5.1.1. 2003-12-15 Paul Eggert * NEWS, doc/coreutils.texi: touch -r and -d can now both be specified, with -r specifying the origin for -d. * src/touch.c (flexible_date): Remove static var. (get_reldate): New function. (main): Use it, to implement this new behavior. 2004-01-16 Jim Meyering * tests/touch/relative: New test for the above. * tests/touch/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add relative. 2004-01-13 Jim Meyering * src/system.h: Include contents of sys2.h. * src/sys2.h: Remove file. * src/Makefile.am (noinst_HEADERS): Remove sys2.h. * Use automake-1.8.2. Regenerate dependent files. * Update to gettext-0.13.1. * configure.ac: Use gettext-0.13.1. * .x-sc_space_tab: Add m4/po.m4 to the list of exceptions. 2004-01-12 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (%.sig): Use .sig suffix rather than .asc. * Makefile.maint (po-check): Ensure that cvsu works before using it. Reported by Alexandre Duret-Lutz. * src/tail.c (main): Warn about following stdin only when it's a tty. * configure.ac: Use gl_DEFAULT_POSIX2_VERSION. 2004-01-10 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/stat-fmt: Use backticks, not `$()' notation. 2004-01-09 Jim Meyering * configure.ac: Quote underquoted `jm_DUMMY_1' to avoid new warning. 2004-01-08 Jim Meyering * src/stat.c (human_fstype): Use %lx, not %x format for `unsigned long'. From Andreas Schwab. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Remove `/vg' (prerelease test remnant) from PATH component. That would cause tests in this directory not to run the just-built binaries, but rather whatever happened to be in one's PATH. Reported by Christian Krackowizer. 2004-01-04 Jim Meyering * src/csplit.c (new_control_record): Use x2nrealloc rather than xrealloc. * src/cp.c (re_protect): Use ASSIGN_STRDUPA rather than alloca and strcpy. (make_path_private): Likewise. 2004-01-03 Jim Meyering * src/paste.c: Use `bool' (not int) as the type for a few global variables. (collapse_escapes): Rewrite to set globals rather than modifying its parameter. Use size_t (not int) for all counters and related index variables. (paste_parallel): Remove needless complexity of using xrealloc in the loop; just allocate the buffers up front. Free the two temporary buffers. Move declarations of locals `down' into scope where used. (paste_serial): Remove `register' attributes. (main): Simplify delim-related code. Free `delims', now that it's malloc'd. 2004-01-02 Jim Meyering * src/chroot.c: Include "quote.h". (CHROOT_FOUND_BUT_CANNOT_INVOKE, CHROOT_FAILURE): Define. (main): Exit with status of 127, not 1, for too-few-args, chroot failure, or chdir failure. Give a better diagnostic upon execvp failure. * src/du.c (usage): Mention that, with its current meaning, -H is deprecated. * src/tail.c (main): Warn about following stdin when it's a tty. Fail when following by name but no names are specified. 2003-12-30 Jim Meyering * src/fold.c (main): Use memcpy, not strcpy. * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Use ASSIGN_STRDUPA rather than alloca and strcpy. 2003-12-28 Jim Meyering * src/unexpand.c (n_tabs_allocated): New global. (add_tabstop): Use x2nrealloc rather than xrealloc. * src/expand.c: Likewise. * tests/misc/expand: New file. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add expand. * src/sort.c (add_temp_dir): Use x2nrealloc rather than xrealloc. (fillbuf): Use x2nrealloc rather than xrealloc. (sort): Use xnmalloc rather than xmalloc. (main): Likewise. 2003-12-27 Jim Meyering * src/tee.c (tee): Use xnmalloc rather than xmalloc. 2003-12-29 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Remove support for join -j1 FIELD, -j2 FIELD, and -o LIST1 LIST2 in POSIX 1003.1-2001 hosts, as required by POSIX. * doc/coreutils.texi (join invocation): Remove documentation accordingly. Document that -t makes all separators significant. * src/join.c: Include posixver.h. (obsolete_usage): New var. (longopts): Put obsolete options first. (OBSOLETE_LONG_OPTIONS): New constant. (get_option, add_file_name): New functions. (main): Use them to support new behavior. (usage): Remove documentation for -j1 FIELD and -j2 FIELD. Do not mark -j FIELD as obsolescent; it is longstanding UNIX tradition and is a valid extension to POSIX. * tests/join/Test.pm (tv): Avoid obsolete -o usage. 2003-12-28 Paul Eggert * src/join.c (add_field_list): Don't use alloca with unbounded size; just modify the argument, which is no longer const *. Various other minor cleanups, mostly to avoid the need for casts. (extract_field): Renamed from ADD_FIELD, as it's now a function. (struct field.beg): Now char *, not unsigned char const *. All uses changed. It shouldn't be const since xmemcoll writes on its arguments. (extract_field): Likewise, for 2nd arg. (keycmp): Remove now-unnecessary cast of xmemcoll args. (is_blank): New function, to avoid need to cast arg to unsigned char. (extract_field): Use it. (xfields): Rewrite pretty much from scratch. (hard_LC_COLLATE): Now bool, not int. (get_line, getseq, add_field_list): Now returns bool, not int. (decode_field_spec, add_field_list): Return true on success (not false), for consistency with the rest of the code. All uses changed. (tab): Now char, not unsigned char. This wasn't 100% necessary but is slightly cleaner. (prjoin): Hoist (tab ? tab : ' ') expression, to help the compiler. (empty_filler): Now const *. (make_blank): Remove; wasn't needed. Remove all calls. (main): Don't set uni_blank.nfields; zero is fine. 2003-12-27 Jim Meyering * src/join.c: Include "quote.h". (min, max): Remove definitions. Make a few function parameters and corresponding locals `const'. Use bool for boolean variables. Use size_t (not int) for all counters and related index variables. (prjoin): Remove now-useless assertion. (string_to_join_field): New function. (main): Accept join fields as large as SIZE_MAX. (keycmp): Rename `min' to MIN and max to MAX. 2003-12-26 Jim Meyering fold -s didn't work on e.g., alpha-based systems. * src/fold.c (fold_file): Adjust types (int->size_t) so that using x2nrealloc works properly on systems with differing sizes for int and size_t. Reported by Nelson Beebe. * src/fold.c: Use `bool' (not int) as the type for a few global variables. 2003-12-23 Paul Eggert * src/ls.c (length_of_file_names_and_frills): Remove forward decl; not needed. (print_file_name_and_frills, length_of_file_name_and_frills): With -m, don't output spaces before inum or size. (print_with_commas): Don't output space just before newline. 2003-12-24 Jim Meyering * tests/ls/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add m-option. * tests/ls/m-option: New file. Test for above fixes. 2003-12-20 Jim Meyering * Version 5.1.0. * src/pr.c: Change type of global, buff_allocated, to size_t. * src/join.c [struct seq]: Change types of members count and alloc from `int' to `size_t'. * tests/Makefile.am (root-hint): Tweak wording. * src/du.c: Accept new option (-0, --null) that makes it so each output line is NUL-terminated rather than newline-terminated. * src/dd.c (apply_translations): Don't prohibit conv=unblock,sync. Reported by Volker Paul. * tests/dd/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add unblock-sync. * tests/dd/unblock-sync: New test for the above. 2003-12-19 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/nohup: Double quote back-ticked expression, in case it ends up having an unexpected value. * tests/ls/no-arg: Use ls's -1 option in both runs. * src/du.c (fts_debug): New global. (FTS_CROSS_CHECK, DEBUG_OPT): Define. (main): Make fts use FTS_TIGHT_CYCLE_CHECK. (main) [DU_DEBUG]: Accept -d option. 2003-12-18 Jim Meyering * src/ls.c (format_user): Increment dired_pos via two statements, `dired_pos += width; dired_pos++;' rather than one, `dired_pos += width + 1;' since the latter could conceivably overflow. (format_group): Likewise. From Paul Eggert. * configure.ac: Require automake-1.8. 2003-12-12 Jim Meyering * Use automake-1.8. Regenerate dependent files. 2003-12-08 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (news-date-check): New rule. (alpha beta major): Depend on it. 2003-12-03 Paul Eggert * NEWS: ls -l (and similar options) now adjust all columns to fit the data. Generalized from a suggestion by Leah Q for file sizes. * src/ls.c (INODE_DIGITS, LOGIN_NAME_MAX, ID_LENGTH_MAX): Remove. (format_user_width, format_group_width, unsigned_file_size, format_group): New functions. (block_size_width): Renamed from block_size_size. (inode_number_width, nlink_width, owner_width, group_width, author_width, major_device_number_width, minor_device_number_width, file_size_width): New vars. (clear_files): Initialize them. (gobble_file): Set them. Don't ceiling block_size_width to 7. (print_long_file): Use them. (gobble_file): Use a new local variable 'f' to make the code smaller and more consistent with other functions. (format_user): Output to stdout, not to a buffer, so that we don't have to worry about buffer overrun. Update dired_pos. (print_long_file): Don't put owner, group, author into buffer; just print them directly. Don't assume link counts and major and minor numbers fit into unsigned long int. * tests/cp/same-file, tests/mv/part-symlink: Don't assume that 'ls' output is fixed-width. 2003-12-02 Jim Meyering * src/md5sum.c: Include sha1.h (reflect renaming: sha.h -> sha1.h. 2003-11-27 Jim Meyering * Use automake-1.7f. Regenerate dependent files. 2003-11-24 Paul Eggert Parse floating-point operands and options in the C locale. POSIX requires this for printf, and we might as well be consistent elsewhere (tail, sleep, seq). * src/printf.c: Remove decls of strtod, strtol, strtoul; no longer needed now that we assume C89. Include "c-strtod.h". (xstrtod): Call c_strtod, not strtod. * src/sleep.c: Include "c-strtod.h". (main): Update xstrtod call to include new argument, c_strtod. * src/seq.c (scan_double_arg): Likewise. * src/tail.c (parse_options): Likewise. 2003-11-24 Jim Meyering * tests/rm/fail-2eperm: Handle another errno variant (HPUX, EPERM). Reported by Mark Conty. 2003-11-22 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (sc_xalloc_h_in_src): Remove rule. Subsumed by... (sc_system_h_headers): Do this test only if sys2.h exists. 2003-11-20 Jim Meyering * tests/help-version: Ensure that the bug-reporting address is included in the --help output for every program. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Add $PACKAGE_BUGREPORT. * src/ptx.c (usage): Output bug-reporting address. Reported by Dan Jacobson. 2003-11-19 Jim Meyering * src/join.c (usage): Mention that FILE1 and FILE2 must be sorted on the join fields. Suggestion from Bruce Robertson. 2003-11-18 Jim Meyering `od -c -w9999999' could segfault * src/od.c (dump): Use xnmalloc/free, not alloca. 2003-11-16 Jim Meyering * Use autoconf-2.59. Regenerate dependent files. * tests/du/hard-link: Minor tweak: use mkdir -p. Fix read-from-free'd-buffer error detected by valgrind. * src/csplit.c (remove_line): Don't return a pointer to data in a freed buffer. Instead, arrange to free the buffer on the subsequent call. * tests/misc/csplit: New test for above fix. 2003-11-11 Jim Meyering * src/ls.c (extract_dirs_from_files): Avoid useless copy operations. This avoids a warning from valgrind about memcpy with overlapping source and destination. * configure.ac: Require automake-1.7.8. 2003-11-09 Jim Meyering * Use automake-1.7.9. Regenerate dependent files. * src/rm.c: Support new options: --preserve-root and --no-preserve-root. * src/chown.c: Likewise. * src/chown-core.c: Include "root-dev-ino.h". (chopt_init): Initialize new member. (change_file_owner): Support rm's new --preserve-root option. * src/remove.c: Include "root-dev-ino.h". (remove_cwd_entries): Remove now-obsolete FIXME comment. (remove_dir): Support rm's new --preserve-root option. * src/chown.c: Include "root-dev-ino.h". Add new options: --preserve-root and --no-preserve-root. * src/chmod.c: Include "root-dev-ino.h". (process_file): Use newly-factored-out ROOT_DEV_INO_CHECK and ROOT_DEV_INO_WARN macros. (get_root_dev_ino): Remove function definition, now that it's been moved to a separate file. (usage): Describe new options. * src/mv.c (rm_option_init): Initialized new member. * src/remove.h: Include "dev-ino.h". (struct rm_options): Add new member: root_dev_ino. * src/chown-core.h: Include "dev-ino.h". (struct Chown_option): Add new member: root_dev_ino. 2003-11-06 Jim Meyering * src/paste.c (paste_parallel): Use `sizeof *var' rather than hard-coding `sizeof FILE*'. 2003-11-05 Dennis Smit * src/wc.c (main): Free `fstatus' so there is no confusion about whether it's leaked or not. * src/who.c (who): Likewise for `utmp_buf'. 2003-11-05 Paul Eggert Fix 'cut' problems with size_t overflow and unsigned int. More generally, resize integer variables to fit use more precisely. * src/cut.c (ADD_RANGE_PAIR): Remove unnecessary parens. (struct range_pair): Make members to be of type size_t, not unsigned. (max_range_endpoint, eol_range_start): Now size_t, not unsigned. (suppress_non_delimited, output_delimiter_specified, have_read_stdin, print_kth, set_fields): Now bool, nt int. (delim): Now unsigned char, not int. (mark_printable_field, is_printable_field, is_range_start_index, set_fields, set_fields, cut_bytes, cut_fields): Use size_t, not unsigned, for field and byte counts. (hash_int): Use uintptr_t, not unsigned, for pointers converted to integers. This squeezes more info out of them. (set_fields, cut_bytes, cut_fields, main): Use bool, not int, for booleans. (set_fields): Allocate zeroed byte array with xzalloc, not xcalloc. 2003-11-05 Paul Eggert * man/Makefile.am (check-programs-vs-x): Work even if $(programs) contains '$'. Work even if 'missing=1' in environment. Don't report an error simply because $(programs) outputs nothing. 2003-11-05 Jim Meyering * Use autoconf-2.58. Regenerate dependent files. * src/tr.c (spec_init): Fix typo in last change. * src/sys2.h (case_GETOPT_VERSION_CHAR): Cast NULL to `(char *)' in call to variadic version_etc function, so that it works even on systems for which sizeof char* != sizeof int. * src/true.c (main): Likewise. * basename.c, chroot.c, cksum.c, dd.c, dirname.c, echo.c, expr.c: * factor.c, hostid.c, hostname.c, link.c, logname.c, nice.c, nohup.c: * pathchk.c, printenv.c, printf.c, pwd.c, setuidgid.c, sleep.c, stty.c: * sync.c, test.c, tsort.c, unlink.c, uptime.c, users.c, whoami.c, yes.c: Similarly, cast NULL to `(char *)' in call to variadic function, parse_long_options, so that it works even on systems for which sizeof char* != sizeof int. A similar problem was reported by Harti Brandt in http://mail.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-gnu-utils/2003-10/msg00320.html. * src/users.c (users): Free `utmp_buf' explicitly so that people don't mistake this for a real leak. Patch by Dennis Smit * README: Document _POSIX2_VERSION. 2003-11-04 Jim Meyering * src/tac.c (memrchr): Remove #if-0'd function. (tac_stdin_to_mem): Clean up #if-0'd code. * src/od.c (decode_format_string): Remove unnecessary casts. Use more maintainable `sizeof *var'. (main): Call decode_format_string rather than decode_one_format, now that `spec' may be NULL. * src/chmod.c (AUTHORS): Add my name. * src/split.c (next_file_name): Use `sizeof *var' rather than hard-coding `sizeof size_t'. * src/sort.c (new_key): Use xzalloc, not xcalloc (1, ...). * src/cut.c (ADD_RANGE_PAIR): Use x2nrealloc rather than xrealloc, to avoid potential overflow in pointer arithmetic. (set_fields): Use not `1', but rather `sizeof *printable_field' as second argument to xcalloc. * src/od.c (decode_format_string, dump_strings): Use x2nrealloc rather than xrealloc. * src/date.c (show_date): Likewise. * src/join.c (ADD_FIELD, initseq, getseq): Likewise. * src/pr.c (store_char): Likewise. * src/fold.c (fold_file): Likewise. * src/copy.c (triple_hash, triple_hash_no_name): Adjust to reflect type changes (unsigned int -> size_t) in hash.c. * src/cp-hash.c (src_to_dest_hash): Likewise. * src/du.c (entry_hash): Likewise. * src/ls.c (dev_ino_hash): Likewise. * src/cut.c (hash_int): Likewise. Declare function as static. 2003-11-03 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Define PACKAGE_VERSION. * tests/misc/fold: Fail the test immediately if we're not running the expected version of fold. 2003-11-02 Jim Meyering * src/tr.c (append_normal_char, append_range, append_char_class) (append_repeated_char, append_equiv_class, spec_init): Use `sizeof *var' rather than `sizeof EXPLICIT_TYPE'. The former is more maintainable and usually shorter. * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Likewise. * src/join.c (initseq, add_field, make_blank): Likewise. * src/od.c (main): Likewise. * src/cp.c (make_path_private): Likewise. * src/tsort.c (new_item, record_relation): Likewise. * src/df.c (add_fs_type, add_excluded_fs_type, main): Likewise. (main): Also remove anachronistic cast of xmalloc return value. * src/ptx.c (alloc_and_compile_regex, main): Likewise. (main): Also remove anachronistic cast of xmalloc return value. * src/sort.c (inittables): Likewise. (sort): Also Split a long line. 2003-10-25 Jim Meyering * src/copy.c (triple_hash, triple_hash_no_name): Adjust to reflect type changes (unsigned int -> size_t) in hash.c. * src/cp-hash.c (src_to_dest_hash): Likewise. * src/du.c (entry_hash): Likewise. * src/ls.c (dev_ino_hash): Likewise. * src/cut.c (hash_int): Likewise. Declare function as static. 2003-10-21 Jim Meyering Don't fail when run with VERBOSE=yes. * tests/chgrp/basic: Do `set +x' before starting the subshell from which we invoke chgrp. Otherwise, the output from the VERBOSE=yes-induced `set -x' would result in spurious differences. Reported by Russel Coker via Michael Stone. 2003-10-19 Jim Meyering chmod now uses fts to perform a directory traversal when -R is specified. Before, it operated on full path names, and as such would encounter the PATH_MAX (often 4096) limit. * src/chmod.c: Include "xfts.h". (process_file): Rename from change_file_mode. Adapt to be used with fts. (process_files): New function. 2003-10-18 Jim Meyering * tests/du/deref-args: Ensure that du -D now dereferences all symlinks specified on the command line, not just those that reference directories. * basename.c, cat.c, chroot.c, cksum.c, comm.c, cp.c, csplit.c, cut.c: * dd.c, df.c, dirname.c, du.c, echo.c, env.c, expr.c, factor.c, head.c: * hostid.c, hostname.c, id.c, link.c, ln.c, logname.c, ls.c, md5sum.c: * mv.c, nice.c, nl.c, nohup.c, paste.c, pathchk.c, pinky.c, pr.c: * printenv.c, printf.c, pwd.c, rm.c, setuidgid.c, sleep.c, sort.c: * split.c, stty.c, sum.c, sync.c, tac.c, tail.c, tee.c, test.c: * touch.c, tsort.c, uniq.c, unlink.c, uptime.c, users.c, wc.c: * who.c, whoami.c, yes.c (AUTHORS): Revert the WRITTEN_BY/AUTHORS change of 2003-09-19. Now, AUTHORS is a comma-separated list of strings. Update the call to parse_long_options so that `AUTHORS, NULL' are the last parameters. * src/true.c (main): Append NULL to version_etc argument list. * src/sys2.h (case_GETOPT_VERSION_CHAR): Likewise. 2003-10-17 Andreas Schwab * tests/mk-script: Get $srcdir from first parameter instead of hardcoding it. (main): Update usage. * tests/Makefile.am.in ($(srcdir)/$x-tests): Pass $(srcdir) as first argument of mk-script. ($(srcdir)/Makefile.am): Likewise. Prepend $(srcdir) to target. 2003-10-17 Jim Meyering * src/mv.c (usage): Tweak descriptions of -i and -f so that the generated `man' page is more readable. Suggestion from Dan Jacobson. * src/chown-core.c (change_file_owner): Handle the cases in which fts_info indicates an error with the given entry. * src/du.c (main): Simply assign to bit_flags. Don't bother with bit arithmetic. * tests/chmod/no-x: New file. * tests/chgrp/no-x: New file. * tests/chmod/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add no-x. * tests/chgrp/Makefile.am (TESTS): Likewise. * src/du.c: Include "xfts.h". (du_files): Use xfts_open, rather than fts_open. * src/chown-core.c (chown_files): Likewise. 2003-10-16 Jim Meyering * src/chgrp.c (main): Simply assign to bit_flags. Don't bother with bit arithmetic. * src/chown.c (main): Likewise. Rename a couple of local variables. Remove unnecessary casts. * src/tail.c (start_bytes): Rename local, remainder, to avoid gcc's warning about shadowing a global. 2003-10-15 Jim Meyering chown and chgrp now accept POSIX-mandated -H, -L, -P options and use fts to perform a directory traversal when -R is specified. Before, they operated on full path names, and as such would encounter the PATH_MAX (often 4096) limit. They are more efficient. For example, before, chgrp -R would take almost 5 seconds to change about 2000 directories and fail (with `File name too long'), while now it succeeds on a hierarchy of depth 20,000 in 1/10 the time. * src/chown.c: Include "userspec.h" and "fts_.h". (WRITTEN_BY): Add my name. (getpwnam, getgrnam, getgrgid): Remove declarations. (endpwent): Remove definition. (usage): Update. (main): Handle new options. Call new function, chown_files rather than change_file_owner. * src/chgrp.c: Include "fts_.h". (WRITTEN_BY): Add my name. (MAXUID, MAXGID): Remove definitions. Use GID_T_MAX instead of the latter. (usage): Update. (main): Handle new options. Call new function, chown_files rather than change_file_owner. Rewrite to iterate through hierarchies using fts rather than via explicit recursion. * src/chown-core.c: Include "fts_.h" (change_file_owner): Rewrite to use FTS* and FTSENT* and to operate on a single file at a time. (chown_files): New function. * src/chown-core.h [enum Dereference_symlink]: Remove declaration. [struct Chown_option] (recurse, force_silent): Change type to `bool'. [struct Chown_option] (dereference): Remove member with ambiguous name. [struct Chown_option] (affect_symlink_referent): New member. (chown_files): New prototype. * tests/chgrp/recurse: Update tests accordingly. * tests/chgrp/posix-H: New tests for the above. * tests/chgrp/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add posix-H. * src/ln.c (usage): Clarify that --directory, -d, -F probably won't work even for superuser. Suggestion from Dan Jacobson. 2003-10-14 Paul Eggert Fix some number-parsing bugs, e.g., "head -n 100k@" wasn't properly diagnosed. * lib/human.c, lib/xstrtoimax.c, lib/xstrtol.c, lib/xstrtol.h, lib/xstrtoul.c, lib/xstrtoumax.c: Sync with gnulib. * src/sort.c (parse_field_count): Handle the case where overflow and invalid suffix char are both reported. 2003-10-14 Jim Meyering * src/ls.c (decode_switches) [TIOCGWINSZ]: Comment out the warning-inducing test, ws.ws_col <= SIZE_MAX, since it was always true on Linux. 2003-10-13 Paul Eggert Fix to avoid a denial-of-service attack if the display width is enormous. Also, clean up the code a bit by removing duplicate code. * src/ls.c (init_column_info): Remove forward decl; no longer needed. (calculate_columns): New function, that contains code that used to be common to print_many_per_line and print_horizontal. (print_many_per_line, print_horizontal): Use it. (decode_switches): Set max_idx here, not in calculate_columns. (print_current_files): Don't call init_column_info; calculate_columns now does that. (init_column_info): Don't allocate a lot more space than is needed to represent the current set of files. Allocate all the new size_t cells in one call to xnmalloc, rather than a row at a time. 2003-10-13 Jim Meyering * src/ls.c (init_column_info): Add another FIXME comment. 2003-10-13 Paul Eggert Fix address-arithmetic bug in 'ls', reported by Georgi Guninski. Remove several arbitrary limits on hosts where int cannot represent all size_t values. * src/ls.c (struct bin_str.len, length_of_file_name_and_frills, indent, nfiles, files_index, tabsize, line_length, struct column_info.line_len, struct column_info.col_arr[0], max_idx): Now size_t, not int. (get_funky_string): Return bool indicating success, instead of a negative count to indicate failure. Store number of columns through new parameter OUTPUT_COUNT; that way, they can never go negative. Change equals_end from int to bool. All uses changed. (struct column_info.valid_len): Now bool, not int. All uses changed. (dired_dump_obstack, get_funky_string, clear_files, extract_dirs_from_files, print_current_files, print_many_per_line, print_horizontal, init_column_info, put_indicator, length_of_file_name_and_frills, print_with_commas): Use size_t, not int, for local variables that count sizes. (decode_switches): Decode sizes using xstrtoul, not xstrtol. Check for TIOCGWINSZ returing negative values (or values greater than SIZE_MAX!). (visit_dir, main, parse_ls_color, queue_directory, add_ignore_pattern, init_column_info): Use xmalloc and xnmalloc, not XMALLOC. (gobble_file): Use xnrealloc, not XREALLOC. (print_color_indicator): Remove now-unnecessary cast to size_t. 2003-10-12 Paul Eggert * tests/du/no-x: Change wording of diagnostic to match latest du.c. * tests/sort/sort-tests: Remove from CVS; assume that people brave enough to check coreutils out from CVS can rebuild it. 2003-10-12 Jim Meyering New options: --preserve-root and --no-preserve-root. * src/chmod.c (change_file_mode): Honor new option. (change_file_mode): Strip trailing slashes on directory argument passed to change_dir_mode. (get_root_dev_ino): New function. (main): Initialize global, root_dev_ino. * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Don't #ifdef-out simple uses of S_ISLNK or S_ISSOCK. The S_IS* macros are guaranteed to be defined via system.h. * src/chmod.c (change_file_mode): Likewise. 2003-10-08 Jim Meyering * src/csplit.c (main): Remove obsolete FIXME. 2003-10-07 Jim Meyering * Use automake-1.7.8. Regenerate dependent files. 2003-09-29 Paul Eggert csplit cleanup. * doc/coreutils.texi (csplit invocation): The regexp offset need not have a sign; POSIX requires support for signless offets. Be more careful about int widths. For example, remove some arbitrary limits by replacing 'unsigned' with 'size_t', 'uintmax_t', etc. Use standard bool rather than a homegrown type. * lib/Makefile.am (libfetish_a_SOURCES): Add xstrtoimax.c. * src/csplit.c (FALSE, TRUE, boolean): Remove. All uses changed to usage. (struct control): offset is now intmax_t, not int. repeat_forever is now bool, not int. (struct cstring): len is now size_t, not unsigned int. (struct buffer_record): bytes_alloc, bytes_used, num_lines are now size_t, not unsigned. start_line, first_available are now uintmax_t, not unsigned. (hold_count, control_used): Now size_t, not unsigned. (last_line_number, current_line, bytes_written): Now uintmax_t, not unsigned. (save_to_hold_area, red_input, keep_new_line, record_line_starts, create_new_buffer, get_new_buffer, load_buffer, find_line, process_regexp, split_file, new_control_record, extract_regexp, get_format_width, get_format_prec, max_out): size args, locals, and returned values are now size_t, not unsigned or int. (get_first_line_in_buffer, find_line, write_to_file, handle_line_error, process_line_count, regexp_error, process_regexp, split_file): File line, byte, and repetition counts are now uintmax_t, not unsigned. (check_for_offset): Don't require a sign before the offset. Use xstrtoimax to do the real work. (extract_regexp): Remove harmful cast of size to unsigned. 256 -> 1< * src/chown-core.c (change_file_owner): Remove set-but-not-used local. * src/du.c (du_files): Mark diagnostic for translation. 2003-10-04 Jim Meyering * src/du.c (du_files): Ignore any failure of fts_close. Give better diagnostics for failed fts_open. * src/du.c (MAX_N_DESCRIPTORS): Remove now-unused definition. Deprecate existing use of -H (aka --si). * src/du.c (enum) [HUMAN_SI_OPTION]: New member. [long_options]: Use HUMAN_SI_OPTION, not 'H'. (main): Warn that the meaning of -H will soon change to be POSIX compliant. 2003-10-03 Jim Meyering * src/du.c: Accept --no-dereference (-P). 2003-10-02 Jim Meyering * tests/du/trailing-slash: Adjust for slightly different output. Rewrite du.c to use fts. * src/du.c: Include "fts_.h", not ftw.h. (opt_dereference_arguments, arg_length, suffix_length): Remove globals. (IS_FTW_DIR_TYPE): Remove definition. (IS_DIR_TYPE): Define. (is_symlink_to_dir): Remove now-unnecessary function. (process_file, du_files): Rewrite to use fts. * tests/du/inaccessible-cwd: Ensure that even when run from an inaccessible directory, du can still operate on accessible directories elsewhere. * tests/du/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add inaccessible-cwd. * tests/rm/deep-1: Ensure that du can process a hierarchy of depth 400 while using no more than 50KB of stack space. 2003-10-01 Akim Demaille * announce-gen (print_news_deltas): New function, extracted from main. (main): Make `news_file' an array. Use '...=s' => \@var for --news and --url-directory specs. Before there were a couple of portability problems. 2003-09-28 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (sc_cast_of_alloca_return_value): New rule. (syntax-check-rules): Add it. * src/copy.c: Remove unnecessary cast of alloca, since now it's guaranteed to be (void *). * src/cp.c: Likewise. * src/join.c: Likewise. * src/ln.c: Likewise. * src/ls.c: Likewise. * src/od.c: Likewise. * src/sys2.h (ASSIGN_STRDUPA): Likewise. 2003-09-27 Jim Meyering Don't exhaust virtual memory when processing large inputs. Fix this by removing csplit's internal free-list management; instead rely on malloc for that. * src/csplit.c (free_list): Remove global. (clear_all_line_control): Remove function. (get_new_buffer): Always use create_new_buffer to obtain a new buffer, rather than searching free_list. (free_buffer): Just call free. Reported by Nikola Milutinovic. 2003-09-26 Jim Meyering * man/rm.x: Also list `chattr' in SEE ALSO section. Suggestion from Mark Hubbart. 2003-09-25 Jim Meyering * configure.ac: Don't invoke AC_AIX or AC_MINIX explicitly, now that we use gl_USE_SYSTEM_EXTENSIONS, since it AC_REQUIREs them. * Use autoconf-2.57d. Regenerate dependent files. 2003-09-24 Jim Meyering Minor efficiency tweak. * src/ln.c (PATH_BASENAME_CONCAT): Use memcpy rather than strcpy. (do_link): Likewise. 2003-09-23 Jim Meyering * src/paste.c (paste_serial): Save errno after input error, to report proper errno value. Based on a patch from Paul Eggert. * src/tee.c (tee): Adjust fwrite arguments so that the return value is the number of bytes written. 2003-09-16 Paul Eggert Don't assume ferror sets errno. Bug reported by Bruno Haible. * src/comm.c (compare_files): Save errno after input error, to report proper errno value. * src/fold.c (fold_file): Likewise. * src/od.c (check_and_close, skip, read_char, read_block): Likewise. * src/unexpand.c (unexpand): Likewise. * src/csplit.c (close_output_file): Don't report bogus errno value after ferror discovers an output error. We don't know the proper errno value, since it might have been caused by any of a whole bunch of calls, and it might have been trashed in the meantime. Fixing this problem will require much more extensive changes; in the meantime just say "write error". * src/od.c (check_and_close, dump, dump_strings): Likewise. * src/uniq.c (check_file): Likewise. * src/join.c (get_line): Report error right away if I/O fails, so that the proper errno value is used. * src/tac.c (tac_seekable, tac_file, save_stdin): Likewise. * src/tee.c (tee): Likewise. * src/uniq.c (check_file): Likewise. * src/od.c (skip): If a read fails, don't retry it later, so that we report the proper errno. * src/tac.c (tac_mem): Don't return a value; nobody uses it. * src/tee.c (tee): Once a write failure has occurred, don't bother writing anything more to that stream. * src/uniq.c (check_file): Check for ferror (stdout) even if ostream == stdout. * src/yes.c (UNROLL): Remove. (main): Exit immediately when write failure is detected. Simplify code by assigning to argv when argc == 1. 2003-09-21 Paul Eggert * src/ptx.c: Switch encoding from Latin-1 to UTF-8. (WRITTEN_BY): Change "Franc,ois" (actually using c-with-cedilla in Latin-1) to "F.", so that it's ASCII, as xgettext requires. 2003-09-19 Jim Meyering `du -D symlink-to-dir' would mistakenly omit the slash in lines like this: 24 symlink-to-dir/subdir * src/du.c (process_file): Fix offset calculation. Reported by Jeff Sheinberg as Debian bug #211591; http://bugs.debian.org/205251 * tests/du/deref-args: New file/test for the above. * tests/du/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add deref-args. * src/du.c (process_file): Remove useless disjunct. * src/sys2.h (case_GETOPT_VERSION_CHAR): Rename parameter, Authors, to Written_by. * nearly all src/*.c files (WRITTEN_BY): Rename from AUTHORS. Begin each WRITTEN_BY string with `Written by ' and end it with `.'. Mark each WRITTEN_BY string as translatable. * basename.c, cat.c, chroot.c, cksum.c, comm.c, cp.c, csplit.c, cut.c: * dd.c, df.c, dirname.c, du.c, echo.c, env.c, expr.c, factor.c, head.c: * hostid.c, hostname.c, id.c, link.c, ln.c, logname.c, ls.c, md5sum.c: * mv.c, nice.c, nl.c, nohup.c, paste.c, pathchk.c, pinky.c, pr.c: * printenv.c, printf.c, pwd.c, rm.c, setuidgid.c, sleep.c, sort.c: * split.c, stty.c, sum.c, sync.c, tac.c, tail.c, tee.c, test.c: * touch.c, tsort.c, uniq.c, unlink.c, uptime.c, users.c, wc.c: * who.c, whoami.c, yes.c: Revert yesterday's changes. Instead, a subsequent change will embed `Written by ' in each string along with the author names. * src/true.c: Revert yesterday's changes. * src/sys2.h: Likewise. 2003-09-18 Jim Meyering * basename.c, cat.c, chroot.c, cksum.c, comm.c, cp.c, csplit.c, cut.c: * dd.c, df.c, dirname.c, du.c, echo.c, env.c, expr.c, factor.c, head.c: * hostid.c, hostname.c, id.c, link.c, ln.c, logname.c, ls.c, md5sum.c: * mv.c, nice.c, nl.c, nohup.c, paste.c, pathchk.c, pinky.c, pr.c: * printenv.c, printf.c, pwd.c, rm.c, setuidgid.c, sleep.c, sort.c: * split.c, stty.c, sum.c, sync.c, tac.c, tail.c, tee.c, test.c: * touch.c, tsort.c, uniq.c, unlink.c, uptime.c, users.c, wc.c: * who.c, whoami.c, yes.c: Update AUTHORS definition to be a comma-separated list of strings and/or update the call to parse_long_options so that `AUTHORS, NULL' are the last parameters. * src/true.c (main): Append NULL to version_etc argument list. * src/sys2.h (case_GETOPT_VERSION_CHAR): Likewise. * src/sort.c (numcompare): Rename local, logb, to log_b to avoid shadowing the math function name. Also rename loga to log_a. 2003-09-14 Jim Meyering * src/factor.c (print_factors): Give a separate diagnostic for numbers that are too large, but otherwise valid. Reported by Dániel Varga. 2003-09-10 Jim Meyering * Use automake-1.7.7. Regenerate dependent files. * tests/Makefile.am (all_programs): Use ../src/tr -s ' ' '\n' in place of `fmt -1'. Using the just-built tr is a little cleaner. Christian Krackowizer reported that HPUX 10.20 doesn't have fmt. * man/Makefile.am (programs, check-x-vs-1): Likewise. 2003-09-09 Jim Meyering * src/copy.c: Alphabetize includes. Remove duplicate inclusion of "same.h". 2003-09-08 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (GZIP_ENV): Remove --rsyncable. Didn't give enough of a benefit, mainly because it's not yet in wide enough use. * Version 5.0.91. * man/Makefile.am (programs): Use ../src, not $(srcdir)/../src. (check-programs-vs-x): Fail if $(programs) is empty. * src/remove.c: Add a comment. 2003-09-07 Jim Meyering * src/remove.c (D_INO, ENABLE_CYCLE_CHECK) [D_INO_IN_DIRENT]: Don't define. These symbols are no longer used. * tests/misc/tty-eof: Write ^D as \cD. Complete the change of 2003-08-02. * Makefile.maint (po-check): Use cvsu, so that a temporary source file in lib/ or src/ doesn't induce an unwarranted failure. Add a kludge to filter out the sole generated source file that also has translatable messages: src/false.c. 2003-09-06 Jim Meyering * src/tail.c (enum): Add ALLOW_MISSING_OPTION. (parse_options): Give a diagnostic for (but still accept) the deprecated --allow-missing option. 2003-09-04 Paul Eggert Don't ignore -S if input is a pipe. Bug report by Michael McFarland in . * src/sort.c (sort_buffer_size): Omit SIZE_BOUND arg. Compute the size_bound ourselves. if an input file is a pipe and the user specified a size, use that size instead of trying to guess the pipe size. This has the beneficial side effect of avoiding the overhead of default_sort_size in that case. All callers changed. (sort): Remove static var size; now done by sort_buffer_size. 2003-09-05 Jim Meyering * Use automake-1.7.6b and autoconf-2.57b. Regenerate dependent files. * tests/tail-2/tail-n0f: Wait .5 seconds for backgrounded process to start, rather than just .1. Upon failure, print unexpected state. 2003-09-04 Paul Eggert * src/head.c (elide_tail_lines_pipe): Don't assign 0 or SAFE_READ_ERROR to tmp->nbytes. * src/tail.c (pipe_lines, pipe_bytes): Likewise. * src/head.c (struct linebuffer): Change nbytes and nlines from unsigned int to size_t. unsigned int is safe (after the 2003-09-03 patch) but size_t is cleaner. * src/tail.c (struct linebuffer, struct charbuffer): Likewise. (pipe_bytes): Likewise for local variable 'i', which was 'int'. Standardize on BUFSIZ as opposed to other macro names and values. * src/head.c (BUFSIZE): Remove. All uses changed to BUFSIZ. * src/tail.c (BUFSIZ) [!defined BUFSIZ]: Remove. stdio.h has always defined it, and other code already assumes it's defined. * src/tr.c (BUFSIZ) [!defined BUFSIZ]: Likewise. (IO_BUF_SIZE): Remove; replace all uses with sizeof io_buf. (io_buf): IO_BUF_SIZE -> BUFSIZ. 2003-09-04 Paul Eggert * src/seq.c (step): Default to 1. (print_numbers): Allow the output to be empty. (main): The default step is 1, even if LAST < FIRST; as per documentation. * tests/seq/basic (onearg-2): Output should be empty. 2003-09-05 Jim Meyering * Makefile.cfg (wget_files): Temporarily disable, until master versions are restored to ftp.gnu.org. * configure.ac (AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE): Specify automake-1.7.6. Make seq's --width (-w) option work properly even when the endpoint requiring the larger width is negative and smaller than the other endpoint. * src/seq.c (get_width_format): Include `-' in the set of bytes allowed in a `simple' number (no decimal point, no exponent). Reported by Patrick Mauritz. 2003-09-02 Paul Eggert * NEWS: sort -t '\0' now uses a NUL tab. sort option order no longer matters, unless POSIX requires it. * src/sort.c (usage): Say "blanks" instead of "whitespace", Similar fixes for many comments. (TAB_DEFAULT): New constant, so that we can support NUL as the field separator. (tab): Now int, not char. Initialize to TAB_DEFAULT. (specify_sort_size): If multiple sizes are specified, use the largest. (begfield, limfield): Support NUL tab char. (set_ordering): Do not let -i override -d. (main): Report an error if incompatible -o or -t options are given. Report an error for "-t ''". Allow "-t '\0'" to specify a NUL tab. 2003-09-05 Jim Meyering * tests/sort/Test.pm [o2, nul-tab]: New tests for the above. 2003-09-03 Andreas Schwab Bug report and patch here: * src/tail.c (pipe_lines): Don't truncate return value from safe_read. * src/head.c (elide_tail_lines_pipe): Likewise. 2003-09-03 Jim Meyering * src/du.c (AUTHORS): Remove Larry McVoy's name, since the relatively small amount of code from him was first moved to lib/human.c, and was subsequently rewritten entirely. * src/df.c (AUTHORS): Likewise. 2003-08-22 Lawrence Teo * src/md5sum.c (split_3): Accept the BSD format for generic message digest modes. Currently works with BSD's MD5 and SHA1 formats since these are the two algorithms presently used in coreutils. Updated comments to reflect this change. (bsd_split_3): Updated comments. * tests/md5sum/basic-1: New test to make sure that `md5sum --check' doesn't accept the BSD SHA1 format (adapted from `check-bsd' test in tests/sha1sum/basic-1). * tests/sha1sum/basic-1 (check-bsd2, check-bsd3): New tests for --check exit status and BSD SHA1 format (adapted from tests in tests/md5sum/basic-1). 2003-08-30 Jim Meyering * src/ln.c (do_link): Use SAME_INODE rather than open-coding it. When source and destination arguments refer to the same file, reside on a partition (e.g. VFAT) on which distinct names may refer to the same directory entry (often due to variations in case), and when the link count for the file is 1, mv no longer unlinks the file. Instead, it gives the expected diagnostic that the source and destination are the same. WARNING: this is an incomplete fix. If the file happens to have a link count of 2 or greater, such an erroneous mv command will still unlink it. Although that is not possible on vfat or umsdos, it is possible on other file system types, e.g., ntfs, and hpfs. * src/copy.c (same_file_ok): Invoke same_name (which might still return false for names that refer to the same directory entry) only if the link count is 2 or more. * tests/mv/vfat: Show how to demonstrate the above problem. This test is not run. * tests/mv/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add vfat. 2003-08-27 Jim Meyering * src/who.c: Change meaning of -l from --lookup to --login, per POSIX. who's -l option has been eliciting an unconditional warning about this impending change since sh-utils-2.0.12 (April 2002). * src/paste.c (paste_parallel): Don't output `EOF' (aka -1) as a `char'. This would happen for nonempty files not ending with a newline. Reported by Dan Jacobson. * tests/misc/paste-no-nl: New file. Test for above-fixed bug. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add paste-no-nl. * src/stat.c (print_it): Avoid buffer overrun that would occur when the user-specified format string ends with `%'. Patch by Tommi Kyntola. * tests/misc/stat-fmt: New file. Test for above-fixed bug. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add stat-fmt. 2003-08-26 Jim Meyering Apply changes from bison. * GNUmakefile (SHELL): Define to `sh', if necessary. Add copyright. * Makefile.maint (WGETFLAGS): Define to `-C off'. Update all uses of $(WGET). 2003-08-22 Akim Demaille * Makefile.cfg (local-checks-to-skip): New. * Makefile.maint (local-check): Rename as... (local-checks-available): this. (local-check): New. 2003-08-26 Akim Demaille * announce-gen (print_changelog_deltas): Neutralize "<#" as "<\#" to avoid magic from Gnus when posting parts of this script. 2003-08-25 Jim Meyering * src/stat.c (main): Warn about use of deprecated `-l' option. 2003-08-22 Jim Meyering * src/stat.c (do_stat): For link count at end of line, use %h format, instead of %-5h. The latter would make stat emit trailing spaces. Reported by Dan Jacobson. 2003-08-20 Jim Meyering * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add .x-sc_space_tab .x-sc_sun_os_names 2003-08-19 Jim Meyering * src/system.h: Include stdlib.h unconditionally, as we're now assuming that part of hosted C89. 2003-08-18 Jim Meyering * src/sys2.h (textdomain, bindtextdomain) [! ENABLE_NLS]: Define away, to avoid warnings from gcc. 2003-08-17 Jim Meyering Avoid unnecessary and sometimes time-consuming hostname lookups. * src/who.c (print_user): Use strchr, not strrchr. * src/pinky.c (print_entry): Likewise. Patch by Michael Stone. This fixes a typo I introduced in who-users.c on 1996-02-23. * Makefile.maint (makefile-check): Add 0-9 to the range of characters disallowed between `@...@'. 2003-08-16 Paul Eggert * configure.ac (fu_cv_sys_truncating_statfs): Remove; now done by gnulib .m4 files. (jm_DUMMY_1): Require gl_READUTMP, not jm_PREREQ_READUTMP. * src/sys2.h (strtoull): Remove unused declaration. 2003-08-16 Jim Meyering * man/Makefile.am (.x.1): Ensure that generated PROGRAM.1 files are read-only. * src/tail.c (tail_lines): Fix a potential (but very hard to exercise) race condition bug. The bug would be triggered when tailing a file with file pointer not at beginning of file, and where the file was truncated to have a length of less than the initial offset at just the right moment (between the two lseek calls in this function). An invalid initial value for *read_pos would result in `tail -n0 -f FILE' and `tail -c0 -f FILE' doing what amounted to a busy-wait rather than sleeping between iterations. The bug manifests itself only when tailing regular files that are initially nonempty. * src/tail.c (tail_bytes): Set *read_pos to new file offset after each xlseek call. (tail_lines): Likewise, after lseek calls. Reported by Nick Estes. See http://bugs.debian.org/205251 for details. * tests/tail-2/tail-n0f: New file. Test for above fix. * tests/tail-2/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add tail-n0f. 2003-08-15 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (sc_space_tab): Use exclusion list in separate file. (sc_sun_os_names): Likewise. * .x-sc_space_tab, .x-sc_sun_os_names: New files. * man/help2man: Remove some SPACEs before TAB. 2003-08-14 Paul Eggert * Makefile.maint (LC_ALL): Set to C. * man/Makefile.am (ASSORT): New var. (check-x-vs-1, programs): Use it. * src/Makefile.am (ASSORT, check-README, ../AUTHORS): Likewise. * tests/Makefile.am (ASSORT, all_programs): Likewise. 2003-08-11 Jim Meyering fold -s -wN would infloop for N < 8 with TABs in the input. E.g., this would not terminate: printf 'a\tb' | fold -w2 -s * src/fold.c (fold_file): Move contents of `else'-block out of conditional so it's used also for --spaces (-s). * tests/misc/fold: Test for the above fix. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add fold. 2003-08-10 Jim Meyering * src/nice.c [!NICE_PRIORITY]: Include after system.h so the types from time.h and sys/time.h are available. It appears that this is necessary for OpenBSD, NetBSD, and Darwin 6.5 (MacOS 10.2.5). Reported by Nelson Beebe. 2003-08-06 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Add support for setting file timestamps to microsecond resolution, on hosts that support this. * src/copy.c, src/cp.c, src/install.c, src/touch.c: Include utimens.h. * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Set file timestamps with utimens, not utime. * src/cp.c (re_protect): Likewise. * src/install.c (change_timestamps): Likewise. * src/touch.c (newtime, touch, main): Likewise. 2003-08-09 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (sc_sun_os_names): New rule based on a regexp from Paul Eggert. (syntax-check-rules): Add it. * src/tail.c (main): Tweak Solaris OS version number in comment. * src/wc.c (wc): Likewise * tests/tail-2/fflush: Likewise. * src/tail.c: Add new undocumented option, --presume-input-pipe. (pipe_lines): Use memchr to skip lines, rather than an explicit loop. 2003-08-08 Paul Eggert Use new gnulib 'extensions' module. * configure.ac: Invoke gl_USE_SYSTEM_EXTENSIONS instead of AC_GNU_SOURCE. 2003-08-08 Paul Eggert * tests/du/basic: Ensure that a/b/F has at least 65 bytes too. 2003-08-09 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/split-fail: Reflect that `split -a 0' is now accepted. For tests of obsolete behavior, don't presume that unsetting _POSIX2_VERSION is equivalent to _POSIX2_VERSION=199209. 2003-08-07 Paul Eggert * doc/coreutils.texi (split invocation): Add -d or --numeric-suffixes option to 'split'. From a suggestion by Jesse Kornblum. * src/split.c (suffix_alphabet): New var. (longopts, usage, next_file_name, main): Support -d. (next_file_name, main): Allow -a0, as POSIX requires. (next_file_name): Don't assume ASCII-like encoding; 'a' through 'z' are not contiguous in EBCDIC. 2003-08-05 Paul Eggert Merge getline from gnulib. * lib/getline.h, lib/getline.c, m4/getline.m4: Merge from gnulib. * lib/getndelim2.h, lib/getndelim2.c, m4/getndelim2.m4, m4/ssize_t.m4: New files, from gnulib. * lib/getdelim2.c, lib/getdelim2.h: Remove. * lib/Makefile.am (libfetish_a_SOURCES): Change getdelim2.c and getdelim2.h to getndelim2.c and getndelim2.h. * m4/jm-macros.m4 (jm_MACROS): Use gl_GETNDELIM2 rather than checking for getdelim. (jm_CHECK_ALL_TYPES): Use gt_TYPE_SSIZE_T for ssize_t rather than rolling our own. * src/cut.c: Include getndelim2.h rather than getdelim2.h. (cut_fields): Invoke getndelim2 rather than getdelim2. 2003-08-04 Jim Meyering * src/sort.c (main): Use unsigned int instead of int for `nsigs' and for the indices to iterate through nsigs. 2003-08-02 Paul Eggert * src/sort.c: Minor code cleanups, mostly to use more accurate types and to remove unnecessary casts. (min, max): Remove. All uses changed to MIN and MAX. (hard_lc_collate, hard_LC_TIME, struct buffer.eof, struct keyfield.skipsblanks, struct keyfield.skipeblanks, struct keyfield.numeric, struct keyfield.general_numeric, struct keyfield.month, struct keyfield.reverse, reverse, unique, have_read_stdin): Now bool, not int. All uses changed. (eolchar): Now char, not int. (struct keyfield.ignore): Now bool const *, not int *. (struct keyfield.translate): Now char const *, not char *. (struct month.name): Likewise. (blanks, nonprinting, nondictionary): Now bool[], not int[]. (cleanup, inittables, keycompare, check, mergefps, first_same_file, check, sort, main): Use const * pointers when possible. (month_cmp): Rewrite to avoid casts. (inittables): Initialize tables unconditionally, to avoid branches. (fillbuf): Return bool, not int. All uses changed. (fillbuf, keycompare, new_key, main): Use SIZE_MAX rather than (size_t) -1. (trailing_blanks): Renamed from trim_trailing_blanks. Return the number of blanks to trim. All uses changed. (getmonth): Use trailing_blanks rather than open code. (keycompare): Do not cast char * to unsigned char *; not needed. CMP_WITH_IGNORE converts args to UCHAR, so no need to convert it ourselves. (compare, main): Use | rather than || to avoid jumps. Replace "diff = NONZERO (alen)" with "diff = 1", since alen must be nonzero there. (check, first_same_file, sort, main): Use bool instead of int local vars when possible. (check): Merge the old 'checkfp' and 'check' into a single function, that returns a boolean (true if the file was ordered). All uses changed. (main): Use int instead of unsigned for iterating through nsigs. Rename local var "posix_pedantic" to "posixly_correct". 2003-08-02 Jim Meyering * src/nice.c [!NICE_PRIORITY]: Include before to avoid compilation error on Ultrix. Reported by Christian Krackowizer. * src/cut.c (cut_fields): Don't read again after encountering an initial EOF. E.g., `cut -f2' would do so. * tests/misc/tty-eof: Add a test for the above fix. * src/sort.c (sortlines): Add description and references. From Paul Eggert. * tests/Makefile.am (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Set PATH so that the tests in help-version will use the just-built binaries. Reported by Christian Krackowizer. 2003-07-31 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Add --rfc-2822 option to GNU date. * doc/coreutils.texi (Time directives, Options for date, Examples of date): Likewise. * src/date.c (long_options, usage, main): Likewise. * doc/getdate.texi (General date syntax): Likewise. * doc/coreutils.texi (Options for date): Fix a typo in format: it's now %d not %_d. Add URLs. 2003-08-01 Jim Meyering * tests/shred/remove: Ensure that $? is 0 for the final `exit 0'. Otherwise, with at least the /bin/sh from HPUX 10.20, the trap code would end up converting that to exit 1 and thus an unexpected test failure. Reported by Christian Krackowizer. 2003-07-31 Paul Eggert * src/ptx.c: Do not include bumpalloc.h. (WORD_TABLE): New member alloc. (ALLOC_NEW_WORD): Remove. (occurs_alloc): New var. (digest_word_file, find_occurs_in_text): Check for arithmetic overflow when computing table size. Use xrealloc rather than bumpalloc primitives. 2003-07-29 Jim Meyering * Version 5.0.90. * README: When running tests as root, suggest using sudo with NON_ROOT_USERNAME=$USER. * tests/Makefile.am (all_programs): Makefile is in ../src, not $(srcdir)/../src. 2003-07-28 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (GZIP_ENV): Try Debian/gzip's new --rsyncable option. 2003-07-28 Paul Eggert * lib/stdbool.hin (_Bool): Make it signed char, instead of an enum type, so that it's guaranteed to promote to int. * src/sort.c (sortlines_temp): Undo previous change. 2003-07-28 Jim Meyering * src/sort.c (sortlines_temp): Declare local `swap' to be `int', not `bool'. Otherwise, at least one buggy compiler (alpha gcc-2.95.4) would cause lines[-1 - swap] (with swap = false) to evaluate to lines[4294967295]. 2003-07-27 Jim Meyering * tests/priv-check (my_uid): Use `!', not `^' in case pattern `[!0-9]', since /bin/sh of at least NetBSD 1.6 and OpenBSD 3.2 don't accept `^'. * src/remove.c (prompt) [! recursive]: Don't prompt about unwritable directories, as required by POSIX. Reported by Karl Berry. * tests/rm/dir-no-w: New file. Test for the above fix. * tests/rm/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add dir-no-w. * tests/mk-script: Emit `$xx', not its expansion. 2003-07-27 Paul Eggert This change was inspired by a similar proposal by Stepan Kasal. * src/sort.c (mergelines, sortlines_temp): New functions. (sortlines): Use them, to reduce the number of times that we need to copy 'struct line' values. This improved CPU performance by about 30% on one 18 MB test. (sort): Don't invoke sortlines unless we have 2 or more lines. 2003-07-26 Stepan Kasal * src/sort.c (sort): Don't require two `struct line's per text line, the new sort algorithm requires just 1.5. 2003-07-27 Jim Meyering * src/pathchk.c (validate_path): Use %lu, not %ld. From Paul Eggert. * src/cut.c (is_printable_field): Simplify bit arithmetic. From Paul Eggert. * src/ls.c (sort_files): Put `volatile' in the right place. From Paul Eggert. 2003-07-26 Jim Meyering Use only one bit per field/offset in array, not one `int'. * src/cut.c (printable_field): Change type to `unsigned char'. (mark_printable_field, is_printable_field): New functions. Use them in place of all direct accesses of `printable_field'. * src/expand.c (parse_tabstops): Detect overflow properly. * src/cut.c (set_fields): Likewise. * src/rm.c: Include "dirname.h". (usage): Use base_name (program_name) in body of --help output. This lets me... * man/Makefile.am (.x.1): ...back out the kludge of 2003-07-22. Idea from Brendan O'Dea, who suggested using `program_name = basename (argv[0]);' everywhere -- can't do that, but using base_name works just fine here. * src/Makefile.am (AM_INSTALLCHECK_STD_OPTIONS_EXEMPT): Exempt test. 2003-07-24 Paul Eggert Fix some POSIX-compliance problems with 'test'. This makes 'test' more compatible with Bash. * NEWS, doc/coreutils.texi: Document the following. * src/test.c: Include exitfail.h. (TEST_FAILURE): New constant, used for exit status if 'test' fails. (test-syntax_error): Use it. (binary_operator): Now takes bool arg specifying whether left operand is -l ARG, so that caller determines this rather than us. All uses changed. (term): Use posixtest to evaluate parenthesized subexpressions. (unary_operator, one_argument): Remove support for -t without operand. (one_argument): Take argument from argv[pos]. (one_argument, two_arguments, three_arguments): Advance pos. All callers changed. (three_arguments): Look for binary ops before "!". Then look for parenthesized one_argument expressions, instead of trusting expr () to do the right thing. (posixtest): Now takes number of args. All callers changed. Treat "( A B )" like "A B". (main): Set exit_failure to TEST_FAILURE. Don't depend on POSIXLY_CORRECT, as we now conform to POSIX by default. (main) [!LBRACKET]: Do not recognize "--help" or "--verbose" unless. * tests/test/Test.pm (test_vector): Add several tests to check the above. Syntax errors now exit with status 2, not 1. * man/Makefile.am (mapped_name): Use `../src/[' binary to create test.1. 2003-07-26 Jim Meyering * tests/help-version: Adjust for above change in test behavior: `[' exits with 2, not 1, and test doesn't accept --help or --version. * Makefile.maint (ME): Don't use trick suggested in Make manual. It doesn't work for make-3.79.1. Reported by Christian Krackowizer. * Makefile.maint (sc_system_h_headers): Another syntax check. (syntax-check-rules): Add it to the list. * src/pathchk.c (validate_path): Cast strlen value to `unsigned long' so it matches `%ld' format even on 32-bit systems. * src/fmt.c (flush_paragraph): Cast field width to `int' to avoid warning on 64-bit systems. * src/ls.c (sort_files): Make `func' volatile, so it can't be clobbered by a `longjmp' into this function. 2003-07-25 Jim Meyering * src/pathchk.c (validate_path): Use %ld format (not %d) for size_t value. * tests/misc/split-fail: Disable the --line-bytes=$_4gb test, because it'd evoke spurious failure on 64-bit systems. 2003-07-24 Jim Meyering * src/dd.c (usage): Document the fact that SIGUSR1 makes dd output its current record counts. Reported by Jurriaan. * tests/wc/Test.pm (test_vector): Disable the `PIPE' tests when running `wc' with no options. This goes along with the change of 2003-07-20. 2003-07-23 Jim Meyering Don't include headers already included by system.h: * src/tr.c: Don't include errno.h. * src/true.c: Don't include version-etc.h. * src/test.c: Don't include limits.h or error.h. * src/stat.c: Don't include unistd.h or time.h. * src/readlink.c: Don't include stdlib.h, unistd.h, or limits.h. * src/pr.c: Don't include time.h. * src/pathchk.c: Don't include errno.h. * src/nice.c: Don't include sys/time.h. * src/ls.c: Don't include stdlib.h. * basename.c, cat.c, chroot.c, cksum.c, comm.c, csplit.c, cut.c, date.c: * dd.c, dirname.c, echo.c, env.c, expand.c, expr.c, factor.c, fmt.c: * fold.c, head.c, hostid.c, hostname.c, id.c, join.c, kill.c, logname.c: * md5sum.c, nice.c, nl.c, nohup.c, od.c, paste.c, pathchk.c, pinky.c: * pr.c, printenv.c, printf.c, ptx.c, pwd.c, seq.c, setuidgid.c, shred.c: * sleep.c, sort.c, split.c, stat.c, stty.c, su.c, sum.c, tac.c, tail.c: * tee.c, test.c, tr.c, true.c, tsort.c, tty.c, uname.c, unexpand.c: * uniq.c, uptime.c, users.c, wc.c, who.c, whoami.c, yes.c: Don't include closeout.h. * tests/rm/fail-2eperm: Add a check for whether $NON_ROOT_USERNAME can access the required version of rm. * tests/rm/Makefile.am (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Define PACKAGE_VERSION. * tests/cut/Test.pm (out-delim3a): New test. * man/help2man: Update to version 1.33. * src/expand.c (parse_tabstops): Detect overflow in tabstop sizes. * src/dircolors.c: Include xstrndup.h. (xstrndup): Remove function, now that it's been factored out into it's own file. 2003-07-22 Paul Eggert * src/wc.c (wc): Fix typo in computation of file from file_x, which caused the former to be used uninitialized if file_x was nonzero. 2003-07-22 Jim Meyering * src/cut.c (set_fields): Use xcalloc in place of xmalloc+memset. * man/Makefile.am (.x.1): Substitute 's,$t/$*,$*,' on output of help2man, to avoid having `rm.td/rm' appear in rm.1. Reported by Thomas Luzat. See http://bugs.debian.org/202413 for details. * src/cut.c (main) [lint]: Initialize spec_list_string to avoid warning. * src/hostid.c: Don't include . system.h already does that. * src/cut.c (set_fields): Mark all selected indices before trying to determine range endpoints. * tests/cut/Test.pm: New test for the above fix. Begin to address this comment: What if someone wants to extract the 1,000,000-th field of some huge input file? The first step is to rearrange things so that the values in the printable_field array are all 0/1 rather than 0/1/2. * src/cut.c (RANGE_START_SENTINEL): Remove. Store range-start indices in a hash table, rather than overloading the `printable_field' array. (range_start_ht): New global. (hash_int, hash_compare_ints, is_range_start_index): New functions. (print_kth): Use is_range_start_index; don't test printable_field. (set_fields): Detect overflow. (set_fields): Insert each range-start index into range_start_ht. (main): Call set_fields only once, and only after output_delimiter_specified and (if required) range_start_ht have been defined. 2003-07-20 Paul Eggert * src/wc.c (get_input_fstatus): Fix typo: `stat' was being invoked with a null pointer when there were no file arguments. 2003-07-20 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (sc_changelog): Add another nit-picky check. * src/wc.c (write_counts): Add a comment. (wc): Rename `file' parameter. Set new local, `file', to be the file name, or (when it's NULL) _("standard output") so that all uses of `file' use the proper value. Use STREQ, not strcmp. 2003-07-20 Paul Eggert wc count field widths now are heuristically adjusted depending on the input size, if known. If only one count is printed, it is guaranteed to be printed without leading spaces. Previously, wc did not align the count fields if POSIXLY_CORRECT was set, but POSIX did not actually require this undesirable behavior, so it has been removed. * NEWS: Document this. * doc/coreutils.texi (wc invocation): Likewise. * src/wc.c (number_width): New var. (posixly_correct): Remove. (struct fstatus): New struct. (write_counts): Output fields of width number_width. Do not worry about POSIXLY_CORRECT. Use null file, not empty-string file, to denote stdin, since "" is a valid file name on some hosts. (wc, wc_file): New arg fstatus. Use it to avoid invoking fstat if possible. (wc): Avoid problems if end_pos - current_pos overflows. Do not print odd message if stdin has a read error. (get_input_fstatus, compute_number_width): New functions. (main): Use them to implement the new behavior. Ignore POSIXLY_CORRECT. * tests/wc/Test.pm: Adjust to the new output widths. 2003-07-19 Jim Meyering * tests/rm/fail-eperm: Don't create temporary directory -- we don't use it. * tests/shred/remove: Don't open-code test for UID != 0. Use priv-check's require-non-root instead. Update to use newer framework. * tests/help-version (expected_failure_status_expr): Record that expr exits with status of 3 for e.g., a write error. * tests/priv-check: Use `id -u' to see if we're running as root, rather than trying go write to an write-protected file. When running as root, ensure $NON_ROOT_USERNAME is valid. When running as root with `require-non-root', ensure that `.' is writable by $NON_ROOT_USERNAME, then reinvoke $0 set-user-ID to $NON_ROOT_USERNAME. If `.' is not writable, then skip the test. * src/printenv.c: Include "exitfail.h". (main): Set exit_failure rather than calling close_stdout_set_status. * src/date.c: Likewise. * src/sort.c: Likewise. * src/tty.c: Likewise. 2003-07-18 Jim Meyering * tests/touch/not-owner: Update to use newer framework. * tests/rm/fail-eperm: Use $srcdir/../priv-check, create a temporary directory, and remove Perl-coded `you may not run as root' test. * tests/cp/fail-perm: Use $srcdir/../priv-check, rather than hard-coding something not quite equivalent. Paul Jarc reported the inconsistent diagnostics. * src/sort.c (main): Use close_stdout via atexit. Now `sort --version' and `sort --help' fail, as they should when their output is redirected to /dev/full. * src/su.c (usage): Don't call close_stdout here. (main): Use close_stdout via atexit. Now `su --version > /dev/full' fails, as it should. Somehow, the change of 2000-05-07 that purports to fix this was not checked in. * tests/help-version (--help/--version vs. /dev/full): Special-case `[' to protect it from expected_failure_status-`eval'. * src/uniq.c (writeline): Use a SPACE, not a TAB between the count and the corresponding line, as required by POSIX. Reported by Clement Wang. * tests/uniq/Test.pm (101, 102): Update tests of -c accordingly. * tests/expr/basic: Add tests for when exit status is 2. * src/nohup.c (NOHUP_FOUND_BUT_CANNOT_INVOKE, NOHUP_FAILURE): Use an anonymous `enum', rather than #define. 2003-07-17 Paul Eggert * src/expr.c: Include "exitfail.h", "quotearg.h". (EXPR_INVALID, EXPR_ERROR): New constants. (nomoreargs, null, toarith, nextarg): Return bool, not int. (syntax_error): New function, exiting with status 2. Use it insteading of printing "syntax error" ourselves. (main): Initialize exit_failure to EXPR_ERROR. Exit with EXPR_INVALID on syntax error (too few arguments). (nextarg): Use strcmp, not strcoll; strcoll might return an undesirable 0, or might fail. (docolon, eval4, eval3): Exit with status 3 on invalid argument type or other such error. (eval2): Report an error if strcoll fails in a string comparison. * src/sort.c: Include "exitfail.h". (main): Set exit_failure, not xalloc_exit_failure and xmemcoll_exit_failure. * tests/expr/basic: Invalid value exits with status 3, not 2. 2003-07-16 Jim Meyering * configure.ac (AC_INIT): Use 5.0.90 as the version, rather than 5.0.2, per GNU maintainer guidelines. The next non-beta release will be 5.1. This script would have caught at least two recent bugs: those in [ and kill. * tests/help-version: Revive this script. It wasn't doing anything useful, since $all_programs wasn't being defined by the invoking Makefile.am. Reflect that nohup is no longer a script, so don't exclude it. Add framework to handle the programs added since it was last run: kill, stat, unlink, [, link, readlink. Fix path-related problems deriving from the move of this script from src/ to its present location. * tests/Makefile.am (all_programs): Define. (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Use it. * src/kill.c (main): Fix bug introduced on 2003-05-10 (for 5.0.1) whereby kill would always attempt to operate on argv[0] and fail. * src/test.c (integer_expected_error): Improve diagnostic -- now, it also matches the one from bash's builtin test. (binary_operator): Add \n at end of diagnostic. * tests/rm/fail-2eperm: Remove setuidgid-related code. Move it to ... * tests/priv-check: Move setuidgid-related and NON_ROOT_USERNAME-checking code to this file. * README: Update section on testing as `root'. Suggestion from Paul Jarc. * src/test.c (AUTHORS): Replace 3-letter usernames with the actual names of authors that I just found in bash's builtins/test.def. Running `[' with no arguments would evoke a segfault. * src/test.c (main) [LBRACKET]: Move initialization of argv to precede potential use via test_syntax_error. * src/Makefile.am (AM_CPPFLAGS): Rename from `INCLUDES', to avoid warning from automake -Wall. 2003-07-15 Jim Meyering * Version 5.0.1. * Makefile.maint (%.asc): Remove target first, so gpg doesn't prompt us about it. * announce-gen (print_changelog_deltas): Relax tests for matching version-number line in NEWS. Change the .sig suffix to .asc here, too. 2003-07-14 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (%.asc): Renamed from %.sig. Generate and use ascii-armored signatures. Use gpg's -o option. 2003-07-13 Jim Meyering * src/nohup.c (NOHUP_FAILURE, NOHUP_FOUND_BUT_CANNOT_INVOKE): Define. (main): Use them. * Makefile.maint (syntax-check): Move each individual check into its own target. (syntax-check-rules): This is the list of syntax-check targets. (sc_unmarked_diagnostics, sc_cast_of_argument_to_free): (sc_cast_of_x_alloc_return_value, sc_space_tab): (sc_error_exit_success, sc_xalloc_h_in_src): New targets. 2003-07-12 Jim Meyering * configure.ac: Remove uses of OPTIONAL_BIN_ZCRIPTS and last traces of the nohup script. * src/Makefile.am (bin_SCRIPTS): Remove use of just-removed $(OPTIONAL_BIN_ZCRIPTS). * src/Makefile.am (localedir.h): Put the `2>&1' after the redirect target, not before the `>'. * src/remove.c (remove_dir): Give a diagnostic upon failed save_cwd, now that that function no longer calls `error'. * src/df.c (find_mount_point): Emit a diagnostic for each failed syscall, rather than relying on caller to do that. The caller couldn't do a good job, anyhow -- too many different ways to fail (each with a different referent). Give a diagnostic upon failed save_cwd, now that that function no longer calls `error'. (show_point): Don't diagnose find_mount_point's errors, now that it handles them itself. * src/df.c (find_mount_point): Don't let free clobber errno upon failed chdir. * src/sys2.h: Remove alloca-related block. * src/system.h: Include here, instead. It appears that the `#pragma alloca' included via "system.h" is adequate, since join.c uses alloca, yet lacked an in-file #pragma. * src/copy.c, src/cp.c, src/df.c, src/install.c, src/ln.c: * src/ls.c, src/mv.c, src/remove.c: Remove `#pragma alloca'. * src/chown-core.c (change_file_owner): Do not restore any special permission bits (e.g., set-user-ID, set-group-ID) that are reset by chown(2) on some systems. Suggestion and insistence :-) from Michael Stone. * tests/input-tty: Also check `test -t 1'. This is necessary on linux-2.4.21. Otherwise, the stty/basic-1 test would block when run in the background. 2003-07-11 Jim Meyering * tests/sample-test: Also fail if cat-to-create-expected-output fails. Otherwise, if both `exp' and `out' were to end up empty because of e.g., a full disk, they would mistakenly compare equal. * src/nohup.c: New file. Rewrite of nohup.sh in C. This solves a portability problem: on at least Solaris systems, when nohup.sh used the vendor /bin/sh, it would exit with status of `1' rather than the required 126 or 127 upon failure to exec the specified program. * src/Makefile.am (EXTRA_SCRIPTS): Remove definition. (bin_PROGRAMS): Add nohup. (EXTRA_DIST): Remove nohup.sh. (all_programs): Remove use of $(EXTRA_SCRIPTS). * src/nohup.sh: Remove file. * man/Makefile.am (nohup.1): Depend on nohup.c, rather than nohup.sh. * tests/misc/nohup: Tests for the above. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add nohup. * src/head.c (diagnose_copy_fd_failure): New function, renamed from the macro, COPY_FD_DIAGNOSE. (diagnose_copy_fd_failure): Enclose diagnostic in _(...). (head_file): Likewise. * src/date.c: Include "quote.h". (batch_convert): Use the quote function rather than using literal `...' in a diagnostic. * src/setuidgid.c (main): Enclose diagnostic in _(...). * src/fmt.c (main): Likewise. * src/mknod.c (main): Likewise. * src/tac.c (tac_seekable): Likewise. * src/yes.c (main): Likewise. * src/od.c (main): Likewise. * src/install.c (change_attributes): Likewise. 2003-07-10 Jim Meyering * src/head.c (usage): Use 1024*1024 in place of 1048576. * src/tail.c (usage): Likewise. * tests/rm/fail-2eperm: Now that we have setuidgid, use it in place of the kludge in this test. Suggestion from Paul Jarc. * src/Makefile.am (noinst_PROGRAMS): Define to setuidgid. * src/setuidgid.c: New program, solely for testing (not installed). * src/chown-core.c (change_file_owner): Don't leak file descriptors when dereferencing symlinks. 2003-07-09 Jim Meyering * tests/du/slash: New file/test for today's lib/ftw.c fix. * tests/du/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add slash * src/tail.c (xlseek): Avoid warning about ``return without value from function returning non-void''. 2003-07-08 Jim Meyering * man/help2man: Update to version 1.29. * man/help2man: Add END handler to close STDOUT and check for errors. 2003-06-30 Paul Eggert Add support for a "[" that conforms to the GNU coding standards, i.e., that does not depend on its name. * src/lbracket.c: New file. * README: Add "[". * man/Makefile.am (programs): Ignore "[", since it doesn't have a separate man page. * src/Makefile.am (bin_PROGRAMS): Add "[". (__SOURCES): New var. * src/test.c (LBRACKET): Define to 0 if not defined. (main): Use LBRACKET rather than argv[0]. * src/test.c (one_argument): Do not check for -t if POSIXLY_CORRECT. Reported by Paul Jarc and Dan Jacobson. * src/test.c (main): Do not recognize --help or --version if POSIXLY_CORRECT, when invoked as "test". Handle "[ ]" correctly. Do not bother testing that margv[margc] is non-null. 2003-07-04 Jim Meyering * src/who.c (print_line): Rewrite to use asprintf, in order to be able to avoid emitting trailing spaces. Reported by Dan Jacobson. * tests/misc/head-elide-tail: Add tests of head's new --lines=-N option, and perform the +1600 invocations of head IFF the envvar RUN_EXPENSIVE_TESTS is set. 2003-07-03 Jim Meyering * src/cp.c (do_copy): Give a better diagnostic when failing due to nonexistent destination directory. Reported by Dmitry Rutsky. See http://bugs.debian.org/199730 for details. 2003-06-27 Jim Meyering split's --verbose option did nothing [broken in 4.5.10 and 5.0] * src/split.c (longopts): Use `1', not `0' as the value for for &verbose. Reported by Keith Thompson. Test for the above fix. * tests/misc/split-a: Also use --verbose and compare stderr output with what we'd expect. 2003-06-20 Jim Meyering * src/copy.c (copy_internal) [HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_AUTHOR]: Use `error_t' (rather than int) as type for local `err'. From Alfred M. Szmidt. 2003-06-19 Marcus Brinkmann * src/copy.c (copy_internal) [HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_AUTHOR]: Fix author preservation code. 2003-06-19 Jim Meyering * src/ln.c (ENABLE_HARD_LINK_TO_SYMLINK_WARNING): Define to 0. (do_link): Don't warn about hard link to symlink. 2003-06-18 Jim Meyering * src/cut.c: Include "getdelim2.h", not "getstr.h". Reflect renaming: getstr -> getdelim2. * src/comm.c, src/join.c, src/nl.c, src/uniq.c: Reflect renaming: readline -> readlinebuffer. 2003-06-09 John David Anglin * src/readlink.c: Include before system.h (because the latter includes ). Required on Ultrix 4.3. 2003-06-17 Jim Meyering * src/system.h (initialize_main): Define. Use it in every `main'. Applied via this: p='initialize_main (&argc, &argv);' perl -ni -e '/program_name.=.argv.0/ and print " '"$p"'\n"; print' \ $(grep -l program_name.=.argv.0 *.c) test.c uses margc/margv, so I made the change manually for that file. Based on a patch from Bernard Giroud. 2003-06-09 John David Anglin Fix for build failure on Ultrix 4.3. * src/stat.c: Include sys/statvfs.h in preference to sys/vfs.h. Include sys/param.h and sys/mount.h on ultrix. 2003-06-16 Jim Meyering * src/touch.c (O_NDELAY, O_NONBLOCK, O_NOCTTY, EISDIR): Remove definitions. * src/system.h (O_NDELAY, O_NONBLOCK, O_NOCTTY, EISDIR): Define them here instead, but with one change: define EISDIR to -1, not 0. * src/cat.c (cat): Remove `#ifndef ENOSYS', now that it's guaranteed to be defined. * src/system.h (ENOSYS, ENOTSUP): Define to -1 if not defined. * README: Mention the CVS repository. Encourage addition of test cases. 2003-06-12 Jim Meyering * src/touch.c (touch): Call close only if necessary. From Bruno Haible. * src/wc.c (usage): Correct wording: wc prints counts in the order `newline, word, byte'. Reported by Keith M. Briggs. * man/wc.x: Fix it here, too. And change `lines' to `newlines'. 2003-06-10 Jim Meyering * tests/date/Test.pm: Add a test for the new format, e.g., May-23-2003. 2003-06-07 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (syntax-check): Add commented-out (over-aggressive) rule. 2003-06-06 Jim Meyering * src/extract-magic (main): Avoid newer 3-arg form of open, so this script works also with e.g., perl5.005_03. Patch by John David Anglin. 2003-06-04 Paul Eggert * src/system.h: Include unconditionally. 2003-06-04 Jim Meyering * man/Makefile.am (check-programs-vs-x): Rename target from check-programs-vs-1. Adjust rule to check for the primary (.x) file, not the generated one (.1). 2003-06-03 Tim Mooney * man/kill.x: New file. * man/Makefile.am (dist_man_MANS): Add kill.1. (kill.1): New rule. 2003-06-04 Jim Meyering Ensure that the .x file for a new program is never forgotten again. * man/Makefile.am (programs): Define. (check-programs-vs-1): New phony target. (check-local): Depend on it. 2003-06-03 Jim Meyering Avoid unnecessary copying of environment. * src/env.c (main): Rather than clearing the environment and -- unless told to ignore environment -- copying all settings from the saved, original environment, clear the environment only when that is requested. Suggested by Jens Elkner. 2003-06-02 Jim Meyering * src/system.h: Always include , since we assume C89. Include without checking for HAVE_LIMITS_H. * src/test.c [!TEST_STANDALONE]: Remove #if-0'd block. (STREQ, S_IXUGO): Remove redundant (in system.h) definitions. 2003-06-01 Jim Meyering Avoid a race condition in `tail -f' described by Ken Raeburn in http://mail.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-textutils/2003-05/msg00007.html * src/tail.c (file_lines): Add new parameter, *read_pos, and set it. (pipe_lines, pipe_bytes, start_bytes, start_lines): Likewise. (tail_bytes, tail_lines, tail): Likewise. (tail_file): Use the new `read_pos' value as the size, rather than stats.st_size from the fstat call. 2003-05-28 Jim Meyering * src/extract-magic: Allow expansion of `$file' in the here- document corresponding to the comment at the top of fs.h. 2003-05-26 Jim Meyering * src/stat.c: Fix portability problem on FreeBSD5.0: don't include on systems without HAVE_STRUCT_STATVFS_F_BASETYPE. Use #if/#elif/... cascade so we get only one set of include files. Reported by Nelson Beebe. 2003-05-24 Jim Meyering * src/md5sum.c (split_3): Accept the BSD format only when in MD5 mode. * tests/sha1sum/basic-1: Make sure `sha1sum --check' doesn't accept the BSD format. 2003-03-28 Joe Orton * src/md5sum.c (bsd_split_3): New function. (split_3): Detect checksums from BSD 'md5' command and handle them using bsd_split_3. * tests/md5sum/basic-1: New tests for --check exit status, and for BSD-style checksum files. 2003-05-21 Jim Meyering * src/head.c (elide_tail_lines_pipe): Fix a thinko. This sort of thing is why it'd be *Really Good* to factor out the common code used here and in tail.c. 2003-05-14 Jim Meyering * src/head.c (usage): Document new feature: --bytes=-N and --lines=-N. * tests/du/slink: Skip this test if `.' is on an XFS file system. * tests/du/fd-leak: New file. Test for the bug in du that was fixed by the 2003-05-12 change to lib/ftw.c. * tests/du/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add fd-leak. * src/head.c (AUTHORS): Enclose string in N_(...), now that it includes a translatable word, `and'. * src/dd.c (usage): Don't use `,' as the thousands separator in e.g. 1,000,000 and 1,048,576. Instead, do this: `SIZE may be ..., MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024 and so on...' * src/df.c (usage): Likewise. * src/du.c (usage): Likewise. * src/ls.c (usage): Likewise. * Makefile.maint (syntax-check): Add another check. 2003-05-13 Paul Eggert Fix uniq to conform to POSIX, which requires that "uniq -d -u" must output nothing. Problem reported by Josh Hyman. * src/uniq.c (enum output_mode, mode): Remove, replacing with: (output_unique, output_first_repeated, output_later_repeated): New vars. All uses of "mode" changed to use these variables, which are not mutually exclusive as "mode" was. (writeline): New arg "match", used to control whether to obey output_first_repeated or output_later_repeated. All callers changed. (check_file, main): Adjust to above changes. * tests/uniq/Test.pm: Test that 'uniq -d -u' outputs nothing. 2003-05-14 Jim Meyering * tests/rm/rm3: Use tr's \n notation rather than \012. This package can afford to do that, since its tests are guaranteed use GNU tr, which has accepted the more modern notation for 10 years. * tests/rm/rm5: Likewise. * tests/cp/same-file: Likewise. * tests/stty/row-col-1: Likewise. * tests/stty/basic-1: Likewise. * tests/rm/deep-1: Likewise. * tests/mv/part-symlink: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/perm: Likewise. * tests/misc/nice: Likewise. 2003-05-13 Jim Meyering * src/copy.c (struct F_triple) [name]: Remove const attribute. (triple_free): Don't apply cast to argument of free. (seen_file): Add cast here instead. * src/cp-hash.c (struct Src_to_dest) [name]: Remove const attribute. (src_to_dest_free): Don't apply cast to argument of free. * src/sort.c (zaptemp): Don't apply cast to argument of free. * src/pr.c (init_fps, init_store_cols): Likewise. * src/join.c (delseq, freeline): Likewise. * src/expr.c (OLD): Likewise. * src/sort.c (sort): Likewise. * src/head.c (elide_tail_lines_pipe): Likewise. * src/tail.c: Include "quote.h". Use quote in diagnostics. Change many error format strings from just `%s' to e.g., `error reading %s'. (pipe_lines): Change type of parameter, n_lines, to uintmax_t. Rewrite newline-counting loop to use memchr. * src/head.c (elide_tail_lines_pipe): Use `if', not assert. Now that assert is no longer used, don't include . 2003-05-12 Jim Meyering * src/head.c: Include . (AUTHORS): Add my name. (elide_tail_lines_pipe): New function. 2003-05-10 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (syntax-check): Check for `error (EXIT_SUCCESS,'. * src/readlink.c (main): Set program_name before first use. Remove that (redundant) first use. Don't exit successfully just because --verbose was specified. Pass 0, not EXIT_SUCCESS, as first argument to error; when that parameter is 0, error does not exit. * src/uname.c (main): When failing due to too many arguments, also say that, rather than just "Try `uname --help' for more information.". * src/comm.c (main): Likewise, but for too few arguments. * src/logname.c: Include error.h. (main): Say why we're failing. * src/uniq.c (main): Don't segfault when argc < optind. * src/who.c (main): Handle argc < optind. * src/df.c (main): Likewise. * src/install.c (main): Likewise. * src/mv.c (main): Likewise. * src/pwd.c (main): Likewise. * src/tty.c (main): Likewise. * src/chroot.c (main): Likewise. * src/hostname.c: Likewise. * src/du.c (main): Likewise. * src/expand.c (main): Likewise. * src/env.c (main): Likewise. * src/unexpand.c (main): Likewise. * src/printenv.c (main): Likewise. * src/sync.c (main): Handle argc == 0. * src/expr.c (main): Likewise. * src/printf.c (main): Likewise. * src/basename.c (main): Likewise. * src/ln.c (main): Test for `missing argument' before computing n_files. * src/tail.c (main): Test for the case of no arguments before computing n_files. * src/kill.c (send_signals): Don't check command line arguments here. (main): Check them here instead. Handle argc < optind. * src/logname.c (main): Use error, rather than fprintf, for the sake of consistency. * src/rm.c (main): Don't overrun array bound if argc is 0. 2003-05-09 Jim Meyering * src/sort.c (main): Don't overrun array bound if argc is 0. That would happen when invoked via: execl ("/usr/bin/sort", NULL); Reported by Wartan Hachaturow. 2003-05-07 Jim Meyering Implement support so that `head --lines=-N' works on seekable files. * src/head.c (enum Copy_fd_status): Define. (COPY_FD_DIAGNOSE): New macro. (elide_tail_lines_seekable): New funtion. (elide_tail_lines_file): Call it here. 2003-05-06 Jim Meyering * src/sys2.h (CHAR_BIT): Remove duplicate definition. 2003-05-04 Jim Meyering * tests/head/Test.pm: Remove tests of --bytes=-N; using that framework caused the addition of thousands of small files to the tar archive. * tests/misc/head-elide-tail: New file. Add them here instead. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add head-elide-tail. 2003-05-04 Paul Eggert * src/remove.c (HAVE_WORKING_READDIR): Define to 0 if not defined. (IF_READDIR_NEEDS_REWINDDIR): Remove. (remove_cwd_entries): Rewrite to avoid IF_READDIR_NEEDS_REWINDDIR, which was a bit weird because it couldn't be emulated by a function. 2003-05-03 Jim Meyering Extend head to accept --lines=-N (--bytes=-N) and to print all but the N lines (bytes) at the end of the file. * src/head.c: Include full-write.h, full-read.h, inttostr.h, quote.h. Use quote() in diagnostics, rather than literal `' marks. (copy_fd, elide_tail_bytes_pipe, elide_tail_bytes_file): New functions. (elide_tail_lines_pipe, elide_tail_lines_file): New functions. (head_file): Reorganize so as to call head from only one place. (main): Likewise, for head_file. Handle new, undocumented option, --presume-input-pipe. Handle negative line and byte counts. * tests/head/Test.pm: Add lots of tests to exercise --bytes=-N. * tests/du/8gb: Skip test if the file system of `.' doesn't support sparse files -- otherwise it'd create a file of size 8GB. 2003-05-02 Jim Meyering * src/fmt.c (usage): Don't mention obsolescent -WIDTH option. Instead explain about `-' and standard input. (main): Give a proper diagnostic for e.g., `fmt -c -72'. Reported by Keith Thompson. * tests/fmt/basic: Add test for the above fix. * src/fmt.c: Include "quote.h". Use quote() in diagnostics, rather than literal `' marks. (main): Exit nonzero when unable to open an input file. * tests/fmt/basic: Add test for the above fix. * src/fmt.c (main): Diagnose invalid suffix on obsolescent width specifications like `-72x'. * tests/fmt/basic: Add test for the above fix. Work around nasty readdir bug on Darwin6.5. * src/remove.c (IF_READDIR_NEEDS_REWINDDIR): Define. [! HAVE_WORKING_READDIR] (remove_cwd_entries): If readdir has just returned NULL and there has been at least one successful unlink or rmdir call since the opendir or previous rewinddir, then call rewinddir and reiterate the loop. Factor out common code. * src/remove.c (readdir_ignoring_dotdirs): New function. (is_empty_dir): Use it here. (remove_cwd_entries): Use it here. 2003-05-01 Jim Meyering * tests/rm/r-3: Create 500 rather than just 300 files. There's a bug in Darwin6.5's readdir that shows up only with 338 or more files. Fix a bug in this test: `cd $pwd' (not to `..'), now that $tmp has two components. * src/tail.c: Change type of n_units, n_bytes, n_lines to be `uintmax_t'. (dump_remainder): Move two declarations `down' into the scope where they are used. (xlseek): Return the resulting offset. (file_lines): Rename parameter, file_length, to end_pos. (pipe_lines): Don't coerce safe_read return value to `int'. Adapt tests accordingly. (pipe_bytes) [struct charbuffer] (nbytes): Change type from `int' to `unsigned int'. Change type of `total_bytes' from `int' to `size_t', since the former wouldn't always be wide enough. Don't coerce safe_read return value to `int', and adapt tests accordingly. Now that testing for a read error no longer involves using `tmp', handle that case *after* freeing `tmp'. (start_bytes): Clean up. (tail_bytes): Now that `n_bytes' may be larger than OFF_T_MAX, test for that condition and, if it's true, don't use lseek optimizations. (parse_options): Don't fail just because N_UNITS is larger than the maximum size of a file -- tail may be applied to an input stream (e.g., a pipe) with more data than that. * Makefile.maint (syntax-check): Rename from alloc-check. Also check for SPACE-TAB sequences. Also check for malloc/calloc/realloc casts. 2003-05-01 Jim Meyering * src/tail.c (start_lines): Rewrite to use memchr. Clean up. 2003-04-28 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/tty-eof: Send two tokens, not just one, so we don't make the now-more-picky tsort fail. 2003-04-24 Jim Meyering * src/tsort.c (tsort): Remove unnecessary test of have_read_stdin. (main): Minor syntactic clean-up. * src/tsort.c (tsort): Fail if the input contains an odd number of tokens. Reported by junkio@cox.net. * tests/tsort/basic-1: Test for the above fix. 2003-04-21 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/printf: Add tests for the printf fixes below. * Makefile.cfg (cvs_files): Add $(srcdir)/config/depcomp to the list. 2003-04-20 Paul Eggert Fix printf POSIX compatibility bug reported by Ben Harris in . * doc/coreutils.texi (printf invocation): It's \NNN in the format, \0NNN in the %b operand. * src/printf.c (usage): Likewise. (print_esc): New arg OCTAL0 to specify whether \0NNN or \NNN is desired. All uses changed. Behave like Bash printf if %b operand uses \NNN where the initial N is not 0. 2003-04-17 Jim Meyering * src/stty.c: Remove uses of PROTOTYPE macro. 2003-04-15 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint: Remove (or replace-with-TAB(s) to retain alignment) each sequence of spaces before a TAB character. 2003-04-13 Jim Meyering * src/remove.c (is_empty_dir): Don't closedir (NULL). 2003-04-12 Jim Meyering Giving nl an invalid STYLE argument (in --header-numbering=STYLE (-h), --body-numbering=STYLE (-b), or --footer-numbering=STYLE (-f)) or FORMAT (--number-format=FORMAT (-n)) would not give a useful diagnostic. * src/nl.c (main): Fix those problems and remove literal quote marks (e.g., "`%s'") from format string; instead use "%s" in each format string and `quote (optarg)' as the corresponding argument. Also, diagnose all invalid command line options before failing. * src/nl.c (proc_text): Fix a bug that would make nl output extra newlines in some cases. Details here: http://bugs.debian.org/177256. This bug was introduced on 2001-11-10 for textutils-2.0.17. * tests/misc/nl: Add test for the above-fixed bug. * tests/misc/readlink: New file. Test the --canonicalize option. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add readlink. 2003-04-11 Jim Meyering Clean up. * src/chown.c, src/cp.c, src/dircolors.hin, src/du.c, src/ln.c: * src/mkfifo.c, src/ptx.c, src/spline.c, src/stty.c, src/tail.c: * src/test.c, src/unexpand.c: Remove (or replace-with-TAB(s) to retain alignment) each sequence of spaces before a TAB character. * src/ls.c: Include unconditionally. * Makefile.maint (xalloc-check): Rename from header-check. * src/yes.c: Include error.h after system.h, not before. Clean up. * src/copy.c, src/cp-hash.c, src/cp.c, src/csplit.c, src/cut.c: * src/date.c, src/df.c, src/du.c, src/expand.c, src/expr.c, src/id.c: * src/join.c, src/md5sum.c, src/nl.c, src/od.c, src/paste.c, src/pr.c: * src/ptx.c, src/sort.c, src/split.c, src/su.c, src/tail.c, src/tee.c: * src/tr.c: * src/unexpand.c, src/users.c: Remove anachronistic casts of xmalloc, xrealloc, and xcalloc return values and of xrealloc's first argument. Fix the former with this: perl -pi -e 's/\([^(]*?\*\) *(x(m|c|re)alloc)\b/$1/' 2003-04-10 Jim Meyering * src/stty.c (wrapf): Declare with format attribute. The S_MAGIC_... names shouldn't be maintained in two places (prior to this change, one would have to keep stat.c and fs.h in sync). This change makes it so those names and the corresponding hexadecimal constants all reside in stat.c. fs.h is now generated. * src/Makefile.am (fs.h): New rule to generate fs.h from stat.c. (BUILT_SOURCES): Add fs.h, now that it's generated. (EXTRA_DIST): Add extract-magic. * src/extract-magic: New script to extract fs.h definitions from stat.c. * src/stat.c (human_fstype) [__linux__]: Append each hex constant from fs.h in a comment after the corresponding `case S_MAGIC_...:' statement. * tests/tail-2/big-4gb: Skip this test (don't fail) if creating a file with nominal length > 4GB fails. Reported by Michael Deutschmann. * man/unexpand.x: Add `SEE ALSO' reference to expand. * man/expand.x: Add `SEE ALSO' reference to unexpand. Suggestion from Dan Jacobson. 2003-04-10 Maciej W. Rozycki * src/fs.h (S_MAGIC_DEVPTS): New magic for Linux's devpts. * src/stat.c (human_fstype): Handle Linux's devpts. 2003-04-09 Paul Eggert * src/split.c (line_bytes_split): Arg is of type size_t, since that's all that is supported for now. (main): Check for overflow in obsolescent line count option. 2003-04-09 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/split-fail: Add a new test for the above fix. * src/split.c (bytes_split): Use size_t temporary (rather than uintmax_t original) in remaining computations. From Paul Eggert. Handle command line option arguments larger than 2^31. This allows e.g., splitting into files of size 2GB and larger, and running split --lines=N with N=2^31 or more. But for --line-bytes=N, the restriction that N <= SIZE_MAX remains (for now), due to the way it is implemented. * src/split.c: Include "inttostr.h". (bytes_split, lines_split, line_bytes_split, main): Use uintmax_t, not size_t, for file sizes. (main): Give a better diagnostic for option arguments == 0. Use umaxtostr to print file sizes. Reported by Luke Hassell. 2003-04-08 Jim Meyering * src/rm.c (usage): Mention that --directory (-d) works only on some systems. Suggestion from Samuel Tardieu. * tests/basename/basic: Run $PERL to see if it is available, rather than testing its value. * tests/sum/sysv, tests/tsort/basic-1, tests/unexpand/basic-1: * tests/basename/basic, tests/dd/skip-seek, tests/dircolors/simple: * tests/expr/basic, tests/factor/basic, tests/fmt/basic: * tests/ls-2/tests, tests/md5sum/basic-1, tests/md5sum/newline-1: * tests/misc/sort, tests/misc/tty-eof, tests/mv/i-1: * tests/rm/empty-name, tests/rm/fail-eperm, tests/rm/unreadable: * tests/seq/basic, tests/sha1sum/basic-1, tests/sha1sum/sample-vec: * tests/sum/basic-1, tests/seq/basic: Likewise. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add split-fail. * tests/misc/split-fail: New file. * src/split.c: Rename local variables: nchars -> n_bytes. (lines_split): Rename local, nlines -> n_lines. (main): Rename local variable: s/accum/n_units/. (main): Use STDIN_FILENO, not literal `0'. 2003-04-07 Jim Meyering * src/stat.c: Add #include directives for Ultrix 4.4. Based on a suggested change from Bert Deknuydt. 2003-04-06 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (makefile-check): New rule. (local-check): Add it. 2003-04-05 Jim Meyering * Makefile.am (nearly all of them): Use $(VAR) rather than @VAR@, now that we can rely on automake to emit a definition for each substituted variable. * tests/Makefile.am.in: Likewise. * tests/rm/rm5: Add a comment explaining why this test fails when using Tru64's broken sed. * tests/rm/rm3: Likewise. Make `kill -t' output signal descriptions (not `?') on Tru64. * src/kill.c (sys_siglist): Also check for __sys_siglist. Patch by Tony Leneis. * configure.ac: Also check for declaration of __sys_siglist. Required for Tru64 4.0D, 4.0F, and 5.1. Reported by Tony Leneis. 2003-04-04 Jim Meyering * src/Makefile.am (PERL): Remove unnecessary definition. Because of inappropriate (but POSIX-mandated) behavior of rename, `mv a b' would not remove `a' in some unusual cases. Work around this by unlinking `a' when necessary. * src/copy.c (same_file_ok): Add an output parameter. Set it in the offending case. (copy_internal): When necessary, unlink SRC_PATH and inform caller. Reported by Ed Avis. * tests/mv/hard-4: New test for the above. * tests/mv/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add hard-4. Clean up rules for automatically generated sources: * src/Makefile.am (dircolors.h, wheel-size.h, wheel.h, false.c): Make each generated file be read-only. Add each file name to BUILT_SOURCES separately. (MAINTAINERCLEANFILES): Set to $(BUILT_SOURCES). Put LOCALEDIR macro definition in new file: localedir.h. * src/Makefile.am (DEFS): Remove definition. (localedir.h): New rule. (BUILT_SOURCES, DISTCLEANFILES): Add localedir.h. * src/system.h: Include "localedir.h". 2003-04-02 Jim Meyering * Version 5.0. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add false. * Makefile.maint (TMPDIR): Make sure it's defined. (my-distcheck): Build in $(TMPDIR), not `.'. * src/Makefile.am (false.c): Change all occurrences of `(EXIT_SUCCESS)' to `(EXIT_FAILURE)' so that false exits unsuccessfully also with --help. Reported by Paul Jarc, * tests/misc/false: New test for the above. 2003-03-30 Jim Meyering * NEWS: Note the location of older NEWS files. * src/remove.c (is_empty_dir): Don't let a failing closedir clobber errno. Spotted by Arnold Robbins. * src/env.c: Fix typo in comment. From Arnold Robbins. 2003-03-29 Jim Meyering * Version 4.5.12. * README: Note to expect build problems for stat.c on Ultrix 4.3. Note that there are some harmless test failures when running `make check' as root on some systems. 2003-03-28 Jim Meyering * tests/stty/row-col-1: Skip this test if stty can't get window size. This happens when connecting to sparc-solaris5.7 via ssh from within emacs. Reported by Karl Berry. * tests/du/basic: Use seq, not `yes' to generate 4KB of data. Otherwise, on systems (DJGPP) that emulate pipes using files, this test would never complete, waiting for `yes' to terminate. * tests/du/slink: As above, use seq, not `yes' to generate link target. * tests/rm/hash: As above, use seq, not `yes' to generate dir name. Reported by Rich Dawe. 2003-03-27 Jim Meyering * src/id.c: Remove Arnold Robbins' obsolete e-mail address from `written by...' comment, at his request. 2003-03-24 Paul Eggert Fix buffer overrun problem reported by TAKAI Kousuke, along with some other POSIX incompatibilities. * src/printf.c (print_esc): Do not treat \x specially if POSIXLY_CORRECT. Avoid buffer overrun if the format ends in backslash. Treat incomplete escape sequences as strings of characters, as POSIX requires. (print_formatted): Allow multiple flags. Avoid buffer overrun if the format is incomplete. 2003-03-24 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/printf: Add tests for the above fixes and changes. 2003-03-26 Jim Meyering * src/copy.h (struct cp_options): Add a comment. 2003-03-23 Jim Meyering * README: Describe problem with 64-bit mode on HPUX 11.x, with patch for /usr/include/inttypes.h. * TODO: Plan to add an autoconf test to work around the bug. 2003-03-22 Jim Meyering * src/stat.c: Don't include . That is already done via system.h. Otherwise, the multiple inclusion would evoke redefinition warnings from Cray's /bin/cc, aka Cray Standard C Version 4.0.3 (057126) Mar 22 2003 22:02:28. (human_fstype): Factor some directives `up', out of this function. Cast away `const' to avoid error from Cray's /bin/cc. 2003-03-20 Jim Meyering * announce-gen (print_changelog_deltas): Ensure that a newline precedes each row of `*'s. 2003-03-20 Jim Meyering * Version 4.5.11. * src/seq.c (valid_format): Also accept ` ' and `'' as valid format flag characters. Do not require that a field width be specified. Do not fail when given a field width of `0'. Reported by Dan Jacobson. * tests/seq/basic: Add new tests for the above-fixed bug. * src/Makefile.am (all-local): Append $(EXEEXT) to use of `su' (install-root): Likewise. (install-exec-local): Likewise. Based on a patch from Richard Dawe. 2003-03-19 Jim Meyering * man/Makefile.am (.x.1): Use $(LN_S) instead of 'ln -s', because the DJGPP 2.03 port of 'ln -s' doesn't work. Include $(EXEEXT) in program names. Since $(LN_S) may degenerate to `cp -p', be careful to invoke it from the destination directory. Mostly from Richard Dawe. * configure.ac: Use AC_PROG_LN_S. * tests/mv/part-symlink: Unset CDPATH. Otherwise, having the CDPATH shell variable set could cause this test to fail. Reported by Karl Berry. 2003-03-18 Jim Meyering * src/fmt.c [struct Word] (paren, period, punct, final): Change the type of each member from bool :1 to unsigned int :1. AIX 5.1's xlc could not compile the former. Patch by Petter Reinholdtsen. Also reported by Mike Jetzer. 2003-03-17 Richard Dawe * configure.ac: Include $(EXEEXT) in OPTIONAL_BIN_PROGS' program names, since automake only adds $(EXEEXT) to programs in its *_PROGRAMS. 2003-03-16 Jim Meyering * src/remove.c (rm): Put two local variables in static storage, so they can't be clobbered by the potential longjmp. 2003-03-15 Jim Meyering * Makefile.cfg (gnu_rel_host): Fix code to match the comment so that a version number with a two-digit component can still count as an alpha release. Reported by Richard A Downing. (gnu_rel_host): Define in terms of $(RELEASE_TYPE) instead. 2003-03-14 Jim Meyering * src/ansi2knr.c: Remove no-longer-used file. * src/ansi2knr.1: Likewise. * Makefile.maint (prev_version_file): Don't use ?= for this particular assignment, since it causes trouble with old versions of GNU make (e.g. 3.76.1). The other uses of `?=' are inoffensive. Details here. http://mail.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2003-03/msg00028.html Patch from Alexandre Duret-Lutz. * Use patched automake-1.7.3. Regenerate Makefile.in files in subdirectories so that each includes a definition of ACLOCAL_M4. * announce-gen (main): Label the compressed source URLs. * Version 4.5.10. * tests/du/slink: Relax the test for the `local'ness of a file system, so that now it works also for tmpfs. * tests/du/hard-link: Transform output from first du, so that this test doesn't fail on file systems like tmpfs that order directory entries differently. 2003-03-13 Jim Meyering * tests/du/8gb: Work around what appears to be an NFS failure that would make this test fail on some systems. 2003-03-11 Jim Meyering * tests/du/basic: Make the test file exactly 4k bytes long. * src/split.c (longopts): Don't hard-code `2' here. Instead, just specify `&verbose', and ... (main): ... remove the `case 2:' block for --verbose. * tests/du/basic: Make the test file larger than 64 bytes, so that we don't immediately disqualify file systems (e.g., NetApp) on which smaller files take up zero disk blocks. Reported by Vin Shelton. 2003-03-10 Jim Meyering Don't segfault for a negative field width or precision in format string. Note that this is just a stopgap fix. The longer term solution may involve adapting bash's builtins/printf.def. * src/printf.c: (UNSPECIFIED): Define. (print_direc): Use the special value, UNSPECIFIED, to indicate that field_width or precision has not been specified. (print_formatted): Fail if field_width or precision is the special value, UNSPECIFIED. Reported by Oliver Kiddle * src/sys2.h (INT_MIN): Define, if necessary. * tests/misc/printf: Add a test for the above-fixed bug. 2003-03-09 Jim Meyering * src/remove.c (AD_stack_pop): Cast sizeof... to int before changing its sign. This avoids a warning from gcc on 64-bit systems. Reported by Bob Proulx. (pop_dir): Reverse order of sign change and cast, to be consistent with the above. 2003-03-08 Jim Meyering * tests/Makefile.am (evar-check): Check for POSIXLY_CORRECT not as a shell variable, but only in the environment. With /bin/sh->bash, the shell variable is set to `y', and that would cause a spurious warning. Reported by Bob Proulx. * tests/Makefile.am (check-root): Remove touch/fifo. It doesn't appear to have to be run as root. * tests/rm/fail-2eperm: Rather than simply using the first non-root user name, make sure that the selected user name has a usable shell. Reported by Paul Jarc. Before, when using shred on a device, one had to specify --exact, or be careful to choose a size that would not be rounded up and exceed the maximum value; that could result in a failure of the final write. * src/shred.c (do_wipefd): --exact is now the default for non-regular files. Suggestion from Ben Elliston. (usage): Say it. * tests/misc/tty-eof: Require at least version 1.11 of Expect.pm. Old versions of Expect.pm (e.g., 1.07) lack the log_user function. Patch by Bob Proulx. * src/Makefile.am (check-misc): Check for use of `defined' in #define directives. Change to $(srcdir) before running grep. * src/sleep.c: Remove now-unused #include and #define directives. * src/du.c (process_file): If a file's size is not being counted e.g., because it's a hard link to a file we've already counted, then don't print a line for it. * tests/du/hard-link: New test for the above-fixed bug. * tests/du/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add hard-link. `du -S' didn't work * src/du.c: Revert most of the `reorganization' change of 2003-02-20, and make the two-array approach work. * tests/du/basic: Correct/add tests for the above fix. Set LC_ALL, etc., now that we use sort. Check the block/size of a small file, too. Correct expected results for simple dir1/dir2/file case. Add another test of du -S. 2003-03-07 John David Anglin Avoid build failure with gcc on hppa1.1-hp-hpux10.20 (see GCC PR middle-end/9986). As one of GCC's optimizations, it transforms a fputs_unlocked call to a fputc_unlocked call when the string is one character long. However, hpux doesn't have fputc_unlocked. * expr.c (usage): Use putchar, not fputs, to output a single character. * ls.c (dired_dump_obstack): Likewise. * ptx.c (output_one_tex_line, output_one_dumb_line): Likewise. * stat.c (print_it): Likewise. 2003-03-07 Jim Meyering * src/cp.c: Remove everything associated with mmap-stack.c. This reverts the two changes of 2003-02-21. * src/du.c: Remove everything associated with mmap-stack.c. This reverts the change of 2003-02-19. 2003-03-06 Jim Meyering * tests/cp/same-file: Unset CDPATH. Otherwise, having the CDPATH shell variable set could cause this test to fail. Reported by Karl Berry. 2003-03-05 Jim Meyering * Version 4.5.9. * src/printf.c (print_esc): Remove pointless comparison of unsigned integer with zero, to avoid a warning from Intel's ecc. Reported by Nelson Beebe. * src/du.c (process_file): Sizes must all be of type uintmax_t. Otherwise, for files or totals that are too big, numbers would be truncated. Patch mostly by Michael Stone. Reported by Ingo Saitz as Debian bug #183210. * tests/du/8gb: New test for the above-fixed bug. * tests/du/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add 8gb. * src/du.c (MAX_N_DESCRIPTORS): Use 3 * UTILS_OPEN_MAX / 4 rather than UTILS_OPEN_MAX - 10. 2003-03-04 Jim Meyering * README: Refer new feature discussion to bug-coreutils@gnu.org, rather than bug-gnu-utils, now that the former is better known. Suggestion from Göran Uddeborg. * src/stat.c (usage): Capitalize consistently. Reported by Göran Uddeborg. * Makefile.maint (rel-files): Include $(signatures), so that those files are also copied into $(release_archive_dir). * src/df.c (find_mount_point): Call error here, now that restore_cwd no longer does it. * src/remove.c (AD_pop_and_chdir): Likewise. * tests/Makefile.am (check-root): Add fail-2eperm. 2003-03-03 Jim Meyering * src/remove.c (remove_cwd_entries): Include the full filename of the offending file, not just the basename. * tests/misc/tty-eof: Set $ME properly. * Makefile.maint (THIS_VERSION_REGEXP, PREV_VERSION_REGEXP): Remove now-unused variables. (tag-prev-version, prev-cvs-tag): Likewise. * src/remove.c (remove_cwd_entries) [!ROOT_CAN_UNLINK_DIRS]: Give an accurate diagnostic when failing to remove a file owned by some other user. Reported by Ivo Timmermans via Michael Stone. This fixes Debian bug# 178471. * tests/rm/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add fail-2eperm. * tests/rm/fail-2eperm: New test, for the above-fixed bug. Based on a report from Ivo Timmermans. 2003-03-02 Jim Meyering * src/copy.c (copy_internal) [un_backup]: When recovering from a failure to create a hard link, do not remove the entry associating the source dev/ino with the destination file name. * tests/mv/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add hard-3. * tests/mv/hard-3: New test, for the above-fixed bug. Inspired by a report from Iida Yosiaki. 2003-03-01 Jim Meyering * src/df.c (print_header): Don't embed spaces in a separate `Type' header string. Instead, put `Filesystem' and `Type' headers in the same string, so translators can use horizontal space as needed. Reported by Jean Charles Delepine. 2003-02-28 Jim Meyering * src/copy.c (copy_internal): When link fails because of an existing destination file, unlink that file and try again. Reported by Iida Yosiaki. * tests/mv/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add hard-2. * tests/mv/hard-2: New test for the above-fixed bug. Based on a test case from Iida Yosiaki. 2003-02-26 Jim Meyering * tests/du/basic: Don't test du's -b option here. Directory byte counts are smaller (512 rather than 4096) on at least OSF/1 5.1 and IBM AIX 4.2. Reported by Nelson Beebe. 2003-02-25 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (announcement): Now that ChangeLog entries are output by announce-gen, don't do it here. * announce-gen (print_changelog_deltas): New function. (main): Use it. 2003-02-22 Jim Meyering * announce-gen: New option: --release-type=TYPE * Makefile.maint (beta, major): New targets. Remove `release'. Put them all together on a line. Pass the release type (via RELEASE_TYPE envvar) to the MAKE invocation of `announcement'. (announcement): Invoke announce-gen with --release-type=$RELEASE_TYPE. * announce-gen: New option: --news=NEWS_FILE. Extract NEWS entries here, not via rules in Makefile.maint. * Makefile.maint (announcement): Now that NEWS entries are extracted by announce-gen, don't do it here. (news-r1, news-r2): Remove now-unused definitions. 2003-02-21 Jim Meyering * Version 4.5.8. Merge in changes from autoconf's version of this file. * Makefile.maint (www-gnu): Define. (standards.texi-url_prefix): Use $(www-gnu). (make-stds.texi-url_prefix): Likewise. * src/cp.c: Include "mmap-stack.h". (main): Invoke `run' through a macro that (when possible) runs it with a large, mmap'd stack. * src/cp.c (run): New function, preparing for the above. Exit from this function, not from main (main): Call run. * src/du.c: New option: --apparent-size. (enum) [APPARENT_SIZE_OPTION]: New member. (long_options): Add it. (usage): Describe it. (main): Handle it. ['b']: Set apparent_size. David Eisner reported that the behavior of --bytes had changed. Paul Eggert proposed the use of a new option, --apparent-size. * src/du.c (apparent_size): New global. (print_only_size): Reflect the fact that we're printing byte counts, not ST_NBLOCKSIZE-byte-block counts. (print_size): Call print_only_size rather than duplicating its code. (process_file): Accumulate byte counts, rather than block counts. * src/du.c (process_file): Always reset size_to_propagate_to_parent for --separate-dirs (-S). 2003-02-20 Jim Meyering * Use automake-1.7.3. Regenerate dependent files. * src/stat.c (print_stat): New format: %B (to print ST_NBLOCKSIZE). This makes %b (number of ST_NBLOCKSIZE-byte blocks) more useful. (usage) [%B]: Describe it. [%b]: Refer to %B. * src/du.c (process_file): Reorganize the code to use only one `sum' array, and change how -S works back to the way it was before 2003-01-31. Patch by Bruno Haible. * tests/du/basic: New test. * tests/du/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add basic. * tests/envvar-check: Add checks for the following: BLOCK_SIZE, DU_BLOCK_SIZE, DF_BLOCK_SIZE, LS_BLOCK_SIZE. * tests/Makefile.am: Rename phony target envvar-check to evar-check so as not to conflict with the distributed file by the same name. * src/du.c (process_file): Set info->skip before any possible return. Report correct usage for directories, not 0. * src/du.c (process_file): Return for `file_type == FTW_DPRE' _before_ recording the dev/ino of a directory. Reported by Bruno Haible. Now, df always displays the device file name corresponding to the listed mount point under `Filesystem'. Before, for an unmounted block- or character-special file argument, it would display the command-line argument instead. * src/df.c (show_disk): Return a value indicating whether there was a match. Don't try to find a mount point here. (show_entry): If show_disk doesn't find a match, call show_point. 2003-02-19 Jim Meyering * src/du.c: Include "mmap-stack.h". (du_files): Add prototype with ATTRIBUTE_NORETURN. Exit from this function, not from... (main): ...here. Instead, if possible, invoke du_files through a macro that runs it with a large, mmap'd stack. * src/join.c (usage): Change wording in --help output: use FILENUM instead of `SIDE' and say what FILENUM means. Reported by Bernhard Gabler. * src/df.c (print_header): Rather than using a hard-coded literal string of spaces matching the length of the English `...Type' header, output the right number of spaces to match the selected translation. Reported by Yann Dirson and Jean Charles Delepine as Debian bug 131113. * src/split.c (bytes_split): Remove unnecessary `else' after break. (lines_split): Likewise. and correct misleading indentation. * src/split.c: Include "full-read.h". (bytes_split, lines_split, line_bytes_split): Use full_read, not safe_read. The way split was using the latter, a short read could cause split to terminate before EOF. * tests/misc/tty-eof: Test all programs that can read stdin, requiring no arguments and that write to standard output. * tests/misc/tty-eof: New file. Renamed from ... * tests/misc/cat-tty-eof: Remove file. Rename to tty-eof. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Reflect renaming. 2003-02-18 Jim Meyering cksum would perform an extra read after encountering EOF * src/cksum.c (cksum): Exit the loop upon EOF, too. Patch by Michael Bacarella. Test for the bug fixed today in cksum, md5sum, and sha1sum. * tests/misc/cat-tty-eof: Generalize, clean-up, and test for cat, cksum, md5sum, and sha1sum all in the same loop. 2003-02-14 Jim Meyering * src/remove.c: Include "euidaccess.h". Remove declaration of euidaccess. 2003-02-12 Jim Meyering * src/pathchk.c (portable_chars_only): Remove unnecessary `const' in cast to avoid warning from icc. Reported by Alexandre Duret-Lutz. 2003-02-10 Jim Meyering * src/test.c: Don't include group-member.h. Include euidaccess.h. (eaccess): Rewrite function to set the real uid and gid temporarily to the effective uid and gid, then invoke 'access', and then set the real uid and gid back. On systems that lack setreuid or setregid, fall back on the kludges in euidaccess. Before, it would not work for e.g., files with ACLs, files that were marked immutable, or on file systems mounted read-only. Nelson Beebe raised the issue. Paul Eggert suggested the new implementation. 2003-02-09 Jim Meyering * src/test.c (test_stat): Remove function. It's job is done (only when necessary) by the wrapper in lib/stat.c. Adjust all uses. 2003-02-08 Jim Meyering * Version 4.5.7. * tests/mv/part-symlink: Don't assume that the file owner username length is less than 9 in ls output: instead, omit that field altogether. Reported by, and suggested fix from, Ferdinand. * tests/du/restore-wd: New test for just-fixed bug in ftw.c. * tests/du/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add restore-wd. * src/rm.c: Correct now-invalid comment about cycle-detection. 2003-02-06 Jim Meyering * NEWS: Add entries from old/*/NEWS from fileutils-4.1 through 4.1.11 and from sh-utils-2.0 through 2.0.15. Suggestion from Karl Berry. * Version 4.5.6. * src/du.c (process_file): Don't return early for excluded files or for files whose dev/inode we've already seen. 2003-02-05 Jim Meyering * tests/du/exclude: New file. * tests/du/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add exclude. 2003-02-04 Dmitry V. Levin * src/who.c (print_boottime, print_deadprocs, print_runlevel): Fix memory allocation arithmetic. 2003-02-04 Jim Meyering `df /dev/block-or-char-device-file--not-mounted' now reports the name of the file system on which the file resides, usually `/'. Before, it would leave the `Mounted on' field blank. * src/df.c (show_disk): Move function to precede find_mount_point. (show_disk): Add parameter: STATP. If we don't find a matching device name, then resort to calling find_mount_point. Reported by Bob Proulx. 2003-02-03 Andreas Schwab * tests/rm/cycle: Require non-root. * tests/rm/isatty: Likewise. 2003-02-02 Jim Meyering * Version 4.5.5. * man/Makefile.am (check-x-vs-1): Use @PATH_SEPARATOR@, not `:'. Ensure that there are no offending uses of `:'. * Makefile.maint (makefile_path_separator_check): New rule. (local-check): Add it to the list. 2003-02-01 Jim Meyering * src/du.c (MAX_N_DESCRIPTORS): Define. * src/stat.c (G_fail): New global. (human_time): Diagnose failed localtime, not failed nstrftime. (main): Fail if G_fail is set. 2003-01-31 Richard Dawe * tests/basename/Makefile.am: Use @PATH_SEPARATOR@ instead of hard-coding the path-separator. Also double-quote the new PATH, to avoid problems when the path-separator is a semi-colon or when `pwd` contains e.g. a space. * tests/chgrp/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/chmod/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/chown/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/cp/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/dd/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/dircolors/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/du/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/expr/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/factor/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/fmt/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/install/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/ln/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/ls/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/ls-2/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/md5sum/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/misc/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/mv/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/od/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/rm/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/rmdir/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/seq/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/sha1sum/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/shred/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/stty/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/sum/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/touch/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/tsort/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/unexpand/Makefile.am: Likewise. 2003-01-31 Jim Meyering * src/stat.c: Include "file-type.h" (print_human_type): Remove function. (human_access): Rename from print_human_access. Return a string. (human_time): Rename from print_human_time. Return a string. (print_stat): Arrange so that field width and an alignment specifier are honored for the %A, %F, %x, %y, and %z formats. [%F]: Use file_type; this gives slightly different file type strings, e.g., `directory' instead of `Directory' and `regular file' or `regular empty file' instead of `Regular file'. Prompted by a report from Richard Dawe that the uses of S_IFSOCK and S_IFIFO in print_human_time were not portable to systems using e.g., DJGPP. 2003-01-31 Richard Dawe * src/stat.c (print_stat): Use S_ISLNK rather than an explicit test using S_IFMT and S_IFLNK. S_IFLNK may not be defined. 2003-01-31 Jim Meyering * src/du.c (main): Upon processing an invalid option or an invalid --exclude-from or --max-depth option argument, don't exit right away, in case there are others. Rather record the failure and exit after processing other options. * GNUmakefile (TAR_OPTIONS): Set and export, in order to make tar archive easier to reproduce. Rewrite to perform directory traversal using nftw. * src/du.c: Include "dirname.h", "ftw.h", and "quotearg.h". (AUTHORS): Add self. (opt_one_file_system): Move global into `main'. (path, xstat, exit_status): Remove declarations. (arg_length, suffix_length): New globals. (G_fail): New global, sort of like the old `exit_status'. (IS_FTW_DIR_TYPE): Define. (print_only_size): New function. (process_file): New function. (str_init, ensure_space, str_copyc, str_concatc): Remove functions. (str_trunc, pop_dir, count_entry): Likewise. (du_files): Rewrite to use nftw. 2003-01-30 Jim Meyering * tests/du/trailing-slash: Ensure that du/ftw follows a command-line symlink-to-directory with -L, even without the trailing slash. 2003-01-27 Jim Meyering * src/Makefile.am (check-misc): Check for st_blocks, too. * src/stat.c (print_stat): Use ST_NBLOCKS rather than `->st_blocks'. Reported by Richard Dawe. 2003-01-27 Andreas Schwab * src/ls.c (quote_name): Add fourth parameter, width, into which to store the screen columns, and return the number of bytes instead. (print_dir): Pass NULL as fourth parameter of quote_name. (print_name_with_quoting): Likewise. (length_of_file_name_and_frills): Get the width from the fourth parameter of quote_name instead of return value. 2003-01-27 Jim Meyering * src/ls.c (decode_switches): If `dired' is set without `format == long_format', then silently reset dired. This doesn't change the behavior of ls (all prior uses of dired were protected by `&& format == long_format'), and lets us... (DIRED_INDENT): ... remove the `format == long_format' conjunct. (PUSH_CURRENT_DIRED_POS): Likewise. (main): Likewise. 2003-01-22 Jim Meyering * tests/du/no-x: New test, for functionality added to lib/ftw.c. * tests/du/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add no-x. 2003-01-21 Jim Meyering * src/remove.c (remove_entry) [ROOT_CAN_UNLINK_DIRS && HAVE_STRUCT_DIRENT_D_TYPE]: If a file has d_type == DT_UNKNOWN it may still be a directory -- or not (e.g., with FreeBSD on an NFS-mounted file system), so resort to calling lstat to find out. Based on a patch by Michael van Elst. * tests/cp/same-file: Don't assume that the file owner username length is less than 9 in ls output: instead, omit that field altogether. Reported by, and suggested fix from, Ferdinand. 2003-01-20 Jim Meyering * tests/date/Test.pm (wide-fmt): New test to demonstrate that large format widths no longer cause strftime to infloop. * Makefile.maint (mail_gpg_sign_cookie): Remove now-unused definition. 2003-01-19 Jim Meyering * src/readlink.c: Include "canonicalize.h". 2003-01-18 Jim Meyering * src/ls.c (Dereference_symlink) [DEREF_COMMAND_LINE_SYMLINK_TO_DIR]: New member. (enum) [DEREFERENCE_COMMAND_LINE_SYMLINK_TO_DIR_OPTION]: New member. (long_options): Add option --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir. (main): Make DEREF_COMMAND_LINE_SYMLINK_TO_DIR be the default, rather than DEREF_COMMAND_LINE_ARGUMENTS, when none of the -d, -F, -l options is specified. (decode_switches): Handle --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir. (gobble_file): Honor DEREF_COMMAND_LINE_SYMLINK_TO_DIR. Change --dereference-command-line (-H) to dereference *all* command line arguments, including broken symlinks. 2003-01-15 Paul Eggert Change ls -H back to the way it was yesterday, since this is compatible with FreeBSD and the POSIX spec is confusing and somewhat contradictory. * src/ls.c (DEREF_COMMAND_LINE_ARGUMENTS): Change name back from DEREF_COMMAND_LINE_SYMLINK_TO_DIR, updating all uses. (long_options): Change the long option name back. (usage): Change the usage back. (gobble_file): When -H is specified, dereference a top-level arg even if it points to a non-directory. 2003-01-15 Jim Meyering * src/ls.c (gobble_file): Fall back on using lstat when required: when --dereference (-L) is not specified, and - when operating on a dangling symlink - when operating on command-line-symlink-to-directories This fixes numerous problems. Here are examples: - `ls dangling-symlink' would fail with `no such file...' Now it prints `dangling-symlink'. - `ls -i symlink' would mistakenly print the inode of the referent. Now it prints the inode of the symlink. Likewise for --size (-s). Based on a patch from Michael Stone. Reported by Deepak Goel as Debian bug #173793. Rename ls's --dereference-command-line (-H) option to --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir. * src/ls.c [enum Dereference_symlink] (DEREF_COMMAND_LINE_SYMLINK_TO_DIR): Rename from DEREF_COMMAND_LINE_ARGUMENTS. Update all uses. (long_options): Rename the long option. (usage): Say that --dereference-... changes how ls treats only symlinks to directories specified on the command line. 2003-01-14 Jim Meyering * tests/ls/dangle: New file/test, for the above fix. * tests/ls/inode: Another new file/test, for the above fix. * tests/ls/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add dangle and inode. * src/ls.c (gobble_file): Fix a bug introduced in 4.5.4 that made it so that ls --color would no longer highlight the names of files with the execute bit set when not specified on the command line. Patch by Michael Stone. Reported by Stephen Depooter as Debian bug 175135. * tests/ls-2/tests (color-exe): New test, for the above fix. 2003-01-13 Jim Meyering * tests/shred/exact: Also test for just fixed bug with --zero. * src/shred.c (long_opts): --zero does not require an argument. Patch by Michael Stone. Reported by Roland Turner as Debian bug 172019. 2003-01-12 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (cvs-update): Skip any file with local modifications. * src/unexpand.c (usage): Document --first-only and mention that --tabs=N (-t) enables --all (-a). Reported by wiregauze@yahoo.com. 2002-12-01 Dmitry V. Levin * src/df.c: Include "canonicalize.h". Use canonicalize_file_name unconditionally. 2003-01-09 Jim Meyering * README: Add readlink. 2002-11-30 Dmitry V. Levin * src/df.c: Include "xgetcwd.h". * src/pwd.c: Likewise. 2002-11-30 Dmitry V. Levin * src/shred.c: Remove declaration of xstrdup. We already get it via xalloc.h which is included via system.h. 2002-08-27 Dmitry V. Levin New program: readlink. * src/Makefile.am (bin_PROGRAMS): Add readlink. * src/readlink.c: New file. * man/readlink.x: New file. * man/Makefile.am (dist_man_MANS): Add readlink.1. (readlink.1): New rule. 2003-01-09 Jim Meyering When selecting ranges of byte offsets (as opposed to ranges of fields) and when --output-delimiter=STRING is specified, output STRING between ranges of selected bytes. * src/cut.c (RANGE_START_SENTINEL): Define. (output_delimiter_specified): New global. (print_kth): Add parameter. Adjust all callers. (set_fields): Mark each range-start index with RANGE_START_SENTINEL. (cut_bytes): When requested, output STRING between ranges of selected bytes. (main): Make a diagnostic a little clearer. Based on a patch from Jan Nieuwenhuizen. * tests/cut/Test.pm: New tests for the above. * src/cut.c (set_fields): Make code agree with comment: Don't merge abutting ranges like 4- and 2-3. This makes no difference currently, but is required to support an upcoming change. 2003-01-07 Jim Meyering * src/cut.c (set_fields): Fix typo in comment. * tests/touch/not-owner: New test, mostly extracted from fail-diag. * tests/touch/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add not-owner. * tests/touch/fail-diag: Remove the test for non-owner diagnostic. Now, this tests only the nonexistent-directory diagnostic. Suggestion from Michael Stone. * tests/touch/fail-diag: Fix typo: s/ld/ls/. 2003-01-04 Jim Meyering * src/copy.h: Remove use of PARAMS. * src/remove.h: Likewise. * src/chown-core.h: Likewise. rm could be tricked into mistakenly reporting a cycle. * src/remove.c: [cycle_check_state]: New global. (remove_cwd_entries): Adapt to new semantics of cycle_check. (rm): Call cycle_check_init and cycle_check_free for each file. * tests/rm/cycle (rm): New test, for the above fix. * tests/rm/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add cycle. When rm detects a cycle, don't abort the entire command, but rather just the affected command line argument. * src/remove.c: Include (struct dirstack_state) [current_arg_jumpbuf]: New member. (remove_cwd_entries): Call longjmp if we detect a cycle. (rm): Call setjmp here. * src/remove.c (cycle_check, is_power_of_two): Remove functions. Instead, include cycle-check.h and use it. * src/remove.h (struct dev_ino): Remove declaration. * src/remove.c (remove_cwd_entries): Fix typos in comment. Don't include trailing /. in diagnostics about directories. * src/remove.c (full_filename_): When FILENAME is just `.' and there is a nonempty directory-name part, don't append `/.'. * tests/rm/unread2: Remove trailing /. from diagnostic. * tests/rm/rm2: Likewise. * src/remove.c (struct dirstack_state): Define. To be used in place of these file-scoped globals ... (dir_stack, len_stack, Active_dir): Remove globals. (ds_init, ds_free): New functions. (full_filename): Define. (full_filename_): Rename from full_filename. Begin to make AD_* functions more generic. * src/remove.c (AD_push_initial): Don't set status to RM_OK here. (AD_push): Likewise. (AD_INIT_OTHER_MEMBERS): Define. (remove_dir): Define the `status' member manually after each call to AD_push or AD_push_initial. * src/Makefile.am (check-misc): New rule, to ensure that no more S_IS* macro definitions sneak into the code. (check): Depend on check-misc. * src/remove.c [S_ISLNK]: Don't define. It's already defined in sys2.h. * src/du.c (count_entry) [S_ISLNK]: Don't define. * src/shred.c [S_ISLNK, S_ISFIFO, S_ISSOCK]: Don't define. 2003-01-03 Jim Meyering * src/true.c: Add copyright. (AUTHORS): I suppose I've written it. * src/Makefile.am (false.c): Make the generated file be read-only. 2003-01-04 Jim Meyering * src/ls.c: Include "dev-ino.h". [struct dev_ino]: Remove declaration. 2003-01-02 Jim Meyering * src/cp.c (do_copy): Tweak diagnostic to be consistent with the one from mv: s/missing file arguments/missing file argument/. With --target-directory=DIR, cp and mv work with a single file argument. Reported by Karl Berry. * tests/rm/isatty: Enable this test. 2002-12-31 Jim Meyering * src/remove.c (AD_push_initial): Don't set status to RM_OK here. (AD_push): Likewise. (AD_INIT_OTHER_MEMBERS): Define. (remove_dir): Define the `status' member manually after each call to AD_push or AD_push_initial. * src/ls.c [struct dev_ino]: Remove definition. Include "dev-ino.h" instead. 2002-12-28 Jim Meyering * tests/du/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add no-deref. * tests/du/no-deref: New script. 2002-12-23 Jim Meyering * src/remove.c (remove_cwd_entries): Fix typo in comment. 2002-12-21 Jim Meyering * announce-gen: Generate MML-formatted announcement. This makes it a *lot* harder to send stale MD5/SHA1 signatures. 2002-12-20 Jim Meyering * src/touch.c (touch): Change the wording of a diagnostic so that it makes sense both when the file exists and when it doesn't. Suggestion from Michael Stone. 2002-12-18 Jim Meyering * src/stty.c (valid_options): Declare to be static. 2002-12-15 Jim Meyering * Makefile.cfg: Remove rules related to generating m4/jm-glibc-io.m4. * src/chmod.c, src/copy.c, src/copy.h, src/cp-hash.h, src/csplit.c: * src/date.c, src/expr.c, src/fmt.c, src/id.c, src/install.c: * src/ls.c, src/od.c, src/pathchk.c, src/pr.c, src/remove.c: * src/shred.c, src/sort.c, src/stat.c, src/stty.c, src/sum.c: * src/tee.c, src/test.c: Remove all uses of `PARAMS'. * src/remove.c (PARAMS): Remove definition. * src/sys2.h: Likewise. * src/ls.c, src/stat.c, src/date.c: Remove declaration of nstrftime. Include strftime.h instead. 2002-12-14 Jim Meyering * Makefile.cfg ($(url_dir_list)): Use .../coreutils, not .../fetish. * src/system.h [! HAVE_DECL_MEMRCHR]: Declare memrchr. This is necessary at least for Irix6.5 when using c89. Reported by Nelson Beebe. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add cat-tty-eof. * tests/misc/cat-tty-eof: New test. * src/mknod.c (usage): Specify how major and minor mode numbers are interpreted. Report forwarded by Kristin E Thomas. * src/mknod.c: Remove now-redundant usage-specifying comment. 2002-12-13 Jim Meyering * Version 4.5.4. * tests/du/trailing-slash: Allow for a directory of size `0'. That happens at least on file systems of type tmpfs on linux-2.4.18. * announce-gen: New script to begin replacing the commands associated with the rule here... * Makefile.maint (announcement): Invoke announce-gen. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add announce-gen. * tests/cp/preserve-2: New file/test, for latest fix. * tests/cp/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add preserve-2. 2002-12-11 TAKAI Kousuke Fix a bug whereby cp would fail to parse an option like --preserve=mode,ownership. * src/cp.c (decode_preserve_arg): Advance `comma' to point the character following the comma. 2002-12-11 Jim Meyering * src/pathchk.c (NEED_PATHCONF_WRAPPER): Undefine before defining, in case it's already defined. 2002-12-09 Jim Meyering * tests/touch/fail-diag: Don't get a test failure if /no exists. Instead, evoke a framework failure if /no-$$ exists. Reported by Michael Stone. 2002-12-08 Jim Meyering * src/du.c (lstat) [! LSTAT_FOLLOWS_SLASHED_SYMLINK]: Define to rpl_lstat, so that even on systems like Solaris 5.8, du honors (per POSIX) the trailing slash on an argument referring to a symlink-to-directory. 2002-12-06 Jim Meyering * Use autoconf-2.57. Regenerate dependent files. * Use automake-1.7.2. Regenerate dependent files. * src/ls.c (gobble_file): Also stat the file if it's a regular file and --indicator-style=classify (aka -F). Thanks to Ed Santiago for opening my eyes. * tests/ls/file-type: New file. Test for the above. A test to contrast ls -F and ls --indicator-style=file-type. * tests/ls/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add file-type. 2002-12-04 Jim Meyering * tests/ls/follow-slink: Make sure the symlink was created. Richard Dawe reported that `ln -s link link' succeeds, but creates no file on systems running some version of the DJGPP libc. 2002-12-03 Jim Meyering * src/Makefile.am (AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS): Remove definition (to ansi2knr) since this package no longer panders to K&R compilers. 2002-12-02 Jim Meyering * tests/du/slink: Skip this test if `.' is on a non-local file system. * tests/Fetish.pm (_at_replace): Do the substitution only if there's something to replace. 2002-12-01 Jim Meyering * src/stat.c: Don't include or . That's already done via system.h. * src/dircolors.c: Don't include . 2002-11-30 Jim Meyering * ls.c (gobble_file): Remove the block of code that caused `ls --color -F symlink-to-dir' to list the files in `symlink-to-dir/.'. Now, it prints `symlink-to-dir@', (just like `ls -F symlink-to-dir') but with the addition of highlighting. Similarly, `ls --color -dF symlink-to-dir' would print `symlink-to-dir/'; now it prints `symlink-to-dir@'. Reported by Jeff Sheinberg as Debian bug #168203. * tests/ls-2/tests (sl-F-color, sl-dF-color): New tests for the above. ls is now more efficient: with certain options, it no longer needs to stat each directory entry on systems with valid dirent.d_type. * src/ls.c (print_dir): Add DT_LNK and DT_REG. (main): Make --recursive set format_needs_type, not format_needs_stat. (gobble_file): Remove a FIXME comment, now that it's fixed. 2002-11-24 Jim Meyering * src/du.c (du_files): Don't strip any trailing slash. Rewrite so that `/' is no longer represented internally as the empty string. (count_entry): When appending a file name component, account for the fact that the current path may end in `/'. François Pinard reported that `du symlink-to-dir/' was not equivalent to `du symlink-to-dir/.'. Now it is. * tests/du/trailing-slash: New file/test, for the above fix. * tests/du/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add trailing-slash. 2002-11-23 Jim Meyering * src/tac.c (output): Declare some local variables to be of type size_t, rather than `int' to avoid warnings from gcc. 2002-11-21 Paul Eggert * src/ls.c (decode_switches): Use case-sensitive matching to decode the QUOTING_STYLE environment variable. This is more consistent with the documentation, and with --quoting-style. 2002-11-21 Martin Buck * tests/sum/sysv: Export LC_ALL=C, to avoid failure when run in a UTF locale. Report and suggested fix by Bruno Haible. * tests/fmt/basic: Likewise. 2002-11-17 Jim Meyering * configure.ac: Update via autoupdate. Add `AM_GNU_GETTEXT_VERSION(0.11.5)'. * src/mv.c (movefile): Don't remove trailing slashes from SOURCE. Reported by Hans Ginzel. 2002-11-15 Jim Meyering * Makefile.cfg (gnu_rel_host): Define. (url_dir_list): Choose from (alpha|ftp).gnu.org depending on whether $(VERSION) looks like a major release number. * Makefile.maint (mail_gpg_sign_cookie): Backslash-escape `#'. (release): Rename from `alpha'. (alpha): Depend on release. * Makefile.maint (signatures): Define with ?=, so it's easy to override. 2002-11-14 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (mail_gpg_sign_cookie): Make optional. (announcement): Use the new variable. * Makefile.maint: Sync with Bison, i.e.: (po-check): Scan .l and .y files instead of the .c and the .h files that they generate. This fixes the bug reported by Tim Van Holder in: Look for N_ as well as for _. Try to avoid matching #define for N_ and _. From Paul Eggert. 2002-11-12 Jim Meyering * src/ls.c (HAVE_SYMLINKS): Remove unnecessary macro definition. Replace sole use with equivalent `#ifdef S_ISLNK'. Inconsistency reported by Dmitry V. Levin. 2002-11-11 Jim Meyering * src/stat.c (usage): Transform --help items output via s/ - / /, so that help2man produces properly formatted man pages. Reported by Herbert Xu as Debian bug #168400. 2002-11-10 Jim Meyering * src/ls.c (sighandler): Handle SIGTSTP specially. Based on suggestions from Solar Designer and Dmitry V. Levin. Add comments. * Makefile.cfg (cvs_files): Define. From autoconf. (local_updates): Likewise. * src/ls.c (restore_default_color_handler, sigtstp_handler): Remove functions. (sighandler): New function, based on the one in sort.c. (main): Use sigaction, if possible; otherwise signal. Handle these signals: SIGHUP, SIGINT, SIGPIPE, SIGQUIT, SIGTERM, SIGTSTP. Don't register our handler if the signal is already being ignored. * src/dd.c (interrupt_handler): Use raise, rather than kill+getpid. * src/csplit.c (interrupt_handler): Likewise. * src/sort.c (sighandler): Likewise. (main): Declare `i' and `nsigs' to be unsigned, not int. 2002-11-09 Jim Meyering ls --color: restore terminal text color upon signal. * src/ls.c: Include "full-write.h" and . (restore_default_color, restore_default_color_handler): New functions. (sigtstp_handler, put_indicator_direct): New functions. (main) [print_with_color]: Register signal handlers. Patch mostly by Solar Designer and Stanislav Ievlev. Update from autoconf. * Makefile.maint (AMTAR): Remove definition. (update, cvs-update, po-update, do-po-update): New rules. (wget-update): Update (thus renaming to cvs-update). (automake_repo): Use anoncvs@sources.redhat.com. 2002-11-06 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add printf-hex. * tests/misc/printf: Be careful to test the code in this package, not the shell built-in function. * src/printf.c (print_esc): A hexadecimal escape sequence has at most two hex. digits, not three. Reported by Padraig Brady. (usage): Update description. * tests/misc/printf-hex: New file/test, for the above fix. 2002-10-07 Paul Eggert Add support for locale-specific size indications (e.g., thousands-separators) and for explicit size suffixes on output. * doc/coreutils.texi (Block size): Say that: This affects display format as well as block size. Fractional block counts are rounded up. ls file size blocksize defaults to 1. A block size spec preceded by ' generates thousands separators. A suffix without a preceding integer generates suffixes. (tail invocation): 32k -> 32 KiB. (What information is listed): ls -h is now equivalent to ls --block-size=human, and ls -H is now equivalent to ls --block-size=si. Displayed file size is now always affected by --block-size. * lib/inttostr.c, lib/inttostr.h, lib/imaxtostr.c, lib/offtostr.c, lib/umaxtostr.c: New files, taken from GNU tar. * lib/Makefile.am (libfetish_a_SOURCES): Add imaxtostr.c, offtostr.c, umaxtostr.c. (EXTRA_DIST): Add inttostr.c. * lib/human.c, lib/human.h: Rewrite to support locale-specific notations like thousands separators. Specify what includer of include.h must include beforehand. (human_group_digits, human_suppress_point_zero, human_autoscale, human_base_1024, human_SI, human_B): New enum values. (human_readable): Rename from human_readable_inexact; put the options before the sizes. All uses changed. The old human_readable function has been removed; use inttostr.h instead. (human_options): Renamed from human_block_size, with new signature that allows block sizes up to UINTMAX_MAX. All callers changed. * m4/prereq.m4 (jm_PREREQ_HUMAN): Check for locale.h, localeconv, AC_HEADER_STDBOOL. No need to check for limits.h since it's in freestanding C89. No need to check for stdlib.h or string.h since autoconf does this now. * src/cksum.c (cksum): Use primitives from inttostr.h, not human.h, to print large numbers simply. * src/csplit.c (handle_line_error, parse_patterns): Likewise. * src/dd.c (print_stats, main): Likewise. * src/df.c (print_header): Likewise. * src/factor.c (print_factors): Likewise. * src/ls.c (print_long_format, print_file_name_and_frills): Likewise. * src/shred.c (dopass): Likewise. * src/sort.c (checkfp): Likewise. * src/sum.c (bsd_sum_file, sysv_sym_file): Likewise. * src/tail.c (xlseek): Likewise. * src/wc.c (write_counts, wc): Likewise. * src/df.c (human_output_opts): New var. (output_block_size): Now uintmax_t, not int, to handle larger block sizes. All uses changed. * src/du.c: Likewise. * src/ls.c: Likewise. * src/df.c (print_header): In the header line, prefer SI to human representation if it's shorter; if neither is shorter, try to intuit what the user would prefer. * src/expr.c (inttostr): Remove; use new imaxtostr library function instead. * src/ls.c (file_output_block_size): New var, to distinguish file sizes from other sizes. (decode_switches): Set it. * src/shred.c (OUTPUT_BLOCK_SIZE): remove. (dopass): When printing progress, use floor for what has been done so far (since we should be conservative there), and ceiling for what needs to be done (since that's what other programs use). 2002-10-19 Jim Meyering * src/pinky.c (print_heading): Align TTY and Name headings. Reported by Karl Eichwalder. 2002-10-18 Jim Meyering * src/split.c (cwrite): Change type of `bytes' parameter to size_t Remove now-useless cast. (stdread): Remove function. (bytes_split): Use size_t instead of int. Use safe_read, not stdread. (lines_split): Likewise. Use memchr rather than a `while' loop. (line_bytes_split): Use size_t instead of int. Use safe_read, not stdread. (main): Add some FIXME comments to remind me to remove casts. * src/system.h (ST_BLKSIZE): Correct comment describing how to reproduce HPUX-11 cat failure. From Petter Reinholdtsen. 2002-10-17 Jim Meyering Fix a problem that could make e.g., `cat' misbehave on systems which give invalid (unreasonably large) values for stat.st_blksize. * src/system.h (ST_BLKSIZE): Ensure that the result is in [1..4MB]. Reported by Petter Reinholdtsen. 2002-10-14 Jim Meyering Specifying a printf conversion specifer as nl's separator string could cause nl to segfault. * src/nl.c (build_print_fmt): Don't include separator string in the printf format; it might contain `%'. Use a better bound on the length of the print_fmt buffer. (print_lineno): Print the separator here instead. Reported by Doug Coleman. * tests/misc/nl: New file/tests, including a test for the above. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add nl. * tests/misc/split-l: New test, to make sure `split --lines=N' works. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add split-l. 2002-10-13 Jim Meyering * Version 4.5.3. * src/du.c (usage): Tweak description of --dereference-args/-D. * src/du.c (count_entry): Also save cwd when dereferencing (via --dereference-args, -D) a command-line argument. Reported by Michal Svec. Based on a patch by Andreas Schwab. * src/Makefile.am (../AUTHORS): New target/rule. 2002-10-12 Jim Meyering * src/paste.c (paste_parallel): Declare local, `delims_saved', to be of type size_t, since that's the way it's used and avoids a warning. * src/csplit.c (struct cstring) [len]: Declare to be unsigned int, since that's how it's always used and avoids a new warning from gcc. (read_input): Adapt to new safe_read ABI. * src/cut.c (cut_fields): Add a temporary size_t variable, n_bytes, to avoid warnings. * src/pinky.c (print_long_entry): fread returns size_t. Declare local `bytes' accordingly, to avoid warning. tail -c +N would perform an extra read after encountering EOF [this change is analogous (bytes vs. lines) to the one of 2002-01-27] * src/tail.c (start_bytes): Detect EOF, inform caller. (tail_bytes): Upon EOF in start_bytes, return immediately. (file_lines): Reorganize to use memrchr rather than an explicit loop. Adapt to new safe_read ABI. 2002-10-11 Jim Meyering * tests/du/deref: New file/test, for the above fix. * tests/du/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add deref. 2002-10-10 Jim Meyering * tests/ln/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add target-1. * tests/ln/target-1: New file/test, for the fix on 2002-10-08. 2002-10-09 Jim Meyering * tests/cp/backup-is-src: Ensure that certain environment variables are not set (e.g., SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX). Reported by Duncan Roe. * tests/tail-2/big-4gb: Mark this as an expensive test; it would consume 4GB of disk space on systems without support for sparse files. Fix a logic error that'd make it `cat err' even though dd didn't fail. * src/dircolors.hin (.jar): Fix typo: s/;3$/;31/. Patch by steven@magelico.net, forwarded by Michael Stone. * tests/ls/dired: Ensure that ls produces English messages. Patch by Alexey Vyskubov, forwarded by Michael Stone. 2002-10-08 Dmitry V. Levin * src/ln.c (main): Fix target_directory parsing when n_files == 1. 2002-10-08 Jim Meyering * tests/tail-2/big-4gb: Use double quotes around diagnostic. Fix syntax in test: use =, not ==. Reported by Bob Proulx. Change all the rest like this: grep -lR "testing framework'" .\ |xargs perl -pi -e 's/'\''(\$0: failure in testing framework)'\''/"$1"/' * src/sum.c (sysv_sum_file): Adapt to new safe_read ABI. * src/tr.c (squeeze_filter, read_and_delete, read_and_xlate): Likewise. * src/tac.c (save_stdin, tac_stdin_to_mem): Likewise. * src/wc.c (wc): Likewise. 2002-10-07 Paul Eggert * src/cat.c (cat): Don't advance the write pointer past the end of the write buffer. * src/sort.c (begfield, limfield): Likewise. 2002-10-07 Jim Meyering * src/cat.c (simple_cat, cat): Adapt to new safe_read ABI. * src/head.c (head_bytes, head_lines): Likewise. 2002-10-06 Jim Meyering * src/dd.c (scanargs): Ensure that specified block sizes (specified via ibs=N, obs=N, and bs=N) are no larger than SSIZE_MAX. (skip, dd_copy): Adapt to new safe_read ABI. * Makefile.maint (signatures): Define. (%.sig): New rule. (announcement): Depend on $(signatures). * Makefile.maint (announcement): Output all URLs for detached signatures, not just the last one from the previous loop. 2002-10-05 Jim Meyering * Version 4.5.2. * src/remove.c (remove_entry) [ROOT_CAN_UNLINK_DIRS]: With `rm -i DIR', don't recurse into directory, DIR. Prompted by a report from Leonardo Milano. * tests/rm/i-no-r: New file/test, for the above fix. * tests/rm/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add i-no-r. * tests/tail-2/big-4gb: New file/test, for the fix of 2002-09-27. * tests/tail-2/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add big-4gb. 2002-10-03 Jim Meyering * src/rm.c (AUTHORS): Mark translatable string with `N_ (...)'. * src/df.c (AUTHORS): Likewise. * src/du.c (AUTHORS): Likewise. * src/tail.c (AUTHORS): Likewise. * src/touch.c (AUTHORS): Likewise. 2002-10-02 Jim Meyering * Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Remove `old'. (EXTRA_DIST): List the files in old/. * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Remove old/* names. Suggestion from Akim Demaille. 2002-10-01 Jim Meyering * src/sys2.h (SSIZE_MAX): Define. 2002-09-30 Jim Meyering * src/csplit.c: Don't include stdlib.h here. It's already included via system.h. 2002-09-29 Jim Meyering * src/tr.c (find_bracketed_repeat): Rearrange pointer/integer expression to avoid bogus warning from gcc. * src/cat.c (simple_cat): Use a temporary to avoid bogus warnings. (cat): Declare insize and outsize to be of type size_t, not int. Rearrange pointer/integer expressions to avoid bogus warnings. (main): Declare insize and outsize to be of type size_t, not int. * src/tail.c (parse_options): Give a sensible diagnostic for an invalid byte or line count. Reported by Mikko Tuumanen. * src/touch.c (main): Split a long line. * tests/du/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add slink. * tests/du/slink: New test for system.h change of 2002-08-31. In move mode, always first try to rename. Before, upon failure to rename a directory, this code would never attempt to rename any other file in that directory, but would thenceforth always copy. On some systems (e.g., NetApp's OnTap-6.4), renaming a directory may fail with EXDEV, yet renaming files within that directory to a newly-created destination directory succeeds. * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Remove local, move_mode; use x->move_mode instead. Based on a patch from Tom Haynes. 2002-09-28 Jim Meyering * src/split.c (FAIL_ONLY_ONE_WAY): New macro. Factor out some duplication. (main): Use it. [case 'a']: Use strtoul rather than strtol to avoid compiler warnings. * src/sort.c (begfield, limfield): Rearrange comparisons to avoid compiler warnings. (fillbuf, keycompare): Cast literal `-1' to size_t in comparisons, to avoid compiler warnings. * src/shred.c (dopass): Use a uintmax_t temporary to avoid bogus compiler warnings. Fix things so `mkdir -p' can create very deep directories, e.g., mkdir -p $(perl -e 'print "a/" x 40000') now works. * src/mkdir.c (main): For --parents (-p), call make_path with the entire directory name, so we don't ever require that file operations like stat or chmod be performed on the entire command line argument. * makepath.c (make_path): Restore umask *before* creating the final component. 2002-09-27 Andreas Schwab * src/tail.c (tail_bytes): Change type of bytes_remaining to off_t to avoid overflow. Reported by Hans Lermen. 2002-09-26 Jim Meyering * src/install.c (get_ids): Use strtoul, not strtol. Remove some casts. 2002-09-25 Jim Meyering * src/test.c (eaccess): Change type of local `euid' from int to uid_t and add a cast, to avoid a warning about `signed and unsigned type in conditional expression'. 2002-09-22 Jim Meyering * src/rmdir.c: Include "dirname.h", for declaration of strip_trailing_slashes. * src/stat.c (PRIdMAX, PRIuMAX): Remove definitions. Now they're defined through system.h. * src/cp-hash.c, src/dd.c, src/df.c, src/du.c, src/ls.c, * src/stat.c, src/wc.c: Remove all inclusions of inttypes.h, since it's already included from sys2.h via system.h. * Use automake-1.6f. Regenerate dependent files. * src/Makefile.am (PERL): Remove duplicate definition. fmt's -s, -t, -c options didn't work properly for long lines. Since get_line may end up calling put_paragraph (for long lines), be sure to set global, `other_indent', before it is used there. * src/fmt.c (set_other_indent): New function, factored out of... (get_paragraph): ... here. Call it. (get_line): Call set_other_indent before calling flush_paragraph, which calls fmt_paragraph, which in turn calls put_paragraph, which uses other_indent. * tests/fmt/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add long-line. * tests/fmt/long-line: New file/test, for the above fix. 2002-09-21 Jim Meyering * src/od.c: No longer include deprecated . It was required solely for now-removed reference to BITSPERBYTE. * src/install.c: Likewise. Suggestion from Bruno Haible. 2002-09-06 Andreas Schwab `rmdir -p dir-specified-with-trailing-slash/' would fail. * src/rmdir.c (remove_parents): Strip trailing slashes. 2002-09-20 Jim Meyering * tests/rmdir/t-slash: New file/test, for the above fix. * tests/rmdir/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add t-slash. * Makefile.maint (announcement): Arrange to gpg-sign the message. Add a URL for each detached signature file. 2002-09-07 Bruno Haible * configure.ac: Add need-ngettext to AM_GNU_GETTEXT invocation. 2002-09-18 Jim Meyering `od -t x8' used the wrong (`l'-prefixed) printf format. Likewise for the o8 and u8 formats. * src/od.c (ISPEC_TO_FORMAT): Define macro. (decode_one_format): Use PRIdMAX, PRIoMAX, etc. for LONG_LONG. Reported by Arun Sharma. 2002-09-17 Jim Meyering * src/sys2.h (PRIdMAX, PRIoMAX, PRIuMAX, PRIxMAX): Define if necessary. From gettext's intl/loadmsgcat.c. * tests/od/x8: New file/test, for the above fix. * tests/od/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add x8. 2002-09-15 Jim Meyering * Use autoconf-2.54. Regenerate dependent files. * src/csplit.c (get_format_width): Add cast to avoid warning about `signed and unsigned type in conditional expression'. 2002-09-14 Jim Meyering * src/who.c (print_user): Change type of local to size_t to avoid warnings about `comparison between signed and unsigned'. * src/ptx.c (generate_all_output): Likewise. * src/dd.c (main, skip): Add casts to avoid warnings about `comparison between signed and unsigned'. * src/id.c (print_full_info, print_group_list): Add casts to avoid warnings about `signed and unsigned type in conditional expression'. * src/md5sum.c: Change type of global, digest_hex_bytes, to size_t to avoid warnings about `comparison between signed and unsigned'. (split_3): Change parameter names to be readable and add comment. Clean up the test for whether a line may be ignored. 2002-09-13 Jim Meyering * src/printf.c (main): Handle leading command line argument of `--'. Reported by Raul: DervishD * tests/misc/printf: New file: test for the above. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add printf. * src/date.c (usage): Explain that %S's range of [0..60] is required -- rather than 0..59 -- to accommodate the occasional positive leap second. Reported by Richard Neill. 2002-09-12 Jim Meyering * src/Makefile.am (nanosec_libs): Define. (sleep_LDADD, tail_LDADD): Use it here. Factor nanosleep-related code into ../lib/xnanosleep.c. * src/sleep.c: Include xnanosleep.h. Factor out fenv.h-related code. (timespec_subtract): Remove function. (main): Remove code that deals with computing start and stop times as well as the loop around nanosleep. Now that's in xnanosleep.c. Allow S (in --sleep-interval=S) to be a floating point value. * src/tail.c: Include xnanosleep.h and xstrtod.h. Move declaration of global variable, sleep_interval, to ... (main): ...here. (usage): Update description of --sleep-interval option. (tail_forever): New parameter, sleep_interval. Update caller. Use xnanosleep, rather than sleep. (parse_options): New parameter, sleep_interval. Update caller. Use xstrtod, now that we accept floating point values. Prompted by a patch from Augey Mikus. 2002-09-06 Jim Meyering * src/remove.c (prompt): Change comment to give a better note to translators. From Michael Piefel. 2002-09-02 Jim Meyering * README: A good problem report/patch includes diffs against the most recent test release. * src/pathchk.c (NEED_PATHCONF_WRAPPER): Define. (pathconf_wrapper): Define only if NEED_PATHCONF_WRAPPER is set. * src/kill.c (print_table_row): Use an unsigned type for widths to avoid warning about comparison between signed and unsigned. (list_signals): Likewise. * src/od.c (skip): Add a cast to avoid warning about comparison between signed and unsigned. * src/install.c (get_ids): Likewise. Also rearrange range-checking comparisons to make them more readable. 2002-09-01 Jim Meyering * Version 4.5.1. 2002-08-31 Jim Meyering Symlinks were always reported as using 0 blocks. * src/system.h (ST_NBLOCKS): Don't depend on file type. This reverts the change of 2000-01-30. Based on a report and patch from Neil Brown via Michael Stone. This fixes Debian Bug#156358. * Most files: Change `exit (0)' to `exit (EXIT_SUCCESS)', `exit (1)' to `exit (EXIT_FAILURE)', and `usage (1)' to `usage (EXIT_FAILURE)'. * chgrp.c, chmod.c, chown.c, chroot.c, cp.c, date.c, dd.c, du.c, * hostname.c, id.c, install.c, ln.c, mkdir.c, mkfifo.c, mknod.c, * nice.c, pinky.c, printf.c, pwd.c, shred.c, sleep.c, stty.c, * su.c, tac-pipe.c, tail.c, tee.c, touch.c, uname.c, uptime.c, * users.c, who.c: Change `error (1, ...' to `error (EXIT_FAILURE, ...'. But don't change `error (0, ...' to `error (EXIT_SUCCESS, ...', since error never exits successfully. 2002-08-29 Jim Meyering * src/remove.c (remove_cwd_entries): Use closedir (not CLOSEDIR) when ignoring any return value. * src/remove.c (remove_cwd_entries): Detect and diagnose readdir failures. On some systems (at least EMC Celerra and Solaris5.8), this appears to be necessary. (is_empty_dir): Likewise. Also, always close directory handle. * src/ls.c (print_dir): Likewise. (print_dir): Rename local variable: reading -> dirp. Reported by Mike Coleman. 2002-08-28 Jim Meyering * src/remove.c (remove_cwd_entries): Use CLOSEDIR, not closedir. Give a diagnostic and fail if closedir fails. 2002-08-26 Jim Meyering * Makefile.am (THANKS-to-translators): New rule. (EXTRA_DIST): Add both THANKS-to-translators and THANKStt.in. * THANKStt.in: New file. * src/cat.c (close_stdout_wrapper): New, kludgey, function and file-scoped global. (main): Register it with atexit. Close STDOUT_FILENO, to avoid a problem when writing to /dev/audio on at least Solaris 5.7 and 5.8 systems. Reported by Shing-Shong Shei. 2002-08-25 Jim Meyering * src/cat.c (main): Close STDIN_FILENO rather than a literal `0'. * src/tac.c (main): Likewise. * src/tail.c (main): Likewise. * src/tee.c (main): Likewise. * src/tr.c (main): Likewise. * src/wc.c (main): Likewise. 2002-08-20 Jim Meyering * tests/mv/setup: Rewrite not to use `: ${VAR=not_set}' paradigm. 2002-08-10 Paul Eggert * src/nohup.sh: Don't use "exec --"; it's not portable and shouldn't be needed. 2002-08-09 Jim Meyering * src/pr.c (main): Don't ignore -COLUMN if it's the last option. (usage): Clarify help text for the -COLUMN option. Patch by Padraig Brady. * tests/pr/Test.pm [col-last]: New test for the above. * configure.ac: Start with version 4.5.1, chosen so that it's larger than the latest version numbers of the component packages. * man/Makefile.am (check-x-vs-1): Set and export PATH so we use programs in ../src. 2002-08-08 Jim Meyering * src/date.c: Guard inclusion of with `#if HAVE_LANGINFO_CODESET', not `#if HAVE_LANGINFO_H'. * src/sort.c: Likewise. Patch by GOTO Masanori. 2002-08-05 Paul Eggert Fix some minor time-related bugs with POSIX time arguments. Some valid time stamps were being rejected (notably -1, and time stamps before 1900 on 64-bit hosts). And some invalid time stamps were being accepted, e.g. September 31. * src/date.c (main): Adjust to posixtime signature change. * src/touch.c (main): Likewise. Remove unnecessary initialization. Use localtime, not posixtm, to warn about obsolete "touch". 2002-08-05 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add nice and pathchk1. 2002-08-04 Jim Meyering * src/Makefile.am (check-README): New target/rule. (check): Depend on it. * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Add old/Makefile and old/*/Makefile. 2002-08-03 Jim Meyering * Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Add old. * old/: New directory, containing legacy ChangeLog* and NEWS files from the fileutils, sh-utils, and textutils packages. * src/Makefile.am (AM_INSTALLCHECK_STD_OPTIONS_EXEMPT): Set to false. 2002-08-02 Paul Eggert * NEWS, doc/coreutils.texi: uniq now obeys LC_COLLATE. * src/uniq.c: Include hard-locale.h, xmemcoll.h. (hard_LC_COLLATE): New var. (different): Args are now char *, not const char *. Use xmemcoll instead of memcmp to compare lines, so that LC_COLLATE has effect. However, use memcmp if it is an easy locale. (check_file): Do not include newline in comparison, so that xmemcoll has a byte to stomp on temporarily. (main): Set hard_LC_COLLATE. 2002-07-29 Jim Meyering * Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Remove djgpp, for now. 2002-07-20 Jim Meyering * Makefile.am (false.c): Convert only the final EXIT_SUCCESS into EXIT_FAILURE. Otherwise, false --help and false --version would fail. 2002-07-08 Jim Meyering * src/Makefile.am (uninstall-local): Search for @GNU_PACKAGE@, rather than the hard-coded `sh-utils'. 2002-07-01 Jim Meyering * configure.ac: Merge the three files from fileutils, textutils, and sh-utils. * Makefile.am: Likewise. * src/Makefile.am: Likewise. ----- Copyright (C) 2002-2005, 2009-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification, are permitted provided the copyright notice and this notice are preserved. 070701000090da000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7d00025733000000660000000300000000000000000000002300000000reloc/doc/coreutils/ChangeLog-20062006-12-30 Jim Meyering * bootstrap (gnulib_extra_files): Remove announce-gen. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add it here instead, now that it's a module. * tests/misc/base64: Factor a long, repetitive string. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Adjust remove.c offsets. Clean up after the change of 2006-12-28. * src/remove.c (AD_pop_and_chdir): Change **DIRP parameter to *DIRP, now that this function never modifies the pointer. Adjust comments and code accordingly. (remove_dir): Set "dirp" to NULL right after AD_pop_and_chdir call, now that AD_pop_and_chdir no longer does that. * tests/rm/fail-eperm: Avoid spurious differences (the error function from latest glibc no longer prints the full program_name): so don't invoke rm via ../../src/rm. Instead, invoke it via "PATH=../../src rm". * tests/mv/acl (skip): Skip this test also if the destination directory, which is on a different file system, lacks ACL support. * src/copy.c (copy_reg): Rewrite a comment that was rendered inaccurate by the 2006-10-18 change. 2006-12-28 Jim Meyering When moving "up" the hierarchy, be careful to remove a just-emptied directory before opening ".", to avoid trouble with file system implementations that cache readdir results at opendir-time. * src/remove.c (AD_pop_and_chdir): Add a file descriptor parameter. Don't update **DIRP. Don't call fdopendir here. (remove_dir): Call fdopendir here instead. Report and patch from Mikulas Patocka: 2006-12-27 Jim Meyering * src/tail.c (usage): Mention +N for --bytes and --lines. Suggestion from Evan Hunt. 2006-12-26 Jim Meyering * configure.ac: Require autoconf-2.61 and automake-1.10. Without the former (even with autoconf-2.60), "make distcheck" would fail (without the 2006-09-26 autoconf AC_CHECK_DECL fix), due to an inttypes.h generated with CFLAGS including -pedantic. With the old decl check, @HAVE_DECL_STRTOUMAX@ would be 0. * Makefile.maint (VC-tag): Define, so as to gpg-sign each release tag, using the release version number as the message. (vc-dist): Use $(VC-tag), rather than "$(VC) tag". 2006-12-21 Paul Eggert * NEWS: dd bs= operands now silently override later ibs= and obs=, as POSIX requires. * src/dd.c (scanargs): Implement it. * tests/dd/misc (outbytes): Test it. * doc/coreutils.texi (dd invocation): Specify that bs=N overrides later ibs and obs, undoing part of the previous change. (The behavior was wrong.) 2006-12-20 Jim Meyering "rm -rf /etc/motd" (run by non-root) now prints a diagnostic. * src/remove.c (remove_entry): Handle EACCES for a non-directory, too. Don't let a non-directory get by with errno == EPERM, either. Check the file type directly (using cached stat value), rather than trying to guess it from errno values. Karl Berry reported that a cross-partition "mv /etc/issue ~" failed with the um,... suboptimal diagnostic, "mv: cannot remove `/etc/issue': Not a directory". * tests/rm/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add fail-eacces. * tests/rm/fail-eacces: New file. * NEWS: Mention that both mv and rm are affected. "cut -f 2- A B" no longer triggers a double-free bug * src/cut.c (cut_fields): Set file-scoped global to NULL after freeing it. This avoids a double-free (and core dump on some systems) for this usage: "echo 1>a; echo 2>b; cut -f2- a b". Reported by James Hunt in . * NEWS: List this bug fix. * THANKS: Mention him. * tests/misc/cut: New file. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add cut. 2006-12-15 Jim Meyering * tests/cp/open-perm-race: Correct the gdb-existence check. Don't run either subsequent gdb command in a sub-shell. Reported by Thomas Schwinge. * THANKS: bring up to date. 2006-12-14 Paul Eggert Make sure cp -p isn't too generous with file permissions. * tests/cp/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add file-perm-race. * tests/cp/file-perm-race: New file. Ensure cp -pR --parents isn't too generous with parent permissions. * tests/cp/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add parent-perm-race. * tests/cp/parent-perm-race: New file. 2006-12-14 Jim Meyering * tests/chgrp/default-no-deref: Don't assume that files are created with the primary group by default. That's not true in a directory with the set-GID bit set. Don't hang when there's no input tty. * tests/cp/open-perm-race: Skip this test if there is no controlling input `terminal'. Test for a hard-to-detect race fix, using gdb. * tests/cp/open-perm-race: New file, to test for the cp --preserve=ownership fix of 2006-12-06. * tests/cp/Makefile.am (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Define abs_top_builddir. (TESTS): Add open-perm-race. * src/chgrp.c (main): Don't prohibit -RLh, aka -RL with --no-dereference. * src/chown.c (main): Likewise. * src/chown-core.c (change_file_owner): Add to a comment. * tests/chown/preserve-root: Add tests. * NEWS: --preserve-root now works with chgrp, chmod, and chown. * src/chmod.c (process_file): Do honor the --preserve-root option. * src/chown-core.c (change_file_owner): Likewise, but here, also handle the case in which a traversal would go "through" a symlink to root. Reported by Matthew M. Boedicker * tests/chown/preserve-root: Test for the above. * tests/chown/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add preserve-root. * NEWS: Mention the chmod fix induced by the 2006-12-11 change to gnulib's m4/openat.m4. 2006-12-13 Andreas Schwab Don't fail if mv/acl test succeeds. * tests/mv/acl (skip): Check for acl support in the file system. * tests/mv/Makefile.am (XFAIL_TESTS): Remove. (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Pass CONFIG_HEADER. 2006-12-13 Paul Eggert Remove some arbitrary restrictions on size fields, so that commands like "sort -k 18446744073709551616" no longer fail merely because 18446744073709551616 doesn't fit in uintmax_t. The trick is that these fields can all be treated as effectively infinity; their exact values don't matter, since no internal buffer can be that long. * src/join.c (string_to_join_field): Verify that SIZE_MAX <= ULONG_MAX if the code assumes this. Silently truncate too-large values to SIZE_MAX, as the remaining code will do the right thing in this case. * src/sort.c (parse_field_count): Likewise. * src/uniq.c (size_opt, main): Likewise. * tests/join/Test.pm (bigfield): New test. * tests/sort/Test.pm (bigfield): New test. * tests/uniq/Test.pm (121): New test. 2006-12-13 Jim Meyering * tests/chgrp/default-no-deref: New test. * tests/chgrp/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add default-no-deref. 2006-12-12 Jim Meyering * src/system.h (SETVBUF): Remove definition, now that the autoconf macro, AC_FUNC_SETVBUF_REVERSED, does nothing. * src/tee.c (tee_files): s/SETVBUF/setvbuf/. * src/od.c (open_next_file): Likewise. 2006-12-09 Jim Meyering * man/Makefile.am (.x.1): Make help2man use $(PACKAGE_STRING) as the "source". I.e. "GNU coreutils 6.7". * NEWS: With the change from "-pre" to "-dirty" suffix, also change from NEXT_VER-pre to CUR_VER-dirty. So, this is 6.7-dirty. * configure.ac (AC_INIT): s/6.8-dirty/6.7-dirty/. * tests/uniq/Test.pm (test_vector): Skip the pipe-reading test whenever uniq is expected to fail. This should catch the other case [test #112] in which uniq emits "cat: write error: Broken pipe" on some systems. 2006-12-08 Jim Meyering Include bootstrap tool version info in the announcement form. * Makefile.maint (gnulib_snapshot_date): Define. (announcement): Use two new announce-gen options, --bootstrap-tools and --gnulib-snapshot-date. * Makefile.cfg (gnulib_dir): Set. Post-release version change. * NEWS: Add a line for 6.8-dirty. * configure.ac (AC_INIT): Set new version string. 2006-12-07 Jim Meyering jim@meyering.net Version 6.7. * NEWS: Record release date. Remove '-pre' suffix. * configure.ac (AC_INIT): Remove version string suffix. 2006-12-07 Jim Meyering Make the output of "make check" more reproducible. * tests/touch/empty-file: Use envvar-check, so "make check" doesn't evoke diagnostics like this when COLUMNS=0 in the environment: ls: ignoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: 0 * tests/touch/no-rights: Likewise. * tests/help-version: Likewise. * tests/uniq/Test.pm: Don't perform the pipe-reading version of test 118, since it emits "cat: write error: Broken pipe" on some systems. 2006-12-06 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Document the cp -p fix for special bits. * src/copy.c (set_owner): Now returns a three-way result, so that the caller can clear the special bits. All callers changed. (copy_reg): Don't set the special bits if chown failed. (copy_internal): Likewise. * tests/cp/special-bits: Test this fix. 2006-12-06 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Document the cp --preserve=ownership fix. * m4/jm-macros.m4 (coreutils_MACROS): Check for fchmod. * src/copy.c (fchmod_or_lchmod): New function. (copy_reg): New arg OMITTED_PERMISSIONS. All uses changed. Omit confusing and unused ", dst_mode" arg to 'open' without O_CREAT. When creating a file, use O_EXCL, so we're more likely to detect funny business by other processes. At the end, if permissions were omitted, chmod them back in. (copy_internal): If the ownership might change, omit some permissions at first, then restore them after chowning the file. * src/cp.c (make_dir_parents_private): Likewise. * src/copy.c (cached_umask): New function. * src/copy.h (cached_umask): New decl. 2006-12-06 Jim Meyering Make the output of "make check" more reproducible. * tests/misc/date-sec: Don't emit any diagnostic about sleeping. 2006-12-03 Paul Eggert * src/install.c (install_file_in_file): Preserve time stamps before changing owner or file mode bits, for consistency with other coreutils programs. 2006-12-03 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/date-sec: Output a fixed string. * NEWS: du --one-file-system (-x) would skip subdirectories of any directory listed as second or subsequent command line argument. * tests/du/one-file-system: New file. Test for today's fts.c fix. * tests/du/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add one-file-system. Reported by Mike Frysinger. 2006-12-02 Jim Meyering * tests/du/basic: Generate 4KB file simply using printf, rather than seq+head. This avoids a spurious "Broken pipe" diagnostic from seq. 2006-11-28 Jim Meyering * tests/mv/no-target-dir: Detect a buggy rename syscall. If found, skip this test. This happens at least on ia64 linux-2.4.19 w/ext3. Reported by Matthew Woehlke. * tests/mv/dir2dir: Also accept EBUSY. Reported by Matthew Woehlke. 2006-11-27 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (patch-check): Rewrite to diagnose failure. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Adjust shred.c offsets. 2006-11-26 Paul Eggert Improve the check for departures from C89, and fix the departures I found. * Makefile.maint (my-distcheck): Also check for C89 compatibility as best we can with GCC. * src/stat.c (PRINTF_OPTION): Omit comma before } in enum declaration; C89 doesn't allow this. * src/dcgen: Don't generate string literals longer than what C89 requires support for. * src/cut.c (usage): Don't use string literals longer than what C89 requires support for. * src/date.c (usage): Likewise. * src/dd.c (usage): Likewise. * src/du.c (usage): Likewise. * src/ls.c (usage): Likewise. * src/od.c (usage): Likewise. * src/readlink.c (usage): Likewise. * src/seq.c (usage): Likewise. * src/shred.c (usage): Likewise. 2006-11-26 Mike Frysinger Recognize new archive, audio and image formats. Give audio files a separate color. * src/dircolors.hin: Add comments for common .sh and .csh scripts. Add .bz2, .tbz2, .tz, .rar, .ace, .zoo, .cpio, .7z, .rz as archive suffixes. Add .mng, .pcx, .m2v, .mkv, .ogm, .mp4, .m4v, .mp4v, .vob, .qt, .nuv, .wmv, .asf, .rm, .rmvb, .flc, .yuv as image formats. Add .aac, .au, .mid, .midi, .mka, .ra as audio suffixes. Change audio color to 00;36 to differentiate from image/video color. 2006-11-26 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (patch-check): Compile patched sources with CFLAGS='-Wdeclaration-after-statement -Werror', to ensure that no violations remain. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Remove 3 bogus hunks. * src/remove.c (fd_to_subdirp): Remove unused parameter, ds. Update callers. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Adjust for changes in rm.c and in remove.c. * src/rm.c (main): Remove unnecessary (assuming C99) braces. 2006-11-26 Paul Eggert Port parts of the code to C89 to minimize the need for c99-to-c89.diff, while trying to retain the readability of C99 as much as possible. * src/remove.c (rm_1): Remove decl of local, fd_cwd. Replace each of two uses with literal AT_FDCWD. (cache_stat_init): Return its argument, for convenience. Update the caller in remove_dir. (AD_pop_and_chdir): Return prev_dir rather than storing through a pointer argument. All uses changed. (AD_ensure_initialized): New function. (AD_mark_helper): Use it, to avoid the need for declaration after statement. (rm): Move cycle_check_init call into callee... (rm_1): ...here. Use an else clause in place of a "continue" statement. (close_preserve_errno): Remove. (fd_to_subdirp): Rewrite to avoid the need for decl after statement. 2006-11-25 Jim Meyering * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Remove announce-gen from here, too. 2006-11-24 Theodoros V. Kalamatianos (tiny change) * tests/du/inacc-dest: Skip this test when running as root. 2006-11-23 Jim Meyering * announce-gen: Remove file. It's moving to gnulib. * bootstrap: Pull it from gnulib/build-aux instead. * Makefile.maint (announcement): Reflect move to ./build-aux. * tests/du/deref-args: Use "printf %65536s x" to create a 64KB file, rather than a pipeline that would sometimes evoke a diagnostic like "seq: write error: Broken pipe". * tests/help-version: Suppress dd transfer rate output. * configure.ac (AC_INIT): Bump to 6.7-pre, not 6.6-pre. 2006-11-22 Jim Meyering * announce-gen (print_news_deltas): Fix silly, but harmless typo: change "(:?..." to "(?:..." in regexps. Post-release version change. * NEWS: Add a line for 6.7-pre. * configure.ac (AC_INIT): Bump to 6.7 and add "-pre" suffix. Version 6.6. * NEWS: Record release date. Remove "-pre" suffix. * configure.ac (AC_INIT): Remove "-pre" suffix from version string. * announce-gen: Remove unused --release-archive-directory option. (print_news_deltas): Accept new adjective, "Noteworthy", in addition to the old "Major". Match version numbers in NEWS using tighter regular expressions. (main): Require the --gpg-key-id=ID option. * Makefile.maint (announcement): Don't use now-removed --release-archive-directory=... option. * NEWS: Mention the three noteworthy changes, all fixed via gnulib. 2006-11-21 Jim Meyering * tests/rm/one-file-system: Upon setup failure (e.g., mount failure), skip the test rather than failing. Reported by Michael Deutschmann. * tests/rm/fail-eperm: Use the "(exit N); exit N" idiom, rather than just "exit N". Arrange for "make check-root" to run the new root-only test. * tests/Makefile.am (t7): New target, to run tests/ls/nameless-uid. (all_t): Add t7. 2006-11-20 Jim Meyering Add a root-only test for today's lib/idcache.c fix. * tests/ls/nameless-uid: New file. * tests/ls/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add nameless-uid. (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Add PERL to the list. 2006-11-19 Jim Meyering * tests/tail-2/assert-2: Mark as a very-expensive test, because I find the 7-second sleep annoyingly long. Besides, this test is probably far too specific and timing sensitive ever to trigger again. * tests/tail-2/assert: Likewise. Post-release version change. * NEWS: Add a line for 6.6-pre. * configure.ac (AC_INIT): Bump to 6.6 and add "-pre" suffix. Version 6.5. * NEWS: Record release date. Remove "-cvs" suffix. * configure.ac (AC_INIT): Remove "-cvs" suffix from version string. 2006-11-18 Jim Meyering "ln --backup f f" produces a misleading diagnostic: ln: creating hard link `f' => `f': No such file or directory * src/ln.c (do_link): Give a better diagnostic in this unusual case. (do_link): Rename local: s/lstat_ok/dest_lstat_ok/. * tests/ln/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add hard-backup. * tests/ln/hard-backup: New test for the above. * NEWS: Mention this fix. 2006-11-16 Paul Eggert * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add sys_stat, since we use it directly too. * lib/.cvsignore, lib/.gitignore: Add root-dev-ino.c, root-dev-ino.h. * m4/.cvsignore, m4/.gitignore: Add root-dev-ino.m4. * src/ls.c (DIRED_FPUTS_LITERAL, PUSH_CURRENT_DIRED_POS): Omit unnecessary parenthesization of args. * src/od.c (EQUAL_BLOCKS): Likewise. * src/system.h (STREQ, ASSIGN_STRDUPA): Likewise. 2006-11-16 Jim Meyering * tests/tail-2/append-only: If chattr +a fails, exit 77 (to tell automake we're skipping this test), and give a diagnostic to tell the user the same thing. Reported by Mike Grayson. 2006-11-16 Ralf Wildenhues * man/Makefile.am (dist_man_MANS): Replace all optional manpages with `$(MAN)', computed at configure time; also, list them ... (optional_mans): ... in this new variable. (max_aux, EXTRA_DIST): Ensure that we distribute all manpages. 2006-11-16 Jim Meyering Help valgrind see that there is no leak in dd.c. * src/dd.c (dd_copy): Declare real_buf and real_obuf to be static, so we need not free them at all. This is easier than freeing both buffers at each of the early "return"s. * src/csplit.c (load_buffer): Plug an inconsequential leak. 2006-11-15 Jim Meyering * .x-po-check: Exclude gl/ files. Otherwise, po-check would complain that some of gl/lib/*.[ch] are not listed in POTFILES.in. 2006-11-14 Jim Meyering * gl/m4/root-dev-ino.m4: Now that this is part of a real "module", remove the now-unnecessary use of AC_LIBSOURCES. Adapt to new version of gnulib-tool. * gl/modules/root-dev-ino: New file. * lib/root-dev-ino.c, lib/root-dev-ino.h: Move these files ... * gl/lib/root-dev-ino.c, gl/lib/root-dev-ino.h: ... to here. * m4/root-dev-ino.m4: Move this file ... * gl/m4/root-dev-ino.m4: ... to here. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add root-dev-ino. 2006-11-13 Jim Meyering * src/sort.c (insertkey): Use xmemdup, rather than xmalloc+assignment. From Paul Eggert. Plug another technically-unimportant leak in sort. * src/sort.c (main): Don't allocate memory for each new key here. (insertkey): Allocate memory for each key here, instead. (key_init): Rename from new_key. Don't allocate. * src/sort.c (main): Plug a tiny memory leak. Move declaration of local "minus" down to be nearer point of use. 2006-11-12 Jim Meyering du would exit early, when encountering an inaccessible directory Reported by Mike Frysinger, in http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.core-utils.bugs/8831 * tests/du/inacc-dest: New test, based on an example from Mike Frysinger. * tests/chgrp/no-x: Remove the "fts_read failed: ..." diagnostic from the expected output when using native fdopendir. * tests/chmod/no-x: Likewise. * tests/du/no-x: Likewise. * NEWS: Mention this bug fix. * tests/du/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add inacc-dest. * Makefile.maint (sc_cast_of_x_alloc_return_value): Add an exclusion for xalloc.h itself. Avoid false-positive when testing via valgrind. * tests/mv/atomic: Grep strace output for a more specific pattern than just "unlink", since that got a false positive when testing under valgrind: unlink("/tmp/valgrind_proc_9657_cmdline_A51E9991") = 0 * tests/mv/Makefile.am (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Define EGREP. 2006-10-28 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (patch-check): Make it easier to regenerate the src/c99-to-c89.diff file. E.g., I do this: make patch-check REGEN_PATCH=1; ediff src/c99-to-c89.diff new-diff * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Update to reflect new offsets in rm.c. 2006-10-26 Jim Meyering * src/system.h (ftello): Add a compile-time check for the highly unlikely condition of off_t narrower than long int, rather than handling it at run time. Based on a patch from Paul Eggert. 2006-10-25 Paul Eggert * tests/chmod/c-option: When double-quoting part of a word, prefer to double-quote the whole word. This is a bit easier to read (at least for me), and in some cases it avoids a shell bug with Tru64 4.0 sh reported by Nelson H. F. Beebe. For example, instead of "$abs_srcdir"/../setgid-check we now write "$abs_srcdir/../setgid-check". * tests/cp/cp-parents: Likewise. * tests/du/inaccessible-cwd: Likewise. * tests/du/long-from-unreadable: Likewise. * tests/install/basic-1: Likewise. * tests/install/trap: Likewise. * tests/misc/close-stdout: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/concurrent-1: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/p-1: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/p-3: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/parents: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/perm: Likewise. * tests/readlink/can-e: Likewise. * tests/readlink/can-f: Likewise. * tests/readlink/can-m: Likewise. * tests/rm/inaccessible: Likewise. * tests/rm/unread3: Likewise. * tests/touch/no-create-missing: Likewise. * lib/.cvsignore: Add uinttostr.c. 2006-10-25 Jim Meyering Portability to Tru64 V4.0. * src/system.h (ftello) [!HAVE_FSEEKO && !defined ftello]: Define inline replacement function. This (along with a yesterday's fix for autoconf's _AC_SYS_LARGEFILE_MACRO_VALUE macro) makes it so coreutils now builds once more on Tru64 V4.0. Reported by Nelson Beebe. 2006-10-25 Bruno Haible * src/cat.c (infile): Add "const" to declaration. * src/csplit.c (prefix): Likewise. * src/printf.c (cfcc_msg): Likewise. * src/tail.c (valid_file_spec): Likewise. * src/cut.c (cut_file): Likewise, for a parameter. * src/expr.c (str_value): Likewise. * src/fold.c (fold_file): Likewise. * src/pr.c (init_header): Likewise. * src/dircolors.c (dc_parse_stream): Likewise, for a local. * src/tr.c (make_printable_str): Likewise. * src/nl.c (body_type, header_type, footer_type, current_type): (separator_str, build_type_arg, nl_file): Likewise, for many. * src/paste.c (main): Don't assign a read-only string to 'optarg'. * src/tac.c (separator, tac_seekable, copy_to_temp): Likewise. 2006-10-25 Jim Meyering * tests/sample-test: Update copyright year list to include only the current year, since this is what I'll want in any new test. 2006-10-24 Jim Meyering * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Update to reflect new offsets. * NEWS: new feature: rm accepts new option: --one-file-system Suggested by Steve McIntyre in . * src/remove.h (struct rm_options) [one_file_system]: New member. * src/rm.c (rm_option_init): Initialize it. (usage): Document the option. * src/mv.c (rm_option_init): Likewise. * src/remove.c (remove_dir): With --one-file-system and --recursive, for each directory command line argument, do not affect a file system different from that of the starting directory. And give a diagnostic. * src/rm.c (ONE_FILE_SYSTEM): New enum. (main): Handle new option. * tests/rm/one-file-system: Test the above. * tests/rm/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add one-file-system. * tests/Makefile.am (check-root): Add the rm/one-file-system test to the list. (EXTRA_DIST): Add other-fs-tmpdir. * tests/mv/setup: Removed. Renamed to... * tests/other-fs-tmpdir: ...this new file. * tests/mv/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Remove setup. * tests/mv/acl: Reflect renaming: use ../other-fs-tmpdir. * tests/mv/backup-is-src: Likewise. * tests/mv/hard-link-1: Likewise. * tests/mv/leak-fd: Likewise. * tests/mv/mv-special-1: Likewise. * tests/mv/part-fail: Likewise. * tests/mv/part-hardlink: Likewise. * tests/mv/part-rename: Likewise. * tests/mv/part-symlink: Likewise. * tests/mv/partition-perm: Likewise. * tests/mv/to-symlink: Likewise. * tests/mv/into-self-2: Likewise. Don't let a failure in one test stop "make -k" from running the others. * tests/Makefile.am (t1 t2 t3 t4 t5): New targets. (check-root): Depend on them, rather than executing the five commands in a single rule. Reported by Greg Schafer. 2006-10-23 Bob Proulx (tiny change) * Makefile.maint (alpha beta major): Use a better log message for the automatic commit of .prev-version. 2006-10-23 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/pwd-long: Undo last change, since it made Perl invoke pwd via a shell. Instead, ensure that the absolute name of the pwd binary consists solely of reasonable characters. Whoops. Don't exec the perl script. Otherwise, the sh-trap-based clean-up code isn't run. * NEWS: Add a line for 6.5-cvs. * configure.ac (AC_INIT): Bump to 6.5 and add "-cvs" suffix. 2006-10-22 Jim Meyering Version 6.4. * NEWS: Record the 6.4 release date. * configure.ac (AC_INIT): Remove "-cvs" suffix from version string. * Makefile.maint: Complete the adaptation to function with a working directory that is using git (rather than cvs) for version control. 2006-10-22 Ralf Wildenhues * tests/chmod/c-option: Double-quote instances of `$abs_srcdir'. * tests/cp/cp-parents: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/parents: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/perm: Likewise. * tests/sample-test: Quote variables containing absolute build tree paths. In the cleanup trap, make sure `cd' succeeds before `chmod'ing and `rm'ing the temporary files. * tests/chgrp/basic: Likewise. * tests/chgrp/deref: Likewise. * tests/chgrp/no-x: Likewise. * tests/chgrp/posix-H: Likewise. * tests/chgrp/recurse: Likewise. * tests/chmod/c-option: Likewise. * tests/chmod/equal-x: Likewise. * tests/chmod/equals: Likewise. * tests/chmod/inaccessible: Likewise. * tests/chmod/no-x: Likewise. * tests/chmod/octal: Likewise. * tests/chmod/setgid: Likewise. * tests/chmod/umask-x: Likewise. * tests/chmod/usage: Likewise. * tests/chown/basic: Likewise. * tests/chown/deref: Likewise. * tests/chown/separator: Likewise. * tests/cp/acl: Likewise. * tests/cp/backup-1: Likewise. * tests/cp/backup-dir: Likewise. * tests/cp/backup-is-src: Likewise. * tests/cp/cp-HL: Likewise. * tests/cp/cp-deref: Likewise. * tests/cp/cp-i: Likewise. * tests/cp/cp-mv-backup: Likewise. * tests/cp/cp-parents: Likewise. * tests/cp/deref-slink: Likewise. * tests/cp/dir-rm-dest: Likewise. * tests/cp/dir-slash: Likewise. * tests/cp/dir-vs-file: Likewise. * tests/cp/fail-perm: Likewise. * tests/cp/into-self: Likewise. * tests/cp/link: Likewise. * tests/cp/link-no-deref: Likewise. * tests/cp/link-preserve: Likewise. * tests/cp/no-deref-link1: Likewise. * tests/cp/no-deref-link2: Likewise. * tests/cp/no-deref-link3: Likewise. * tests/cp/perm: Likewise. * tests/cp/preserve-2: Likewise. * tests/cp/r-vs-symlink: Likewise. * tests/cp/same-file: Likewise. * tests/cp/slink-2-slink: Likewise. * tests/cp/sparse: Likewise. * tests/cp/special-bits: Likewise. * tests/cp/src-base-dot: Likewise. * tests/cp/symlink-slash: Likewise. * tests/dd/not-rewound: Likewise. * tests/dd/skip-seek2: Likewise. * tests/dd/unblock-sync: Likewise. * tests/du/2g: Likewise. * tests/du/8gb: Likewise. * tests/du/basic: Likewise. * tests/du/deref: Likewise. * tests/du/deref-args: Likewise. * tests/du/exclude: Likewise. * tests/du/fd-leak: Likewise. * tests/du/hard-link: Likewise. * tests/du/inaccessible-cwd: Likewise. * tests/du/long-from-unreadable: Likewise. * tests/du/long-sloop: Likewise. * tests/du/no-deref: Likewise. * tests/du/no-x: Likewise. * tests/du/restore-wd: Likewise. * tests/du/slash: Likewise. * tests/du/slink: Likewise. * tests/du/trailing-slash: Likewise. * tests/du/two-args: Likewise. * tests/fmt/long-line: Likewise. * tests/install/basic-1: Likewise. * tests/install/create-leading: Likewise. * tests/install/d-slashdot: Likewise. * tests/install/trap: Likewise. * tests/ln/misc: Likewise. * tests/ln/target-1: Likewise. * tests/ls/color-dtype-dir: Likewise. * tests/ls/dangle: Likewise. * tests/ls/dired: Likewise. * tests/ls/file-type: Likewise. * tests/ls/follow-slink: Likewise. * tests/ls/infloop: Likewise. * tests/ls/inode: Likewise. * tests/ls/m-option: Likewise. * tests/ls/no-arg: Likewise. * tests/ls/recursive: Likewise. * tests/ls/rt-1: Likewise. * tests/ls/stat-dtype: Likewise. * tests/ls/stat-failed: Likewise. * tests/ls/stat-vs-dirent: Likewise. * tests/misc/cat-proc: Likewise. * tests/misc/close-stdout: Likewise. * tests/misc/csplit: Likewise. * tests/misc/date-sec: Likewise. * tests/misc/false-status: Likewise. * tests/misc/head-c: Likewise. * tests/misc/head-pos: Likewise. * tests/misc/mknod: Likewise. * tests/misc/nl: Likewise. * tests/misc/nohup: Likewise. * tests/misc/pathchk1: Likewise. * tests/misc/printf: Likewise. * tests/misc/printf-hex: Likewise. * tests/misc/pwd-long: Likewise. * tests/misc/shuf: Likewise. * tests/misc/sort-rand: Likewise. * tests/misc/split-a: Likewise. * tests/misc/split-fail: Likewise. * tests/misc/split-l: Likewise. * tests/misc/stat-fmt: Likewise. * tests/misc/tac-continue: Likewise. * tests/misc/wc-files0: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/concurrent-1: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/p-1: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/p-2: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/p-3: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/p-slashdot: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/p-thru-slink: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/p-v: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/parents: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/perm: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/t-slash: Likewise. * tests/mv/acl: Likewise. * tests/mv/atomic: Likewise. * tests/mv/backup-dir: Likewise. * tests/mv/childproof: Likewise. * tests/mv/diag: Likewise. * tests/mv/dir-file: Likewise. * tests/mv/dir2dir: Likewise. * tests/mv/dup-source: Likewise. * tests/mv/hard-2: Likewise. * tests/mv/hard-3: Likewise. * tests/mv/hard-4: Likewise. * tests/mv/hard-link-1: Likewise. * tests/mv/hard-verbose: Likewise. * tests/mv/i-2: Likewise. * tests/mv/i-3: Likewise. * tests/mv/i-4: Likewise. * tests/mv/i-5: Likewise. * tests/mv/i-link-no: Likewise. * tests/mv/into-self-4: Likewise. * tests/mv/leak-fd: Likewise. * tests/mv/mv-special-1: Likewise. * tests/mv/no-target-dir: Likewise. * tests/mv/part-fail: Likewise. * tests/mv/part-hardlink: Likewise. * tests/mv/part-rename: Likewise. * tests/mv/part-symlink: Likewise. * tests/mv/partition-perm: Likewise. * tests/mv/perm-1: Likewise. * tests/mv/reply-no: Likewise. * tests/mv/trailing-slash: Likewise. * tests/mv/update: Likewise. * tests/od/od-N: Likewise. * tests/od/x8: Likewise. * tests/readlink/can-e: Likewise. * tests/readlink/can-f: Likewise. * tests/readlink/can-m: Likewise. * tests/readlink/rl-1: Likewise. * tests/rm/cycle: Likewise. * tests/rm/dangling-symlink: Likewise. * tests/rm/deep-1: Likewise. * tests/rm/dir-no-w: Likewise. * tests/rm/dir-nonrecur: Likewise. * tests/rm/dot-rel: Likewise. * tests/rm/empty-inacc: Likewise. * tests/rm/f-1: Likewise. * tests/rm/fail-2eperm: Likewise. * tests/rm/hash: Likewise. * tests/rm/i-1: Likewise. * tests/rm/i-no-r: Likewise. * tests/rm/ignorable: Likewise. * tests/rm/inaccessible: Likewise. * tests/rm/interactive-always: Likewise. * tests/rm/interactive-once: Likewise. * tests/rm/ir-1: Likewise. * tests/rm/isatty: Likewise. * tests/rm/no-give-up: Likewise. * tests/rm/r-1: Likewise. * tests/rm/r-2: Likewise. * tests/rm/r-3: Likewise. * tests/rm/r-4: Likewise. * tests/rm/readdir-bug: Likewise. * tests/rm/rm1: Likewise. * tests/rm/rm2: Likewise. * tests/rm/rm3: Likewise. * tests/rm/rm4: Likewise. * tests/rm/rm5: Likewise. * tests/rm/sunos-1: Likewise. * tests/rm/unread2: Likewise. * tests/rm/unread3: Likewise. * tests/rmdir/fail-perm: Likewise. * tests/rmdir/t-slash: Likewise. * tests/shred/exact: Likewise. * tests/shred/remove: Likewise. * tests/sum/sysv: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/append-only: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/assert: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/assert-2: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/big-4gb: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/fflush: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/infloop-1: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/proc-ksyms: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/start-middle: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/tail-n0f: Likewise. * tests/tee/basic: Likewise. * tests/tee/dash: Likewise. * tests/touch/fail-diag: Likewise. * tests/touch/no-create-missing: Likewise. * tests/touch/not-owner: Likewise. * tests/touch/obsolescent: Likewise. * tests/touch/read-only: Likewise. * tests/touch/relative: Likewise. 2006-10-21 Jim Meyering * NEWS: (cp --backup fix): Fix a typo. * .gitignore: Remove some references to files in subdirectories. * build-aux/.gitignore, doc/.gitignore, lib/.gitignore: New files. * m4/.gitignore, po/.gitignore, src/.gitignore: Likewise. * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Add a comment saying why we prefer mknod over mkfifo. Enable an fts optimization (call lstat only for directories, on some file system types) also with the --preserve-root option of chown or chgrp. * src/chown-core.c (change_file_owner): Compare fts_statp-based dev/ino against root dev/ino only for directories. (chown_files): Don't let the root_dev_ino setting influence whether we use FTS_NOSTAT: fts always sets *fts_statp for a directory. 2006-10-20 Jim Meyering * src/od.c (usage): Change description of default to use "-w16", not the now-invalid "-w 16" syntax. From Dan Jacobson. 2006-10-19 Jim Meyering * bootstrap: Add names to each .gitignore file (if it exists) as well as to .cvsignore. * Makefile.maint (po-check): This rule didn't detect the new use of "gettext" (as opposed to the use of "_" everywhere else) in lib/xstrtol.h. Adjust the grep regexp so that now it does. 2006-10-18 Paul Eggert * src/copy.c (copy_reg): Rewrite slightly to avoid duplicate code when opening dst_name. (copy_reg, copy_internal): Use (SYSCALL != 0) rather than plain (SYSCALL) to test for failure in a system call. * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Use mknod rather than mkfifo to copy a fifo. This preserves the special mode bits on Solaris 10, which is compatible with what Solaris 10 cp -R does. * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Remove redundant and confusing local variable src_type. * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Don't pass mkdir a mode greater than 7777. This matches historical 'cp' behavior and avoids some (though not all) implementation-defined behavior of mkdir. * src/cp.c (make_dir_parents_private): Likewise. * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Don't pass 'open' a mode greater than 777. This is required by POSIX. It doesn't make any difference in actual behavior on any host that I know of. 2006-10-17 Jim Meyering * src/dd.c (usage): Use two spaces (not one) to separate the "fdatasync" option string from its description, so help2man formats the derived man page properly. Reported by Samuel Thibault in . 2006-10-16 Jim Meyering * .x-sc_trailing_blank: Remove names of files that are no longer version-controlled. 2006-10-16 Paul Eggert * src/groups.sh (version): Reword message to match the other programs. Problem reported by Eric Blake. 2006-10-14 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (headers_with_interesting_macro_defs): Define. (.re-defmac, sc_always_defined_macros): New rules. * src/system.h (EXIT_FAILURE, EXIT_SUCCESS): Remove definitions. Instead, include "exit.h". This hereby retires the work-around for "Sony NEWS-OS Release 4.0C"'s bug due to "#define EXIT_FAILURE 0". * src/cksum.c (uint_fast32_t): Don't define. Instead, include . * src/pinky.c (S_IWGRP): Don't define. It's already defined by "stat-macros.h" (included via system.h). * Makefile.cfg: Remove cruft that's now handled via bootstrap. * Makefile.maint: Likewise, remove these targets/rules/variables: (local_updates, update, cvs-update, wget_files, get-targets): Remove. (cvs_files, wget-update, automake_repo): Likewise. Move the comment about cvsu to build-aux/vc-list-files, where cvsu is actually used. * Makefile.maint (cvs-update): Use $(CVS), not "cvs". Work also when the working directory (with e.g. coreutils sources) is version controlled with git, rather than CVS. * bootstrap (CVS_only_file): Test for the existence of README-cvs, rather than CVS. In messages and comments, say e.g., "checked-out sources", rather than "CVS sources". (version_controlled_file): New function. Work for git as well as for CVS. Don't use grep's -q option. (slurp): Call it here, in place of CVS-specific code. * NEWS: cp -r --backup dir1 dir2, would rename an existing dir1/dir2 to dir1/dir2~. * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Although we do create a backup of each destination directory when in move mode, don't do that when copying. Reported by Peter Breitenlohner, in . * tests/cp/backup-dir: New file. Test for the above. * tests/cp/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add backup-dir. 2006-10-13 Jim Meyering More chown/chgrp dereferencing-related fixes. * src/chown-core.c (change_file_owner): Don't use fts_statp if we're dereferencing symlinks. Reverse conjuncts, so that we use dereference file_stats (aka ent->fts_statp) only *after* we've confirmed that chopt->affect_symlink_referent is true. Otherwise, we might use ent->fts_statp uninitialized. Don't turn on FTS_NOSTAT when dereferencing symlinks. * tests/chown/deref: Update the expected diagnostic, now that this test case (trying to use "chown --dereference ..." on a dangling symlink) takes a different code path. 2006-10-13 Paul Eggert Sync from Bison, as follows: 2006-10-01 Paul Eggert Fix problems with translating English-language diagnostics. * bootstrap: Fix bug introduced in recent bootstrap changes, with respect to bison-runtime pot generation. The YY_ stuff wasn't being captured. 2006-10-13 Jim Meyering * src/chown-core.c (change_file_owner): Use fstatat, not stat, now that we're using fts_open with FTS_CWDFD. * tests/chgrp/posix-H: Add --preserve-root to an invocation of chgrp, to exercise the above fix. * NEWS: Mention the above. * src/du-tests: Clean up a little, though it's still not portable. * .vg-suppressions: Add 3 more for debian unstable. * tests/ls/Test.pm: Remove long-unused file. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add bootstrap.conf. Suggestions from Bruno Haible. 2006-10-12 Ralf Wildenhues * Makefile.am (THANKS-to-translators): Add missing $(srcdir). (MAINTAINERCLEANFILES): Add .kludge-stamp. * man/Makefile.am (MAINTAINERCLEANFILES): Typo $(dist_man_MANS) instead of $(man_MANS). 2006-10-12 Ralf Wildenhues * configure.ac: Avoid compiler warnings about default return type in function definitions and unused variables in tests. * src/who.c (print_user) [HAVE_UT_HOST]: hostlen is only needed if this is #defined. 2006-10-12 Jim Meyering * configure.ac: Reflect s/gl_MACROS/coreutils_MACROS/ renaming. Call gl_INIT directly, rather than through the above. 2006-10-11 Paul Eggert * bootstrap (symlink_to_gnulib): Fix bug: the dot_dots shell variable was sometimes used without being initialized. This messed up the installation of the INSTALL file in some cases. 2006-10-11 Jim Meyering * src/ls.c (usage): Correct description of -s, --size. It works even without -l. Suggestion from Karl Berry. 2006-10-10 Paul Eggert * src/ls.c (quote_name): Use initializer rather than memset to initialize an object to zero. This is easier to read and is less likely to introduce a runtime error due to a mixup. It causes gcc -W to issue a warning, but you can work around this by appending -Wno-missing-field-initializers. * src/pathchk.c (portable_chars_only): Likewise. * src/shred.c (main): Likewise. * src/stty.c (main): Likewise. * src/tr.c (card_of_complement): Likewise. * src/wc.c (wc): Likewise. 2006-10-09 Paul Eggert * src/sort.c (usage): Mention again that sort fields are origin 1. * NEWS: Fix typo: iso-8602 -> iso-8601. Problem reported by Bob Proulx. * bootstrap (usage, main program, symlink_to_gnulib): Add option --copy. Inspired by a suggestion from Bruno Haible. 2006-10-09 Jim Meyering Avoid a compiler warning. * src/pathchk.c (portable_chars_only): Initialize variable of type mbstate_t via memset, rather than via '{0}'. Patch from Bruno Haible. 2006-10-06 Paul Eggert Fix bug reported today by Mike Frysinger: mkdir -pv is logging the wrong file name in some cases. Lars Wendler reported a bug in my original fix. * src/install.c (make_ancestor): New arg COMPONENT. * src/mkdir.c (make_ancestor): Likewise. * tests/install/basic-1: Check for install -Dv bug. * tests/mkdir/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add p-v. * tests/mkdir/p-v: New file, to test this bug. 2006-10-05 Paul Eggert * src/chgrp.c: Don't include lchown.h; no longer needed. * src/chown.c: Likewise. * tests/ls/stat-dtype: Use a dynamic test to decide whether the current file system has useful d_type info. * src/dd.c (flags): noatime and nofollow now depend on HAVE_WORKING_O_NOATIME and HAVE_WORKING_O_NOFOLLOW, too. (usage): Output info about noatime and nofollow only if they are known to work. * src/remove.c (AD_push): Inspect HAVE_WORKING_O_NOFOLLOW rather than O_NOFOLLOW, when testing whether it's possible to avoid a race condition reliably. 2006-10-05 Jim Meyering * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Update to reflect new offsets. * tests/install/basic-1: Skip the latter part of this test if the just-built dd binary is not readable. Otherwise, this test would fail when binaries were created as root. Reported by Bauke Jan Douma in . 2006-10-03 Paul Eggert * src/system.h (ST_BLKSIZE): Ceiling at SIZE_MAX / 8 + 1, not at 4 MiB, since XFS hosts can legitimately have large values of st_blksize. Problem reported by Tony Ernst in . 2006-10-04 Jim Meyering * src/remove.c (nonexistent_file_errno): Remove ENAMETOOLONG. Paul Eggert pointed out that the specified file may exist, in spite of such an errno value. * tests/rm/Makefile.am (TESTS): Remove ignore-name-too-long. * tests/rm/ignore-name-too-long: Remove file. * NEWS: Update here, too. 2006-10-03 Jim Meyering * tests/rm/fail-eperm: Report failure also if rm is terminated by a signal. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Convert two c99'isms -- one in remove.c and one in shred.c -- that were added before coreutils-6.3. Reported by Michael Deutschmann. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Update to reflect new offsets. * src/remove.c (remove_entry): With -f, exit successfully in spite of a missing file under some very unusual conditions (with errno being any of ENOENT, ENOTDIR, ENAMETOOLONG). With --force (-f), rm no longer fails for ENOTDIR. * src/remove.c (ignorable_missing): New function. Use it everywhere, rather than open-coding the test. Andreas Schwab reported the ENOTDIR problem. (ignorable_missing): Similarly, don't fail for ENAMETOOLONG. * NEWS: Mention the bug fix. * tests/rm/ignorable: New file. Test for the ENOTDIR case. * tests/rm/ignore-name-too-long: New file. Test for ENAMETOOLONG. * tests/rm/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add the new file names. * bootstrap: Undo last change to this file, since now gnulib-tool sticks with the automake default in generating dependencies. * NEWS: Add a line for 6.4-cvs. * configure.ac (AC_INIT): Bump to 6.4 and add "-cvs" suffix. 2006-09-30 Jim Meyering Version 6.3. * NEWS: Record the 6.3 release date. * configure.ac (AC_INIT): Remove "-cvs" suffix from version string. * NEWS: Mention Paul's Solaris 8 vs. 10 work-around. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Update offsets. 2006-09-29 Paul Eggert * tests/rm/readdir-bug: Don't use $(...) in a shell script, as it doesn't work with Solaris /bin/sh. 2006-09-29 Jim Meyering * NEWS: Mention Paul's fix (to gnulib's canon-host.c) for the pinky segfault. * tests/seq/basic [neg-2, eq-wid-2]: Comment out tests that use .1 as the increment. Actual output varies too much. [eq-wid-3]: New, commented out test. * src/shuf.c (read_input): Fix an off-by-one error that would cause an infloop for piped input of 8KB or more. * NEWS: Mention the fix. * tests/misc/shuf: Test for the above fix. Since any system may be affected by the Darwin readdir bug, perform the extra rewinddir unconditionally. The performance impact of rewinding a directory is negligible. * src/remove.c (NEED_REWIND): Define to use CONSECUTIVE_READDIR_UNLINK_THRESHOLD unconditionally. * tests/seq/basic: Use .11 as the upper bound, in case the ".1" increment translates to a slightly larger value. This corrects a test failure on FreeBSD 6.1 reported by Nelson Beebe. The final expected value wasn't being printed. Work around a readdir bug in Darwin 7.9.0 (MacOS X 10.3.9) on HFS+ and NFS, whereby rm would not remove all files in a directory. * src/remove.c (CONSECUTIVE_READDIR_UNLINK_THRESHOLD): Reduce to 10. (NEED_REWIND): New macro, so that we incur the cost of the work-around rewinddir only on afflicted systems. * NEWS: Clarify and correct. * tests/rm/readdir-bug: New file. Test for the above fix. * tests/rm/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add it. Prompted by testing and analysis from Bruno Haible: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2006-09/msg00326.html 2006-09-28 Paul Eggert * tests/rm/fail-eperm: Unset BASH_ENV, CDPATH, and ENV, too; suggested for Debian stable, which uses Perl 5.8.4. 2006-09-28 Jim Meyering Automatically generated dependencies are important even when all of the sources in a directory come from gnulib. * bootstrap (gnulib_tool): Remove the "no-dependencies" automake option that gnulib-tool adds to what becomes our lib/gnulib.mk. * tests/rm/fail-eperm: Enable Perl's (-T) taint checking. Ensure that IFS is set properly and unset PATH. Sanitize inputs. Work properly even when the name of the selected file starts with "-". Invoke rm via "../../src/rm", and adjust expected output. Prompted by a patch from Tim Waugh. * README-cvs: Add Bison to the list of required packages. 2006-09-26 Jim Meyering * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Update offsets. * NEWS: rm works around a bug in Darwin 8.6.1 w/NFS that kept it from removing a directory containing 188 or more entries. * src/remove.c (CONSECUTIVE_READDIR_UNLINK_THRESHOLD): Decrease by 20, go work around the buggy readdir on Darwin 8.6.1 with NFS. Reported by Matthew Woehlke. 2006-09-26 Paul Eggert * NEWS: "groups user" no longer outputs "user :"; you need at least two users. "groups" now processes options like --help more compatibly. * src/groups.sh: Implement the option-processing change. Handle user and group names with special characters more robustly. Report write errors instead of exiting silently with status 1. 2006-09-26 Jim Meyering * README: Warn not to run autoreconf manually. Use bootstrap instead. * src/groups.sh: When invoked with 0 or 1 argument, just exec "id". Rewrite to avoid using temporary, $status. * NEWS: Mention the bug fix. * src/groups.sh: Don't hide a write failure. Reported by Iain Calder . 2006-09-25 Jim Meyering * src/chown.c (usage): Clarify --dereference description. * src/chgrp.c (usage): Likewise. Suggestion from Jamie McClelland. 2006-09-24 Jim Meyering * NEWS: Mention these fixes. * src/copy.c (copy_reg): With --verbose (-v), print "removed `file_name'" just after unlinking a file. (copy_internal): Likewise, in three more places. Marc Lehman reported that "touch x; ln x y; mv -v x y" was silent. * tests/mv/hard-verbose: New file. Test for the above fix. * tests/mv/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add hard-verbose. * tests/help-version (sync_args): Don't call sync, since it spins up disks that I've deliberately caused to spin down (but not unmounted). * NEWS: Mention the improvement to sort. * tests/tail-2/proc-ksyms: Require that /proc/ksyms be readable as well as existing. * tests/ls/stat-dtype: Don't use tmpfs on linux-2.4 or older, since that predated addition of d_type support. 2006-09-23 Jim Meyering * gl/modules/getloadavg.diff: New file. Work around the way the latest version of the getloadavg module interacts with our bootstrap script. * bootstrap (gnulib_tool_options): Add "--local-dir gl". * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Sort file names. Add bootstrap and gl/modules/getloadavg.diff 2006-09-20 Paul Eggert * bootstrap: Add support for --force. (usage): New function. Describe usage less tersely. (CVS_only_file): New var. * NEWS: Document fix for cp -i and mv -i. * src/copy.c (copy_internal): With -i, prompt even if the source is a directory and the destination is not. This is required by POSIX and gives the user a chance to bail out before failing. * tests/cp/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add cp-i. * tests/cp/cp-i: New file. * tests/mv/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add i-5. * tests/mv/i-5: New file. 2006-09-20 Jim Meyering * NEWS: Mention the chmod bug fix. * tests/chmod/inaccessible: New test, specifically for this bug. Based on a test case from Paul Eggert. * tests/chmod/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add inaccessible. Fix the 2006-09-18 bug differently. * src/chmod.c: (process_file): Upon FTS_NS for a top-level file, tell fts_read to stat the file again, in case it has become accessible since the initial fts_open call. * src/chown-core.c (change_file_owner): Likewise. * src/chmod.c: Revert last change. There is a better way. * src/chown-core.c: Likewise. 2006-09-19 Paul Eggert * src/ln.c (target_directory_operand): Rewrite to avoid porting problem on Tandem reported by Matthew Woehlke in . 2006-09-18 Paul Eggert Fix bug where chmod, chown, and chgrp did not process operands left-to-right in some cases. * src/chmod.c (wd_errno): New var. (chmod_file): New function, with most of the contents of the old prcess_file function. (process_files): Use it. This gives file names to fts one at a time, so that they are processed left-to-right as POSIX requires. * src/chown-core.c (wd_errno, chown_files): Likewise. (chown_file): New function. * tests/install/basic-1: Redo test so as to not workaround the chmod bug, thereby testing for it. * src/shuf.c (main): Quote the entire range when reporting an invalid one, rather than just the part that contained the error. * tests/stty/row-col-1: Rewrite to avoid temporary file that is sometimes left behind if the test is skipped or interrupted. * bootstrap (symlink_to_gnulib): New function. (cp_mark_as_generated): Use it, to prefer symlinks-to-gnulib to copies-of-gnulib. (cp_mark_as_generated, slurp, gnulib_files): Avoid making a copy if it's the same as the old version. (gnulib_files): Add support for this variable (used by Bison). * tests/ls/stat-vs-dirent: Fix quoting problem in diagnostic indicating flaw in kernel. Reword to say that the flaw isn't serious for coreutils, since the flaw does affect ls -i. * tests/chgrp/basic: Fix bug in test case exposed by building on Solaris 8 in a setgid directory. The test case incorrectly assumed that 'symlink' would be in group $g1. 2006-09-18 Jim Meyering * NEWS: Add a line for 6.3-cvs. * configure.ac (AC_INIT): Bump to 6.3 and add "-cvs" suffix. Version 6.2. * NEWS: Record the 6.2 release date. * configure.ac (AC_INIT): Remove "-cvs" suffix from version string. 2006-09-17 Jim Meyering * tests/chgrp/basic: On an OpenBSD system, rather than failing due to a known problem, merely warn about it. Rewrite to avoid testing output of chgrp --verbose and chgrp -c. Instead, use stat to test file system for desired results, directly. * tests/chgrp/Makefile.am (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Set host_triplet. * tests/envvar-check: Add more variable names to the list of those that can affect these programs and tests: _POSIX2_VERSION, COLUMNS, QUOTING_STYLE, TABSIZE, TERM, TMPDIR. 2006-09-16 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Document that mkdir -p and install -d now fork on occasion. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add savewd. * src/install.c: Include savewd.h. (process_dir): New function. (main, install_file_in_file_parents): Use it, along with the new savewd module, to avoid some race conditions. * src/mkdir.c: Include savewd.h. (struct mkdir_options): New members make_ancestor_function, mode, mode_bits. (make_ancestor): Return 1 if the resulting directory is not readable. (process_dir): New function. (main): Use it, along with new savewd module, to avoid some race conditions. Fill in new slots of struct mkdir_options, so that callees get the values. * tests/install/basic-1: Test for coreutils 5.97 bug that was fixed in coreutils 6.0, and which should still be fixed with this change. * tests/mkdir/p-3: Likewise. 2006-09-15 Jim Meyering * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add rename-dest-slash. The 2006-09-08 changes made it so "mv dir new-name/" would fail on NetBSD 1.6. This makes it work once again. 2006-09-14 Jim Meyering * src/mv.c (main): Remove unnecessary (always-true) test for 2 <= n. Instead, since it's a little fragile, assert the condition. (target_directory_operand): Update comment to reflect latest change. 2006-09-12 Paul Eggert * src/who.c (print_user): Rewrite to avoid warning from GCC 4.1.1 with -Wall. 2006-09-12 Jim Meyering * tests/mv/atomic: Check for specific strace output, rather than simply nonempty. RHEL AS 4 would fail this test due to strace generating "[ Process PID=14434 runs in 32 bit mode. ]". Reported by Nelson Beebe. 2006-09-11 Jim Meyering * src/remove.c (remove_dir): Move new cache_stat_init call onto it's own line. (rm_1): Move declaration of "st" and new cache_stat_init call "down" to nearer where they're used. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Add another set of curly braces. 2006-09-10 Paul Eggert * src/expr.c (eval6): Fix buffer overrun, or bad performance, if substr's last operand is very large. Performance problem reported by Sebastian Kreft. 2006-09-09 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (sc_prohibit_jm_in_m4): Don't hang when there are no .m4 files. (sc_require_config_h): Skip this test if there are no version- controlled .c files. (sc_prohibit_assert_without_use): Likewise. 2006-09-08 Jim Meyering * bootstrap: Export CVS_RSH separate from its assignment, to work even with Solaris 10's /bin/sh. Suggestion from Mark D. Baushke. 2006-09-08 Paul Eggert * NEWS: tail now ignores the -f option if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, no file operand is given, and standard input is any FIFO. This is in response to Open Group XCU ERN 114. * src/tail.c (main): Likewise. 2006-09-08 Jim Meyering mv and "cp -r" no longer fail when invoked with two arguments where the first one names a directory and the second name ends in a slash and doesn't exist. E.g., "mv dir B/", for nonexistent B, now succeeds, once more. This reverts part of the 2004-06-27 change for 5.3.0. * NEWS: Say the above. * src/mv.c (target_directory_operand): Don't require (here) that the target operand "look like" a directory. This change pushes the test down to the rename syscall level, where a "mv dir existing-non-dir/" will mistakenly succeed on older systems that ignore trailing slashes in the rename destination argument. * src/cp.c (target_directory_operand): Likewise, but for cp. * tests/mv/trailing-slash: Exercise the above fixes. * tests/cp/trailing-slash: New file. * tests/cp/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add trailing-slash. * bootstrap: Use the previously unused variable, $src, to avoid repeating "$GNULIB_SRCDIR/$file". * bootstrap (cp_mark_as_generated): Don't use "local", to accommodate ancient "/bin/sh". Suggested by Ralf Wildenhues. Rename now-global "$src" and "$dst" to have cp_ prefix. Safer, and avoids confusion. * bootstrap (cp_mark_as_generated): New function. (slurp): Use it to prepend editor hints and a warning that the file we're copying is generated. Suggestion from Bruce Korb. (cp_mark_as_generated): Don't add C-style comments for .l or .y files. Fix last-minute typo. 2006-09-07 Jim Meyering * bootstrap: Revert last change. There are less disruptive ways to mark these generated files as read-only. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Update to have proper offsets. 2006-09-06 Jim Meyering Ensure that some gnulib-tool-generated files are read-only. * bootstrap (slurp): Put the body of this function in a sub-shell, with "umask a-w" so that all new files are read-only. Remove each file before we write to it, in case it's read-only. Make po/Makevars and runtime-po/Makevars read-only, too. 2006-09-05 Jim Meyering * tests/cp/acl: Skip this test when cp lacks ACL support. * tests/cp/Makefile.am (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Set $(CONFIG_HEADER). * src/c99-to-c89.diff (remove.c): Adapt one hunk to match the new context from change of 2006-09-02. 2006-09-04 Jim Meyering * README-cvs: Fix typo in update command. 2006-09-03 Jim Meyering * NEWS: Tweak the wording in the new change description so that no one can think this change causes e.g., `rm -fr foo../' to fail. * tests/rm/inaccessible: Adjust for movement of config.h to lib/. Use $CONFIG_HEADER, rather than hard-coding it. * tests/rm/Makefile.am (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Set $CONFIG_HEADER. 2006-09-02 Paul Eggert * NEWS: rm now rejects attempts to remove /, ./, and ../. * src/basename.c: Don't include dirname.h, since system.h does it now. * src/chmod.c: Likewise. * src/copy.c: Likewise. * src/cp.c: Likewise. * src/df.c: Likewise. * src/dircolors.c: Likewise. * src/dirname.c: Likewise. * src/du.c: Likewise. * src/install.c: Likewise. * src/ln.c: Likewise. * src/ls.c: Likewise. * src/mkdir.c: Likewise. * src/mv.c: Likewise. * src/remove.c: Likewise. * src/rm.c: Likewise. * src/rmdir.c: Likewise. * src/shred.c: Likewise. * src/split.c: Likewise. * src/su.c: Likewise. * src/system.h: Include "dirname.h", since dot_or_dotdot needs it now. (dot_or_dotdot): Succeed even if "." or ".." is followed by a slash. * src/rm.c (usage, main): --preserve-root is now the default. * src/remove.h: Fix comment. * src/remove.c (cache_fstatat, cache_stat_init): New functions. (cache_statted, cache_stat_ok): New functions. (write_protected_non_symlink): Remove struct stat ** buf_p arg, which is no longer needed with the new functions. All callers changed. (prompt, is_dir_lstat, remove_entry, remove_dir): New struct stat * arg. All callers changed. (write_protected_non_symlink, prompt, is_dir_lstat, remove_entry): (remove_cwd_entries, remove_dir, rm_1): Use and maintain the file status cache. (prompt, remove_entry): Omit the first "directory" in the diagnostic "Cannot remove directory `foo': is a directory". This causes "rm" to pass a test case that it would otherwise fail now that it "knows" more about its argument. I think the diagnostic is better without the first "directory" anyway. (prompt): Remove the no-longer-needed IS_DIR arg; all callers changed. (rm_1): Reject attempts to remove /, ./, or ../. * tests/rm/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add r-4. * tests/rm/r-4: New file. 2006-09-01 Paul Eggert * src/stat.c: Include (alignof): New macro. (HAVE_STRUCT_STATXFS_F_FSID___VAL, HAVE_STRUCT_STATXFS_F_FSID_VAL): Remove. (STRUCT_STATXFS_F_FSID_IS_INTEGER): New macro. (FSID_VAL): Remove. (print_statfs): If f_fsid isn't an integer, grab its words one at a time in little-endian order. This is a bit easier to configure and should avoid a compilation failure on MacOS reported by Bruno Haible. 2006-08-29 Paul Eggert * src/stat.c (HAVE_STRUCT_STATXFS_F_FSID_VAL, FSID_VAL): New macros, to work around a Mac OS X porting problem reported by Bruno Haible in . (print_statfs): Use them. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add isapipe. * src/tail.c: Include isapipe.h. (IS_PIPE_LIKE_FILE_TYPE): Remove. (IS_TAILABLE_FILE_TYPE): Just list both FIFOs and sockets as tailable, since this seems to be portable. (main): Use isapipe, to fix a bug on MacOS X reported by Bruno Haible in . * src/system.h (LOCALEDIR): Remove, since configmake.h now defines it for us. 2006-08-28 Paul Eggert * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Don't test whether macros like S_ISLNK are defined, since they're always defined now. * src/cp.c (main): Likewise. * src/ln.c (main): Likewise. * src/ls.c (get_link_name, make_link_name): Likewise. * src/mknod.c (main): Likewise. * src/mkfifo.c (usage): Likewise. * src/who.c (S_IWGRP): Likewise. Adjust to recent gnulib changes for the gnulib module. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add fcntl. * src/system.h (SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, SEEK_END): Remove. Other code is already assuming these macros are defined. (O_DIRECT, O_DIRECTORY, O_DSYNC, O_NDELAY, O_NOATIME, O_NONBLOCK): (O_NOCTTY, O_NOFOLLOW, O_NOLINKS, O_RSYNC, O_SYNC, O_BINARY, O_TEXT): Remove; the fcntl module now handles these. Adjust to recent gnulib changes for the inttypes module. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Remove stdint; add inttypes. (excluded_files): Don't exclude m4/inttypes-h.m4 or m4/inttypes-pri.m4. * src/system.h: Don't bother to include , since we can now assume inttypes.h does the equivalent of including stdint.h. 2006-08-27 Jim Meyering * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Don't make a backup if the last component of the source name is "." or "..". Reported by Andreas Schwab in http://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?17540. * NEWS: Mention this. * tests/cp/src-base-dot: New file. Test for the above fix. * tests/cp/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add src-base-dot. * src/system.h (DOT_OR_DOTDOT): Remove macro. Rewrite as a... (dot_or_dotdot): ...new static inline function. * src/remove.c (rm_1): Reflect this renaming. * src/ls.c (basename_is_dot_or_dotdot): Likewise. * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Add comments. 2006-08-26 Paul Eggert * src/Makefile.am (AM_CPPFLAGS): Remove -I$(srcdir) and -I../lib, since Automake supplies them for us. It always did -I$(srcdir), and with the recent change to AC_CONFIG_HEADERS in configure.ac it is now also doing -I../lib. * bootstrap (get_translations): Skip this if WGET_COMMAND is empty. Fail if the first "echo" fails. Suppress diagnostics from "ls po/*.po" since there might not be any .po files. (WGET_COMMAND): Set to empty if wget doesn't seem to be available. 2006-08-26 Jim Meyering This test was failing in some environments. * tests/ls/color-dtype-dir: Don't rely on eval "`dircolors -b`" to set LS_COLORS in the environment. * tests/envvar-check: Instead, ensure that LS_COLORS is not set. Reported by Bob Proulx. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Remove hunk for copy.c; no longer needed. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Remove these files here, too: .x-sc_no_if_have_config_h, .x-sc_prohibit_assert_without_use, .x-sc_two_space_separator_in_usage. Fix "mv --verbose --backup" so its output includes the " (backup: foo.~1~)" suffix also when backing up a directory. * NEWS: Report this bug fix. * src/copy.c (emit_verbose): New function, factored out of... (copy_internal): ...here. Use the new function. * tests/mv/backup-dir: Test for the above fix. * tests/mv/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add backup-dir. 2006-08-25 Paul Eggert * .x-sc_no_if_have_config_h: Remove; no longer needed. * .x-sc_prohibit_assert_without_use: Remove; it was empty. * .x-sc_two_space_separator_in_usage: Likewise. * Makefile.maint (sc_no_have_config_h): Renamed from sc_no_if_have_config_h, since it now checks that HAVE_CONFIG_H is absent everywhere. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add config-h. * src/shred.c: Include unconditionally, since we now assume config.h exists. * src/dircolors.c: Likewise. 2006-08-26 Jim Meyering "ls --color" would highlight other-writable and sticky directories no differently than regular directories on a file system with dirent.d_type support. * NEWS: Say the above. * src/ls.c (gobble_file): With --color, also stat the file when we know it is a directory. Derived from an anonymous one-line fix and bug report: . * tests/ls/color-dtype-dir: New file. Test for the above fix. * tests/ls/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add color-dtype-dir. 2006-08-25 Paul Eggert * .cvsignore: Remove stamp-h1. Add coreutils-*, to ignore tarballs. * bootstrap.conf: Add configmake, verify. * src/.cvsignore: Remove localedir.h. * src/Makefile.am (localedir, DISTCLEANFILES, localedir.h): Remove; subsumed by configmake. * src/system.h: Include configmake.h rather than localedir.h (LOCALEDIR): New macro. Rewrite to avoid some unnecessary casts, macros, literals. * src/shred.c (DEFAULT_PASSES, VERBOSE_UPDATE): Now constants, not macros. (SECTOR_SIZE, SECTOR_MASK): New constants. (fillpattern, dopass, do_wipefd, main): Remove unnecessary casts, and use the SECTOR_* constants when applicable. Check for size < 0 rather than size == -1, since negative-size files are a sign of trouble anyway. 2006-08-25 Bruno Haible * src/shred.c (dopass): Assume a continuable error if EIO even if the current position is not a multiple of 512. 2006-08-24 Jim Meyering * src/stat.c (print_statfs): Fix typo: remove extra "sizeof". 2006-08-23 Paul Eggert * src/stat.c (HAVE_STRUCT_STATXFS_F_FSID___VAL): Define. This macro was being used without being defined. (SB_F_NAMEMAX): Remove cast. (f_fsid) [BeOS]: Likewise. (OUT_NAMEMAX): Renamed from NAMEMAX_FORMAT, with a new meaning. All uses changed. (out_string, out_int, out_uint, out_uint_o, out_uint_x): New functions. (xstrcat): Remove. All uses changed to use the above functions. (print_statfs, print_stat): 2nd arg is now the prefix len, not the buffer len. All uses changed. Output '?', not '*', for unknown data or errors. Do not assume signed values can be interchanged with unsigned when printing. (print_statfs): For %i, print the fsid as a single int, not as a pair. (print_it): Quote invalid format better. * NEWS: printf supports the I flag. * src/printf.c (print_formatted) [glibc 2.2 or later]: Likewise. 2006-08-23 Bruno Haible * src/stat.c (STRUCT_STATVFS, statfs, f_fsid, f_blocks, f_bfree) [BeOS]: (f_bavail, f_bsize, STATFS_FRSIZE, f_files, f_ffree) [BeOS]: (STATXFS_FILE_SYSTEM_TYPE_MEMBER_NAME) [BeOS]: Define. * src/ls.c (SA_RESTART): Fallback define. 2006-08-23 Paul Eggert * src/system.h (EDQUOT): Define if not already defined. Problem reported by Bruno Haible for BeOS. * .cvsignore: Remove config.h, config.hin, as they are now in lib. * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_HEADERS): Move config.h and config.hin to lib. * src/Makefile.am (AM_CPPFLAGS): Remove '-I..'; no longer needed. * bootstrap (slurp): Define gl_LOCK_EARLY instead of gl_LOCK, to accommodate today's gnulib change. 2006-08-23 Jim Meyering * NEWS: Mention the sweeping infrastructure changes. 2006-08-22 Paul Eggert * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add gnupload. * Makefile.maint (emit_upload_commands): gnupload is now in build-aux. * gnupload: Remove from CVS, since it's now a gnulib module. * bootstrap (bootstrap_conf_cleanup): Remove. (excluded_files): New var. * bootstrap.conf: Likewise. * bootstrap (slurp): Exclude files early if they're in the excluded_files list. That way, their names don't get put into .cvsignore. * aclocal.m4, config.hin, configure: Remove from CVS, since ./bootstrap generates them automatically. * .cvsignore: Add INSTALL, Makefile.in, aclocal.m4, config.hin, configure, *.cache, *.lineno, *.log. Remove more-specific entries. This catches files like configure.lineno. * man/.cvsignore: Add Makefile.in. * src/.cvsignore: Add Makefile.in. Remove .version, dir.c, install, mvdir, stamp-v, vdir.c, version.c. * tests/.cvsignore: * tests/chgrp/.cvsignore: * tests/chmod/.cvsignore: * tests/chown/.cvsignore: * tests/cp/.cvsignore: * tests/cut/.cvsignore: * tests/dd/.cvsignore: * tests/dircolors/.cvsignore: * tests/du/.cvsignore: * tests/expr/.cvsignore: * tests/factor/.cvsignore: * tests/fmt/.cvsignore: * tests/head/.cvsignore: * tests/install/.cvsignore: * tests/join/.cvsignore: * tests/ln/.cvsignore: * tests/ls/.cvsignore: * tests/ls-2/.cvsignore: * tests/md5sum/.cvsignore: * tests/misc/.cvsignore: * tests/mkdir/.cvsignore: * tests/mv/.cvsignore: * tests/od/.cvsignore: * tests/pr/.cvsignore: * tests/readlink/.cvsignore: * tests/rm/.cvsignore: * tests/rmdir/.cvsignore: * tests/seq/.cvsignore: * tests/sha1sum/.cvsignore: * tests/shred/.cvsignore: * tests/sort/.cvsignore: * tests/stty/.cvsignore: * tests/sum/.cvsignore: * tests/tac/.cvsignore: * tests/tail/.cvsignore: * tests/tail-2/.cvsignore: * tests/tee/.cvsignore: * tests/test/.cvsignore: * tests/touch/.cvsignore: * tests/tr/.cvsignore: * tests/tsort/.cvsignore: * tests/unexpand/.cvsignore: * tests/uniq/.cvsignore: * tests/wc/.cvsignore: Add Makefile.in. Sort entries if necessary. Remove *.I, *.E, *.X, *.O, *-tests, build-script, mk-script if they're never created in this directory. 2006-08-22 Bruno Haible BeOS portability. * src/uptime.c: Include OS.h if it exists. (print_uptime): On BeOS, use the get_system_info function (actually a macro). Loop through utmp entries only if utmp.h or utmpx.h exists. (uptime): Call read_utmp only if utmp.h or utmpx.h exists. 2006-08-22 Jim Meyering * .cvsignore: Add ABOUT-NLS. Move the check-AUTHORS rule to be run as part of "make distcheck", rather than "make check". * src/Makefile.am (check): Don't depend on check-AUTHORS; it would cause "make check" to fail on systems unable to build all binaries. * Makefile.maint (check-AUTHORS): New rule. (local-checks-available): Add it here. Reported by Bruno Haible. Needed for BeOS. 2006-08-21 Paul Eggert * src/df.c (print_header, show_dev): Use a column width that depends on the block size of -P is specified and not autoscaling. Problem reported by Gustavo G. Rondina in: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2006-08/msg00164.html 2006-08-21 Jim Meyering * tests/dircolors/simple (a): Don't fail with an unexpected diagnostic when the shell variable, SHELL, is not set. Trigger the failure with "(unset SHELL; make check TESTS=simple)". Reported by Sven Joachim in . * src/od.c: Now that HAVE_UNSIGNED_LONG_LONG is no longer defined in config.h, change the uses to HAVE_UNSIGNED_LONG_LONG_INT. Otherwise, on a system with 4-byte longs, "od -t u8" fails with this: od: invalid type string `u8'; this system doesn't provide a 8-byte integral type FIXME: add a test for this, but skip it when sizeof uintmax < 8. 2006-08-20 Paul Eggert Add a bootstrap procedure, so that the CVS version contains fewer files and we bootstrap the rest from gnulib, gettext, etc. * README-cvs: New file. * bootstrap: New file. * bootstrap.conf: New file. * .x-sc_trailing_blank: Remove config-log, .gdb-history. Add .po. * configure.ac (AC_PREREQ): Move here from m4/*.m4, for benefit of gnulib-tool. (gl_DEFAULT_POSIX2_VERSION, gl_USE_SYSTEM_EXTENSIONS, gl_PERL): (gl_IGNORE_UNUSED_LIBRARIES): Remove; now done by gnulib. (gl_EARLY): Add. (gl_MACROS): Call just after gl_EARLY, just for clarity. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Remove patch to ls.c; no longer needed. * src/kill.c (strtoimax): Remove decl. * src/ls.c: Include "wcwidth.h" instead of rolling it ourselves. * src/wc.c: Likewise. * src/ls.c (sort_files): Rewrite to avoid need for C99-style declaration, so that we don't need to patch this file. * src/printf.c (strtoimax, strtoumax): Remove decls. * src/su.c: Include getpass.h. (getpass): remove. * src/system.h: Include mempcpy.h, stpcpy.h, strpbrk.h. Include inttypes.h unconditionally. (LONGEST_MODIFIER, PRIdMAX, PRIoMAX, PRIuMAX, PRIxMAX): Remove. (stpcpy, strndup, strstr, strtoul, mempcpy, CHAR_MIN, CHAR_MAX): (SCHAR_MIN, SCHAR_MAX, UCHAR_MAX, SHRT_MIN, SHRT_MAX, INT_MAX): (INT_MIN, INTMAX_MAX, INTMAX_MIN, UINT_MAX, LONG_MAX, ULONG_MAX): (SIZE_MAX, SSIZE_MAX, UINTMAX_MAX): Remove. * ABOUT-NLS, INSTALL, Makefile.in, man/Makefile.in: * src/Makefile.in, tests/Makefile.in, tests/chgrp/Makefile.in: * tests/chmod/Makefile.in, tests/chown/Makefile.in: * tests/cp/Makefile.in, tests/cut/Makefile.in: * tests/dd/Makefile.in, tests/dircolors/Makefile.in: * tests/du/Makefile.in, tests/expr/Makefile.in: * tests/factor/Makefile.in, tests/fmt/Makefile.in: * tests/general/Makefile.in, tests/head/Makefile.in: * tests/install/Makefile.in, tests/join/Makefile.in: * tests/ln/Makefile.in, tests/ls/Makefile.in: * tests/ls-2/Makefile.in, tests/md5sum/Makefile.in: * tests/misc/Makefile.in, tests/mkdir/Makefile.in: * tests/mv/Makefile.in, tests/od/Makefile.in: * tests/pr/Makefile.in, tests/readlink/Makefile.in: * tests/rm/Makefile.in, tests/rmdir/Makefile.in: * tests/seq/Makefile.in, tests/sha1sum/Makefile.in: * tests/shred/Makefile.in, tests/sort/Makefile.in: * tests/stty/Makefile.in, tests/sum/Makefile.in: * tests/tac/Makefile.in, tests/tail/Makefile.in: * tests/tail-2/Makefile.in, tests/tee/Makefile.in: * tests/test/Makefile.in, tests/touch/Makefile.in: * tests/tr/Makefile.in, tests/tsort/Makefile.in: * tests/unexpand/Makefile.in, tests/uniq/Makefile.in: * tests/wc/Makefile.in: Remove from CVS, since ./bootstrap generates them automatically. 2006-08-20 Eric Blake * src/stat.c (USE_STATVFS): Reinstate the patch from 2006-08-15; the patch from 2006-08-18 broke on cygwin. 2006-08-20 Jim Meyering * NEWS: Add a line for 6.2-cvs. * configure.ac (AC_INIT): Bump to 6.2 and add "-cvs" suffix. 2006-08-19 Jim Meyering * Version 6.1. * NEWS: Record the 6.1 release date. * configure.ac (AC_INIT): Remove "-cvs" suffix from version string. * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add sparse-file. Avoid test failure when `make check' is run through debuild. * tests/help-version: Ensure that $SHELL is set to some value and exported. Patch from Sven Joachim. For details, see . * tests/ls/stat-dtype: Test for the 2006-08-17 `ls -CF' fix. * README: Describe potential "pre-C99 build failure", and work-around. Some of my 2006-07-03 changes to tests/*/Makefile.am were being backed out due to updates provoked by the copyright changes. * tests/Makefile.am.in (PATH): Prepend $(VG_PATH_PREFIX), so that it propagates to the derived Makefile.am files. ($(srcdir)/Makefile.am): Mark generated .am files as read-only, so we don't mistakenly edit them again. * tests/cut/Makefile.am: Regenerate. * tests/head/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/join/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/pr/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/sort/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/tac/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/tail/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/test/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/tr/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/uniq/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/wc/Makefile.am: Likewise. * NEWS: Fix cp --sparse so that it preserves tail-end sparseness, even when the file's apparent size is not a multiple of its block size. * src/copy.c (copy_reg): Don't write a NUL before calling ftruncate. For some file sizes, writing that single byte would unnecessarily waste a few file blocks. That write may have been necessary in the early days of Linux, but now, removing it should be safe. Based on a patch by Alan Curry: * tests/cp/sparse: New test for the above. * tests/cp/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add sparse. * tests/sparse-file: New file, essence factored out of... * tests/du/8gb: ... here. Use the new script. 2006-08-18 Paul Eggert * src/system.h (select_plural): Reduce by 1000000, not 1000, since the CVS gettext manual now suggests 1000000. 2006-08-18 Bruno Haible Add support for NetBSD 3.0. * src/stat.c (USE_STATVFS): Set to 1 if 'struct statvfs' has a field f_fstypename. (STATXFS_FILE_SYSTEM_TYPE_MEMBER_NAME): Define also if 'struct statvfs' has a field f_fstypename. This undoes the 2006-08-15 to src/stat.c. 2006-08-17 Paul Eggert Copyright notice fixes. * COPYING: Upgrade to latest version from FSF. * src/uname.c: Use (C) in copyright notice. * .vg-suppressions: Add copyright notice. * ChangeLog: Likewise. * ChangeLog-2005: Likewise. * Makefile.am: Likewise. * NEWS: Likewise. * README: Likewise. * README-valgrind: Likewise. * TODO: Likewise. * announce-gen: Likewise. * man/Makefile.am: Likewise. * man/chmod.x: Likewise. * man/chown.x: Likewise. * man/df.x: Likewise. * man/du.x: Likewise. * man/rm.x: Likewise. * src/dircolors.hin: Likewise. * src/du-tests: Likewise. * src/extract-magic: Likewise. * src/tac-pipe.c: Likewise. * src/wheel-gen.pl: Likewise. * tests/Coreutils.pm: Likewise. * tests/Makefile.am.in: Likewise. * tests/acl: Likewise. * tests/envvar-check: Likewise. * tests/expensive: Likewise. * tests/group-names: Likewise. * tests/help-version: Likewise. * tests/mk-script: Likewise. * tests/priv-check: Likewise. * tests/rwx-to-mode: Likewise. * tests/sample-test: Likewise. * tests/setgid-check: Likewise. * tests/chgrp/basic: Likewise. * tests/chgrp/deref: Likewise. * tests/chgrp/no-x: Likewise. * tests/chgrp/posix-H: Likewise. * tests/chgrp/recurse: Likewise. * tests/chmod/c-option: Likewise. * tests/chmod/equal-x: Likewise. * tests/chmod/equals: Likewise. * tests/chmod/no-x: Likewise. * tests/chmod/octal: Likewise. * tests/chmod/setgid: Likewise. * tests/chmod/umask-x: Likewise. * tests/chmod/usage: Likewise. * tests/chown/basic: Likewise. * tests/chown/deref: Likewise. * tests/chown/separator: Likewise. * tests/cp/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/cp/acl: Likewise. * tests/cp/backup-1: Likewise. * tests/cp/backup-is-src: Likewise. * tests/cp/cp-HL: Likewise. * tests/cp/cp-deref: Likewise. * tests/cp/cp-mv-backup: Likewise. * tests/cp/cp-parents: Likewise. * tests/cp/deref-slink: Likewise. * tests/cp/dir-rm-dest: Likewise. * tests/cp/dir-slash: Likewise. * tests/cp/dir-vs-file: Likewise. * tests/cp/fail-perm: Likewise. * tests/cp/into-self: Likewise. * tests/cp/link: Likewise. * tests/cp/link-no-deref: Likewise. * tests/cp/link-preserve: Likewise. * tests/cp/no-deref-link1: Likewise. * tests/cp/no-deref-link2: Likewise. * tests/cp/no-deref-link3: Likewise. * tests/cp/perm: Likewise. * tests/cp/preserve-2: Likewise. * tests/cp/r-vs-symlink: Likewise. * tests/cp/same-file: Likewise. * tests/cp/slink-2-slink: Likewise. * tests/cp/special-bits: Likewise. * tests/cp/symlink-slash: Likewise. * tests/cut/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/cut/Test.pm: Likewise. * tests/dd/misc: Likewise. * tests/dd/not-rewound: Likewise. * tests/dd/skip-seek: Likewise. * tests/dd/skip-seek2: Likewise. * tests/dd/unblock-sync: Likewise. * tests/dircolors/simple: Likewise. * tests/du/2g: Likewise. * tests/du/8gb: Likewise. * tests/du/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/du/basic: Likewise. * tests/du/deref: Likewise. * tests/du/deref-args: Likewise. * tests/du/exclude: Likewise. * tests/du/fd-leak: Likewise. * tests/du/files0-from: Likewise. * tests/du/hard-link: Likewise. * tests/du/inaccessible-cwd: Likewise. * tests/du/long-from-unreadable: Likewise. * tests/du/long-sloop: Likewise. * tests/du/no-deref: Likewise. * tests/du/no-x: Likewise. * tests/du/restore-wd: Likewise. * tests/du/slash: Likewise. * tests/du/slink: Likewise. * tests/du/trailing-slash: Likewise. * tests/du/two-args: Likewise. * tests/expr/basic: Likewise. * tests/factor/basic: Likewise. * tests/fmt/basic: Likewise. * tests/fmt/long-line: Likewise. * tests/general/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/general/atgeneral.m4: Likewise. * tests/general/dd.at: Likewise. * tests/head/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/head/Test.pm: Likewise. * tests/install/basic-1: Likewise. * tests/install/create-leading: Likewise. * tests/install/d-slashdot: Likewise. * tests/install/trap: Likewise. * tests/join/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/join/Test.pm: Likewise. * tests/ln/backup-1: Likewise. * tests/ln/misc: Likewise. * tests/ln/sf-1: Likewise. * tests/ln/target-1: Likewise. * tests/ls/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/ls/Test.pm: Likewise. * tests/ls/dangle: Likewise. * tests/ls/dired: Likewise. * tests/ls/file-type: Likewise. * tests/ls/follow-slink: Likewise. * tests/ls/infloop: Likewise. * tests/ls/inode: Likewise. * tests/ls/m-option: Likewise. * tests/ls/no-arg: Likewise. * tests/ls/recursive: Likewise. * tests/ls/rt-1: Likewise. * tests/ls/stat-dtype: Likewise. * tests/ls/stat-failed: Likewise. * tests/ls/stat-vs-dirent: Likewise. * tests/ls/symlink-slash: Likewise. * tests/ls/time-1: Likewise. * tests/ls-2/tests: Likewise. * tests/md5sum/basic-1: Likewise. * tests/md5sum/newline-1: Likewise. * tests/misc/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/misc/base64: Likewise. * tests/misc/basename: Likewise. * tests/misc/cat-proc: Likewise. * tests/misc/close-stdout: Likewise. * tests/misc/csplit: Likewise. * tests/misc/date: Likewise. * tests/misc/date-sec: Likewise. * tests/misc/df: Likewise. * tests/misc/dirname: Likewise. * tests/misc/expand: Likewise. * tests/misc/false-status: Likewise. * tests/misc/fold: Likewise. * tests/misc/head-c: Likewise. * tests/misc/head-elide-tail: Likewise. * tests/misc/head-pos: Likewise. * tests/misc/mknod: Likewise. * tests/misc/nice: Likewise. * tests/misc/nl: Likewise. * tests/misc/nohup: Likewise. * tests/misc/paste-no-nl: Likewise. * tests/misc/pathchk1: Likewise. * tests/misc/printf: Likewise. * tests/misc/printf-hex: Likewise. * tests/misc/pwd-long: Likewise. * tests/misc/sha224sum: Likewise. * tests/misc/sha256sum: Likewise. * tests/misc/sha384sum: Likewise. * tests/misc/sha512sum: Likewise. * tests/misc/shuf: Likewise. * tests/misc/sort-merge: Likewise. * tests/misc/sort-rand: Likewise. * tests/misc/split-a: Likewise. * tests/misc/split-fail: Likewise. * tests/misc/split-l: Likewise. * tests/misc/stat-fmt: Likewise. * tests/misc/stat-printf: Likewise. * tests/misc/tac-continue: Likewise. * tests/misc/test-diag: Likewise. * tests/misc/tty-eof: Likewise. * tests/misc/wc-files0: Likewise. * tests/misc/wc-files0-from: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/concurrent-1: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/p-1: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/p-2: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/p-3: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/p-slashdot: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/p-thru-slink: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/parents: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/perm: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/special-1: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/t-slash: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/writable-under-readonly: Likewise. * tests/mv/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/mv/acl: Likewise. * tests/mv/atomic: Likewise. * tests/mv/backup-is-src: Likewise. * tests/mv/childproof: Likewise. * tests/mv/diag: Likewise. * tests/mv/dir-file: Likewise. * tests/mv/dir2dir: Likewise. * tests/mv/dup-source: Likewise. * tests/mv/force: Likewise. * tests/mv/hard-2: Likewise. * tests/mv/hard-3: Likewise. * tests/mv/hard-4: Likewise. * tests/mv/hard-link-1: Likewise. * tests/mv/i-1: Likewise. * tests/mv/i-2: Likewise. * tests/mv/i-3: Likewise. * tests/mv/i-4: Likewise. * tests/mv/i-link-no: Likewise. * tests/mv/into-self: Likewise. * tests/mv/into-self-2: Likewise. * tests/mv/into-self-3: Likewise. * tests/mv/into-self-4: Likewise. * tests/mv/leak-fd: Likewise. * tests/mv/mv-special-1: Likewise. * tests/mv/no-target-dir: Likewise. * tests/mv/part-fail: Likewise. * tests/mv/part-hardlink: Likewise. * tests/mv/part-rename: Likewise. * tests/mv/part-symlink: Likewise. * tests/mv/partition-perm: Likewise. * tests/mv/perm-1: Likewise. * tests/mv/reply-no: Likewise. * tests/mv/setup: Likewise. * tests/mv/to-symlink: Likewise. * tests/mv/trailing-slash: Likewise. * tests/mv/update: Likewise. * tests/mv/vfat: Likewise. * tests/od/od-N: Likewise. * tests/od/x8: Likewise. * tests/pr/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/pr/Test.pm: Likewise. * tests/readlink/can-e: Likewise. * tests/readlink/can-f: Likewise. * tests/readlink/can-m: Likewise. * tests/readlink/rl-1: Likewise. * tests/rm/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/rm/cycle: Likewise. * tests/rm/dangling-symlink: Likewise. * tests/rm/deep-1: Likewise. * tests/rm/dir-no-w: Likewise. * tests/rm/dir-nonrecur: Likewise. * tests/rm/dot-rel: Likewise. * tests/rm/empty-inacc: Likewise. * tests/rm/empty-name: Likewise. * tests/rm/f-1: Likewise. * tests/rm/fail-2eperm: Likewise. * tests/rm/fail-eperm: Likewise. * tests/rm/hash: Likewise. * tests/rm/i-1: Likewise. * tests/rm/i-no-r: Likewise. * tests/rm/inaccessible: Likewise. * tests/rm/interactive-always: Likewise. * tests/rm/interactive-once: Likewise. * tests/rm/ir-1: Likewise. * tests/rm/isatty: Likewise. * tests/rm/no-give-up: Likewise. * tests/rm/r-1: Likewise. * tests/rm/r-2: Likewise. * tests/rm/r-3: Likewise. * tests/rm/rm1: Likewise. * tests/rm/rm2: Likewise. * tests/rm/rm3: Likewise. * tests/rm/rm4: Likewise. * tests/rm/rm5: Likewise. * tests/rm/sunos-1: Likewise. * tests/rm/unread2: Likewise. * tests/rm/unread3: Likewise. * tests/rm/unreadable: Likewise. * tests/rmdir/fail-perm: Likewise. * tests/rmdir/ignore: Likewise. * tests/rmdir/t-slash: Likewise. * tests/seq/basic: Likewise. * tests/sha1sum/basic-1: Likewise. * tests/sha1sum/sample-vec: Likewise. * tests/shred/exact: Likewise. * tests/shred/remove: Likewise. * tests/sort/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/sort/Test.pm: Likewise. * tests/sort-time/Makefile: Likewise. * tests/sort-time/README: Likewise. * tests/sort-time/rand-gen: Likewise. * tests/stty/basic-1: Likewise. * tests/stty/row-col-1: Likewise. * tests/sum/basic-1: Likewise. * tests/sum/sysv: Likewise. * tests/tac/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/tac/Test.pm: Likewise. * tests/tail/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/tail/Test.pm: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/append-only: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/assert: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/assert-2: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/big-4gb: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/fflush: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/infloop-1: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/proc-ksyms: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/start-middle: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/tail-n0f: Likewise. * tests/tee/basic: Likewise. * tests/tee/dash: Likewise. * tests/test/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/test/Test.pm: Likewise. * tests/touch/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/touch/dangling-symlink: Likewise. * tests/touch/empty-file: Likewise. * tests/touch/fail-diag: Likewise. * tests/touch/fifo: Likewise. * tests/touch/no-create-missing: Likewise. * tests/touch/no-rights: Likewise. * tests/touch/not-owner: Likewise. * tests/touch/obsolescent: Likewise. * tests/touch/read-only: Likewise. * tests/touch/relative: Likewise. * tests/tr/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/tr/Test.pm: Likewise. * tests/tr/failures: Likewise. * tests/tsort/basic-1: Likewise. * tests/unexpand/basic-1: Likewise. * tests/uniq/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/uniq/Test.pm: Likewise. * tests/wc/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/wc/Test.pm: Likewise. 2006-08-17 Jim Meyering ls -CF would misalign columns in some cases. * src/ls.c (get_type_indicator): New function. extracted from... (print_type_indicator): ...here. Use it. (length_of_file_name_and_frills): Use it here, too, rather than assuming stat.st_mode is valid. Reported by Andreas Schwab, here: See the test for this above. FYI, I did ls -CF /proc and visually inspected the result. * src/copy.c (copy_internal, same_file_ok): Adjust comments not to mention the now-removed cp_options.xstat member. * Makefile.maint (patch-check): Adapt to work now that the patch modifies more than one file in src/. With this patch, permit building with Solaris cc on Solaris 7. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Add diffs to convert more c99-isms. This integrates patches from Bruno Haible. 2006-08-16 Paul Eggert Fix some problems reported by Bruno Haible. * tests/chmod/setgid (abs_srcdir): Remove; not used or needed. Skip this test if "chmod g+s d" silently does nothing. * tests/ls-2/tests: Skip this test suite if we can't set up files properly for the setuid-etc test. This simplifies some of the hacks we were using to work around porting problems. 2006-08-16 Jim Meyering * tests/cp/Makefile.am: Don't mark "acl" as XFAIL. * tests/cp/acl: Instead, skip the test if either setfacl or getfacl fails. Reported by Michael Stone. 2006-08-16 Paul Eggert * tests/lang-default (LC_ALL): Set to "C", so we get English-language diagnostics. Unset the other variables; it should be portable to use 'unset' for this stuff nowadays. Problem reported by Bruno Haible. Using "C" reverses the 2000-10-22 change to fileutils in this area. Fix bugs when printing plurals of numbers that are not unsigned long int values. * src/system.h (select_plural): New function. * src/md5sum.c (digest_check): Use select_plural to avoid bug. * src/uptime.c (print_uptime): Likewise. * src/dd.c (print_stats): Likewise. Also, don't use ngettext to print a floating point number, as reducing to 0 or 1 doesn't work for some languages. Instead, just use "s" for seconds since it doesn't need a plural form. 2006-08-16 Bruno Haible Old versions of gzip would write --help output to stderr, and it would be annoying to see that in the output of every "make" command. * Makefile.maint (gzip_rsyncable): Throw away stderr output of "gzip --help". 2006-08-16 Andreas Schwab * tests/cp/acl: Don't use non-portable == operator for test. 2006-08-16 Jim Meyering * tests/ls/stat-dtype: Use stat to test file system type, rather than df -T, in case /etc/mtab lies. Reported by Michael Stone. 2006-08-15 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Mention that df exits with nonzero status if it generates no output. This change was in 6.0 but inadvertently unmentioned. * src/df.c (file_systems_processed): Renamed from n_valid_args, and now a boolean. (show_dev): Don't set it until we actually output something. Print the header if this is the first output. (main): Don't print a header, as that is now show_dev's job. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add df. * tests/misc/df: New file. 2006-08-15 Eric Blake * src/stat.c (USE_STATVFS): Define to 0 if f_type is needed, but statvfs.f_type not present. See . 2006-08-15 Paul Eggert * src/dd.c (print_stats): Don't substitute "1" for number, as this causes confusion for the Hungarian translators. Problem reported by Egmont Koblinger here: http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.core-utils.bugs/7726 2006-08-15 Jim Meyering * .x-sc_require_config_h: Add lib/at-func.c. * NEWS: Add a line for 6.1-cvs. * configure.ac (AC_INIT): Bump to 6.1 and add "-cvs" suffix. 2006-08-15 Jim Meyering * Version 6.0. * NEWS: Record the 6.0 release date. * configure.ac (AC_INIT): Remove "-cvs" suffix from version string. * TODO: Add an item (convert to use gnulib-tool), add to the plan for id-vs-getgrouplist, and remove a few completed items. * Makefile.maint (alpha beta major): Fix syntax error. 2006-08-13 Jim Meyering * src/shred.c (usage): Don't indent the second line of an item. Otherwise, help2man would misformat the output. Reported by Adam Buchbinder in . 2006-08-11 Paul Eggert * configure.ac (AM_GNU_GETTEXT): Upgrade to need-formatstring-macros. Suggested by Eric Blake to avoid problems like . 2006-08-11 Jim Meyering * tests/ls/stat-vs-dirent: Too many (losing) systems trigger the failure that this test checks for (stat/dirent inode mismatch at a mount point), so continue to give a diagnostic about the failure, but don't actually count it as a failure. 2006-08-10 Paul Eggert * ABOUT-NLS: Update from gettext 0.15. * configure.ac (AM_GNU_GETTEXT_VERSION): Update from 0.13.1 to 0.15. * src/csplit.c (struct control): Remove fastmap member. (extract_regexp): Allocate fastmap separately, since otherwise it might move due to a realloc. This fixes a bug that led to a core dump on 64-bit sparc Solaris 10 (Sun Studio 10). 2006-08-10 Jim Meyering * tests/ls/stat-dtype: If "." is tmpfs, skip this test unless uname -s reports "Linux". This avoids a failure on Solaris 10's tmpfs. Redirect both stdout and stderr of df invocations. * src/dircolors.hin: Add a TERM directive for each of the following: ansi, color-xterm, gnome, konsole, kterm, rxvt-cygwin, rxvt-cygwin-native, screen.linux, xterm-256color. Sort the TERM directives. From Mike Frysinger. 2006-08-09 Paul Eggert * src/dd.c (usage): Warn about oflag=append without conv=notrunc. See Debian bug 373736. * src/dircolors.hin: Add mlterm, rxvt-unicode; this fixes Debian bug 317503. * src/.cvsignore: Add shuf. * Makefile.maint: Remove the po-update procedure; it doesn't work with the new repository on http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/. For now I guess we'll have to fix things by hand. (do-po-update, po-update): Remove. All references removed. * src/shuf.c (next_line): New function. (read_input): Use it, to avoid relying on GCC-specific behavior with void * arithmetic. Problem reported by Bob Proulx. * Makefile.maint (my-distcheck): Compile with -Wpointer-arith to detect this sort of problem automatically in the future. 2006-08-09 Jim Meyering * src/ls.c: Add a compile-time check to ensure that filetype and filetype_letter have the same number of elements. * tests/misc/sort-rand: Remove use of --seed=S. 2006-08-08 Paul Eggert Add a command 'shuf', and modify shred and sort to use the new random number generator library of 'shuf'. * AUTHORS: Add shuf. * README: Likewise. * NEWS: Likewise. Mention new --random-source option for shred and sort. Move "sort +1 -2" notice to the appropriate section, and clarify its role with respect to POSIXLY_CORRECT. * man/.cvsignore: Add shuf.1. * man/Makefile.am (dist_man_MANS): Add shuf.1. (shuf.1): New dependency. * man/shuf.x: New file. * src/Makefile.am (bin_PROGRAMS): Add shuf. (EXTRA_DIST): Remove rand-isaac.c. (shuf_LDADD): New macro. * src/rand-isaac.c: Remove, moving most of its contents to lib/rand-isaac.c. * src/shuf.c: New file. * src/shred.c: Use new random-number interface rather than rand-isaac.c. Don't include rand-isaac.c; include randint.h and randread.h instead. (RANDOM_SOURCE_OPTION): New enum. (long_opts, usage, main): New option --random-source. * src/sort.c: Likewise. * src/shred.c (struct irand_state, irand_init, irand32, irand_mod): Remove. All callers changed to use randint interface. (fillrand): Remove. All callers changed to use randread interface. (dopass): Remove dependency on ISAAC buffer size. (genpattern): Don't wipe the random state here. (randint_source): New static var. (clear_random_data): New function. (main): Allocate random source, and arrange to wipe it on exit. * src/sort.c: Include md5.h, randread.h, xmemxfrm.h. (longopts, usage, main): Remove undocumented --seed option; it's now replaced by --random-source. (rand_state, get_hash): Remove. (randread_source): New static var. (random_state, cmp_hashes, compare_random): New functions; they guarantee no collisions in the random hash function. (keycompare): Use compare_random for -R; don't fall back on comparing via memcoll, since compare_random does the right thing. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add shuf. * tests/misc/shuf: New file. 2006-07-29 Paul Eggert * src/copy.c (set_author): Preserve the st_author field via the file descriptor dest_desc. 2006-07-28 Paul Eggert * NEWS: chmod now preserves setuid and setgid bits on directories if you use a numeric mode with them clear, e.g., "chmod 755 DIR". Fix test case problems if working directory is setgid, reported by Bob Proulx. * tests/cp/fail-perm: Use symbolic mode so that we clear setgid bit more reliably on directories. * tests/mkdir/special-1 (set_mode_string): Likewise. 2006-07-27 Jim Meyering * src/chgrp.c (usage): Use correct grammar in description of the --reference option * src/chown.c (usage): Likewise. 2006-07-26 Thomas Schwinge (tiny change) * src/copy.c (set_author) [HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_AUTHOR]: Correctly access SRC_SB's element ST_AUTHOR. 2006-07-26 Jim Meyering * tests/ls/stat-failed: Adapt to match new expected output. From Paul Eggert. * src/ls.c (print_color_indicator): Test for S_IFREG first, rather than having the code test for all of the other types first. Hoist the set-uid/gid-testing code "up" into this new block. Classify any other type of file (e.g., S_TYPEISSHM, etc.) as C_ORPHAN, not as C_FILE. 2006-07-26 Jim Meyering Checking in a change from Paul. 2006-07-25 Paul Eggert * src/ls.c (DT_INIT): Remove. All uses removed. (enum filetype): Use an ordinary enum rather than trying to keep the values in sync with DT_FIFO etc. That way, we don't have to make special assumptions about them. All uses changed. (whiteout): New constant member of enum filetype. (filetype_letter): New constant, for use with enum filetype. (FILETYPE_INDICATORS): New initializer list. (print_dir): Add case for DT_WHT. (gobble_file): If stat fails, don't discard information from readdir; instead, preserve it so it can be printed. (print_long_format): Fall back on readdir result if stat info is not available. Use "?" to denote each unknown mode char, instead of an overall "?", since we now know some of the mode typically. (print_type_indicator): Now that MODE isn't necessarily useful, guard all uses. Now that two blocks in the type-checking tree can set "type = C_FILE", move the suffix-handling code out and down. 2006-07-26 Jim Meyering Prepare for the above change. * src/ls.c [struct fileinfo] (stat_ok): Rename from stat_failed, and adjust uses. From a patch by Paul Eggert. 2006-07-26 Jim Meyering * src/ls.c: Correct indentation/formatting in a few places. 2006-07-25 Paul Eggert * tests/cp/fail-perm: Use "chmod 0500" rather than "chmod 500". Problem report and fix from Bob Proulx. * NEWS: Clarify the "chmod 0500" news, and correct the vague statements about compatibility with BSD. 2006-07-25 Jim Meyering * src/ls.c (gobble_file): When handling a stat-failed entry, print the entry name not the absolute_name -- to be consistent with the usual case. * tests/ls/stat-failed: Update accordingly. * src/ls.c: Add parens around the new uses of ?: ternary operator. * src/dircolors.hin: Mention that ORPHAN refers not just to dangling symlinks. Get --dired offsets right when handling stat-failed entries. * src/ls.c (print_long_format): Be careful to increment P by the appropriate amount, even when inode_number_width and nlink_width are zero. * tests/ls/stat-failed: Test for the above. * src/ls.c (gobble_file) [USE_ACL]: Don't use-uninitialized the have_acl member. That would happen for a directory with both a non-stat'able entry and one with an ACL. * src/ls.c (gobble_file): Make it so failure to stat a non-command-line file provokes an exit status of 1, not 0. Say "cannot access" rather than "cannot stat". * tests/ls/stat-failed: New file/test, for the above. * tests/ls/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add stat-failed. * tests/ls-2/tests (no-a-isdir-b): Update to reflect addition of "cannot access " to diagnostic. * src/ls.c: Declare stat_failed to be "bool", not "int" everywhere. * src/ls.c [enum filetype] (command_line): Remove member. Not needed. Replace all occurrences of "type == command_line" with the equivalent, "command_line_arg". * src/ls.c: Apply the stat-failed parts of Red Hat's coreutils-selinux.patch. From Ulrich Drepper. This makes it so files not mentioned on the command line (e.g., names read from a directory that *is* mentioned on the command line) for which stat fails are still listed. With --color, such files are colored just like ORPHANs (aka dangling symlinks). * src/df.c (n_valid_args): Declare global to be static. 2006-07-24 Jim Meyering * tests/ls/stat-dtype: Skip this test on reiserfs, since that file system lacks d_type support. 2006-07-22 Paul Eggert * man/chmod.x: Update to reflect recent changes to coreutils.texi. 2006-07-21 Jim Meyering * src/su.c (usage): Correct typo in --help output: s/commmand/command/ Reported by Tim Waugh. Also remove the comment duplicating much of --help output. * src/ls.c (FILE_TYPE_INDICATOR_OPTION): Reposition this new name so the list remains alphabetized. Fix another bug: ls --indicator-style=file-type would call stat for a symlink, even though it wasn't always needed. In some cases, that unnecessary stat would cause ls to fail. * src/ls.c (gobble_file): Don't treat symlinks specially (in requiring a stat syscall). Remove the offending exclusion. * NEWS: Mention the fix. * tests/ls/stat-dtype: New file/test, for the above fix. Also exercises the new df feature, below. * src/df.c (main): Fail and don't print the headers if no file system is processed. This makes it easy to test whether a specified directory is on a file system of a given type or types. Otherwise, applications would have had to parse df's output. E.g., is "." either ext3 or reiserfs: df -t ext3 -t reiserfs . Fix a bug: ls --file-type worked like --indicator-style=slash, rather than like --indicator-style=file-type. * src/ls.c (FILE_TYPE_INDICATOR_OPTION): New enum member. (long_options): Map "file-type" to FILE_TYPE_INDICATOR_OPTION, not to 'p'. (decode_switches): Handle new case: FILE_TYPE_INDICATOR_OPTION. * NEWS: Mention the fix. * tests/ls-2/tests (file-type): New test, for the above fix. 2006-07-19 Jim Meyering * src/ls.c (print_dir): Give a better diagnostic for failed opendir. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add build-aux/vc-list-files. 2006-07-16 Paul Eggert * NEWS: chmod, install, and mkdir now leave setgid and setuid bits of directories alone unless you specify them explicitly. install and mkdir now implement X correctly. install now creates parent directories with mode 755, without changing their owner or group. * src/chmod.c (process_file): Adjust to mode_adjust API change. * src/install.c: Include mkancesdirs.h. (announce_mkdir, make_ancestor): New functions. (DEFAULT_MODE): New macro, specifying initial value of 'mode'. (mode): Use it. (dir_mode, dir_mode_bits): New vars. (main): Set dir modes separately from nondir, so that the X op of -m works correctly. (main): Remove cwd_errno cruft, since make_dir_parents no longer affects cwd. Adjust to new make_dir_parents API. (install_file_in_file_parents): 2nd arg is now char *, not char const *. Use mkancesdirs instead of rolling our own code. (change_attributes): Don't worry about AFS, since that kludge should not be needed any more. * src/mkdir.c (struct mkdir_options): New struct. (announce_mkdir, make_ancestor): New functions. (main): Use them. Adjust to mode_adjust API change. Stick with umask 0. Use make_dir_parents for all the work. * src/mkfifo.c (main): Adjust to new mode_adjust API. * src/mknod.c (main): Likewise. * tests/chmod/setgid: Do the setgid test instead of bailing. * tests/mkdir/p-3: Remove re_protect case that no longer applies. GNU chmod now behaves like other versions of chmod. * tests/mkdir/perm: Add a test for the X bug. 2006-07-14 Paul Eggert * src/base64.c (do_decode): Output to parameter OUT, not to stdout. This doesn't fix any bugs, since OUT always equals stdout, but it makes the code easier to understand. 2006-07-14 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (CVS_LIST): Use new file, build-aux/vc-list-files, rather than open-coding it. Now supports mercurial, too. * .hgignore: New file. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add .hgignore, which ignores nearly all generated files, including ones like configure and po/*.po that are currently version-controlled in cvs. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add a few more .??* files. They've been in CVS, just haven't been distributed before this. Distribute ChangeLog-2005, too. (MAINTAINERCLEANFILES): Add THANKS-to-translators. 2006-07-11 Paul Eggert * src/system.h: Assume exists, since gnulib assumes this now as well. 2006-07-09 Jim Meyering * tests/mv/dir2dir: Adjust so failing with ENOTEMPTY is ok, too. That happens with Linux/tmpfs. * tests/mv/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add dir2dir. 2006-07-09 Paul Eggert Adjust to recent updates from gnulib. * src/dd.c (apply_translations): Use toupper rather than islower followed by toupper; it's simpler and typically faster now that we assume at least C89 semantics. Similarly for tolower. * src/sort.c (inittables): Likewise. * src/expand.c (expand): Don't assume that isprint etc. return booleans (needed for pre-C99 hosts). * src/fmt.c (check_punctuation): Likewise. * src/ptx.c (initialize_regex, fix_output_parameters): Likewise. * src/tr.c (is_char_class_member): Likewise. * src/unexpand.c (unexpand): Likewise. * src/join.c (is_blank): Remove; no longer needed. All uses replaced by isblank (to_uchar (...)). * src/pinky.c (create_fullname): Don't assume char is unsigned. * src/printf.c (print_esc): Likewise. * src/ptx.c (SKIP_NON_WHITE, SKIP_WHITE, SKIP_WHITE_BACKWARDS): (copy_unescaped_string): Likewise. * src/stat.c (print_it): Likewise. * src/system.h (_D_EXACT_NAMELEN): Renamed from NLENGTH, for convenience on GNU systems. All uses changed. Don't bother looking for any dirent.h substitute other than ndir.h. (D_INO): Remove unnecessary parentheses. (IN_CTYPE_DOMAIN, ISGRAPH, ISPRINT, ISALNUM, ISALPHA): (ISCNTRL, ISLOWER, ISPUNCT, ISSPACE, ISUPPER, ISXDIGIT): (ISDIGIT_LOCALE, TOLOWER, TOUPPER): Remove. All uses changed to ctype.h equivalents. (isblank): Renamed from ISBLANK. Check for HAVE_DECL_ISBLANK too. All uses changed. 2006-07-08 Jim Meyering * tests/mv/dir2dir: New file, test for 2006-07-05 fix in copy.c. * Makefile.maint (sc_the_the): New rule. * src/dd.c (skip): Remove one of two adjacent "the"s in a comment. * tests/Coreutils.pm (run_tests): Remove one of two adjacent "then"s in a comment. 2006-07-07 Jim Meyering * NEWS: Mention that mv can now remove an empty destination directory, and give an example. Prompted by a report from Florent Bayle. 2006-07-05 Jim Meyering * src/ls.c (usage): Correct the description of -G: it is useful only in a long listing. Reported by Martin Pool in . * man/chmod.x: Correct the description of the sticky bit. Reported by Chris Moore via Ian Jackson in . * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Don't work around old NFS clients like SunOS-4.1.4 and Irix 5.3 that set errno to values like EIO and ENOTEMPTY upon failed rename. Otherwise, we risk misinterpreting a banal failure as a recursive move-into-self failure. Reported by Florent Bayle in . * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Regenerate, to remove fuzz. 2006-07-03 Jim Meyering Plug another unusual leak. (AD_mark_helper): Free malloc'd filename if hash_insert says that string is already in the hash table. The dev/inode of the topmost directory in each hierarchy were not being recorded. * src/remove.c (remove_cwd_entries): Don't call cycle_check here. (AD_push): Call it from here instead. Fix two small leaks. * src/remove.c (AD_stack_clear): New function. (rm_1): Use it. (AD_pop_and_chdir): Free *prev_dir just before longjmp. * tests/Makefile.am, tests/*/Makefile.am: (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Add $VG_PATH_PREFIX as a prefix to $PATH * tests/envvar-check (vars): Add CDPATH and POSIXLY_CORRECT. * tests/Makefile.am (evar-check): Remove rule. (EXTRA_DIST): Remove .env-warn. * tests/.env-warn: Remove file. No longer used. Suggestion from Eric Blake. 2006-07-02 Paul Eggert * src/system.h: Include unconditionally, since we now assume the stdint module. 2006-07-01 Paul Eggert * NEWS: With no operand, 'tail -f' now silently ignores the '-f' only if standard input is a FIFO or pipe and POSIXLY_CORRECT is set. * src/tail.c (main): Implement this. * tests/tail/Test.pm (f-pipe-1): Renamed from f-1. (test_vector): Set POSIXLY_CORRECT for the f-pipe-* tests. 2006-07-01 Jim Meyering * src/ln.c (do_link): Use new, shorter URL, for ag-review link. * .x-sc_require_config_h: Add ^lib/xstrtold\.c$, so make distcheck passes once again. 2006-06-30 Paul Eggert * NEWS: seq now uses long double internally rather than double. It now defaults to a minimal fixed point format if possible. It lets you use %a, %A, %E, %F, %G. * src/Makefile.am (seq_LDADD): Remove $(SEQ_LIBM); add $(POW_LIB). * src/seq.c: Don't include or ; no longer needed. (isfinite) [!defined isfinite]: New macro. (separator, terminator): Now points to const. (first, step, last): Remove. (usage): Update to match new behavior. (struct operand, operand): New type. (scan_arg): Renamed from scan_double_arg, since we no longer use double. All uses changed. Compute and return a value of type operand, not double. (long_double_format): Renamed from valid_format, and now returns a new format with an "L" added if needed, if the original format was valid. Allow %a, %A, %E, %F, and %G formats. (print_numbers): Take numeric values as args rather than from globals. Print long double, not double. (get_width_format): Remove. (get_default_format): New function. (main): Implement new way of calculating default format. Don't worry about locale's representation of the decimal point, since the arguments are always processed in the C locale. * tests/seq/basic (neg-2): Adjust to new default format. (eq-wid-1, eq-wid-2): Resurrect these tests, since the new implementation should do the right thing. 2006-06-30 Jim Meyering * tests/stty/basic-1: Work around an intermittent test failure on HP-UX 11.11. Report and analysis from Bob Proulx. http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.core-utils.bugs/7475 2006-06-28 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Support obsolete usages like "sort +1 -2" even when conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2001, since this is a pure extension to POSIX. Problem reported by Christian in: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2006-06/msg00220.html * src/sort.c (main): Implement this. * src/system.h (CLOSEDIR): Remove. All uses changed to closedir. Autoconf 2.60 says this stuff was obsolete. 2006-06-28 Jim Meyering * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Regenerate, to remove fuzz. 2006-06-28 Bob Proulx (tiny change) * tests/mv/i-link-no: Work around HP-UX /bin/sh tracing problem (set -x when VERBOSE=yes) when stderr is redirected before stdout causing shell tracing of the stdout redirection to be written to the stderr file. Avoid problem and test failure on HP-UX by redirecting stderr last. * tests/dd/unblock-sync: Order shell file redirections for stderr and stdout in the common style. tests/acl: Likewise. 2006-06-27 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/cat-proc: Try to avoid any spurious numeric differences in frequently-changing /proc/cpuinfo. Reported by Nelson Beebe. 2006-06-26 Jim Meyering Attempt rmdir (actually, unlinkat-with-AT_REMOVEDIR) upon any fd_to_subdirp failure, not just when errno == EACCES. * src/remove.c (remove_dir): Use unlinkat-with-AT_REMOVEDIR, not rmdir, here, even though rmdir may happen to be adequate. * NEWS: rm no longer fails to remove an empty, unreadable directory * src/remove.c (remove_cwd_entries): If we can't open a directory, and the failure is not being ignored, try to remove the directory with rmdir (aka unlinkat-with-AT_REMOVEDIR), in case it's empty. Problem report and test case from Paul Eggert in . * tests/rm/empty-inacc: New test, for the above. Avoid a segfault for wc --files0=- < /dev/null. * src/wc.c (compute_number_width): Return right away if nfiles == 0. 2006-06-25 Jim Meyering * NEWS: wc accepts a new option --files0-from=FILE, where FILE contains a list of NUL-separated file names. * src/wc.c: Include "readtokens.h". (usage): Describe the new option, and adjust the `Usage': with this option, no FILE may be specified on the command line. (main): Handle the new option. * tests/misc/wc-files0: New tests, for the above. * tests/misc/wc-files0-from: Likewise. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add wc-files0. 2006-06-24 Jim Meyering * src/md5sum.c (DIGEST_BUFFER): Remove now-unused definitions. 2006-06-22 Jim Meyering * src/tee.c (tee_files): Rename from tee, to avoid conflict with the function in glibc's . Reported by Andreas Schwab. 2006-06-19 Jim Meyering * Makefile.cfg (local-checks-to-skip): Add changelog-check, so this check is not run as part of "make distcheck". 2006-06-18 Bob Proulx (tiny change) * tests/misc/pwd-long: Fix typo (s/neq/ne/) in previous change. 2006-06-18 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/pwd-long: Make error output a little clearer. 2006-06-17 Jim Meyering * tests/rm/inaccessible: Skip this test on systems without openat support. Reported by Bob Proulx. 2006-06-15 Bob Proulx (tiny change) * tests/misc/mknod: Improve permission checks to handle running mkdir test in set-gid directories. 2006-06-14 Jim Meyering * tests/du/basic: Revamp not to hard-code file system block sizes. 2006-06-12 Ralf Wildenhues * tests/du/Makefile.am (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Pass $(PERL), for files0-from test. 2006-06-11 Jim Meyering * .gitignore: New file. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add .gitignore. Setting TIME_STYLE=long-iso in the environment would make the cp/same-file test fail. * tests/envvar-check (vars): Add TIME_STYLE to the list. * tests/cp/same-file: Revert last change. Source the envvar-check script, to ensure that TIME_STYLE settings don't affect these tests. 2006-06-11 Paul Eggert * tests/cp/same-file: Execute 'ls' in the C locale, so that it uses POSIX time stamp formats. Problem reported by John Nixon in . 2006-06-10 Jim Meyering * NEWS: Mention the AIX-strndup-bug vs. dircolors workaround. Require a "Version N.M" line at the top of the ChangeLog file only when making the actual release, not when running "make distcheck". * Makefile.maint (maintainer-distcheck): Don't depend on changelog-check. (alpha beta major): Depend on it here, instead. 2006-06-08 Jim Meyering Ensure that cat works with any of the options, -A -v -e -E -T, when applied to files in /proc and /sys, even when the FIONREAD ioctl produces nonsensical results. Before this change, cat would produce no output (or truncated output), for some linux kernels. * src/cat.c (write_pending): New function, factored out of cat. (cat): Also interpret a negative ioctl/FIONREAD count as indicating that there are bytes to read. Some versions of linux-2.6.16 do that. Write any pending output before returning. Reported by Dan Jacobson in . * NEWS: Mention this bug fix. * tests/misc/cat-proc: New file. Test for the above. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add cat-proc. 2006-06-07 Paul Eggert * src/expr.c (eval4): Detect overflow properly when multiplying INTMAX_MIN * -1. 2006-06-06 Paul Eggert * NEWS: The 'expr' command now detects and reports integer overflow. (It would be better to use extended precision instead, but that would be more work.) * src/expr.c (integer_overflow): New function. (eval4, eval3): Check for integer overflow. 2006-06-05 Paul Eggert Fix problems when building with Solaris/SVR4/etc. make, which uses a different and somewhat bogus implementation of VPATH. In the directory tests/misc, rename tests whose names might appear in the Automake-generated rules. For example, we can't use a test named 'test', since Automake generates a rule that contains the text "if test -f ./$$tst; ...", and this might expand to something like "if ../../../coreutils-6.0/tests/misc/test -f ./$$test; ...", which executes the 'test' script rather than the 'test' command. * tests/misc/false-status: Renamed from tests/misc/false. * tests/misc/pwd-long: Renamed from tests/misc/pwd. * tests/misc/sort-merge: Renamed from tests/misc/sort. ($prog): Set to 'sort' rather than to $PROG. * tests/misc/test-diag: Renamed from tests/misc/test. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (PROG): Take the basename of $$tst, in case Solaris make has prepended the directory. (TESTS): Adjust to above renamings. * tests/misc/expand: Don't assign to PROG; no longer needed now that Makefile.am sets PROG to the basename. * tests/misc/fold: Likewise. 2006-06-03 Jim Meyering Make `cp --link --no-dereference' work also on systems where the link system call cannot create a hard link to a symbolic link. * src/copy.c (copy_internal) [LINK_FOLLOWS_SYMLINKS]: Don't use the link syscall on a symlink when it would do the wrong thing. Based on the patch by Aurelien Jarno: * tests/cp/link-no-deref: New file/test for the above. * tests/cp/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add link-no-deref. * NEWS: Mention the change (doesn't affect Linux). 2006-06-01 Paul Eggert Fix some porting problems in the test cases reported by Ralf Wildenhues for HP-UX 11.23 in: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2006-05/msg00238.html * tests/help-version: Don't assume that \< \> works in sed. * tests/misc/close-stdout: Don't assume that >&- works. Add a /dev/full test. * tests/touch/no-create-missing: Don't assume that >&- works. 2006-05-30 Jim Meyering * src/ls.c (usage): Add `v' to the list of sorting-related options. From Justin Pryzby. 2006-05-28 Ralf Wildenhues * tests/cp/fail-perm: source lang-default. * tests/rm/inaccessible: Likewise. 2006-05-28 Jim Meyering * tests/rm/inaccessible: AIX 4.3.3 gives a different diagnostic. Recognize it, too. Reported by Ralf Wildenhues, in http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2006-05/msg00192.html 2006-05-27 Jim Meyering * src/chgrp.c: Support new options: --preserve-root and --no-preserve-root. Somehow this program was skipped when those options were added to chown, chmod, and rm. Reported by vaqflabuopac@spammotel.com in . * NEWS: Mention this. 2006-05-25 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Remove mention of --seed. We'll replace it with something better, and don't want to indicate that it is supported. * src/sort.c (usage): Likewise. 2006-05-20 Jim Meyering * src/chmod.c (main): Use FTS_PHYSICAL here, too. * src/du.c (main): Rename local, s/symlink_deref_bit/symlink_deref_bits/ and arrange for -D to set fts' FTS_PHYSICAL bit as well as FTS_COMFOLLOW. Spotted by Justin Pryzby. * gnupload: Merge changes from automake, retaining the ""--to... kludge to placate overzealous `make distcheck' check. 2006-05-19 Jim Meyering * src/du.c (main): Don't let -D, -L, or -P turn off the internal FTS_TIGHT_CYCLE_CHECK directory traversal option. Reported by Justin Pryzby in http://bugs.debian.org/367691 2006-05-15 Jim Meyering * src/cp.c (usage): Correct description of -a: s/-dpR/-dpPR/. From Tomas Pospisek. 2006-05-13 Jim Meyering * tests/mv/no-target-dir: Test two more cases. 2006-05-11 Jim Meyering mv -T DIR EMPTY_DIR no longer fails unconditionally * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Don't manually prohibit a move where the destination is an existing directory. Sometimes doing that is valid. Let the rename system call enforce the rules. That is allowed only when the source is a directory and the destination directory (to be replaced) is empty. Reported by Eric Blake. * tests/mv/no-target-dir: New file/test for this. * tests/mv/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add no-target-dir. * NEWS: Mention this. * tests/mv/atomic: New file/test for yesterday's fix. * tests/mv/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add atomic. * tests/du/long-sloop: Avoid harmless `ambiguous redirect' diagnostic. 2006-05-10 Jim Meyering * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Don't explicitly unlink the destination when moving a symlink into the place of an existing non-directory. Reported by Joshua Hudson. * NEWS: mention this. 2006-05-07 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (patch-check): Fail if patch generates any output, even merely for changed offsets. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Adjust to reflect new offsets. * NEWS: Mention changes affecting df, pwd, shred. 2006-05-06 Jim Meyering * tests/ls/stat-vs-dirent: New test, to detect the bogus file system condition where dirent.d_ino != stat.st_ino. * tests/ls/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add stat-vs-dirent. 2006-05-06 Eric Blake * tests/ls/inode: Expand to test inode from readdir case. * tests/ls/follow-slink: Expand to test broken links encountered implicitly, favoring Solaris 9 and OpenBSD 3.4 behavior. 2006-05-06 Eric Blake * tests/mv/leak-fd: Work even on case-insensitive file system. 2006-05-04 Jim Meyering * NEWS: Mention the 2006-03-19 pwd-related change that makes lib/getcwd.c work around inconsistent file system dirent.d_ino data. 2006-05-03 Jim Meyering * src/ls.c (DEFINE_SORT_FUNCTIONS, LIST_SORTFUNCTION_VARIANTS): Use better macro parameter names: s/basename/key_name/, s/basefunc/key_cmp_func. Fix typo in comment. 2006-04-29 Eric Blake * src/ls.c (main): On systems with d_type, directories_first only implies format_needs_type, not format_needs_stat. 2006-05-03 Jim Meyering * src/ls.c (xstrcoll_df_version, rev_xstrcoll_df_version): Add space after comma in arg list, from Eric Blake. 2006-04-25 Paul Eggert * tests/misc/date (relative-3): New test, derived from a bug report by John Thomas McDole. 2006-04-23 Francesco Montorsi New option for ls: --group-directories-first. It makes ls list directories before files. * NEWS [New features]: Mention it. * src/ls.c (sort_type): Rearrange to use as an array index when choosing sort function; added new sort_numtypes member for compile-time check. (time_type): Add new time_numtypes member for compile-time check. (directories_first): New global variable. (GROUP_DIRECTORIES_FIRST_OPTION): New enum. (long_options): Add --directories-first. (main): Support new option. (is_directory): New function. (extract_dirs_from_files): Use it. (DIRFIRST_CHECK, DEFINE_SORT_FUNCTIONS) (LIST_SORTFUNCTION_VARIANTS): New macros. (sort_functions): New global variable. (sort_files): Use it. (usage): Document new option. 2006-04-18 Paul Eggert * src/shred.c (fillrand): The assertion was way too weak, due to what must be a typo. Strengthen it to its intended value. (dopass): Don't use alloca; it's not worth the aggravation here, since it's used only to get a page-aligned buffer, and page alignment doesn't buy us much here. I'm suspicious that alloca causes problems on some hosts, due to a recent bug report by Adam Waltman: http://bugs.gentoo.org/130246. 2006-04-18 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/tty-eof: Add new programs, base64, sha224sum, sha256sum, sha384sum, sha512sum. 2006-04-17 Paul Eggert * src/chmod.c (describe_change): Adjust to filemode changes. * src/ls.c (HAVE_ST_DM_MODE): Remove; moved to ../lib/filemode.c. (print_long_format): Use (new) filemodestring rather than (old) mode_string, so that we get more file types right, at least in theory. Adjust to filemode changes. * src/stat.c (human_access): Likewise. 2006-04-18 Jim Meyering * src/ptx.c (main) [DEFAULT_IGNORE_FILE]: Remove code to use a default ignore file. This has never been enabled. Reported by Eric Blake. 2006-04-12 Paul Eggert * src/ln.c (linkfunc): Remove. This method ran into a compiler/linker bug in Interix. Just call symlink or link directly. All uses changed. * src/setuidgid.c (main) [! HAVE_SETGROUPS]: Don't call setgroups. * src/stat.c (USE_STATVFS): New macro. Include and use statvfs only if USE_STATVFS. (NAMEMAX_FORMAT): define a bit more clearly, now that the statvfs-using code is a bit more regular. * src/system.h (sync) [!HAVE_SYNC]: New macro. 2006-04-11 Paul Eggert * NEWS: csplit, nl, expr now conform to POSIX better, and are more-compatible with traditional Unix, with respect to regular expressions. * src/csplit.c (extract_regexp): Set re_syntax_options to a value that is compatible with what POSIX requires. * src/nl.c (build_type_arg): Likewise. * src/expr.c (docolon): Likewise. Also, don't let anchors match newline; this fixes an incompatibility with tradition and with POSIX. Don't warn about leading ^. POSIX says it is unspecified whether ^ is a special character, which means that implementations can either treat it as special or not, but either way a warning is not allowed (unless the regexp is otherwise invalid). Instead, anchor the expression but treat ^ as an anchor; this is the traditional behavior (e.g., Solaris 10). (eval4, eval3, eval2): Treat non-numeric args, division by zero, and the like as invalid expressions (exit status 2), not as failure of 'expr' (exit status 3). This is more consistent with how Solaris behaves. * tests/expr/basic (fail-a): Adjust exit status to match new expr behavior, for status 2 versus 3. (anchor): New test. (bre1, bre2, bre3, bre4, bre5, bre6, bre7, bre8, bre9, bre10): (bre11, bre12, bre13, bre14, bre15, bre16, bre17, bre18, bre19, bre20): (bre21, bre22, bre23, bre24, bre25, bre26, bre27, bre28, bre29, bre30): (bre31, bre32, bre33, bre34, bre35, bre36, bre37, bre38, bre39, bre40): (bre41, bre42, bre43, bre44, bre45, bre46, bre47, bre48, bre49, bre50): (bre51, bre52, bre53, bre54, bre55, bre56, bre57, bre58, bre59, bre60): (bre61, bre62): New tests. * tests/misc/csplit: Use \{...\} in test RE, to test that we're conforming to POSIX. Port to Solaris 8. * tests/du/long-from-unreachable: Solaris 8 sh doesn't understand "if !". Do not assume that 'sed' can handle long, newline-free input. * tests/du/long-sloop: Likewise. Evaluate expr once, not $n times. 2006-04-10 Paul Eggert Adjust to new regex.h API (with new fastmap type), and clean up the regex storage allocation a bit. * src/csplit.c (struct control): Put re_compiled member at the end, since it's large. Change regexpr member from char * to bool; all uses changed. Add new member fastmap. (extract_regexp): regexp arg is now char const *, not char *. Don't bother duplicating the regular expression; it's not needed. Set fastmap from new fastmap member. Don't bother allocating a buffer, as the regexp code does a better job than we do. * src/expr.c (docolon): Allocate and use a fastmap. Don't bother allocating a buffer. * src/nl.c (body_fastmap, header_fastmap, footer_fastmap): New vars. (build_type_arg): New fastmap arg. All uses changed. Don't bother allocating a buffer, but set a fastmap. * src/ptx.c (context_regex_string, word_regex_string): Remove. (context_regex, word_regex): New vars, replacing the above. All uses changed. (struct regex_data): New type. (compile_regex): Renamed from alloc_and_compile_regex, since we no longer allocate storage. Arg is now a struct regex_data *, not a const char *. All uses changed. Don't allocate the fastmap; instead, take it from the caller. Don't convert size_t to int, to avoid arithmetic overflow problems. Don't bother freeing storage afterwards; it's not worth the aggravation. * src/tac.c (compiled_separator_fastmap): New ver. (main): Use it. Don't bother allocating a buffer. 2006-03-30 Jim Meyering * src/dd.c (iwrite): Remove assignment without effect. Reported by Felix Rauch Valenti. 2006-03-22 Eric Blake * src/ptx.c (usage): Remove mention of --copyright/-C. (main): Alias --copyright to --version plus a deprecation warning. * NEWS: Mention this. 2006-03-27 Jim Meyering * src/Makefile.am (uptime_LDADD): Add $(POW_LIB), for uptime's use of strtod. Tiny patch from Nickolai Zeldovich. 2006-03-11 Eric Blake * tests/misc/dirname: New file. * tests/basename/Makefile.am: Delete. * tests/basename/basic: Move to... * tests/misc/basename: ... this new file. Add some tests, including fixed behavior for //. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Sort. Add basename, dirname. * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Remove basename. * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Remove tests/basename. Improvements to dirname/basename handling on platforms like cygwin with distinct // and with drive letters. * NEWS: Document new behavior. * src/basename.c (main): Don't strip suffix from file system roots. * src/cp.c (target_directory_operand): Use new last_component. (ASSIGN_BASENAME_STRDUPA): Likewise. Reduce time spent traversing the string. * src/dircolors.c (guess_shell_syntax): Use new last_component. * src/install.c (target_directory_operand, install_file_in_dir): Likewise. * src/ln.c (target_directory_operand, main): Likewise. * src/ls.c (basename_is_dot_or_dotdot): Likewise. * src/mv.c (target_directory_operand, movefile): Likewise. * src/remove.c (rm_1): Likewise. * src/shred.c (wipename): Likewise. * src/split.c (next_file_name): Likewise. * src/su.c (log_su, run_shell): Likewise. 2006-03-23 Paul Eggert * NEWS: nohup diagnostics are now more precise, and nohup now redirects stderr to nohup.out if stdout is closed and stderr is a tty. * src/nohup.c (main): Implement this. * tests/misc/nohup: Test the new behavior. 2006-03-12 Jim Meyering * src/copy.c (set_author): Rename function, from preserve_author. * src/remove.c (AD_pop_and_chdir): Use new macro, CYCLE_CHECK_REFLECT_CHDIR_UP, rather than open-coding it. * src/system.h (SAME_INODE): Remove definition. Include "same-inode.h", instead. 2006-03-11 Eric Blake * src/pwd.c (robust_getcwd): Prepend only one slash, not two. 2006-03-10 Jim Meyering Fix a bug whereby a user with write access to a directory being removed could cause the removal of that directory to fail with an erroneous diagnostic about a directory cycle. Reported by Vineet Chadha. * NEWS: Mention this. * src/remove.c (AD_pop_and_chdir): If the directory we're about to leave (and try to rmdir) is the one whose dev_ino is being used to detect a cycle, reset cycle_check_state.dev_ino to that of the parent. 2006-03-08 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Document dd's new 'directory' and 'nolinks' flags. * src/dd.c (set_fd_flags): Handle file-creation flags on file descriptors, rather than ignoring them. * tests/dd/misc: Add test cases for append, nofollow, directory, and nolinks flags. Simplify redirection to /dev/null in some cases. * tests/dd/misc: iflags->iflag. This fixes a typo that meant the noatime test never tested anything. 2006-03-05 Paul Eggert * src/dd.c (flags, usage): New flags directory, nolinks. * src/system.h (O_NOLINKS): Define to 0 if not already defined. * src/ls.c (usage): Mention that -f disables --color. Problem reported by Niels Möller. 2006-03-03 Justin Pryzby * man/*.x: Add references to syscalls from utilities of the same name. 2006-03-05 Jim Meyering * tests/help-version: Set SHELL, if not already set, in order to avoid failure when `make check' is run through debuild; dircolors would fail due to lack of $SHELL. Reported by Sven Joachim. Make `base64 --wrap=N' work for N=0, and for N larger than SIZE_MAX. * src/base64.c (wrap_write, do_encode, main): Change type of parameters and locals, wrap_column, form size_t to uintmax_t. (main): Adjust to use xstrtoumax, accordingly. 2006-03-03 Jim Meyering Don't fail when run from an environment with SHELL not a Bourne shell, e.g. `env SHELL=/bin/csh make check' would fail this test. * tests/dircolors/simple: Invoke each non-failing test with -b. Reported by Michael Stone. 2006-02-27 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/base64: Derive --decode-using tests from the encode-based ones. * tests/misc/base64: Factor out a long constant string. Split lines to stay within 80 columns. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add base64. * tests/misc/base64: Test base64. From Simon Josefsson. * src/base64.c (do_decode): Use correct type for parameter, ignore_garbage: s/size_t/bool/. * src/base64.c: Don't include .h files already included by system.h: , , , , . Include "system.h" before the other lib/*.h header files. Include before "system.h". (wrap_write): Remove declaration of unused local, initial_column. (wrap_write): Correct declaration syntax: s/size_t * V/size_t *V/. * README: Add base64 to the list. 2006-02-17 Simon Josefsson New program: base64. * AUTHORS: Mention base64. * NEWS: Likewise. * man/Makefile.am: Build base64.1. * man/base64.x: New file. * src/Makefile.am (bin_PROGRAMS): Add base64. * src/base64.c: New file. 2006-02-25 Eric Blake In ls, avoid calling stat for --inode (-i), when possible. * src/pwd.c (NOT_AN_INODE_NUMBER, D_INO): Move to ... * src/system.h: ... here, for use in ... * src/ls.c (main): ... here. Prefer dirent.d_ino to stat when possible. (gobble_file): Add inode argument. (print_dir): Pass inode if available. (usage): Remove inaccuracy. 2006-02-23 Jim Meyering * TODO: Update/correct some obsolete entries. 2006-02-20 Paul Eggert * doc/coreutils.texi (join invocation): Mention `sort -k 1b,1'. * src/join.c (usage): Likewise. Documentation problem reported by Philip Kensche. 2006-02-20 Eric Blake * man/rm.x: Update documentation to match previous patch. 2006-02-18 Eric Blake New option for rm: --interactive=once (-I). * NEWS: Document it, along with change to rm --interactive. * TODO: Remove entry for implementing rm -I * src/rm.c (INTERACTIVE_OPTION): New enum value. (interactive_type): New enum. (long_opts): Let interactive take an optional argument. (interactive_args, interactive_types): New option arguments. (usage): Document -I, --interactive=WHEN. Use program_name instead of a basename. (main): New -I option, new behavior to --interactive. * tests/rm/interactive-once: New tests. * tests/rm/interactive-always: Ditto. * tests/rm/Makefile.am (TESTS): Run them. 2006-02-18 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (sc_two_space_separator_in_usage): Make the regular expression match more of the target lines, e.g., those that start with `-S,' (short option followed by a comma) or that include `=[...]'. Patch by Nicolas François. Fix the four offenders thus exposed: * src/join.c (usage): Use two spaces (not one) to separate the --first-only option string from its description, so help2man formats the derived man page properly. * src/pr.c (usage): Likewise. * src/uniq.c (usage): Likewise. * src/install.c (usage): Likewise. 2006-02-15 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (alpha beta major): For `make major', ensure that the version string is of the form N.N[.N]*, where N is one or more digits. 2006-02-14 Jim Meyering * INSTALL: Update from gnulib. 2006-02-13 Jim Meyering * GNUmakefile (all): Emit diagnostics to stderr, not stdout. 2006-02-12 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (patch-check): New target. (local-checks-available): Add to the list. 2006-02-11 Jim Meyering * src/c99-to-c89.diff: New file. * src/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add c99-to-c89.diff. * .x-po-check: New file, with exclusions so that `make distcheck' passes once again. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add .x-po-check. rm -r must remove an empty directory, even if it is inaccessible. * src/remove.c (close_preserve_errno): New function. (fd_to_subdirp): Don't print a diagnostic in this function. Do it from the callers instead, unless rmdir succeeds. (remove_cwd_entries, remove_dir): Adjust callers. * tests/rm/empty-inacc: New test for the above. * tests/rm/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add empty-inacc. * NEWS: Mention this bug fix. * tests/rm/rm2: Adjust two expected diagnostics, now that they're a tiny bit less precise: cannot remove `a/1': ... instead of cannot open directory `a/1': ... * Makefile.maint (syntax-check-rules): Automatically derive this list of sc_-prefixed rule names. 2006-02-10 Paul Eggert * Makefile.maint (CVS_LIST): Don't assume cvsu is available. (CVS_LIST_EXCEPT): New macro, to simplify exception-processing. Most uses of CVS_LIST changed to use CVS_LIST_EXCEPT. (syntax-check-rules): Bring back sc_changelong. (Hmm, why did it go away? was that an accident?) (sc_cast_of_argument_to_free, sc_cast_of_x_alloc_return_value): (sc_cast_of_alloca_return_value, sc_space_tab, sc_prohibit_atoi_atof): (sc_error_exit_success, sc_file_system, sc_no_if_have_config_h): (sc_system_h_headers, sc_sun_os_names, sc_trailing_blank): (sc_two_space_separator_in_usage, sc_unmarked_diagnostics): (sc_obsolete_symbols, sc_changelog, sc_prohibit_jm_in_m4): (sc_useless_cpp_parens, makefile-check, m4-check, po-check): (author_mark_check, makefile_path_separator_check): Output line numbers, to simplify navigation of Emacs *compilation* buffers. (sc_prohibit_atoi_atof, sc_file_system): Rework slightly so that Makefile.maint doesn't get reported as a violation of its own syntax rules. (sc_dd_max_sym_length): Use ifneq to do nothing, instead of doing it at run-time (which didn't work with Bison). Fix a makefile typo, caught by Makefile.maint itself: spaces where a tab should be. (po-check): Check lib/*.[ch] even if not in CVS; used by Bison, which copies from ../gnulib/lib/*.[ch] to lib/*.[ch]. Ignore djgpp and man subdirectories, to avoid false matches with Bison and coreutils, respectively. Use sort -u to remove the resulting duplicates. * gnupload: Rework slightly to avoid bogus warning from sc_two_space_separator_in_usage. 2006-02-10 Jim Meyering Use gzip's --rsyncable option only if it's available. * Makefile.maint (gzip_rsyncable): New variable. (GZIP_ENV): Use it. 2006-02-08 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (local-checks-available): Define in terms of the expansion, $(syntax-check-rules), rather than the single, top-level target `syntax-check', so that it's easier to exclude individual rules (via $(local-checks-to-skip)). (tgz-md5, tgz-sha1, ...): Remove now-unused definitions. 2006-02-07 Jim Meyering * src/system.h (!defined O_DIRECT): If O_DIRECTIO is defined (as it is on Tru64), define O_DIRECT to that. Patch From James Lemley. * tests/help-version (expected_failure_status_vdir): Redirect an expected disk-full diagnostic to /dev/null. 2006-02-06 Jim Meyering * src/unexpand.c (usage): Use two spaces (not one) to separate the --first-only option string from its description, so help2man formats the derived man page properly. * src/rm.c (usage): Likewise for --no-preserve-root. * src/chown.c (usage): Likewise. * src/chgrp.c (usage): Likewise. Add a rule to ensure that the above doesn't happen again. * Makefile.maint (sc_two_space_separator_in_usage): New rule. (syntax-check-rules): Add it. * .x-sc_two_space_separator_in_usage: New empty file. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add .x-sc_two_space_separator_in_usage. 2006-02-06 Jim Meyering * src/cp.c (usage): Use two spaces (not one) to separate each option string from its description, so help2man formats the derived man page properly. * src/mv.c (usage): Likewise. Patch from Nicolas François in http://bugs.debian.org/351601. 2006-02-04 Jim Meyering * src/copy.c (copy_internal): cp -RL would fail when encountering the same directory more than once in the hierarchy beneath a single command-line argument. That is legitimate, e.g. when there are two or more symbolic links, each pointing to some directory that would not otherwise be copied. Reported by Christophe LYON. * tests/cp/cp-deref: New file. Test for today's fix. * tests/cp/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add cp-deref. * NEWS: Document this. 2006-02-03 Jim Meyering * configure.ac: Require automake-1.9.6, not 1.8.3. 2006-02-01 Paul Eggert * src/od.c (usage): Mention that -t a ignores high order bit. Documentation problem reported by Ed Avis. 2006-02-01 Jim Meyering * src/pwd.c (find_dir_entry): Remove unused local, `ent_sb_valid'. 2006-01-30 Paul Eggert * src/head.c (main): Use a better diagnostic when someone uses a trailing numeric option in an invalid way. Problem reported by Karl Berry. * src/tail.c (parse_options): Likewise. 2006-01-30 Jim Meyering * man/wc.x: Include `count' keyword in man page synopsis, per suggestion from http://bugs.debian.org/181585. 2006-01-24 Paul Eggert * src/df.c (show_dev): If the file system claims to have more available than total blocks, report the number of used blocks as being total - available (a negative number) rather than as garbage. Problem reported by Toralf Foerster. 2006-01-24 Jim Meyering * src/tail.c (tail_forever): Don't exit-nonzero when an attempt to put a regular file in O_NONBLOCK mode fails with EPERM. That happens on Linux (up to 2.6.15) when using tail -f on a file with the append-only attribute. Reported by Dean Gaudet. For details, see http://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?func=detailitem&item_id=15473. * NEWS: Mention this fix. * tests/tail-2/append-only: New file. Test for the above. * tests/tail-2/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add append-only. * tests/Makefile.am (check-root): Add tail-2/append-only 2006-01-21 Jim Meyering * NEWS: Mention fts-related improvements and bug fixes. 2006-01-19 Jim Meyering * tests/fmt/basic (pfx-1, pfx-2): New tests, to demonstrate the bug reported as http://bugs.debian.org/147577. Forwarded by Thomas Hood. 2006-01-18 Jim Meyering * tests/du/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add long-from-unreadable. 2006-01-17 Jim Meyering Now that fts no longer changes the current working directory, adjust its clients accordingly -- note that du.c uses fts but doesn't need any adjustment, since it doesn't operate on the actual files, but rather just uses the stat buffers provided by fts. * src/chown-core.c: Include "openat.h". Don't include "lchown.h". (restricted_chown): Accept a new parameter, CWD_FD, and use it in calling openat, lchownat, chownat, rather than open, lchown, chown. Update caller. * src/chmod.c: Include "openat.h". (process_file): Use chmodat (fts->fts_cwd_fd,... in place of chmod (... * tests/du/long-from-unreadable: New test, to exercise one small corner of fts.c. 2006-01-13 Jim Meyering * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Add comments discouraging the addition of new directories under tests/. * tests/acl: Redirect stdin to /dev/null. Otherwise, FreeBSD 5.0's getfacl would hang. 2006-01-12 Jim Meyering * tests/du/long-sloop: Adjust not to hard-code the expected diagnostic corresponding to ELOOP. Solaris' diagnostic differs from that of GNU libc. Reported by Paul Eggert. * tests/du/long-sloop: Create file at end of symlink chain. * tests/misc/test: New file, with a test for one of the bugs fixed by yesterday's test.c changes. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add test. 2006-01-11 Jim Meyering * tests/du/long-sloop: New file. Test for today's fts.c bug fix. That bug could make du -L, chgrp -L, or chown -L fail to diagnose a very long sequence of symbolic links (not necessarily a loop). * tests/du/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add long-sloop. 2006-01-11 Paul Eggert * src/test.c (test_syntax_error): Append a newline. All callers changed, except for the ones that didn't already append a newline. Bug reported by Eric Blake. 2006-01-11 Jim Meyering * src/system.h (X2NREALLOC): Now that verify_true is no longer void, cast its result to void, to avoid gcc's warning that ``left-hand operand of comma expression has no effect''. (DECIMAL_DIGIT_ACCUMULATE, X2REALLOC): Likewise. 2006-01-10 Jim Meyering * tests/chmod/no-x: Add a test for today's fts.c fix. 2006-01-10 Jim Meyering (tiny change) * src/ls.c (gobble_file): Use DTTOIF only if it's defined. This is necessary for Dragonfly. Patch by Joerg Sonnenberger. 2006-01-10 Paul Eggert * src/system.h (X2NREALLOC, X2REALLOC, DECIMAL_DIGIT_ACCUMULATE): Use verify_true instead of verify_expr, to sync with gnulib. 2006-01-08 Jim Meyering * src/date.c (usage): Adjust the formatting of the entries for %::z and %:::z (separate with two spaces, not one) so that help2man formats them properly. Reported by Philip Rowlands. 2006-01-06 Paul Eggert * configure.ac (gl_IGNORE_UNUSED_LIBRARIES): Add. 2006-01-06 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (copyright-check): Use date +%Y in place of hard-coded 2005. * src/remove.c (rm_1): Remove `static' attribute on local `status'. First off, the attribute should have been `volatile' (not static) to avoid longjmp-related risk of clobber. Secondly, now there is no longer any risk of a local variable being clobbered, so there's no need for any attribute at all. 2006-01-05 Jim Meyering * src/remove.c: Give a few functions the inline attribute. (AD_pop_and_chdir): Use gotos to avoid some duplication. (AD_push): Rewrite an assertion so that the entire computation goes away when assertions are turned off. * src/tail.c (ENOSYS) [!defined ENOSYS]: Don't define here. It's already defined in "system.h". * Makefile.maint: Add a FIXME comment. 2006-01-04 Jim Meyering * ChangeLog: Remove entries from 2005-10-22 and earlier. * ChangeLog-2005: New file, for entries up to version 5.92. 2006-01-03 Jim Meyering * tests/du/no-x: Also allow a slightly different diagnostic -- the one you get when using openat-enabled fts.c and du (coming soon). * tests/chmod/no-x: Likewise. * tests/chgrp/no-x: Likewise. * src/system.h (O_DIRECTORY) [!defined O_DIRECTORY]: Define. 2006-01-02 Paul Eggert * src/chown-core.c (RC_do_ordinary_chown): New enum value. (restricted_chown): Return it, if the file cannot be accessed due to EPERM, or if no uid or gid are required, or if the file is neither a directory nor a regular file. Rewrite to avoid gotos. (change_file_owner): Handle RC_do_ordinary_chown case. Rewrite to avoid gotos. * tests/chgrp/basic: Make sure we can change the group of inaccessible files. * src/date.c (usage): Explain %g, %G, and %V a bit better. 2006-01-02 Jim Meyering * src/copy.c (set_owner): Correct a comment. * src/tail.c (parse_options): Change warning to say that --retry is useful `mainly' (not `only') when following by name. Reported here: http://bugs.debian.org/273781 2006-01-01 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Document that mkfifo and mknod -m no longer set special bits. * src/copy.c: Include lchmod.h. (copy_internal): Use lchmod rather than chmod. * src/cp.c: Include lchmod.h. (re_protect, make_dir_parents_private): Use lchmod rather than chmod. * src/mkdir.c: Include lchmod.h. (usage): Clarify -m's operation. (main): Use lchmod rather than chmod. Don't use lchmod unless the new mode contains bits outside the 777 range. * src/mkfifo.c (usage): Clarify -m's operation. (main): If -m is given, don't invoke chmod; use umask 0 instead. Report an error if -m asks for bits outside the 777 range. * src/mknod.c (usage, main): Likewise. * src/mkdir.c, src/mkfifo.c, src/mknod.c: Undo 2005-12-19 changes. ----- Copyright (C) 2006, 2009-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification, are permitted provided the copyright notice and this notice are preserved. 070701000090db000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7d00026bb9000000660000000300000000000000000000002300000000reloc/doc/coreutils/ChangeLog-20072007-12-31 Jim Meyering * doc/coreutils.texi (Block size): Put braces around multi-digit exponents. Reported by Darrel Francis. Add a syntax check, so this doesn't recur. Reorganize existing checks. * doc/Makefile.am (sc-exponent-grouping): (syntax_checks): New variable. (sc-avoid-io, sc-avoid-non-zero, sc-avoid-timezone): (sc-avoid-zeroes, sc-use-small-caps-NUL): New rules, extracted from check-texinfo. (check-texinfo): Depend on $(syntax_checks). 2007-12-30 Mike Frysinger * src/dircolors.hin (TERM): Add gnome-256color. 2007-12-21 Ralf Wildenhues * doc/coreutils.texi: Fix a typo. Avoid the term `relationals'. 2007-12-20 Jim Meyering Use comma-separated list in ./configure --help output. * configure.ac: Map commas to spaces in excluded-program list. Use a comma-separated list, not a space-separated one. * m4/include-exclude-prog.m4 (gl_INCLUDE_EXCLUDE_PROG): Expect list of program names to be comma-separated. Reported by Jan Bauke Douma. Avoid another "make check" failure due to omitted programs. * tests/test-lib.sh (require_built_): New function. * tests/misc/groups-version: Use it to skip this test if either groups or id is not built. Avoid spurious "make check" failures due to omitted programs. * man/Makefile.am (distcheck-hook): Make check rules dependents of this target, not of check-local, so that people aren't distracted by failures due to programs omitted via --enable-no-install-program=... 2007-12-19 Paul Eggert * src/uniq.c (usage): Improve wording in --help "Note". 2007-12-18 Jim Meyering * src/uniq.c (usage): Note that sorting uniq's input is often useful. Suggested by Eric Blake. (usage): Say "key-selection", not "field-selection". Quote example commands consistently. 2007-12-15 Jim Meyering Version 6.9.91. * Makefile.cfg (gpg_key_ID): Use new, longer signing subkey. 2007-12-12 Jim Meyering * tests/mv/part-symlink: Redirect diff output to stderr. 2007-12-11 Jim Meyering Add a test to exercise today's bug fix. * tests/misc/selinux: Test for today's bug fix. * NEWS: Mention the SELinux "ls -l" fix. 2007-12-11 Paul Eggert "ls -l" wouldn't output "+" on SELinux hosts unless -Z was also given. * src/ls.c (gobble_file): Also get the file context if -l is specified. Treat getfilecon failures like file_has_acl failures. (UNKNOWN_SECURITY_CONTEXT): New constant. (clear_files): Don't free it. (gobble_file): Set unknown security contexts to it; that way, we don't have to have special cases for unknown contexts. (print_long_format, print_file_name_and_frills): Don't worry about scontext being null, since it's always some string now. 2007-12-11 Jim Meyering * NEWS: Add the "Bug fixes" heading. 2007-12-09 Jim Meyering "rm" as root would fail to unlink a non-directory on OS X 10.4.x * src/remove.c (remove_entry) ["can unlink directories"]: Fix a mistakenly reversed condition. * NEWS: Mention this bug fix. Reported by Pieter Bowman. 2007-12-08 Jim Meyering * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Adjust shred.c offsets. 2007-12-04 Jim Meyering Reflect change in gnulib: don't include getpagesize.h, now that it's provided by unistd.h. * src/cat.c: Don't include getpagesize.h. * src/copy.c: Likewise. * src/dd.c: Likewise. * src/shred.c: Likewise. * src/split.c: Likewise. 2007-12-02 Jim Meyering Copy a .po file into place also when the target doesn't exist. * bootstrap (gnulib_tool): ... not just when the checksum differs. So now, if I manually remove po/xx.po, rerunning bootstrap will copy the latest into place. Make my-distcheck depend on "check". * Makefile.maint (my-distcheck): Also depend on "check", so I can't tag and release something that fails "make check" (however harmless) when run in a checked-out-from-git dir, but not in the distributed tarball. * NEWS: Add the usual "Noteworthy changes in release 6.9.91..." line. Remove just-installed su, if unable to make it set-UID root. Normally, su isn't even installed. However, if you configure with --enable-install-program=su, and then install with insufficient privileges, we now make sure to remove the just-installed binary. * src/Makefile.am (install-exec-hook): Rename from install-exec-local, so that this rule is guaranteed to be run *after* installation. If unable to chown and chmod the installed "su" program, remove it. Reported by Greg Schaefer. 2007-12-01 Bob Proulx Make existing-perm-race executable. * tests/cp/existing-perm-race: Update file mode. 2007-12-01 Jim Meyering Version 6.9.90. * NEWS: Remove the now-untrue statement about cp vs. dangling symlinks Change release procedure: tag *before* running e.g., "make stable". * Makefile.maint (vc-dist): Don't tag. Now, you must apply the tag before running "make beta", "make stable", etc. (vc-tag-check): Remove rule. No longer makes sense. * Makefile.maint (vc-tag-check): Correct check for existing git tag. Defer NEWS and ChangeLog checks until after the version-changing tag. * Makefile.maint (alpha beta major): Don't depend on the news-date-check changelog-check targets. They must fail before applying the version-changing tag. Instead, run them after "vc-dist". * NEWS: Record release date and new version number. Mention some of the SELinux changes. * src/stat.c (main): Adjust a comment. * TODO: Add some entries (documentation needed), and remove the one for mktemp. Add "extern" keyword to declaration of cp_options_default. * src/copy.c (cp_options_default): Mark as "extern", so the "sc_tight_scope" part of "make distcheck" passes. 2007-12-01 Jim Meyering Change comments: say bug present up to coreutils-6.9, not fixed in 6.10. * tests/cut/Test.pm: Adjust comment. * tests/misc/cut: Likewise. * tests/misc/ls-misc: Likewise. * tests/misc/od: Likewise. * tests/misc/stty-invalid: Likewise. * tests/tr/Test.pm: Likewise. 2007-11-29 Paul Eggert Add a test for cp -p and existing file permissions. * tests/cp/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add existing-perm-race. * tests/cp/existing-perm-race: New test. It isn't much of a test yet, since it's hard to catch the race, but it has a FIXME that will let us do a better test later. 2007-11-28 Paul Eggert Fix a security race with "cp -p A B" when B already exists. * src/copy.h (struct cp_options): New member owner_privileges. * src/copy.c (USE_ACL): Define to 0 if not defined, for convenience. (owner_failure_ok): New function. (set_owner): Avoid a security-related race by doing an extra chmod first if it looks like there might be trouble right after a chown. Accept a source struct stat rather than a uid and gid, and accept a boolean NEW_DST and destination struct stat. All callers changed. * src/copy.h (cp_options_default): New function, replacing the old chown_privileges. * src/copy.c (cp_options_default): Likewise. * src/cp.c (cp_option_init): Use it. * src/install.c (cp_option_init): Likewise. * src/mv.c (cp_option_init): Likewise. 2007-11-30 Jim Meyering Move the very-expensive file into test-lib.sh. * tests/very-expensive: Remove file. * tests/test-lib.sh (very_expensive_): New function. * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Remove very-expensive. * tests/cp/perm: Call the new function, rather than sourcing the file. * tests/tail-2/assert: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/assert-2: Likewise. * tests/du/2g: Likewise. Avoid a spurious test failure when build directory is set-GID. * tests/cp/fail-perm: Ensure that '.'s set-GID bit is off. Be extra careful to quote $abs_top_builddir-derived names. * tests/misc/ls-misc (shell_quote): New function. Use it to quote file names derived from $abs_top_builddir, in case it contains shell meta-characters. This is not currently needed, since CuTmpdir detects the fishy name and skips the test. But it's important enough to add the extra protection. Reported by Ralf Wildenhues. Include test name in the "unsafe working directory name" diagnostic. * tests/CuTmpdir.pm (import): If $ME is '-', use $prefix. 2007-11-30 Ralf Wildenhues Add quotes to protect against white space in build dir name. * tests/check.mk (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Quote $(abs_srcdir). * tests/chmod/setgid: Quote absolute names. * tests/misc/help-version: Likewise. * tests/misc/pwd-unreadable-parent: Likewise. * tests/rmdir/ignore: Likewise. * tests/test-lib.sh: Likewise. Define `tst', for CU_TEST_NAME. * build-aux/check.mk (am__check_pre): Set `tst', for CU_TEST_NAME in tests/check.mk. * tests/CuTmpdir.pm (END): Do not do the cleanup if $dir is not defined, because it then goes wild and changes the mode of all directories below $HOME. Undefined $dir can happen if the test is to be skipped because of an unsafe working directory name. 2007-11-28 Paul Eggert Close a file descriptor leak when cp --preserve=context fails. * src/copy.c (copy_reg): Close dest_desc too, if getfscreatecon or fsetfilecon fail. 2007-11-28 Jim Meyering * README: Document the known problem with gettext <= 0.17. 2007-11-28 Paul Eggert * gl/modules/randread (Depends-on): Remove nonexistent rand-isaac. 2007-11-27 Jim Meyering Don't block use of 'cat' or 'wc' in "make check". * Makefile.maint (my-distcheck): Add "cat" and "wc" to the list of programs that we can't blacklist. Fix md5sum+sha*sum on sparc: regenerate files with latest autoconf. * configure et al: Regenerate with very latest version of autoconf (v2.61a-312-gb524b0f), to fix md5sum and sha*sum miscompilation on big-endian systems (like sparc) due to lack of the required definition in of WORDS_BIGENDIAN in lib/config.h. 2007-11-26 Jim Meyering setuidgid.c: more cleanup * src/setuidgid.c: Include "mgetgroups.h". (main): Don't presume there's a fixed limit on the maximum number of group IDs. Don't use NGROUPS; it's artificially low. Change the name of a local: s/gids_count/n_gids/. Remove non-portable "const": s/const int tmp =.../int tmp =.../ 2007-11-25 Jim Meyering Document install's -D option. * doc/coreutils.texi (install invocation): Document -D. Reported by Akim Demialle. setuidgid: Update --help output. * src/setuidgid.c (usage): Describe -g GID[,GID1...] option. Mention that USER may be a numeric ID or a user name. 2007-11-24 Jim Meyering Tweak new test. * tests/cp/preserve-gid: Split some long lines. Prepend "+" to numeric uid and gid chown arguments, on principle. Use skip_test_. setuidgid: minor clean-up. * setuidgid.c: Include "xstrtoul.h". (main): Detect overflow in string-to-gid_t and -to-uid_t conversions. Improve diagnostics. * src/setuidgid.c: Normalize leading white space: no more TABs. Test the new feature: cp -p preserves the GID whenever possible. * tests/cp/preserve-gid: New file. Test for today's change. * tests/cp/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add preserve-gid. * tests/Makefile.am (all_t): Add tc. (tc): New target. setuidgid: accept numeric UID, and new option -g GID,GID1,GID2,... * src/setuidgid.c: Add functionality for the new test above. "cp -p" tries to preserve GID even if preserving the UID fails. * NEWS: Mention this new feature. * src/copy.c (set_owner): Try to preserve just the GID, when initial fchown/lchown fails. * src/cp.c (re_protect): Likewise. 2007-11-23 Jim Meyering * src/runcon.c (main): Remove unused parameter, "envp". Add tests to show new class of strings accepted by date -d. * tests/misc/date (rel-1day, rel-plus1): New tests for the recent change in gnulib's getdate.y. * NEWS: Mention the fix. 2007-11-22 Jim Meyering Quiet warnings about unused parameters. * src/copy.c (set_author) [!HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_AUTHOR]: "Use" each of the parameters. * GNUmakefile: Correct the "rerunning..." diagnostic. Make it easier to diagnose PATH-induced "make distcheck" failures. * Makefile.maint (write_loser): Define. (my-distcheck): Use an always-failing wrapper script, that gives a diagnostic, not "false". Run only "make -C tests check" with the restrictive PATH. Run the new gnulib-tests/ with the usual PATH. cp: by default, refuse to copy through a dangling destination symlink * NEWS: Mention this change. * doc/coreutils.texi (cp invocation): Describe the new behavior. * src/copy.c: No longer include "canonicalize.h". (copy_reg): Upon failure to open a dangling destination symlink, don't canonicalize the name, but rather fail (default) or, with POSIXLY_CORRECT, repeat the open call without O_EXCL (potentially dangerous). * src/copy.h (struct cp_options) [open_dangling_dest_symlink]: New member. Reorder the others, grouping "bool" and "enum" members together. * tests/cp/thru-dangling: Test for changed and new behavior. * src/cp.c (cp_option_init): Initialize new member. * src/install.c (cp_option_init): Likewise. * src/mv.c (cp_option_init): Likewise. 2007-11-21 Pádraig Brady * doc/coreutils.texi (split invocation): Improve the descriptions of the split command options. 2007-11-21 Jim Meyering * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Adjust seq.c offsets. 2007-11-18 Paul Eggert * src/seq.c (print_numbers): Rewrite in an attempt to avoid the more-general rounding issues exposed by the previous patch. 2007-11-18 Jim Meyering * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Adjust seq.c offsets. Remove unused parameter in remove.c. * src/remove.c (fd_to_subdirp): Remove unused parameter. (remove_cwd_entries, remove_dir): Update callers. bootstrap: work also with 4-argument variant of AC_INIT (from gnulib) 2007-11-18 Sergey Poznyakoff * bootstrap (gnulib_extra_files): Adjust sed command. 2007-11-17 Jim Meyering Correct preceding patch. * src/seq.c (print_numbers): Also handle first < last && step < 0. * tests/misc/seq [empty-rev]: New test for this case. "seq .1 .1" would mistakenly generate no output on some systems * NEWS: Say this. * src/seq.c (print_numbers): Handle another floating point corner case. This avoids failure of seq's eq-wid-7 test on FreeBSD 6.1. 2007-11-16 Paul Eggert Port tests/rmdir/ignore away from GNU/Linux. * tests/rmdir/ignore: Don't assume that rmdir($PWD) will fail with errno==ENOTEMPTY when $PWD is not empty; Posix also allows rmdir to fail with errno==EBUSY. 2007-11-16 Jim Meyering Avoid an obscure new "make distcheck" failure. * Makefile.maint (my-distcheck): Also allow 'mv', for its use in gnulib-tests/Makefile. 2007-11-16 Paul Eggert Port readlink-fp-loop to Solaris. * tests/misc/readlink-fp-loop (symlink_loop_msg): New var, which records the symlink-loop message, whose wording is not standardized by Posix. Do not rely on "echo x > p/1" to work when p/1 has a lot of indirect symlinks. (I'm surprised that it works on Linux. Perhaps a Linux bug?) 2007-11-15 Paul Eggert Port to Solaris 'make' and use a Posixish shell on Solaris. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add gnu-make, posix-shell. * build-aux/check.mk (SHELL): Set to $(PREFERABLY_POSIX_SHELL), so that commands can assume Posix syntax. (ENABLE_HARD_ERRORS, TEST_LOGS): Don't use GNU Make's "?=" syntax. (SH_E_WORKAROUND): New macro. (am__check_pre, $(TEST_SUITE_LOG)): Use it. (am__check_pre): Fail if "mkdir" fails. Use $(SHELL) rather than relying on the "#!/bin/sh" in the file, so that tests can use Posix syntax. (am__check_pre, am__tty_colors): Use $$src rather than $$<, to support the Posix-make $(TEST_LOGS) rule. (%.log: %.test, %.log: %$(EXEEXT)): Remove unused inference rules that rely on a GNU Make extension and cause Solaris 'make' to fail. (SUFFIXES): New macro, so that we can use Posix style inference rules. (%.log: %): Use this rule only if GNU_MAKE. Set $$src so that macros can use $$src rather than $$<. (CHECK-FORCE, DEPENDENCY, $(TEST_LOGS)): New macros and rules, which rely only on Posix 'make' semantics, and are used only with non-GNU 'make' implementations. $(TEST_LOGS) invokes 'make' recursively (and a bit inefficiently) to simulate the GNU 'make' rules. (.log.html): Renamed from "%.html: %.log", so that it relies only on Posix 'make' semantics. (check-clean, .PHONY): Do not depend on check-clean-local, since Solaris 'make' complains about nonexistent rules like that. * src/Makefile.am (SUFFIXES): Remove; no longer needed. (groups): Use a specific rule rather than an inference rule that is only instantiated once. The inference-rule approach does not work with Solaris 'make', which gets confused by the "groups: Makefile" line. It's not clear from the Posix spec that Solaris 'make' is buggy here, so instead of worrying about it, rewrite the makefile so that it clearly conforms to Posix. * tests/check.mk (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Export PACKAGE_BUGREPORT. GNU 'make' does this automatically for us, but Solaris 'make' doesn't. 2007-11-15 Paul Eggert Port to Solaris 8 perl, which does not support "use warnings;". * tests/dd/skip-seek: Skip test if "use warnings;" fails. * tests/du/files0-from: Likewise. * tests/misc/base64: Likewise. * tests/misc/basename: Likewise. * tests/misc/cut: Likewise. * tests/misc/date: Likewise. * tests/misc/dircolors: Likewise. * tests/misc/dirname: Likewise. * tests/misc/expand: Likewise. * tests/misc/expr: Likewise. * tests/misc/factor: Likewise. * tests/misc/fmt: Likewise. * tests/misc/fold: Likewise. * tests/misc/head-elide-tail: Likewise. * tests/misc/ls-misc: Likewise. * tests/misc/md5sum: Likewise. * tests/misc/md5sum-newline: Likewise. * tests/misc/mktemp: Likewise. * tests/misc/od: Likewise. * tests/misc/paste-no-nl: Likewise. * tests/misc/pr: Likewise. * tests/misc/seq: Likewise. * tests/misc/sha1sum: Likewise. * tests/misc/sha1sum-vec: Likewise. * tests/misc/sha224sum: Likewise. * tests/misc/sha256sum: Likewise. * tests/misc/sha384sum: Likewise. * tests/misc/sha512sum: Likewise. * tests/misc/sort-merge: Likewise. * tests/misc/stat-printf: Likewise. * tests/misc/sum: Likewise. * tests/misc/test-diag: Likewise. * tests/misc/tsort: Likewise. * tests/misc/unexpand: Likewise. * tests/misc/wc-files0-from: Likewise. * tests/misc/xstrtol: Likewise. * tests/mv/i-1: Likewise. * tests/rm/empty-name: Likewise. * tests/rm/unreadable: Likewise. 2007-11-15 Andreas Schwab * m4/include-exclude-prog.m4 (gl_REMOVE_PROG): Fix syntax error. Remove trailing space from result. 2007-11-15 Jim Meyering Avoid misbehavior of a cross-device "mv" or "install". Those programs must not dereference a destination symlink. * src/copy.c (copy_reg): Don't treat a dangling destination symlink differently in move mode. In move mode, the only way the added O_EXCL can cause failure is when some other process has recreated the file this code unlinked a few instructions before. 2007-11-14 Jim Meyering Another bootstrap kludge. * bootstrap: Ensure gnulib-tests/test-*.sh are executable #ifdef-out matchpathcon-related code, for now. * src/install.c (setdefaultfilecon): #ifdef-out all of the matchpathcon-related code, until it's more efficient. (setdefaultfilecon): Instead of the above, stub-out the entire function. Use gnulib's stpncpy module, now required by install.c * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add stpncpy. Enable gnulib-tool's --with-tests option. * bootstrap: After all is done, transform the generated gnulib-tests/gnulib.mk. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_tool_option_extras): Set it here. * gnulib-tests/Makefile.am: New file. * Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Add gnulib-tests. * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Add gnulib-tests/Makefile. * m4/jm-macros.m4 (coreutils_MACROS) [ARGMATCH_DIE_DECL]: Omit the "extern " prefix to "void usage ()", so that the macro string value can be used to construct a function definition in gnulib's test-argmatch.c. 2007-11-12 Benno Schulenberg Clarify description of cp's -a option. * src/cp.c (usage) [-a]: Remove unnecessary 'P'. Since option -d of 'cp' includes the function of -P, mentioning the latter in the description of option -a is redundant and therefore slightly confusing, as the reader tries to figure out what it adds. * doc/coreutils.texi (cp invocation): Likewise: s/-dpPR/-dpR/. 2007-11-09 Jim Meyering bootstrap: fix typo to enable use of $gnulib_tool_option_extras. * bootstrap (gnulib_tool_options): Add a space before the use of $gnulib_tool_option_extras, so that it's separated from the preceding argument. install+SELinux: reduce a 12x performance hit to ~1.5x * src/install.c (setdefaultfilecon): Call matchpathcon_init_prefix, to mitigate what would otherwise be a large performance hit due to the use of matchpathcon. Dan Walsh suggested the use of matchpathcon_init_prefix. * gl/lib/se-selinux.in.h (matchpathcon_init_prefix): Define. 2007-11-08 Jim Meyering Adapt to gnulib's s/jm_/gl_/ cache variable renaming. * configure.ac: Change the cache variable name prefix "jm_" to "gl_", to match today's change in gnulib. 2007-11-05 Jim Meyering Fix bootstrap failure to handle files like lib/uniwidth/cjk.h. * bootstrap (cp_mark_as_generated): Create any required parent destination directories before copying a file into place. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Adjust offsets. Don't use GNU-sed-specific \< \> operators here, either. * m4/include-exclude-prog.m4 (gl_REMOVE_PROG): Use a loop, as below. Use tighter regexps when performing name substitution. * man/Makefile.am (mapped_name): Add ^ and $$ anchors. Don't use GNU-sed-specific \< \> operators. * configure.ac (MAN): Transform ginstall.1 to install.1 using a loop, rather than sed with \<...\>. Problem reported by Bruno Haible. Andreas Schwab reminded me that \< and \> are not portable. Get git-version-gen from gnulib. * build-aux/git-version-gen: Remove file. * build-aux/.gitignore: Add git-version-gen. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add git-version-gen. 2007-11-03 Jim Meyering git-version-gen: Sync from autoconf's version. * build-aux/git-version-gen: Run git-status Sync copyright and scriptversion bits from gnulib. * build-aux/git-version-gen: No semantic change. Change the first '-' to '.' in the snapshot version string, e.g., 6.9-377-08144 -> 6.9.377-08144 * build-aux/git-version-gen: ... and add comments. seq: add another test for the %% bug. * tests/misc/seq (fmt-c): Test the other fixed case, too. 2007-11-03 Paul Eggert Fix bug with "seq 10.8 0.1 10.95", plus another bug with %% in format. * NEWS: Mention the %%-in-format bug fix. * src/seq.c (struct layout): New type. (long_double_format): New arg LAYOUT. Fill it in. Fix mishandling of %% in formats. (print_numbers): New arg LAYOUT. Don't convert LAST to output format when deciding whether to go slightly past LAST. Instead, convert X to output format and back. This fixes a bug reported by Andreas Schwab in where "seq 10.8 0.1 10.95" would output 11.0 on platforms where 10.95 rounds to a value that prints as 11.0 when only one digit past the decimal point is asked for. (main): Compute layout, for benefit of print_numbers. * tests/misc/seq (float-3): Undo previous change, since the bug should be fixed now. (fmt-b): New test, for the %% bug. 2007-11-01 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/printf-surprise: Correct sed transform. Reported by Bob Proulx. Add example inspired by "make dist" running gzip and lzma in sequence. * doc/coreutils.texi (tee invocation): Show how to run tar just once, compressing the tee'd output streams in parallel. Say that the first process substitution example is contrived. * doc/coreutils.texi (tee invocation): ... and show how to do it properly. Pointed out by James Antill. Use mktemp, not mkdtemp, to create test directories. * tests/test-lib.sh: Use the mktemp binary we've just built, not the mkdtemp script. * tests/mkdtemp: Remove file. * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Remove mkdtemp. Adjust a seq subtest not to depend on the vagaries of floating point. * tests/misc/seq (float-3): Use 10.94 as the endpoint, not 10.95, since 10.95 was precisely in the middle of the interval, and with a %.1f format could map to either 10.9 or 11.0. Reported by Mike Frysinger Make the new printf-surprise test more precise. * tests/test-lib.sh (require_ulimit_): New function. * tests/misc/printf-surprise: Use ulimit -v to trigger the fixed bug, and rather than checking printf's exit status (which would go wrong on FreeBSD 6.1, since their printf(3) function doesn't require lots of memory in this case) simply test whether it outputs the first 10 bytes. Accommodate FreeBSD 6.1 hard-link-to-symlink differences. * tests/cp/same-file: Detect when linking to a symlink links to the target of the symlink (FreeBSD 6.1 does this, Linux does not), and skip the few tests that would otherwise fail. Redirect output of final comparison to stderr, since all stdout is already redirected. 2007-10-31 Jim Meyering Fix a "make distcheck" failure. * Makefile.maint (my-distcheck): Don't stub-out dirname, since build-aux/check.mk now uses it. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add xprintf-posix. 2007-10-30 Jim Meyering Avoid seq floating-point test failure on FreeBSD 6.1. * tests/misc/seq (float-4): Also accept -0.0. 2007-10-29 Jim Meyering Change a "make dist" diagnostic. * GNUmakefile: Don't imply that $(_curr-ver) is the new version string. 2007-10-29 Bob Proulx Improve color terminal escape usage. * build-aux/check.mk (am__tty_colors): Use 'tput' to deduce terminal color capabilities. 2007-10-29 Jim Meyering Don't try to colorize a dumb terminal. * build-aux/check.mk (am__tty_colors): Skip colors if $TERM is "dumb". Thanks to Bob Proulx. Remove gnulib's printf-posix module, for now. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): It caused too many test failures. Remove spurious semicolon after "else". * build-aux/check.mk (am__tty_colors): Fix syntax error. If $TERM is empty, don't use colors. This helps the buildbot, since it produces its result in an environment with a tty, but we don't want color codes in that case. * build-aux/check.mk (am__tty_colors): Test for nonempty $TERM. Suggestion from Bob Proulx. Always initialize terminal colorization string variables. * build-aux/check.mk (am__tty_colors): Always initialize red, grn, etc., In case they're defined in the environment. Avoid test failure in non-srcdir build vs. the git tree. * tests/check.mk (vc_exe_in_TESTS): Run this test only in a srcdir build directory. Reported by Andreas Schwab. 2007-10-28 Jim Meyering Define ENOTSUP, not ENOSYS. Needed on OpenBSD 3.9. * gl/lib/se-context.in.h (ENOTSUP): Define if missing. * gl/lib/se-selinux.in.h: Likewise. Define ENODATA, for FreeBSD 5.0 and 6.1. * src/system.h (ENODATA): Define, if missing. Run autoreconf, not just autoconf, to avoid warnings. * GNUmakefile (dummy): Otherwise, we'd sometimes get a warning about autoconf version mismatch between what was used to generate aclocal.m4 and the currently-running autoconf. Require gnulib's printf-posix module, to support Interix. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add printf-posix. Help xgettext recognize more printf-style format strings. * bootstrap.conf (XGETTEXT_OPTIONS): Add directives for error, error_at_line, xasprintf, xfprintf and xprintf. 2007-10-27 Jim Meyering Adjust format string so msgfmt doesn't object. * src/df.c (main): Use "%s%s" (not %smsg) to print "msg" with or without a "Warning: " prefix. Reported by Clytie Siddall. Clean up tests/Makefile.am. * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Remove $(TESTS). No longer defined. (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Remove definition. 2007-10-26 Jim Meyering * build-aux/check.mk: Merge with latest from Akim. Add a test for the printf fix of 2007-10-21. * tests/misc/printf-surprise: New file. Test for 2007-10-21's fix. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add printf-surprise. 2007-10-24 Micah Cowan Remove vestiges of cvs-gnulib-checkout process. Now we use git. * bootstrap: Remove support for now-unnecessary option, --cvs-user, and envvars CVS_USER, CVS_RSH. 2007-10-24 Micah Cowan Tell xgettext that "ARG1 % ARG2" is not a C format string. * src/expr.c (usage): Add a comment to override xgettext's default behavior, which would classify "ARG1 % ARG2" as a fprintf-style format string. Reported by Clytie Siddall. 2007-10-24 Jim Meyering Avoid diagnostics from sha1sum when there is no cached checksum. * bootstrap (update_po_files): Skip the sha1sum check if the po.s1 file hasn't been created yet. Get gnulib from the git repository, not from an obsolete cvs one. * bootstrap: Suggestion from Micah Cowan. Doc improvements. * README-hacking: Prefer the no-hyphen variant of git commands, e.g., use "git pull" not "git-pull". Don't presume that the only way to read this document is via a prior git clone: provide instructions for cloning coreutils, too. * README-hacking: Add "cd automake" in build instructions. From Bob Proulx. Don't fail part 2 of tests/rm/unreadable when run as root. * tests/rm/unreadable: With UID == 0, expect different results. Reported by Mike Frysinger. 2007-10-23 Jim Meyering * README-hacking: Refer to LZMA Utils . 2007-10-22 Paul Eggert * README-hacking: Describe how to build with LZMA. 2007-10-22 Jim Meyering Remove git-version-gen's first parameter. * build-aux/git-version-gen: Add comments. Remove first command-line parameter. * configure.ac: Remove corresponding first argument. * GNUmakefile (_curr-ver): Likewise. 2007-10-21 Jim Meyering * NEWS: Mention the printf fix. Reorder tests to run more basic ones earlier. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Reorder. * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Reorder. tr: do not reject an unmatched [:lower:] or [:upper:] in SET1. * NEWS: Mention this. * src/tr.c (get_next) [RE_CHAR_CLASS]: Don't skip the loop when processing [:lower:] and [:upper:]. (main): Require [:lower:] or [:upper:] in SET1 only when when one of those is specified in SET2. * tests/tr/Test.pm: Add tests for this fix. Reported by Per Starbäck. 2007-10-20 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/help-version: Add a comment. Detect printf(3) failure due to ENOMEM. * src/printf.c: Include "xprintf.h" (print_direc): Use xprintf, rather than printf. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add xprintf. * po/POTFILES.in: Add lib/xprintf.c. Reported by Bruno Haible. Put always-failing programs first in PATH, so tests cannot mistakenly run installed versions. * Makefile.maint (my-distcheck): Set up a bogus bin/ dir, to be used for "make check". * doc/coreutils.texi (tee invocation): Fix typo. Add a little. Add a cross-reference to bashref's Process Substitution node. Adjust tests to pass, now that Test.pm ones use check.mk. * tests/check.mk (vc_exe_in_TESTS): Adjust regexp not to match the "TESTS = $x-tests" line in each Test.pm-derived Makefile.am file. * tests/sort/main: Remove this unused file. Ensure that Test.pm-derived tests use the right $PATH. * tests/Makefile.am.in: Include $(top_srcdir)/tests/check.mk. 2007-10-20 Bob Proulx Prevent "make check" from leaving mktemp /tmp/tmp.* files behind. * tests/misc/help-version (mktemp_args): Tell mktemp to create its temporary file in the current directory. 2007-10-16 Jim Meyering Show how to make tee redirect to multiple processes. * doc/coreutils.texi (tee invocation): Tee can redirect output to multiple _processes_, too. 2007-10-14 Jim Meyering Pull all TESTS_ENVIRONMENT settings "up" into tests/check.mk. * tests/Makefile.am.in (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Remove definition. * tests/chgrp/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/chmod/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/chown/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/cp/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/dd/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/du/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/install/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/ln/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/ls/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/misc/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/mkdir/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/mv/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/readlink/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/rm/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/rmdir/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/tail-2/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/touch/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/check.mk (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT) [EXEEXT, EGREP, MAKE, PERL]: [CONFIG_HEADER, build_programs, host_os, host_triplet, PATH]: [REPLACE_GETCWD, CU_TEST_NAME]: Add definitions here. * tests/misc/pwd-long: Use $abs_top_builddir/src, not $BUILD_SRC_DIR. * tests/dd/skip-seek: Don't use $ENV{PROG}. * tests/rm/empty-name: Likewise. * tests/rm/unreadable: Likewise. * tests/mv/i-1: Likewise. Fix a minor typo. * configure.ac (AC_INIT): Fix a typo (s/9.6/6.9/) that makes a difference only when running "make dist" without a .git/ subdir. 2007-10-09 Jim Meyering Move the help-version test into misc/. * tests/help-version: Move to... * tests/misc/help-version: ...here. Source test-lib.sh, as usual. Use $abs_top_builddir, rather than ".." and "../..". Make the runcon-no-reorder test slightly more general. * tests/misc/runcon-no-reorder: Don't hard-code "unconstrained_t". Use slightly more general "runcon $(id -Z)". Suggestion from Stephen Smalley. Skip the chcon test on a system with no SELinux support. * tests/test-lib.sh (require_selinux_): New function. * tests/misc/chcon: Use it. * tests/misc/selinux: Use it here, too. * tests/cp/cp-a-selinux: and here. * tests/selinux: Remove file. * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Remove selinux. Reported by Mike Frysinger and Bauke Jan Douma. * src/dircolors.hin: Recognize .lzma as a compressed-file suffix. * configure.ac (AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE): Use dist-lzma, rather than dist-bzip2. Now that we don't install su, don't make misleading suggestions. * src/Makefile.am (install-exec-local) [$(INSTALL_SU) != yes]: Don't suggest running "make install-root". (uninstall-local) [$(INSTALL_SU) != yes]: Don't even check the installed binary. 2007-10-08 Jim Meyering When forming a truncated name, use the "[...]" prefix even for an extremely long name in the current directory * src/remove.c (full_filename_): Rename a local variable. Use two separate "truncated" variables, in case the second call to right_justify does not indicate any truncation -- which would happen only if the single component FILENAME were longer than 511 bytes and DIR_NAME were empty. rm could malfunction under unusual circumstances: When operating on a relative name longer than 511 bytes, and (when either processing a directory that is neither writable nor readable (but still searchable) or when determining whether to prompt), and encountering an ENOMEM error while forming the file name, rm would operate on a truncated-to-511-byte name starting with "[...]" rather than the intended one. * NEWS: Describe the bugs. * src/remove.c: Correct two misuses of full_filename: (full_filename0, xfull_filename): New functions. (full_filename_): Rewrite to use full_filename0. (AD_pop_and_chdir): Use xfull_filename, not full_filename. (write_protected_non_symlink): Likewise. 2007-10-07 Jim Meyering Don't let a helper function modify errno. * src/remove.c (full_filename_): Save and restore errno. Spotted by Bruno Haible. Reflect 2->3 GPL copyright version update in gnulib. * gl/lib/tempname.h: Update copyright from gnulib. * gl/lib/tempname.c: Likewise. * .x-sc_GPL_version: Don't make an exception for those two files. * configure.ac (AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE): Don't use dist-lzma just yet. New program: mktemp. * NEWS: Mention this. * README: Add mktemp to the list. * AUTHORS: Add this: mktemp: Jim Meyering * src/mktemp.c: New file. * src/Makefile.am (bin_PROGRAMS): Add mktemp. (mktemp_LDADD): Add $(LIB_GETHRXTIME). * man/mktemp.x: New file. * man/Makefile.am (dist_man_MANS): Add mktemp.1. (mktemp.1): New dependency. * man/.cvsignore: Add mktemp.1. * man/.gitignore: New file. * src/.cvsignore, src/.gitignore: Add mktemp. * tests/misc/mktemp: New file. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add mktemp. * tests/Coreutils.pm (run_tests): Give the POST-test function access to stdout and stderr contents, so it can verify that the named-on-stdout file/dir does indeed exist and has proper permissions, etc. [po/ChangeLog] * POTFILES.in: Add src/mktemp.c. Make tempname more random, via the randint module. * gl/modules/tempname (Depends-on): Add randint and stdbool. * gl/lib/tempname.c: Include randint.h and stdbool.h. (uint64_t): Remove definition. Not needed. [_LIBC] (RANDOM_BITS): Remove this block, now that we have proper random bits. (check_x_suffix): New function. (gen_tempname_len): Rename from __gen_tempname. Add a parameter, x_suffix_len, telling how many X's there must be at the end of the template. Use pseudo-random numbers all the way, rather than adding 7777 from one iteration to the next. (__gen_tempname): New function, to call gen_tempname_len, requiring a suffix length of 6. * gl/lib/tempname.h: Add prototype for gen_tempname_len. Convert coreutils' rand*.{c,h,m4} into modules. First step: move these files to gl/lib: * lib/rand-isaac.c, lib/rand-isaac.h * lib/randint.c, lib/randint.h * lib/randperm.c, lib/randperm.h * lib/randread.c, lib/randread.h Step 2: add modules/rand* and remove now-unneeded .m4 files. * gl/modules/randint: New file. * gl/modules/randperm: New file. * gl/modules/randread: New file. * m4/randint.m4: Remove file. * m4/randperm.m4: Remove file. * m4/randread.m4: Remove file. Step 3: use the new modules * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add randint and randperm. * m4/prereq.m4 (gl_RANDINT, gl_RANDREAD, gl_RANDPERM): Don't require; These have been removed. (gl_ROOT_DEV_INO): Don't require; already handled via bootstrap.conf. Copy from gnulib the parts of tempname that we'll modify. * gl/lib/tempname.c: Copy from gnulib. * gl/lib/tempname.h: Likewise. * gl/modules/tempname: Likewise. Allow GPLv2 on temporarily(?)-imported file from gnulib/libc. * .x-sc_GPL_version: New file. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add .x-sc_GPL_version 2007-10-07 Jim Meyering Avoid a pseudo-leak in sort. * src/sort.c (main) [lint]: Avoid a nominal leak. Use puts, rather than printf ("%s\n". Slightly cleaner. * src/tsort.c (tsort): ...and more efficient. Avoid seq malfunction on non-POSIX systems: mingw, BeOS, Interix. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add vasprintf-posix. Suggestion from Bruno Haible. Avoid a used-uninitialized error. * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Don't overload "use_stat". 2007-10-05 Jim Meyering Make a failing cross-partition mv give a sensible diagnostic. A cross-partition move of a file in a sticky tmpdir and owned by another user would evoke an invalid diagnostic after copying it: mv: cannot remove `x': Operation not permitted Either of the following (mv.c, remove.c) changes would fix the bug by itself. I think it's slightly better to use both; the added cost is minimal: mv: an extra lstat-per-mv-cmdline-arg-that-goes-cross-partition, rm: an extra lstat-per-unlink-that-fails-w/EPERM. * src/remove.c (remove_entry): Also lstat the file upon EPERM. * src/mv.c (rm_option_init): Initialize root_dev_ino just as is done in rm, so that a cross-partition invoked remove.c:rm call works the same way as one invoked from the command-line use of "rm". That setting of root_dev_ino makes rm() do the equivalent of an additional lstat for each argument, which in turn gives rm enough information to issue the right diagnostic. * tests/mv/sticky-to-xpart (version): New file. Test for the above. * tests/mv/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add sticky-to-xpart. Arrange for "make check-root" to run the new root-only test. * tests/Makefile.am (tb): New target, to run the new root-only test. (all_t): Add tb. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Adjust offsets. Add PACKAGE_VERSION to TESTS_ENVIRONMENT via check.mk. * tests/check.mk (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Add PACKAGE_VERSION here, rather than in every Makefile.am that needs it. * tests/rm/Makefile.am (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Remove PACKAGE_VERSION. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Likewise. 2007-10-04 Jim Meyering Adapt to new gnulib naming scheme. * gl/lib/se-context.in.h: Rename from gl/lib/se-context_.h. * gl/lib/se-selinux.in.h: Rename from gl/lib/se-selinux_.h. * gl/m4/selinux-context-h.m4: Remove use of AC_LIBSOURCES. * gl/m4/selinux-selinux-h.m4: Likewise. * gl/modules/selinux-h (Files, Makefile.am): Reflect renaming. (Makefile.am) [lib_SOURCES]: Add se-context.in.h and se-selinux.in.h. * lib/search_.h: Remove unused file. * bootstrap (slurp): Adapt to _.h -> .in.h name change. (update_po_files): Work also when there are no .po files in po/. Remove test program: lib/t-fpending.c. * lib/t-fpending.c: Remove file. Now, this test is in gnulib. * lib/Makefile.am: Remove associated rules. * .gitignore: Remove lib/t-fpending. 2007-10-03 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/selinux: Skip this test if the initial chcon fails. 2007-10-02 Jim Meyering Never copy through a symlink that cp has just created. * src/copy.c (copy_internal): When same-file detection requires 'stat'ing the destination file, also 'lstat' it and ensure that it wasn't the destination of a preceding copy operation. This bug was introduced on 2007-06-18. * tests/cp/abuse: New test for the above. * tests/cp/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add abuse. 2007-09-30 Jim Meyering cp: do not abbreviate in --help output. * src/cp.c (usage): Don't abbreviate: s/=link/=links/. Reported by Géraud Meyer in . 2007-09-29 Eric Blake Test previous patch. * tests/misc/groups-dash: New test. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add it. 2007-09-28 Eric Blake * src/groups.sh: Don't ignore first argument if later argument is --. 2007-09-27 Jim Meyering Avoid spurious test failure when SELinux stats "selinux/class". * tests/ls/stat-free-symlinks: Grep for more precise /^stat("x"/. Move file-set and hash-triple modules to gnulib. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Remove file-set, now that it's in gnulib, and the canonicalize module requires it there. * gl/lib/file-set.c, gl/lib/file-set.h, gl/modules/hash-triple: Remove. * gl/lib/hash-triple.c, gl/lib/hash-triple.h, gl/modules/file-set: Remove. Add a test to exercise a readlink bug. * tests/misc/readlink-fp-loop: New file. Test for the readlink bug fixed through today's change to Gnulib's canonicalize module. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add readlink-fp-loop. Bug report and a test case from mpb.mail@gmail.com. 2007-09-25 Pádraig Brady * doc/coreutils.texi (date invocation): Make "Date input formats" easier to navigate to. 2007-09-25 Jim Meyering Use XOR, not OR to combine bits. * gl/lib/hash-triple.c (triple_hash): Use XOR (^), not OR (|), to combine the bits from hashing the name and those of the inode number. Add a few comments and remove out-of-context ones. 2007-09-24 Jim Meyering * NEWS: The recent rm-diagnostic fix also affects cross-partition "mv". copy.c: Remove definitions of factored-out functions. * src/copy.c: Include "file-set.h". (seen_file, record_file): Remove functions that I factored out on 2007-08-23. 2007-09-22 Jim Meyering Don't print the commands of a 10-line script that's run in each subdir. * tests/check.mk (vc_exe_in_TESTS): Add a leading "@", to reduce noise. rm: give a sensible diagnostic when failing to remove a symlink On some systems (those with openat et al), when rm would fail to remove a symlink, it would fail with the misleading diagnostic, "Too many levels of symbolic links". * NEWS: Mention the bug fix. * src/remove.c (is_nondir_lstat): New function. (remove_entry): Use it to catch failed-to-remove symlink (and any other non-dir) here so that we don't fall through and try to treat it as directory, which -- with a symlink -- would provoke the bogus ELOOP failure. * tests/rm/fail-eacces: Add a test for the above. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Adjust offsets. rm: fix a tiny, nearly inconsequential bug. Don't perform a "."-relative lstat, when the file in question may well not be in ".". Although this is a bug, a few attempts to exercise it on a linux-2.6.22 system failed. You probably need a pre-openat system to trigger the failure. The consequence of this bug would be a lower-quality diagnostic upon failed dir removal. * src/remove.c (is_dir_lstat): Add a parameter, fd_cwd. Use it instead of hard-coding AT_FDCWD. (remove_entry): Call is_dir_lstat with fd_cwd. 2007-09-22 Karl Berry * TODO: It'd be nice to add renice. 2007-09-21 Jim Meyering Avoid test failure due to now-parallelized tests. * tests/du/two-args: Run "du .." from a sub-directory one level deeper. 2007-09-16 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/tac-continue: Arrange to remove a temporary file. * tests/check.mk (vc_exe_in_TESTS): Don't rely on the value of $(TESTS), so that "make check TESTS=test-name" works once again. * tests/CuTmpdir.pm: Use File::Find + chmod syscall, not chmod -R. Revamp most test scripts. * tests/rm/v-slash: Avoid test failure with non-C locale. Reported by Michael Stone. Enable some previously omitted test scripts. Add a test cross-check. * tests/rm/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add empty-name and unreadable. * tests/rm/empty-name: Likewise. * tests/rm/unreadable: Reenable this test. Adjust for new rm. * tests/mkdir/Makefile.am: Add writable-under-readonly. * tests/mkdir/writable-under-readonly: Add some comments. This test is always skipped, for now. * tests/Makefile.am (ta): Hook up the new root-only script. * tests/tail-2/infloop-1: Make this test pass. * tests/tail-2/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add infloop-1. * tests/tail-2/fflush: Remove unused file. * tests/check.mk (vc_executable_is_in_TESTS): More portable. * tests/check.mk (check): Depend on the above. * build-aux/check.mk: Remove comment mentioning AUTHORS file. Factor out definitions in TESTS_ENVIRONMENT of srcdir, top_srcdir, etc. tests/check.mk (top_srcdir): Define. tests/*/Makefile.am: Remove definitions of $(srcdir), $(top_srcdir), $(abs_top_srcdir), and $(abs_top_builddir), since they're defined via the included tests/check.mk. tests/general: Remove from VC, this long-unused directory and contents. Adapt tests/tail-2/ to use test-lib.sh. Adapt tests/readlink/ to use test-lib.sh. Move the sole test in tests/ls-2/ to tests/misc/. * tests/ls-2/basic-1: Move this file to ... * tests/misc/ls-misc: ...here. Don't rely on $PROG in env. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add ls-misc. * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Remove ls-2. * tests/ls-2: Remove the directory. * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Remove tests/ls-2/Makefile. More misc, test-related changes. (some to allow running tests as root) Move all tests from test/{od,sha1sum,shred,stty} to tests/misc/. Reflect these renamings: od/od-N misc/od-N od/x8 misc/od-x8 sha1sum/basic-1 misc/sha1sum sha1sum/sample-vec misc/sha1sum-vec shred/exact misc/shred-exact shred/remove misc/shred-remove stty/basic-1 misc/stty stty/invalid misc/stty-invalid stty/row-col-1 misc/stty-row-col * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add the new files. * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Remove the dir names. * tests/od, tests/sha1sum, tests/shred, tests/stty: Remove the directories. * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Remove the corresponding Makefile names. Move the two tests in tests/tee to tests/misc/. * tests/tee/basic: Move this file to ... * tests/misc/tee: ...here. Don't rely on $PROG in env. * tests/tee/dash: Move this file to ... * tests/misc/tee-dash: ...here. Don't rely on $PROG in env. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add tee. * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Remove tee. * tests/tee: Remove the directory. * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Remove tests/tee/Makefile Move the two tests in tests/sum/ to tests/misc/. * tests/sum/basic-1: Move this file to ... * tests/misc/sum: ...here. Don't rely on $PROG in env. * tests/sum/sysv: Move this file to ... * tests/misc/sum-sysv: ...here. Adapt it to use test-lib.sh. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add sum and sum-sysv. * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Remove sum. * tests/sum: Remove the directory. * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Remove tests/sum/Makefile. Move the sole test in tests/tsort/ to tests/misc/tsort. * tests/tsort/basic-1: Move this file to ... * tests/misc/tsort: ...here. Don't rely on $PROG in env. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add tsort. * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Remove tsort. * tests/tsort: Remove the directory. * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Remove tests/tsort/Makefile. Move the sole test in tests/unexpand to tests/misc/unexpand. * tests/unexpand/basic-1: Move this file to ... * tests/misc/unexpand: ...here. Don't rely on $PROG in env. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add unexpand. * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Remove unexpand. * tests/unexpand: Remove the directory. * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Remove tests/unexpand/Makefile. Move the sole test in tests/seq to tests/misc/seq. * tests/seq/basic: Move this file to ... * tests/misc/seq: ...here. Don't rely on $PROG in env. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add seq. * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Remove seq. * tests/seq: Remove the directory. * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Remove tests/seq/Makefile Convert tests/mkdir/ to use test-lib.sh. Move the two tests in tests/md5sum to tests/misc/md5sum. * tests/md5sum/basic-1: Move this file to ... * tests/misc/md5sum: ...here. Don't rely on $PROG in env. * tests/md5sum/newline-1: Move this file to ... * tests/misc/md5sum-newline: ...here. Don't rely on $PROG in env. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add md5sum. * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Remove md5sum. * tests/md5sum: Remove the directory. * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Remove tests/md5sum/Makefile tests/sample-test: Update to use test-lib.sh. Convert tests/misc/ to use test-lib.sh, too. Convert tests/ls/, too. Convert tests/ln/, too. Convert tests/install/, too. Move the two tests in tests/fmt to tests/misc/fmt. * tests/fmt/basic: Move this file to ... * tests/misc/fmt: ...here. Don't rely on $PROG in env. * tests/fmt/long-line: Move this file to ... * tests/misc/fmt-long-line: ...here. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add fmt. * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Remove fmt. * tests/fmt: Remove the directory. * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Remove tests/fmt/Makefile Move the sole test in tests/factor to tests/misc/factor. * tests/factor/basic: Move this file to ... * tests/misc/factor: ...here. Don't rely on $PROG in env. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add factor. * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Remove factor. * tests/factor: Remove the directory. * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Remove tests/factor/Makefile Move the sole test in tests/expr to tests/misc/expr. * tests/expr/basic: Move this file to ... * tests/misc/expr: ...here. Don't rely on $PROG in env. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add expr. * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Remove expr. * tests/expr: Remove the directory. * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Remove tests/expr/Makefile Convert tests/du/*, too. Move the sole test in tests/dircolors to tests/misc/dircolors. * tests/dircolors/simple: Move this file to... * tests/misc/dircolors: ...here. Don't rely on $PROG in env. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add dircolors. * tests/Makefile.am (SUBDIRS): Remove dircolors. * tests/dircolors: Remove the directory. * configure.ac (AC_CONFIG_FILES): Remove tests/dircolors/Makefile Convert tests/dd/*, too. Convert tests/mv, too. * tests/other-fs-tmpdir: Before, all callers would exit 77 upon failure to find the required dir. Now, exit 77 in this script so callers don't have to. Adjust callers. Adjust chgrp, chmod, chown, cp tests to use test-lib.sh. * tests/check.mk: Also define abs_top_builddir. Parallel "make check" support. * build-aux/check.mk: New file, from The Vaucanson Group. * .x-sc_GPL_version: New file, to allow "version 2 or later" in build-aux/check.mk. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add .x-sc_GPL_version. * tests/check.mk: New file. * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add check.mk, mkdtemp and test-lib.sh. Begin factoring "sample-test" out of test scripts. * tests/test-lib.sh: New file, to be sourced by all tests that were previously derived from the "sample-test" template. * tests/mkdtemp: New file. * tests/touch/dir-1: Use test-lib.sh. * tests/touch/empty-file: Likewise. * tests/touch/fail-diag: Likewise. * tests/touch/fifo: Likewise. * tests/touch/no-create-missing: Likewise. * tests/touch/no-rights: Likewise. Also, don't sleep. * tests/touch/not-owner: Likewise. * tests/touch/obsolescent: Likewise. * tests/touch/read-only: Likewise. * tests/touch/relative: Likewise. * tests/touch/Makefile.am: Include $(top_srcdir)/tests/check.mk, to get the parallel-"make check" bits. Move a slow test into tests/misc. * tests/check.mk: Wrapper. * tests/ls/time-1: Move this file to tests/misc/ls-time. * tests/misc/ls-time: New file. From tests/ls/time-1. * tests/ls/Makefile.am (TESTS): Remove time-1. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add ls-time. Add support for parallel "make check" (in tests/misc, for now) 2007-09-08 Jim Meyering Accommodate gnulib's renaming: __fpending.h -> fpending.h. * lib/t-fpending.c: Include "fpending.h", not "__fpending.h". 2007-09-07 Jim Meyering chmod: don't ignore a dangling symlink * NEWS: Mention the bug fix. * src/chmod.c (process_file): Handle the case of FTS_SLNONE, i.e., give a diagnostic saying we cannot operate on such a file. * tests/chmod/thru-dangling: Compare new stderr output with expected. 2007-09-07 Bob Proulx Add a test: demonstrate that chmod ignores a dangling symlink * tests/chmod/thru-dangling: New test. Fails. * tests/chmod/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add thru-dangling. 2007-09-05 Jim Meyering Adapt to new SELinux behavior: "?" vs. new "unlabeled" * src/ls.c (gobble_file): Interpret the new "unlabeled" indicator from getfilecon/lgetfilecon the same way we interpret a negative return value: no security context. So we don't print the "+". * tests/selinux: Recognize that "unlabeled" means insufficient support for SELinux, just like "?". 2007-09-03 Jim Meyering Invoke $(AUTOCONF) manually, if needed to get an updated version string. * GNUmakefile: Don't actually touch configure.ac. That would make git-version-gen always print "...-dirty". Don't change '-'s to '.'s in the string from git-describe. * build-aux/git-version-gen: Leave '-'s in the string from git-describe. Otherwise, s/-/./g would make it too hard to distinguish the base version number from the appended .DD suffixes. 2007-09-03 Jim Meyering * README-hacking: Require rsync, rather than wget. 2007-09-02 Jim Meyering * bootstrap (WGET_COMMAND): Remove code to set this variable. Ensure that $(VERSION) is up to date for dist-related targets. * GNUmakefile: Arrange to rerun autoconf, if the version reported by git-version-gen doesn't match $(VERSION), but only for dist targets. bootstrap: uses rsync to download the .po files * bootstrap (po_download_command_format): New global. (download_po_files): Use rsync. (update_po_files): Don't remove .po files after download, so future rsync runs can take advantage of the copies. 2007-09-01 Jim Meyering * bootstrap (gnulib_tool): Make sha1sum check quietly. Ensure that snapshot version changes make it to groups, too. * src/Makefile.am (groups): Depend on Makefile. Make groups-version executable, * tests/misc/groups-version: ... as it was in the patch. 2007-08-31 Eric Blake Test yesterday's change to groups. * tests/misc/groups-version: New test. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add groups-version. 2007-08-31 Jim Meyering Solve the unnecessary-.po-file-regeneration problem once and for all. * bootstrap (download_po_files): New function, renamed from get_translations. Now, downloads, but doesn't update LINGUAS. (update_po_files): New function. 2007-08-30 Jim Meyering Shorten the snapshot version string by removing the "g". * build-aux/git-version-gen: Remove git-describe's "g" that would always precede the abbreviated SHA1. Suggestion from Dmitry V. Levin. Perform the s,rm,/bin/rm, fix-up properly. No more kludge. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Remove .kludge-stamp. (.kludge-stamp): Remove rule. Instead, ... (dist-hook): Do the job here, operating on the file in $(distdir). (rm_subst): Adjust regexp to match "rm -f rm$(EXEEXT)", not "rm -f rm". (MAINTAINERCLEANFILES): s/+=/=/, now that this is the sole use. (dist-hook): Remove the legacy-from-cvs install-sh is-executable check. * .gitignore: Remove .kludge-stamp. Make inter-release --version output more useful. Now, each snapshot has a version "number" like 6.9-219-g58ddd, which indicates that it is built using the 219th change set (in _some_ repository) following the "v6.9" tag, and that 58ddd is a prefix of the commit SHA1. * build-aux/git-version-gen: New file. * configure.ac: Run it to set the version. * Makefile.am (dist-hook): Arrange so that .version appears only in distribution tarballs, never in a checked-out repository. * .gitignore: Add .version here, too. Just in case. 2007-08-30 Eric Blake * src/.gitignore: Ignore *.exe for platforms with non-empty $(EXEEXT). 2007-08-30 Eric Blake Use PACKAGE_NAME instead of GNU_PACKAGE. * src/Makefile.am (.sh, uninstall-local): Adjust all users of hand-rolled GNU_PACKAGE to instead use autoconf-provided PACKAGE_NAME. * src/basename.c (main): Likewise. * src/chroot.c (main): Likewise. * src/dirname.c (main): Likewise. * src/echo.c (main): Likewise. * src/expr.c (main): Likewise. * src/factor.c (main): Likewise. * src/groups.sh (version): Likewise. Also, reflect change in --version output due to GPLv3. * src/hostid.c (main): Likewise. * src/hostname.c (main): Likewise. * src/link.c (main): Likewise. * src/logname.c (main): Likewise. * src/nice.c (main): Likewise. * src/nohup.c (main): Likewise. * src/printenv.c (main): Likewise. * src/printf.c (main): Likewise. * src/pwd.c (main): Likewise. * src/setuidgid.c (main): Likewise. * src/sleep.c (main): Likewise. * src/system.h (case_GETOPT_VERSION_CHAR): Likewise. * src/test.c (main): Likewise. * src/true.c (main): Likewise. * src/unlink.c (main): Likewise. * src/uptime.c (main): Likewise. * src/users.c (main): Likewise. * src/whoami.c (main): Likewise. * src/yes.c (main): Likewise. * configure.ac (AC_CHECK_DECLS): No need to check strtoimax, strtoumax, since gnulib does this. 2007-08-30 Jim Meyering Ensure that TMPDIR is valid. Otherwise, it would cause test failures. * tests/misc/tty-eof: Set TMPDIR=. * tests/misc/sort-compress: Likewise. Use EXIT_FAILURE, not EXIT_FAIL, now that EXIT_FAILURE is always 1. * src/system.h (EXIT_FAIL): Remove definition. * src/chroot.c (main): EXIT_FAIL -> EXIT_FAILURE. * src/env.c (main): Likewise. * src/nice.c (main): Likewise. * src/su.c (change_identity, main): Likewise. * src/tty.c (main): Likewise. Suggestion from Eric Blake. 2007-08-28 Jim Meyering * src/test.c (usage): Note that [ honors --help and --version, but that test does not. Suggestion from Dan Jacobson. By default, do not install hostname anymore; no kidding, this time. * src/Makefile.am (EXTRA_PROGRAMS): Remove hostname from this list, now that it's no longer being installed by default. This should have been part of the 2007-08-21 change. (check-duplicate-no-install): New rule to ensure this doesn't happen again. (check): Depend on it. Reflect renaming: mreadlink-with-size -> areadlink-with-size. * bootstrap.conf: Update module name. * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Update header and function names. * src/ls.c (get_link_name): Likewise. * src/readlink.c (main): Likewise. * src/stat.c (print_stat): Likewise. Add file system type names and magic numbers from "man 2 statfs". * src/stat.c (human_fstype): Also handle BEFS, BFS, BINFMT_MISC, FUSECTL, HUGETLBFS, NFSD and OPENPROM. 2007-08-27 Jim Meyering Add some file system type names and magic numbers from glibc. * src/stat.c (human_fstype): Add any file system names and values present in glibc's linux_fsinfo.h but not in this list. Alphabetize the S_* names and capitalize the hexadecimal constants. 2007-08-26 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/fold: Fix a typo: missing \ in a diagnostic no one is likely ever to see. 2007-08-25 Jim Meyering * src/dircolors.hin: Add .dz and .svgz as archive suffixes. Remove all .cvsignore files from version control. 2007-08-24 Jim Meyering bootstrap: Ignore more. * bootstrap (symlink_to_dir): Add a directory name like uniwidth to e.g., lib/.gitignore. (slurp): Handle the sys_stat_.h -> sys mapping, too. * .hgignore: Remove this file, too. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Remove .gitignore and .hgignore. No longer version-control .???ignore files in lib/, m4/, and po/. * .gitignore: Ignore a few files in lib/, m4/, and po/ that are not picked up automatically. * lib/.gitignore, lib/.cvsignore: Remove files. * m4/.gitignore, m4/.cvsignore: Remove files. * po/.gitignore, po/.cvsignore: Remove files. bootstrap: when fetching .po files, do not remove .gmo files. * bootstrap (get_translations): Don't remove *.gmo files! They can be expensive to regenerate. Create .gitignore and/or .cvsignore from scratch, if absent. This is in preparation for my removing those files from version control in the directories managed by gnulib-tool. * bootstrap: New setting: vc_ignore. (insert_sorted_if_absent): Create $file if absent. Adapt to new, possibly empty, list: $vc_ignore. * src/system.h (fseeko, ftello): Remove now-unneeded definitions. * src/od.c (LDBL_DIG): Remove now-unneeded definition. Arrange to use tag names like vM.N, rather than COREUTILS-M_N. * Makefile.maint (this-vc-tag) [git]: Simply use v$(VERSION). (this-vc-tag-regexp): New variable. (vc-tag-check): Use it, rather than $(this-vc-tag). 2007-08-23 Jim Meyering * src/dircolors.hin: Add xterm-16color, xterm-88color and eterm-color. Suggestion from Dan Nicolaescu. Don't let ln be a party to destroying user data. * src/ln.c: Include "file-set.h", "hash.h" and "hash-triple.h". (dest_set, DEST_INFO_INITIAL_CAPACITY): New globals. (do_link): Refuse to remove a just-created link. Record a name,dev,ino triple for each link we create. (main): Initialize dest_set, if needed. * tests/mv/childproof: Test for the above fix. * NEWS: Document this. Reported by Eric Blake. Move functions from copy.c into new modules, since ln needs them, too. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add file-set. * gl/lib/file-set.c (record_file, seen_file): Functions from copy.c. * gl/lib/file-set.h: Add prototypes. * gl/lib/hash-triple.c (triple_hash, triple_hash_no_name): (triple_compare, triple_free): Functions from copy.c. * gl/lib/hash-triple.h (struct F_triple): Define. From copy.c. Add prototypes. * gl/modules/file-set: New module. * gl/modules/hash-triple: New module. * src/Makefile.am (copy_sources): New variable. (ginstall_SOURCES, cp_SOURCES, mv_SOURCES): Use it. * src/copy.c: Include hash-triple.h. No longer include hash-pjw.h. (copy_internal): Don't pass a NULL third argument to record_file, since that function no longer accepts that. (record_file): Move this function to file-set.c. Along the way, remove the code to allow a NULL stat-buffer pointer. Adjust sole caller. (seen_file): Move this function to file-set.c. (struct F_triple): Move declaration to hash-triple.h. (triple_compare, triple_free, triple_hash, triple_hash_no_name): Move these functions to hash-triple.c. bootstrap: generate more ignorable names * bootstrap (slurp): When generating ignorable names, also map .sin to .sed, .gperf to .c, and .y to .c. * Makefile.maint (patch-check): Don't remove temporaries upon failure. 2007-08-22 Jim Meyering * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Adjust offsets. Change "rm --verbose -r a//" not to print extra slashes in a///b * src/remove.c (push_dir): Don't copy trailing slashes onto the stack. Reported by François Pinard. * tests/rm/v-slash: New file. Test for the above change. * tests/rm/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add v-slash. * src/date.c: Don't include "getline.h", now removed from gnulib; its declarations are now in . * src/md5sum.c: Likewise. * src/dircolors.c: Likewise. * src/copy.c (DEST_INFO_INITIAL_CAPACITY): Correct a comment. 2007-08-21 Jim Meyering By default, do not install hostname anymore. * configure.ac: Add "hostname" to the list of not-installed programs. * src/Makefile.am (no_install__progs): Add "hostname" here, too. * NEWS: Mention this. 2007-08-20 Bob Proulx Clarify touch documentation of file arguments. * src/touch.c (usage): Improve wording of documentation regarding file argument handling and special handling of - argument. * doc/coreutils.texi (touch invocation): Likewise. Documentation problem reported by Vincent Lefevre. 2007-08-20 Paul Eggert * NEWS: The old cp -p bug affected coreutils releases before 6.0. Problem reported by Soren Spies in . To be conservative, just say the bug was in all versions through 6.6. 2007-08-19 Eric Blake Avoid consuming too much seekable input when yesno is used. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add closein. * src/system.h (includes): Also include closein.h. * src/mv.c (main): Use close_stdin, not close_stdout. * src/cp.c (main): Likewise. * src/ln.c (main): Likewise. * src/rm.c (main): Likewise. * src/install.c (main): Likewise. * NEWS: Document the fix. 2007-08-20 Jim Meyering Parallel "make check" support. * build-aux/check.mk: New file, from The Vaucanson Group. * .x-sc_GPL_version: New file, to allow "version 2 or later" in build-aux/check.mk. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add .x-sc_GPL_version. * tests/check.mk: New file. * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add check.mk, mkdtemp and test-lib.sh. Begin factoring "sample-test" out of test scripts. * tests/test-lib.sh: New file, to be sourced by all tests that were previously derived from the "sample-test" template. * tests/mkdtemp: New file. * tests/touch/dir-1: Use test-lib.sh. * tests/touch/empty-file: Likewise. * tests/touch/fail-diag: Likewise. * tests/touch/fifo: Likewise. * tests/touch/no-create-missing: Likewise. * tests/touch/no-rights: Likewise. Also, don't sleep. * tests/touch/not-owner: Likewise. * tests/touch/obsolescent: Likewise. * tests/touch/read-only: Likewise. * tests/touch/relative: Likewise. * tests/touch/Makefile.am: Include $(top_srcdir)/tests/check.mk, to get the parallel-"make check" bits. 2007-08-18 Jim Meyering Use new "idcache.h" header. * src/ls.c: Remove ancient declarations of getuser and getgroup. Include "idcache.h", instead. Run each Coreutils.pm-based test in its own subdirectory. * tests/CuTmpdir.pm: New file. * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add CuTmpdir.pm. * tests/misc/od, tests/misc/base64, tests/misc/basename: * tests/misc/cut, tests/misc/date, tests/misc/dirname: * tests/misc/expand, tests/misc/fold, tests/misc/head-elide-tail: * tests/misc/paste-no-nl, tests/misc/pr, tests/misc/sha224sum: * tests/misc/sha256sum, tests/misc/sha384sum, tests/misc/sha512sum: * tests/misc/sort-merge, tests/misc/stat-printf, tests/misc/test-diag: * tests/misc/wc-files0-from, tests/misc/xstrtol: * tests/dd/skip-seek, tests/dircolors/simple, tests/du/files0-from: * tests/expr/basic, tests/factor/basic, tests/fmt/basic: * tests/ls-2/tests, tests/md5sum/basic-1, tests/md5sum/newline-1: * tests/seq/basic, tests/sha1sum/basic-1, tests/sha1sum/sample-vec: * tests/sum/basic-1, tests/tsort/basic-1, tests/unexpand/basic-1: * tests/mv/i-1, tests/rm/empty-name, tests/rm/unreadable: Use it. * tests/misc/test-diag: Use "$ENV{abs_top_builddir}/src/test", not "../../src/test", so it works when run from a subdirectory. * tests/ls-2/tests: Create temp files and dirs from within the perl script, so that they're removed, when run from a subdirectory. * tests/ls-2/Makefile.am (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Define abs_top_builddir, so we can use "$ENV{abs_top_builddir}/src/test" in a test script. 2007-08-16 Jim Meyering Consolidate od tests. * tests/misc/od: Perform od-zero-len's test here. Include boilerplate code, so tests run in a subdirectory. * tests/misc/od-zero-len: Remove this file. * tests/ls/time-1: Include sample-test boilerplate code. Remove the then-unnecessary, hard-coded envvar "unset" commands. 2007-08-15 Jim Meyering Move a slow test into tests/misc. * tests/ls/time-1: Move this file to tests/misc/ls-time. * tests/misc/ls-time: New file. From tests/ls/time-1. * tests/ls/Makefile.am (TESTS): Remove time-1. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add ls-time. od --skip (-j) works even on files in /proc, when the kernel lies * src/od.c (skip): Don't let kernel misinformation (nonempty files in /proc with stat.st_size == 0) make "od -j N" misbehave. Patch by Paul Eggert. * NEWS: Document this work-around. * tests/misc/od-zero-len: New file, test for the above. * src/printf.c (usage): Adjust summary to also mention OPTIONs. From Karl Berry. 2007-08-14 Jim Meyering od: fix a bug that arises when skipping exact length of file * NEWS: Document the bug fix. * src/od.c (skip): Call fseek even when n_skip is exactly the same as the length of the current file. Otherwise, the next iteration would use unadjusted input stream pointer, thus ignoring the desired "skip". Report and patch by Paul GHALEB. * tests/misc/od: New file, test for the above. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add od. 2007-08-10 Paul Eggert Accommodate more xstrtol changes. * src/df.c (long_options): Don't bother prepending "--" to long options that OPT_STR might decode, as that hack is no longer needed. (main): Invoke xstrtol_fatal rather than STRTOL_FATAL_ERROR. * src/du.c (long_options, main): Likewise. * src/ls.c (decode_switches): Likewise. * src/od.c (long_options, main): Likewise. * src/pr.c (first_last_page, main): Likewise. * src/sort.c (long_options, specify_sort_size): Likewise. * src/pr.c (first_last_page): Accept option index and option char instead of an assembled option string. All callers changed. * src/sort.c (specify_sort_size): Likewise. * src/system.h (OPT_STR, LONG_OPT_STR, short_opt_str, OPT_STR_INIT): Remove. 2007-08-05 Jim Meyering Encapsulate a static variable. * src/system.h (opt_str_storage): Move static var into... (short_opt_str): ... new static inline function. (OPT_STR): Use the new function. 2007-08-04 Jim Meyering Exercise xstrtol's diagnostics via pr's --pages option. * tests/misc/xstrtol: New file. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add xstrtol. 2007-08-04 Paul Eggert Adapt to new human and xstrtol API. * src/df.c (long_options): Prepend "--" to long options that OPT_STR might decode. * src/du.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/od.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/sort.c (long_options): Likewise. * src/df.c (main): Adjust to new human and xstrtol API. * src/du.c (main): Likewise. * src/ls.c (decode_switches): Likewise. * src/od.c (main): Likewise. * src/pr.c (first_last_page): Likewise. New argument OPTION. All callers changed. * src/sort.c (specify_sort_size): New arg OPTION. All callers changed. Adjust to new xstrtol API. * src/system.h (opt_str_storage): New static var. (OPT_STR, LONG_OPT_STR, OPT_STR_INIT): New macros. 2007-08-02 Jim Meyering Adjust one more test to accommodate the recent fts change. This matters only on systems with insufficient openat support. * tests/du/inacc-dest: Adjust expected diagnostic. Adjust the other two "no-x" tests and unify all three. * tests/du/no-x: Factor out du-specific bits. * tests/chmod/no-x: Use the same code. * tests/chgrp/no-x: Use the same code. Adapt du's no-x test not to fail on older Linux systems. * tests/du/no-x: Accept a third variant of the diagnostic. 2007-07-31 Jim Meyering du: print size (probably incomplete) of each inaccessible directory * src/du.c (process_file): Print what we know of the size of a directory even when it is inaccessible. What we print is just the size of the directory itself, not counting any of its contents. * tests/du/inacc-dir: Test for this. * NEWS: Mention this change. Add a test for du not counting size of inaccessible directories. * tests/du/inacc-dir: New file. Test for fts.c bug fixed yesterday. * tests/du/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add inacc-dir. * NEWS: Mention the bug fix. 2007-07-28 Jim Meyering Attempt to copy a regular file, even if stat says it is empty. * NEWS: Document this bug fix. * src/copy.c (copy_reg): Read from a regular file, even if it appears (stat.st_size == 0) to be empty. This reverts an optimization introduced on 2005-11-23 for coreutils-6.0. Otherwise, "cp /proc/cpuinfo /tmp" creates an empty file, on e.g., linux-2.6.20. * tests/cp/proc-zero-len: New file. Test for the above. * tests/cp/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add proc-zero-len. Reported by Dan Berrangé. 2007-07-26 Bob Proulx sort: Improve sort --random-sort test. * tests/misc/sort-rand: If "locale" is available pick a random non-C locale and check "sort --random-sort" behavior using it. 2007-07-24 Jim Meyering sort: add a test to exercise the affected code. * tests/sort/Test.pm (realloc-buf): Exercise the code that changed yesterday. No other test in all of "make check" does this. * NEWS: Mention the fix. 2007-07-23 Paul Eggert sort: avoid unaligned access. * src/sort.c (fillbuf): When enlarging the line buffer, ensure that the new size is a multiple of "sizeof (struct line)". This avoids alignment problems when indexing from the end of the buffer. Problem reported by Andreas Schwab in . 2007-07-23 Jim Meyering Update all copyright notices to use the newer form (e.g., remove the postal address, and add the 'licenses' URL). * COPYING: Update to Version 3. Update c99/c89 patch for new, copyright-change-induced offsets. * Makefile.maint (patch-check): Filter out '^Only in...' lines. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Handle new c99'isms in seq.c. 2007-07-22 Jim Meyering * configure.ac: Arrange to rerun configure whenever src/Makefile.am changes. That file contains the list of program names that must be substituted into files like man/Makefile. Add quotes around AC_SUBST arguments. 2007-07-21 Paul Eggert * bootstrap (slurp): Work even in environments where "ls" defaults to "ls -A". Put in a FIXME, though, since the current code does not slurp files whose names start with ".", and this looks like it might be a troublesome area. 2007-07-20 Jim Meyering Document and add a test for today's sort bug fix. * NEWS: Describe the bug fix. * tests/sort/Test.pm (obs-inval): Add a test for today's fix. 2007-07-20 Andreas Schwab * src/sort.c (main): Don't free a pointer to non-malloc'd memory. 2007-07-19 Jim Meyering Fix a portability bug in the new ls-color test. * tests/ls/stat-free-symlinks: Don't rely on the ability of a built-in printf to interpolate '\e'. Use '\033' instead. 2007-07-18 Jim Meyering "cp -i --update older newer" no longer prompts; same for mv * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Perform "update" check before the possible interactive prompt. Reported by zeno_AT_biyg_DOT_org in * tests/mv/update: Add tests for the above. * NEWS: Mention the bug fix. 2007-07-15 Jim Meyering ls --color: Don't stat symlinks when neither ORPHAN nor MISSING attribute has a color. * src/ls.c (main): Don't set check_symlink_color when C_EXEC is colored, unless ln=target (aka color_symlink_as_referent) is set. (gobble_file): Set f->linkok = true also when !check_symlink_color. http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/10608/focus=10927 Reported by Jeremy Maitin-Shepard. * tests/strace: New file, contents extracted from... * tests/mv/atomic: ...here. Source strace. * tests/ls/stat-free-symlinks: New file. Test for the above. Use strace to ensure that in this corner case, ls does not call stat. * tests/ls/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add stat-free-symlinks. * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add strace. 2007-07-14 Jim Meyering Remove long-deprecated options. * NEWS: Mention this. * src/df.c, src/ls.c: Remove --kilobytes option. * src/du.c: Remove --kilobytes and --megabytes options. * src/who.c: Remove -i and --idle options. * src/ptx.c: Remove --copyright option. Change interface: make 2nd param _space_-separated, not comma-separated * m4/include-exclude-prog.m4 (gl_INCLUDE_EXCLUDE_PROG): Remove now- unnecessary use of tr. Improve comments. * configure.ac: Adjust caller, as well as the code that ensures the 2nd parameter stays in sync with the list in src/Makefile.am. 2007-07-14 Karel Zak * m4/include-exclude-prog.m4 (gl_REMOVE_PROG): Fix typo: s/$2/$1/. (gl_INCLUDE_EXCLUDE_PROG): Quote first use of $2 parameter. Don't mix comma- and space-separated lists. Patch from Karel Zak. 2007-07-13 Jim Meyering Warn about non-portable use of unescaped backslash at end of string, and treat it as if it were escaped. * src/tr.c (unquote): Considering that such usage would make GNU tr from coreutils-5.2.1 and earlier *fail*, the least we can do now is to warn about it. Solaris' tr ignores it. * NEWS: Mention this. Use proper backslash-quoting inside backticks. * configure.ac: Otherwise we run afoul of strict GNU tr: a string ending in a lone backslash would provoke a failure. 2007-07-12 Jim Meyering Expand default-no-install prog list in ./configure --help output, and fix some []-quoting bugs in sed expressions. * configure.ac: Hard-code the list, "arch,su" here as well as in src/Makefile.am, and ensure the two stay in sync. * m4/include-exclude-prog.m4 (gl_INCLUDE_EXCLUDE_PROG): Use $2, rather than the nearly-equivalent shell variable. Karel Zak reported that ./configure --help's output included the literal string, $gl_no_install_progs_default. Clean up include-exclude-prog.m4. * m4/include-exclude-prog.m4 (gl_ADD_PROG): Don't modify MAN. (gl_REMOVE_PROG): Likewise. Add omitted "\>" in sed regexp. Remove any leading or trailing spaces. (gl_ADD_PROG): Remove any leading space. * configure.ac: Instead, derive $MAN from $optional_bin_progs. Append $(EXEEXT) to *all* names, not just the first one. 2007-07-11 Jim Meyering If there's a GPL vN copyright comment, require that N == 3. * Makefile.maint (sc_GPL_version): New rule. * tests/misc/arch: Fix the sole violation. 2007-07-10 Jim Meyering Skip "arch" test if it's not built. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (built_programs): Define. (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Add $(built_programs), for... * tests/misc/arch: ...this: skip the test if arch is not built. * src/Makefile.am (built_programs.list): New rule. * tests/Makefile.am (built_programs): Rename from all_programs. (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Use built_programs, not all_programs. * tests/help-version: Likewise. * NEWS: Mention that using --enable-no-install-program=X may cause "make check" to fail. Add support for enabling/disabling installation of specified programs. * NEWS: Mention new configure-time options. Mention that neither arch nor su is built/installed, by default. * m4/include-exclude-prog.m4: New file. * configure.ac: Use new macro, gl_ADD_PROG, rather than manually appending to OPTIONAL_BIN_PROGS and MAN. Move the code that adds "df" to the list of programs to build from m4/jm-macros into this file. Use gl_INCLUDE_EXCLUDE_PROG, then handle special cases: ginstall, [. (NO_INSTALL_PROGS_DEFAULT): AC_SUBST it. Used by man/Makefile.am. * man/Makefile.am (dist_man_MANS): Remove from this list all man pages corresponding to "bin" programs. Add $(MAN) instead. (optional_mans): Remove all uses. (check-x-vs-1): Adapt to work even though arch and su are typically no longer built (and neither are their .1 files). * src/Makefile.am (install_su): Rename from INSTALL_SU, now that INSTALL_SU has a different meaning. Use the new $(INSTALL_SU) value. 2007-07-10 Karel Zak New program: arch * NEWS: Mention arch. * README: Add arch to the list of programs. * AUTHORS: Add arch. * src/uname.c: Include "uname.h". (PROGRAM_NAME): Handle arch, too. (ARCH_AUTHORS): Define. (uname_long_options, arch_long_options): Renamed and new globals. (usage): Handle arch-mode as well as uname-mode. (decode_switches): New function, extracted from main, to handle arch-mode as well as uname-mode. (main): Handle both modes. * src/uname-arch.c: New program, alias for "uname -m". * src/uname-uname.c: New file, default uname mode. * src/uname.h: New file, uname modes. * src/Makefile.am (EXTRA_PROGRAMS): Add arch. (uname_SOURCES, arch_SOURCES): Define. * man/arch.x: New file. * man/Makefile.am (dist_man_MANS): Add arch.1. (arch.1): New dependency. * tests/misc/arch: New test, compare "arch" with "uname -m" * configure.ac (OPTIONAL_BIN_PROGS): Add arch. (MAN): Add arch.1. * .x-sc_require_config_h: Exempt uname-arch.c and uname-uname.c from the always-include- rule. 2007-07-10 Jim Meyering Change "version 2" to "version 3" in all copyright notices. 2007-07-09 Jim Meyering Compensate for new c99'isms in seq.c. * Makefile.maint (patch-check): Use -p1, not -p2, so a patch generated via "make patch-check REGEN=1" actually works. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Handle new c99'isms in seq.c. 2007-07-09 Pádraig Brady Fix the automatic number width formatting in seq. * src/seq.c: Fix the -w logic. Ignore spaces and '+' characters of input numbers when determining width. Set format correctly for input numbers in scientific notation. * tests/seq/basic: Add various number width tests. Details: 2007-07-08 Jim Meyering Run the coreutils-specific code only if tests/Makefile.am.in exists. * bootstrap (mam_template): Move definition out of loop. Create symlinks for gl/{lib,m4}/*, just as for gnulib/{lib,m4}/*. * bootstrap (symlink_to_dir): Rename function from symlink_to_gnulib. Add a directory parameter. Update all callers. (cp_mark_as_generated): Also check for -- and link to -- files in gl/. * THANKS: Add Pádraig Brady. 2007-07-08 Jim Meyering Adapt to deeper hierarchy in gnulib. * bootstrap (symlink_to_dir): If the destination directory doesn't exist, create it. This is required at least for "lib/uniwidth/cjk.h". Use , not "wcwidth.h". * src/wc.c: Now that gnulib provides the POSIX-specified , include it and , rather than "wcwidth.h". * src/ls.c: Include , rather than "wcwidth.h". 2007-07-05 Jim Meyering setuidgid: set all groups, not just the primary one. I wanted to use the xgetgroups function from id.c, so factored it out and made it into a non-exiting function (hence the "m" prefix rather than "x"). * src/setuidgid.c (main): Use mgetgroups. Include "mgetgroups.h". * src/id.c (xgetgroups): Remove function. Include "mgetgroups.h". (print_group_list): Use mgetgroups, not xgetgroups. * gl/modules/mgetgroups: New module. * gl/lib/mgetgroups.c: New file. mgetgroups is derived from id.c's xgetgroups function. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add mgetgroups. * gl/m4/mgetgroups.m4: New file. * gl/lib/mgetgroups.h: New file. * bootstrap: Merge in changes from gnulib. * src/id.c: Include "getugroups.h" rather than declaring manually. 2007-07-04 Paul Eggert * NEWS: pr -F no longer suppresses the footer or the first two blank lines in the header. * doc/coreutils.texi (pr invocation): Likewise. Also, a too-short page length implies -t, not -T. * src/pr.c (lines_per_header, lines_per_footer): Now constants. (init_parameters): Don't try to change them. (print_header): Use the same header and footer format regardless of wither form feeds are being used. (usage): Adjust to above change when describing too-short page length. Too-short page length impliesy -t, not -T. * tests/pr/2-S_f-t_notab: Adjust to the fact that -F now affects only formfeed handling; it does not change the header. * tests/pr/2-Sf-t_notab: Likewise. * tests/pr/2f-t_notab: Likewise. * tests/pr/2s_f-t_notab: Likewise. * tests/pr/2s_w60f-t_nota: Likewise. * tests/pr/2sf-t_notab: Likewise. * tests/pr/2sw60f-t_notab: Likewise. * tests/pr/2w60f-t_notab: Likewise. * tests/pr/3a3f-0F: Likewise. * tests/pr/3b3f-0F: Likewise. * tests/pr/3b3f-0FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/3b3f-FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/3f-0F: Likewise. * tests/pr/3f-FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/Test.pm: Likewise. * tests/pr/a3f-0F: Likewise. * tests/pr/a3f-0FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/a3f-FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/b3f-0F: Likewise. * tests/pr/b3f-0FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/b3f-FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/3-5l17f-t: Remove, since it's been renamed to another file whose name has a line count 7 larger, reflecting the new line count needed for this behavior. * tests/pr/3a3l8f-t: Likewise. * tests/pr/3b3l8f-t: Likewise. * tests/pr/3l17f-t: Likewise. * tests/pr/3ml17f-t: Likewise. * tests/pr/Ja3l17f-lm: Likewise. * tests/pr/Jb3l17f-lm: Likewise. * tests/pr/Jml17f-lm-lo: Likewise. * tests/pr/W-72l17f-ll: Likewise. * tests/pr/W20l17f-ll: Likewise. * tests/pr/W26l17f-ll: Likewise. * tests/pr/W27l17f-ll: Likewise. * tests/pr/W28l17f-ll: Likewise. * tests/pr/W35Ja3l17f-lm: Likewise. * tests/pr/W35Jb3l17f-lm: Likewise. * tests/pr/W35Jml17f-lmlo: Likewise. * tests/pr/W35a3l17f-lm: Likewise. * tests/pr/W35b3l17f-lm: Likewise. * tests/pr/W35ml17f-lm-lo: Likewise. * tests/pr/W72Jl17f-ll: Likewise. * tests/pr/a3l17f-lm: Likewise. * tests/pr/a3l8f-t: Likewise. * tests/pr/b3l17f-lm: Likewise. * tests/pr/b3l8f-t: Likewise. * tests/pr/l17f-t: Likewise. * tests/pr/ml17f-0F: Likewise. * tests/pr/ml17f-lm-lo: Likewise. * tests/pr/ml17f-t: Likewise. * tests/pr/ml17f-t-0F: Likewise. * tests/pr/n+2-5l17f-0FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/n+2l17f-0FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/n+2l17f-bl: Likewise. * tests/pr/n+3l17f-0FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/n+3l17f-bl: Likewise. * tests/pr/n+3ml13f-bl-FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/n+3ml17f-bl-tn: Likewise. * tests/pr/n+3ml17f-tn-bl: Likewise. * tests/pr/n+4b2l10f-0FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/n+5-8b3l10f-FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/n+5a3l6f-0FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/n+6b3l6f-FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/nJml17f-lmlmlo: Likewise. * tests/pr/nJml17f-lmlolm: Likewise. * tests/pr/nN1+3l17f-bl: Likewise. * tests/pr/nN15l17f-bl: Likewise. * tests/pr/nSml13-bl-FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/nSml13-t-t-FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/nSml13-t-tFFFF: Likewise. * tests/pr/nSml17-bl-FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/nSml17-t-t-FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/nSml17-t-tFFFF: Likewise. * tests/pr/nl17f-bl: Likewise. * tests/pr/o3Jml17f-lm-lo: Likewise. * tests/pr/o3a3Sl17f-tn: Likewise. * tests/pr/o3a3Snl17f-tn: Likewise. * tests/pr/o3a3l17f-tn: Likewise. * tests/pr/o3b3Sl17f-tn: Likewise. * tests/pr/o3b3Snl17f-tn: Likewise. * tests/pr/o3b3l17f-tn: Likewise. * tests/pr/o3mSl17f-bl-tn: Likewise. * tests/pr/o3mSnl17fbltn: Likewise. * tests/pr/o3ml17f-bl-tn: Likewise. * tests/pr/w72l17f-ll: Likewise. * tests/pr/3-5l24f-t: New file, containing the contents of the file with the same name but with the line count smaller by 7, reflecting the new behavior with -F. * tests/pr/3a3l15f-t: Likewise. * tests/pr/3b3l15f-t: Likewise. * tests/pr/3l24f-t: Likewise. * tests/pr/3ml24f-t: Likewise. * tests/pr/Ja3l24f-lm: Likewise. * tests/pr/Jb3l24f-lm: Likewise. * tests/pr/Jml24f-lm-lo: Likewise. * tests/pr/W-72l24f-ll: Likewise. * tests/pr/W20l24f-ll: Likewise. * tests/pr/W26l24f-ll: Likewise. * tests/pr/W27l24f-ll: Likewise. * tests/pr/W28l24f-ll: Likewise. * tests/pr/W35Ja3l24f-lm: Likewise. * tests/pr/W35Jb3l24f-lm: Likewise. * tests/pr/W35Jml24f-lmlo: Likewise. * tests/pr/W35a3l24f-lm: Likewise. * tests/pr/W35b3l24f-lm: Likewise. * tests/pr/W35ml24f-lm-lo: Likewise. * tests/pr/W72Jl24f-ll: Likewise. * tests/pr/a3l15f-t: Likewise. * tests/pr/a3l24f-lm: Likewise. * tests/pr/b3l15f-t: Likewise. * tests/pr/b3l24f-lm: Likewise. * tests/pr/l24f-t: Likewise. * tests/pr/ml24f-0F: Likewise. * tests/pr/ml24f-lm-lo: Likewise. * tests/pr/ml24f-t: Likewise. * tests/pr/ml24f-t-0F: Likewise. * tests/pr/n+2-5l24f-0FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/n+2l24f-0FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/n+2l24f-bl: Likewise. * tests/pr/n+3l24f-0FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/n+3l24f-bl: Likewise. * tests/pr/n+3ml20f-bl-FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/n+3ml24f-bl-tn: Likewise. * tests/pr/n+3ml24f-tn-bl: Likewise. * tests/pr/n+4b2l17f-0FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/n+5-8b3l17f-FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/n+5a3l13f-0FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/n+6b3l13f-FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/nJml24f-lmlmlo: Likewise. * tests/pr/nJml24f-lmlolm: Likewise. * tests/pr/nN1+3l24f-bl: Likewise. * tests/pr/nN15l24f-bl: Likewise. * tests/pr/nSml20-bl-FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/nSml20-t-t-FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/nSml20-t-tFFFF: Likewise. * tests/pr/nSml24-bl-FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/nSml24-t-t-FF: Likewise. * tests/pr/nSml24-t-tFFFF: Likewise. * tests/pr/nl24f-bl: Likewise. * tests/pr/o3Jml24f-lm-lo: Likewise. * tests/pr/o3a3Sl24f-tn: Likewise. * tests/pr/o3a3Snl24f-tn: Likewise. * tests/pr/o3a3l24f-tn: Likewise. * tests/pr/o3b3Sl24f-tn: Likewise. * tests/pr/o3b3Snl24f-tn: Likewise. * tests/pr/o3b3l24f-tn: Likewise. * tests/pr/o3mSl24f-bl-tn: Likewise. * tests/pr/o3mSnl24fbltn: Likewise. * tests/pr/o3ml24f-bl-tn: Likewise. * tests/pr/w72l24f-ll: Likewise. 2007-06-23 Jim Meyering Prefer "STREQ (a, b)" over "strcmp (a, b) == 0"; similar for != 0. * src/base64.c (main): Likewise. * src/install.c (setdefaultfilecon): Likewise. * src/sort.c (main): Likewise. * Makefile.maint (sc_prohibit_strcmp): New rule. * .x-sc_prohibit_strcmp: New file, to list the few exceptions. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add .x-sc_prohibit_strcmp. 2007-06-22 Paul Eggert * NEWS: seq no longer mishandles obvious cases like "seq 0 0.000001 0.000003" by omitting the last output number. * doc/coreutils.texi (seq invocation): Remove advice about workaround for seq off-by-one problem, since the bug is fixed now. Replace it with more-generic advice about rounding errors. * src/seq.c (long_double_format, print_numbers): New arg NUMERIC_FORMAT. All uses changed. 2007-06-22 Pádraig Brady (trivial change) * tests/seq/basic: Add test cases for seq off-by-one problem. 2007-06-22 Jim Meyering * src/stat.c (long_options): Add a FIXME comment to help ensure that the deprecated and undocumented "--filesystem" option is removed someday. 2007-06-18 Paul Eggert A few more symlink-related fixes. Fix a bug triggered by cp --parents and symlinks. Close some race conditions possible when the destination replaces a newly-created file with a symlink. * NEWS: Document that 'cp --parents' no longer mishandles symlinks in file name components of source. * src/copy.c (HAVE_LCHOWN): Default to false. (lchown) [!defined HAVE_LCHOWN]: Define to chown, for convenience. * src/cp.c (lchown) [!HAVE_LCHOWN]: Likewise. * src/install.c (lchown [!HAVE_LCHOWN]: Likewise. * src/copy.c (set_owner): Use lchown instead of chown, for safety in case the file got replaced by a symlink in the meantime. * src/cp.c (re_protect): Likewise. * src/install.c (change_attributes): Likewise. * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Use ordinary C rather than an #if. * src/cp.c (lchown) [!HAVE_LCHOWN]: Define to chown, for convenience. (struct dir_attr): Cache the entire struct stat of the directory, rather than just its mode, so that we needn't stat the directory twice (which can lead to races). (re_protect): Don't use XSTAT as that's not appropriate in this context (symlinks should be followed here). Instead, use the cached stat value. (make_dir_parents_private): Save dir's entire struct stat, not just its mode. * tests/cp/cp-parents: Add test to check against bug with cp --parents and symlinks. 2007-06-18 Jim Meyering Use mreadlink_with_size (doesn't exit), not xreadlink_with_size. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add readlink-with-size. Remove xreadlink and xreadlink-with-size. * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Use mreadlink_with_size, not xreadlink_with_size. * src/ls.c (get_link_name): Likewise. * src/readlink.c (main): Likewise. * src/stat.c (print_stat): Likewise. * README-hacking: Don't mention Gzip 1.2.4, now that 1.3.12 is out. 2007-06-16 Jim Meyering Make chgrp and chown diagnostics consistent. * src/chown.c (main): Emit the diagnostic before the file name, not after it, to be consistent with chgrp's diagnostic. * src/chgrp.c (parse_group): Emit a ":" between the diagnostic and the file name. Reported by Egmont Koblinger. * THANKS: Add Egmont Koblinger. 2007-06-15 Paul Eggert Correct cp's handling of destination symlinks in some cases. * NEWS: "cp" no longer considers a destination symlink to be the same as the referenced file when copying links or making backups. * src/copy.c (copy_reg): When following a symlink, use the followed name in later chown etc. requests, so that the created file is affected, rather than the symlink. Use O_NOFOLLOW on source when not dereferencing symlinks; this avoids a race. Preserve errno correctly when doing multiple open attempts on the destination. (copy_internal): Follow destination symlinks only when copying a regular file and only when we don't intend to remove or rename the destination first, regardless of whether following source symlinks; this is because since POSIX and tradition (e.g., FreeBSD) say we should ordinarily follow destination symlinks if the system calls would ordinarily do so. * src/copy.h (struct cp_options): Add comment that 'dereference' is only for source files. * src/cp.c (usage): Note that --derereference etc. are only for source files. (make_dir_parents_private): Follow symlinks, regardless of whether --dereference is specified, because these are destination symlinks. * tests/cp/same-file: Adjust tests to match revised behavior. Filter out perror output since it might vary from host to host. Use sed alone instead of also using echo. * doc/coreutils.texi (cp invocation): Document the behavior better when the destination is a symlink. Clarify source versus destination symlinks. Describe the new behavior for destination symlinks. 2007-06-15 Jim Meyering * src/copy.c: Include "canonicalize.h". (copy_reg): Use canonicalize_filename_mode to follow the symlink, so that we can always open with O_EXCL and avoid a race. 2007-06-15 Jim Meyering Don't include "quote.h" when it is not used. * src/md5sum.c: Remove unnecessary inclusion of "quote.h". * src/expr.c: Likewise. * src/shred.c: Likewise. * Makefile.maint (sc_prohibit_quote_without_use): New rule. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Adjust offsets. 2007-06-14 Paul Eggert Clarify what "cat" documentation means by "blank" lines. * doc/coreutils.texi (cat invocation): "Blank" lines actually mean empty lines. * src/cat.c (usage): Say that "nonblank" means nonempty. Clarify --squeeze-blank. 2007-06-13 Jim Meyering rmdir: give better diagnostics * src/rmdir.c (remove_parents): Give a more descriptive/consistent diagnostic upon failure. (main): Likewise. Suggestion from Joey Hess. * THANKS: Add Joey Hess. Don't include "quotearg.h" when it is not used. * Makefile.maint (sc_prohibit_quotearg_without_use): New rule. * src/cp.c: Don't include "quotearg.h". It wasn't used. * README-hacking: List Gperf as a build-requirement, too. Reported by Steve Ward. 2007-06-11 Jim Meyering * README: Mention README-hacking, for whose who start from cloned/checked-out sources rather than from a distribution tarball. Reported by Steve Ward. * THANKS: Add Steve Ward. 2007-06-10 Jim Meyering bug-fix: cp would fail to write through a dangling symlink * NEWS: Mention the bug fix. * src/copy.c (copy_reg): When open fails with EEXIST, the destination is lstat'able, and a symlink, call open again, but now without O_EXCL. * tests/cp/thru-dangling: New file, to test for the above fix. * tests/cp/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add thru-dangling. * THANKS: Add Michael McLagan. Bug report from Michael McLagan in . 2007-06-04 Paul Eggert * doc/coreutils.texi (Common options): Mention that -h and --human-readable are equivalent to --block-size=human-readable. Documentation problem reported by Steve Ward in . (du invocation): Use optSi rather than duplicating the macro's contents (incorrectly, since we claimed a "B" was output). 2007-05-31 Jim Meyering Pull printf-related code from gnulib, rather than using forked copy. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Don't avoid size_max and xsize modules. While I dislike xsize-style overflow avoidance, maintaining a forked version of e.g., vasnprintf.c was too much work. 2007-05-29 Jim Meyering * src/dircolors.hin: Add screen-256color. Suggested by sdl.web@gmail.com in . 2007-05-26 Jim Meyering * TODO: Add an entry for comm --output-delimiter=STR 2007-05-25 James Youngman wc: ignore multibyte-character decoding errors * src/wc.c (wc): Don't issue an error message when mbrtowc indicates that we have seen an invalid byte sequence. This makes "wc /bin/sh" bearable (though the word and line counts are likely not to be useful). * NEWS: Mention the change. 2007-05-22 Jim Meyering Check for an up-to-date copyright year in coreutils.texi. * Makefile.maint (copyright-check): Also check for an up-to-date copyright year in doc/$().texi, if that file exists. * doc/coreutils.texi: Add 2007 to list of Copyright years. Reported by Karl Berry. cut: diagnose a range starting with 0 (-f 0-2) as invalid, and give a better diagnostic for a field-number/offset of 0. * NEWS: Mention the fix. * src/cut.c (ADD_RANGE_PAIR): Add an explicit check. Based on a patch from James Youngman. * tests/misc/cut: Add tests for the above. "cut -f 2-0" now fails; before, it was equivalent to "cut -f 2-" Also, diagnose the '-' in "cut -f -" as an invalid range, rather than interpreting it as the unlimited range, "1-". * NEWS: Mention these changes. * src/cut.c (set_fields): Don't interpret an accumulator "value" of 0 as an unspecified range endpoint. Give better diagnostics. Adjust a comment so that it is true also for 64-bit size_t. * tests/cut/Test.pm: Add tests for the above. stty: fix a harmless syntax nit * src/stty.c (visible): Use ";" as the statement terminator between two assignments, not ",". (integer_arg): Join an unnecessarily wrapped line. 2007-05-20 Jim Meyering stty: diagnose an invalid hex value in 35-colon command-line argument * NEWS: Mention this. * src/stty.c (strtoul_tcflag_t, strtoul_cc_t): New functions. (recover_mode): Use those functions (not sscanf), to parse the string robustly. * tests/stty/invalid: New file. Test for the above. * tests/stty/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add invalid. * .x-sc_prohibit_atoi_atof: Don't exempt stty.c from this check. Add tests/stty/invalid so we don't have to obfuscate the comment about sscanf therein. * Makefile.maint (sc_prohibit_atoi_atof): Mention sscanf in the diagnostic, too. * TODO: Remove some now-completed or no longer relevant items. 2007-05-19 Jim Meyering Rename uses of futimens -> gl_futimens; glibc now declares the former. * src/copy.c (copy_reg): Reflect renaming: futimens -> gl_futimens. * src/touch.c (touch): Likewise. 2007-05-18 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (my-distcheck): Remove -pedantic from $(CFLAGS) for now, to avoid c89-check failure due to use of #include_next. 2007-05-15 Jim Meyering Generate a dozen test-related Makefile.am files at bootstrap-time. * README-hacking: Build-from-checkout now require Perl, too. * bootstrap: Now that these generated Makefile.am files are no longer under version control, they must be created at bootstrap time. 2007-05-14 Paul Eggert * man/chmod.x: Document chmod's behavior with setuid and setgid bits. Remove misleading implication about leading zero. Problem reported by Jan Engelhardt in . 2007-05-13 Jim Meyering Remove the generated tests/*/Makefile.am files from version control. * tests/cut/Makefile.am: git-remove this generated file. * tests/head/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/join/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/pr/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/sort/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/tac/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/tail/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/test/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/tr/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/uniq/Makefile.am: Likewise. * tests/wc/Makefile.am: Likewise. * .cvsignore, .gitignore: Ignore these generated files. * src/.cvsignore, src/.gitignore: Add chcon here, ... * .cvsignore, .gitignore: ... not here. Test uniq's new --zero-terminated (-z) option. * tests/uniq/Test.pm: When possible, create a "-z"-testing variant of each existing test. (2z, 3z, 4z, 5z, 20z, 122, 123): New tests from James Youngman. 2007-05-12 James Youngman Add -z option to uniq. Originally proposed by Egmont Koblinger. * NEWS: Mention uniq's new option: --zero-terminated (-z). * src/uniq.c: Add new option, --zero-terminated (-z), to make uniq use the NUL byte as separator/delimiter rather than newline. (check_file): Add a parameter: delimiter. Update caller. Use readlinebuffer_delim in place of readlinebuffer everywhere. (main): Handle the new option. (usage): Describe new option the same way sort does. * doc/coreutils.texi (uniq invocation): Describe the new option. 2007-05-07 Jim Meyering * NEWS: Mention that last week's tr bug dates back to 1992. 2007-05-04 Jim Meyering Avoid test failure when run with an unusual umask. * tests/ls/color-dtype-dir: Set umask to 022. Suggestion from AIDA Shinra. Avoid failure of root-only test when run with a restrictive umask. * tests/rm/no-give-up: Ensure that non-root can access "d/" through root-owned ".". Reported by AIDA Shinra. tr -c: don't abort when translating with S2 larger than complement of S1 * src/tr.c (main): Remove invalid assertion triggered by e.g., tr -c a '[b*256]'. There's nothing wrong with having Set2 larger than Set1. Reported by Guntram Blohm. * tests/tr/Test.pm (no-abort-1): Test for the above. * NEWS: Mention this bug fix. * THANKS: Add Guntram Blohm. 2007-05-03 Jim Meyering Avoid test failure when run with a permissive umask. * tests/rm/no-give-up: Set permissions of test directory properly, i.e., not depending on umask prohibiting go=w. Reported by AIDA Shinra. 2007-05-02 Paul Eggert The following commands and options now support the standard size suffixes kB, M, MB, G, GB, and so on for T, P, Y, Z, and Y: head -c, head -n, od -j, od -N, od -S, split -b, split -C, tail -c, tail -n. * doc/coreutils.texi (od invocation, head invocation, tail invocation): Document support for new size suffixes. (head invocation, tail invocation): Document that -n uses the same suffixes as -c. (tail invocation): More-clearly document what leading "+" does. * src/head.c (usage, string_to_integer): Support new suffixes. * src/od.c (usage, main): Likewise. * src/split.c (usage, main): Likewise. * src/tail.c (usage, parse_options): Likewise. Prompted by a patch from Evan Hunt. 2007-05-02 Jim Meyering * src/du.c (usage): Tweak description of --dereference-args (-D) again. Prompted by another request for clarification from Justin Pryzby. Invoke rm via 'setuidgid ... env PATH="$PATH" ...', as in fail-eperm. * tests/rm/fail-2eperm: Patch from AIDA Shinra. Reported by Peter Dyballa. * THANKS: Add AIDA Shinra and Peter Dyballa. 2007-04-28 Paul Eggert * src/nohup.c (usage): Describe how standard input and output are redirected. 2007-04-25 Jim Meyering * src/du.c (usage): Clarify description of --dereference-args (-D). Prompted by a report from Justin Pryzby. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add fseeko and ftello. (gnulib_modules): Add autobuild. 2007-04-24 Jim Meyering * THANKS: Add Andreas Frische. * NEWS: Mention today's ls --color fix. * tests/ls-2/tests (sl-dangle): Add a test for today's fix. 2007-04-24 Eric Blake ls --color once again colors dangling symlinks correctly * src/ls.c (gobble_file): Much like the 2007-04-07 fix, add a term to the expression that decides whether we need stat and/or lstat calls. Reported by Andreas Frische. 2007-04-16 Jim Meyering * src/cut.c (usage): Adjust synopsis to show that an OPTION is required. Reported by Rudolf Kastl. * THANKS: Add Rudolf Kastl. 2007-04-11 Paul Eggert split --line-bytes=N (-C N): don't create an empty file. * src/split.c (line_bytes_split): Don't create an empty line afterwards if the last buffer happens to be exactly full. * tests/misc/split-fail: Add a test case for this. * NEWS: mention this. 2007-04-10 Jim Meyering ls: don't form or compute the length of strings that won't be used. * src/ls.c (gobble_file): Form and compute length of strings for block size, owner, group, author, major+minor numbers and file size only if they'll actually be used. I.e., don't form most of them when not producing long format output. 2007-04-07 Jim Meyering Add a test for, and document, today's fix. * NEWS: Mention today's ls --color fix. * tests/ls-2/tests (sl-target): Add a test for today's fix. * THANKS: Add Kirk Kelsey. 2007-04-07 Eric Blake Fix a bug in how the LS_COLORS ln=target attribute is handled. * src/ls.c (gobble_file): Use "stat" (not lstat) also when the ln=target attribute applies. Reported by Kirk Kelsey. 2007-04-02 Jim Meyering * src/copy.c (copy_reg): Initialize local "con", before calling getfscreatecon, in case that function (or its inline stub) does not set it. 2007-04-01 Paul Eggert * src/ls.c (print_horizontal): Fix bug reported by Mike Frysinger: ls -x DIR would sometimes output the wrong string in place of the first entry. * NEWS: Mention the bug fix. * tests/ls/x-option: New file. * tests/ls/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add x-option. gnulib moved md5 and sha1 modules into a new crypt/ directory; adapt * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Adjust to gnulib's renaming of md5 to crypt/md5 and sha1 to crypt/sha1. 2007-03-30 Jim Meyering * NEWS: Mention these SELinux changes. * ChangeLog-selinux: Remove file. Move its contents into this file, removing old dates. * src/runcon.c (main): Don't reorder arguments. Reported by Ulrich Drepper in . * tests/misc/runcon-no-reorder: New file. Test for the above. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add runcon-no-reorder. * src/runcon.c (main): Remove "." at end of a diagnostic. * src/runcon.c: New program. * src/Makefile.am (bin_PROGRAMS): Add runcon. (runcon_LDADD): Define. * README: Add runcon to the list of programs. * AUTHORS: Add this: runcon: Russell Coker * tests/help-version: Add runcon as an exception. * man/Makefile.am (dist_man_MANS): Add runcon.1. (runcon.1): New dependency. mkfifo, mknod: Accept new "-Z, --context=C" option. * src/mkfifo.c, src/mknod.c: Include . (main): Honor it. * src/Makefile.am (mkfifo_LDADD, mknod_LDADD): Use $(LIB_SELINUX). mkdir: Accept new "-Z, --context=C" option. * src/mkdir.c: Include . (main): Honor it. * src/Makefile.am (mkdir_LDADD): Use $(LIB_SELINUX). * tests/cp/cp-a-selinux: New file. Test for the bug reported in . * tests/cp/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add cp-a-selinux. * tests/selinux: New file. * tests/Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add selinux. * tests/misc/selinux: Source the new script, rather than open coding it. Change how "cp -a" and "cp --preserve=context" work with SELinux. Now, cp -a attempts to preserve context, but failure to do so does not change cp's exit status. However "cp --preserve=context" is similar, but failure *does* cause cp to exit with nonzero status. * src/copy.h (struct cp_options) [require_preserve_context]: New member. * src/copy.c (copy_reg, copy_internal): Implement the above. * src/mv.c (cp_option_init): Initialize the new member. * src/install.c (cp_option_init): Likewise. * src/cp.c (cp_option_init): Likewise. (decode_preserve_arg): Set it or reset it. cp, mv, install: add SELinux support, but unlike with the Red Hat patch, mv and cp do not provide the "-Z context" option. * src/copy.c: Include . (restore_default_fscreatecon): New function. (copy_reg): Make cp --preserve=context work for existing destination. (copy_internal): Likewise for new destinations. * src/copy.h (cp_options) [preserve_security_context]: New member. * src/cp.c: Include . (selinux_enabled): New global. (usage): Mention new --preserve=context option. (PRESERVE_CONTEXT): Define/use. (decode_preserve_arg): Handle PRESERVE_CONTEXT. (main): Remove an obsolete comment. If --preserve=context is specified on a system without SELinux enabled, give a diagnostic and fail. * src/mv.c: Include . Set x->preserve_security_context if SELinux is enabled. * src/install.c: Accept new "-Z, --context=C" option. Accept --preserve-context option (but not -P option). Accept alternate spelling: --preserve_context, for now. Include and "quotearg.h". (selinux_enabled, use_default_selinux_context): New globals. (PRESERVE_CONTEXT_OPTION): Define. (cp_option_init): Default: do not preserve security context. (setdefaultfilecon): New function. (main): Honor new options. * src/Makefile.am (mv_LDADD, cp_LDADD, ginstall_LDADD): Add $(LIB_SELINUX). * src/system.h (GETOPT_SELINUX_CONTEXT_OPTION_DECL): Define. * tests/misc/selinux [VERBOSE]: Print version info for each of the tested tools, not just ls. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Remove the ls.c patch, now that I've temporarily removed the offending c99'ism. * src/chcon.c (usage): Split a string literal that was longer than 509. * src/ls.c (gobble_file): Don't call getfilecon unless print_scontext. Upon failed getfilecon, accept not just ENOTSUP, but also ENODATA. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Adjust offsets. * AUTHORS: Add chcon. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Remove trailing blanks. * src/chcon.c: Don't include "dirname.h". system.h already includes it. * gl/lib/selinux-at.c: Remove a use of HAVE_CONFIG_H. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Handle a new c99'ism in ls.c. * src/id.c (main): Tweak id -Z diagnostic. id: Add SELinux support: -Z option. * src/id.c (main): Apply patches from Fedora, with these changes: Remove #ifdef WITH_SELINUX. Use error (EXIT_FAILURE, not fprintf+exit(1). * src/Makefile.am (id_LDADD): Define, so as to add $(LIB_SELINUX). stat: Add support for SELinux in the form of a %C format directive. * src/stat.c (follow_links): Make this variable file-global. (out_file_context): New function. (print_statfs): Honor %C. (print_stat): Honor %C. (do_stat): Remove follow_links parameter. (usage): Document the two %C directives. (main): Accept -Z (though it's a no-op). * src/Makefile.am (stat_LDADD): Define. ls: Add support for SELinux and a slightly modified -Z option. I started with the patches from Red Hat. The entries below tell how the code evolved. * src/ls.c (print_long_format, print_file_name_and_frills): When there is no security context (due to getfilecon/lgetfilecon failing with e.g. ENOTSUP), print it as "?", not "". * src/ls.c (print_file_name_and_frills): Make -Z work without -l. (length_of_file_name_and_frills): Likewise. * src/ls.c: Remove the --lcontext and --scontext options. Change the way -Z, --context work so that it no longer implies -l. Thus, -Z -l will work like -lcontext and -Z without -l will work like --scontext. Adjust tests to reflect new 'ls -l' syntax -- affects only systems with SELinux when operating on a file with no ACL. These tests assumed that everything before the first space on each line is the 10-byte mode string. But there may also be a "+" in the 11th column, just before the space. However, note that this is not new. The same thing would have happened even without the change below, when listing a file with an ACL. * tests/chmod/equals, tests/cp/cp-parents, tests/cp/fail-perm: * tests/cp/link-preserve, tests/install/basic-1, tests/misc/mknod: * tests/mkdir/parents, tests/mkdir/special-1, tests/mv/partition-perm: Don't make compilation depend on USE_ACL. An SELinux security context counts as an "alternate access control method", so ls must output a "+" for each file with a security context. * src/ls.c [struct fileinfo] (have_acl): Declare unconditionally. (FILE_HAS_ACL): Remove macro definition. Use f->have_acl directly. (gobble_file): Record whether a file has a security context, and update the condition used to determine whether to print the "+". (gobble_file): Call getfilecon/lgetfilecon also when format == long_format, so that we get the "+". * src/ls.c (gobble_file): Add a comment explaining why (with a security context option) ls doesn't exit nonzero due to e.g., getfilecon failing with errno == ENOTSUP. * src/ls.c (gobble_file): Ignore failure of getfilecon if it's due to ENOTSUP. * src/ls.c (gobble_file): Factor out three small blocks using getfilecon and lgetfilecon. Don't ignore return value from getfilecon and lgetfilecon. * src/ls.c (print_long_format): Don't use ?: (empty 2nd arg with C ternary operator). (print_scontext_format): Likewise. (print_scontext): Declare to be "bool", not int. Adjust uses. * src/Makefile.am (dir_LDADD, ls_LDADD, vdir_LDADD): Add $(LIB_SELINUX). * tests/misc/chcon: New file. * tests/misc/chcon-fail: New file. * tests/Makefile.am (check-root): Run new, root-only misc/chcon test. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add chcon and chcon-fail. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add selinux. * tests/misc/selinux: New file. * tests/help-version: Skip chcon. * man/chcon.x: New file. * man/Makefile.am: Build chcon.1. New program: chcon * gl/modules/selinux-at: New module. Check for libselinux and set LIB_SELINUX here, unconditionally, rather than depending on the configure-time --enable-selinux option. * gl/modules/selinux-h: New module. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add selinux-at. * gl/lib/selinux-at.c, gl/lib/selinux-at.h: New files. * gl/lib/se-selinux_.h: New file. * gl/lib/se-context_.h: New file. * gl/m4/selinux-selinux-h.m4: New file. * gl/m4/selinux-context-h.m4: New file. * src/Makefile.am (bin_PROGRAMS): Add chcon. (chcon_LDADD): Define. * README: Add chcon to the list of programs. * src/chcon.c: Rewrite the original (Red Hat) chcon to use fts. 2007-03-29 Jim Meyering * .vg-suppressions: Add libc-getpwuid-leak. 2007-03-28 Jim Meyering Help translators include translation team's web or email address. * src/system.h (emit_bug_reporting_address): New function. * src/base64.c: Use it rather than a literal printf. * src/basename.c, src/cat.c, src/chgrp.c, src/chmod.c: * src/chown.c, src/chroot.c, src/cksum.c, src/comm.c, src/cp.c: * src/csplit.c, src/cut.c, src/date.c, src/dd.c, src/df.c: * src/dircolors.c, src/dirname.c, src/du.c, src/echo.c, src/env.c: * src/expand.c, src/expr.c, src/factor.c, src/fmt.c, src/fold.c: * src/head.c, src/hostid.c, src/hostname.c, src/id.c, src/install.c: * src/join.c, src/kill.c, src/link.c, src/ln.c, src/logname.c: * src/ls.c, src/md5sum.c, src/mkdir.c, src/mkfifo.c, src/mknod.c: * src/mv.c, src/nice.c, src/nl.c, src/nohup.c, src/od.c: * src/paste.c, src/pathchk.c, src/pinky.c, src/pr.c, src/printenv.c: * src/printf.c, src/ptx.c, src/pwd.c, src/readlink.c, src/rm.c: * src/rmdir.c, src/seq.c, src/setuidgid.c, src/shred.c, src/shuf.c: * src/sleep.c, src/sort.c, src/split.c, src/stat.c, src/stty.c: * src/su.c, src/sum.c, src/sync.c, src/system.h, src/tac.c: * src/tail.c, src/tee.c, src/test.c, src/touch.c, src/tr.c: * src/true.c, src/tsort.c, src/tty.c, src/uname.c, src/unexpand.c: * src/uniq.c, src/unlink.c, src/uptime.c, src/users.c, src/wc.c: * src/who.c, src/whoami.c, src/yes.c: Likewise. * src/stty.c: Don't include "vasprintf.h", now that its declarations are guaranteed to be in gnulib's stdio.h. * src/who.c: Likewise. 2007-03-27 Jim Meyering * README: Use "install", not "ginstall" in the list of program names. * src/Makefile.am (check-README): Substitute s/ginstall/install/. 2007-03-25 Jim Meyering * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Regenerate. 2007-03-25 Paul Eggert Avoid the need for euidaccess and/or lstat on every directory entry with 'rm -r dir' (without -f), if we are root, or if we are removing a directory tree that is full of symbolic links. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add write-any-file. * src/copy.c: Include write-any-file.h. (UNWRITABLE): Remove macro, replacing with.... (writable_destination): New function, which uses can_write_any_file to avoid the need for euidaccess when we are privileged. (overwrite_prompt, abandon_move): Use it. * src/remove.c: Include write-any-file.h. (D_TYPE): New macro. (DT_UNKNOWN, DT_DIR, DT_LNK) [!HAVE_STRUCT_DIRENT_D_TYPE]: New macros. (write_protected_non_symlink): Don't bother to stat if we can write any file. (prompt): New arg PDIRENT_TYPE. All callers changed. Use readdir dirent type to avoid the need for 'lstat' on each directory entry in cases like 'rm -r dir', if we are root, or if the tree is full of symbolic links. (DT_IS_KNOWN, DT_MUST_BE): Remove. (remove_entry): New arg DIRENT_TYPE_ARG. All callers changed. 2007-03-24 Jim Meyering If strace malfunctions, skip the test rather than failing it. * tests/mv/atomic: Required on a mips-unknown-linux-gnu system running the aging linux-2.4.27-mipscvs-20040814. 2007-03-23 Paul Eggert * src/pathchk.c: Don't include euidaccess.h, as we don't call euidaccess. 2007-03-23 Jim Meyering * README-package-renamed-to-coreutils: Add a URL for the FAQ, and a couple more archive links. 2007-03-22 Jim Meyering Post-release version change. * NEWS: Add a line for 6.9+. * configure.ac (AC_INIT): Set new version string. Version 6.9. * NEWS: Record release date and new version number. * configure.ac (AC_INIT): New version number. * tests/mv/hard-3: Correct the preceding change: $3 -> $2. 2007-03-22 Paul Eggert Improve a test script. * tests/mv/hard-3: Check for 'ls' failure, too. Generate more-useful debugging output when 'ls' fails. 2007-03-21 Jim Meyering Fix a test script not to claim an ext2 file system is of type xfs. * tests/du/slink: When using df --local and df --type=TYPE, test only the exit code. Don't bother with stdout. Prompted by a report by Thomas Schwinge of an inaccurate diagnostic. * gl/lib/savewd.c: Remove this file, since the savewd_save change is now in gnulib. The other wasn't useful. 2007-03-20 Jim Meyering * gl/lib/acl.c: Remove this file, now that gnulib's version subsumes it. Skip part of this test when "." is not a local file system. * tests/install/basic-1: Otherwise, it would fail on some NFS file systems. * tests/mkdir/p-3: Likewise. 2007-03-19 Paul Eggert * src/Makefile.am (dir_LDADD, ls_LDADD, vdir_LDADD): Add $(LIB_ACL_TRIVIAL). 2007-03-18 Jim Meyering Fix a generic NFS-related test failure. * tests/mkdir/p-3: When setting up an unreadable "." in an inaccessible parent, make the parent inaccessible *after* making "." unreadable. Otherwise, running "chmod a-r ." in an already- inaccessible parent would fail on NFS with "Stale NFS file handle". Fix a bug in how pr -m -s works. * NEWS: Describe how the fix affects pr. * src/pr.c (init_parameters): The --merge (-m) option does not imply --expand-tabs (-e), so don't set "untabify_input". Reported by Wis Macomson. * tests/misc/pr: New file. Test for the above fix. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add pr. * THANKS: Update. 2007-03-17 Jim Meyering Detect use of AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR also when its argument is quoted. * bootstrap: Put ""s around use of $build_aux, in case someone uses a name containing shell meta-characters. Reported by Alfred M. Szmidt. * tests/misc/tty-eof: Add shuf to the list of tested commands. Avoid test failure on NFS-mounted Solaris ZFS file system. * tests/du/basic: Skip a test if "." is on a non-local file system. Avoid an obscure build failure, prefer waitpid over wait. * src/install.c (strip): Use waitpid, not wait. It's equivalent, but feels less obsolescent. * bootstrap: Don't use \> in grep regexp. For HP-UX. 2007-03-16 Jim Meyering Begin adding support for Solaris ZFS (4 entries per trivial ACL) * gl/lib/acl.c (ACL_NOT_WELL_SUPPORTED): New macro. (file_has_acl, copy_acl): Use it, rather than enumerating errno values. (is_trivial_acl): New function. Incomplete, for now. (file_has_acl, copy_acl): Use the new function, rather than counting the number of entries in an ACL. * bootstrap: Update from gnulib. * .x-sc_prohibit_atoi_atof: Add TODO here, too. 2007-03-16 Paul Eggert * src/copy.c: Include filemode.h. (overwrite_prompt): Say "try to overwrite", not "overwrite", to make it clearer that the attempt may fail. Problem reported by Dan Jacobson in: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2007-03/msg00130.html Output symbolic mode as well as numeric. * tests/mv/i-2 (fail): Adjust to new prompt format. 2007-03-15 Jim Meyering Enforce policy: don't use *scanf functions. * Makefile.maint (sc_prohibit_atoi_atof): Add to regexp and diagnostic. * .x-sc_prohibit_atoi_atof: Give stty a temporary pass. * TODO: note that stty.c needs this small clean-up. 2007-03-13 Jim Meyering Prepare to work on ACL-related failure when using Solaris ZFS. * gl/lib/acl.c: New file, copied from gnulib. Work around a failing test due to an NFS-based race condition. * tests/cp/sparse: Accept a report that the copy is *smaller*. 2007-03-12 Jim Meyering Make bootstrap.conf a tiny bit more generic. * bootstrap.conf (XGETTEXT_OPTIONS): Exclude gettext-related .m4 files when e.g., AM_GNU_GETTEXT([external] appears in configure.ac. 2007-03-10 Jim Meyering Try to fix today's NFS-related failure: Treat ESTALE like EACCES. * gl/lib/savewd.c: Copy this file from gnulib, then change "errno != EACCES" to (errno != EACCES && errno != ESTALE). The symptom was this failure in tests/install/basic-1: ginstall: cannot create directory `rel/a': Stale NFS file handle The preceding change solved part of the problem. Now ginstall fails. * tests/install/basic-1: Temporarily, don't redirect ginstall's stderr to /dev/null, so I can see why the NFS autobuilder's NFS test is failing. * tests/install/basic-1: When setting up an unreadable "." in an inaccessible parent, make the parent inaccessible *after* making "." unreadable. Otherwise, running "chmod a-r ." in an already- inaccessible parent would fail on NFS with "Stale NFS file handle". Reported by Bob Proulx. * Makefile.maint (po-check): Exclude c99-to-c89.diff. 2007-03-09 Jim Meyering Avoid test failures on Darwin 7.9.0 (MacOS X 10.3.9) * tests/chgrp/basic: Don't let failure by chgrp to set the group of a symlink make this test fail. Do give a diagnostic. In the chgrp-no-change-ctime test, add darwin7.9.0 as another known-failing system. When failing on some other system, print $host_triplet, too. Also avoid test failures on Darwin 8.8.x (MacOS X 10.4). Reported by Peter Fales. 2007-03-08 Jim Meyering * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Reflect the new c99'ism, update offsets. 2007-03-08 Paul Eggert rm without -f: give a better diagnostic when euidaccess fails. * src/remove.c (write_protected_non_symlink): Return int, not bool, so that we can indicate failure too (as a postive error number). (prompt): If write_protected_non_symlink fails, report that error number and fail rather than charging ahead and removing the dubious entry. Redo the logic of printing a diagnostic so that we need to invoke quote (full_filename (...)) only once. More details at: 2007-03-08 Jim Meyering Generalize a few more cvs-isms. * bootstrap (checkout_only_file): Rename from CVS_only_file. Change comments and diagnostics not to say "CVS". * bootstrap: Run libtool, if necessary. Make bootstrap a little more general. * bootstrap (build_aux): Factor out/use this definition. Formally require a "AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR($build_aux)" line in configure.ac. (insert_sorted_if_absent): Move function definition "up", to precede new first use. If $build_aux/ doesn't exist initially, create it, and mark it as ignored. 2007-03-03 Andrew Church (tiny change) Paul Eggert Fix a bug: cp -x would fail to set mount point permissions. * NEWS: mention cp -x bug fix * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Don't return immediately after copying a mount point that we do not intend to recurse under. Based on a patch by Andrew Church. 2007-03-03 Jim Meyering pwd-unreadable-parent: Skip test on ia64/Linux, too. * tests/misc/pwd-unreadable-parent: Also skip when $REPLACE_GETCWD. Reported by Bob Proulx. 2007-03-02 Jim Meyering pwd-unreadable-parent: Skip test on non-Linux/GNU systems. * tests/misc/pwd-unreadable-parent: Rather than trying to decide whether this test has a chance of succeeding, run it only when $(host_os) is linux-gnu. It was failing on powerpc-apple-darwin8.8.0 * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Add host_os=$(host_os). * tests/misc/pwd-long: Also allow "+" in $PWD. Remove another coreutils-ism. Formatting cleanup. * Makefile.maint (my-distcheck): Update an outdated comment. (emit_upload_commands): Use $(PACKAGE) rather than "coreutils". (my-distcheck): Skip the c99/c89 check if there's no such .diff file. 2007-03-01 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (warn_cflags): Hoist, adding "-Dlint -O". (my-distcheck): Use the new variable, instead of too-long literal. Make "make syntax-check" rules less coreutils-specific. * Makefile.maint (sc_cast_of_x_alloc_return_value): Use CVS_LIST_EXCEPT. (sc_cast_of_alloca_return_value): Likewise. (sc_root_tests): Do nothing if there is no check-root target in tests/Makefile.am. Run the writable-files check only for release-building targets. * Makefile.maint (local-checks-available): Remove writable-files. (alpha beta major): Put it here, instead. "make syntax-check" now runs only Makefile.cfg-selected tests * Makefile.maint (syntax-check-rules): Hoist this definition so that it precedes the indirect use in the definition of $(local-check). (local-check): Use :=, not just "=". (syntax-check): Depend on $(local-check), not $(syntax-check-rules). 2007-02-28 Bruno Haible * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Replace xreadlink with xreadlink-with-size. Add xreadlink. * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Update. * src/ls.c (is_directory): Update. * src/stat.c (print_stat): Update. * src/readlink.c (main): Use the one-argument xreadlink function. 2007-02-28 Paul Eggert * doc/coreutils.texi (Common options): --si outputs "M", not "MB". Problem reported by Philip Rowlands in . 2007-02-28 Jim Meyering * .x-sc_file_system: Add the new test, tests/misc/df-P, to this list of exceptions, for the "make distcheck" sc_file_system rule. * Makefile.maint (gnulib_snapshot_date): Remove now-unused definition. 2007-02-27 Paul Eggert Make df -P immune to effects of e.g., the BLOCK_SIZE envvar. * NEWS: With -P, the default block size and output format is not affected by DF_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE, or BLOCKSIZE. * src/df.c (main): Implement this. 2007-02-27 Jim Meyering Add a test for the above. * tests/misc/df-P: New file. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add df-P. 2007-02-25 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (announcement): Adjust so that it works with announce-gen's --gnulib-snapshot-time-stamp option. Indent one of the command lines using TAB, not 8 spaces. Post-release version change. * NEWS: Add a line for 6.8+. * configure.ac (AC_INIT): Set new version string. 2007-02-24 Jim Meyering Version 6.8. * NEWS: Record release date and new version number. * configure.ac (AC_INIT): New version number. Don't skip this test on new-enough Linux/GNU systems. * tests/misc/pwd-unreadable-parent: Test $REPLACE_GETCWD = 0, rather than for __GETCWD_PREFIX in config.h (the latter is no longer defined, ever, due to gnulib changes). * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Define REPLACE_GETCWD. Remove the "gnits" option; it prohibits my using "+" as a version string suffix, and all it does (beyond the default "gnu" option) is to _require_ the THANKS file. * configure.ac (AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE): Remove it. Remove all AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS settings in Makefile.am files. * tests/chgrp/Makefile.am, tests/chmod/Makefile.am: * tests/chown/Makefile.am, tests/cp/Makefile.am: * tests/du/Makefile.am, tests/expr/Makefile.am: * tests/factor/Makefile.am, tests/general/Makefile.am: * tests/install/Makefile.am, tests/ln/Makefile.am: * tests/ls/Makefile.am, tests/mkdir/Makefile.am: * tests/mv/Makefile.am, tests/readlink/Makefile.am: * tests/rm/Makefile.am, tests/rmdir/Makefile.am: * tests/seq/Makefile.am, tests/stty/Makefile.am: * tests/tee/Makefile.am, tests/touch/Makefile.am: * README: Document the OSF/1 4.0d build failure and work-around. Reported by Bruno Haible. * NEWS: Use a simple "+" suffix to denote pre-release, not "-dirty". Nicer connotations. * configure.ac: Use 6.7+, not 6.7-dirty. 2007-02-24 Paul Eggert * NEWS: sort no longer compresses temporaries by default. * bootstrap.conf: Remove findprog. * doc/coreutils.texi (sort invocation): The default is to not compress. Don't treat "" specially. * src/sort.c: Don't include findprog.h. (create_temp): Compress only if the user specified --compress-program. * tests/misc/sort-compress: Adjusts tests to match new behavior. 2007-02-24 Jim Meyering Avoid a shell syntax error, when building with an inadequate Perl. * man/Makefile.am (.x.1): Add quotes around $(PERL) in case, since it can expand to "/.../missing perl". * man/Makefile.am (.x.1): Warn when unable to update a man page. Suggestion from Bruno Haible. 2007-02-23 Bruno Haible Handle better the combination of old Perl and a pre-c99 compiler. * man/Makefile.am (.x.1): If the autoconf test has determined that perl is missing or not a sufficient version, do nothing. * tests/readlink/can-e: Put the closing double-quote at the end of a backquoted word, not in the middle. Works around a bug in sh on OSF/1 4.0d. * tests/readlink/can-f: Likewise. * tests/readlink/can-m: Likewise. * tests/du/slink: Skip the test if executing on an nfsv3 file system. This avoids a test failure at least on OSF/1 4.0d. 2007-02-23 Jim Meyering * src/date.c (usage): Split a diagnostic that had grown to be longer than the C89 maximum of 509 bytes. 2007-02-23 Ed Santiago * src/date.c (usage): Mention that --rfc-3339 uses space, not 'T', for a separator. Include sample RFC 2822 and 3339 output. 2007-02-23 Jim Meyering With -Dlint, make shuf free all heap-allocated storage. * src/shuf.c (main): Move declaration of input_lines to function scope, and initialize to NULL, so we can free it. [lint]: Free all malloc'd memory. * tests/misc/shuf: Also test shuf's -e and -i options. 2007-02-22 Jim Meyering Merge in a change from some other incarnation of this file (gzip?) * bootstrap (gnulib_tool): Skip get_translations if there is no po/ dir. Adjust preceding change not to perform an unaligned access. * src/copy.c (copy_reg): Undo previous change. Instead, make it clearer that we're using a single-byte sentinel, and [lint]: Initialize sizeof (uintptr_t) - 1 bytes after the sentinel. Reported by Andreas Schwab. Placate valgrind, wrt ./cp --sparse=always * src/copy.c (copy_reg): Place the sentinel by setting a full word's worth of bits, not just a single byte's worth. This avoids a harmless (but distracting) case of memory being used-uninitialized. 2007-02-21 Paul Eggert Honor dd's noatime flag if possible, even if not supported on build fs * doc/coreutils.texi (dd invocation): Warn that noatime might not be reliable. * src/dd.c (flags, usage): Look at O_NOATIME, not HAVE_WORKING_O_NOATIME, to decide whether to support the noatime flag, so that dd attempts O_NOATIME even if the build file system does not support it. Problem reported by Jim Meyering today in bug-coreutils. * tests/dd/misc: Generate a warning, not a failure, if noatime exists but fails. 2007-02-21 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/date: Remove vestigial use of Data::Dumper. 2007-02-20 Paul Eggert * src/copy.c (cached_umask): Cast -1 to mode_t to avoid a warning about out-of-range initializer with Sun C 5.8. 2007-02-20 Jim Meyering * bootstrap (CVS_only_file): Use README-hacking. Now that we use GIT, not cvs, rename README-cvs. * README-hacking: Renamed from... Update to reflect that we now use git. * README-cvs: ...this. * src/env.c (main): When invoked with no arguments (i.e. when printing the environment), use a local variable to iterate through the global "environ" array, rather than "environ" itself. This is solely to avoid changing the environment for an LD_PRELOAD-substituted "puts" or "exit" function. Tiny patch by Harvey Eneman. See . * THANKS: Update. * bootstrap: Move definitions of temporary directory names and the new bt_regex "up" to precede all uses, so it's clearer what their scope is. Also, use [.], rather than \\., since the former works even if eval'd. * bootstrap: Remove occurrences of $bt (._bootmp) from lib/Makefile. Based on the bison 2007-02-19 change by Joel E. Denny. 2007-02-19 Paul Eggert * NEWS: sort now uses a --compress-program option rather than an environment variable. * doc/coreutils.texi (sort invocation): Document this. * src/sort.c (usage): Likewise. (COMPRESS_PROGRAM_OPTION): New const. (long_options, create_temp, main): Support new option. * tests/misc/sort-compress: Test it. 2007-02-19 Jim Meyering * bootstrap: Fix typo s/dowloading/downloading/ in --help output. 2007-02-18 Jim Meyering * src/system.h: Don't include exit.h, now that it's subsumed by the gnulib-generated stdlib.h. * tests/rm/fail-eacces: Skip this test when running as root. Reported by Matthew Woehlke. * bootstrap: Use "._bootmp" as the temporary directory name, not ".#bootmp". The latter's "#" caused trouble with the new, gnulib-added "LINK_WARNING_H = $(top_srcdir)/.#bootmp/..." line. 2007-02-14 Paul Eggert * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add c-strcase. Remove strcase. * src/dircolors.c: Include c-strcase.h. (dc_parse_stream): Use c_strcasecmp rather than strcasecmp to avoid unreliable results in locales like Turkish where strcasecmp is incompatible with the C locale. 2007-02-13 Jim Meyering Also check for and print stderr output, in case a program fails. * tests/misc/tty-eof: Occasionally (not reproducible), this test would fail, with one or more programs exiting nonzero, e.g., tty-eof: sha224sum exited with status 1 (expected 0) Now, maybe we'll get a clue, the next time that happens. 2007-02-12 Jim Meyering * .x-sc_useless_cpp_parens: Ignore a false-positive in a shell script. * tests/misc/pwd-unreadable-parent: Skip the test if we're definitely using the replacement. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Define CONFIG_HEADER. 2007-02-10 Jim Meyering Remove excess leading spaces that would make help2man misbehave. * src/printf.c (usage): Remove excess spaces on 2nd line of %b desc. * src/nl.c (usage): Remove excess spaces on 2nd line of pBRE desc. * src/dd.c (usage): Remove excess spaces on 2nd line of sync desc. * src/date.c (usage): Use two spaces after each optional flag, not one. Reported by Thomas Huriaux in . * Makefile.maint (longopt_re): Relax the regexp, making square brackets optional, so it matches the newly reported violations, too. * src/csplit.c (usage): Use two spaces (not one) to separate each option string from its description, so help2man formats the derived man page properly. Reported by Thomas Huriaux in . * src/df.c (usage): Likewise. * src/du.c (usage): Likewise. * src/install.c (usage): Likewise. * src/ls.c (usage): Likewise. 2007-02-03 Jim Meyering Test for today's gnulib/lib/getcwd.c fix affecting pwd and readlink * NEWS: Mention the bug fix. * tests/misc/pwd-unreadable-parent: New file. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS): Ad pwd-unreadable-parent. 2007-02-02 Paul Eggert * NEWS: Document fix for cp --preserve=mode. * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Omit the group- or other-writeable permissions when creating a directory, to avoid a race condition if the special mode bits aren't right just after the directory is created. * src/cp.c (make_dir_parents_private): Likewise. * tests/cp/parent-perm-race: Test for the "cp --preserve=mode" race fix in copy.c. * NEWS: Document fix for cp --parents. * src/cp.c (make_dir_parents_private): Report the error sooner with "cp --parents DIR/FILE DEST" when DIR is a non-directory, thus not creating the directory, DEST/DIR. * tests/cp/cp-parents: Test for the non-race-condition bug fixed by the above change. 2007-02-02 Jim Meyering * src/nl.c (proc_text): Use "NULL", not "(struct re_registers *) 0". * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Make shred.c Index: and a/b prefixes consistent, so this can be applied with patch -p0. Reported by Matthew Woehlke. Arrange for "make check-root" to run the new root-only test. * tests/Makefile.am (t9): New target, to run tests/cp/cp-a-selinux. (all_t): Add t9. * Makefile.maint (patch-check): Use patch with its -p2 option, since that makes this check slightly more strict. Use a directory on a loopback device mounted with -o context=... * tests/cp/cp-a-selinux: Since this test now runs mount and umount, it is a root-only one. 2007-01-29 Jim Meyering Plug a leak in ls. * src/ls.c (print_dir): Don't leak a "DIR"+fd upon failure to determine dev/inode or upon detecting a symlink loop. * src/ls.c: Rename three global variables. (cwd_file): Rename from 'files'. (cwd_n_alloc): Rename from 'nfiles'. (cwd_n_used): Rename from 'files_index'. Shave 8 bytes off the size of "struct fileinfo". * src/ls.c (fileinfo): Put all members of type "bool" together. 2007-01-28 Paul Eggert Modify "ls" to sort its data faster, using the new gnulib mpsort module rather than qsort. This is particularly a win in environments where strcoll is slow, since mpsort typically calls strcoll less often than qsort does. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add mpsort. * src/ls.c: Include mpsort.h. (sorted_file, sorted_file_alloc): New vars, for a new vector of pointers to the file info, for speed. (clear_files, extract_dirs_from_files, sort_files, print_current_files): (print_many_per_line, print_horizontal, print_with_commas): (calculate_columns): Set and use new vector. (initialize_ordering_vector): New function. 2007-01-26 Paul Eggert Adjust to today's change to gnulib, which added a module for string.h to replace the little include files like strcase.h. * src/dircolors.c: Don't include strcase.h. * src/system.h: Don't include mempcpy.h, memrchr.h, stpcpy.h, strpbrk.h. 2007-01-26 Jim Meyering * src/dd.c (advance_input_after_read_error): Change diagnostic to say "invalid file offset" rather than "screwy file offset". * .x-sc_cast_of_argument_to_free: Remove this file. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Likewise. 2007-01-25 Dan Hipschman * src/sort.c (create_temp): Remove superfluous access-X_OK check. find_in_path does this for us. 2007-01-24 Jim Meyering Remove usually-skipped test. * tests/cp/open-perm-race: Remove this file. It is subsumed by parent-perm-race. * tests/cp/Makefile.am (TESTS): Remove open-perm-race. * tests/sort/Makefile.am: Regenerate. Pass "make distcheck" again. * src/sort.c (usage): Split a diagnostic that had grown to be longer than the C89 maximum of 509 bytes. * .x-sc_cast_of_argument_to_free: New file. Allow a cast in sort.c. FIXME: this is just temporary, while we wait to remove the offending access-calling code. * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add .x-sc_cast_of_argument_to_free. * Makefile.maint (sc_cast_of_argument_to_free): Use the canonical, $$($(CVS_LIST_EXCEPT)). * m4/.gitignore, m4/.cvsignore, lib/.gitignore, lib/.cvsignore: Update. 2007-01-24 Paul Eggert * NEWS: New option sort -C, proposed by XCU ERN 127, which looks like it will be approved. Also add --check=quiet, --check=silent as long aliases, and --check=diagnose-first as an alias for -c. * doc/coreutils.texi (sort invocation): Document this. Also, mention that sort -c can take at most one file. * src/sort.c: Implement this. Include argmatch.h. (usage): Document the change. (CHECK_OPTION): New constant. (long_options): --check now takes an optional argument, and is now treated differently from 'c'. (check_args, check_types): New constant arrays. (check): New arg CHECKONLY, which suppresses diagnostic if -C. (main): Parse the new options. * tests/sort/Test.pm (02d, 02d, incompat5, incompat6): New tests for -C. 2007-01-24 Jim Meyering Fix a typo. * tests/misc/sort-compress: Use $abs_top_builddir, not $top_builddir. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Likewise. Don't depend on "which". * tests/misc/sort-compress (SORT): Use $abs_builddir, now which. * tests/misc/Makefile.am (TESTS_ENVIRONMENT): Export top_builddir. 2007-01-24 Dan Hipschman Test sort compression. * tests/misc/Makefile.am: Add the test. * tests/misc/sort-compress: New file containing the tests. 2007-01-24 Jim Meyering * NEWS: sort temp file compression: tweak wording. * src/sort.c (struct sortfile) [name]: Declare member to be const. 2007-01-21 Jim Meyering * src/sort.c (MAX_FORK_RETRIES_COMPRESS, MAX_FORK_RETRIES_DECOMPRESS): In pipe_fork callers, use these named constants, not "2" and "8". (proctab, nprocs): Declare to be "static". (pipe_fork) [lint]: Initialize local, pid, to avoid unwarranted may-be-used-uninitialized warning. (create_temp): Use the active voice. Describe parameters, too. 2007-01-21 James Youngman Centralize all the uses of sigprocmask(). Don't restore an invalid saved mask. * src/sort.c (enter_cs, leave_cs): New functions for protecting code sequences against signal delivery. * (exit_cleanup): Use enter_cs and leave_cs instead of calling sigprocmask directly. (create_temp_file, pipe_fork, zaptemp): Likewise 2007-01-21 Dan Hipschman Add compression of temp files to sort. * NEWS: Mention this. * bootstrap.conf: Import findprog. * configure.ac: Add AC_FUNC_FORK. * doc/coreutils.texi: Document GNUSORT_COMPRESSOR environment variable. * src/sort.c (compress_program): New global, holds the name of the external compression program. (struct sortfile): New type used by mergepfs and friends instead of filenames to hold PIDs of compressor processes. (proctab): New global, holds compressor PIDs on which to wait. (enum procstate, struct procnode): New types used by proctab. (proctab_hasher, proctab_comparator): New functions for proctab. (nprocs): New global, number of forked but unreaped children. (reap, reap_some): New function, wait for/cleanup forked processes. (register_proc, update_proc, wait_proc): New functions for adding, modifying and removing proctab entries. (create_temp_file): Change parameter type to pointer to file descriptor, and return type to pointer to struct tempnode. (dup2_or_die): New function used in create_temp and open_temp. (pipe_fork): New function, creates a pipe and child process. (create_temp): Creates a temp file and possibly a compression program to which we filter output. (open_temp): Opens a compressed temp file and creates a decompression process through which to filter the input. (mergefps): Change FILES parameter type to struct sortfile array and update access accordingly. Use open_temp and reap_some. (avoid_trashing_input, merge): Change FILES parameter like mergefps and call create_temp instead of create_temp_file. (sort): Call create_temp instead of create_temp_file. Use reap_some. (avoid_trashing_input, merge, sort, main): Adapt to mergefps. The idea of compressing sorts temporary files was first suggested/implemented by Jay Soffian in 1998, and again by Charles Randall in 2001. 2007-01-20 Jim Meyering * tests/misc/pwd-long: Work properly even when run from the wrong one of two or more bind-mounted sibling directories. Suggestion from Mike Stone in . 2007-01-20 Paul Eggert Standardize on list of signals when an app catches signals. * src/csplit.c (main): Also catch SIGALRM, SIGPIPE, SIGPOLL, SIGPROF, SIGVTALRM, SIGXCPU, SIGXFSZ. * src/ls.c (main): Likewise (except SIGPIPE was already caught). Note that ls.c is special, as it also catches SIGTSTP. * src/sort.c (main): Likewise. Also catch SIGQUIT. More details in . 2007-01-19 Dan Hipschman and Paul Eggert * src/sort.c (cleanup): Clear temphead at the end. (exit_cleanup): New function. (main): Don't invoke atexit until we're ready. Invoke it with exit_cleanup, not with cleanup and close_stdout, to avoid a race condition with cleanup and signal handling. More details: http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/9508 2007-01-18 Jim Meyering * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Adjust remove.c offsets. 2007-01-17 Jim Meyering Make "rm --interactive=never ..." never prompt. * NEWS: Mention this. * src/remove.h (enum rm_interactive): New ternary type. (struct rm_options) [interactive]: Use it, here -- rather than bool. * src/remove.c (prompt): Reflect type change. * src/mv.c (rm_option_init): Initialize to RMI_NEVER now. * src/rm.c (main): Add a FIXME comment for '-d' option. Adapt to type change of rm_options.interactive. * tests/rm/i-never: New file. Test for the above fix. * tests/rm/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add i-never. 2007-01-15 Jim Meyering * bootstrap (gnulib_tool): When adding to .cvsignore and .gitignore, emit foo.h, for each foo_.h. This yields one false-positive, fts.h, but that's ok, since fts_.h will eventually be renamed. * src/remove.c (remove_dir): Don't use errno in diagnostic. Root-only test failure reported by Alex van Hout and Jon Grosshart in . * bootstrap.conf (avoided_gnulib_modules): Fix my typo: s/--avoid=canonicalize-lgpl/--avoid=canonicalize-gpl/ 2007-01-14 Bruno Haible Enable use of gnulib's new fchdir module. * bootstrap.conf (avoided_gnulib_modules): Avoid canonicalize-lgpl, since we use canonicalize. (gnulib_modules): Add fchdir. * m4/jm-macros.m4 (coreutils_MACROS): Remove fchdir-stub. 2007-01-13 Jim Meyering * tests/cp/open-perm-race: Remove gdb-based test. It would run only when compiled with -g, and besides is now subsumed by file-perm-race. * tests/cp/Makefile.am (TESTS): Remove open-perm-race. * Transform all Makefile.am files so that when running "make check", CU_TEST_NAME is set to the name of the test. This is so that when I run valgrind-enabled (--log-file-qualifier=CU_TEST_NAME) "make check" on the entire package it is more convenient to map a leak or error found in a valgrind log file back to the offending test. Use this command: (echo tests/Makefile.am.in; find tests -name Makefile.am) \ |xargs perl -pi -e '/^(\s*)PATH=...VG_PATH_PREFIX/ and ' \ -e 'print $1,q|CU_TEST_NAME=`basename $(abs_srcdir)`,$$tst |,"\\\n"' 2007-01-11 Jim Meyering Avoid a leak in expr's implementation of the ":" (match) operator. * src/expr.c (docolon): Free the regexp buffer using regfree, rather than doing it manually, being careful to set fastmap to NULL first. Free any re_regs.start and .end members, if necessary. * tests/misc/test-diag: Work also when libc's error function reports the entire program name ("../../src/test"), rather than just the final component. 2007-01-10 Jim Meyering Don't use fts_statp uninitialized for "chown -RLh --preserve-root ...". * src/chown-core.c (FTSENT_IS_DIRECTORY): New macro. (change_file_owner): Perform the ROOT_DEV_INO_CHECK only for a directory. Non-directory entries lack fts_statp data when using the FTS_NOSTAT option. 2007-01-07 Jim Meyering * tests/sample-test: Update copyright date to 2007. * Makefile.maint (copyright-check): Also check the copyright date in tests/sample-test. 2007-01-06 Jim Meyering * tests/fmt/basic (pfx-only, pfx-of-pfx): New tests, based on examples from G.P. Halkes in . 2007-01-06 G.P. Halkes * src/fmt.c (copy_rest): Correct prefix handling. Don't elide a line with the prefix followed by only white space. (get_line): Move EOF-check to loop-termination condition. * tests/fmt/basic (pfx-1): Adjust test to expect desired result. (pfx-2): Remove test; its premise was contrary to the documentation. 2007-01-05 Jim Meyering Avoid a used-uninitialized bug for invalid input, i.e., when the size of the input, not counting newlines, is 1 % 4. * gl/lib/base64.c (base64_decode): Don't hard-code inlen==4. It may be smaller when flushing. 2007-01-05 Mike Frysinger * src/dircolors.hin: Add a TERM directive for cons25. 2007-01-04 Jim Meyering * Makefile.cfg (local-checks-to-skip): Skip strftime-check, in case you don't have convenient access to glibc info documentation. Use the release year, not the current year. * src/groups.sh (version): Use a better name: @RELEASE_YEAR@. * src/Makefile.am (RELEASE_YEAR): Define it. (.sh): Use it. Thanks to a prod from Eric Blake. Ensure that "group --version" always prints the current year. * src/groups.sh (version): Use @CURRENT_YEAR@, rather than 2006. * src/Makefile.am (.sh): Also substitute for @CURRENT_YEAR@. Suggestion from Eric Blake. When decoding, always allow newlines in input, with almost no performance impact. * src/base64.c (do_decode): Initialize decode context. Call base64_decode one more time, after all input is processed. (usage): When decoding, newlines are always accepted. * tests/misc/base64: Add a bunch of tests, for the above. * gl/lib/base64.c: Include . (base64_decode_ctx_init, get_4, decode_4): New functions. (base64_decode): Efficiently handle interspersed newlines. (base64_decode_alloc): Update signature. * gl/lib/base64.h (struct base64_decode_context): Define. (base64_decode_ctx_init): Add prototype. (base64_decode, base64_decode_alloc): Update prototypes. * gl/lib/base64.c: Copied from gnulib. * gl/lib/base64.h: Likewise. 2007-01-03 Jim Meyering * THANKS: Add Evan Hunt. 2007-01-03 Bruno Haible Avoid spurious test failures on MacOS X 10.3.9, in a German locale. * tests/chown/deref: Apply lang-default. * tests/misc/split-a: Likewise. * tests/mv/reply-no: Likewise. * src/copy.c (copy_internal): Use mkfifo as a fallback if mknod fails. Needed on MacOS X. 2007-01-02 Paul Eggert Now, "ls -FRL" always follows symbolic links on Linux. * NEWS: Mention this bug fix. * src/ls.c (gobble_file): Fix bug reported by Nobuyuki Tsuchimura in http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2006-12/msg00152.html where "ls -FRL" didn't follow a symbolic link in some cases on Linux. * tests/ls/follow-slink: Add a test for this case. 2007-01-01 Jim Meyering * tests/rm/fail-eperm: Revert last change. The PATH=... setting is not honored at least on HP-UX 11.23 systems. Instead, simply transform the actual output diagnostic. Test failure reported by Bob Proulx. ----- Copyright (C) 2007, 2009-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification, are permitted provided the copyright notice and this notice are preserved. 070701000090dc000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7d00003594000000660000000300000000000000000000002300000000reloc/doc/coreutils/ChangeLog-20082008-12-16 Jim Meyering NB: ChangeLog files are no longer manually maintained. See HACKING for details. 2008-02-07 Jim Meyering We *do* need two different version files. One for tarball-only, the other to be updated any time we get a new value of $(VERSION). * Makefile.am (dist-hook): Create .tarball-version in dist tarball. * GNUmakefile (_curr-ver): Make git-version-gen use it. * .gitignore: Ignore it. Fix a typo in description of size suffixes: s/GB/G/. * doc/coreutils.texi (od invocation, head invocation, tail invocation): Spotted by Bert Wesarg. * NEWS [6.9.90]: Mention the added feature that head, od, split and tail now accept the standard size suffixes (kB, M, MB, G, GB, and so on for T, P, Y, Z, and Y) on arguments to selected options. 2008-02-06 Steven Schubiger mkdir, split: write --verbose output to stdout, not stderr. * src/mkdir.c (verbose_output): New function. (announce_mkdir): Use it. * src/split.c (usage): Update. * src/split.c (cwrite): Write to stdout, not stderr. * doc/coreutils.texi (split invocation): Remove the mention of --verbose output being printed to stderr. * tests/mkdir/p-v: Redirect stdout, not stderr. * tests/misc/split-a: Likewise. * NEWS: Mention this change. * TODO: Remove this item. 2008-02-04 Jim Meyering * Makefile.maint (announcement): Remove stale comment. 2008-02-02 Jim Meyering Clarify a comment. * tests/sort/Test.pm: Replace a vague ChangeLog reference with a URL. 2008-01-31 Bob Proulx Improve wording of date and time man page. * man/date.x: Improve compact description of the --date=STRING. * man/touch.x: Likewise. Suggested by A. Costa. 2008-01-31 Jim Meyering Remove alignment constraint from the sha*_read_ctx functions. * lib/sha256.c (set_uint32): New function. (sha256_read_ctx, sha224_read_ctx): Use it. * lib/sha512.c (set_uint64): New function. (sha512_read_ctx, sha384_read_ctx): Use it. * lib/sha256.h: Remove warning about alignment constraint. * lib/sha512.h: Likewise. Prompted by similar changes in gnulib's sha1 and md[45] modules. Adapt to new version of vc-list-files. * tests/check.mk (vc_exe_in_TESTS): Adapt to new constraint that vc-list-files be run only from $(top_srcdir). Pull vc-list-files from gnulib. * bootstrap.conf (gnulib_modules): Add vc-list-files. * build-aux/vc-list-files: Remove file. Improve the cp/parent-perm test. * tests/cp/parent-perm: Also check that perms of existing dest dirs are changed to match those of corresponding src dir 2008-01-30 Paul Eggert Don't modify argv in dd due to ',' in arguments. * src/dd.c: Include quotearg.h. (operand_matches): New function. (parse_symbols, operand_is): Use it. (parse_symbols): 1st arg is now const pointer. Don't modify it. msgid arg is now just the message, not a format. (scanargs): Add some 'const's to check for problems like the above. 2008-01-30 Jim Meyering * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Adjust remove.c offsets, again. Now that system.h defines is_empty_dir, include "openat.h". * src/system.h: Include "openat.h" here, ... * src/chcon.c: ... not here. * src/chmod.c: Likewise. * src/chown-core.c: Likewise. * src/remove.c: Likewise. * src/c99-to-c89.diff: Adjust remove.c offsets. Improve "rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty" * src/rmdir.c (remove_parents, main): With --ignore-fail-on-non-empty, suppress a diagnostic also for other errno values, which can arise with read-only media or when the parent directory has the immutable attribute (set via chattr +i). (errno_may_be_empty, ignorable_failure): New functions. * src/remove.c (is_empty_dir): Move function to ... * src/system.h (is_empty_dir): ...here, and make it inline. Suggested by Josselin Mouette in via Bob Proulx. * NEWS: Mention the improvement. 2008-01-29 Paul Eggert Don't modify argv in dd. * src/dd.c (operand_is): New function. (scanargs): Use it so that we don't need to modify argv, as a nicety. Problem reported by Adam Goode in . 2008-01-29 Jim Meyering * Makefile.am (BUILT_SOURCES): Ensure that .version exists. Reported by Bob Proulx. 2008-01-29 Bob Proulx Improve the man pages of --date=STRING for 'date' and 'touch'. * man/date.x: Add a compact description of the --date=STRING. * man/touch.x: Likewise. Reported by A. Costa in http://bugs.debian.org/363011 2008-01-29 Michael Stone Improve the description of when dd outputs its final statistics. * doc/coreutils.texi (dd invocation): Say that dd prints stats upon normal termination and upon SIGINT. 2008-01-29 Jim Meyering Avoid "make distcheck" failure: newly-created man/*.1 files not removed * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Add .version. (.version): New rule. (dist-hook): Don't create $(distdir)/.version here, now that it's being distributed. * man/Makefile.am (common_dep): Use ../.version, not ../VERSION. (../VERSION): Remove rule. * GNUmakefile (dummy): Create .version, not VERSION. Add an extra "...:= $(shell..." statement to ensure that .version exists even when the preceding code is not run. * .gitignore: Remove both .version and VERSION. ls: don't segfault on files in /proc with an old libselinux * src/ls.c (gobble_file): Work around a bug in libselinux1-2.0.15 whereby getfilecon returns 0 yet sets the context to NULL. Reported by Jan Moringen via Michael Stone in http://bugs.debian.org/463043 * tests/ls/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add proc-selinux-segfault. * tests/ls/proc-selinux-segfault: Test for the above fix. * NEWS: Mention the fix. 2008-01-26 Jim Meyering Work around Darwin9's set-GID-like group ownership inheritance. This avoids another spurious Mac OS 10.5.1 (Darwin 9.1) test failure. * tests/cp/preserve-gid: Accept a group ID of 0, as well. Reported by Elias Pipping. Emit "info coreutils 'PROG invocation'" into the man page, rather than just "info PROG". The latter would often fail or simply display the man page. * man/help2man: Change the template. Prompted by http://bugs.debian.org/399684 chcon: correct description of --no-dereference (-h) option. * src/chcon.c (usage): Remove invalid reference to lchown. Reported by Göran Uddeborg. Ensure that each version string change propagates to man pages. * man/Makefile.am (common_dep): Don't depend on configure.ac for version changes. Instead, depend on ../VERSION. (../VERSION): New rule. * Makefile.am (DISTCLEANFILES): Define. * GNUmakefile: Update ./VERSION. * .gitignore: List VERSION. Reported by Sven Joachim. Avoid cp/preserve-gid test failure on Mac OS 10.5.1 (Darwin 9.1) * tests/cp/preserve-gid: Set group as well as owner on ".". Reported by Elias Pipping. Improve a warning about non-portable "mv" usage. * doc/coreutils.texi (mv invocation): Adjust the warning: moving a dir-symlink-specified-with-a-trailing-slash works in a surprising manner only on some systems. Reported by Tomas Pospisek in http://bugs.debian.org/343652. 2008-01-26 Mike Frysinger * src/dircolors.hin (TERM): Add jfbterm. 2008-01-23 Jim Meyering Clean up build-related rules. * Makefile.cfg (gnulib_dir): Update comment. * Makefile.maint (announcement) [cl_date, utc_date]: Don't set now-unused variables. * TODO: Update the note on getgrouplist. 2008-01-23 Zvi Har'El Add a ";", so "make install" works with --enable-install-program=su. * src/Makefile.am (install_su): Add a semicolon. (tiny change) 2008-01-23 Jim Meyering Avoid misinterpreting mgetgroups failure in running root-only tests. * src/setuidgid.c (main): Don't misinterpret as size_t an error return from mgetgroups. Reported by Theodoros V. Kalamatianos. * README: Remove/convert a few stray mentions of CVS. 2008-01-22 Jim Meyering Require automake-1.10.1, for its support of dist-lzma. * configure.ac (AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE): Require 1.10.1. Version 6.10. * NEWS: Record release date. * README-hacking: Update to reflect existence of automake-1.10.1. 2008-01-18 Jim Meyering Update README. * README: Remove a note about failing tests on SunOS 4. On Mac OS 10.5.1 (Darwin 9.1), you'll need --disable-acl. (Running tests as root): Recommend using "check-root", not "check". 2008-01-17 Jim Meyering Do not define-away __attribute__ when __STRICT_ANSI__ is set. * src/system.h (__attribute__): Remove the __STRICT_ANSI__ disjunct. It has been unnecessary since approximately gcc-2.6, and now, leaving it would cause gcc -Werror -ansi to fail to compile csplit.c. * gl/lib/randread.c (__attribute__): Likewise. 2008-01-16 Jim Meyering * NEWS: Mention the configure.ac fix. * TODO: Add an introduction. Remove a few entries. Update a few others. 2008-01-13 Jim Meyering Remove each output redirection target before writing to it. * tests/check.mk (vc_exe_in_TESTS): Remove t1 and t2 _first_, in case they exist beforehand and are not writable. * build-aux/check.mk (am__check_pre): Likewise, remove $@-t. 2008-01-13 Elias Pipping * configure.ac: Correct a non-portable use of sed. 2008-01-12 Mike Frysinger * src/dircolors.hin (image formats): Add the .svg suffix. 2008-01-12 Jim Meyering Use new version of announce-gen. * Makefile.maint (announcement): Remove use of the --gnulib-snapshot-time-stamp option. Use new --gnulib-version option instead. (gnulib-version): New variable. 2008-01-11 Jim Meyering * Version 6.9.92. * tests/tr/Test.pm: Prefer en_US.ISO-8859-1 to en_US.iso88591. Suggestions from James Youngman and Pádraig Brady in http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/12218/focus=12227 2008-01-10 Jim Meyering * README-hacking: Add Git to the list of required tools. 2008-01-08 Paul Eggert Fix a minor race condition when using cp -p --parents. * src/cp.c (make_dir_parents_private): If stat fails on the parent directory, do not add it to the list of directories whose modes might need fixing later. Also, do not bother invoking 'stat' unless the stat results might be needed later. 2008-01-08 Jim Meyering parent-perm: avoid a bizarre test failure. * tests/cp/parent-perm: Accommodate the situation in which chmod ("dir", 02755) returns 0 yet fails to set the S_ISGID bit. Remove uses of now-undefined Makefile variable. * src/Makefile.am (dir_LDADD, ls_LDADD, vdir_LDADD): Remove uses of no-longer-defined variable, $(LIB_ACL_TRIVIAL). 2008-01-07 Jim Meyering cp (but not copy.c): plug a small leak. * src/cp.c (do_copy) [--parents]: Free the attribute list. Make a racy test failure less likely to happen. * tests/misc/tty-eof: Uncomment a debug "warn". This change happens to make this test far less likely to fail. With that statement commented out, this test would fail about 20% of the time on my desktop. Now, it's gone 100 iterations in a row with no failure. * NEWS: Mention the cp bug fix. 2008-01-07 Jan Blunck cp --parents: don't use uninitialized memory when restoring permissions * src/cp.c (make_dir_parents_private): Always stat each source directory, in case its permissions are required in re_protect, when setting permissions of a just-created destination directory. 2008-01-07 Jim Meyering cp: add a test for today's bug fix. * tests/cp/parent-perm: New script. Test today's change. Based on reproducer from Jan Blunck. * tests/cp/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add parent-perm. 2008-01-06 Jim Meyering touch: add a test for today's change. * tests/touch/now-owned-by-other: New script. Test today's change. * tests/touch/Makefile.am (TESTS): Add now-owned-by-other. * tests/Makefile.am (all_t): Add td, a new root-only test. (td): New target. * NEWS: Mention the improvement. 2008-01-06 Paul Eggert touch: ignore "-d now" option, when appropriate * src/touch.c (main): Treat "-d now" as if it were absent, if neither -a nor -m is specified. Problem reported by Dan Jacobson in: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2008-01/msg00010.html 2008-01-05 Jim Meyering Avoid tr case-conversion failure in some locales. * src/tr.c (skip_construct): New function. (main): When processing a pair of case-converting classes, don't iterate through the elements of each [:upper:] or [:lower:] class. Reported by Gerald Pfeifer in . * tests/tr/Test.pm [tolower-F]: New test for the above fix. [upcase-xtra, dncase-xtra]: New tests, for a related code path. * NEWS: Mention the tr bug fix. 2008-01-02 Jim Meyering * .gitignore: Ignore lzma-compressed files, too. Update copyright date. * tests/sample-test: Likewise. * doc/coreutils.texi: Likewise. ----- Copyright (C) 2008-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 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Usually `configure' can determine that directory automatically. `--prefix=DIR' Use DIR as the installation prefix. *note Installation Names:: for more details, including other options available for fine-tuning the installation locations. `--no-create' `-n' Run the configure checks, but stop before creating any output files. `configure' also accepts some other, not widely useful, options. Run `configure --help' for more details. 070701000091a9000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7d0001e3da000000660000000300000000000000000000001900000000reloc/doc/coreutils/NEWSGNU coreutils NEWS -*- outline -*- * Noteworthy changes in release 8.5 (2010-04-23) [stable] ** Bug fixes cp and mv once again support preserving extended attributes. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.4] cp now preserves "capabilities" when also preserving file ownership. ls --color once again honors the 'NORMAL' dircolors directive. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.11] sort -M now handles abbreviated months that are aligned using blanks in the locale database. Also locales with 8 bit characters are handled correctly, including multi byte locales with the caveat that multi byte characters are matched case sensitively. sort again handles obsolescent key formats (+POS -POS) correctly. Previously if -POS was specified, 1 field too many was used in the sort. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.2] ** New features join now accepts the --header option, to treat the first line of each file as a header line to be joined and printed unconditionally. timeout now accepts the --kill-after option which sends a kill signal to the monitored command if it's still running the specified duration after the initial signal was sent. who: the "+/-" --mesg (-T) indicator of whether a user/tty is accepting messages could be incorrectly listed as "+", when in fact, the user was not accepting messages (mesg no). Before, who would examine only the permission bits, and not consider the group of the TTY device file. Thus, if a login tty's group would change somehow e.g., to "root", that would make it unwritable (via write(1)) by normal users, in spite of whatever the permission bits might imply. Now, when configured using the --with-tty-group[=NAME] option, who also compares the group of the TTY device with NAME (or "tty" if no group name is specified). ** Changes in behavior ls --color no longer emits the final 3-byte color-resetting escape sequence when it would be a no-op. join -t '' no longer emits an error and instead operates on each line as a whole (even if they contain NUL characters). * Noteworthy changes in release 8.4 (2010-01-13) [stable] ** Bug fixes nproc --all is now guaranteed to be as large as the count of available processors, which may not have been the case on GNU/Linux systems with neither /proc nor /sys available. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.1] ** Build-related Work around a build failure when using buggy . Alternatively, configure with --disable-libcap. Compilation would fail on systems using glibc-2.7..2.9 due to changes in gnulib's wchar.h that tickled a bug in at least those versions of glibc's own header. Now, gnulib works around the bug in those older glibc headers. Building would fail with a link error (cp/copy.o) when XATTR headers were installed without the corresponding library. Now, configure detects that and disables xattr support, as one would expect. * Noteworthy changes in release 8.3 (2010-01-07) [stable] ** Bug fixes cp -p, install -p, mv, and touch -c could trigger a spurious error message when using new glibc coupled with an old kernel. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.12]. ls -l --color no longer prints "argetm" in front of dangling symlinks when the 'LINK target' directive was given to dircolors. [bug introduced in fileutils-4.0] pr's page header was improperly formatted for long file names. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.2] rm -r --one-file-system works once again. The rewrite to make rm use fts introduced a regression whereby a commmand of the above form would fail for all subdirectories. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.0] stat -f recognizes more file system types: k-afs, fuseblk, gfs/gfs2, ocfs2, and rpc_pipefs. Also Minix V3 is displayed correctly as minix3, not minux3. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.1] tail -f (inotify-enabled) once again works with remote files. The use of inotify with remote files meant that any changes to those files that was not done from the local system would go unnoticed. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.5] tail -F (inotify-enabled) would abort when a tailed file is repeatedly renamed-aside and then recreated. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.5] tail -F (inotify-enabled) could fail to follow renamed files. E.g., given a "tail -F a b" process, running "mv a b" would make tail stop tracking additions to "b". [bug introduced in coreutils-7.5] touch -a and touch -m could trigger bugs in some file systems, such as xfs or ntfs-3g, and fail to update timestamps. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.1] wc now prints counts atomically so that concurrent processes will not intersperse their output. [the issue dates back to the initial implementation] * Noteworthy changes in release 8.2 (2009-12-11) [stable] ** Bug fixes id's use of mgetgroups no longer writes beyond the end of a malloc'd buffer [bug introduced in coreutils-8.1] id no longer crashes on systems without supplementary group support. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.1] rm once again handles zero-length arguments properly. The rewrite to make rm use fts introduced a regression whereby a command like "rm a '' b" would fail to remove "a" and "b", due to the presence of the empty string argument. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.0] sort is now immune to the signal handling of its parent. Specifically sort now doesn't exit with an error message if it uses helper processes for compression and its parent ignores CHLD signals. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.9] tail without -f no longer access uninitialized memory [bug introduced in coreutils-7.6] timeout is now immune to the signal handling of its parent. Specifically timeout now doesn't exit with an error message if its parent ignores CHLD signals. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.6] a user running "make distcheck" in the coreutils source directory, with TMPDIR unset or set to the name of a world-writable directory, and with a malicious user on the same system was vulnerable to arbitrary code execution [bug introduced in coreutils-5.0] * Noteworthy changes in release 8.1 (2009-11-18) [stable] ** Bug fixes chcon no longer exits immediately just because SELinux is disabled. Even then, chcon may still be useful. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.0] chcon, chgrp, chmod, chown and du now diagnose an ostensible directory cycle and arrange to exit nonzero. Before, they would silently ignore the offending directory and all "contents." env -u A=B now fails, rather than silently adding A to the environment. Likewise, printenv A=B silently ignores the invalid name. [the bugs date back to the initial implementation] ls --color now handles files with capabilities correctly. Previously files with capabilities were often not colored, and also sometimes, files without capabilites were colored in error. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.0] md5sum now prints checksums atomically so that concurrent processes will not intersperse their output. This also affected sum, sha1sum, sha224sum, sha384sum and sha512sum. [the bug dates back to the initial implementation] mktemp no longer leaves a temporary file behind if it was unable to output the name of the file to stdout. [the bug dates back to the initial implementation] nice -n -1 PROGRAM now runs PROGRAM even when its internal setpriority call fails with errno == EACCES. [the bug dates back to the initial implementation] nice, nohup, and su now refuse to execute the subsidiary program if they detect write failure in printing an otherwise non-fatal warning message to stderr. stat -f recognizes more file system types: afs, cifs, anon-inode FS, btrfs, cgroupfs, cramfs-wend, debugfs, futexfs, hfs, inotifyfs, minux3, nilfs, securityfs, selinux, xenfs tail -f (inotify-enabled) now avoids a race condition. Before, any data appended in the tiny interval between the initial read-to-EOF and the inotify watch initialization would be ignored initially (until more data was appended), or forever, if the file were first renamed or unlinked or never modified. [The race was introduced in coreutils-7.5] tail -F (inotify-enabled) now consistently tails a file that has been replaced via renaming. That operation provokes either of two sequences of inotify events. The less common sequence is now handled as well. [The bug came with the implementation change in coreutils-7.5] timeout now doesn't exit unless the command it is monitoring does, for any specified signal. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.0]. ** Changes in behavior chroot, env, nice, and su fail with status 125, rather than 1, on internal error such as failure to parse command line arguments; this is for consistency with stdbuf and timeout, and avoids ambiguity with the invoked command failing with status 1. Likewise, nohup fails with status 125 instead of 127. du (due to a change in gnulib's fts) can now traverse NFSv4 automounted directories in which the stat'd device number of the mount point differs during a traversal. Before, it would fail, because such a mismatch would usually represent a serious error or a subversion attempt. echo and printf now interpret \e as the Escape character (0x1B). rm -f /read-only-fs/nonexistent now succeeds and prints no diagnostic on systems with an unlinkat syscall that sets errno to EROFS in that case. Before, it would fail with a "Read-only file system" diagnostic. Also, "rm /read-only-fs/nonexistent" now reports "file not found" rather than the less precise "Read-only file system" error. ** New programs nproc: Print the number of processing units available to a process. ** New features env and printenv now accept the option --null (-0), as a means to avoid ambiguity with newlines embedded in the environment. md5sum --check now also accepts openssl-style checksums. So do sha1sum, sha224sum, sha384sum and sha512sum. mktemp now accepts the option --suffix to provide a known suffix after the substitution in the template. Additionally, uses such as "mktemp fileXXXXXX.txt" are able to infer an appropriate --suffix. touch now accepts the option --no-dereference (-h), as a means to change symlink timestamps on platforms with enough support. * Noteworthy changes in release 8.0 (2009-10-06) [beta] ** Bug fixes cp --preserve=xattr and --archive now preserve extended attributes even when the source file doesn't have write access. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.1] touch -t [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] now accepts a timestamp string ending in .60, to accommodate leap seconds. [the bug dates back to the initial implementation] ls --color now reverts to the color of a base file type consistently when the color of a more specific type is disabled. [bug introduced in coreutils-5.90] ls -LR exits with status 2, not 0, when it encounters a cycle ls -is is now consistent with ls -lis in ignoring values returned from a failed stat/lstat. For example ls -Lis now prints "?", not "0", for the inode number and allocated size of a dereferenced dangling symlink. tail --follow --pid now avoids a race condition where data written just before the process dies might not have been output by tail. Also, tail no longer delays at all when the specified pid is not live. [The race was introduced in coreutils-7.5, and the unnecessary delay was present since textutils-1.22o] ** Portability On Solaris 9, many commands would mistakenly treat file/ the same as file. Now, even on such a system, path resolution obeys the POSIX rules that a trailing slash ensures that the preceeding name is a directory or a symlink to a directory. ** Changes in behavior id no longer prints SELinux " context=..." when the POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable is set. readlink -f now ignores a trailing slash when deciding if the last component (possibly via a dangling symlink) can be created, since mkdir will succeed in that case. ** New features ln now accepts the options --logical (-L) and --physical (-P), added by POSIX 2008. The default behavior is -P on systems like GNU/Linux where link(2) creates hard links to symlinks, and -L on BSD systems where link(2) follows symlinks. stat: without -f, a command-line argument of "-" now means standard input. With --file-system (-f), an argument of "-" is now rejected. If you really must operate on a file named "-", specify it as "./-" or use "--" to separate options from arguments. ** Improvements rm: rewrite to use gnulib's fts This makes rm -rf significantly faster (400-500%) in some pathological cases, and slightly slower (20%) in at least one pathological case. rm -r deletes deep hierarchies more efficiently. Before, execution time was quadratic in the depth of the hierarchy, now it is merely linear. However, this improvement is not as pronounced as might be expected for very deep trees, because prior to this change, for any relative name length longer than 8KiB, rm -r would sacrifice official conformance to avoid the disproportionate quadratic performance penalty. Leading to another improvement: rm -r is now slightly more standards-conformant when operating on write-protected files with relative names longer than 8KiB. * Noteworthy changes in release 7.6 (2009-09-11) [stable] ** Bug fixes cp, mv now ignore failure to preserve a symlink time stamp, when it is due to their running on a kernel older than what was implied by headers and libraries tested at configure time. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.5] cp --reflink --preserve now preserves attributes when cloning a file. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.5] cp --preserve=xattr no longer leaks resources on each preservation failure. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.1] dd now exits with non-zero status when it encounters a write error while printing a summary to stderr. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.11] dd cbs=N conv=unblock would fail to print a final newline when the size of the input was not a multiple of N bytes. [the non-conforming behavior dates back to the initial implementation] df no longer requires that each command-line argument be readable [bug introduced in coreutils-7.3] ls -i now prints consistent inode numbers also for mount points. This makes ls -i DIR less efficient on systems with dysfunctional readdir, because ls must stat every file in order to obtain a guaranteed-valid inode number. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.0] tail -f (inotify-enabled) now flushes any initial output before blocking. Before, this would print nothing and wait: stdbuf -o 4K tail -f /etc/passwd Note that this bug affects tail -f only when its standard output is buffered, which is relatively unusual. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.5] tail -f once again works with standard input. inotify-enabled tail -f would fail when operating on a nameless stdin. I.e., tail -f < /etc/passwd would say "tail: cannot watch `-': No such file or directory", yet the relatively baroque tail -f /dev/stdin < /etc/passwd would work. Now, the offending usage causes tail to revert to its conventional sleep-based (i.e., not inotify-based) implementation. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.5] ** Portability ln, link: link f z/ would mistakenly succeed on Solaris 10, given an existing file, f, and nothing named "z". ln -T f z/ has the same problem. Each would mistakenly create "z" as a link to "f". Now, even on such a system, each command reports the error, e.g., link: cannot create link `z/' to `f': Not a directory ** New features cp --reflink accepts a new "auto" parameter which falls back to a standard copy if creating a copy-on-write clone is not possible. ** Changes in behavior tail -f now ignores "-" when stdin is a pipe or FIFO. tail-with-no-args now ignores -f unconditionally when stdin is a pipe or FIFO. Before, it would ignore -f only when no file argument was specified, and then only when POSIXLY_CORRECT was set. Now, :|tail -f - terminates immediately. Before, it would block indefinitely. * Noteworthy changes in release 7.5 (2009-08-20) [stable] ** Bug fixes dd's oflag=direct option now works even when the size of the input is not a multiple of e.g., 512 bytes. dd now handles signals consistently even when they're received before data copying has started. install runs faster again with SELinux enabled [introduced in coreutils-7.0] ls -1U (with two or more arguments, at least one a nonempty directory) would print entry names *before* the name of the containing directory. Also fixed incorrect output of ls -1RU and ls -1sU. [introduced in coreutils-7.0] sort now correctly ignores fields whose ending position is specified before the start position. Previously in numeric mode the remaining part of the line after the start position was used as the sort key. [This bug appears to have been present in "the beginning".] truncate -s failed to skip all whitespace in the option argument in some locales. ** New programs stdbuf: A new program to run a command with modified stdio buffering for its standard streams. ** Changes in behavior ls --color: files with multiple hard links are no longer colored differently by default. That can be enabled by changing the LS_COLORS environment variable. You can control that using the MULTIHARDLINK dircolors input variable which corresponds to the 'mh' LS_COLORS item. Note these variables were renamed from 'HARDLINK' and 'hl' which were available since coreutils-7.1 when this feature was introduced. ** Deprecated options nl --page-increment: deprecated in favor of --line-increment, the new option maintains the previous semantics and the same short option, -i. ** New features chroot now accepts the options --userspec and --groups. cp accepts a new option, --reflink: create a lightweight copy using copy-on-write (COW). This is currently only supported within a btrfs file system. cp now preserves time stamps on symbolic links, when possible sort accepts a new option, --human-numeric-sort (-h): sort numbers while honoring human readable suffixes like KiB and MB etc. tail --follow now uses inotify when possible, to be more responsive to file changes and more efficient when monitoring many files. * Noteworthy changes in release 7.4 (2009-05-07) [stable] ** Bug fixes date -d 'next mon', when run on a Monday, now prints the date 7 days in the future rather than the current day. Same for any other day-of-the-week name, when run on that same day of the week. [This bug appears to have been present in "the beginning". ] date -d tuesday, when run on a Tuesday -- using date built from the 7.3 release tarball, not from git -- would print the date 7 days in the future. Now, it works properly and prints the current date. That was due to human error (including not-committed changes in a release tarball) and the fact that there is no check to detect when the gnulib/ git submodule is dirty. ** Build-related make check: two tests have been corrected ** Portability There have been some ACL-related portability fixes for *BSD, inherited from gnulib. * Noteworthy changes in release 7.3 (2009-05-01) [stable] ** Bug fixes cp now diagnoses failure to preserve selinux/xattr attributes when --preserve=context,xattr is specified in combination with -a. Also, cp no longer suppresses attribute-preservation diagnostics when preserving SELinux context was explicitly requested. ls now aligns output correctly in the presence of abbreviated month names from the locale database that have differing widths. ls -v and sort -V now order names like "#.b#" properly mv: do not print diagnostics when failing to preserve xattr's on file systems without xattr support. sort -m no longer segfaults when its output file is also an input file. E.g., with this, touch 1; sort -m -o 1 1, sort would segfault. [introduced in coreutils-7.2] ** Changes in behavior shred, sort, shuf: now use an internal pseudorandom generator by default. This is mainly noticable in shred where the 3 random passes it does by default should proceed at the speed of the disk. Previously /dev/urandom was used if available, which is relatively slow on GNU/Linux systems. ** Improved robustness cp would exit successfully after copying less than the full contents of a file larger than ~4000 bytes from a linux-/proc file system to a destination file system with a fundamental block size of 4KiB or greater. Reading into a 4KiB-or-larger buffer, cp's "read" syscall would return a value smaller than 4096, and cp would interpret that as EOF (POSIX allows this). This optimization, now removed, saved 50% of cp's read syscalls when copying small files. Affected linux kernels: at least 2.6.9 through 2.6.29. [the optimization was introduced in coreutils-6.0] ** Portability df now pre-mounts automountable directories even with automounters for which stat-like syscalls no longer provoke mounting. Now, df uses open. `id -G $USER` now works correctly even on Darwin and NetBSD. Previously it would either truncate the group list to 10, or go into an infinite loop, due to their non-standard getgrouplist implementations. [truncation introduced in coreutils-6.11] [infinite loop introduced in coreutils-7.1] * Noteworthy changes in release 7.2 (2009-03-31) [stable] ** New features pwd now accepts the options --logical (-L) and --physical (-P). For compatibility with existing scripts, -P is the default behavior unless POSIXLY_CORRECT is requested. ** Bug fixes cat once again immediately outputs data it has processed. Previously it would have been buffered and only output if enough data was read, or on process exit. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.0] comm's new --check-order option would fail to detect disorder on any pair of lines where one was a prefix of the other. For example, this would fail to report the disorder: printf 'Xb\nX\n'>k; comm --check-order k k [bug introduced in coreutils-7.0] cp once again diagnoses the invalid "cp -rl dir dir" right away, rather than after creating a very deep dir/dir/dir/... hierarchy. The bug strikes only with both --recursive (-r, -R) and --link (-l). [bug introduced in coreutils-7.1] ls --sort=version (-v) sorted names beginning with "." inconsistently. Now, names that start with "." are always listed before those that don't. pr: fix the bug whereby --indent=N (-o) did not indent header lines [bug introduced in coreutils-6.9.90] sort now handles specified key ends correctly. Previously -k1,1b would have caused leading space from field 2 to be included in the sort while -k2,3.0 would have not included field 3. ** Changes in behavior cat,cp,install,mv,split: these programs now read and write a minimum of 32KiB at a time. This was seen to double throughput when reading cached files on GNU/Linux-based systems. cp -a now tries to preserve extended attributes (xattr), but does not diagnose xattr-preservation failure. However, cp --preserve=all still does. ls --color: hard link highlighting can be now disabled by changing the LS_COLORS environment variable. To disable it you can add something like this to your profile: eval `dircolors | sed s/hl=[^:]*:/hl=:/` * Noteworthy changes in release 7.1 (2009-02-21) [stable] ** New features Add extended attribute support available on certain filesystems like ext2 and XFS. cp: Tries to copy xattrs when --preserve=xattr or --preserve=all specified mv: Always tries to copy xattrs install: Never copies xattrs cp and mv accept a new option, --no-clobber (-n): silently refrain from overwriting any existing destination file dd accepts iflag=cio and oflag=cio to open the file in CIO (concurrent I/O) mode where this feature is available. install accepts a new option, --compare (-C): compare each pair of source and destination files, and if the destination has identical content and any specified owner, group, permissions, and possibly SELinux context, then do not modify the destination at all. ls --color now highlights hard linked files, too stat -f recognizes the Lustre file system type ** Bug fixes chgrp, chmod, chown --silent (--quiet, -f) no longer print some diagnostics [bug introduced in coreutils-5.1] cp uses much less memory in some situations cp -a now correctly tries to preserve SELinux context (announced in 6.9.90), doesn't inform about failure, unlike with --preserve=all du --files0-from=FILE no longer reads all of FILE into RAM before processing the first file name seq 9223372036854775807 9223372036854775808 now prints only two numbers on systems with extended long double support and good library support. Even with this patch, on some systems, it still produces invalid output, from 3 to at least 1026 lines long. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.11] seq -w now accounts for a decimal point added to the last number to correctly print all numbers to the same width. wc --files0-from=FILE no longer reads all of FILE into RAM, before processing the first file name, unless the list of names is known to be small enough. ** Changes in behavior cp and mv: the --reply={yes,no,query} option has been removed. Using it has elicited a warning for the last three years. dd: user specified offsets that are too big are handled better. Previously, erroneous parameters to skip and seek could result in redundant reading of the file with no warnings or errors. du: -H (initially equivalent to --si) is now equivalent to --dereference-args, and thus works as POSIX requires shred: now does 3 overwrite passes by default rather than 25. ls -l now marks SELinux-only files with the less obtrusive '.', rather than '+'. A file with any other combination of MAC and ACL is still marked with a '+'. * Noteworthy changes in release 7.0 (2008-10-05) [beta] ** New programs timeout: Run a command with bounded time. truncate: Set the size of a file to a specified size. ** New features chgrp, chmod, chown, chcon, du, rm: now all display linear performance, even when operating on million-entry directories on ext3 and ext4 file systems. Before, they would exhibit O(N^2) performance, due to linear per-entry seek time cost when operating on entries in readdir order. Rm was improved directly, while the others inherit the improvement from the newer version of fts in gnulib. comm now verifies that the inputs are in sorted order. This check can be turned off with the --nocheck-order option. comm accepts new option, --output-delimiter=STR, that allows specification of an output delimiter other than the default single TAB. cp and mv: the deprecated --reply=X option is now also undocumented. dd accepts iflag=fullblock to make it accumulate full input blocks. With this new option, after a short read, dd repeatedly calls read, until it fills the incomplete block, reaches EOF, or encounters an error. df accepts a new option --total, which produces a grand total of all arguments after all arguments have been processed. If the GNU MP library is available at configure time, factor and expr support arbitrarily large numbers. Pollard's rho algorithm is used to factor large numbers. install accepts a new option --strip-program to specify the program used to strip binaries. ls now colorizes files with capabilities if libcap is available ls -v now uses filevercmp function as sort predicate (instead of strverscmp) md5sum now accepts the new option, --quiet, to suppress the printing of 'OK' messages. sha1sum, sha224sum, sha384sum, and sha512sum accept it, too. sort accepts a new option, --files0-from=F, that specifies a file containing a null-separated list of files to sort. This list is used instead of filenames passed on the command-line to avoid problems with maximum command-line (argv) length. sort accepts a new option --batch-size=NMERGE, where NMERGE represents the maximum number of inputs that will be merged at once. When processing more than NMERGE inputs, sort uses temporary files. sort accepts a new option --version-sort (-V, --sort=version), specifying that ordering is to be based on filevercmp. ** Bug fixes chcon --verbose now prints a newline after each message od no longer suffers from platform bugs in printf(3). This is probably most noticeable when using 'od -tfL' to print long doubles. seq -0.1 0.1 2 now prints 2,0 when locale's decimal point is ",". Before, it would mistakenly omit the final number in that example. shuf honors the --zero-terminated (-z) option, even with --input-range=LO-HI shuf --head-count is now correctly documented. The documentation previously claimed it was called --head-lines. ** Improvements Improved support for access control lists (ACLs): On MacOS X, Solaris 7..10, HP-UX 11, Tru64, AIX, IRIX 6.5, and Cygwin, "ls -l" now displays the presence of an ACL on a file via a '+' sign after the mode, and "cp -p" copies ACLs. join has significantly better performance due to better memory management ls now uses constant memory when not sorting and using one_per_line format, no matter how many files are in a given directory od now aligns fields across lines when printing multiple -t specifiers, and no longer prints fields that resulted entirely from padding the input out to the least common multiple width. ** Changes in behavior stat's --context (-Z) option has always been a no-op. Now it evokes a warning that it is obsolete and will be removed. * Noteworthy changes in release 6.12 (2008-05-31) [stable] ** Bug fixes chcon, runcon: --help output now includes the bug-reporting address cp -p copies permissions more portably. For example, on MacOS X 10.5, "cp -p some-fifo some-file" no longer fails while trying to copy the permissions from the some-fifo argument. id with no options now prints the SELinux context only when invoked with no USERNAME argument. id and groups once again print the AFS-specific nameless group-ID (PAG). Printing of such large-numbered, kernel-only (not in /etc/group) group-IDs was suppressed in 6.11 due to ignorance that they are useful. uniq: avoid subtle field-skipping malfunction due to isblank misuse. In some locales on some systems, isblank(240) (aka  ) is nonzero. On such systems, uniq --skip-fields=N would fail to skip the proper number of fields for some inputs. tac: avoid segfault with --regex (-r) and multiple files, e.g., "echo > x; tac -r x x". [bug present at least in textutils-1.8b, from 1992] ** Changes in behavior install once again sets SELinux context, when possible [it was deliberately disabled in 6.9.90] * Noteworthy changes in release 6.11 (2008-04-19) [stable] ** Bug fixes configure --enable-no-install-program=groups now works. "cp -fR fifo E" now succeeds with an existing E. Before this fix, using -fR to copy a fifo or "special" file onto an existing file would fail with EEXIST. Now, it once again unlinks the destination before trying to create the destination file. [bug introduced in coreutils-5.90] dd once again works with unnecessary options like if=/dev/stdin and of=/dev/stdout. [bug introduced in fileutils-4.0h] id now uses getgrouplist, when possible. This results in much better performance when there are many users and/or groups. ls no longer segfaults on files in /proc when linked with an older version of libselinux. E.g., ls -l /proc/sys would dereference a NULL pointer. md5sum would segfault for invalid BSD-style input, e.g., echo 'MD5 (' | md5sum -c - Now, md5sum ignores that line. sha1sum, sha224sum, sha384sum, and sha512sum are affected, too. [bug introduced in coreutils-5.1.0] md5sum -c would accept a NUL-containing checksum string like "abcd\0..." and would unnecessarily read and compute the checksum of the named file, and then compare that checksum to the invalid one: guaranteed to fail. Now, it recognizes that the line is not valid and skips it. sha1sum, sha224sum, sha384sum, and sha512sum are affected, too. [bug present in the original version, in coreutils-4.5.1, 1995] "mkdir -Z x dir" no longer segfaults when diagnosing invalid context "x" mkfifo and mknod would fail similarly. Now they're fixed. mv would mistakenly unlink a destination file before calling rename, when the destination had two or more hard links. It no longer does that. [bug introduced in coreutils-5.3.0] "paste -d'\' file" no longer overruns memory (heap since coreutils-5.1.2, stack before then) [bug present in the original version, in 1992] "pr -e" with a mix of backspaces and TABs no longer corrupts the heap [bug present in the original version, in 1992] "ptx -F'\' long-file-name" would overrun a malloc'd buffer and corrupt the heap. That was triggered by a lone backslash (or odd number of them) at the end of the option argument to --flag-truncation=STRING (-F), --word-regexp=REGEXP (-W), or --sentence-regexp=REGEXP (-S). "rm -r DIR" would mistakenly declare to be "write protected" -- and prompt about -- full DIR-relative names longer than MIN (PATH_MAX, 8192). "rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty" detects and ignores the failure in more cases when a directory is empty. "seq -f % 1" would issue the erroneous diagnostic "seq: memory exhausted" rather than reporting the invalid string format. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.0] ** New features join now verifies that the inputs are in sorted order. This check can be turned off with the --nocheck-order option. sort accepts the new option --sort=WORD, where WORD can be one of general-numeric, month, numeric or random. These are equivalent to the options --general-numeric-sort/-g, --month-sort/-M, --numeric-sort/-n and --random-sort/-R, resp. ** Improvements id and groups work around an AFS-related bug whereby those programs would print an invalid group number, when given no user-name argument. ls --color no longer outputs unnecessary escape sequences seq gives better diagnostics for invalid formats. ** Portability rm now works properly even on systems like BeOS and Haiku, which have negative errno values. ** Consistency install, mkdir, rmdir and split now write --verbose output to stdout, not to stderr. * Noteworthy changes in release 6.10 (2008-01-22) [stable] ** Bug fixes Fix a non-portable use of sed in configure.ac. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.9.92] * Noteworthy changes in release 6.9.92 (2008-01-12) [beta] ** Bug fixes cp --parents no longer uses uninitialized memory when restoring the permissions of a just-created destination directory. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.9.90] tr's case conversion would fail in a locale with differing numbers of lower case and upper case characters. E.g., this would fail: env LC_CTYPE=en_US.ISO-8859-1 tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' [bug introduced in coreutils-6.9.90] ** Improvements "touch -d now writable-but-owned-by-someone-else" now succeeds whenever that same command would succeed without "-d now". Before, it would work fine with no -d option, yet it would fail with the ostensibly-equivalent "-d now". * Noteworthy changes in release 6.9.91 (2007-12-15) [beta] ** Bug fixes "ls -l" would not output "+" on SELinux hosts unless -Z was also given. "rm" would fail to unlink a non-directory when run in an environment in which the user running rm is capable of unlinking a directory. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.9] * Noteworthy changes in release 6.9.90 (2007-12-01) [beta] ** New programs arch: equivalent to uname -m, not installed by default But don't install this program on Solaris systems. chcon: change the SELinux security context of a file mktemp: create a temporary file or directory (or names) runcon: run a program in a different SELinux security context ** Programs no longer installed by default hostname, su ** Changes in behavior cp, by default, refuses to copy through a dangling destination symlink Set POSIXLY_CORRECT if you require the old, risk-prone behavior. pr -F no longer suppresses the footer or the first two blank lines in the header. This is for compatibility with BSD and POSIX. tr now warns about an unescaped backslash at end of string. The tr from coreutils-5.2.1 and earlier would fail for such usage, and Solaris' tr ignores that final byte. ** New features Add SELinux support, based on the patch from Fedora: * cp accepts new --preserve=context option. * "cp -a" works with SELinux: Now, cp -a attempts to preserve context, but failure to do so does not change cp's exit status. However "cp --preserve=context" is similar, but failure *does* cause cp to exit with nonzero status. * install accepts new "-Z, --context=C" option. * id accepts new "-Z" option. * stat honors the new %C format directive: SELinux security context string * ls accepts a slightly modified -Z option. * ls: contrary to Fedora version, does not accept --lcontext and --scontext The following commands and options now support the standard size suffixes kB, M, MB, G, GB, and so on for T, P, Y, Z, and Y: head -c, head -n, od -j, od -N, od -S, split -b, split -C, tail -c, tail -n. cp -p tries to preserve the GID of a file even if preserving the UID is not possible. uniq accepts a new option: --zero-terminated (-z). As with the sort option of the same name, this makes uniq consume and produce NUL-terminated lines rather than newline-terminated lines. wc no longer warns about character decoding errors in multibyte locales. This means for example that "wc /bin/sh" now produces normal output (though the word count will have no real meaning) rather than many error messages. ** New build options By default, "make install" no longer attempts to install (or even build) su. To change that, use ./configure --enable-install-program=su. If you also want to install the new "arch" program, do this: ./configure --enable-install-program=arch,su. You can inhibit the compilation and installation of selected programs at configure time. For example, to avoid installing "hostname" and "uptime", use ./configure --enable-no-install-program=hostname,uptime Note: currently, "make check" passes, even when arch and su are not built (that's the new default). However, if you inhibit the building and installation of other programs, don't be surprised if some parts of "make check" fail. ** Remove deprecated options df no longer accepts the --kilobytes option. du no longer accepts the --kilobytes or --megabytes options. ls no longer accepts the --kilobytes option. ptx longer accepts the --copyright option. who no longer accepts -i or --idle. ** Improved robustness ln -f can no longer silently clobber a just-created hard link. In some cases, ln could be seen as being responsible for data loss. For example, given directories a, b, c, and files a/f and b/f, we should be able to do this safely: ln -f a/f b/f c && rm -f a/f b/f However, before this change, ln would succeed, and thus cause the loss of the contents of a/f. stty no longer silently accepts certain invalid hex values in its 35-colon command-line argument ** Bug fixes chmod no longer ignores a dangling symlink. Now, chmod fails with a diagnostic saying that it cannot operate on such a file. [bug introduced in coreutils-5.1.0] cp attempts to read a regular file, even if stat says it is empty. Before, "cp /proc/cpuinfo c" would create an empty file when the kernel reports stat.st_size == 0, while "cat /proc/cpuinfo > c" would "work", and create a nonempty one. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.0] cp --parents no longer mishandles symlinks to directories in file name components in the source, e.g., "cp --parents symlink/a/b d" no longer fails. Also, 'cp' no longer considers a destination symlink to be the same as the referenced file when copying links or making backups. For example, if SYM is a symlink to FILE, "cp -l FILE SYM" now reports an error instead of silently doing nothing. The behavior of 'cp' is now better documented when the destination is a symlink. "cp -i --update older newer" no longer prompts; same for mv "cp -i" now detects read errors on standard input, and no longer consumes too much seekable input; same for ln, install, mv, and rm. cut now diagnoses a range starting with zero (e.g., -f 0-2) as invalid; before, it would treat it as if it started with 1 (-f 1-2). "cut -f 2-0" now fails; before, it was equivalent to "cut -f 2-" cut now diagnoses the '-' in "cut -f -" as an invalid range, rather than interpreting it as the unlimited range, "1-". date -d now accepts strings of the form e.g., 'YYYYMMDD +N days', in addition to the usual 'YYYYMMDD N days'. du -s now includes the size of any stat'able-but-inaccessible directory in the total size. du (without -s) prints whatever it knows of the size of an inaccessible directory. Before, du would print nothing for such a directory. ls -x DIR would sometimes output the wrong string in place of the first entry. [introduced in coreutils-6.8] ls --color would mistakenly color a dangling symlink as if it were a regular symlink. This would happen only when the dangling symlink was not a command-line argument and in a directory with d_type support. [introduced in coreutils-6.0] ls --color, (with a custom LS_COLORS envvar value including the ln=target attribute) would mistakenly output the string "target" before the name of each symlink. [introduced in coreutils-6.0] od's --skip (-j) option now works even when the kernel says that a nonempty regular file has stat.st_size = 0. This happens at least with files in /proc and linux-2.6.22. "od -j L FILE" had a bug: when the number of bytes to skip, L, is exactly the same as the length of FILE, od would skip *no* bytes. When the number of bytes to skip is exactly the sum of the lengths of the first N files, od would skip only the first N-1 files. [introduced in textutils-2.0.9] ./printf %.10000000f 1 could get an internal ENOMEM error and generate no output, yet erroneously exit with status 0. Now it diagnoses the error and exits with nonzero status. [present in initial implementation] seq no longer mishandles obvious cases like "seq 0 0.000001 0.000003", so workarounds like "seq 0 0.000001 0.0000031" are no longer needed. seq would mistakenly reject some valid format strings containing %%, and would mistakenly accept some invalid ones. e.g., %g%% and %%g, resp. "seq .1 .1" would mistakenly generate no output on some systems Obsolete sort usage with an invalid ordering-option character, e.g., "env _POSIX2_VERSION=199209 sort +1x" no longer makes sort free an invalid pointer [introduced in coreutils-6.5] sorting very long lines (relative to the amount of available memory) no longer provokes unaligned memory access split --line-bytes=N (-C N) no longer creates an empty file [this bug is present at least as far back as textutils-1.22 (Jan, 1997)] tr -c no longer aborts when translating with Set2 larger than the complement of Set1. [present in the original version, in 1992] tr no longer rejects an unmatched [:lower:] or [:upper:] in SET1. [present in the original version] * Noteworthy changes in release 6.9 (2007-03-22) [stable] ** Bug fixes cp -x (--one-file-system) would fail to set mount point permissions The default block size and output format for df -P are now unaffected by the DF_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE, and BLOCKSIZE environment variables. It is still affected by POSIXLY_CORRECT, though. Using pr -m -s (i.e. merging files, with TAB as the output separator) no longer inserts extraneous spaces between output columns. * Noteworthy changes in release 6.8 (2007-02-24) [not-unstable] ** Bug fixes chgrp, chmod, and chown now honor the --preserve-root option. Before, they would warn, yet continuing traversing and operating on /. chmod no longer fails in an environment (e.g., a chroot) with openat support but with insufficient /proc support. "cp --parents F/G D" no longer creates a directory D/F when F is not a directory (and F/G is therefore invalid). "cp --preserve=mode" would create directories that briefly had too-generous permissions in some cases. For example, when copying a directory with permissions 777 the destination directory might temporarily be setgid on some file systems, which would allow other users to create subfiles with the same group as the directory. Fix similar problems with 'install' and 'mv'. cut no longer dumps core for usage like "cut -f2- f1 f2" with two or more file arguments. This was due to a double-free bug, introduced in coreutils-5.3.0. dd bs= operands now silently override any later ibs= and obs= operands, as POSIX and tradition require. "ls -FRL" always follows symbolic links on Linux. Introduced in coreutils-6.0. A cross-partition "mv /etc/passwd ~" (by non-root) now prints a reasonable diagnostic. Before, it would print this: "mv: cannot remove `/etc/passwd': Not a directory". pwd and "readlink -e ." no longer fail unnecessarily when a parent directory is unreadable. rm (without -f) could prompt when it shouldn't, or fail to prompt when it should, when operating on a full name longer than 511 bytes and getting an ENOMEM error while trying to form the long name. rm could mistakenly traverse into the wrong directory under unusual conditions: when a full name longer than 511 bytes specifies a search-only directory, and when forming that name fails with ENOMEM, rm would attempt to open a truncated-to-511-byte name with the first five bytes replaced with "[...]". If such a directory were to actually exist, rm would attempt to remove it. "rm -rf /etc/passwd" (run by non-root) now prints a diagnostic. Before it would print nothing. "rm --interactive=never F" no longer prompts for an unwritable F "rm -rf D" would emit an misleading diagnostic when failing to remove a symbolic link within the unwritable directory, D. Introduced in coreutils-6.0. Similarly, when a cross-partition "mv" fails because the source directory is unwritable, it now gives a reasonable diagnostic. Before, this would print $ mkdir /tmp/x; touch /tmp/x/y; chmod -w /tmp/x; $ test $(stat -c %d /tmp/x) -ne $(stat -c %d .) && mv /tmp/x/y . mv: cannot remove `/tmp/x/y': Not a directory Now it prints this: mv: cannot remove `/tmp/x/y': Permission denied. ** New features sort's new --compress-program=PROG option specifies a compression program to use when writing and reading temporary files. This can help save both time and disk space when sorting large inputs. sort accepts the new option -C, which acts like -c except no diagnostic is printed. Its --check option now accepts an optional argument, and --check=quiet and --check=silent are now aliases for -C, while --check=diagnose-first is an alias for -c or plain --check. * Noteworthy changes in release 6.7 (2006-12-08) [stable] ** Bug fixes When cp -p copied a file with special mode bits set, the same bits were set on the copy even when ownership could not be preserved. This could result in files that were setuid to the wrong user. To fix this, special mode bits are now set in the copy only if its ownership is successfully preserved. Similar problems were fixed with mv when copying across file system boundaries. This problem affects all versions of coreutils through 6.6. cp --preserve=ownership would create output files that temporarily had too-generous permissions in some cases. For example, when copying a file with group A and mode 644 into a group-B sticky directory, the output file was briefly readable by group B. Fix similar problems with cp options like -p that imply --preserve=ownership, with install -d when combined with either -o or -g, and with mv when copying across file system boundaries. This bug affects all versions of coreutils through 6.6. du --one-file-system (-x) would skip subdirectories of any directory listed as second or subsequent command line argument. This bug affects coreutils-6.4, 6.5 and 6.6. * Noteworthy changes in release 6.6 (2006-11-22) [stable] ** Bug fixes ls would segfault (dereference a NULL pointer) for a file with a nameless group or owner. This bug was introduced in coreutils-6.5. A bug in the latest official m4/gettext.m4 (from gettext-0.15) made configure fail to detect gettext support, due to the unusual way in which coreutils uses AM_GNU_GETTEXT. ** Improved robustness Now, du (and the other fts clients: chmod, chgrp, chown) honor a trailing slash in the name of a symlink-to-directory even on Solaris 9, by working around its buggy fstatat implementation. * Major changes in release 6.5 (2006-11-19) [stable] ** Bug fixes du (and the other fts clients: chmod, chgrp, chown) would exit early when encountering an inaccessible directory on a system with native openat support (i.e., linux-2.6.16 or newer along with glibc-2.4 or newer). This bug was introduced with the switch to gnulib's openat-based variant of fts, for coreutils-6.0. "ln --backup f f" now produces a sensible diagnostic ** New features rm accepts a new option: --one-file-system * Major changes in release 6.4 (2006-10-22) [stable] ** Bug fixes chgrp and chown would malfunction when invoked with both -R and -H and with one or more of the following: --preserve-root, --verbose, --changes, --from=o:g (chown only). This bug was introduced with the switch to gnulib's openat-based variant of fts, for coreutils-6.0. cp --backup dir1 dir2, would rename an existing dir2/dir1 to dir2/dir1~. This bug was introduced in coreutils-6.0. With --force (-f), rm no longer fails for ENOTDIR. For example, "rm -f existing-non-directory/anything" now exits successfully, ignoring the error about a nonexistent file. * Major changes in release 6.3 (2006-09-30) [stable] ** Improved robustness pinky no longer segfaults on Darwin 7.9.0 (MacOS X 10.3.9) due to a buggy native getaddrinfo function. rm works around a bug in Darwin 7.9.0 (MacOS X 10.3.9) that would sometimes keep it from removing all entries in a directory on an HFS+ or NFS-mounted partition. sort would fail to handle very large input (around 40GB) on systems with a mkstemp function that returns a file descriptor limited to 32-bit offsets. ** Bug fixes chmod would fail unnecessarily in an unusual case: when an initially- inaccessible argument is rendered accessible by chmod's action on a preceding command line argument. This bug also affects chgrp, but it is harder to demonstrate. It does not affect chown. The bug was introduced with the switch from explicit recursion to the use of fts in coreutils-5.1.0 (2003-10-15). cp -i and mv -i occasionally neglected to prompt when the copy or move action was bound to fail. This bug dates back to before fileutils-4.0. With --verbose (-v), cp and mv would sometimes generate no output, or neglect to report file removal. For the "groups" command: "groups" no longer prefixes the output with "user :" unless more than one user is specified; this is for compatibility with BSD. "groups user" now exits nonzero when it gets a write error. "groups" now processes options like --help more compatibly. shuf would infloop, given 8KB or more of piped input ** Portability Versions of chmod, chown, chgrp, du, and rm (tools that use openat etc.) compiled for Solaris 8 now also work when run on Solaris 10. * Major changes in release 6.2 (2006-09-18) [stable candidate] ** Changes in behavior mkdir -p and install -d (or -D) now use a method that forks a child process if the working directory is unreadable and a later argument uses a relative file name. This avoids some race conditions, but it means you may need to kill two processes to stop these programs. rm now rejects attempts to remove the root directory, e.g., `rm -fr /' now fails without removing anything. Likewise for any file name with a final `./' or `../' component. tail now ignores the -f option if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, no file operand is given, and standard input is any FIFO; formerly it did this only for pipes. ** Infrastructure changes Coreutils now uses gnulib via the gnulib-tool script. If you check the source out from CVS, then follow the instructions in README-cvs. Although this represents a large change to the infrastructure, it should cause no change in how the tools work. ** Bug fixes cp --backup no longer fails when the last component of a source file name is "." or "..". "ls --color" would highlight other-writable and sticky directories no differently than regular directories on a file system with dirent.d_type support. "mv -T --verbose --backup=t A B" now prints the " (backup: B.~1~)" suffix when A and B are directories as well as when they are not. mv and "cp -r" no longer fail when invoked with two arguments where the first one names a directory and the second name ends in a slash and doesn't exist. E.g., "mv dir B/", for nonexistent B, now succeeds, once more. This bug was introduced in coreutils-5.3.0. * Major changes in release 6.1 (2006-08-19) [unstable] ** Changes in behavior df now considers BSD "kernfs" file systems to be dummies ** New features printf now supports the 'I' flag on hosts whose underlying printf implementations support 'I', e.g., "printf %Id 2". ** Bug fixes cp --sparse preserves sparseness at the end of a file, even when the file's apparent size is not a multiple of its block size. [introduced with the original design, in fileutils-4.0r, 2000-04-29] df (with a command line argument) once again prints its header [introduced in coreutils-6.0] ls -CF would misalign columns in some cases involving non-stat'able files [introduced in coreutils-6.0] * Major changes in release 6.0 (2006-08-15) [unstable] ** Improved robustness df: if the file system claims to have more available than total blocks, report the number of used blocks as being "total - available" (a negative number) rather than as garbage. dircolors: a new autoconf run-test for AIX's buggy strndup function prevents malfunction on that system; may also affect cut, expand, and unexpand. fts no longer changes the current working directory, so its clients (chmod, chown, chgrp, du) no longer malfunction under extreme conditions. pwd and other programs using lib/getcwd.c work even on file systems where dirent.d_ino values are inconsistent with those from stat.st_ino. rm's core is now reentrant: rm --recursive (-r) now processes hierarchies without changing the working directory at all. ** Changes in behavior basename and dirname now treat // as different from / on platforms where the two are distinct. chmod, install, and mkdir now preserve a directory's set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits unless you explicitly request otherwise. E.g., `chmod 755 DIR' and `chmod u=rwx,go=rx DIR' now preserve DIR's set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits instead of clearing them, and similarly for `mkdir -m 755 DIR' and `mkdir -m u=rwx,go=rx DIR'. To clear the bits, mention them explicitly in a symbolic mode, e.g., `mkdir -m u=rwx,go=rx,-s DIR'. To set them, mention them explicitly in either a symbolic or a numeric mode, e.g., `mkdir -m 2755 DIR', `mkdir -m u=rwx,go=rx,g+s' DIR. This change is for convenience on systems where these bits inherit from parents. Unfortunately other operating systems are not consistent here, and portable scripts cannot assume the bits are set, cleared, or preserved, even when the bits are explicitly mentioned. For example, OpenBSD 3.9 `mkdir -m 777 D' preserves D's setgid bit but `chmod 777 D' clears it. Conversely, Solaris 10 `mkdir -m 777 D', `mkdir -m g-s D', and `chmod 0777 D' all preserve D's setgid bit, and you must use something like `chmod g-s D' to clear it. `cp --link --no-dereference' now works also on systems where the link system call cannot create a hard link to a symbolic link. This change has no effect on systems with a Linux-based kernel. csplit and nl now use POSIX syntax for regular expressions, not Emacs syntax. As a result, character classes like [[:print:]] and interval expressions like A\{1,9\} now have their usual meaning, . no longer matches the null character, and \ must precede the + and ? operators. date: a command like date -d '2006-04-23 21 days ago' would print the wrong date in some time zones. (see the test for an example) df changes: df now considers "none" and "proc" file systems to be dummies and therefore does not normally display them. Also, inaccessible file systems (which can be caused by shadowed mount points or by chrooted bind mounts) are now dummies, too. df now fails if it generates no output, so you can inspect the exit status of a command like "df -t ext3 -t reiserfs DIR" to test whether DIR is on a file system of type "ext3" or "reiserfs". expr no longer complains about leading ^ in a regular expression (the anchor is ignored), or about regular expressions like A** (the second "*" is ignored). expr now exits with status 2 (not 3) for errors it detects in the expression's values; exit status 3 is now used only for internal errors (such as integer overflow, which expr now checks for). install and mkdir now implement the X permission symbol correctly, e.g., `mkdir -m a+X dir'; previously the X was ignored. install now creates parent directories with mode u=rwx,go=rx (755) instead of using the mode specified by the -m option; and it does not change the owner or group of parent directories. This is for compatibility with BSD and closes some race conditions. ln now uses different (and we hope clearer) diagnostics when it fails. ln -v now acts more like FreeBSD, so it generates output only when successful and the output is easier to parse. ls now defaults to --time-style='locale', not --time-style='posix-long-iso'. However, the 'locale' time style now behaves like 'posix-long-iso' if your locale settings appear to be messed up. This change attempts to have the default be the best of both worlds. mkfifo and mknod no longer set special mode bits (setuid, setgid, and sticky) with the -m option. nohup's usual diagnostic now more precisely specifies the I/O redirections, e.g., "ignoring input and appending output to nohup.out". Also, nohup now redirects stderr to nohup.out (or $HOME/nohup.out) if stdout is closed and stderr is a tty; this is in response to Open Group XCU ERN 71. rm --interactive now takes an optional argument, although the default of using no argument still acts like -i. rm no longer fails to remove an empty, unreadable directory seq changes: seq defaults to a minimal fixed point format that does not lose information if seq's operands are all fixed point decimal numbers. You no longer need the `-f%.f' in `seq -f%.f 1048575 1024 1050623', for example, since the default format now has the same effect. seq now lets you use %a, %A, %E, %F, and %G formats. seq now uses long double internally rather than double. sort now reports incompatible options (e.g., -i and -n) rather than silently ignoring one of them. stat's --format=FMT option now works the way it did before 5.3.0: FMT is automatically newline terminated. The first stable release containing this change was 5.92. stat accepts the new option --printf=FMT, where FMT is *not* automatically newline terminated. stat: backslash escapes are interpreted in a format string specified via --printf=FMT, but not one specified via --format=FMT. That includes octal (\ooo, at most three octal digits), hexadecimal (\xhh, one or two hex digits), and the standard sequences (\a, \b, \f, \n, \r, \t, \v, \", \\). With no operand, 'tail -f' now silently ignores the '-f' only if standard input is a FIFO or pipe and POSIXLY_CORRECT is set. Formerly, it ignored the '-f' when standard input was a FIFO, pipe, or socket. ** Scheduled for removal ptx's --copyright (-C) option is scheduled for removal in 2007, and now evokes a warning. Use --version instead. rm's --directory (-d) option is scheduled for removal in 2006. This option has been silently ignored since coreutils 5.0. On systems that support unlinking of directories, you can use the "unlink" command to unlink a directory. Similarly, we are considering the removal of ln's --directory (-d, -F) option in 2006. Please write to if this would cause a problem for you. On systems that support hard links to directories, you can use the "link" command to create one. ** New programs base64: base64 encoding and decoding (RFC 3548) functionality. sha224sum: print or check a SHA224 (224-bit) checksum sha256sum: print or check a SHA256 (256-bit) checksum sha384sum: print or check a SHA384 (384-bit) checksum sha512sum: print or check a SHA512 (512-bit) checksum shuf: Shuffle lines of text. ** New features chgrp now supports --preserve-root, --no-preserve-root (default), as it was documented to do, and just as chmod, chown, and rm do. New dd iflag= and oflag= flags: 'directory' causes dd to fail unless the file is a directory, on hosts that support this (e.g., Linux kernels, version 2.1.126 and later). This has limited utility but is present for completeness. 'noatime' causes dd to read a file without updating its access time, on hosts that support this (e.g., Linux kernels, version 2.6.8 and later). 'nolinks' causes dd to fail if the file has multiple hard links, on hosts that support this (e.g., Solaris 10 and later). ls accepts the new option --group-directories-first, to make it list directories before files. rm now accepts the -I (--interactive=once) option. This new option prompts once if rm is invoked recursively or if more than three files are being deleted, which is less intrusive than -i prompting for every file, but provides almost the same level of protection against mistakes. shred and sort now accept the --random-source option. sort now accepts the --random-sort (-R) option and `R' ordering option. sort now supports obsolete usages like "sort +1 -2" unless POSIXLY_CORRECT is set. However, when conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2001 "sort +1" still sorts the file named "+1". wc accepts a new option --files0-from=FILE, where FILE contains a list of NUL-terminated file names. ** Bug fixes cat with any of the options, -A -v -e -E -T, when applied to a file in /proc or /sys (linux-specific), would truncate its output, usually printing nothing. cp -p would fail in a /proc-less chroot, on some systems When `cp -RL' encounters the same directory more than once in the hierarchy beneath a single command-line argument, it no longer confuses them with hard-linked directories. fts-using tools (chmod, chown, chgrp, du) no longer fail due to a double-free bug -- it could be triggered by making a directory inaccessible while e.g., du is traversing the hierarchy under it. fts-using tools (chmod, chown, chgrp, du) no longer misinterpret a very long symlink chain as a dangling symlink. Before, such a misinterpretation would cause these tools not to diagnose an ELOOP error. ls --indicator-style=file-type would sometimes stat a symlink unnecessarily. ls --file-type worked like --indicator-style=slash (-p), rather than like --indicator-style=file-type. mv: moving a symlink into the place of an existing non-directory is now done atomically; before, mv would first unlink the destination. mv -T DIR EMPTY_DIR no longer fails unconditionally. Also, mv can now remove an empty destination directory: mkdir -p a b/a; mv a b rm (on systems with openat) can no longer exit before processing all command-line arguments. rm is no longer susceptible to a few low-probability memory leaks. rm -r no longer fails to remove an inaccessible and empty directory rm -r's cycle detection code can no longer be tricked into reporting a false positive (introduced in fileutils-4.1.9). shred --remove FILE no longer segfaults on Gentoo systems sort would fail for large inputs (~50MB) on systems with a buggy mkstemp function. sort and tac now use the replacement mkstemp function, and hence are no longer subject to limitations (of 26 or 32, on the maximum number of files from a given template) on HP-UX 10.20, SunOS 4.1.4, Solaris 2.5.1 and OSF1/Tru64 V4.0F&V5.1. tail -f once again works on a file with the append-only attribute (affects at least Linux ext2, ext3, xfs file systems) * Major changes in release 5.97 (2006-06-24) [stable] * Major changes in release 5.96 (2006-05-22) [stable] * Major changes in release 5.95 (2006-05-12) [stable] * Major changes in release 5.94 (2006-02-13) [stable] [see the b5_9x branch for details] * Major changes in release 5.93 (2005-11-06) [stable] ** Bug fixes dircolors no longer segfaults upon an attempt to use the new STICKY_OTHER_WRITABLE (OWT) attribute. du no longer overflows a counter when processing a file larger than 2^31-1 on some 32-bit systems (at least some AIX 5.1 configurations). md5sum once again defaults to using the ` ' non-binary marker (rather than the `*' binary marker) by default on Unix-like systems. mkdir -p and install -d no longer exit nonzero when asked to create a directory like `nonexistent/.' rm emits a better diagnostic when (without -r) it fails to remove a directory on e.g., Solaris 9/10 systems. tac now works when stdin is a tty, even on non-Linux systems. "tail -c 2 FILE" and "touch 0101000000" now operate as POSIX 1003.1-2001 requires, even when coreutils is conforming to older POSIX standards, as the newly-required behavior is upward-compatible with the old. The documentation no longer mentions rm's --directory (-d) option. ** Build-related bug fixes installing .mo files would fail * Major changes in release 5.92 (2005-10-22) [stable] ** Bug fixes chmod now diagnoses an invalid mode string starting with an octal digit dircolors now properly quotes single-quote characters * Major changes in release 5.91 (2005-10-17) [stable candidate] ** Bug fixes "mkdir -p /a/b/c" no longer fails merely because a leading prefix directory (e.g., /a or /a/b) exists on a read-only file system. ** Removed options tail's --allow-missing option has been removed. Use --retry instead. stat's --link and -l options have been removed. Use --dereference (-L) instead. ** Deprecated options Using ls, du, or df with the --kilobytes option now evokes a warning that the long-named option is deprecated. Use `-k' instead. du's long-named --megabytes option now evokes a warning. Use -m instead. * Major changes in release 5.90 (2005-09-29) [unstable] ** Bring back support for `head -NUM', `tail -NUM', etc. even when conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2001. The following changes apply only when conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2001; there is no effect when conforming to older POSIX versions. The following usages now behave just as when conforming to older POSIX: date -I expand -TAB1[,TAB2,...] fold -WIDTH head -NUM join -j FIELD join -j1 FIELD join -j2 FIELD join -o FIELD_NAME1 FIELD_NAME2... nice -NUM od -w pr -S split -NUM tail -[NUM][bcl][f] [FILE] The following usages no longer work, due to the above changes: date -I TIMESPEC (use `date -ITIMESPEC' instead) od -w WIDTH (use `od -wWIDTH' instead) pr -S STRING (use `pr -SSTRING' instead) A few usages still have behavior that depends on which POSIX standard is being conformed to, and portable applications should beware these problematic usages. These include: Problematic Standard-conforming replacement, depending on usage whether you prefer the behavior of: POSIX 1003.2-1992 POSIX 1003.1-2001 sort +4 sort -k 5 sort ./+4 tail +4 tail -n +4 tail ./+4 tail - f tail f [see (*) below] tail -c 4 tail -c 10 ./4 tail -c4 touch 12312359 f touch -t 12312359 f touch ./12312359 f uniq +4 uniq -s 4 uniq ./+4 (*) "tail - f" does not conform to POSIX 1003.1-2001; to read standard input and then "f", use the command "tail -- - f". These changes are in response to decisions taken in the January 2005 Austin Group standardization meeting. For more details, please see "Utility Syntax Guidelines" in the Minutes of the January 2005 Meeting . ** Binary input and output are now implemented more consistently. These changes affect only platforms like MS-DOS that distinguish between binary and text files. The following programs now always use text input/output: expand unexpand The following programs now always use binary input/output to copy data: cp install mv shred The following programs now always use binary input/output to copy data, except for stdin and stdout when it is a terminal. head tac tail tee tr (cat behaves similarly, unless one of the options -bensAE is used.) cat's --binary or -B option has been removed. It existed only on MS-DOS-like platforms, and didn't work as documented there. md5sum and sha1sum now obey the -b or --binary option, even if standard input is a terminal, and they no longer report files to be binary if they actually read them in text mode. ** Changes for better conformance to POSIX cp, ln, mv, rm changes: Leading white space is now significant in responses to yes-or-no questions. For example, if "rm" asks "remove regular file `foo'?" and you respond with " y" (i.e., space before "y"), it counts as "no". dd changes: On a QUIT or PIPE signal, dd now exits without printing statistics. On hosts lacking the INFO signal, dd no longer treats the USR1 signal as if it were INFO when POSIXLY_CORRECT is set. If the file F is non-seekable and contains fewer than N blocks, then before copying "dd seek=N of=F" now extends F with zeroed blocks until F contains N blocks. fold changes: When POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, "fold file -3" is now equivalent to "fold file ./-3", not the obviously-erroneous "fold file ./-w3". ls changes: -p now marks only directories; it is equivalent to the new option --indicator-style=slash. Use --file-type or --indicator-style=file-type to get -p's old behavior. nice changes: Documentation and diagnostics now refer to "nicenesses" (commonly in the range -20...19) rather than "nice values" (commonly 0...39). nohup changes: nohup now ignores the umask when creating nohup.out. nohup now closes stderr if it is a terminal and stdout is closed. nohup now exits with status 127 (not 1) when given an invalid option. pathchk changes: It now rejects the empty name in the normal case. That is, "pathchk -p ''" now fails, and "pathchk ''" fails unless the current host (contra POSIX) allows empty file names. The new -P option checks whether a file name component has leading "-", as suggested in interpretation "Austin-039:XCU:pathchk:pathchk -p" . It also rejects the empty name even if the current host accepts it; see . The --portability option is now equivalent to -p -P. ** Bug fixes chmod, mkdir, mkfifo, and mknod formerly mishandled rarely-used symbolic permissions like =xX and =u, and did not properly diagnose some invalid strings like g+gr, ug,+x, and +1. These bugs have been fixed. csplit could produce corrupt output, given input lines longer than 8KB dd now computes statistics using a realtime clock (if available) rather than the time-of-day clock, to avoid glitches if the time-of-day is changed while dd is running. Also, it avoids using unsafe code in signal handlers; this fixes some core dumps. expr and test now correctly compare integers of unlimited magnitude. expr now detects integer overflow when converting strings to integers, rather than silently wrapping around. ls now refuses to generate time stamps containing more than 1000 bytes, to foil potential denial-of-service attacks on hosts with very large stacks. "mkdir -m =+x dir" no longer ignores the umask when evaluating "+x", and similarly for mkfifo and mknod. "mkdir -p /tmp/a/b dir" no longer attempts to create the `.'-relative directory, dir (in /tmp/a), when, after creating /tmp/a/b, it is unable to return to its initial working directory. Similarly for "install -D file /tmp/a/b/file". "pr -D FORMAT" now accepts the same formats that "date +FORMAT" does. stat now exits nonzero if a file operand does not exist ** Improved robustness Date no longer needs to allocate virtual memory to do its job, so it can no longer fail due to an out-of-memory condition, no matter how large the result. ** Improved portability hostid now prints exactly 8 hexadecimal digits, possibly with leading zeros, and without any spurious leading "fff..." on 64-bit hosts. nice now works on Darwin 7.7.0 in spite of its invalid definition of NZERO. `rm -r' can remove all entries in a directory even when it is on a file system for which readdir is buggy and that was not checked by coreutils' old configure-time run-test. sleep no longer fails when resumed after being suspended on linux-2.6.8.1, in spite of that kernel's buggy nanosleep implementation. ** New features chmod -w now complains if its behavior differs from what chmod a-w would do, and similarly for chmod -r, chmod -x, etc. cp and mv: the --reply=X option is deprecated date accepts the new option --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC. The old --iso-8601 (-I) option is deprecated; it still works, but new applications should avoid it. date, du, ls, and pr's time formats now support new %:z, %::z, %:::z specifiers for numeric time zone offsets like -07:00, -07:00:00, and -07. dd has new iflag= and oflag= flags "binary" and "text", which have an effect only on nonstandard platforms that distinguish text from binary I/O. dircolors now supports SETUID, SETGID, STICKY_OTHER_WRITABLE, OTHER_WRITABLE, and STICKY, with ls providing default colors for these categories if not specified by dircolors. du accepts new options: --time[=TYPE] and --time-style=STYLE join now supports a NUL field separator, e.g., "join -t '\0'". join now detects and reports incompatible options, e.g., "join -t x -t y", ls no longer outputs an extra space between the mode and the link count when none of the listed files has an ACL. md5sum --check now accepts multiple input files, and similarly for sha1sum. If stdin is a terminal, nohup now redirects it from /dev/null to prevent the command from tying up an OpenSSH session after you logout. "rm -FOO" now suggests "rm ./-FOO" if the file "-FOO" exists and "-FOO" is not a valid option. stat -f -c %S outputs the fundamental block size (used for block counts). stat -f's default output format has been changed to output this size as well. stat -f recognizes file systems of type XFS and JFS "touch -" now touches standard output, not a file named "-". uname -a no longer generates the -p and -i outputs if they are unknown. * Major changes in release 5.3.0 (2005-01-08) [unstable] ** Bug fixes Several fixes to chgrp and chown for compatibility with POSIX and BSD: Do not affect symbolic links by default. Now, operate on whatever a symbolic link points to, instead. To get the old behavior, use --no-dereference (-h). --dereference now works, even when the specified owner and/or group match those of an affected symlink. Check for incompatible options. When -R and --dereference are both used, then either -H or -L must also be used. When -R and -h are both used, then -P must be in effect. -H, -L, and -P have no effect unless -R is also specified. If -P and -R are both specified, -h is assumed. Do not optimize away the chown() system call when the file's owner and group already have the desired value. This optimization was incorrect, as it failed to update the last-changed time and reset special permission bits, as POSIX requires. "chown : file", "chown '' file", and "chgrp '' file" now succeed without changing the uid or gid, instead of reporting an error. Do not report an error if the owner or group of a recursively-encountered symbolic link cannot be updated because the file system does not support it. chmod now accepts multiple mode-like options, e.g., "chmod -r -w f". chown is no longer subject to a race condition vulnerability, when used with --from=O:G and without the (-h) --no-dereference option. cut's --output-delimiter=D option works with abutting byte ranges. dircolors's documentation now recommends that shell scripts eval "`dircolors`" rather than `dircolors`, to avoid shell expansion pitfalls. du no longer segfaults when a subdirectory of an operand directory is removed while du is traversing that subdirectory. Since the bug was in the underlying fts.c module, it also affected chown, chmod, and chgrp. du's --exclude-from=FILE and --exclude=P options now compare patterns against the entire name of each file, rather than against just the final component. echo now conforms to POSIX better. It supports the \0ooo syntax for octal escapes, and \c now terminates printing immediately. If POSIXLY_CORRECT is set and the first argument is not "-n", echo now outputs all option-like arguments instead of treating them as options. expand and unexpand now conform to POSIX better. They check for blanks (which can include characters other than space and tab in non-POSIX locales) instead of spaces and tabs. Unexpand now preserves some blanks instead of converting them to tabs or spaces. "ln x d/" now reports an error if d/x is a directory and x a file, instead of incorrectly creating a link to d/x/x. ls no longer segfaults on systems for which SIZE_MAX != (size_t) -1. md5sum and sha1sum now report an error when given so many input lines that their line counter overflows, instead of silently reporting incorrect results. Fixes for "nice": If it fails to lower the niceness due to lack of permissions, it goes ahead and runs the command anyway, as POSIX requires. It no longer incorrectly reports an error if the current niceness happens to be -1. It no longer assumes that nicenesses range from -20 through 19. It now consistently adjusts out-of-range nicenesses to the closest values in range; formerly it sometimes reported an error. pathchk no longer accepts trailing options, e.g., "pathchk -p foo -b" now treats -b as a file name to check, not as an invalid option. `pr --columns=N' was not equivalent to `pr -N' when also using either -s or -w. pr now supports page numbers up to 2**64 on most hosts, and it detects page number overflow instead of silently wrapping around. pr now accepts file names that begin with "+" so long as the rest of the file name does not look like a page range. printf has several changes: It now uses 'intmax_t' (not 'long int') to format integers, so it can now format 64-bit integers on most modern hosts. On modern hosts it now supports the C99-inspired %a, %A, %F conversion specs, the "'" and "0" flags, and the ll, j, t, and z length modifiers (this is compatible with recent Bash versions). The printf command now rejects invalid conversion specifications like %#d, instead of relying on undefined behavior in the underlying printf function. ptx now diagnoses invalid values for its --width=N (-w) and --gap-size=N (-g) options. mv (when moving between partitions) no longer fails when operating on too many command-line-specified nonempty directories. "readlink -f" is more compatible with prior implementations rm (without -f) no longer hangs when attempting to remove a symlink to a file on an off-line NFS-mounted partition. rm no longer gets a failed assertion under some unusual conditions. rm no longer requires read access to the current directory. "rm -r" would mistakenly fail to remove files under a directory for some types of errors (e.g., read-only file system, I/O error) when first encountering the directory. "sort" fixes: "sort -o -" now writes to a file named "-" instead of to standard output; POSIX requires this. An unlikely race condition has been fixed where "sort" could have mistakenly removed a temporary file belonging to some other process. "sort" no longer has O(N**2) behavior when it creates many temporary files. tac can now handle regular, nonseekable files like Linux's /proc/modules. Before, it would produce no output for such a file. tac would exit immediately upon I/O or temp-file creation failure. Now it continues on, processing any remaining command line arguments. "tail -f" no longer mishandles pipes and fifos. With no operands, tail now ignores -f if standard input is a pipe, as POSIX requires. When conforming to POSIX 1003.2-1992, tail now supports the SUSv2 b modifier (e.g., "tail -10b file") and it handles some obscure cases more correctly, e.g., "tail +cl" now reads the file "+cl" rather than reporting an error, "tail -c file" no longer reports an error, and "tail - file" no longer reads standard input. tee now exits when it gets a SIGPIPE signal, as POSIX requires. To get tee's old behavior, use the shell command "(trap '' PIPE; tee)". Also, "tee -" now writes to standard output instead of to a file named "-". "touch -- MMDDhhmm[yy] file" is now equivalent to "touch MMDDhhmm[yy] file" even when conforming to pre-2001 POSIX. tr no longer mishandles a second operand with leading "-". who now prints user names in full instead of truncating them after 8 bytes. The following commands now reject unknown options instead of accepting them as operands, so that users are properly warned that options may be added later. Formerly they accepted unknown options as operands; e.g., "basename -a a" acted like "basename -- -a a". basename dirname factor hostname link nohup sync unlink yes ** New features For efficiency, `sort -m' no longer copies input to a temporary file merely because the input happens to come from a pipe. As a result, some relatively-contrived examples like `cat F | sort -m -o F - G' are no longer safe, as `sort' might start writing F before `cat' is done reading it. This problem cannot occur unless `-m' is used. When outside the default POSIX locale, the 'who' and 'pinky' commands now output time stamps like "2004-06-21 13:09" instead of the traditional "Jun 21 13:09". pwd now works even when run from a working directory whose name is longer than PATH_MAX. cp, install, ln, and mv have a new --no-target-directory (-T) option, and -t is now a short name for their --target-directory option. cp -pu and mv -u (when copying) now don't bother to update the destination if the resulting time stamp would be no newer than the preexisting time stamp. This saves work in the common case when copying or moving multiple times to the same destination in a file system with a coarse time stamp resolution. cut accepts a new option, --complement, to complement the set of selected bytes, characters, or fields. dd now also prints the number of bytes transferred, the time, and the transfer rate. The new "status=noxfer" operand suppresses this change. dd has new conversions for the conv= option: nocreat do not create the output file excl fail if the output file already exists fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing fsync likewise, but also write metadata dd has new iflag= and oflag= options with the following flags: append append mode (makes sense for output file only) direct use direct I/O for data dsync use synchronized I/O for data sync likewise, but also for metadata nonblock use non-blocking I/O nofollow do not follow symlinks noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file stty now provides support (iutf8) for setting UTF-8 input mode. With stat, a specified format is no longer automatically newline terminated. If you want a newline at the end of your output, append `\n' to the format string. 'df', 'du', and 'ls' now take the default block size from the BLOCKSIZE environment variable if the BLOCK_SIZE, DF_BLOCK_SIZE, DU_BLOCK_SIZE, and LS_BLOCK_SIZE environment variables are not set. Unlike the other variables, though, BLOCKSIZE does not affect values like 'ls -l' sizes that are normally displayed as bytes. This new behavior is for compatibility with BSD. du accepts a new option --files0-from=FILE, where FILE contains a list of NUL-terminated file names. Date syntax as used by date -d, date -f, and touch -d has been changed as follows: Dates like `January 32' with out-of-range components are now rejected. Dates can have fractional time stamps like 2004-02-27 14:19:13.489392193. Dates can be entered via integer counts of seconds since 1970 when prefixed by `@'. For example, `@321' represents 1970-01-01 00:05:21 UTC. Time zone corrections can now separate hours and minutes with a colon, and can follow standard abbreviations like "UTC". For example, "UTC +0530" and "+05:30" are supported, and are both equivalent to "+0530". Date values can now have leading TZ="..." assignments that override the environment only while that date is being processed. For example, the following shell command converts from Paris to New York time: TZ="America/New_York" date --date='TZ="Europe/Paris" 2004-10-31 06:30' `date' has a new option --iso-8601=ns that outputs nanosecond-resolution time stamps. echo -e '\xHH' now outputs a byte whose hexadecimal value is HH, for compatibility with bash. ls now exits with status 1 on minor problems, 2 if serious trouble. ls has a new --hide=PATTERN option that behaves like --ignore=PATTERN, except that it is overridden by -a or -A. This can be useful for aliases, e.g., if lh is an alias for "ls --hide='*~'", then "lh -A" lists the file "README~". In the following cases POSIX allows the default GNU behavior, so when POSIXLY_CORRECT is set: false, printf, true, unlink, and yes all support --help and --option. ls supports TABSIZE. pr no longer depends on LC_TIME for the date format in non-POSIX locales. printf supports \u, \U, \x. tail supports two or more files when using the obsolete option syntax. The usual `--' operand is now supported by chroot, hostid, hostname, pwd, sync, and yes. `od' now conforms to POSIX better, and is more compatible with BSD: The older syntax "od [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]]" now works even without --traditional. This is a change in behavior if there are one or two operands and the last one begins with +, or if there are two operands and the latter one begins with a digit. For example, "od foo 10" and "od +10" now treat the last operand as an offset, not as a file name. -h is no longer documented, and may be withdrawn in future versions. Use -x or -t x2 instead. -i is now equivalent to -t dI (not -t d2), and -l is now equivalent to -t dL (not -t d4). -s is now equivalent to -t d2. The old "-s[NUM]" or "-s NUM" option has been renamed to "-S NUM". The default output format is now -t oS, not -t o2, i.e., short int rather than two-byte int. This makes a difference only on hosts like Cray systems where the C short int type requires more than two bytes. readlink accepts new options: --canonicalize-existing (-e) and --canonicalize-missing (-m). The stat option --filesystem has been renamed to --file-system, for consistency with POSIX "file system" and with cp and du --one-file-system. ** Removed features md5sum and sha1sum's undocumented --string option has been removed. tail's undocumented --max-consecutive-size-changes option has been removed. * Major changes in release 5.2.1 (2004-03-12) [stable] ** Bug fixes mv could mistakenly fail to preserve hard links when moving two or more arguments between partitions. `cp --sparse=always F /dev/hdx' no longer tries to use lseek to create holes in the destination. nohup now sets the close-on-exec flag for its copy of the stderr file descriptor. This avoids some nohup-induced hangs. For example, before this change, if you ran `ssh localhost', then `nohup sleep 600 /dev/null takes about one hour on a 1.6 GHz Athlon 2000 XP. Now it can output 2^53-1 numbers before misbehaving. * Major changes in release 5.1.2 (2004-01-25): ** Bug fixes rmdir -p exits with status 1 on error; formerly it sometimes exited with status 0 when given more than one argument. nohup now always exits with status 127 when it finds an error, as POSIX requires; formerly it sometimes exited with status 1. Several programs (including cut, date, dd, env, hostname, nl, pr, stty, and tr) now always exit with status 1 when they find an error; formerly they sometimes exited with status 2. factor no longer reports a usage error if stdin has the wrong format. paste no longer infloops on ppc systems (bug introduced in 5.1.1) * Major changes in release 5.1.1 (2004-01-17): ** Configuration option You can select the default level of POSIX conformance at configure-time, e.g., by ./configure DEFAULT_POSIX2_VERSION=199209 ** Bug fixes fold -s works once again on systems with differing sizes for int and size_t (bug introduced in 5.1.0) ** New features touch -r now specifies the origin for any relative times in the -d operand, if both options are given. For example, "touch -r FOO -d '-5 seconds' BAR" sets BAR's modification time to be five seconds before FOO's. join: The obsolete options "-j1 FIELD", "-j2 FIELD", and "-o LIST1 LIST2..." are no longer supported on POSIX 1003.1-2001 systems. Portable scripts should use "-1 FIELD", "-2 FIELD", and "-o LIST1,LIST2..." respectively. If join was compiled on a POSIX 1003.1-2001 system, you may enable the old behavior by setting _POSIX2_VERSION=199209 in your environment. [This change was reverted in coreutils 5.3.1.] * Major changes in release 5.1.0 (2003-12-21): ** New features chgrp, chmod, and chown can now process (with -R) hierarchies of virtually unlimited depth. Before, they would fail to operate on any file they encountered with a relative name of length PATH_MAX (often 4096) or longer. chgrp, chmod, chown, and rm accept the new options: --preserve-root, --no-preserve-root (default) chgrp and chown now accept POSIX-mandated -L, -H, and -P options du can now process hierarchies of virtually unlimited depth. Before, du was limited by the user's stack size and it would get a stack overflow error (often a segmentation fault) when applied to a hierarchy of depth around 30,000 or larger. du works even when run from an inaccessible directory du -D now dereferences all symlinks specified on the command line, not just the ones that reference directories du now accepts -P (--no-dereference), for compatibility with du of NetBSD and for consistency with e.g., chown and chgrp du's -H option will soon have the meaning required by POSIX (--dereference-args, aka -D) rather then the current meaning of --si. Now, using -H elicits a warning to that effect. When given -l and similar options, ls now adjusts the output column widths to fit the data, so that output lines are shorter and have columns that line up better. This may adversely affect shell scripts that expect fixed-width columns, but such shell scripts were not portable anyway, even with old GNU ls where the columns became ragged when a datum was too wide. du accepts a new option, -0/--null, to make it produce NUL-terminated output lines ** Bug fixes printf, seq, tail, and sleep now parse floating-point operands and options in the C locale. POSIX requires this for printf. od -c -w9999999 no longer segfaults csplit no longer reads from freed memory (dumping core on some systems) csplit would mistakenly exhaust virtual memory in some cases ls --width=N (for very large N) is no longer subject to an address arithmetic bug that could result in bounds violations. ls --width=N (with -x or -C) no longer allocates more space (potentially much more) than necessary for a given directory. dd `unblock' and `sync' may now be combined (e.g., dd conv=unblock,sync) * Major changes in release 5.0.91 (2003-09-08): ** New features date accepts a new option --rfc-2822, an alias for --rfc-822. split accepts a new option -d or --numeric-suffixes. cp, install, mv, and touch now preserve microsecond resolution on file timestamps, on platforms that have the 'utimes' system call. Unfortunately there is no system call yet to preserve file timestamps to their full nanosecond resolution; microsecond resolution is the best we can do right now. sort now supports the zero byte (NUL) as a field separator; use -t '\0'. The -t '' option, which formerly had no effect, is now an error. sort option order no longer matters for the options -S, -d, -i, -o, and -t. Stronger options override weaker, and incompatible options are diagnosed. `sha1sum --check' now accepts the BSD format for SHA1 message digests in addition to the BSD format for MD5 ones. who -l now means `who --login', not `who --lookup', per POSIX. who's -l option has been eliciting an unconditional warning about this impending change since sh-utils-2.0.12 (April 2002). ** Bug fixes Mistakenly renaming a file onto itself, e.g., via `mv B b' when `B' is the same directory entry as `b' no longer destroys the directory entry referenced by both `b' and `B'. Note that this would happen only on file systems like VFAT where two different names may refer to the same directory entry, usually due to lower->upper case mapping of file names. Now, the above can happen only on file systems that perform name mapping and that support hard links (stat.st_nlink > 1). This mitigates the problem in two ways: few file systems appear to be affected (hpfs and ntfs are), when the bug is triggered, mv no longer removes the last hard link to a file. *** ATTENTION ***: if you know how to distinguish the following two cases without writing to the file system in question, please let me know: 1) B and b refer to the same directory entry on a file system like NTFS (B may well have a link count larger than 1) 2) B and b are hard links to the same file stat no longer overruns a buffer for format strings ending in `%' fold -s -wN would infloop for N < 8 with TABs in the input. E.g., this would not terminate: printf 'a\t' | fold -w2 -s `split -a0', although of questionable utility, is accepted once again. `df DIR' used to hang under some conditions on OSF/1 5.1. Now it doesn't. seq's --width (-w) option now works properly even when the endpoint requiring the larger width is negative and smaller than the other endpoint. seq's default step is 1, even if LAST < FIRST. paste no longer mistakenly outputs 0xFF bytes for a nonempty input file without a trailing newline. `tail -n0 -f FILE' and `tail -c0 -f FILE' no longer perform what amounted to a busy wait, rather than sleeping between iterations. tail's long-undocumented --allow-missing option now elicits a warning * Major changes in release 5.0.90 (2003-07-29): ** New features sort is now up to 30% more CPU-efficient in some cases `test' is now more compatible with Bash and POSIX: `test -t', `test --help', and `test --version' now silently exit with status 0. To test whether standard output is a terminal, use `test -t 1'. To get help and version info for `test', use `[ --help' and `[ --version'. `test' now exits with status 2 (not 1) if there is an error. wc count field widths now are heuristically adjusted depending on the input size, if known. If only one count is printed, it is guaranteed to be printed without leading spaces. Previously, wc did not align the count fields if POSIXLY_CORRECT was set, but POSIX did not actually require this undesirable behavior, so it has been removed. ** Bug fixes kill no longer tries to operate on argv[0] (introduced in 5.0.1) Why wasn't this noticed? Although many tests use kill, none of them made an effort to avoid using the shell's built-in kill. `[' invoked with no arguments no longer evokes a segfault rm without --recursive (aka -r or -R) no longer prompts regarding unwritable directories, as required by POSIX. uniq -c now uses a SPACE, not a TAB between the count and the corresponding line, as required by POSIX. expr now exits with status 2 if the expression is syntactically valid, and with status 3 if an error occurred. POSIX requires this. expr now reports trouble if string comparison fails due to a collation error. split now generates suffixes properly on EBCDIC hosts. split -a0 now works, as POSIX requires. `sort --version' and `sort --help' fail, as they should when their output is redirected to /dev/full. `su --version > /dev/full' now fails, as it should. ** Fewer arbitrary limitations cut requires 97% less memory when very large field numbers or byte offsets are specified. * Major changes in release 5.0.1 (2003-07-15): ** New programs - new program: `[' (much like `test') ** New features - head now accepts --lines=-N (--bytes=-N) to print all but the N lines (bytes) at the end of the file - md5sum --check now accepts the output of the BSD md5sum program, e.g., MD5 (f) = d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e - date -d DATE can now parse a DATE string like May-23-2003 - chown: `.' is no longer recognized as a separator in the OWNER:GROUP specifier on POSIX 1003.1-2001 systems. If chown *was not* compiled on such a system, then it still accepts `.', by default. If chown was compiled on a POSIX 1003.1-2001 system, then you may enable the old behavior by setting _POSIX2_VERSION=199209 in your environment. - chown no longer tries to preserve set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits; on some systems, the chown syscall resets those bits, and previous versions of the chown command would call chmod to restore the original, pre-chown(2) settings, but that behavior is problematic. 1) There was a window whereby a malicious user, M, could subvert a chown command run by some other user and operating on files in a directory where M has write access. 2) Before (and even now, on systems with chown(2) that doesn't reset those bits), an unwary admin. could use chown unwittingly to create e.g., a set-user-ID root copy of /bin/sh. ** Bug fixes - chown --dereference no longer leaks a file descriptor per symlink processed - `du /' once again prints the `/' on the last line - split's --verbose option works once again [broken in 4.5.10 and 5.0] - tail -f is no longer subject to a race condition that could make it delay displaying the last part of a file that had stopped growing. That bug could also make tail -f give an unwarranted `file truncated' warning. - du no longer runs out of file descriptors unnecessarily - df and `readlink --canonicalize' no longer corrupt the heap on non-glibc, non-solaris systems - `env -u UNSET_VARIABLE' no longer dumps core on non-glibc systems - readlink's --canonicalize option now works on systems like Solaris that lack the canonicalize_file_name function but do have resolvepath. - mv now removes `a' in this example on all systems: touch a; ln a b; mv a b This behavior is contrary to POSIX (which requires that the mv command do nothing and exit successfully), but I suspect POSIX will change. - date's %r format directive now honors locale settings - date's `-' (no-pad) format flag now affects the space-padded-by-default conversion specifiers, %e, %k, %l - fmt now diagnoses invalid obsolescent width specifications like `-72x' - fmt now exits nonzero when unable to open an input file - tsort now fails when given an odd number of input tokens, as required by POSIX. Before, it would act as if the final token appeared one additional time. ** Fewer arbitrary limitations - tail's byte and line counts are no longer limited to OFF_T_MAX. Now the limit is UINTMAX_MAX (usually 2^64). - split can now handle --bytes=N and --lines=N with N=2^31 or more. ** Portability - `kill -t' now prints signal descriptions (rather than `?') on systems like Tru64 with __sys_siglist but no strsignal function. - stat.c now compiles on Ultrix systems - sleep now works on AIX systems that lack support for clock_gettime - rm now works around Darwin6.5's broken readdir function Before `rm -rf DIR' would fail to remove all files in DIR if there were more than 338. * Major changes in release 5.0 (2003-04-02): - false --help now exits nonzero [4.5.12] * printf no longer treats \x specially when POSIXLY_CORRECT is set * printf avoids buffer overrun with format ending in a backslash and * printf avoids buffer overrun with incomplete conversion specifier * printf accepts multiple flags in a single conversion specifier [4.5.11] * seq no longer requires that a field width be specified * seq no longer fails when given a field width of `0' * seq now accepts ` ' and `'' as valid format flag characters * df now shows a HOSTNAME: prefix for each remote-mounted file system on AIX 5.1 * portability tweaks for HP-UX, AIX 5.1, DJGPP [4.5.10] * printf no longer segfaults for a negative field width or precision * shred now always enables --exact for non-regular files * du no longer lists hard-linked files more than once * du no longer dumps core on some systems due to `infinite' recursion via nftw's use of the buggy replacement function in getcwd.c * portability patches for a few vendor compilers and 64-bit systems * du -S *really* now works like it did before the change in 4.5.5 [4.5.9] * du no longer truncates file sizes or sums to fit in 32-bit size_t * work around Linux kernel bug in getcwd (fixed in 2.4.21-pre4), so that pwd now fails if the name of the working directory is so long that getcwd truncates it. Before it would print the truncated name and exit successfully. * `df /some/mount-point' no longer hangs on a GNU libc system when another hard-mounted NFS file system (preceding /some/mount-point in /proc/mounts) is inaccessible. * rm -rf now gives an accurate diagnostic when failing to remove a file under certain unusual conditions * mv and `cp --preserve=links' now preserve multiple hard links even under certain unusual conditions where they used to fail [4.5.8] * du -S once again works like it did before the change in 4.5.5 * stat accepts a new file format, %B, for the size of each block reported by %b * du accepts new option: --apparent-size * du --bytes (-b) works the same way it did in fileutils-3.16 and before * du reports proper sizes for directories (not zero) (broken in 4.5.6 or 4.5.7) * df now always displays under `Filesystem', the device file name corresponding to the listed mount point. Before, for a block- or character- special file command line argument, df would display that argument. E.g., `df /dev/hda' would list `/dev/hda' as the `Filesystem', rather than say /dev/hda3 (the device on which `/' is mounted), as it does now. * test now works properly when invoked from a set user ID or set group ID context and when testing access to files subject to alternate protection mechanisms. For example, without this change, a set-UID program that invoked `test -w F' (to see if F is writable) could mistakenly report that it *was* writable, even though F was on a read-only file system, or F had an ACL prohibiting write access, or F was marked as immutable. [4.5.7] * du would fail with more than one DIR argument when any but the last did not contain a slash (due to a bug in ftw.c) [4.5.6] * du no longer segfaults on Solaris systems (fixed heap-corrupting bug in ftw.c) * du --exclude=FILE works once again (this was broken by the rewrite for 4.5.5) * du no longer gets a failed assertion for certain hierarchy lay-outs involving hard-linked directories * `who -r' no longer segfaults when using non-C-locale messages * df now displays a mount point (usually `/') for non-mounted character-special and block files [4.5.5] * ls --dired produces correct byte offset for file names containing nonprintable characters in a multibyte locale * du has been rewritten to use a variant of GNU libc's ftw.c * du now counts the space associated with a directory's directory entry, even if it cannot list or chdir into that subdirectory. * du -S now includes the st_size of each entry corresponding to a subdirectory * rm on FreeBSD can once again remove directories from NFS-mounted file systems * ls has a new option --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir, which corresponds to the new default behavior when none of -d, -l -F, -H, -L has been specified. * ls dangling-symlink now prints `dangling-symlink'. Before, it would fail with `no such file or directory'. * ls -s symlink-to-non-dir and ls -i symlink-to-non-dir now print attributes of `symlink', rather than attributes of their referents. * Fix a bug introduced in 4.5.4 that made it so that ls --color would no longer highlight the names of files with the execute bit set when not specified on the command line. * shred's --zero (-z) option no longer gobbles up any following argument. Before, `shred --zero file' would produce `shred: missing file argument', and worse, `shred --zero f1 f2 ...' would appear to work, but would leave the first file untouched. * readlink: new program * cut: new feature: when used to select ranges of byte offsets (as opposed to ranges of fields) and when --output-delimiter=STRING is specified, output STRING between ranges of selected bytes. * rm -r can no longer be tricked into mistakenly reporting a cycle. * when rm detects a directory cycle, it no longer aborts the entire command, but rather merely stops processing the affected command line argument. [4.5.4] * cp no longer fails to parse options like this: --preserve=mode,ownership * `ls --color -F symlink-to-dir' works properly * ls is much more efficient on directories with valid dirent.d_type. * stty supports all baud rates defined in linux-2.4.19. * `du symlink-to-dir/' would improperly remove the trailing slash * `du ""' would evoke a bounds violation. * In the unlikely event that running `du /' resulted in `stat ("/", ...)' failing, du would give a diagnostic about `' (empty string) rather than `/'. * printf: a hexadecimal escape sequence has at most two hex. digits, not three. * The following features have been added to the --block-size option and similar environment variables of df, du, and ls. - A leading "'" generates numbers with thousands separators. For example: $ ls -l --block-size="'1" file -rw-rw-r-- 1 eggert src 47,483,707 Sep 24 23:40 file - A size suffix without a leading integer generates a suffix in the output. For example: $ ls -l --block-size="K" -rw-rw-r-- 1 eggert src 46371K Sep 24 23:40 file * ls's --block-size option now affects file sizes in all cases, not just for --block-size=human-readable and --block-size=si. Fractional sizes are now always rounded up, for consistency with df and du. * df now displays the block size using powers of 1000 if the requested block size seems to be a multiple of a power of 1000. * nl no longer gets a segfault when run like this `yes|nl -s%n' [4.5.3] * du --dereference-args (-D) no longer fails in certain cases * `ln --target-dir=DIR' no longer fails when given a single argument [4.5.2] * `rm -i dir' (without --recursive (-r)) no longer recurses into dir * `tail -c N FILE' now works with files of size >= 4GB * `mkdir -p' can now create very deep (e.g. 40,000-component) directories * rmdir -p dir-with-trailing-slash/ no longer fails * printf now honors the `--' command line delimiter * od's 8-byte formats x8, o8, and u8 now work * tail now accepts fractional seconds for its --sleep-interval=S (-s) option [4.5.1] * du and ls now report sizes of symbolic links (before they'd always report 0) * uniq now obeys the LC_COLLATE locale, as per POSIX 1003.1-2001 TC1. ======================================================================== Here are the NEWS entries made from fileutils-4.1 until the point at which the packages merged to form the coreutils: [4.1.11] * `rm symlink-to-unwritable' doesn't prompt [introduced in 4.1.10] [4.1.10] * rm once again gives a reasonable diagnostic when failing to remove a file owned by someone else in a sticky directory [introduced in 4.1.9] * df now rounds all quantities up, as per POSIX. * New ls time style: long-iso, which generates YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM. * Any time style can be preceded by "posix-"; this causes "ls" to use traditional timestamp format when in the POSIX locale. * The default time style is now posix-long-iso instead of posix-iso. Set TIME_STYLE="posix-iso" to revert to the behavior of 4.1.1 thru 4.1.9. * `rm dangling-symlink' doesn't prompt [introduced in 4.1.9] * stat: remove support for --secure/-s option and related %S and %C format specs * stat: rename --link/-l to --dereference/-L. The old options will continue to work for a while. [4.1.9] * rm can now remove very deep hierarchies, in spite of any limit on stack size * new programs: link, unlink, and stat * New ls option: --author (for the Hurd). * `touch -c no-such-file' no longer fails, per POSIX [4.1.8] * mv no longer mistakenly creates links to preexisting destination files that aren't moved [4.1.7] * rm: close a hole that would allow a running rm process to be subverted [4.1.6] * New cp option: --copy-contents. * cp -r is now equivalent to cp -R. Use cp -R -L --copy-contents to get the traditional (and rarely desirable) cp -r behavior. * ls now accepts --time-style=+FORMAT, where +FORMAT works like date's format * The obsolete usage `touch [-acm] MMDDhhmm[YY] FILE...' is no longer supported on systems conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2001. Use touch -t instead. * cp and inter-partition mv no longer give a misleading diagnostic in some unusual cases [4.1.5] * cp -r no longer preserves symlinks * The block size notation is now compatible with SI and with IEC 60027-2. For example, --block-size=1MB now means --block-size=1000000, whereas --block-size=1MiB now means --block-size=1048576. A missing `B' (e.g. `1M') has the same meaning as before. A trailing `B' now means decimal, not binary; this is a silent change. The nonstandard `D' suffix (e.g. `1MD') is now obsolescent. * -H or --si now outputs the trailing 'B', for consistency with the above. * Programs now output trailing 'K' (not 'k') to mean 1024, as per IEC 60027-2. * New df, du short option -B is short for --block-size. * You can omit an integer `1' before a block size suffix, e.g. `df -BG' is equivalent to `df -B 1G' and to `df --block-size=1G'. * The following options are now obsolescent, as their names are incompatible with IEC 60027-2: df, du: -m or --megabytes (use -BM or --block-size=1M) df, du, ls: --kilobytes (use --block-size=1K) [4.1.4] * df --local no longer lists smbfs file systems whose name starts with // * dd now detects the Linux/tape/lseek bug at run time and warns about it. [4.1.3] * ls -R once again outputs a blank line between per-directory groups of files. This was broken by the cycle-detection change in 4.1.1. * dd once again uses `lseek' on character devices like /dev/mem and /dev/kmem. On systems with the linux kernel (at least up to 2.4.16), dd must still resort to emulating `skip=N' behavior using reads on tape devices, because lseek has no effect, yet appears to succeed. This may be a kernel bug. [4.1.2] * cp no longer fails when two or more source files are the same; now it just gives a warning and doesn't copy the file the second time. E.g., cp a a d/ produces this: cp: warning: source file `a' specified more than once * chmod would set the wrong bit when given symbolic mode strings like these: g=o, o=g, o=u. E.g., `chmod a=,o=w,ug=o f' would give a mode of --w-r---w- rather than --w--w--w-. [4.1.1] * mv (likewise for cp), now fails rather than silently clobbering one of the source files in the following example: rm -rf a b c; mkdir a b c; touch a/f b/f; mv a/f b/f c * ls -R detects directory cycles, per POSIX. It warns and doesn't infloop. * cp's -P option now means the same as --no-dereference, per POSIX. Use --parents to get the old meaning. * When copying with the -H and -L options, cp can preserve logical links between source files with --preserve=links * cp accepts new options: --preserve[={mode,ownership,timestamps,links,all}] --no-preserve={mode,ownership,timestamps,links,all} * cp's -p and --preserve options remain unchanged and are equivalent to `--preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps' * mv and cp accept a new option: --reply={yes,no,query}; provides a consistent mechanism to control whether one is prompted about certain existing destination files. Note that cp's and mv's -f options don't have the same meaning: cp's -f option no longer merely turns off `-i'. * remove portability limitations (e.g., PATH_MAX on the Hurd, fixes for 64-bit systems) * mv now prompts before overwriting an existing, unwritable destination file when stdin is a tty, unless --force (-f) is specified, as per POSIX. * mv: fix the bug whereby `mv -uf source dest' would delete source, even though it's older than dest. * chown's --from=CURRENT_OWNER:CURRENT_GROUP option now works * cp now ensures that the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits are cleared for the destination file when when copying and not preserving permissions. * `ln -f --backup k k' gives a clearer diagnostic * ls no longer truncates user names or group names that are longer than 8 characters. * ls's new --dereference-command-line option causes it to dereference symbolic links on the command-line only. It is the default unless one of the -d, -F, or -l options are given. * ls -H now means the same as ls --dereference-command-line, as per POSIX. * ls -g now acts like ls -l, except it does not display owner, as per POSIX. * ls -n now implies -l, as per POSIX. * ls can now display dates and times in one of four time styles: - The `full-iso' time style gives full ISO-style time stamps like `2001-05-14 23:45:56.477817180 -0700'. - The 'iso' time style gives ISO-style time stamps like '2001-05-14 ' and '05-14 23:45'. - The 'locale' time style gives locale-dependent time stamps like 'touko 14 2001' and 'touko 14 23:45' (in a Finnish locale). - The 'posix-iso' time style gives traditional POSIX-locale time stamps like 'May 14 2001' and 'May 14 23:45' unless the user specifies a non-POSIX locale, in which case it uses ISO-style dates. This is the default. You can specify a time style with an option like --time-style='iso' or with an environment variable like TIME_STYLE='iso'. GNU Emacs 21 and later can parse ISO dates, but older Emacs versions cannot, so if you are using an older version of Emacs outside the default POSIX locale, you may need to set TIME_STYLE="locale". * --full-time is now an alias for "-l --time-style=full-iso". ======================================================================== Here are the NEWS entries made from sh-utils-2.0 until the point at which the packages merged to form the coreutils: [2.0.15] * date no longer accepts e.g., September 31 in the MMDDhhmm syntax * fix a bug in this package's .m4 files and in configure.ac [2.0.14] * nohup's behavior is changed as follows, to conform to POSIX 1003.1-2001: - nohup no longer adjusts scheduling priority; use "nice" for that. - nohup now redirects stderr to stdout, if stderr is not a terminal. - nohup exit status is now 126 if command was found but not invoked, 127 if nohup failed or if command was not found. [2.0.13] * uname and uptime work better on *BSD systems * pathchk now exits nonzero for a path with a directory component that specifies a non-directory [2.0.12] * kill: new program * who accepts new options: --all (-a), --boot (-b), --dead (-d), --login, --process (-p), --runlevel (-r), --short (-s), --time (-t), --users (-u). The -u option now produces POSIX-specified results and is the same as the long option `--users'. --idle is no longer the same as -u. * The following changes apply on systems conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2001: - `date -I' is no longer supported. Instead, use `date --iso-8601'. - `nice -NUM' is no longer supported. Instead, use `nice -n NUM'. [This change was reverted in coreutils 5.3.1.] * New 'uname' options -i or --hardware-platform, and -o or --operating-system. 'uname -a' now outputs -i and -o information at the end. New uname option --kernel-version is an alias for -v. Uname option --release has been renamed to --kernel-release, and --sysname has been renamed to --kernel-name; the old options will work for a while, but are no longer documented. * 'expr' now uses the LC_COLLATE locale for string comparison, as per POSIX. * 'expr' now requires '+' rather than 'quote' to quote tokens; this removes an incompatibility with POSIX. * date -d 'last friday' would print a date/time that was one hour off (e.g., 23:00 on *thursday* rather than 00:00 of the preceding friday) when run such that the current time and the target date/time fall on opposite sides of a daylight savings time transition. This problem arose only with relative date strings like `last monday'. It was not a problem with strings that include absolute dates. * factor is twice as fast, for large numbers [2.0.11] * setting the date now works properly, even when using -u * `date -f - < /dev/null' no longer dumps core * some DOS/Windows portability changes [2.0j] * `date -d DATE' now parses certain relative DATEs correctly [2.0i] * fixed a bug introduced in 2.0h that made many programs fail with a `write error' when invoked with the --version option [2.0h] * all programs fail when printing --help or --version output to a full device * printf exits nonzero upon write failure * yes now detects and terminates upon write failure * date --rfc-822 now always emits day and month names from the `C' locale * portability tweaks for Solaris8, Ultrix, and DOS [2.0g] * date now handles two-digit years with leading zeros correctly. * printf interprets unicode, \uNNNN \UNNNNNNNN, on systems with the required support; from Bruno Haible. * stty's rprnt attribute now works on HPUX 10.20 * seq's --equal-width option works more portably [2.0f] * fix build problems with ut_name vs. ut_user [2.0e] * stty: fix long-standing bug that caused test failures on at least HPUX systems when COLUMNS was set to zero * still more portability fixes * unified lib/: now that directory and most of the configuration framework is common between fileutils, textutils, and sh-utils [2.0d] * fix portability problem with sleep vs lib/strtod.c's requirement for -lm [2.0c] * fix portability problems with nanosleep.c and with the new code in sleep.c [2.0b] * Regenerate lib/Makefile.in so that nanosleep.c is distributed. [2.0a] * sleep accepts floating point arguments on command line * sleep's clock continues counting down when sleep is suspended * when a suspended sleep process is resumed, it continues sleeping if there is any time remaining * who once again prints whatever host information it has, even without --lookup ======================================================================== For older NEWS entries for the fileutils, textutils, and sh-utils packages, see ./old/*/NEWS. This package began as the union of the following: textutils-2.1, fileutils-4.1.11, sh-utils-2.0.15. ======================================================================== Copyright (C) 2001-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the ``GNU Free Documentation License'' file as part of this distribution. 070701000091af000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7d00002993000000660000000300000000000000000000001b00000000reloc/doc/coreutils/READMEThese are the GNU core utilities. This package is the union of the GNU fileutils, sh-utils, and textutils packages. Most of these programs have significant advantages over their Unix counterparts, such as greater speed, additional options, and fewer arbitrary limits. The programs that can be built with this package are: [ arch base64 basename cat chcon chgrp chmod chown chroot cksum comm cp csplit cut date dd df dir dircolors dirname du echo env expand expr factor false fmt fold groups head hostid hostname id install join kill link ln logname ls md5sum mkdir mkfifo mknod mktemp mv nice nl nohup nproc od paste pathchk pinky pr printenv printf ptx pwd readlink rm rmdir runcon seq sha1sum sha224sum sha256sum sha384sum sha512sum shred shuf sleep sort split stat stdbuf stty su sum sync tac tail tee test timeout touch tr true truncate tsort tty uname unexpand uniq unlink uptime users vdir wc who whoami yes See the file NEWS for a list of major changes in the current release. If you obtained this file as part of a "git clone", then see the README-hacking file. If this file came to you as part of a tar archive, then see the file INSTALL for compilation and installation instructions. These programs are intended to conform to POSIX (with BSD and other extensions), like the rest of the GNU system. By default they conform to older POSIX (1003.2-1992), and therefore support obsolete usages like "head -10" and "chown owner.group file". This default is overridden at build-time by the value of 's _POSIX2_VERSION macro, and this in turn can be overridden at runtime as described in the documentation under "Standards conformance". The ls, dir, and vdir commands are all separate executables instead of one program that checks argv[0] because people often rename these programs to things like gls, gnuls, l, etc. Renaming a program file shouldn't affect how it operates, so that people can get the behavior they want with whatever name they want. Special thanks to Paul Eggert, Brian Matthews, Bruce Evans, Karl Berry, Kaveh Ghazi, and François Pinard for help with debugging and porting these programs. Many thanks to all of the people who have taken the time to submit problem reports and fixes. All contributed changes are attributed in the commit logs. And thanks to the following people who have provided accounts for portability testing on many different types of systems: Bob Proulx, Christian Robert, François Pinard, Greg McGary, Harlan Stenn, Joel N. Weber, Mark D. Roth, Matt Schalit, Nelson H. F. Beebe, Réjean Payette, Sam Tardieu. Thanks to Michael Stone for inflicting test releases of this package on Debian's unstable distribution, and to all the kind folks who used that distribution and found and reported bugs. Note that each man page is now automatically generated from a template and from the corresponding --help usage message. Patches to the template files (man/*.x) are welcome. However, the authoritative documentation is in texinfo form in the doc directory. ***************************************** On Mac OS X 10.5.1 (Darwin 9.1), test failure ----------------------------------------- Mac OS X 10.5.1 (Darwin 9.1) provides only partial (and incompatible) ACL support, so although "./configure && make" succeeds, "make check" exposes numerous failures. The solution is to turn off ACL support manually via "./configure --disable-acl". For details, see . ***************************************** Test failure with NLS and gettext <= 0.17 ----------------------------------------- Due to a conflict between libintl.h and gnulib's new xprintf module, when you configure with NLS support, and with a gettext installation older than 0.17.1 (not yet released, at the time of this writing), then some tests fail, at least on NetBSD 1.6. To work around it in the mean time, you can configure with --disable-nls. For details, see . *********************** Pre-C99 build failure ----------------------- There is a new, implicit build requirement: To build the coreutils from source, you should have a C99-conforming compiler, due to the use of declarations after non-declaration statements in several files in src/. There is code in configure to find and, if possible, enable an appropriate compiler. However, if configure doesn't find a C99 compiler, it continues nonetheless, and your build will fail. If that happens, simply[*] apply the included patch using the following command, and then run make again: cd src && patch < c99-to-c89.diff [*] however, as of coreutils-7.1, the "c99-to-c89.diff" file is no longer maintained, so even if the patches still apply, the result will be an incomplete conversion. It's been 10 years. Get a decent compiler! ;-) *********************** HPUX 11.x build failure ----------------------- A known problem exists when compiling on HPUX on both hppa and ia64 in 64-bit mode (i.e. +DD64) on HP-UX 11.0, 11.11, and 11.23. This is not due to a bug in the package but instead due to a bug in the system header file which breaks things in 64-bit mode. The default compilation mode is 32-bit and the software compiles fine using the default mode. To build this software in 64-bit mode you will need to fix the system /usr/include/inttypes.h header file. After correcting that file the software also compiles fine in 64-bit mode. Here is one possible patch to correct the problem: --- /usr/include/inttypes.h.orig Thu May 30 01:00:00 1996 +++ /usr/include/inttypes.h Sun Mar 23 00:20:36 2003 @@ -489 +489 @@ -#ifndef __STDC_32_MODE__ +#ifndef __LP64__ ************************ OSF/1 4.0d build failure ------------------------ If you use /usr/bin/make on an OSF/1 4.0d system, it will fail due to the presence of the "[" target. That version of make appears to treat "[" as some syntax relating to locks. To work around that, the best solution is to use GNU make. Otherwise, simply remove all mention of "[$(EXEEXT)" from src/Makefile. ********************** Running tests as root: ---------------------- If you run the tests as root, note that a few of them create files and/or run programs as a non-root user, `nobody' by default. If you want to use some other non-root username, specify it via the NON_ROOT_USERNAME environment variable. Depending on the permissions with which the working directories have been created, using `nobody' may fail, because that user won't have the required read and write access to the build and test directories. I find that it is best to unpack and build as a non-privileged user, and then to run the following command as that user in order to run the privilege-requiring tests: sudo env PATH="$PATH" NON_ROOT_USERNAME=$USER make -k check-root If you can run the tests as root, please do so and report any problems. We get much less test coverage in that mode, and it's arguably more important that these tools work well when run by root than when run by less privileged users. *************** Reporting bugs: --------------- IMPORTANT: if you take the time to report a test failure, please be sure to include the output of running `make check' in verbose mode for each failing test. For example, if the test that fails is tests/misc/df, then you would run this command: (cd tests && make check TESTS=misc/df VERBOSE=yes) >> log 2>&1 For some tests, you can get even more detail by adding DEBUG=yes. Then include the contents of the file `log' in your bug report. Send bug reports, questions, comments, etc. to bug-coreutils@gnu.org. If you would like to suggest a patch, see the files README-hacking and HACKING for tips. *************************************** There are many tests, but nowhere near as many as we need. Additions and corrections are very welcome. If you see a problem that you've already reported, feel free to re-report it -- it won't bother me to get a reminder. Besides, the more messages I get regarding a particular problem the sooner it'll be fixed -- usually. If you sent a complete patch and, after a couple weeks you haven't received any acknowledgement, please ping us. A complete patch includes a well-written ChangeLog entry, unified (diff -u format) diffs relative to the most recent test release (or, better, relative to the latest sources in the public repository), an explanation for why the patch is necessary or useful, and if at all possible, enough information to reproduce whatever problem prompted it. Plus, you'll earn lots of karma if you include a test case to exercise any bug(s) you fix. Here are instructions for checking out the latest development sources: http://savannah.gnu.org/git/?group=coreutils If your patch adds a new feature, please try to get some sort of consensus that it is a worthwhile change. One way to do that is to send mail to bug-coreutils@gnu.org including as much description and justification as you can. Based on the feedback that generates, you may be able to convince us that it's worth adding. WARNING: Now that we use the ./bootstrap script, you should not run autoreconf manually. Doing that will overwrite essential source files with older versions, which may make the package unbuildable or introduce subtle bugs. WARNING: If you modify files like configure.in, m4/*.m4, aclocal.m4, or any Makefile.am, then don't be surprised if what gets regenerated no longer works. To make things work, you'll have to be using appropriate versions of the tools listed in bootstrap.conf's buildreq string. All of these programs except `test' recognize the `--version' option. When reporting bugs, please include in the subject line both the package name/version and the name of the program for which you found a problem. For general documentation on the coding and usage standards this distribution follows, see the GNU Coding Standards, http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards_toc.html. Mail suggestions and bug reports for these programs to the address on the last line of --help output. ======================================================================== Copyright (C) 1998, 2002-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the ``GNU Free Documentation License'' file as part of this distribution. 070701000091b7000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7d00008e9c000000660000000300000000000000000000001b00000000reloc/doc/coreutils/THANKSThese people have contributed to the GNU coreutils (formerly, the fileutils, textutils, and/or sh-utils packages). Some have reported problems, others have contributed improvements to the documentation, actual code, and even complete programs. Those contributions are described in the ChangeLog files. If your name has been left out, if you'd rather not be listed, or if you'd prefer a different address be used, please send a note to the bug-report mailing list (as seen on last line of e.g., cp --help). ??? kytek@cybercomm.net A Costa agcosta@gis.net Aaron Hawley ashawley@uvm.edu Achim Blumensath blume@corona.oche.de Adam Jimerson vendion@charter.net Adam Klein aklein@debian.org Adam Sampson ats@offog.org Adrian Bunk bunk@stusta.de AIDA Shinra shinra@j10n.org Akim Demaille demaille@inf.enst.fr Alain Magloire alain@qnx.com Alan Curry pacman@kosh.dhis.org Alan Iwi iwi@atm.ox.ac.uk Albert Chin-A-Young china@thewrittenword.com Albert Hopkins ahopkins@dynacare.com Alberto Accomazzi alberto@cfa0.harvard.edu aldomel aldomel@ix.netcom.com Alen Muzinic zveki@fly.cc.fer.hr Alexander Nguyen vinh@seas.ucla.edu Alexander V. Lukyanov lav@netis.ru Allen Hewes allen@decisiv.net Axel Dörfler axeld@pinc-software.de Alexandre Duret-Lutz duret_g@epita.fr Alexey Solovyov alekso@math.uu.se Alexey Vyskubov alexey@pippuri.mawhrin.net Alfred M. Szmidt ams@kemisten.nu Andi Kleen freitag@alancoxonachip.com Andre Novaes Cunha Andre.Cunha@br.global-one.net Andreas Frische andreasfrische@gmail.com Andreas Gruenbacher ag@bestbits.at Andreas Jaeger jaeger@gnu.org Andreas Luik luik@isa.de Andreas Schwab schwab@linux-m68k.org Andreas Stolcke stolcke@ICSI.Berkeley.EDU Andrei Gaponenko andr@triumf.ca Andres Soolo andres@soolo.matti.ee Andrew Burgess aab@cichlid.com Andrew Church achurch@achurch.org Andrew Dalke dalke@bioreason.com Andrew Fabbro andrew@fabbro.org Andrew Pham andpha@us.ibm.com Andrew Tridgell tridge@samba.org Andrey Borzenkov arvidjaar@mail.ru Andries Brouwer Andries.Brouwer@cwi.nl Andy Longton alongton@metamark.com Anthony Thyssen anthony@griffith.edu.au Antonio Rendas ajrendas@yahoo.com Ariel Faigon ariel@cthulhu.engr.sgi.com Arjan Opmeer arjan.opmeer@gmail.com Arne H. Juul arnej@solan.unit.no Arne Henrik Juul arnej@imf.unit.no Arnold Robbins arnold@skeeve.com Arthur Pool pool@commerce.uq.edu.au Arun Sharma arun.sharma@intel.com Arvind Autar Autar022@planet.nl Augey Mikus mikus@dqc.org Aurelien Jarno aurel32@debian.org Austin Donnelly Austin.Donnelly@cl.cam.ac.uk Axel Kittenberger Anshil@gmx.net Barry Kelly http://barrkel.blogspot.com/ Bauke Jan Douma bjdouma@xs4all.nl Ben Elliston bje@air.net.au Ben Harris bjh21@netbsd.org Bengt Martensson bengt@mathematik.uni-Bremen.de Benjamin Cutler cutlerbc@simla.colostate.edu Benno Schulenberg bensberg@justemail.net Bernard Giroud bernard.giroud@creditlyonnais.ch Bernd Eckenfels ecki@debian.org Bernd Leibing bernd.leibing@rz.uni-ulm.de Bernd Melchers melchers@cis.fu-berlin.de Bernhard Baehr bernhard.baehr@gmx.de Bernhard Gabler bernhard@uni-koblenz.de Bernhard Rosenkraenzer bero@redhat.de Bernhard Voelker bernhard.voelker@siemens-enterprise.com Bert Deknuydt Bert.Deknuydt@esat.kuleuven.ac.be Bert Wesarg bert.wesarg@googlemail.com Bill Brelsford wb@k2di.net Bill Peters peters@gaffel.as.arizona.edu Bjorn Helgaas helgaas@rsn.hp.com Bob McCracken kerouac@ravenet.com Bob Proulx rwp@fc.hp.com Branden Robinson branden@necrotic.deadbeast.net Brendan O'Dea bod@compusol.com.au Brian Kimball bfk@footbag.org Brian M. Carlson sandals@crustytoothpaste.ath.cx Brian Silverman bsilverman@conceptxdesign.com Brian Youmans 3diff@gnu.org Bruce Korb bkorb@veritas.com Bruce Robertson brucer@theodolite.dyndns.org Bruno Haible haible@clisp.cons.org C de-Avillez hggdh2@gmail.com Carl Johnson carlj@cjlinux.home.org Carl Lowenstein cdl@mpl.UCSD.EDU Carl Roth roth@urs.us Carlos Canau Carlos.Canau@relay.puug.pt Charles Karney karney@pppl.gov Charles Randall crandall@matchlogic.com Chip Salzenberg chip@valinux.com Chris Clayton chris2553@googlemail.com Chris Faylor cgf@cygnus.com Chris J. Bednar cjb@AdvancedDataSolutions.com Chris Jones cjns1989@gmail.com Chris Lesniewski ctl@mit.edu Chris Sylvain csylvain@umm.edu Chris Yeo cyeo@biking.org Christi Alice Scarborough christi@chiark.greenend.org.uk Christian Harkort christian.harkort@web.de Christian Krackowizer ckrackowiz@std.schuler-ag.com Christian Rose menthos@menthos.com Christian von Roques roques@pond.sub.org Christophe LYON christophe.lyon@st.com Chuck Hedrick hedrick@klinzhai.rutgers.edu Clark Morgan cmorgan@aracnet.com Clement Wang clem.wang@overture.com Cliff Miller cbm@whatexit.org Colin Plumb colin@nyx.net Colin Watson cjw44@riva.ucam.org Collin Rogowski collin@rogowski.de Cray-Cyber Project http://www.cray-cyber.org Cristian Cadar cristic@stanford.edu Cyril Bouthors cyril@bouthors.org Dale Scheetz dwarf@polaris.net Dameon G. Rogers dgr03@uark.edu Dan Hagerty hag@gnu.ai.it.edu Dan Jacobson jidanni@jidanni.org Dan Pascu dan@services.iiruc.ro Daniel Bergstrom noa@melody.se Daniel Dunbar ddunbar@stanford.edu Daniel P. Berrangé berrange@redhat.com Dániel Varga danielv@axelero.hu Danny Levinson danny.levinson@overture.com Darrel Francis d.francis@cheerful.com Darren Salt ds@youmustbejoking.demon.co.uk Dave Beckett dajobe@dajobe.org David Alan Gilbert gilbertd@treblig.org David Bartley dtbartle@csclub.uwaterloo.ca David Dyck dcd@tc.fluke.COM David Eisner cradle@umd.edu David Flynn dav@chess.plus.com David Godfrey dave@delta.demon.co.uk David Luyer david_luyer@pacific.net.au David Madore david.madore@ens.fr David Malone dwmalone@cnri.dit.ie Davide Canova kc.canova@gmail.com Dawson Engler engler@stanford.edu Dean Gaudet dean-savannah@arctic.org Deepak Goel deego@gnufans.org Denis Excoffier denis.excoffier@airbus.com Denis McKeon dmckeon@swcp.com Dennis Henriksen opus@flamingo.osrl.dk Dennis Smit ds@nerds-incorporated.org Derek Clegg dclegg@next.com Dick Streefland dick_streefland@tasking.com Dirk Lattermann dlatt@t-online.de Dirk-Jan Faber djfaber@snow.nl Dmitry Rutsky rutsky@school.ioffe.rssi.ru Dmitry V. Levin ldv@altlinux.org Don Parsons dparsons@synapse.kent.edu Donni Erpel donald@appc11.gsi.de Doug Coleman coleman@iarc1.ece.utexas.edu Doug McLaren dougmc@comco.com Dragos Harabor dharabor@us.oracle.com Duncan Roe duncanr@optimation.com.au Ed Avis ed@membled.com Edward Welbourne eddy@opera.com Edzer Pebesma Edzer.Pebesma@rivm.nl Egmont Koblinger egmont@uhulinux.hu Eirik Fuller eirik@hackrat.com Eivind eivindt@multinet.no Elbert Pol elbert.pol@gmail.com Eli Zaretskii eliz@is.elta.co.il Elias Pipping pipping@gentoo.org Emile LeBlanc leblanc@math.toronto.edu Emmanuel Lacour elacour@home-dn.net Erik Auerswald auerswal@unix-ag.uni-kl.de Eric Backus ericb@lsid.hp.com Eric Blake ebb9@byu.net Eric G. Miller egm2@jps.net Eric Pemente pemente@northpark.edu Eric S. Raymond esr@snark.thyrsus.com Erik Bennett bennett@cvo.oneworld.com Erik Corry erik@kroete2.freinet.de Evan Hunt ethanol@armory.com Felix Lee flee@teleport.com Felix Rauch Valenti frauch@cse.unsw.edu.au Ferdinand fw@scenic.mine.nu Fletcher Mattox fletcher@cs.utexas.edu Florent Bayle florent@sarcelle.net Florian Schlichting fschlich@cis.fu-berlin.de Florin Iucha fiucha@hsys.mic.ro Francesco Montorsi fr_m@hotmail.com François Pinard pinard@iro.umontreal.ca Frank Adler fadler@allesklar.de Frank T Lofaro ftlofaro@snooks.Egr.UNLV.EDU Fred Fish fnf@ninemoons.com Frédéric L. W. Meunier 0@pervalidus.net Frederik Eaton frederik@caltech.edu Gabor Z. Papp gzp@gzp.org.hu Gaël Quéri gqueri@mail.dotcom.fr Galen Hazelwood galenh@micron.net Gary Anderson ganderson@clark.net Gary Johnson garyjohn@spk.agilent.com Gary V. Vaughan gary@gnu.org Gaute Hvoslef Kvalnes gaute@verdsveven.com Geoff Collyer geoff at collyer.net Geoff Kuenning geoff@cs.hmc.edu Geoff Odhner geoff@franklin.com Geoff Whale geoffw@cse.unsw.EDU.AU Gerald Pfeifer gerald@pfeifer.com Gerhard Poul gpoul@gnu.org Germano Leichsenring germano@jedi.cs.kobe-u.ac.jp Gilles Espinasse g.esp@free.fr Glen Lenker glen.lenker@gmail.com Göran Uddeborg goeran@uddeborg.se Guochun Shi gshi@ncsa.uiuc.edu GOTO Masanori gotom@debian.or.jp Greg Louis glouis@dynamicro.on.ca Greg McGary gkm@gnu.org Greg Metcalfe metcalfegreg@qwest.net Greg Schafer gschafer@zip.com.au Greg Troxel gdt@bbn.com Greg Wooledge gawooledge@sherwin.com Gregory Leblanc gleblanc@cu-portland.edu Guido Leenders guido.leenders@invantive.com Guntram Blohm Extern.Guntram.Blohm@AUDI.DE H. J. Lu hjl@valinux.com Hans Ginzel hans@matfyz.cz Hans Lermen lermen@fgan.de Hans Verkuil hans@wyst.hobby.nl Harald Dunkel harald.dunkel@t-online.de Harry Liu rliu@lek.ugcs.caltech.edu Harti Brandt brandt@fokus.fraunhofer.de Harvey Eneman Harvey.Eneman@oracle.com Heiko Marr h.marr@webmasters.de Helen Faulkner helen_ml_faulkner@yahoo.co.uk Herbert Xu herbert@gondor.apana.org.au Holger Berger hberger@ess.nec.de Hon-Yin Kok hkok@yoda.unl.edu Hugh Daniel hugh@xanadu.com Ian Bruce ian.bruce@myrealbox.com Iain Calder ic56@rogers.com Ian Jackson ijackson@chiark.greenend.org.uk Ian Kent ikent@redhat.com Ian Lance Taylor ian@cygnus.com Ian Turner vectro@pipeline.com Iida Yosiaki iida@gnu.org Ilya N. Golubev gin@mo.msk.ru Ingo Saitz ingo@debian.org Ivan Labath labath3@st.fmph.uniba.sk Ivo Timmermans ivo@debian.org Jacky Fong jacky.fong@utoronto.ca James james@albion.glarp.com James Antill jmanti%essex.ac.uk@seralph21.essex.ac.uk James Lemley James.Lemley@acxiom.com James Hunt jamesodhunt@hotmail.com James Ralston ralston@pobox.com James R. Van Zandt jrvz@comcast.net James Sneeringer jvs@ocslink.com James Tanis jtt@soscorp.com James Youngman jay@gnu.org Jamie Lokier jamie@imbolc.ucc.ie Jamie McClelland jm@mayfirst.org Jan Engelhardt jengelh@medozas.de Jan Fedak J.Fedak@sh.cvut.cz Jan Moringen jan.moringen@uni-bielefeld.de Jan Nieuwenhuizen janneke@gnu.org Jan-Pawel Wrozstinski jpwroz@gmail.com Janos Farkas chexum@shadow.banki.hu Jarkko Hietaniemi jhi@epsilon.hut.fi Jarod Wilson jwilson@redhat.com Jean Charles Delepine delepine@u-picardie.fr Jeff Moore jbm@mordor.com Jeff Sheinberg jeff@bsrd.net Jens Elkner elkner@imsgroup.de Jens Schmidt jms@jsds.hamburg.com Jeph Cowan jeph@ucar.edu Jeremy Maitin-Shepard jbms@cmu.edu Jerome Abela abela@hsc.fr Jérôme Zago bug-coreutils-ml@agt-the-walker.net Jesse Kornblum kornblum@usna.edu Jesse Thilo jgt2@eecs.lehigh.edu Jie Xu xuj@iag.net Jim Blandy jimb@cyclic.com Jim Dennis jimd@starshine.org Joakim Rosqvist dvljrt@cs.umu.se Jochen Hein jochen@jochen.org Joe Orton joe@manyfish.co.uk Joel E. Denny jdenny@clemson.edu Joerg Sonnenberger joerg@britannica.bec.de Joey Hess joeyh@debian.org Johan Boule bohan@bohan.dyndns.org Johan Danielsson joda@pdc.kth.se John Bley jbb6@acpub.duke.edu John David Anglin dave.anglin@nrc.ca John Gatewood Ham zappaman@alphabox.compsci.buu.ac.th John Gotts jgotts@umich.edu John Kendall kendall@capps.com John Kodis kodis@acm.org John Murphy jam@philabs.research.philips.com John Roll john@panic.harvard.edu John Salmon johns@mullet.anu.edu.au John Stanley johnstops@verizon.net John Summerfield summer@OS2.ami.com.au Jon Peatfield J.S.Peatfield@damtp.cam.ac.uk Joost van Baal joostvb@xs4all.nl Jorge Stolfi stolfi@ic.unicamp.br Joseph S. Myers jsm28@cam.ac.uk Josh Triplett josh@freedesktop.org Joshua Hudson joshudson@gmail.com Josselin Mouette joss@debian.org Juan F. Codagnone juam@arnet.com.ar Juan M. Guerrero st001906@hrz1.hrz.tu-darmstadt.de Julian Bradfield jcb@inf.ed.ac.uk Jungshik Shin jshin@pantheon.yale.edu Jürgen Fluk louis@dachau.marco.de Jurriaan thunder7@xs4all.nl Justin Pryzby justinpryzby@users.sourceforge.net jvogel jvogel@linkny.com Kai Henningsen kai@debian.org Kai-Uwe Rommel rommel@informatik.tu-muenchen.de Kalle Olavi Niemitalo kon@iki.fi Kamal Paul Nigam Kamal_Paul_Nigam@gs35.sp.cs.cmu.edu Karl Eichwalder keichwa@gmx.net Karl Heuer kwzh@gnu.org Karl-Michael Schneider schneide@phil.uni-passau.de Karsten Thygesen karthy@kom.auc.dk Kaveh R. Ghazi ghazi@caip.rutgers.edu Keith M. Briggs keith.briggs@bt.com Keith Owens kaos@audio.apana.org.au Keith Thompson kst@cts.com Ken Pizzini kenp@halcyon.com Kevin Mudrick kmudrick@healthmarketscience.com Kim Hansen kim@i9.dk Kirk Kelsey kirk.kelsey@0x4b.net Kristin E Thomas kristint@us.ibm.com Kjetil Torgrim Homme kjetilho@ifi.uio.no Kristoffer Rose kris@diku.dk Ladislav Hagara ladislav.hagara@unob.cz Larry McVoy lm@sgi.com Lars Hecking lhecking@nmrc.ucc.ie Leah Q eequor@earthlink.net Lehti Rami rammer@cs.tut.fi Leonard N. Zubkoff lnz@dandelion.com Leonardo Milano lmilano@udel.edu Lluís Batlle viriketo@gmail.com Lorne Baker lbaker@nitro.avint.net Luke Hassell lukehassell@yahoo.com Luke Kendall lukekendall@optushome.com.au M. P. Suzuki mpsuzuki@hiroshima-u.ac.jp Maciej Kwapulinski pikpok@univ.gda.pl Manas Garg manas@cygsoft.com Manfred Hollstein manfred@s-direktnet.de Marc Boucher marc@mbsi.ca Marc Haber mh+debian-bugs@zugschlus.de Marc Lehman schmorp@schmorp.de Marc Olzheim marcolz@stack.nl Marco Franzen Marco.Franzen@Thyron.com Marcus Brinkmann http://www.marcus-brinkmann.de Marcus Daniels marcus@ee.pdx.edu Mark A. Thomas thommark@access.digex.net Mark Conty Mark_Conty@cargill.com Mark D. Roth roth@uiuc.edu Mark Funkenhauser mfunkenhauser@rogers.com Mark Harris mark@monitor.designacc.com Mark Hewitt mhewitt@armature.com Mark Hounschell markh@compro.net Mark Hubbart discord@mac.com Mark Kettenis kettenis@phys.uva.nl Mark Melahn mmelahn@gmail.com Mark Nudelman marknu@flash.net Mark W. Eichin eichin@cygnus.com Markus Demleitner msdemlei@auriga.ari.uni-heidelberg.de Martin martin@dresden.nacamar.de Martin Buck martin.buck@ascom.ch Martin Gallant martyg@goodbit.net Martin Hippe martin.hippe@schlund.de Martin Jacobs martin.jacobs@arcor.de Martin Michlmayr tbm@cyrius.com Martin Mitchell martin@debian.org Martin P.J. Zinser zinser@decus.de Marty Leisner leisner@sdsp.mc.xerox.com Masami Takikawa takikawm@CS.ORST.EDU Mate Wierdl mw@moni.msci.memphis.edu Matej Vela mvela@public.srce.hr Matias A. Fonzo selk@dragora.org Matt Kraai kraai@ftbfs.org Matt Perry matt@primefactor.com Matt Pham mattvpham@gmail.com Matt Schalit mschalit@pacbell.net Matt Swift swift@alum.mit.edu Matthew Arnison maffew@cat.org.au Matthew M. Boedicker matthewm@boedicker.org Matthew Braun matthew@ans.net Matthew Clarke Matthew_Clarke@mindlink.bc.ca Matthew S. Levine mslevine@theory.lcs.mit.edu Matthew Smith matts@bluesguitar.org Matthew Swift swift@alum.mit.edu Matthew Woehlke mw_triad@users.sourceforge.net Matthias Urlichs smurf@noris.de Matti Aarnio matti.aarnio@zmailer.org Mathias Brodala info@noctus.net Mattias Wadenstein maswan@acc.umu.se Max Chang maxchang@ucla.edu Meelis Roos mroos@tartu.cyber.ee Michael michael@aplatform.com Michael ??? michael@roka.net Michael Bacarella mbac@netgraft.com Michael Deutschmann michael@talamasca.ocis.net Michael Elizabeth Chastain mec.gnu@mindspring.com Michael Gaughen mgaughen@polyserve.com Michael Hasselberg mikelh@zonta.ping.de Michael Hohn hohn@math.utah.edu Michael J. Croghan mcroghan@usatoday.com Michael McFarland sidlon@yahoo.com Michael McLagan mmclagan@invlogic.com Michael Piefel piefel@informatik.hu-berlin.de Michael Speer knomenet@gmail.com Michael Steffens michael.steffens@s.netic.de Michael Stone mstone@debian.org Michael Stutz stutz@dsl.org Michael van Elst mlelstv@dev.de.cw.net Michael Veksler mveksler@techunix.technion.ac.il Michail Litvak mci@owl.openwall.com Michal Politowski mpol@charybda.icm.edu.pl Michal Svec msvec@suse.cz Michel Robitaille robitail@IRO.UMontreal.CA Michiel Bacchiani bacchian@raven.bu.edu Mikael Magnusson mikachu@gmail.com Mike Castle dalgoda@ix.netcom.com Mike Coleman mkc@mathdogs.com Mike Jetzer mjetzer@mke.catalystwms.com Mike Frysinger vapier@gentoo.org Mikko Tuumanen m@sorvankyla.yok.utu.fi Mikulas Patocka mikulas@artax.karlin.mff.cuni.cz Miles Bader miles@gnu.ai.mit.edu Minh Tran-Le tranle@intellicorp.com Morten Welinder terra@diku.dk Neal H Walfield neal@cs.uml.edu Neil Brown neilb@cse.unsw.edu.au Nelson H. F. Beebe beebe@math.utah.edu Nick Estes debian@nickstoys.com Nick Graham nick.d.graham@gmail.com Nick Lawes nlawes@silverplatter.com Nickolai Zeldovich nickolai@cs.stanford.edu Nicolas François nicolas.francois@centraliens.net Niklas Edmundsson nikke@acc.umu.se Nikola Milutinovic Nikola.Milutinovic@ev.co.yu Nima Nikzad nnikzad@ucla.edu Noah Friedman friedman@splode.com Noel Cragg noel@red-bean.com Norbert Kiesel nkiesel@tbdnetworks.com Olatunji Oluwabukunmi Ruwase tjruwase@stanford.edu Olav Morkrid olav@funcom.com Ole Laursen olau@hardworking.dk Oliver Kiddle okiddle@yahoo.co.uk Olivier Fourdan ofourdan@redhat.com Ørn E. Hansen oehansen@daimi.aau.dk Oskar Liljeblad osk@hem.passagen.se Otavio Salvador otavio@ossystems.com.br Pádraig Brady P@draigBrady.com Patrick Mauritz oxygene@studentenbude.ath.cx Paul D. Smith psmith@gnu.org Paul Eggert eggert@twinsun.com Paul Ghaleb paul.ghaleb@st.com Paul Jarc prj@po.cwru.edu Paul Nevai nevai@ops.mps.ohio-state.edu Paul Sauer paul@alexa.com Paul Slootman paul@debian.org Paul Townsend aab@purdue.edu Paul Worrall paul@basilisk.uklinux.net Pawel Prokop pablo@wizard.ae.krakow.pl Per Cederqvist ceder@lysator.liu.se Per Kristian Hove perhov@math.ntnu.no Per Starbäck starback@stp.lingfil.uu.se Peter Breitenlohner peb@mppmu.mpg.de Peter Dyballa peter_dyballa@web.de Peter Eriksson peter@ifm.liu.se Peter Fales psfales@lucent.com Peter Horst peter@ointment.org Peter Moulder reiter@netspace.net.au Peter O'Gorman bug-coreutils@mlists.thewrittenword.com Peter Samuelson psamuels@sampo.creighton.edu Peter Seebach seebs@taniemarie.solon.com Petr Uzel petr.uzel@suse.cz Petter Reinholdtsen pere@hungry.com Phelippe Neveu pneveu@pcigeomatics.com Phil Richards phil.richards@vf.vodafone.co.uk Philip Rowlands phr@doc.ic.ac.uk Philippe De Muyter phdm@macqel.be Philippe Schnoebelen Philippe.Schnoebelen@imag.fr Phillip Jones mouse@datastacks.com Piergiorgio Sartor sartor@sony.de Pieter Bowman bowman@math.utah.edu Piotr Gackiewicz gacek@intertele.pl Piotr Kwapulinski kwap@univ.gda.pl Prashant TR tr@eth.net Priit Jõerüüt jemm4jemm@yahoo.com Rainer Orth ro@TechFak.Uni-Bielefeld.DE Ralf W. Stephan stephan@tmt.de Ralf Wildenhues Ralf.Wildenhues@gmx.de Ralph Loader loader@maths.ox.ac.uk Raul Miller moth@magenta.com Raúl Núñez de Arenas Coronado raul@pleyades.net Reuben Thomas rrt@sc3d.org Yang Ren ryang@redhat.com Richard A Downing richard.downing@bcs.org.uk Richard Braakman dark@xs4all.nl Richard Dawe rich@phekda.freeserve.co.uk Richard J. Rauenzahn rrauenza@hairball.cup.hp.com Richard Neill rn214@hermes.cam.ac.uk Richard Sharman rsharman@magmacom.com Rick Sladkey jrs@world.std.com Rik Faith faith@cs.unc.edu Risto Kankkunen kankkune@lingsoft.fi Rob Wortman wyrm@haell.com Robert H. de Vries robert@and.nl Robert Lindgren robert@orcafat.com Robert Millan zeratul2@wanadoo.es Robert Schwebel r.schwebel@pengutronix.de Rogier Wolff R.E.Wolff@BitWizard.nl Roland Huebner ro-huebner@gmx.de Roland Turner raz.tah.bet@raz.cx Ronald F. Guilmette rfg@netcom.com Ross Alexander r.alexander@auckland.ac.nz Ross Paterson rap@doc.ic.ac.uk Ross Ridge rridge@calum.csclub.uwaterloo.ca Rudolf Kastl rkastl@redhat.com Sahil Amoli sahilamoli@gmail.com Sami Farin sfarin@ratol.fi Samuel Tardieu sam@rfc1149.net Samuel Thibault samuel.thibault@ens-lyon.org Samuli Karkkainen Samuli.Karkkainen@hut.fi Sander van Malssen svm@kozmix.ow.nl Santiago Vila Doncel sanvila@unex.es Savochkin Andrey Vladimirovich saw@msu.ru Scott Harrison scott.gnu.2009@scottrix.co.uk Scott Lurndal slurn@griffin.engr.sgi.com Sébastien Maret smaret@umich.edu Sergei Steshenko sergstesh@yahoo.com Shing-Shong Shei shei@cs.indiana.edu Soeren Sonnenburg sonnenburg@informatik.hu-berlin.de Solar Designer solar@owl.openwall.com Stanislav Ievlev inger@altlinux.ru Stavros Passas stabat@ics.forth.gr Stéphane Chazelas Stephane_CHAZELAS@yahoo.fr Stéphane Raimbault stephane.raimbault@makina-corpus.com Stephen Depooter sbdep@myrealbox.com Stephen Eglen eglen@pcg.wustl.edu Stephen Gildea gildea@stop.mail-abuse.org Stephen Smoogen smooge@mindspring.com Steve McConnel steve@acadcomp.sil.org Steve McIntyre steve@einval.com Steve Ward planet36@gmail.com Steven Drake sbd@users.sourceforge.net Steven G. Johnson stevenj@alum.mit.edu Steven Mocking ufo@quicknet.nl Steven Parkes smparkes@smparkes.net Steven Schveighoffer schveiguy@yahoo.com Steven P Watson steven@magelico.net Stuart Citrin ctrn3e8@gmail.com Stuart Kemp skemp@peter.bmc.com Stuart Shelton stuart@shelton.me Sven Joachim svenjoac@gmx.de Szakacsits Szabolcs szaka@sienet.hu Tadayoshi Funaba tadf@kt.rim.or.jp TAKAI Kousuke takai@vlsi.kuee.kyoto-u.ac.jp Theodore Ts'o tytso@rsts-11.mit.edu The Wanderer inverseparadox@comcast.net Theodoros V. Kalamatianos nyb@users.sourceforge.net Thomas Bushnell thomas@gnu.ai.mit.edu Thomas Goerlich thomas@schnappmatik.de Thomas Hood jdthood@yahoo.co.uk Thomas Luzat thomas@luzat.com Thomas M.Ott thmo-13@gmx.de Thomas Quinot thomas@Cuivre.FR.EU.ORG Thomas Schwinge tschwinge@gnu.org Thomas Wolff mined@towo.net Tim J. Robbins tjr@FreeBSD.org Tim Mooney mooney@dogbert.cc.ndsu.NoDak.edu Tim Ryan Tim_Ryan@bnz.co.nz Tim Smithers mouse@dmouse.com.au Tim Waugh twaugh@redhat Tobias Stoeckmann tobias@bugol.de Toby Peterson toby@opendarwin.org Todd A. Jacobs tjacobs@codegnome.org Tom Fitzhenry tom@tom-fitzhenry.me.uk Tom Haynes thomas@netapp.com Tom Quinn trq@dionysos.thphys.ox.ac.uk Tomas Pospisek tpo@sourcepole.ch Tommi Kyntola tkyntola@cc.hut.fi Ton Hospel thospel@mail.dma.be Ton Nijkes ton@murphy.nl Tony Kocurko akocurko@mun.ca Tony Leneis tony@plaza.ds.adp.com Tony Robinson ajr@eng.cam.ac.uk Toralf Förster toralf.foerster@gmx.de Torbjorn Granlund tege@nada.kth.se Torbjorn Lindgren tl@funcom.no Torsten Landschoff torsten@pclab.ifg.uni-kiel.de Tristan Miller psychonaut@nothingisreal.com Tzvi Rotshtein tzvi.ro@gmail.com Ulrich Drepper drepper@gnu.org Ulrich Hermisson ulrich_hermisson@hotmail.com Urs Thuermann urs@isnogud.escape.de Uwe H. Steinfeld usteinfeld@gmx.net Vesselin Atanasov vesselin@bgnet.bg Vin Shelton acs@alumni.princeton.edu Vineet Chadha chadha@acis.ufl.edu Vitali Lovich vlovich@gmail.com Vitaly A. Ostanin vyt@altlinux.org Vito Caputo vcaputo@pengaru.com Vlada Macek tuttle@bbs.fsik.cvut.cz Volker Borchert bt@teknon.de Volker Paul vpaul@dohle.com Wartan Hachaturow wart@tepkom.ru Wayne Stewart wstewa@atl.com Wenjun Zheng zwj@yahoo.com Werner Almesberger Werner.Almesberger@epfl.ch Wichert Akkerman wichert@cistron.nl Will Edgington wedgingt@acm.org William Bader william@nscs.fast.net William Dowling will@franklin.com William Lewis wiml@omnigroup.com wiregauze wiregauze@yahoo.com Wis Macomson wis.macomson@intel.com Wojciech Purczynski cliph@isec.pl Wolfram Kleff kleff@cs.uni-bonn.de Won-kyu Park wkpark@chem.skku.ac.kr Yanko Kaneti yaneti@declera.com Yann Dirson dirson@debian.org Yutaka Amanai yasai-itame1942@jade.plala.or.jp Zvi Har'El rl@math.technion.ac.il ;; Local Variables: ;; coding: utf-8 ;; End: 070701000091b8000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7d0000070f000000660000000300000000000000000000002a00000000reloc/doc/coreutils/THANKS-to-translatorsThe following teams have translated the many diagnostics of this package into many different languages. Thank you! --- http://translationproject.org/team/af.html http://translationproject.org/team/be.html http://translationproject.org/team/bg.html http://translationproject.org/team/ca.html http://translationproject.org/team/cs.html http://translationproject.org/team/da.html http://translationproject.org/team/de.html http://translationproject.org/team/el.html http://translationproject.org/team/en.html http://translationproject.org/team/es.html http://translationproject.org/team/et.html http://translationproject.org/team/eu.html http://translationproject.org/team/fi.html http://translationproject.org/team/fr.html http://translationproject.org/team/ga.html http://translationproject.org/team/gl.html http://translationproject.org/team/hu.html http://translationproject.org/team/id.html http://translationproject.org/team/it.html http://translationproject.org/team/ja.html http://translationproject.org/team/ko.html http://translationproject.org/team/lg.html http://translationproject.org/team/lt.html http://translationproject.org/team/ms.html http://translationproject.org/team/nb.html http://translationproject.org/team/nl.html http://translationproject.org/team/pl.html http://translationproject.org/team/pt.html http://translationproject.org/team/pt_BR.html http://translationproject.org/team/ro.html http://translationproject.org/team/ru.html http://translationproject.org/team/sk.html http://translationproject.org/team/sl.html http://translationproject.org/team/sv.html http://translationproject.org/team/tr.html http://translationproject.org/team/uk.html http://translationproject.org/team/vi.html http://translationproject.org/team/zh_CN.html http://translationproject.org/team/zh_TW.html 070701000091ba000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7d00000079000000660000000300000000000000000000002000000000reloc/doc/coreutils/THANKStt.inThe following teams have translated the many diagnostics of this package into many different languages. Thank you! --- 070701000091bb000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7d00001da4000000660000000300000000000000000000001900000000reloc/doc/coreutils/TODOIf you're interested in helping, here are some tasks that we've considered over the years. Beware: some are quite old and no longer valid. To avoid wasting your time by duplicating work or by working on a task that is no longer pertinent, please search the mailing list and post your intent before embarking on a big project. ================================================== Modify chmod so that it does not change an inode's st_ctime when the selected operation would have no other effect. First suggested by Hans Ecke in http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.gnu.coreutils.bugs/2920 Discussed more recently on . document the following in coreutils.texi: [ pinky Suggestion from Paul Eggert: More generally, there's not that much use for imaxtostr nowadays, since the inttypes module and newer versions of gettext allow things like _("truncating %s at %" PRIdMAX " bytes") to work portably. I suspect that (if someone cares to take the time) we can remove all instances of imaxtostr and umaxtostr in coreutils and gnulib. cp --recursive: use fts and *at functions to perform directory traversals in source and destination hierarchy rather than forming full file names. The latter (current) approach fails unnecessarily when the names become very long, and requires space and time that is quadratic in the depth of the hierarchy. [Bo Borgerson is working on this] printf: Now that gnulib supports *printf("%a"), import one of the *printf-posix modules so that printf(1) will support %a even on platforms where the native *printf(3) is deficient. Suggestion from Eric Blake. consider adding some implementation of the "col" utility Suggested by Karl Berry. renice: POSIX utility, needs implementing. suggestion from Karl Berry (among others). Bob Proulx is working on this. doc/coreutils.texi: Address this comment: FIXME: mv's behavior in this case is system-dependent Better still: fix the code so it's *not* system-dependent. ls: add --format=FORMAT option that controls how each line is printed. cp --no-preserve=X should not attempt to preserve attribute X reported by Andreas Schwab copy.c: Address the FIXME-maybe comment in copy_internal. And once that's done, add an exclusion so that `cp --link' no longer incurs the overhead of saving src. dev/ino and dest. filename in the hash table. Write an autoconf test to work around build failure in HPUX's 64-bit mode. See notes in README -- and remove them once there's a work-around. Integrate use of sendfile, suggested here: http://mail.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-fileutils/2003-03/msg00030.html I don't plan to do that, since a few tests demonstrate no significant benefit. printf: consider adapting builtins/printf.def from bash tail: don't use xlseek; it *exits*. Instead, maybe use a macro and return nonzero. tr: support nontrivial equivalence classes, e.g. [=e=] with LC_COLLATE=fr_FR lib/strftime.c: Since %N is the only format that we need but that glibc's strftime doesn't support, consider using a wrapper that would expand /%(-_)?\d*N/ to the desired string and then pass the resulting string to glibc's strftime. unexpand: [http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007908799/xcu/unexpand.html] printf 'x\t \t y\n'|unexpand -t 8,9 should print its input, unmodified. printf 'x\t \t y\n'|unexpand -t 5,8 should print "x\ty\n" Let GNU su use the `wheel' group if appropriate. (there are a couple patches, already) sort: Investigate better sorting algorithms; see Knuth vol. 3. We tried list merge sort, but it was about 50% slower than the recursive algorithm currently used by sortlines, and it used more comparisons. We're not sure why this was, as the theory suggests it should do fewer comparisons, so perhaps this should be revisited. List merge sort was implemented in the style of Knuth algorithm 5.2.4L, with the optimization suggested by exercise 5.2.4-22. The test case was 140,213,394 bytes, 426,4424 lines, text taken from the GCC 3.3 distribution, sort.c compiled with GCC 2.95.4 and running on Debian 3.0r1 GNU/Linux, 2.4GHz Pentium 4, single pass with no temporary files and plenty of RAM. Since comparisons seem to be the bottleneck, perhaps the best algorithm to try next should be merge insertion. See Knuth section 5.3.1, who credits Lester Ford, Jr. and Selmer Johnson, American Mathematical Monthly 66 (1959), 387-389. shred: Update shred as described here to conform to DoD 5220 rules: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2007-05/msg00075.html Remove suspicious uses of alloca (ones that may allocate more than about 4k) Adapt these contribution guidelines for coreutils: http://sources.redhat.com/automake/contribute.html Improve test coverage. See HACKING for instructions on generating an html test coverage report. Find a program that has poor coverage and improve. Changes expected to go in, someday. ====================================== dd patch from Olivier Delhomme test/mv/*: clean up $other_partition_tmpdir in all cases ls: when both -l and --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir are specified, consider whether to let the latter select whether to dereference command line symlinks to directories. Since -l has an implicit --NO-dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir meaning. Pointed out by Karl Berry. dd: consider adding an option to suppress `bytes/block read/written' output to stderr. Suggested here: http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=165045 Pending copyright papers: ------------------------ getpwnam from Bruce Korb pb (progress bar) from Miika Pekkarinen ------------------------------ Remove long-deprecated options. Search case-insensitive for `deprecated' and `remove in '. Automate this. Add a distcheck-time test to ensure that every distributed file is either read-only(indicating generated) or is version-controlled and up to date. remove `%s' notation (now that they're all gone, add a maint.mk sc_ rule to ensure no new ones are added): grep -E "\`%.{,4}s'" src/*.c remove all uses of the `register' keyword: Done. add a maint.mk rule for this, too. remove or adjust chown's --changes option, since it can't always do what it currently says it does. Support arbitrary-precision arithmetic in those tools for which it makes sense. Factor and expr already support this via libgmp. The "test" program is covered via its string-based comparison of integers. To be converted: seq. Adapt tools like wc, tr, fmt, etc. (most of the textutils) to be multibyte aware. The problem is that I want to avoid duplicating significant blocks of logic, yet I also want to incur only minimal (preferably `no') cost when operating in single-byte mode. pr's use of nstrftime can make it malloc a very large (up to SIZE_MAX) buffer ----- Copyright (C) 2002-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see . 070701000091bc000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7d00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001800000000reloc/doc/coreutils/doc070701000091bd000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7d000113cd000000660000000300000000000000000000002700000000reloc/doc/coreutils/doc/ChangeLog-20072007-10-05 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (chroot invocation): List two systems on which chroot works when run by non-root. 2007-09-19 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (expr invocation): Correct description of relative operator precedence. Reported by hanpingtian@gmail.com. 2007-08-25 Eric Blake Avoid case-insensitive clash in one-page-per-node html docs. * coreutils.texi (Concept index): Rename from Index. 2007-07-15 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi: Revise node structure per new fdl.texi. 2007-06-06 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (rmdir invocation): Fix a tiny typo. 2007-06-03 Jim Meyering * constants.texi: Remove from version control. This file has always been generated. * .gitignore: Add constants.texi. 2007-04-28 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (nohup invocation): Add advice about saving output to a file. 2007-04-16 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (cut invocation): Adjust synopsis to show that an OPTION is required. Reported by Rudolf Kastl. 2007-03-21 Eric Blake * coreutils.texi (md5sum invocation): Document escapes in output format. Reported by Armijn Hemel. 2007-03-15 Paul Eggert Fix manual in response to bug reports by Dan Jacobson. * coreutils.texi (sort invocation): Explain numeric sorts better. Compress self-congratulation into a simple "comparison is exact" notice; the --general-numeric-sort option already explains the tradeoffs. (seq invocation): Add example of -f. 2007-03-12 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (cp invocation): Mention that --preserve=timestamps doesn't preserve time stamps on symbolic links. Reported by Polo Talnir in . 2007-02-27 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (df invocation): With -P, the default block size and output format is not affected by DF_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE, or BLOCKSIZE. 2007-01-30 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (Input processing in ptx, mkdir invocation, rmdir invocation): @item -> @itemx to fix some typos. 2007-01-30 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (mkdir invocation): Say how to set the file permission bits of a parent directory with mkdir -p. 2007-01-29 Jim Meyering Document new syntax: "chown +0:+287 file", "chgrp +99 file" * coreutils.texi (Disambiguating names and IDs): New section. (chown invocation, chgrp invocation): Mention the new syntax with an xref to the new section. 2007-01-19 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (ls: General output formatting): Mention the workarounds to accommodate the Apple Terminal bug. 2007-01-04 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (base64 invocation): When decoding, newlines are always accepted. 2007-01-03 Jim Meyering Document what the ".0" in e.g., "-k 2,3.0" means, and... * coreutils.texi (sort invocation): ... that it can be applied to the field-end spec, but not the field-start one. Patch from Evan Hunt. 2006-12-21 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (dd invocation): Improve the documentation for bs, ibs, obs, and cbs. Suggestion from Dan Jacobson. Patch by Olivier Delhomme. (dd invocation): Add to the description of cbs. (dd invocation): Specify that bs=N overrides only any _preceding_ ibs and obs settings. Spotted by Andreas Schwab. 2006-12-14 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi: Remove two doubled words. (Treating / specially): With --preserve-root, chgrp and chown will not modify "/", even through a symlink. 2006-11-28 Jim Meyering * perm.texi (Mode Structure): Fix typo: s/setgid/setuid/. Reported by Georg Neis as Debian bug 400778. 2006-10-27 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (wc invocation): When giving the order in which the various "counts" are listed, also mention "maximum line length". Prompted by a report from Vincent LeFevre. 2006-10-23 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (rm invocation): Describe --one-file-system. 2006-09-26 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (groups invocation): "groups" no longer prefixes the output with "user :" unless more than one user is specified. 2006-09-19 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (cp invocation): Say that -i and -f are independent. Clarify -i's behavior. (Disk usage): Clarify intro. Problem reported by Van Ly. 2006-09-08 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (tail invocation): Ignore -f when standard input is a FIFO, too. 2006-09-02 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (Treating / specially): --preserve-root is now the default for rm. (rm invocation): Likewise. Also, document that you can't remove `.' or `..'. Use the POSIX term "root directory" rather than the more-ambiguous "file system root". 2006-08-22 Paul Eggert * .cvsignore: Add Makefile.in, coreutils.html, coreutils.pdf, coreutils.ps, coreutils.tps. Remove coreutils.cm (dunno what it is, but the makefile doesn't mention it). Remove coreutils.info as it is subsumed by coreutils.info*. 2006-08-22 Jim Meyering * .cvsignore: Add files that are now generated by ../bootstrap. 2006-08-20 Paul Eggert * Makefile.in, fdl.texi, getdate.texi: Remove from CVS, since ../bootstrap generates them automatically. 2006-08-17 Jim Meyering * Makefile.am (EXTRA_DIST): Reflect doclicense.texi->fdl.texi renaming. 2006-08-17 Paul Eggert * ChangeLog: Add copyright notice. * Makefile.am: Likewise. * getdate.texi: Likewise. * perm.texi: Likewise. * getdate.texi: Update to version 1.2 of the GNU FDL. * coreutils.texi: Likewise. (Copying This Manual): Renamed from GNU Free Documentation License. Now an appendix. Include fdl.texi rather than doclicense.texi. * fdl.tex: Renamed from doclicense.texi. Latest version from FSF. * perm.texi: Add copyright notice. 2006-08-15 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (df invocation): df exits nonzero if it outputs nothing. 2006-08-09 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (dd invocation): Warn about oflag=append without conv=notrunc. See Debian bug 373736. 2006-08-08 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (shuf invocation, Random sources): New sections. (Operating on sorted files): Add shuf. (sort invocation, shred invocation): New option --random-source. (sort invocation): Fix typo: -R -> -r. 2006-07-28 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (install invocation, mkdir invocation): Add cross-references to Directory Setuid and Setgid. (install-invocation): The default mode is no longer equivalent to 755. * perm.texi (Changing Special Mode Bits): Clarify u+s versus a+s versus +s, and likewise for g+s. (Numeric Modes): Bring back example of 0055 == 55. 4755 no longer clears setgid bit on directories. (Directory Setuid and Setgid): Numeric modes now affect setuid and setgid on directories only if they set these bits. This is so that leading 0 has no effect on numeric modes. 2006-07-26 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (What information is listed): Mention that missing pieces of information are marked with "?". From Paul Eggert. 2006-07-25 Paul Eggert * perm.texi (Directory Setuid and Setgid): Explain that this is a GNU extension, and that other systems behave differently here. 2006-07-22 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (What information is listed): Clarify that the restricted deletion flag is another name for the sticky bit. * perm.texi (Mode Structure): The restricted deletion flag restricts only unprivileged users. (Mode Structure, Symbolic Modes, Numeric Modes): Be more careful about distinguishing file mode bits from permissions bits, and about execute versus search permission. The FreeBSD command is chflags, not chrflags. 2006-07-16 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi: Change GNU to @acronym{GNU} in a few places. Use "set-user-ID" and "set-group-ID" a bit more consistently. Use "appropriate privileges" rather than "super-user" a bit more consistently. (install invocation): Parent directories are now 755 without uid or gid changing. The default mode is now 0755, not 755. (mkdir invocation): Rewrite the top-level usage description, since I couldn't easily follow the old one. It's now 3 lines not 8. For -m, describe file permission bits versus other bits, and note that mkdir is atomic if you don't mention special bits. (chmod invocation): Mention what chmod does to setgid and setuid bits. * perm.texi (Mode Structure): Modernize the explanation of the setuid and setgid bits on directories. (Changing Special Mode Bits): Mention that a implies both u and g for s. Cross reference to new node. (Numeric Modes): Don't claim that 0055 is the same as 55; this isn't true any more. Mention new node. 4755 is now like u=rwxs,go=rx,g-s, not like u=rwxs,go=rx. (Directory Setuid and Setgid): New node. 2006-07-08 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (Squeezing): Separate doubled "the", so typo-checkers don't complain. * Makefile.am (check-texinfo): Enforce the zeros vs. zeroes consistency. 2006-07-08 Ralf Wildenhues * coreutils.texi: Fix some typos. Use `zeros' consistently (both `zeros' and `zeroes' are correct). 2006-07-01 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (tail invocation): With no operand, 'tail -f' now silently ignores the '-f' only if standard input is a FIFO or pipe and POSIXLY_CORRECT is set. 2006-06-30 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (seq invocation): seq now uses long double internally rather than double. It now defaults to a minimal fixed point format if possible. It lets you use %a, %A, %E, %F, %G. Don't assume printf doesn't work for numbers that fit in 64 but not 32 bits; typically they work these days. Improve discussion of large integers and update the rounding-error numbers. 2006-06-28 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (sort invocation): 'sort +1 -2' is now supported even when conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2001, since this is a pure extension to POSIX. 2006-06-27 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (wc invocation): Remove ./ prefix from example. From Padraig Brady. 2006-06-26 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (wc invocation): Spell out `--files0-from' in the example. Suggestion from Bob Proulx. * coreutils.texi (wc invocation): Document new --files0-from option. 2006-06-20 Eric Blake * coreutils.texi (sleep invocation): Document that accepting multiple arguments and suffixes are extensions. Reported by Dan Jacobson. 2006-06-12 Paul Eggert * Makefile.am (check-texinfo): Use $(_W) and $(W_) instead of assuming grep -w (which is not portable). 2006-05-27 Ralf Wildenhues * Makefile.am: Use `AM_MAKEINFOFLAGS' rather than overwriting `MAKEINFO', so that `missing' can do its job. * Makefile.am (check-texinfo): Use `$(EGREP)' instead of `grep -E'. (check-texinfo): Use literal `{' only in brackets, i.e., [{] or [}], to avoid triggering an error from Solaris 2.6's grep. 2006-05-25 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (sort invocation): Remove mention of --seed, since it's going away. 2006-05-04 Eric Blake * coreutils.texi (Examples of date): Give example of @seconds. 2006-05-03 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (head invocation, tail invocation, sort invocation): Give advice about porting to hosts that support only obsolete syntax. Problem reported by Zack Weinberg. 2006-04-23 Francesco Montorsi * coreutils.texi (Which files are listed): Describe new option: --group-directories-first. 2006-04-17 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (What information is listed): Add P for Solaris 10 ports. Add commented-out entries for other types that POSIX says are possible, or that I observed in FreeBSD documentation. 2006-04-18 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (Input processing in ptx): Remove mention of the default --ignore file, /usr/local/lib/eign. That file has never been used. Reported by Eric Blake. 2006-04-12 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (expr invocation): expr exit status is 3 only for internal errors now; 2 is also for invalid values in expressions. (What information is listed): Document 'ls' type letters. Problem reported by Lincoln Martin. 2006-04-09 Ori Avtalion * coreutils.texi (Top): Add 'hostid' to System context menu line. (trivial change) 2006-03-22 Eric Blake * coreutils.texi (General options in ptx): Undocument --copyright. 2006-03-27 Eric Blake * coreutils.texi (dirname invocation): Macro in previous patch was too broad. 2006-03-11 Eric Blake * coreutils.texi (basename invocation, dirname invocation): Improve documentation to match recent // patches. 2006-03-23 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (nohup invocation): nohup now redirects stderr to nohup.out if stdout is closed and stderr is a tty. 2006-03-05 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (dd invocation): New flags directory, nolinks. Alphabetize nofollow. 2006-02-17 Simon Josefsson * coreutils.texi: Add base64 section. 2006-02-20 Eric Blake * coreutils.texi (rm invocation): Fix typo in last patch. (paste invocation): Fix whitespace. 2006-02-18 Eric Blake * coreutils.texi (rm invocation): Document new -I option, and new --interactive behavior. 2006-02-12 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (Character sets): Don't say that an unknown backslash-escape causes an error message -- it doesn't. Mention that `\' also removes any special significance, so is useful for [, ], *, -. Prompted by Richard Neill in http://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/index.php?func=detailitem&item_id=14937 2006-02-01 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (od invocation): Warn that -t a ignores the high order bit. 2006-01-30 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (tail invocation): In the obsolete usage, the count is optional, so put square brackets around it. 2006-01-02 Paul Eggert * getdate.texi (General date syntax): Invalid dates are rejected. (Time of day items): Mention the possibility of leap seconds. Problem reported by Dr. David Alan Gilbert. * coreutils.texi: Use @acronym around "ISO" uniformly. (Date conversion specifiers): Explain %g, %G, and %V a bit better. 2006-01-02 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (tail invocation): Say that --retry is useful `mainly' (not `only') when following by name. 2006-01-01 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi, perm.texi: Clarify file mode bits versus file permission bits. * coreutils.texi (mkfifo invocation, mknod invocation): -m affects only file permission bits. 2005-12-29 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (sort invocation): Clarify that a blank is a space or a tab. 2005-12-15 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (stat invocation) [--printf]: Describe new option. [--format]: Add example. Distinguish from --printf. Sort option descriptions. 2005-12-05 Andreas Gruenbacher * coreutils.texi (ls): Clarify the Alternate Access Method description. (cp): Clarify that --preserve=mode also preserves acls. 2005-12-12 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (sort invocation): Clarify explanation of --random-sort, and use a simpler example. 2005-12-10 Frederik Eaton * coreutils.texi (sort invocation): Add --random-sort (-R) and --seed. 2005-12-07 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (dd invocation): New noatime flag. 2005-11-25 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (df invocation): Document treatment of dummy file systems better. 2005-11-16 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (ln invocation): ln -v now outputs lines only for successful links. (tail invocation): Say that the obsolete form uses exactly one option and at most one file. 2005-11-13 Jim Meyering * perm.texi (Mode Structure): Capitalize two sentences in an enumerated list and fix a typo. From Aaron Hawley. 2005-11-08 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (Formatting file timestamps): ls now defaults to --time-style='locale', which in turn acts like --time-style='posix-long-iso' if the locale settings are messed up. 2005-11-02 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (rm invocation): Don't mention --directory (-d). 2005-11-01 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (tail invocation): Describe obsolete usages like "tail -2" more precisely. (touch invocation): The old usage works only for 1969-1999 now. 2005-08-28 David Madore * coreutils.texi: Document SHA-1 and SHA-2 utilities. 2005-10-15 Paul Eggert * doc/coreutils.texi (Top, General output formatting, dir invocation): (vdir invocation): Don't document the old v and d commands. 2005-10-15 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (du invocation): Document du's -m option, now that we've decided to keep it. (who invocation): Remove documentation for deprecated --idle (-i). 2005-10-13 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi: Avoid a few overfull/underfull hboxes. 2005-09-24 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (touch invocation): "touch -" now touches standard output. 2005-09-17 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (who invocation): Remove a stray '+'. 2005-09-15 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (uname invocation): uname -a no longer generates the -p and -i outputs if they are unknown. 2005-09-13 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (Time conversion specifiers, Options for date): Document date --rfc-3339 and new specifiers %:z, %::z, %:::z. Use "date and time" consistently; the old version sometimes said "time and date". Fix a minor bug in the documentation for --rfc-2822: it claimed day-of-month < 10 had leading space, not leading zero. Use a consistent format for terms like "RFC". (uname invocation): Mention that Linux outputs "unknown" for -i and -p. 2005-09-08 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (nice invocation): Document "niceness" versus "nice value" versus "scheduling priority". 2005-09-07 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (nice invocation): Use "niceness", not "nice value" to talk about nice values offset by -20. Don't use the word "priority" when niceness is intended. 2005-08-15 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (join invocation): Itemize the defaults. From Karl Berry. 2005-08-12 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (cp invocation, mv invocation): Remove square brackets in --reply=[HOW]. Reported by Oscar Liljeblad. 2005-07-19 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (md5sum invocation): --check now allows multiple FILE inputs. 2005-07-18 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (false invocation): Mention that false is often built-in, and that it exits with status >1 on some hosts. (true invocation): Remove now-incorrect "non-POSIX mode" reference. 2005-07-15 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (nohup invocation): POSIXLY_CORRECT no longer affects nohup's behavior. Input is redirected from /dev/null. 2005-07-11 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (cat invocation): Remove -B or --binary option (available on MS-DOS-like platforms only). Explain when text and binary mode are used now. (md5sum invocation): -b actually does have an effect on Unix: it causes "*" to be output. Explain when text and binary mode are used now. 2005-07-03 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (cp invocation): Mark --reply as deprecated. (mv invocation): Likewise. 2005-06-24 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (cp invocation): Clarify how --reply=no works. 2005-06-14 William Brendling * coreutils.texi (du invocation): New options --last-time and --time-style. 2005-06-19 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (ln invocation): Change a few `paths' to `file names'. * Makefile.am (check-texinfo): Also catch uses of path, pathname. 2005-06-17 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (shred invocation): Clarify that shred works on ext3 as long as it's not in data=journal mode. Patch from Mark Melahn. 2005-06-16 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (Backup options): Undocument --version-control=S (-V). 2005-06-07 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (ln invocation): Examples, from Bob Proulx. 2005-06-01 Paul Eggert Use "file name" when talking about file names, instead of "filename" or "path", as per the GNU coding standards. * coreutils.texi (readlink invocation): "path component" -> "component", since we don't use the POSIX "path" nomenclature. 2005-05-11 Paul Eggert * getdate.texi (General date syntax): Don't say that date date --iso-8601=ns generates acceptable dates; it doesn't yet. Problem reported by Nic Ferrier. 2005-05-06 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (dd invocation): New flags "binary" and "text". 2005-05-04 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (chmod invocation): chmod -w complains if its behavior differs from what chmod a-w would do. 2005-05-02 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (ls invocation): ls --indicator-style=directory renamed to ls --indicator-style=slash, to avoid confusion with ls --directory. 2005-04-28 Paul Eggert * perm.texi (Mode Structure, Changing Special Permissions): (Conditional Executability, Numeric Modes): These days the sticky bit is more often uses as the restricted deletion flag, so modernize the discussion about this. (Mode Structure): Linux/GNU -> GNU/Linux. (Symbolic Modes): Don't imply that "+ur" or "u" is valid. (Setting Permissions): Don't imply that "+t" is invalid. Use "rwx" rather than the less-common "rxw" in an example. (Copying Permissions): Say that ugo is a replacement for a string of the other letters. Add spaces around examples. Use "set-user-ID" rather than "set user ID" to avoid ambiguity. Use "+t" rather than "o+t", since POSIX doesn't specify the latter. Mention which combinations are portable and which are GNU. (Numeric Modes): Don't imply they aren't portable; they are nowadays. 2005-04-26 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (Standards conformance): Do not mention head -10, since it now works the same regardless of POSIX version. (od invocation): -w N -> -w[N]. (pr invocation): -S STRING -> -SSTRING. (fold invocation): -WIDTH works even when conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2001. (head invocation, tail invocation): Likewise for -NUM. (split invocation): Likewise for -LINES. (uniq invocation): Likewise for -N. (expand invocation, unexpand invocation): Likewise for -TAB. (nice invocation): Likewise for -ADJUSTMENT. (sort invocation): Clarify explanation of +N option. (uniq invocation): Likewise. (join invocation): Remove special case for --help, --version. (touch invocation): Clarify explanation of date options. (Options for date): -I timespec -> -I[timespec]. 2005-04-23 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (install invocation): Use a= instead of 0 for the point of departure for -m, and explain what it meeams. (mkdir invocation, mkfifo invocation, mknod invocation): The umask does not affect the point of departure. Problem reported by Mike Stone. 2005-04-11 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi: For consistency, standardize on "user ID" rather than "uid" or "UID" or "user id". Similarly for "group ID". 2005-04-09 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (rm invocation): Say that --recursive removes listed directories too, not just their contents. 2005-04-08 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (dd invocation): Document the distinction between INFO and USR1 for dd, and the effect of POSIXLY_CORRECT here. 2005-04-05 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (cat invocation, chown invocation) (chgrp invocation, basename invocation, dirname invocation): Add examples, which are copies of the examples newly added to the usage messages. (ln invocation): Use same format as other examples above, for consistency. 2005-03-26 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi: Clarify NUL vs null byte vs null character. 2005-03-18 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (nohup invocation): Clarify nohup.out creation. 2005-03-11 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (Formatting file timestamps): Very long timestamps may be treated as errors. 2005-03-08 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (date invocation): Use an example that makes it clear tha the default date use space-padded day of month. Replace "directive" with "conversion specifier" to be consistent with POSIX. All uses changed. Fix menu RHS to match actual directive lists. (Time conversion specifiers): Renamed from Time directives. Use @samp consistently, sometimes instead of @code. Consistently ention which specifiers are GNU extensions. Give more examples (in some cases, instead of ranges). Say why %F is preferred for dates. (Date conversion specifiers): Renamed from Date directives. Likewise for other changes. (Padding and other flags): Correct the description. Document #. Give an example for %9B. 2005-02-23 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi: Adjust to match current strftime.c. (Time directives): Say that %k, %l, and %P are GNU extensions. For %p and %P, mention handling of noon and midnight. For %s, use ISO 8601, and mention handling of leap seconds. For %S, clarify mention of leap seconds. For %T, say that it's the same as %H:%M:%S. For %X, don't say that it must be the same as %H:%M:%S. For %z and %Z, clarify which time zones are used. These options are now affected by --date, so don't claim that they're not. (Date directives): %C is now all but the last two chars of %Y. For %D, say that it's equivalent to %m/%d/%y. For %e, use blank in example. For %h, use @code for %b. For %Y, mention what happens with outlandish years. (Padding and other flags): Renamed from Padding. Mention that the flags are GNU extensions. Mention the 0 and ^ flags. Mention field widths an modifiers. (Examples of date): - is a flag, not a modifier. 2005-01-07 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (sort invocation): Specify that a string of zero digits is interpreted as 0. Reported by Ulrich Hermisson. 2005-01-04 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (shred invocation): Clarify that shred works fine with journaled file systems that are configured not to journal file system data. Also mention BFS and NTFS. 2004-12-15 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (ls invocation): Change minor problem to be "subdirectory not found", since top-level trouble is now serious. (dircolors invocation): Quote argument to eval. Problem reported by Stephane Chazelas. 2004-12-11 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (join invocation): Mention that blank separators in the -o option need to be quoted. Problem reported by Phil Clayton. 2004-12-10 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (id invocation): -G also prints main group. Problem reported by Tim Waugh. 2004-12-09 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (ls invocation): Document new "ls" exit status. 2004-12-08 Paul Eggert * getdate.texi (Time of day items, Time zone items): Describe new formats +00:00, UTC+00:00. 2004-12-04 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (cut invocation): Say when --complement is useful. 2004-10-01 Paolo Bonzini * coreutils.texi (cut invocation): Document --complement and adjust the documentation of -b, -c, -f. 2004-11-27 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (du invocation): Use if=/dev/null rather than :|. Problem reported by Dan Jacobson. Use "seek=2GiB" rather than the wordier "seek=`echo '2^31'|bc`". Say "KiB" not the (inaccurate) "kilobytes". Similarly for "GiB" and "gigabytes". 2004-11-16 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi: Changes inspired by Debian coreutils 5.2.1-2. (General output formatting): -x doesn't have an operand. (Formatting the file names): Warn that even with -N unprintable chars are still printed as '?' some times. (rm invocation): Reword rm -d to note that it's sometimes useful on non-directories. (logname invocation, users invocation, who invocation): The utmp and wtmp file names vary from system to system. * getdate.texi (General date syntax): "next" is 1, not 2. Document that "second" isn't allowed as an ordinal number. 2004-11-15 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (dd invocation): Reword the new dd message. 2004-11-14 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (dd invocation): dd now outputs total bytes, seconds, and bytes per second. 2004-11-03 Paul Eggert * Makefile.am (_W, W_): New macros. (check-texinfo): Use them instead of assuming grep -w (which is not portable). 2004-10-29 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi: Document TZ better, and adjust to new getdate.texi. (Top): Update menu. (pr invocation, Formatting file timestamps, touch invocation, stat invocation, who invocation, date invocation, Options for date): Mention TZ. * getdate.texi: Sync from gnulib. 2004-10-28 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (Standards conformance): Use "head -10" rather than "head -1" as example of obsolete usage, since the POSIX consensus is that "head -1" could be supported even if we don't yet have clear consensus on "head -10". See today's revision to the SUS FAQ . 2004-10-24 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (pathchk invocation): Options must precede operands. 2004-10-17 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (pathchk invocation): Overall lengths are OS limits, not file system limits. Component length checks apply to all components, not merely to existing ones. Say that nonexistent names are not errors. For -p, omit all checks based on the underlying file system, not merely length checks. Explain what the portable file name character set is. 2004-10-15 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (printf invocation): Mention ISO/IEC 10646 as well as Unicode. Various minor formatting cleanups. 2004-10-13 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (sort invocation): Move LC_ALL, LC_COLLATE index entries to proper paragraph. 2004-10-12 Jim Meyering * Makefile.am (check-texinfo): Add `builtin' and `builtins' to the list of words to avoid. 2004-10-11 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (Special built-in utilities): New node. (printf invocation): builtin -> built-in, for consistency with POSIX terminology. (test invocation, pwd invocation): Use specific rather than generic language to warn about built-in commands. (chroot invocation, env invocation, nice invocation, nohup invocation): Warn that command must not be a special built-in. (env invocation): Warn about environment variables with unusual spellings, or duplicates. 2004-09-26 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (ls invocation): Document "ls --hide". 2004-09-24 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (chmod invocation): Warn about "chmod -w file". 2004-09-23 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (tail invocation): Fix bugs in the description of the obsolete syntax (e.g., it does not support -k or -m). Warn about usages like "tail -" and "tail -c 4" that are ambigous on older systems. 2004-09-20 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (mv invocation, rm invocation): Say "the response is affirmative" rather than "the response begins with y or Y", so that the documentation is accurate in non-English locales. Problem reported by Munzir Taha. 2004-09-18 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (dd invocation): Distinguish between options (e.g., --help) and operands (e.g., if=file). Move miscellaneous stuff after the operand descriptions, for clarity. 2004-09-09 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (sort invocation): -u disables the last-resort comparison, too. Revamp its description. (test invocation): Document -r, -w, -x more carefully. 2004-09-08 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (Common options): Some programs don't reorder options. (tr invocation, echo invocation, printf invocation, test invocation, expr invocation, basename invocation, chroot invocation, nice invocation, nohup invocation, seq invocation): This program doesn't reorder options. (tr invocation): Mention --help, --version, --. (echo invocation): Mention that -- isn't special. (test invocation): Mention that the expression is optional, and that test ! EXPR is like ! test EXPR. Mention that -h and -L don't dereference symlinks. (expr invocation): Mention --help, --version. * coreutils.texi (sort invocation): Add remarks about sort -u versus sort | uniq. Prompted by a question from Andrew Noymer. 2004-09-06 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (od invocation): Several changes for POSIX and FreeBSD compatibility. Add support for XSI syntax (POSIX 1003.1-2004). Rename -s[N] to -S N. Remove documentation for -h. -i is now -t dI (not d2) and -l is now -t dL (not d4). 2004-09-05 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (String tests): Improve quality of warning about quoting strings for the shell. 2004-09-03 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (dd invocation): Specify which conversion options are mutually exclusive. Give a bit more detail about ascii, ebcdic, and ibm conversions. 2004-08-24 Paul Eggert POSIX-conformance fixes for "expand" and "unexpand". * coreutils.texi: Standardize on "tab stop" (the POSIX usage) rather than "tabstop". (unexpand invocation): Use "blank" rather than "space" when POSIX requires "blank". Define "blank". Initial blanks are converted even if there's just one. For -a, convert two or more blanks only if they occur just before a tab stop. 2004-08-19 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (chown invocation): Fix synopsis: group must always be preceded by separator. "chown : file" and "chown '' file" don't change the owner or group. Update the explanation of what happens to the set-user-ID or set-group-ID bits, e.g., they sometimes are not cleared if they denote mandatory locking. Change "find"-oriented examples to use chown -h. 2004-08-18 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (printf invocation): Clarify how "printf" is supposed to work with extra arguments, missing arguments, etc. 2004-08-10 Paul Eggert POSIX-conformance fixes for "-" used as an operand. * coreutils.texi (Common options): Clarify that "-" means stdin/stdout only when it is an operand, not when it is an option-argument. (shred invocation): "shred -- -" is equivalent to "shred -", not to "shred ./-". (tee invocation): "tee -" means to copy (again) to stdout. 2004-07-25 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (nice invocation): Document the "nice value", and how it affects the scheduling priority. (The old documentation implied that the nice value equaled the scheduling priority, which isn't accurate.) Document that the range of nice values might exceed -20..19. Specify what happens when you give a nice value that is out of range, or when you don't have permissions to lower the nice value. Bash doesn't have a builtin 'nice', so don't say "most shells" have one. 2004-04-03 Dmitry V. Levin * coreutils.texi (readlink invocation): Document new "readlink -f" behaviour and new canonicalize options, -e and -m. 2004-07-02 Jim Meyering * Makefile.am (check-texinfo): Disallow `filename' in .texi files. Spell it like `file name' instead, to be consistent. Fail if a @footnote directive follows non-punctuation. Fail upon use of @url. Use @uref instead. 2004-07-01 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (Common options, Target directory, cp invocation, install invocation, mv invocation, ln invocation): Add -t as a short option for --target-directory, and -T as a short option for --no-target-directory. Clean up relevant synopses a bit, so that the language is similar for all. 2004-06-30 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi: Put the right amount of space at sentence ends. Make sure "i.e." and "e.g." are followed by commas (the GNU style). Put blank lines before and after every @example, prefer the previous line to end in ":" (when not a sentence end, for consistency), and prepend @noindent to the following line when appropriate. In examples, use "--" arguments when needed to prevent undesired interpretation of operands as options. Use "file name" rather than "filename", as per the GNU coding standards. Remove unwanted spaces before @footnote. Use "---" when appropriate, instead of " -- ". Use "name" (or something like that) rather than "path" or "pathname", since the GNU coding standards don't allow "path". Use @acronym, @command, @minus{}, @samp in a few places, where appropriate. (Target directory): Clarify description of example. (fmt invocation): Give issue number for reference, and reword for clarity. (sort invocation): Note that xargs without -0 also mishandles file names containing some special characters other than newline. (Translating): Mention that \012 is not universally portable. Use '\0' rather than '\000'. (Squeezing): bourne -> Bourne. Fix unportable usage of '\n' by replacing it with '[\n*]'. (More details about version sort): Remove unnecessary indent in examples. (dd invocation): Use 'kill -s USR1', not 'kill -USR1', as POSIX indicates that the former is more portable (the latter is an XSI extension). (shred invocation): Use @uref rather than @url, and use a more-typical style for the date. (kill invocation): Clarify usage; for example, "kill -s TERM -1" isn't allowed. (seq invocation): Reword to avoid implying that printf necessarily fails for numbers outside the 32-bit range. Prefer separating options from their operands. (Opening the software toolbox): Give an online reference to Robbins's article, and give a date. Don't imply that the current documentation is unchanged from his article. (Putting the tools together): Rework examples so that they don't assume the C locale; nowadays many users now operate outside the C locale by default. While we're at it, don't assume ASCII either. Indent example to match actual output from GNU uniq. Remove some unnecessary and confusing brackets from 'tr' operands. "Software Tools in Pascal" is back in print, according to Amazon anyway. Add references to Kernighan's online copies of examples. 2004-06-30 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi, perm.texi: Standardize on "file system" rather than "filesystem", as POSIX prefers it with a space. 2004-06-29 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (Common options, Target directory, cp invocation, install invocation, mv invocation, ln invocation): Likewise. (link invocation): Explain how to rewrite link using ln now that we have --no-target-directory. (ln invocation): Explain that --no-target-directory subsumes --no-dereference. (unlink invocation): Modify wording to match new wording in link invocation. 2004-06-25 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (install invocation): Document --target-directory in synopsis, too. 2004-06-15 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (yes invocation): "--" is now supported. (false invocation, true invocation): --help and --version now work unconditionally. 2004-06-07 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi: Remove menu references to just-removed subsection. 2004-06-06 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (tr invocation): Remove the section describing how POSIXLY_CORRECT changes tr's behavior. 2004-06-02 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (cut invocation): Clarify what --output-delimiter=STR does with byte/character ranges. 2004-06-01 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (tr invocation): Mention -C. 2004-05-13 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (echo invocation): Document today's changes. 2004-05-17 Jim Meyering chgrp and chown now dereference symlinks by default, per POSIX. * coreutils.texi (chgrp invocation, chown invocation): Document it. 2004-05-13 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (sort invocation): Document that "sort -m -o F" might write F before reading all the input. 2004-05-09 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (stat invocation): Change IO to I/O. * Makefile.am (check-texinfo): Check for the above. 2004-04-25 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (sort invocation): Mention -k earlier, so that the options are in alphabetical order. Describe how -b works more-accurately; this involves fixing some examples, too. Mention what happens if the start field falls after an end field or after a line end. Warn about using -k without -b, -g, -M, -n, or -t. Add an example of how to sort IPv4 addresses and Apache Common Log Format dates. Remove a duplicate example. (Putting the tools together): Use separate options rather than agglomerating them. 2004-03-27 Paul Eggert cp -pu and mv -u (when copying) now take the destination file system time stamp resolution into account. * coreutils.texi (mv invocation): Document this. (cp invocation): Document -u (it was missing!) with new behavior. 2004-04-08 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (dd invocation): Remove noctty flag from dd. 2004-04-07 Paul Eggert New dd conv= symbols nocreat, excl, fdatasync, fsync, and new dd options iflag= and oflag=. * coreutils.texi (dd invocation): Document them. 2004-04-07 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (stty invocation - Input): Document new iutf8 option. 2004-04-04 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (stat invocation): Correct --format description. 2004-02-25 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (Block size): Document new envvar BLOCKSIZE. 2004-03-24 Jim Meyering * Makefile.am (check-texinfo): Add a check to ensure future consistency in using @sc{nul}, not `NUL'. 2004-03-23 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi: Use @sc{nul} consistently for NUL. (du invocation): FILE0 -> FILE. 2004-03-23 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (du invocation): --files0-from is useful with --total (-c), not with --summarize. 2004-03-22 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi: Tweak a few lines that resulted in `overfull hbox' warnings. 2004-03-03 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (du invocation): Document new option: --file0-from=F. 2004-02-29 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (touch invocation): Describe use of fractional seconds. (date invocation, Options for date): Likewise. * getdate.texi (General date syntax, Time of day items): Likewise. * coreutils.texi (date invocation): Mention effect of LC_TIME. (Options for date): Describe new --iso-8601=ns option. * getdate.texi: Add copyright notice. Change getdate to get_date when talking about the function name. (Seconds since the Epoch): New section, containing the time_t info moved from Date input formats section, along with new info about the @ syntax. Mention negative time stamps, fractional time stamps, and leap seconds. (General date syntax): Modernize examples a bit to reflect new features. (General date syntax, Relative items in date strings): Use ' rather than " to quote formats. (Time of day items): Add an example with fractional seconds. Describe fractional-second syntax. 2004-03-15 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (date invocation): Add missing `C' to %[...] range in the `Date directives:: ...' menu entry. From Bob Proulx. * coreutils.texi: Add FIXME comment: The following don't have `invocation' nodes: [, pinky, shasum, uptime. 2004-03-10 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (Sorting the output): Remove description of ls's --sort=directory option. ls doesn't accept that option, yet. Reported by Arvind Autar. * coreutils.texi (cp invocation): Improve description of cp's --sparse=WHEN option. * coreutils.texi (nl invocation): Specify that these are _basic_ regular expressions (BRE), and add a link to grep's documentation. Suggestion from Dan Jacobson. 2004-02-23 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (chown invocation): Document that chown now falls back on USER.GROUP parsing regardless of POSIX version, as POSIX 1003.1-2001 allows that behavior as a compatible extension. 2004-02-22 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (du invocation): Mention that using du's -H option currently evokes a warning. 2004-02-15 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (expr invocation): Document what forms integers may take, and say "integer" consistently instead of "number". Warn about operands that "expr" can misinterpret, and how to work around the problem. 2004-02-17 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (csplit invocation): Correct typo (s/LINE/N/) in description of `N' pattern. From Reuben Thomas 2004-02-11 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (Time directives): The %s value *is* changed by the --date=DATE option; don't say otherwise. Patch from Padraig Brady. 2004-02-10 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (Formatting the file names): Improve wording for --quoting-style documentation. Suggestions by Bruno Haible. 2004-02-02 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (nice invocation): Add examples. Prompted by a suggestion from Dan Jacobson. (factor invocation): Add an example. Update timing numbers for a more modern CPU. 2004-01-27 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (seq invocation): Remove `@dots{}' at end of synopsis. Separate `Synopses' section into three examples. Clarify first paragraph. @w{}-protect an expression.1 Use @option{--option}, rather than @code{--option}. 2004-01-19 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (Exit status): Document that ordinary failure might not exit with status 1 on unusual platforms. Mention chroot, env, nice, and su as having unusual exit status patterns. Don't bother to mention true and false since their exit status patterns are actually normal. (sort invocation, su invocation): Mention its unusual exit status pattern. (chroot invocation): Simplify description of exit status 1. Remove duplicate description of status 127. (env invocation): Use consistent tenses; simplifiy description of status 1. (nice invocation): Likewise. 2003-12-15 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (touch invocation): touch -r and -d can now both be specified, with -r specifying the origin for -d. 2004-01-15 Alfred M. Szmidt Factor out some common options. * coreutils.texi (Common options): Define macros here. (What information is listed, cp invocation): Use the macro(s). (install invocation, mv invocation, ln invocation): Likewise. (df invocation, du invocation): Likewise. 2004-01-09 Jim Meyering Document the exit status of each and every program. * coreutils.texi (yes invocation): Document that a write error makes `yes' exit unsuccessfully. (chroot invocation): Enumerate the meaning of exit status values. (nice invocation): Likewise. (Exit status) [@macro exitstatus]: New macro. Use @exitstatus to describe the exit status of most programs. 2004-01-02 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (du invocation): Mention that -H will eventually mean not --si, but --dereference-args (-D). 2003-12-20 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (du invocation): Describe new option: -0, --null. 2003-12-03 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (What information is listed, chroot invocation): Adjust example 'ls' output to match new behavior with narrower output columns. (The cut command): Remove example that cut the output of 'ls -l'. The output was incorrect even with the old 'ls', and the whole idea of using 'cut' on 'ls -l' output is bogus anyway. 2003-11-24 Paul Eggert Parse floating-point operands and options in the C locale. POSIX requires this for printf, and we might as well be consistent elsewhere (tail, sleep, seq). * coreutils.texi (tail invocation, printf invocation, sleep invocation, seq invocation): Document this. 2003-11-24 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (Traversing symlinks, Treating / specially): New sections. (rm invocation, chown invocation, chmod invocation, chgrp invocation): Describe new options, --preserve-root and --no-preserve-root. 2003-11-11 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (chown invocation) [chownchgrpoptions]: New macro describing -H, -L, -P options. Use it here. (chgrp invocation): And here. 2003-11-09 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (dd invocation): Fix typo in example. 2003-10-15 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (ln invocation): Note that --directory, -d, -F probably won't work even for superuser. Suggestion from Dan Jacobson. 2003-09-29 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (csplit invocation): The regexp offset need not have a sign; POSIX requires support for signless offets. 2003-10-03 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (du invocation): Describe -P, --no-dereference. 2003-09-28 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (Translating): Correct typo in menu description. From A Costa. 2003-09-02 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (sort invocation): -d now overrides -i. "whitespace" -> "blanks"; "whitespace" isn't correct. -t '\0' now specifies a NUL tab. 2003-08-17 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (who invocation): Add an entry for -l, --login. Remove `-l' from the entry for --lookup. (who invocation): Begin adding missing option documentation. 2003-08-07 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (split invocation): Add -d or --numeric-suffixes option to 'split'. 2003-07-31 Paul Eggert * getdate.texi (General date syntax): Add --rfc-2822 option to GNU date. * coreutils.texi (Options for date): Fix a typo in format: it's now %d not %_d. Add URLs. 2003-07-31 Paul Eggert * getdate.texi (Relative items in date strings): Warn about fuzz in relative units. 2003-07-29 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (tail invocation): Restore two end-of-sentence words that were mistakenly removed on 2002-09-13. Reported by Paul Worrall. 2003-07-28 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (dd invocation): Explain that a SIGUSR1 signal makes dd give a progress report to stderr. 2003-07-24 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi: Document changes of 2003-07-24. 2003-07-24 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (su invocation): Use `@subsection', not invalid `@heading'. 2003-07-17 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (expr invocation): Exit status is 2 if the expression is syntactically invalid, 3 if there is some other error. This change is for conformance to POSIX. 2003-07-14 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (uname invocation): Explain the POSIX terminology behind uname -m and uname -s. 2003-07-13 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (chown invocation): Warn that chown now clears set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits on some systems. From Bob Proulx. (nohup invocation): Tell what happens when stdout is not a terminal. Based on a suggestion from Steven Mocking. 2003-07-10 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (Standards conformance): Mention that uses like `tail -1' and `head -1', like `sort +1', are non conforming. (chown invocation): Say that using `.' as a separator may not work. 2003-06-25 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (Time directives) [%s]: Add a cross reference to the related examples. (Examples of date): Add an @anchor here, along with a few more examples. Suggestion from Dan Jacobson. 2003-06-12 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (wc invocation): Tweak wording: wc prints counts in the order `newline, word, byte'. Suggestion from Keith M. Briggs. Also change `lines' to `newlines'. 2003-05-14 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (head invocation): Document --bytes=-N and --lines=-N. 2003-05-13 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (uniq invocation, squeezing, The uniq command): Use "repeated" rather than "duplicate" to describe adjacent duplicates; this simplifies the description and makes it more consistent with POSIX. (uniq invocation): Make it clear that -d and -u suppress the output of lines, rather than cause some lines to be output. Mention what happens if a line lacks enough fields or characters. 2003-05-13 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (true invocation): Mention that it is possible to make true --help or true --version (in non-POSIX mode) exit nonzero. Suggestion from Paul Eggert. 2003-05-10 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (Exit status): Remove `uniq' from the list. It uses standard exit codes. (More details about version sort): Note that strverscmp, and hence `ls -v', does not use LC_COLLATE. Reported by From: Andrey Borzenkov. 2003-04-21 Jim Meyering Fix printf POSIX compatibility bug reported by Ben Harris in . * coreutils.texi (printf invocation): It's \NNN in the format, \0NNN in the %b operand. 2003-04-10 Jim Meyering * Makefile.am (check-texinfo): Check for uses of non-zero. I prefer to spell it `nonzero'. * coreutils.texi (readlink invocation): Tweak description a little. 2003-04-04 Jim Meyering * Makefile.am (constants.texi): Rename target (thus enabling it), now that fileutils, textutils, and sh-utils have been merged. (MAINTAINERCLEANFILES): Define. 2003-04-02 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (false invocation): Note that false exits unsuccessfully even with --help and --version. * Makefile.am (check-texinfo): Don't fail if perl is missing. Reported by Nelson Beebe. 2003-03-27 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (printf invocation): Fix formatting bugs. From Paul Eggert. (sort invocation): Describe sort's --stable (-s) option. 2003-03-13 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (shred invocation): Mention that --exact is now the default for non-regular files. 2003-03-02 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (Exit status): New section. Suggestion from Michael Stone. 2003-02-21 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (du invocation): Document --apparent-size. Adjust documentation of --bytes (-b). (stat invocation): Describe %B. 2003-02-07 Richard Dawe * coreutils.texi: Use @command instead of @code for program names. * perm.texi (Mode Structure): Mention filesystem-specific permissions and that mounting a filesystem as read-only may override actual file permissions. Use @command instead of @code for program names. 2003-02-06 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi: Adjust alignment and mention `file, text, shell' on the `* Coreutils:...' dirently line. From Karl Berry. 2003-02-05 Jim Meyering * Makefile.am (check-texinfo): Allow bare `POSIX' to be used on direntry lines. * coreutils.texi: Use new form of @direntry. Put unlink in its proper place. Adjust wording in some dir entry descriptions, mainly so they fit in 80 columns. Don't use mark-up like @acronym{POSIX} in direntries. Mostly from Karl Berry. 2003-01-25 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (cut invocation): Describe new functionality of --output-delimiter=STR. 2003-01-24 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (The cut command): Give an example of using cut -c with an output delimiter. From Jan Nieuwenhuizen. * coreutils.texi (The cut command): Extend the new example a little. (Formatting file timestamps): Fix typo: s/%M:S/%M:%S/. * coreutils.texi: Change each use of `Core-utils' to `Coreutils'. From Karl Berry. 2003-01-19 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (Which files are listed): Document new option: --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir. 2003-01-15 Paul Eggert Change ls -H back to the way it was yesterday, since this is compatible with FreeBSD and the POSIX spec is confusing and somewhat contradictory. * coreutils.texi (Which files are listed, General output formatting): Undo last change. 2003-01-15 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (General output formatting): Reflect option name change: s/--dereference-command-line/--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir/. Say that this option changes how ls treats only symlinks to directories specified on the command line. 2002-08-27 Dmitry V. Levin * coreutils.texi: Document readlink. 2002-12-14 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (mknod invocation): Specify how major and minor mode numbers are interpreted. Report forwarded by Kristin E Thomas. 2002-11-13 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (Examples of expr): Remove bogus `^'s. Reported by Thomas Goerlich. 2002-11-09 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (What information is listed) [--dired]: Correct parts of --dired description. Reported by Andre Spiegel. Include a lot more description, with examples. 2002-11-06 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (printf invocation): Fix typo in index: change \0x prefix to \x. Change \xhhh to \xhh. 2002-10-07 Paul Eggert Add support for locale-specific size indications (e.g., thousands-separators) and for explicit size suffixes on output. * coreutils.texi (Block size): Say that: This affects display format as well as block size. Fractional block counts are rounded up. ls file size blocksize defaults to 1. A block size spec preceded by ' generates thousands separators. A suffix without a preceding integer generates suffixes. (tail invocation): 32k -> 32 KiB. (What information is listed): ls -h is now equivalent to ls --block-size=human, and ls -H is now equivalent to ls --block-size=si. Displayed file size is now always affected by --block-size. 2002-09-13 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (tail invocation): In --sleep-interval=NUMBER, NUMBER may now be a floating point number. (stat invocation): Remove references to now-removed %S and %C. (Time directives) [%S]: Explain why the range is [0..60]. 2002-08-30 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi [START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY]: Don't use sc{} on LHS. Fix typo: s/permission/permissions/. From Michail Litvak. 2002-08-02 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (uniq invocation): uniq now obeys LC_COLLATE. 2002-07-29 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (nohup invocation): Change behavior to conform to POSIX 1003.1-2001: - Do not adjust scheduling priority. - Redirects stderr to stdout, if stderr is not a terminal. - Exit status is now 126 if command was found but not invoked, 127 if nohup failed or if command was not found. 2002-07-24 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (Time directives): Document %P, %R, %e, %F, %g, %G, and %V 2002-07-22 Martin Michlmayr * coreutils.texi (Formatting the file names): Document that -N/--literal are equivalent to --quoting-style=literal. Reported by Oskar Liljeblad as Debian bug#103612. 2002-07-10 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (du invocation): s/PAT/PATTERN/. From Martin Michlmayr. 2002-07-08 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (cp invocation): Remove unnecessary "$@" in example; Texinfo would render the @" as an umlaut over the following character. From Paul Eggert. * Makefile.am (check-texinfo): Check for the above. 2002-07-06 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (stat invocation): Remove description of --secure. 2002-07-03 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (stat invocation): Rename --link/-l to --dereference/-L. Rewrite description of --dereference. 2002-06-26 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (Putting the tools together): Don't mention egrep, since it's not part of POSIX 1003.1-2001. 2002-06-21 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (stat invocation): New section. From Michael Meskes. 2002-05-19 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (ls invocation): Document new option: --author. 2002-06-03 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (rm invocation): Add the warning (also in the --help output) that the contents of a removed file are often recoverable. 2002-05-27 Jim Meyering * Makefile.am (check-texinfo): Adapt to reflect that now we use @acronym{POSIX}. 2002-05-26 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi: Use @acronym in place of most uses of @sc. * getdate.texi (Date input formats): Likewise. 2002-04-28 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi: Change `@code{PROG}' to `@command{PROG}'. 2002-04-28 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (kill invocation): Document the above. Document POSIX signals better. 2002-04-15 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi: Document kill. Written by Marcus Brinkmann. 2002-04-13 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi: Document link and unlink. 2002-04-08 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi: Use new directives, @copying and @insertcopying, thus now requiring texinfo-4.2 to create the .info file. 2002-02-26 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (File characteristic tests): Document the behavior of test -nt and -ot when one of the files does not exist, using the same behavior that is documented in ksh93. 2002-03-05 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (cut invocation): Say that selected input is written in the same order that it is read, and is written exactly once. 2002-03-03 Paul Eggert Make cp -r equivalent to cp -R. Add a new cp option --copy-contents for people who want to emulate the traditional (and rarely desirable) cp -r behavior. * coreutils.texi (cp invocation): Document this. Fix some related minor bugs: --no-dereference is no longer equivalent to -d, and --archive (-a) can override the other symlink options. Warn that cp -R is not portable on symbolic links unless you also specify -P. 2002-03-02 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (cp invocation): Document that cp -r preserves symlinks. Emphasize non-portability of cp -r. 2002-02-27 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (Time directives): Add %N for nanoseconds. This documents the recent change to 'ls'. 2002-02-28 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (pr invocation): Reword to avoid using `:' in an @opindex entry -- info doesn't permit it. 2002-02-27 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (Formatting file timestamps): Document new time-formatting method: --time-style=+FORMAT. 2002-02-18 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (seq invocation): In the example, use "tail -n 3", not "tail -3", to conform to POSIX 1003.1-2001. 2002-02-17 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (tsort background): New section. From Ian Lance Taylor. (tsort invocation): Add a more realistic example. 2002-02-15 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi: Document _POSIX2_VERSION. (Standards Conformance): New section. 2002-01-24 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY): Remove a few entries and clean up a few others based on suggestions from Bob Proulx. 2002-02-14 Paul Eggert Add support for POSIX 1003.1-2001, which requires removal for support of obsolete "+" option syntax in sort, tail, and uniq. * coreutils.texi: Document this. (Also, document a similar change to "touch", for fileutils). 2002-01-12 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (shred invocation): List some journaled filesystems. 2001-11-10 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (Date directives): Document %u. 2001-11-07 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (paste invocation): Give examples. Thanks to Dan Jacobson for suggesting the examples. 2001-11-05 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (sort invocation): Recommend setting LC_ALL=C, not LC_COLLATE=C. Explain how the latter can cause problems. Based on a message from Paul Eggert. (ls invocation): Recommend setting LC_ALL=C, not LC_COLLATE=C. 2001-10-21 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (cp invocation): Describe --reply=... 2001-10-17 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (cp invocation): `cp --no-dereference' is no longer equivalent to `cp -d'. `cp -d' is equivalent to `--no-dereference --preserve=links'. cp's -P option means --no-dereference, not --parents. Describe new optional argument to --preserve. Describe new option: --no-preserve=ATTRIBUTE_LIST. 2001-09-23 Jim Meyering * Makefile.am (check-texinfo): Redirect stderr of `grep -w' to /dev/null, so people with old versions of grep don't see the failure. 2001-09-16 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (mv invocation): Describe new option: --reply={yes,no,query}. Fix a few typos. 2001-09-15 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (uniq invocation): The input need not be sorted. Try to clarify -d versus -D versus -u. 2001-09-12 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (tail invocation): Document new option: -F. From Herbert Xu. 2001-09-04 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi (join invocation): Describe the GNU extension to join, which does not require sorted input when the input contains no unpairable lines. 2001-09-03 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi: New 'uname' options -i or --hardware-platform, and -o or --operating-system. 'uname -a' now outputs -i and -o information at the end. New uname option --kernel-version is an alias for -v. Uname option --release has been renamed to --kernel-release, and --sysname has been renamed to --kernel-name; the old options will work for a while, but are no longer documented. 2001-08-24 Herbert Xu * coreutils.texi (cut invocation): Document how cut treats lines with no separators. 2001-06-19 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi: expr now uses LC_COLLATE for string comparison, as per POSIX. 2001-08-25 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi: Use @option, rather than @samp everywhere. 2001-06-21 Paul Eggert * coreutils.texi: 'expr' now requires '+' rather than 'quote' to quote tokens. 2001-07-14 Jim Meyering * coreutils.texi (cp invocation): Reflect 2001-07-08 change to cp (via copy.c). 2001-06-16 Jim Meyering * Makefile.am (info_TEXINFOS): Reflect renaming: s/omni-/core/. * coreutils.texi: Likewise. * coreutils.texi: New, renamed from omni-utils.texi. * omni-utils.texi: Removed, renamed to coreutils.texi. * omni-utils.texi (ls invocation): Mention the effect of locale. Reported by Keith Thompson. 2001-05-24 Jim Meyering * texinfo.tex: Update from master source. * omni-utils.texi (ls invocation): Document more clearly what ls does when given no arguments. 2001-05-21 Jim Meyering * textutils.texi: Remove file. * Makefile.am ($(DVIS), $(INFO_DEPS)): Depend on $(EXTRA_DIST). (DISABLED_constants.texi): New rule -- disabled for now. This directory is now shared by fileutils, textutils, and sh-utils. ----- Copyright (C) 2001-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification, are permitted provided the copyright notice and this notice are preserved. 070701000091be000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7d0000f4fc000000660000000300000000000000000000002100000000reloc/doc/coreutils/doc/Makefile# Makefile.in generated by automake 1.11a from Makefile.am. # doc/Makefile. Generated from Makefile.in by configure. # Copyright (C) 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, # 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software # Foundation, Inc. # This Makefile.in is free software; the Free Software Foundation # gives unlimited permission to copy and/or distribute it, # with or without modifications, as long as this notice is preserved. # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law; without # even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A # PARTICULAR PURPOSE. # Make coreutils documentation. -*-Makefile-*- # Copyright (C) 1995-1998, 2001-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or # (at your option) any later version. # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. 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GNULIB_ISNAN = 0 GNULIB_ISNAND = 0 GNULIB_ISNANF = 0 GNULIB_ISNANL = 0 GNULIB_LCHMOD = 1 GNULIB_LCHOWN = 1 GNULIB_LDEXPL = 0 GNULIB_LINK = 1 GNULIB_LINKAT = 1 GNULIB_LISTEN = IN_COREUTILS_GNULIB_TESTS GNULIB_LOGB = 0 GNULIB_LOGL = 0 GNULIB_LSEEK = 1 GNULIB_LSTAT = 1 GNULIB_MALLOC_POSIX = 1 GNULIB_MBRLEN = 1 GNULIB_MBRTOWC = 1 GNULIB_MBSCASECMP = 1 GNULIB_MBSCASESTR = 0 GNULIB_MBSCHR = 0 GNULIB_MBSCSPN = 0 GNULIB_MBSINIT = 1 GNULIB_MBSLEN = 1 GNULIB_MBSNCASECMP = 0 GNULIB_MBSNLEN = 0 GNULIB_MBSNRTOWCS = 0 GNULIB_MBSPBRK = 0 GNULIB_MBSPCASECMP = 0 GNULIB_MBSRCHR = 0 GNULIB_MBSRTOWCS = 1 GNULIB_MBSSEP = 0 GNULIB_MBSSPN = 0 GNULIB_MBSSTR = 1 GNULIB_MBSTOK_R = 0 GNULIB_MEMCHR = 1 GNULIB_MEMMEM = 0 GNULIB_MEMPCPY = 1 GNULIB_MEMRCHR = 1 GNULIB_MKDIRAT = 1 GNULIB_MKDTEMP = 0 GNULIB_MKFIFO = 0 GNULIB_MKFIFOAT = 0 GNULIB_MKNOD = 0 GNULIB_MKNODAT = 0 GNULIB_MKOSTEMP = 0 GNULIB_MKOSTEMPS = 0 GNULIB_MKSTEMP = 1 GNULIB_MKSTEMPS = 0 GNULIB_MKTIME = 1 GNULIB_NANOSLEEP = 1 GNULIB_NL_LANGINFO = 1 GNULIB_OBSTACK_PRINTF = 0 GNULIB_OBSTACK_PRINTF_POSIX = 0 GNULIB_OPEN = 1 GNULIB_OPENAT = 1 GNULIB_PERROR = IN_COREUTILS_GNULIB_TESTS GNULIB_PIPE2 = 0 GNULIB_POPEN = 0 GNULIB_PREAD = 0 GNULIB_PRINTF = 1 GNULIB_PRINTF_POSIX = 0 GNULIB_PTSNAME = 0 GNULIB_PUTC = 1 GNULIB_PUTCHAR = 1 GNULIB_PUTENV = 1 GNULIB_PUTS = 1 GNULIB_RANDOM_R = 0 GNULIB_RAWMEMCHR = 0 GNULIB_READLINK = 1 GNULIB_READLINKAT = 1 GNULIB_REALLOC_POSIX = 1 GNULIB_REALPATH = 0 GNULIB_RECV = 0 GNULIB_RECVFROM = 0 GNULIB_REMOVE = 1 GNULIB_RENAME = 1 GNULIB_RENAMEAT = 0 GNULIB_RMDIR = 1 GNULIB_ROUND = 0 GNULIB_ROUNDF = 0 GNULIB_ROUNDL = 0 GNULIB_RPMATCH = 1 GNULIB_SCANDIR = 0 GNULIB_SELECT = 1 GNULIB_SEND = 0 GNULIB_SENDTO = 0 GNULIB_SETENV = 1 GNULIB_SETSOCKOPT = IN_COREUTILS_GNULIB_TESTS GNULIB_SHUTDOWN = 0 GNULIB_SIGACTION = 1 GNULIB_SIGNAL_H_SIGPIPE = 0 GNULIB_SIGNBIT = 1 GNULIB_SIGPROCMASK = 1 GNULIB_SINL = 0 GNULIB_SLEEP = IN_COREUTILS_GNULIB_TESTS GNULIB_SNPRINTF = 1 GNULIB_SOCKET = IN_COREUTILS_GNULIB_TESTS GNULIB_SPRINTF_POSIX = 0 GNULIB_SQRTL = 0 GNULIB_STAT = 1 GNULIB_STDIO_H_SIGPIPE = 0 GNULIB_STPCPY = 1 GNULIB_STPNCPY = 1 GNULIB_STRCASESTR = 0 GNULIB_STRCHRNUL = 0 GNULIB_STRDUP = 1 GNULIB_STRERROR = 1 GNULIB_STRNCAT = 0 GNULIB_STRNDUP = 1 GNULIB_STRNLEN = 1 GNULIB_STRPBRK = 1 GNULIB_STRPTIME = 0 GNULIB_STRSEP = 0 GNULIB_STRSIGNAL = 1 GNULIB_STRSTR = 1 GNULIB_STRTOD = 1 GNULIB_STRTOIMAX = 1 GNULIB_STRTOK_R = 0 GNULIB_STRTOLL = 1 GNULIB_STRTOULL = 1 GNULIB_STRTOUMAX = 1 GNULIB_STRVERSCMP = 0 GNULIB_SYMLINK = 1 GNULIB_SYMLINKAT = 1 GNULIB_TANL = 0 GNULIB_TIMEGM = 0 GNULIB_TIME_R = 1 GNULIB_TMPFILE = 0 GNULIB_TRUNC = 0 GNULIB_TRUNCF = 0 GNULIB_TRUNCL = 0 GNULIB_TTYNAME_R = 0 GNULIB_UNAME = 1 GNULIB_UNISTD_H_GETOPT = 1 GNULIB_UNISTD_H_SIGPIPE = 0 GNULIB_UNLINK = 1 GNULIB_UNLINKAT = 1 GNULIB_UNLOCKPT = 0 GNULIB_UNSETENV = 1 GNULIB_USLEEP = IN_COREUTILS_GNULIB_TESTS GNULIB_UTIMENSAT = 0 GNULIB_VASPRINTF = 1 GNULIB_VDPRINTF = 0 GNULIB_VFPRINTF = 1 GNULIB_VFPRINTF_POSIX = 1 GNULIB_VPRINTF = 1 GNULIB_VPRINTF_POSIX = 1 GNULIB_VSNPRINTF = 0 GNULIB_VSPRINTF_POSIX = 0 GNULIB_WARN_CFLAGS = GNULIB_WCRTOMB = 1 GNULIB_WCSNRTOMBS = 0 GNULIB_WCSRTOMBS = 0 GNULIB_WCTOB = IN_COREUTILS_GNULIB_TESTS GNULIB_WCWIDTH = 1 GNULIB_WRITE = 1 GREP = /usr/local/bin/grep HAVE_ACCEPT4 = 1 HAVE_ACOSL = 1 HAVE_ALPHASORT = 1 HAVE_ARPA_INET_H = 1 HAVE_ASINL = 1 HAVE_ATANL = 1 HAVE_ATOLL = 1 HAVE_BTOWC = 1 HAVE_CALLOC_POSIX = 1 HAVE_CANONICALIZE_FILE_NAME = 0 HAVE_CHOWN = 1 HAVE_COSL = 1 HAVE_DECL_ACOSL = 1 HAVE_DECL_ASINL = 1 HAVE_DECL_ATANL = 1 HAVE_DECL_CEILF = 1 HAVE_DECL_CEILL = 1 HAVE_DECL_COSL = 1 HAVE_DECL_DIRFD = 0 HAVE_DECL_ENVIRON = 0 HAVE_DECL_EXPL = 1 HAVE_DECL_FDOPENDIR = 1 HAVE_DECL_FLOORF = 1 HAVE_DECL_FLOORL = 1 HAVE_DECL_FPURGE = 0 HAVE_DECL_FREEADDRINFO = 1 HAVE_DECL_FREXPL = 1 HAVE_DECL_GAI_STRERROR = 1 HAVE_DECL_GETADDRINFO = 1 HAVE_DECL_GETDELIM = 0 HAVE_DECL_GETLINE = 0 HAVE_DECL_GETLOADAVG = 1 HAVE_DECL_GETLOGIN_R = 1 HAVE_DECL_GETNAMEINFO = 1 HAVE_DECL_GETPAGESIZE = 1 HAVE_DECL_GETUSERSHELL = 1 HAVE_DECL_IMAXABS = 1 HAVE_DECL_IMAXDIV = 1 HAVE_DECL_INET_NTOP = 1 HAVE_DECL_INET_PTON = 1 HAVE_DECL_LDEXPL = 1 HAVE_DECL_LOGB = 1 HAVE_DECL_LOGL = 1 HAVE_DECL_MEMMEM = 1 HAVE_DECL_MEMRCHR = 0 HAVE_DECL_OBSTACK_PRINTF = 1 HAVE_DECL_ROUND = 1 HAVE_DECL_ROUNDF = 1 HAVE_DECL_ROUNDL = 1 HAVE_DECL_SINL = 1 HAVE_DECL_SNPRINTF = 1 HAVE_DECL_SQRTL = 1 HAVE_DECL_STRDUP = 1 HAVE_DECL_STRNDUP = 0 HAVE_DECL_STRNLEN = 0 HAVE_DECL_STRSIGNAL = 1 HAVE_DECL_STRTOIMAX = 1 HAVE_DECL_STRTOK_R = 1 HAVE_DECL_STRTOUMAX = 1 HAVE_DECL_TANL = 1 HAVE_DECL_TRUNC = 1 HAVE_DECL_TRUNCF = 1 HAVE_DECL_TRUNCL = 1 HAVE_DECL_VSNPRINTF = 1 HAVE_DECL_WCTOB = 1 HAVE_DECL_WCWIDTH = 1 HAVE_DPRINTF = 1 HAVE_DUP2 = 1 HAVE_DUP3 = 1 HAVE_DUPLOCALE = 1 HAVE_EUIDACCESS = 0 HAVE_EXPL = 1 HAVE_FACCESSAT = 0 HAVE_FCHDIR = 1 HAVE_FCHMODAT = 0 HAVE_FCHOWNAT = 1 HAVE_FCNTL = 1 HAVE_FDOPENDIR = 1 HAVE_FSEEKO = 1 HAVE_FSTATAT = 1 HAVE_FSYNC = 1 HAVE_FTELLO = 1 HAVE_FTRUNCATE = 1 HAVE_FUTIMENS = 1 HAVE_GETDOMAINNAME = 1 HAVE_GETDTABLESIZE = 1 HAVE_GETGROUPS = 1 HAVE_GETHOSTNAME = 1 HAVE_GETLOGIN = 1 HAVE_GETOPT_H = 1 HAVE_GETPAGESIZE = 1 HAVE_GETSUBOPT = 1 HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY = 1 HAVE_GRANTPT = 1 HAVE_INTTYPES_H = 1 HAVE_ISBLANK = 1 HAVE_ISNAND = 1 HAVE_ISNANF = 1 HAVE_ISNANL = 1 HAVE_ISWBLANK = 1 HAVE_ISWCNTRL = 1 HAVE_LANGINFO_CODESET = 1 HAVE_LANGINFO_ERA = 1 HAVE_LANGINFO_H = 1 HAVE_LCHMOD = 0 HAVE_LCHOWN = 1 HAVE_LINK = 1 HAVE_LINKAT = 0 HAVE_LOCALTIME_R = 1 HAVE_LOGL = 1 HAVE_LONG_LONG_INT = 1 HAVE_LSTAT = 1 HAVE_MALLOC_POSIX = 1 HAVE_MBRLEN = 1 HAVE_MBRTOWC = 1 HAVE_MBSINIT = 1 HAVE_MBSLEN = 0 HAVE_MBSNRTOWCS = 1 HAVE_MBSRTOWCS = 1 HAVE_MEMCHR = 1 HAVE_MEMPCPY = 0 HAVE_MKDIRAT = 0 HAVE_MKDTEMP = 1 HAVE_MKFIFO = 1 HAVE_MKFIFOAT = 1 HAVE_MKNOD = 1 HAVE_MKNODAT = 1 HAVE_MKOSTEMP = 1 HAVE_MKOSTEMPS = 1 HAVE_MKSTEMP = 1 HAVE_MKSTEMPS = 1 HAVE_NANOSLEEP = 1 HAVE_NETDB_H = 1 HAVE_NETINET_IN_H = HAVE_NL_LANGINFO = 1 HAVE_OPENAT = 1 HAVE_OS_H = 0 HAVE_PIPE2 = 1 HAVE_POSIX_SIGNALBLOCKING = 1 HAVE_PREAD = 1 HAVE_PTSNAME = 1 HAVE_RANDOM_H = 0 HAVE_RANDOM_R = 1 HAVE_RAWMEMCHR = 1 HAVE_READLINK = 1 HAVE_READLINKAT = 0 HAVE_REALLOC_POSIX = 1 HAVE_REALPATH = 1 HAVE_RENAMEAT = 1 HAVE_RPMATCH = 0 HAVE_SA_FAMILY_T = 1 HAVE_SCANDIR = 1 HAVE_SETENV = 1 HAVE_SIGACTION = 1 HAVE_SIGINFO_T = 1 HAVE_SIGNED_SIG_ATOMIC_T = 1 HAVE_SIGNED_WCHAR_T = 1 HAVE_SIGNED_WINT_T = 1 HAVE_SIGSET_T = 1 HAVE_SINL = 1 HAVE_SLEEP = 1 HAVE_SQRTL = 1 HAVE_STDINT_H = 1 HAVE_STPCPY = 0 HAVE_STPNCPY = 0 HAVE_STRCASESTR = 1 HAVE_STRCHRNUL = 1 HAVE_STRPBRK = 1 HAVE_STRPTIME = 1 HAVE_STRSEP = 1 HAVE_STRTOD = 1 HAVE_STRTOLL = 1 HAVE_STRTOULL = 1 HAVE_STRUCT_ADDRINFO = 1 HAVE_STRUCT_RANDOM_DATA = 0 HAVE_STRUCT_SIGACTION_SA_SIGACTION = 1 HAVE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_STORAGE = 1 HAVE_STRUCT_TIMEVAL = 1 HAVE_STRUCT_UTSNAME = 1 HAVE_STRVERSCMP = 1 HAVE_SYMLINK = 1 HAVE_SYMLINKAT = 0 HAVE_SYS_BITYPES_H = 0 HAVE_SYS_INTTYPES_H = 1 HAVE_SYS_IOCTL_H = 1 HAVE_SYS_LOADAVG_H = 1 HAVE_SYS_PARAM_H = 0 HAVE_SYS_SELECT_H = 1 HAVE_SYS_SOCKET_H = 1 HAVE_SYS_TIME_H = 1 HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H = 1 HAVE_SYS_UTSNAME_H = 1 HAVE_TANL = 1 HAVE_TIMEGM = 1 HAVE_TTYNAME_R = 1 HAVE_TYPE_VOLATILE_SIG_ATOMIC_T = 1 HAVE_UNAME = 1 HAVE_UNISTD_H = 1 HAVE_UNLINKAT = 1 HAVE_UNLOCKPT = 1 HAVE_UNSETENV = 1 HAVE_UNSIGNED_LONG_LONG_INT = 1 HAVE_USLEEP = 1 HAVE_UTIMENSAT = 1 HAVE_VASPRINTF = 0 HAVE_VDPRINTF = 1 HAVE_WCHAR_H = 1 HAVE_WCHAR_T = 1 HAVE_WCRTOMB = 1 HAVE_WCSNRTOMBS = 1 HAVE_WCSRTOMBS = 1 HAVE_WCTYPE_H = 1 HAVE_WINSOCK2_H = 0 HAVE_WINT_T = 1 HAVE_WS2TCPIP_H = 0 HAVE_XLOCALE_H = 0 HAVE__BOOL = 1 HELP2MAN = ${SHELL} /bigdisk/SOURCES/I10/coreutils-8.5/build-aux/missing --run help2man HOSTENT_LIB = -lnsl ICONV_H = iconv.h IGNORE_UNUSED_LIBRARIES_CFLAGS = -Wl,-z,ignore INCLUDE_NEXT = include_next INCLUDE_NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE = include_next INET_NTOP_LIB = -lnsl INET_PTON_LIB = -lnsl INSTALL = /usr/local/bin/ginstall -c INSTALL_DATA = ${INSTALL} -m 644 INSTALL_PROGRAM = ${INSTALL} INSTALL_SCRIPT = ${INSTALL} INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM = $(install_sh) -c -s INSTALL_SU = no INT32_MAX_LT_INTMAX_MAX = 1 INT64_MAX_EQ_LONG_MAX = 0 INTLLIBS = /usr/local/lib/libintl.so /usr/local/lib/libiconv.so /usr/lib/libsec.so /usr/lib/libc.so -R/usr/local/lib -R/usr/lib -R/usr/openwin/lib -R/usr/local/ssl/lib -R/usr/X11R6/lib INTL_MACOSX_LIBS = KMEM_GROUP = LDFLAGS = -L/usr/local/lib -R/usr/local/lib -R/usr/lib -L/usr/lib -R/usr/openwin/lib -L/usr/openwin/lib -L/usr/local/ssl/lib -R/usr/local/ssl/lib -L/usr/X11R6/lib -R/usr/X11R6/lib -L/usr/local/BerkeleyDB.4.7/lib -R/usr/local/BerkeleyDB.4.7/lib LIBCOREUTILS_LIBDEPS = /usr/local/lib/libiconv.so -R/usr/local/lib LIBCOREUTILS_LTLIBDEPS = -L/usr/local/lib -liconv -R/usr/local/lib LIBICONV = /usr/local/lib/libiconv.so -R/usr/local/lib LIBINTL = /usr/local/lib/libintl.so /usr/local/lib/libiconv.so /usr/lib/libsec.so /usr/lib/libc.so -R/usr/local/lib -R/usr/lib -R/usr/openwin/lib -R/usr/local/ssl/lib -R/usr/X11R6/lib LIBMULTITHREAD = -lpthread LIBOBJS = ${LIBOBJDIR}euidaccess-stat$U.o ${LIBOBJDIR}fd-reopen$U.o ${LIBOBJDIR}xfts$U.o ${LIBOBJDIR}memxfrm$U.o ${LIBOBJDIR}strintcmp$U.o ${LIBOBJDIR}strnumcmp$U.o LIBPTH = LIBPTH_PREFIX = LIBS = -lintl LIBSOCKET = -lsocket LIBTESTS_LIBDEPS = LIBTHREAD = LIB_ACL = -lsec LIB_CAP = LIB_CLOCK_GETTIME = -lrt LIB_CRYPT = LIB_EACCESS = -lgen LIB_FDATASYNC = -lrt LIB_GETHRXTIME = LIB_GMP = -lgmp LIB_NANOSLEEP = -lrt LIB_SELINUX = LIB_XATTR = LN_S = ln -s LOCALCHARSET_TESTS_ENVIRONMENT = CHARSETALIASDIR="$(top_builddir)/lib" LOCALE_FR = none LOCALE_FR_UTF8 = none LOCALE_JA = none LOCALE_TR_UTF8 = none LOCALE_ZH_CN = none LTLIBICONV = -L/usr/local/lib -liconv -R/usr/local/lib LTLIBINTL = -L/usr/local/lib -lintl -L/usr/local/lib -liconv -L/usr/lib -lsec -L/usr/lib -lc -R/usr/local/lib -R/usr/lib -R/usr/openwin/lib -R/usr/local/ssl/lib -R/usr/X11R6/lib LTLIBMULTITHREAD = -lpthread LTLIBOBJS = ${LIBOBJDIR}euidaccess-stat$U.lo ${LIBOBJDIR}fd-reopen$U.lo ${LIBOBJDIR}xfts$U.lo ${LIBOBJDIR}memxfrm$U.lo ${LIBOBJDIR}strintcmp$U.lo ${LIBOBJDIR}strnumcmp$U.lo LTLIBPTH = LTLIBTHREAD = MAKEINFO = ${SHELL} /bigdisk/SOURCES/I10/coreutils-8.5/build-aux/missing --run makeinfo MAN = chroot.1 hostid.1 nice.1 who.1 users.1 pinky.1 uptime.1 stty.1 df.1 stdbuf.1 base64.1 basename.1 cat.1 chcon.1 chgrp.1 chmod.1 chown.1 cksum.1 comm.1 cp.1 csplit.1 cut.1 date.1 dd.1 dir.1 dircolors.1 dirname.1 du.1 echo.1 env.1 expand.1 expr.1 factor.1 false.1 fmt.1 fold.1 install.1 groups.1 head.1 id.1 join.1 kill.1 link.1 ln.1 logname.1 ls.1 md5sum.1 mkdir.1 mkfifo.1 mknod.1 mktemp.1 mv.1 nl.1 nproc.1 nohup.1 od.1 paste.1 pathchk.1 pr.1 printenv.1 printf.1 ptx.1 pwd.1 readlink.1 rm.1 rmdir.1 runcon.1 seq.1 sha1sum.1 sha224sum.1 sha256sum.1 sha384sum.1 sha512sum.1 shred.1 shuf.1 sleep.1 sort.1 split.1 stat.1 sum.1 sync.1 tac.1 tail.1 tee.1 test.1 timeout.1 touch.1 tr.1 true.1 truncate.1 tsort.1 tty.1 uname.1 unexpand.1 uniq.1 unlink.1 vdir.1 wc.1 whoami.1 yes.1 MKDIR_P = /usr/local/bin/mkdir -p MSGFMT = /usr/local/bin/msgfmt MSGFMT_015 = /usr/local/bin/msgfmt MSGMERGE = /usr/local/bin/msgmerge NEED_SETGID = false NETINET_IN_H = NEXT_ARPA_INET_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_ARPA_INET_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_CTYPE_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_DIRENT_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_ERRNO_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_FCNTL_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_FLOAT_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_GETOPT_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_ICONV_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_INTTYPES_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_LANGINFO_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_LOCALE_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_MATH_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_NETDB_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_NETINET_IN_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_SELINUX_SELINUX_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_SIGNAL_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_STDARG_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_STDDEF_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_STDINT_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_STDIO_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_STDLIB_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_STRING_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_SYS_IOCTL_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_SYS_SELECT_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_SYS_SOCKET_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_SYS_STAT_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_SYS_TIME_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_SYS_UTSNAME_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_TIME_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_UNISTD_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_WCHAR_H = NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_WCTYPE_H = NEXT_CTYPE_H = NEXT_DIRENT_H = NEXT_ERRNO_H = NEXT_FCNTL_H = NEXT_FLOAT_H = NEXT_GETOPT_H = NEXT_ICONV_H = NEXT_INTTYPES_H = NEXT_LANGINFO_H = NEXT_LOCALE_H = NEXT_MATH_H = NEXT_NETDB_H = NEXT_NETINET_IN_H = NEXT_SELINUX_SELINUX_H = NEXT_SIGNAL_H = NEXT_STDARG_H = NEXT_STDDEF_H = NEXT_STDINT_H = NEXT_STDIO_H = NEXT_STDLIB_H = NEXT_STRING_H = NEXT_SYS_IOCTL_H = NEXT_SYS_SELECT_H = NEXT_SYS_SOCKET_H = NEXT_SYS_STAT_H = NEXT_SYS_TIME_H = NEXT_SYS_UTSNAME_H = NEXT_TIME_H = NEXT_UNISTD_H = NEXT_WCHAR_H = NEXT_WCTYPE_H = NO_INSTALL_PROGS_DEFAULT = arch hostname su OBJEXT = o OPTIONAL_BIN_PROGS = chroot$(EXEEXT) hostid$(EXEEXT) nice$(EXEEXT) who$(EXEEXT) users$(EXEEXT) pinky$(EXEEXT) uptime$(EXEEXT) stty$(EXEEXT) df$(EXEEXT) stdbuf$(EXEEXT) [$(EXEEXT) base64$(EXEEXT) basename$(EXEEXT) cat$(EXEEXT) chcon$(EXEEXT) chgrp$(EXEEXT) chmod$(EXEEXT) chown$(EXEEXT) cksum$(EXEEXT) comm$(EXEEXT) cp$(EXEEXT) csplit$(EXEEXT) cut$(EXEEXT) date$(EXEEXT) dd$(EXEEXT) dir$(EXEEXT) dircolors$(EXEEXT) dirname$(EXEEXT) du$(EXEEXT) echo$(EXEEXT) env$(EXEEXT) expand$(EXEEXT) expr$(EXEEXT) factor$(EXEEXT) false$(EXEEXT) fmt$(EXEEXT) fold$(EXEEXT) ginstall$(EXEEXT) groups$(EXEEXT) head$(EXEEXT) id$(EXEEXT) join$(EXEEXT) kill$(EXEEXT) link$(EXEEXT) ln$(EXEEXT) logname$(EXEEXT) ls$(EXEEXT) md5sum$(EXEEXT) mkdir$(EXEEXT) mkfifo$(EXEEXT) mknod$(EXEEXT) mktemp$(EXEEXT) mv$(EXEEXT) nl$(EXEEXT) nproc$(EXEEXT) nohup$(EXEEXT) od$(EXEEXT) paste$(EXEEXT) pathchk$(EXEEXT) pr$(EXEEXT) printenv$(EXEEXT) printf$(EXEEXT) ptx$(EXEEXT) pwd$(EXEEXT) readlink$(EXEEXT) rm$(EXEEXT) rmdir$(EXEEXT) runcon$(EXEEXT) seq$(EXEEXT) sha1sum$(EXEEXT) sha224sum$(EXEEXT) sha256sum$(EXEEXT) sha384sum$(EXEEXT) sha512sum$(EXEEXT) shred$(EXEEXT) shuf$(EXEEXT) sleep$(EXEEXT) sort$(EXEEXT) split$(EXEEXT) stat$(EXEEXT) sum$(EXEEXT) sync$(EXEEXT) tac$(EXEEXT) tail$(EXEEXT) tee$(EXEEXT) test$(EXEEXT) timeout$(EXEEXT) touch$(EXEEXT) tr$(EXEEXT) true$(EXEEXT) truncate$(EXEEXT) tsort$(EXEEXT) tty$(EXEEXT) uname$(EXEEXT) unexpand$(EXEEXT) uniq$(EXEEXT) unlink$(EXEEXT) vdir$(EXEEXT) wc$(EXEEXT) whoami$(EXEEXT) yes$(EXEEXT) OPTIONAL_PKGLIB_PROGS = libstdbuf.so PACKAGE = coreutils PACKAGE_BUGREPORT = bug-coreutils@gnu.org PACKAGE_NAME = GNU coreutils PACKAGE_STRING = GNU coreutils 8.5 PACKAGE_TARNAME = coreutils PACKAGE_URL = http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/ PACKAGE_VERSION = 8.5 PATH_SEPARATOR = : PERL = perl POSIX_SHELL = /usr/bin/bash POSUB = po POW_LIB = -lm PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER = #pragma GCC system_header PREFERABLY_POSIX_SHELL = /usr/bin/bash PRIPTR_PREFIX = "l" PRI_MACROS_BROKEN = 0 PTRDIFF_T_SUFFIX = RANLIB = ranlib REPLACE_BTOWC = 0 REPLACE_CANONICALIZE_FILE_NAME = 0 REPLACE_CEILF = 0 REPLACE_CEILL = 0 REPLACE_CHOWN = 0 REPLACE_CLOSE = 0 REPLACE_CLOSEDIR = 0 REPLACE_DPRINTF = 0 REPLACE_DUP = 0 REPLACE_DUP2 = 0 REPLACE_DUPLOCALE = 0 REPLACE_FCHOWNAT = 0 REPLACE_FCLOSE = 0 REPLACE_FCNTL = 1 REPLACE_FDOPENDIR = 0 REPLACE_FFLUSH = 0 REPLACE_FLOORF = 0 REPLACE_FLOORL = 0 REPLACE_FOPEN = 0 REPLACE_FPRINTF = 0 REPLACE_FPURGE = 0 REPLACE_FREOPEN = 0 REPLACE_FREXP = 0 REPLACE_FREXPL = 1 REPLACE_FSEEK = 0 REPLACE_FSEEKO = 0 REPLACE_FSTAT = 0 REPLACE_FSTATAT = 0 REPLACE_FTELL = 0 REPLACE_FTELLO = 0 REPLACE_FUTIMENS = 0 REPLACE_GETCWD = 1 REPLACE_GETDELIM = 0 REPLACE_GETGROUPS = 0 REPLACE_GETLINE = 1 REPLACE_GETPAGESIZE = 0 REPLACE_GETTIMEOFDAY = 0 REPLACE_HUGE_VAL = 0 REPLACE_ICONV = 0 REPLACE_ICONV_OPEN = 0 REPLACE_ICONV_UTF = 0 REPLACE_IOCTL = 0 REPLACE_ISFINITE = 0 REPLACE_ISINF = 0 REPLACE_ISNAN = 0 REPLACE_ISWCNTRL = 0 REPLACE_LCHOWN = 0 REPLACE_LDEXPL = 0 REPLACE_LINK = 1 REPLACE_LINKAT = 0 REPLACE_LOCALTIME_R = 0 REPLACE_LSEEK = 0 REPLACE_LSTAT = 0 REPLACE_MBRLEN = 1 REPLACE_MBRTOWC = 1 REPLACE_MBSINIT = 0 REPLACE_MBSNRTOWCS = 0 REPLACE_MBSRTOWCS = 1 REPLACE_MBSTATE_T = 0 REPLACE_MEMCHR = 0 REPLACE_MEMMEM = 0 REPLACE_MKDIR = 0 REPLACE_MKFIFO = 0 REPLACE_MKNOD = 0 REPLACE_MKSTEMP = 0 REPLACE_MKTIME = 1 REPLACE_NAN = 0 REPLACE_NANOSLEEP = 0 REPLACE_NL_LANGINFO = 0 REPLACE_NULL = 0 REPLACE_OBSTACK_PRINTF = 0 REPLACE_OPEN = 0 REPLACE_OPENAT = 0 REPLACE_OPENDIR = 0 REPLACE_PERROR = 0 REPLACE_POPEN = 0 REPLACE_PREAD = 0 REPLACE_PRINTF = 0 REPLACE_PUTENV = 1 REPLACE_READLINK = 0 REPLACE_REALPATH = 0 REPLACE_REMOVE = 1 REPLACE_RENAME = 1 REPLACE_RENAMEAT = 0 REPLACE_RMDIR = 0 REPLACE_ROUND = 0 REPLACE_ROUNDF = 0 REPLACE_ROUNDL = 0 REPLACE_SELECT = 0 REPLACE_SETENV = 0 REPLACE_SIGNBIT = 1 REPLACE_SIGNBIT_USING_GCC = 0 REPLACE_SLEEP = 0 REPLACE_SNPRINTF = 0 REPLACE_SPRINTF = 0 REPLACE_STAT = 0 REPLACE_STDIO_WRITE_FUNCS = 0 REPLACE_STPNCPY = 0 REPLACE_STRCASESTR = 0 REPLACE_STRDUP = 0 REPLACE_STRERROR = 0 REPLACE_STRNCAT = 0 REPLACE_STRNDUP = 0 REPLACE_STRNLEN = 1 REPLACE_STRSIGNAL = 1 REPLACE_STRSTR = 0 REPLACE_STRTOD = 1 REPLACE_STRTOK_R = 0 REPLACE_SYMLINK = 0 REPLACE_TIMEGM = GNULIB_PORTCHECK REPLACE_TMPFILE = 0 REPLACE_TRUNCL = 0 REPLACE_UNLINK = 0 REPLACE_UNLINKAT = 0 REPLACE_UNSETENV = 1 REPLACE_USLEEP = 0 REPLACE_UTIMENSAT = 0 REPLACE_VASPRINTF = 0 REPLACE_VDPRINTF = 0 REPLACE_VFPRINTF = 1 REPLACE_VPRINTF = 1 REPLACE_VSNPRINTF = 0 REPLACE_VSPRINTF = 0 REPLACE_WCRTOMB = 1 REPLACE_WCSNRTOMBS = 0 REPLACE_WCSRTOMBS = 0 REPLACE_WCTOB = 0 REPLACE_WCWIDTH = 0 REPLACE_WRITE = 0 SELINUX_CONTEXT_H = selinux/context.h SEQ_LIBM = -lm SERVENT_LIB = -lsocket SET_MAKE = SHELL = /usr/bin/bash SIG_ATOMIC_T_SUFFIX = SIZE_T_SUFFIX = u STDARG_H = STDBOOL_H = STDDEF_H = STDINT_H = stdint.h STRIP = SYS_IOCTL_H_HAVE_WINSOCK2_H = 0 SYS_IOCTL_H_HAVE_WINSOCK2_H_AND_USE_SOCKETS = 0 SYS_TIME_H_DEFINES_STRUCT_TIMESPEC = 0 TIME_H_DEFINES_STRUCT_TIMESPEC = 1 U = UINT32_MAX_LT_UINTMAX_MAX = 1 UINT64_MAX_EQ_ULONG_MAX = 0 UNDEFINE_STRTOK_R = 0 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GNULIB_LOGB = @GNULIB_LOGB@ GNULIB_LOGL = @GNULIB_LOGL@ GNULIB_LSEEK = @GNULIB_LSEEK@ GNULIB_LSTAT = @GNULIB_LSTAT@ GNULIB_MALLOC_POSIX = @GNULIB_MALLOC_POSIX@ GNULIB_MBRLEN = @GNULIB_MBRLEN@ GNULIB_MBRTOWC = @GNULIB_MBRTOWC@ GNULIB_MBSCASECMP = @GNULIB_MBSCASECMP@ GNULIB_MBSCASESTR = @GNULIB_MBSCASESTR@ GNULIB_MBSCHR = @GNULIB_MBSCHR@ GNULIB_MBSCSPN = @GNULIB_MBSCSPN@ GNULIB_MBSINIT = @GNULIB_MBSINIT@ GNULIB_MBSLEN = @GNULIB_MBSLEN@ GNULIB_MBSNCASECMP = @GNULIB_MBSNCASECMP@ GNULIB_MBSNLEN = @GNULIB_MBSNLEN@ GNULIB_MBSNRTOWCS = @GNULIB_MBSNRTOWCS@ GNULIB_MBSPBRK = @GNULIB_MBSPBRK@ GNULIB_MBSPCASECMP = @GNULIB_MBSPCASECMP@ GNULIB_MBSRCHR = @GNULIB_MBSRCHR@ GNULIB_MBSRTOWCS = @GNULIB_MBSRTOWCS@ GNULIB_MBSSEP = @GNULIB_MBSSEP@ GNULIB_MBSSPN = @GNULIB_MBSSPN@ GNULIB_MBSSTR = @GNULIB_MBSSTR@ GNULIB_MBSTOK_R = @GNULIB_MBSTOK_R@ GNULIB_MEMCHR = @GNULIB_MEMCHR@ GNULIB_MEMMEM = @GNULIB_MEMMEM@ GNULIB_MEMPCPY = @GNULIB_MEMPCPY@ GNULIB_MEMRCHR = @GNULIB_MEMRCHR@ GNULIB_MKDIRAT = @GNULIB_MKDIRAT@ GNULIB_MKDTEMP = @GNULIB_MKDTEMP@ GNULIB_MKFIFO = @GNULIB_MKFIFO@ GNULIB_MKFIFOAT = @GNULIB_MKFIFOAT@ GNULIB_MKNOD = @GNULIB_MKNOD@ GNULIB_MKNODAT = @GNULIB_MKNODAT@ GNULIB_MKOSTEMP = @GNULIB_MKOSTEMP@ GNULIB_MKOSTEMPS = @GNULIB_MKOSTEMPS@ GNULIB_MKSTEMP = @GNULIB_MKSTEMP@ GNULIB_MKSTEMPS = @GNULIB_MKSTEMPS@ GNULIB_MKTIME = @GNULIB_MKTIME@ GNULIB_NANOSLEEP = @GNULIB_NANOSLEEP@ GNULIB_NL_LANGINFO = @GNULIB_NL_LANGINFO@ GNULIB_OBSTACK_PRINTF = @GNULIB_OBSTACK_PRINTF@ GNULIB_OBSTACK_PRINTF_POSIX = @GNULIB_OBSTACK_PRINTF_POSIX@ GNULIB_OPEN = @GNULIB_OPEN@ GNULIB_OPENAT = @GNULIB_OPENAT@ GNULIB_PERROR = @GNULIB_PERROR@ GNULIB_PIPE2 = @GNULIB_PIPE2@ GNULIB_POPEN = @GNULIB_POPEN@ GNULIB_PREAD = @GNULIB_PREAD@ GNULIB_PRINTF = @GNULIB_PRINTF@ GNULIB_PRINTF_POSIX = @GNULIB_PRINTF_POSIX@ GNULIB_PTSNAME = @GNULIB_PTSNAME@ GNULIB_PUTC = @GNULIB_PUTC@ GNULIB_PUTCHAR = @GNULIB_PUTCHAR@ GNULIB_PUTENV = @GNULIB_PUTENV@ GNULIB_PUTS = @GNULIB_PUTS@ GNULIB_RANDOM_R = @GNULIB_RANDOM_R@ GNULIB_RAWMEMCHR = @GNULIB_RAWMEMCHR@ GNULIB_READLINK = @GNULIB_READLINK@ GNULIB_READLINKAT = @GNULIB_READLINKAT@ GNULIB_REALLOC_POSIX = @GNULIB_REALLOC_POSIX@ GNULIB_REALPATH = @GNULIB_REALPATH@ GNULIB_RECV = @GNULIB_RECV@ GNULIB_RECVFROM = @GNULIB_RECVFROM@ GNULIB_REMOVE = @GNULIB_REMOVE@ GNULIB_RENAME = @GNULIB_RENAME@ GNULIB_RENAMEAT = @GNULIB_RENAMEAT@ GNULIB_RMDIR = @GNULIB_RMDIR@ GNULIB_ROUND = @GNULIB_ROUND@ GNULIB_ROUNDF = @GNULIB_ROUNDF@ GNULIB_ROUNDL = @GNULIB_ROUNDL@ GNULIB_RPMATCH = @GNULIB_RPMATCH@ GNULIB_SCANDIR = @GNULIB_SCANDIR@ GNULIB_SELECT = @GNULIB_SELECT@ GNULIB_SEND = @GNULIB_SEND@ GNULIB_SENDTO = @GNULIB_SENDTO@ GNULIB_SETENV = @GNULIB_SETENV@ GNULIB_SETSOCKOPT = @GNULIB_SETSOCKOPT@ GNULIB_SHUTDOWN = @GNULIB_SHUTDOWN@ GNULIB_SIGACTION = @GNULIB_SIGACTION@ GNULIB_SIGNAL_H_SIGPIPE = @GNULIB_SIGNAL_H_SIGPIPE@ GNULIB_SIGNBIT = @GNULIB_SIGNBIT@ GNULIB_SIGPROCMASK = @GNULIB_SIGPROCMASK@ GNULIB_SINL = @GNULIB_SINL@ GNULIB_SLEEP = @GNULIB_SLEEP@ GNULIB_SNPRINTF = @GNULIB_SNPRINTF@ GNULIB_SOCKET = @GNULIB_SOCKET@ GNULIB_SPRINTF_POSIX = @GNULIB_SPRINTF_POSIX@ GNULIB_SQRTL = @GNULIB_SQRTL@ GNULIB_STAT = @GNULIB_STAT@ GNULIB_STDIO_H_SIGPIPE = @GNULIB_STDIO_H_SIGPIPE@ GNULIB_STPCPY = @GNULIB_STPCPY@ GNULIB_STPNCPY = @GNULIB_STPNCPY@ GNULIB_STRCASESTR = @GNULIB_STRCASESTR@ GNULIB_STRCHRNUL = @GNULIB_STRCHRNUL@ GNULIB_STRDUP = @GNULIB_STRDUP@ GNULIB_STRERROR = @GNULIB_STRERROR@ GNULIB_STRNCAT = @GNULIB_STRNCAT@ GNULIB_STRNDUP = @GNULIB_STRNDUP@ GNULIB_STRNLEN = @GNULIB_STRNLEN@ GNULIB_STRPBRK = @GNULIB_STRPBRK@ GNULIB_STRPTIME = @GNULIB_STRPTIME@ GNULIB_STRSEP = @GNULIB_STRSEP@ GNULIB_STRSIGNAL = @GNULIB_STRSIGNAL@ GNULIB_STRSTR = @GNULIB_STRSTR@ GNULIB_STRTOD = @GNULIB_STRTOD@ GNULIB_STRTOIMAX = @GNULIB_STRTOIMAX@ GNULIB_STRTOK_R = @GNULIB_STRTOK_R@ GNULIB_STRTOLL = @GNULIB_STRTOLL@ GNULIB_STRTOULL = @GNULIB_STRTOULL@ GNULIB_STRTOUMAX = @GNULIB_STRTOUMAX@ GNULIB_STRVERSCMP = @GNULIB_STRVERSCMP@ GNULIB_SYMLINK = @GNULIB_SYMLINK@ GNULIB_SYMLINKAT = @GNULIB_SYMLINKAT@ GNULIB_TANL = @GNULIB_TANL@ GNULIB_TIMEGM = @GNULIB_TIMEGM@ GNULIB_TIME_R = @GNULIB_TIME_R@ GNULIB_TMPFILE = @GNULIB_TMPFILE@ GNULIB_TRUNC = @GNULIB_TRUNC@ GNULIB_TRUNCF = @GNULIB_TRUNCF@ GNULIB_TRUNCL = @GNULIB_TRUNCL@ GNULIB_TTYNAME_R = @GNULIB_TTYNAME_R@ GNULIB_UNAME = @GNULIB_UNAME@ GNULIB_UNISTD_H_GETOPT = @GNULIB_UNISTD_H_GETOPT@ GNULIB_UNISTD_H_SIGPIPE = @GNULIB_UNISTD_H_SIGPIPE@ GNULIB_UNLINK = @GNULIB_UNLINK@ GNULIB_UNLINKAT = @GNULIB_UNLINKAT@ GNULIB_UNLOCKPT = @GNULIB_UNLOCKPT@ GNULIB_UNSETENV = @GNULIB_UNSETENV@ GNULIB_USLEEP = @GNULIB_USLEEP@ GNULIB_UTIMENSAT = @GNULIB_UTIMENSAT@ GNULIB_VASPRINTF = @GNULIB_VASPRINTF@ GNULIB_VDPRINTF = @GNULIB_VDPRINTF@ GNULIB_VFPRINTF = @GNULIB_VFPRINTF@ GNULIB_VFPRINTF_POSIX = @GNULIB_VFPRINTF_POSIX@ GNULIB_VPRINTF = @GNULIB_VPRINTF@ GNULIB_VPRINTF_POSIX = @GNULIB_VPRINTF_POSIX@ GNULIB_VSNPRINTF = @GNULIB_VSNPRINTF@ GNULIB_VSPRINTF_POSIX = @GNULIB_VSPRINTF_POSIX@ GNULIB_WARN_CFLAGS = @GNULIB_WARN_CFLAGS@ GNULIB_WCRTOMB = @GNULIB_WCRTOMB@ GNULIB_WCSNRTOMBS = @GNULIB_WCSNRTOMBS@ GNULIB_WCSRTOMBS = @GNULIB_WCSRTOMBS@ GNULIB_WCTOB = @GNULIB_WCTOB@ GNULIB_WCWIDTH = @GNULIB_WCWIDTH@ GNULIB_WRITE = @GNULIB_WRITE@ GREP = @GREP@ HAVE_ACCEPT4 = @HAVE_ACCEPT4@ HAVE_ACOSL = @HAVE_ACOSL@ HAVE_ALPHASORT = @HAVE_ALPHASORT@ HAVE_ARPA_INET_H = @HAVE_ARPA_INET_H@ HAVE_ASINL = @HAVE_ASINL@ HAVE_ATANL = @HAVE_ATANL@ HAVE_ATOLL = @HAVE_ATOLL@ HAVE_BTOWC = @HAVE_BTOWC@ HAVE_CALLOC_POSIX = @HAVE_CALLOC_POSIX@ HAVE_CANONICALIZE_FILE_NAME = @HAVE_CANONICALIZE_FILE_NAME@ HAVE_CHOWN = @HAVE_CHOWN@ HAVE_COSL = @HAVE_COSL@ HAVE_DECL_ACOSL = @HAVE_DECL_ACOSL@ HAVE_DECL_ASINL = @HAVE_DECL_ASINL@ HAVE_DECL_ATANL = @HAVE_DECL_ATANL@ HAVE_DECL_CEILF = @HAVE_DECL_CEILF@ HAVE_DECL_CEILL = @HAVE_DECL_CEILL@ HAVE_DECL_COSL = @HAVE_DECL_COSL@ HAVE_DECL_DIRFD = @HAVE_DECL_DIRFD@ HAVE_DECL_ENVIRON = @HAVE_DECL_ENVIRON@ HAVE_DECL_EXPL = @HAVE_DECL_EXPL@ HAVE_DECL_FDOPENDIR = @HAVE_DECL_FDOPENDIR@ HAVE_DECL_FLOORF = @HAVE_DECL_FLOORF@ HAVE_DECL_FLOORL = @HAVE_DECL_FLOORL@ HAVE_DECL_FPURGE = @HAVE_DECL_FPURGE@ HAVE_DECL_FREEADDRINFO = @HAVE_DECL_FREEADDRINFO@ HAVE_DECL_FREXPL = @HAVE_DECL_FREXPL@ HAVE_DECL_GAI_STRERROR = @HAVE_DECL_GAI_STRERROR@ HAVE_DECL_GETADDRINFO = @HAVE_DECL_GETADDRINFO@ HAVE_DECL_GETDELIM = @HAVE_DECL_GETDELIM@ HAVE_DECL_GETLINE = @HAVE_DECL_GETLINE@ HAVE_DECL_GETLOADAVG = @HAVE_DECL_GETLOADAVG@ HAVE_DECL_GETLOGIN_R = @HAVE_DECL_GETLOGIN_R@ HAVE_DECL_GETNAMEINFO = @HAVE_DECL_GETNAMEINFO@ HAVE_DECL_GETPAGESIZE = @HAVE_DECL_GETPAGESIZE@ HAVE_DECL_GETUSERSHELL = @HAVE_DECL_GETUSERSHELL@ HAVE_DECL_IMAXABS = @HAVE_DECL_IMAXABS@ HAVE_DECL_IMAXDIV = @HAVE_DECL_IMAXDIV@ HAVE_DECL_INET_NTOP = @HAVE_DECL_INET_NTOP@ HAVE_DECL_INET_PTON = @HAVE_DECL_INET_PTON@ HAVE_DECL_LDEXPL = @HAVE_DECL_LDEXPL@ HAVE_DECL_LOGB = @HAVE_DECL_LOGB@ HAVE_DECL_LOGL = @HAVE_DECL_LOGL@ HAVE_DECL_MEMMEM = @HAVE_DECL_MEMMEM@ HAVE_DECL_MEMRCHR = @HAVE_DECL_MEMRCHR@ HAVE_DECL_OBSTACK_PRINTF = @HAVE_DECL_OBSTACK_PRINTF@ HAVE_DECL_ROUND = @HAVE_DECL_ROUND@ HAVE_DECL_ROUNDF = @HAVE_DECL_ROUNDF@ HAVE_DECL_ROUNDL = @HAVE_DECL_ROUNDL@ HAVE_DECL_SINL = @HAVE_DECL_SINL@ HAVE_DECL_SNPRINTF = @HAVE_DECL_SNPRINTF@ HAVE_DECL_SQRTL = @HAVE_DECL_SQRTL@ HAVE_DECL_STRDUP = @HAVE_DECL_STRDUP@ HAVE_DECL_STRNDUP = @HAVE_DECL_STRNDUP@ HAVE_DECL_STRNLEN = @HAVE_DECL_STRNLEN@ HAVE_DECL_STRSIGNAL = @HAVE_DECL_STRSIGNAL@ HAVE_DECL_STRTOIMAX = @HAVE_DECL_STRTOIMAX@ HAVE_DECL_STRTOK_R = @HAVE_DECL_STRTOK_R@ HAVE_DECL_STRTOUMAX = @HAVE_DECL_STRTOUMAX@ HAVE_DECL_TANL = @HAVE_DECL_TANL@ HAVE_DECL_TRUNC = @HAVE_DECL_TRUNC@ HAVE_DECL_TRUNCF = @HAVE_DECL_TRUNCF@ HAVE_DECL_TRUNCL = @HAVE_DECL_TRUNCL@ HAVE_DECL_VSNPRINTF = @HAVE_DECL_VSNPRINTF@ HAVE_DECL_WCTOB = @HAVE_DECL_WCTOB@ HAVE_DECL_WCWIDTH = @HAVE_DECL_WCWIDTH@ HAVE_DPRINTF = @HAVE_DPRINTF@ HAVE_DUP2 = @HAVE_DUP2@ HAVE_DUP3 = @HAVE_DUP3@ HAVE_DUPLOCALE = @HAVE_DUPLOCALE@ HAVE_EUIDACCESS = @HAVE_EUIDACCESS@ HAVE_EXPL = @HAVE_EXPL@ HAVE_FACCESSAT = @HAVE_FACCESSAT@ HAVE_FCHDIR = @HAVE_FCHDIR@ HAVE_FCHMODAT = @HAVE_FCHMODAT@ HAVE_FCHOWNAT = @HAVE_FCHOWNAT@ HAVE_FCNTL = @HAVE_FCNTL@ HAVE_FDOPENDIR = @HAVE_FDOPENDIR@ HAVE_FSEEKO = @HAVE_FSEEKO@ HAVE_FSTATAT = @HAVE_FSTATAT@ HAVE_FSYNC = @HAVE_FSYNC@ HAVE_FTELLO = @HAVE_FTELLO@ HAVE_FTRUNCATE = @HAVE_FTRUNCATE@ HAVE_FUTIMENS = @HAVE_FUTIMENS@ HAVE_GETDOMAINNAME = @HAVE_GETDOMAINNAME@ HAVE_GETDTABLESIZE = @HAVE_GETDTABLESIZE@ HAVE_GETGROUPS = @HAVE_GETGROUPS@ HAVE_GETHOSTNAME = @HAVE_GETHOSTNAME@ HAVE_GETLOGIN = @HAVE_GETLOGIN@ HAVE_GETOPT_H = @HAVE_GETOPT_H@ HAVE_GETPAGESIZE = @HAVE_GETPAGESIZE@ HAVE_GETSUBOPT = @HAVE_GETSUBOPT@ HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY = @HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY@ HAVE_GRANTPT = @HAVE_GRANTPT@ HAVE_INTTYPES_H = @HAVE_INTTYPES_H@ HAVE_ISBLANK = @HAVE_ISBLANK@ HAVE_ISNAND = @HAVE_ISNAND@ HAVE_ISNANF = @HAVE_ISNANF@ HAVE_ISNANL = @HAVE_ISNANL@ HAVE_ISWBLANK = @HAVE_ISWBLANK@ HAVE_ISWCNTRL = @HAVE_ISWCNTRL@ HAVE_LANGINFO_CODESET = @HAVE_LANGINFO_CODESET@ HAVE_LANGINFO_ERA = @HAVE_LANGINFO_ERA@ HAVE_LANGINFO_H = @HAVE_LANGINFO_H@ HAVE_LCHMOD = @HAVE_LCHMOD@ HAVE_LCHOWN = @HAVE_LCHOWN@ HAVE_LINK = @HAVE_LINK@ HAVE_LINKAT = @HAVE_LINKAT@ HAVE_LOCALTIME_R = @HAVE_LOCALTIME_R@ HAVE_LOGL = @HAVE_LOGL@ HAVE_LONG_LONG_INT = @HAVE_LONG_LONG_INT@ HAVE_LSTAT = @HAVE_LSTAT@ HAVE_MALLOC_POSIX = @HAVE_MALLOC_POSIX@ HAVE_MBRLEN = @HAVE_MBRLEN@ HAVE_MBRTOWC = @HAVE_MBRTOWC@ HAVE_MBSINIT = @HAVE_MBSINIT@ HAVE_MBSLEN = @HAVE_MBSLEN@ HAVE_MBSNRTOWCS = @HAVE_MBSNRTOWCS@ HAVE_MBSRTOWCS = @HAVE_MBSRTOWCS@ HAVE_MEMCHR = @HAVE_MEMCHR@ HAVE_MEMPCPY = @HAVE_MEMPCPY@ HAVE_MKDIRAT = @HAVE_MKDIRAT@ HAVE_MKDTEMP = @HAVE_MKDTEMP@ HAVE_MKFIFO = @HAVE_MKFIFO@ HAVE_MKFIFOAT = @HAVE_MKFIFOAT@ HAVE_MKNOD = @HAVE_MKNOD@ HAVE_MKNODAT = @HAVE_MKNODAT@ HAVE_MKOSTEMP = @HAVE_MKOSTEMP@ HAVE_MKOSTEMPS = @HAVE_MKOSTEMPS@ HAVE_MKSTEMP = @HAVE_MKSTEMP@ HAVE_MKSTEMPS = @HAVE_MKSTEMPS@ HAVE_NANOSLEEP = @HAVE_NANOSLEEP@ HAVE_NETDB_H = @HAVE_NETDB_H@ HAVE_NETINET_IN_H = @HAVE_NETINET_IN_H@ HAVE_NL_LANGINFO = @HAVE_NL_LANGINFO@ HAVE_OPENAT = @HAVE_OPENAT@ HAVE_OS_H = @HAVE_OS_H@ HAVE_PIPE2 = @HAVE_PIPE2@ HAVE_POSIX_SIGNALBLOCKING = @HAVE_POSIX_SIGNALBLOCKING@ HAVE_PREAD = @HAVE_PREAD@ HAVE_PTSNAME = @HAVE_PTSNAME@ HAVE_RANDOM_H = @HAVE_RANDOM_H@ HAVE_RANDOM_R = @HAVE_RANDOM_R@ HAVE_RAWMEMCHR = @HAVE_RAWMEMCHR@ HAVE_READLINK = @HAVE_READLINK@ HAVE_READLINKAT = @HAVE_READLINKAT@ HAVE_REALLOC_POSIX = @HAVE_REALLOC_POSIX@ HAVE_REALPATH = @HAVE_REALPATH@ HAVE_RENAMEAT = @HAVE_RENAMEAT@ HAVE_RPMATCH = @HAVE_RPMATCH@ HAVE_SA_FAMILY_T = @HAVE_SA_FAMILY_T@ HAVE_SCANDIR = @HAVE_SCANDIR@ HAVE_SETENV = @HAVE_SETENV@ HAVE_SIGACTION = @HAVE_SIGACTION@ HAVE_SIGINFO_T = @HAVE_SIGINFO_T@ HAVE_SIGNED_SIG_ATOMIC_T = @HAVE_SIGNED_SIG_ATOMIC_T@ HAVE_SIGNED_WCHAR_T = @HAVE_SIGNED_WCHAR_T@ HAVE_SIGNED_WINT_T = @HAVE_SIGNED_WINT_T@ HAVE_SIGSET_T = @HAVE_SIGSET_T@ HAVE_SINL = @HAVE_SINL@ HAVE_SLEEP = @HAVE_SLEEP@ HAVE_SQRTL = @HAVE_SQRTL@ HAVE_STDINT_H = @HAVE_STDINT_H@ HAVE_STPCPY = @HAVE_STPCPY@ HAVE_STPNCPY = @HAVE_STPNCPY@ HAVE_STRCASESTR = @HAVE_STRCASESTR@ HAVE_STRCHRNUL = @HAVE_STRCHRNUL@ HAVE_STRPBRK = @HAVE_STRPBRK@ HAVE_STRPTIME = @HAVE_STRPTIME@ HAVE_STRSEP = @HAVE_STRSEP@ HAVE_STRTOD = @HAVE_STRTOD@ HAVE_STRTOLL = @HAVE_STRTOLL@ HAVE_STRTOULL = @HAVE_STRTOULL@ HAVE_STRUCT_ADDRINFO = @HAVE_STRUCT_ADDRINFO@ HAVE_STRUCT_RANDOM_DATA = @HAVE_STRUCT_RANDOM_DATA@ HAVE_STRUCT_SIGACTION_SA_SIGACTION = @HAVE_STRUCT_SIGACTION_SA_SIGACTION@ HAVE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_STORAGE = @HAVE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_STORAGE@ HAVE_STRUCT_TIMEVAL = @HAVE_STRUCT_TIMEVAL@ HAVE_STRUCT_UTSNAME = @HAVE_STRUCT_UTSNAME@ HAVE_STRVERSCMP = @HAVE_STRVERSCMP@ HAVE_SYMLINK = @HAVE_SYMLINK@ HAVE_SYMLINKAT = @HAVE_SYMLINKAT@ HAVE_SYS_BITYPES_H = @HAVE_SYS_BITYPES_H@ HAVE_SYS_INTTYPES_H = @HAVE_SYS_INTTYPES_H@ HAVE_SYS_IOCTL_H = @HAVE_SYS_IOCTL_H@ HAVE_SYS_LOADAVG_H = @HAVE_SYS_LOADAVG_H@ HAVE_SYS_PARAM_H = @HAVE_SYS_PARAM_H@ HAVE_SYS_SELECT_H = @HAVE_SYS_SELECT_H@ HAVE_SYS_SOCKET_H = @HAVE_SYS_SOCKET_H@ HAVE_SYS_TIME_H = @HAVE_SYS_TIME_H@ HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H = @HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H@ HAVE_SYS_UTSNAME_H = @HAVE_SYS_UTSNAME_H@ HAVE_TANL = @HAVE_TANL@ HAVE_TIMEGM = @HAVE_TIMEGM@ HAVE_TTYNAME_R = @HAVE_TTYNAME_R@ HAVE_TYPE_VOLATILE_SIG_ATOMIC_T = @HAVE_TYPE_VOLATILE_SIG_ATOMIC_T@ HAVE_UNAME = @HAVE_UNAME@ HAVE_UNISTD_H = @HAVE_UNISTD_H@ HAVE_UNLINKAT = @HAVE_UNLINKAT@ HAVE_UNLOCKPT = @HAVE_UNLOCKPT@ HAVE_UNSETENV = @HAVE_UNSETENV@ HAVE_UNSIGNED_LONG_LONG_INT = @HAVE_UNSIGNED_LONG_LONG_INT@ HAVE_USLEEP = @HAVE_USLEEP@ HAVE_UTIMENSAT = @HAVE_UTIMENSAT@ HAVE_VASPRINTF = @HAVE_VASPRINTF@ HAVE_VDPRINTF = @HAVE_VDPRINTF@ HAVE_WCHAR_H = @HAVE_WCHAR_H@ HAVE_WCHAR_T = @HAVE_WCHAR_T@ HAVE_WCRTOMB = @HAVE_WCRTOMB@ HAVE_WCSNRTOMBS = @HAVE_WCSNRTOMBS@ HAVE_WCSRTOMBS = @HAVE_WCSRTOMBS@ HAVE_WCTYPE_H = @HAVE_WCTYPE_H@ HAVE_WINSOCK2_H = @HAVE_WINSOCK2_H@ HAVE_WINT_T = @HAVE_WINT_T@ HAVE_WS2TCPIP_H = @HAVE_WS2TCPIP_H@ HAVE_XLOCALE_H = @HAVE_XLOCALE_H@ HAVE__BOOL = @HAVE__BOOL@ HELP2MAN = @HELP2MAN@ HOSTENT_LIB = @HOSTENT_LIB@ ICONV_H = @ICONV_H@ IGNORE_UNUSED_LIBRARIES_CFLAGS = @IGNORE_UNUSED_LIBRARIES_CFLAGS@ INCLUDE_NEXT = @INCLUDE_NEXT@ INCLUDE_NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE = @INCLUDE_NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE@ INET_NTOP_LIB = @INET_NTOP_LIB@ INET_PTON_LIB = @INET_PTON_LIB@ INSTALL = @INSTALL@ INSTALL_DATA = @INSTALL_DATA@ INSTALL_PROGRAM = @INSTALL_PROGRAM@ INSTALL_SCRIPT = @INSTALL_SCRIPT@ INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM = @INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM@ INSTALL_SU = @INSTALL_SU@ INT32_MAX_LT_INTMAX_MAX = @INT32_MAX_LT_INTMAX_MAX@ INT64_MAX_EQ_LONG_MAX = @INT64_MAX_EQ_LONG_MAX@ INTLLIBS = @INTLLIBS@ INTL_MACOSX_LIBS = @INTL_MACOSX_LIBS@ KMEM_GROUP = @KMEM_GROUP@ LDFLAGS = @LDFLAGS@ LIBCOREUTILS_LIBDEPS = @LIBCOREUTILS_LIBDEPS@ LIBCOREUTILS_LTLIBDEPS = @LIBCOREUTILS_LTLIBDEPS@ LIBICONV = @LIBICONV@ LIBINTL = @LIBINTL@ LIBMULTITHREAD = @LIBMULTITHREAD@ LIBOBJS = @LIBOBJS@ LIBPTH = @LIBPTH@ LIBPTH_PREFIX = @LIBPTH_PREFIX@ LIBS = @LIBS@ LIBSOCKET = @LIBSOCKET@ LIBTESTS_LIBDEPS = @LIBTESTS_LIBDEPS@ LIBTHREAD = @LIBTHREAD@ LIB_ACL = @LIB_ACL@ LIB_CAP = @LIB_CAP@ LIB_CLOCK_GETTIME = @LIB_CLOCK_GETTIME@ LIB_CRYPT = @LIB_CRYPT@ LIB_EACCESS = @LIB_EACCESS@ LIB_FDATASYNC = @LIB_FDATASYNC@ LIB_GETHRXTIME = @LIB_GETHRXTIME@ LIB_GMP = @LIB_GMP@ LIB_NANOSLEEP = @LIB_NANOSLEEP@ LIB_SELINUX = @LIB_SELINUX@ LIB_XATTR = @LIB_XATTR@ LN_S = @LN_S@ LOCALCHARSET_TESTS_ENVIRONMENT = @LOCALCHARSET_TESTS_ENVIRONMENT@ LOCALE_FR = @LOCALE_FR@ LOCALE_FR_UTF8 = @LOCALE_FR_UTF8@ LOCALE_JA = @LOCALE_JA@ LOCALE_TR_UTF8 = @LOCALE_TR_UTF8@ LOCALE_ZH_CN = @LOCALE_ZH_CN@ LTLIBICONV = @LTLIBICONV@ LTLIBINTL = @LTLIBINTL@ LTLIBMULTITHREAD = @LTLIBMULTITHREAD@ LTLIBOBJS = @LTLIBOBJS@ LTLIBPTH = @LTLIBPTH@ LTLIBTHREAD = @LTLIBTHREAD@ MAKEINFO = @MAKEINFO@ MAN = @MAN@ MKDIR_P = @MKDIR_P@ MSGFMT = @MSGFMT@ MSGFMT_015 = @MSGFMT_015@ MSGMERGE = @MSGMERGE@ NEED_SETGID = @NEED_SETGID@ NETINET_IN_H = @NETINET_IN_H@ NEXT_ARPA_INET_H = @NEXT_ARPA_INET_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_ARPA_INET_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_ARPA_INET_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_CTYPE_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_CTYPE_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_DIRENT_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_DIRENT_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_ERRNO_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_ERRNO_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_FCNTL_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_FCNTL_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_FLOAT_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_FLOAT_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_GETOPT_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_GETOPT_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_ICONV_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_ICONV_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_INTTYPES_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_INTTYPES_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_LANGINFO_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_LANGINFO_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_LOCALE_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_LOCALE_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_MATH_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_MATH_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_NETDB_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_NETDB_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_NETINET_IN_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_NETINET_IN_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_SELINUX_SELINUX_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_SELINUX_SELINUX_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_SIGNAL_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_SIGNAL_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_STDARG_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_STDARG_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_STDDEF_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_STDDEF_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_STDINT_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_STDINT_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_STDIO_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_STDIO_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_STDLIB_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_STDLIB_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_STRING_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_STRING_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_SYS_IOCTL_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_SYS_IOCTL_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_SYS_SELECT_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_SYS_SELECT_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_SYS_SOCKET_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_SYS_SOCKET_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_SYS_STAT_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_SYS_STAT_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_SYS_TIME_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_SYS_TIME_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_SYS_UTSNAME_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_SYS_UTSNAME_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_TIME_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_TIME_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_UNISTD_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_UNISTD_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_WCHAR_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_WCHAR_H@ NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_WCTYPE_H = @NEXT_AS_FIRST_DIRECTIVE_WCTYPE_H@ NEXT_CTYPE_H = @NEXT_CTYPE_H@ NEXT_DIRENT_H = @NEXT_DIRENT_H@ NEXT_ERRNO_H = @NEXT_ERRNO_H@ NEXT_FCNTL_H = @NEXT_FCNTL_H@ NEXT_FLOAT_H = @NEXT_FLOAT_H@ NEXT_GETOPT_H = @NEXT_GETOPT_H@ NEXT_ICONV_H = @NEXT_ICONV_H@ NEXT_INTTYPES_H = @NEXT_INTTYPES_H@ NEXT_LANGINFO_H = @NEXT_LANGINFO_H@ NEXT_LOCALE_H = @NEXT_LOCALE_H@ NEXT_MATH_H = @NEXT_MATH_H@ NEXT_NETDB_H = @NEXT_NETDB_H@ NEXT_NETINET_IN_H = @NEXT_NETINET_IN_H@ NEXT_SELINUX_SELINUX_H = @NEXT_SELINUX_SELINUX_H@ NEXT_SIGNAL_H = @NEXT_SIGNAL_H@ NEXT_STDARG_H = @NEXT_STDARG_H@ NEXT_STDDEF_H = @NEXT_STDDEF_H@ NEXT_STDINT_H = @NEXT_STDINT_H@ NEXT_STDIO_H = @NEXT_STDIO_H@ NEXT_STDLIB_H = @NEXT_STDLIB_H@ NEXT_STRING_H = @NEXT_STRING_H@ NEXT_SYS_IOCTL_H = @NEXT_SYS_IOCTL_H@ NEXT_SYS_SELECT_H = @NEXT_SYS_SELECT_H@ NEXT_SYS_SOCKET_H = @NEXT_SYS_SOCKET_H@ NEXT_SYS_STAT_H = @NEXT_SYS_STAT_H@ NEXT_SYS_TIME_H = @NEXT_SYS_TIME_H@ NEXT_SYS_UTSNAME_H = @NEXT_SYS_UTSNAME_H@ NEXT_TIME_H = @NEXT_TIME_H@ NEXT_UNISTD_H = @NEXT_UNISTD_H@ NEXT_WCHAR_H = @NEXT_WCHAR_H@ NEXT_WCTYPE_H = @NEXT_WCTYPE_H@ NO_INSTALL_PROGS_DEFAULT = @NO_INSTALL_PROGS_DEFAULT@ OBJEXT = @OBJEXT@ OPTIONAL_BIN_PROGS = @OPTIONAL_BIN_PROGS@ OPTIONAL_PKGLIB_PROGS = @OPTIONAL_PKGLIB_PROGS@ PACKAGE = @PACKAGE@ PACKAGE_BUGREPORT = @PACKAGE_BUGREPORT@ PACKAGE_NAME = @PACKAGE_NAME@ PACKAGE_STRING = @PACKAGE_STRING@ PACKAGE_TARNAME = @PACKAGE_TARNAME@ PACKAGE_URL = @PACKAGE_URL@ PACKAGE_VERSION = @PACKAGE_VERSION@ PATH_SEPARATOR = @PATH_SEPARATOR@ PERL = @PERL@ POSIX_SHELL = @POSIX_SHELL@ POSUB = @POSUB@ POW_LIB = @POW_LIB@ PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER = @PRAGMA_SYSTEM_HEADER@ PREFERABLY_POSIX_SHELL = @PREFERABLY_POSIX_SHELL@ PRIPTR_PREFIX = @PRIPTR_PREFIX@ PRI_MACROS_BROKEN = @PRI_MACROS_BROKEN@ PTRDIFF_T_SUFFIX = @PTRDIFF_T_SUFFIX@ RANLIB = @RANLIB@ REPLACE_BTOWC = 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INFO-DIR-SECTION Basics START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY * Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities. * Common options: (coreutils)Common options. Common options. * File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes. * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats. END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY INFO-DIR-SECTION Individual utilities START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY * arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name. * base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data. * basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix. * cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files. * chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files. * chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups. * chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change file permissions. * chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners/groups. * chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory. * cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum. * comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line. * cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files. * csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context. * cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines. * date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time. * dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file. * df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage. * dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly. * dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls. * dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip last file name component. * du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage. * echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text. * env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment. * expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces. * expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions. * factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors * false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully. * fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text. * fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines. * groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in. * head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files. * hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier. * hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name. * id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity. * install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes. * join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field. * kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes. * link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files. * ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files. * logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name. * ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents. * md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests. * mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories. * mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes). * mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files. * mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. Create temporary files. * mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files. * nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness. * nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files. * nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups. * nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors. * od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc. * paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files. * pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability. * pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files. * printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables. * printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data. * ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes. * pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory. * readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink. * rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files. * rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories. * runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX. * seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences * sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests. * sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests. * shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely. * shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files. * sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time. * sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files. * split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into fixed-size pieces. * stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status. * stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering. * stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings. * su: (coreutils)su invocation. Modify user and group ID. * sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum. * sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk. * tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files. * tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files. * tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files. * test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests. * timeout: (coreutils)timeout invocation. Run with time limit. * touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps. * tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters. * true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully. * truncate: (coreutils)truncate invocation. Shrink/extend size of a file. * tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort. * tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name. * uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information. * unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs. * uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files. * unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2). * uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. Print uptime and load. * users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names. * vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely. * wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts. * who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in. * whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID. * yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely. END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY This manual documents version 8.5 of the GNU core utilities, including the standard programs for text and file manipulation. Copyright (C) 1994-1996, 2000-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".  File: coreutils.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Up: (dir) GNU Coreutils ************* This manual documents version 8.5 of the GNU core utilities, including the standard programs for text and file manipulation. Copyright (C) 1994-1996, 2000-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". * Menu: * Introduction:: Caveats, overview, and authors * Common options:: Common options * Output of entire files:: cat tac nl od base64 * Formatting file contents:: fmt pr fold * Output of parts of files:: head tail split csplit * Summarizing files:: wc sum cksum md5sum sha1sum sha2 * Operating on sorted files:: sort shuf uniq comm ptx tsort * Operating on fields:: cut paste join * Operating on characters:: tr expand unexpand * Directory listing:: ls dir vdir dircolors * Basic operations:: cp dd install mv rm shred * Special file types:: mkdir rmdir unlink mkfifo mknod ln link readlink * Changing file attributes:: chgrp chmod chown touch * Disk usage:: df du stat sync truncate * Printing text:: echo printf yes * Conditions:: false true test expr * Redirection:: tee * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who * System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime * SELinux context:: chcon runcon * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf su timeout * Process control:: kill * Delaying:: sleep * Numeric operations:: factor seq * File permissions:: Access modes * Date input formats:: Specifying date strings * Opening the software toolbox:: The software tools philosophy * GNU Free Documentation License:: Copying and sharing this manual * Concept index:: General index --- The Detailed Node Listing --- Common Options * Exit status:: Indicating program success or failure * Backup options:: Backup options * Block size:: Block size * Signal specifications:: Specifying signals * Disambiguating names and IDs:: chgrp and chown owner and group syntax * Random sources:: Sources of random data * Target directory:: Target directory * Trailing slashes:: Trailing slashes * Traversing symlinks:: Traversing symlinks to directories * Treating / specially:: Treating / specially * Standards conformance:: Standards conformance Output of entire files * cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files * tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse * nl invocation:: Number lines and write files * od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats * base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data Formatting file contents * fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text * pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing * fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width Output of parts of files * head invocation:: Output the first part of files * tail invocation:: Output the last part of files * split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces * csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces Summarizing files * wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts * sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts * cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts * md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests * sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests Operating on sorted files * sort invocation:: Sort text files * shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files * uniq invocation:: Uniquify files * comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line * ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents * tsort invocation:: Topological sort `ptx': Produce permuted indexes * General options in ptx:: Options which affect general program behavior * Charset selection in ptx:: Underlying character set considerations * Input processing in ptx:: Input fields, contexts, and keyword selection * Output formatting in ptx:: Types of output format, and sizing the fields * Compatibility in ptx:: The GNU extensions to `ptx' Operating on fields * cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines * paste invocation:: Merge lines of files * join invocation:: Join lines on a common field Operating on characters * tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters * expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces * unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs `tr': Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters * Character sets:: Specifying sets of characters * Translating:: Changing one set of characters to another * Squeezing:: Squeezing repeats and deleting Directory listing * ls invocation:: List directory contents * dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents * vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents * dircolors invocation:: Color setup for `ls' `ls': List directory contents * Which files are listed:: Which files are listed * What information is listed:: What information is listed * Sorting the output:: Sorting the output * Details about version sort:: More details about version sort * General output formatting:: General output formatting * Formatting the file names:: Formatting the file names Basic operations * cp invocation:: Copy files and directories * dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file * install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes * mv invocation:: Move (rename) files * rm invocation:: Remove files or directories * shred invocation:: Remove files more securely Special file types * link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall * ln invocation:: Make links between files * mkdir invocation:: Make directories * mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes) * mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files * readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name * rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories * unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall Changing file attributes * chown invocation:: Change file owner and group * chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership * chmod invocation:: Change access permissions * touch invocation:: Change file timestamps Disk usage * df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage * du invocation:: Estimate file space usage * stat invocation:: Report file or file system status * sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory * truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file Printing text * echo invocation:: Print a line of text * printf invocation:: Format and print data * yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted Conditions * false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully * true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully * test invocation:: Check file types and compare values * expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions `test': Check file types and compare values * File type tests:: File type tests * Access permission tests:: Access permission tests * File characteristic tests:: File characteristic tests * String tests:: String tests * Numeric tests:: Numeric tests `expr': Evaluate expression * String expressions:: + : match substr index length * Numeric expressions:: + - * / % * Relations for expr:: | & < <= = == != >= > * Examples of expr:: Examples of using `expr' Redirection * tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes File name manipulation * basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name * dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component * pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability * mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory Working context * pwd invocation:: Print working directory * stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics * printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables * tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input `stty': Print or change terminal characteristics * Control:: Control settings * Input:: Input settings * Output:: Output settings * Local:: Local settings * Combination:: Combination settings * Characters:: Special characters * Special:: Special settings User information * id invocation:: Print user identity * logname invocation:: Print current login name * whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID * groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in * users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in * who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in System context * arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name * date invocation:: Print or set system date and time * nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors * uname invocation:: Print system information * hostname invocation:: Print or set system name * hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier * uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load `date': Print or set system date and time * Time conversion specifiers:: %[HIklMNpPrRsSTXzZ] * Date conversion specifiers:: %[aAbBcCdDeFgGhjmuUVwWxyY] * Literal conversion specifiers:: %[%nt] * Padding and other flags:: Pad with zeros, spaces, etc. * Setting the time:: Changing the system clock * Options for date:: Instead of the current time * Date input formats:: Specifying date strings * Examples of date:: Examples SELinux context * chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file * runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context Modified command invocation * chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory * env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment * nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness * nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups * stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering * su invocation:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID * timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit Process control * kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes. Delaying * sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time Numeric operations * factor invocation:: Print prime factors * seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences File permissions * Mode Structure:: Structure of file mode bits * Symbolic Modes:: Mnemonic representation of file mode bits * Numeric Modes:: File mode bits as octal numbers * Directory Setuid and Setgid:: Set-user-ID and set-group-ID on directories Date input formats * General date syntax:: Common rules * Calendar date items:: 19 Dec 1994 * Time of day items:: 9:20pm * Time zone items:: EST, PDT, GMT * Day of week items:: Monday and others * Relative items in date strings:: next tuesday, 2 years ago * Pure numbers in date strings:: 19931219, 1440 * Seconds since the Epoch:: @1078100502 * Specifying time zone rules:: TZ="America/New_York", TZ="UTC0" * Authors of get_date:: Bellovin, Eggert, Salz, Berets, et al Opening the software toolbox * Toolbox introduction:: Toolbox introduction * I/O redirection:: I/O redirection * The who command:: The `who' command * The cut command:: The `cut' command * The sort command:: The `sort' command * The uniq command:: The `uniq' command * Putting the tools together:: Putting the tools together Copying This Manual * GNU Free Documentation License:: Copying and sharing this manual  File: coreutils.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Common options, Prev: Top, Up: Top 1 Introduction ************** This manual is a work in progress: many sections make no attempt to explain basic concepts in a way suitable for novices. Thus, if you are interested, please get involved in improving this manual. The entire GNU community will benefit. The GNU utilities documented here are mostly compatible with the POSIX standard. Please report bugs to . Remember to include the version number, machine architecture, input files, and any other information needed to reproduce the bug: your input, what you expected, what you got, and why it is wrong. Diffs are welcome, but please include a description of the problem as well, since this is sometimes difficult to infer. *Note Bugs: (gcc)Bugs. This manual was originally derived from the Unix man pages in the distributions, which were written by David MacKenzie and updated by Jim Meyering. What you are reading now is the authoritative documentation for these utilities; the man pages are no longer being maintained. The original `fmt' man page was written by Ross Paterson. Franc,ois Pinard did the initial conversion to Texinfo format. Karl Berry did the indexing, some reorganization, and editing of the results. Brian Youmans of the Free Software Foundation office staff combined the manuals for textutils, fileutils, and sh-utils to produce the present omnibus manual. Richard Stallman contributed his usual invaluable insights to the overall process.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Common options, Next: Output of entire files, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top 2 Common options **************** Certain options are available in all of these programs. Rather than writing identical descriptions for each of the programs, they are described here. (In fact, every GNU program accepts (or should accept) these options.) Normally options and operands can appear in any order, and programs act as if all the options appear before any operands. For example, `sort -r passwd -t :' acts like `sort -r -t : passwd', since `:' is an option-argument of `-t'. However, if the `POSIXLY_CORRECT' environment variable is set, options must appear before operands, unless otherwise specified for a particular command. A few programs can usefully have trailing operands with leading `-'. With such a program, options must precede operands even if `POSIXLY_CORRECT' is not set, and this fact is noted in the program description. For example, the `env' command's options must appear before its operands, since in some cases the operands specify a command that itself contains options. Most programs that accept long options recognize unambiguous abbreviations of those options. For example, `rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty' can be invoked as `rmdir --ignore-fail' or even `rmdir --i'. Ambiguous options, such as `ls --h', are identified as such. Some of these programs recognize the `--help' and `--version' options only when one of them is the sole command line argument. For these programs, abbreviations of the long options are not always recognized. `--help' Print a usage message listing all available options, then exit successfully. `--version' Print the version number, then exit successfully. `--' Delimit the option list. Later arguments, if any, are treated as operands even if they begin with `-'. For example, `sort -- -r' reads from the file named `-r'. A single `-' operand is not really an option, though it looks like one. It stands for standard input, or for standard output if that is clear from the context. For example, `sort -' reads from standard input, and is equivalent to plain `sort', and `tee -' writes an extra copy of its input to standard output. Unless otherwise specified, `-' can appear as any operand that requires a file name. * Menu: * Exit status:: Indicating program success or failure. * Backup options:: -b -S, in some programs. * Block size:: BLOCK_SIZE and --block-size, in some programs. * Signal specifications:: Specifying signals using the --signal option. * Disambiguating names and IDs:: chgrp and chown owner and group syntax * Random sources:: --random-source, in some programs. * Target directory:: Specifying a target directory, in some programs. * Trailing slashes:: --strip-trailing-slashes, in some programs. * Traversing symlinks:: -H, -L, or -P, in some programs. * Treating / specially:: --preserve-root and --no-preserve-root. * Special built-in utilities:: `break', `:', `eval', ... * Standards conformance:: Conformance to the POSIX standard.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Exit status, Next: Backup options, Up: Common options 2.1 Exit status =============== Nearly every command invocation yields an integral "exit status" that can be used to change how other commands work. For the vast majority of commands, an exit status of zero indicates success. Failure is indicated by a nonzero value--typically `1', though it may differ on unusual platforms as POSIX requires only that it be nonzero. However, some of the programs documented here do produce other exit status values and a few associate different meanings with the values `0' and `1'. Here are some of the exceptions: `chroot', `env', `expr', `nice', `nohup', `printenv', `sort', `stdbuf', `su', `test', `timeout', `tty'.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Backup options, Next: Block size, Prev: Exit status, Up: Common options 2.2 Backup options ================== Some GNU programs (at least `cp', `install', `ln', and `mv') optionally make backups of files before writing new versions. These options control the details of these backups. The options are also briefly mentioned in the descriptions of the particular programs. `-b' `--backup[=METHOD]' Make a backup of each file that would otherwise be overwritten or removed. Without this option, the original versions are destroyed. Use METHOD to determine the type of backups to make. When this option is used but METHOD is not specified, then the value of the `VERSION_CONTROL' environment variable is used. And if `VERSION_CONTROL' is not set, the default backup type is `existing'. Note that the short form of this option, `-b' does not accept any argument. Using `-b' is equivalent to using `--backup=existing'. This option corresponds to the Emacs variable `version-control'; the values for METHOD are the same as those used in Emacs. This option also accepts more descriptive names. The valid METHODs are (unique abbreviations are accepted): `none' `off' Never make backups. `numbered' `t' Always make numbered backups. `existing' `nil' Make numbered backups of files that already have them, simple backups of the others. `simple' `never' Always make simple backups. Please note `never' is not to be confused with `none'. `-S SUFFIX' `--suffix=SUFFIX' Append SUFFIX to each backup file made with `-b'. If this option is not specified, the value of the `SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX' environment variable is used. And if `SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX' is not set, the default is `~', just as in Emacs.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Block size, Next: Signal specifications, Prev: Backup options, Up: Common options 2.3 Block size ============== Some GNU programs (at least `df', `du', and `ls') display sizes in "blocks". You can adjust the block size and method of display to make sizes easier to read. The block size used for display is independent of any file system block size. Fractional block counts are rounded up to the nearest integer. The default block size is chosen by examining the following environment variables in turn; the first one that is set determines the block size. `DF_BLOCK_SIZE' This specifies the default block size for the `df' command. Similarly, `DU_BLOCK_SIZE' specifies the default for `du' and `LS_BLOCK_SIZE' for `ls'. `BLOCK_SIZE' This specifies the default block size for all three commands, if the above command-specific environment variables are not set. `BLOCKSIZE' This specifies the default block size for all values that are normally printed as blocks, if neither `BLOCK_SIZE' nor the above command-specific environment variables are set. Unlike the other environment variables, `BLOCKSIZE' does not affect values that are normally printed as byte counts, e.g., the file sizes contained in `ls -l' output. `POSIXLY_CORRECT' If neither `COMMAND_BLOCK_SIZE', nor `BLOCK_SIZE', nor `BLOCKSIZE' is set, but this variable is set, the block size defaults to 512. If none of the above environment variables are set, the block size currently defaults to 1024 bytes in most contexts, but this number may change in the future. For `ls' file sizes, the block size defaults to 1 byte. A block size specification can be a positive integer specifying the number of bytes per block, or it can be `human-readable' or `si' to select a human-readable format. Integers may be followed by suffixes that are upward compatible with the SI prefixes (http://www.bipm.fr/enus/3_SI/si-prefixes.html) for decimal multiples and with the IEC 60027-2 prefixes for binary multiples (http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html). With human-readable formats, output sizes are followed by a size letter such as `M' for megabytes. `BLOCK_SIZE=human-readable' uses powers of 1024; `M' stands for 1,048,576 bytes. `BLOCK_SIZE=si' is similar, but uses powers of 1000 and appends `B'; `MB' stands for 1,000,000 bytes. A block size specification preceded by `'' causes output sizes to be displayed with thousands separators. The `LC_NUMERIC' locale specifies the thousands separator and grouping. For example, in an American English locale, `--block-size="'1kB"' would cause a size of 1234000 bytes to be displayed as `1,234'. In the default C locale, there is no thousands separator so a leading `'' has no effect. An integer block size can be followed by a suffix to specify a multiple of that size. A bare size letter, or one followed by `iB', specifies a multiple using powers of 1024. A size letter followed by `B' specifies powers of 1000 instead. For example, `1M' and `1MiB' are equivalent to `1048576', whereas `1MB' is equivalent to `1000000'. A plain suffix without a preceding integer acts as if `1' were prepended, except that it causes a size indication to be appended to the output. For example, `--block-size="kB"' displays 3000 as `3kB'. The following suffixes are defined. Large sizes like `1Y' may be rejected by your computer due to limitations of its arithmetic. `kB' kilobyte: 10^3 = 1000. `k' `K' `KiB' kibibyte: 2^10 = 1024. `K' is special: the SI prefix is `k' and the IEC 60027-2 prefix is `Ki', but tradition and POSIX use `k' to mean `KiB'. `MB' megabyte: 10^6 = 1,000,000. `M' `MiB' mebibyte: 2^20 = 1,048,576. `GB' gigabyte: 10^9 = 1,000,000,000. `G' `GiB' gibibyte: 2^30 = 1,073,741,824. `TB' terabyte: 10^12 = 1,000,000,000,000. `T' `TiB' tebibyte: 2^40 = 1,099,511,627,776. `PB' petabyte: 10^15 = 1,000,000,000,000,000. `P' `PiB' pebibyte: 2^50 = 1,125,899,906,842,624. `EB' exabyte: 10^18 = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000. `E' `EiB' exbibyte: 2^60 = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976. `ZB' zettabyte: 10^21 = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 `Z' `ZiB' 2^70 = 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424. (`Zi' is a GNU extension to IEC 60027-2.) `YB' yottabyte: 10^24 = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000. `Y' `YiB' 2^80 = 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176. (`Yi' is a GNU extension to IEC 60027-2.) Block size defaults can be overridden by an explicit `--block-size=SIZE' option. The `-k' option is equivalent to `--block-size=1K', which is the default unless the `POSIXLY_CORRECT' environment variable is set. The `-h' or `--human-readable' option is equivalent to `--block-size=human-readable'. The `--si' option is equivalent to `--block-size=si'.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Signal specifications, Next: Disambiguating names and IDs, Prev: Block size, Up: Common options 2.4 Signal specifications ========================= A SIGNAL may be a signal name like `HUP', or a signal number like `1', or an exit status of a process terminated by the signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by `SIG'. The case of the letters is ignored. The following signal names and numbers are supported on all POSIX compliant systems: `HUP' 1. Hangup. `INT' 2. Terminal interrupt. `QUIT' 3. Terminal quit. `ABRT' 6. Process abort. `KILL' 9. Kill (cannot be caught or ignored). `ALRM' 14. Alarm Clock. `TERM' 15. Termination. Other supported signal names have system-dependent corresponding numbers. All systems conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2001 also support the following signals: `BUS' Access to an undefined portion of a memory object. `CHLD' Child process terminated, stopped, or continued. `CONT' Continue executing, if stopped. `FPE' Erroneous arithmetic operation. `ILL' Illegal Instruction. `PIPE' Write on a pipe with no one to read it. `SEGV' Invalid memory reference. `STOP' Stop executing (cannot be caught or ignored). `TSTP' Terminal stop. `TTIN' Background process attempting read. `TTOU' Background process attempting write. `URG' High bandwidth data is available at a socket. `USR1' User-defined signal 1. `USR2' User-defined signal 2. POSIX 1003.1-2001 systems that support the XSI extension also support the following signals: `POLL' Pollable event. `PROF' Profiling timer expired. `SYS' Bad system call. `TRAP' Trace/breakpoint trap. `VTALRM' Virtual timer expired. `XCPU' CPU time limit exceeded. `XFSZ' File size limit exceeded. POSIX 1003.1-2001 systems that support the XRT extension also support at least eight real-time signals called `RTMIN', `RTMIN+1', ..., `RTMAX-1', `RTMAX'.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Disambiguating names and IDs, Next: Random sources, Prev: Signal specifications, Up: Common options 2.5 chown and chgrp: Disambiguating user names and IDs ====================================================== Since the OWNER and GROUP arguments to `chown' and `chgrp' may be specified as names or numeric IDs, there is an apparent ambiguity. What if a user or group _name_ is a string of digits? (1) Should the command interpret it as a user name or as an ID? POSIX requires that `chown' and `chgrp' first attempt to resolve the specified string as a name, and only once that fails, then try to interpret it as an ID. This is troublesome when you want to specify a numeric ID, say 42, and it must work even in a pathological situation where `42' is a user name that maps to some other user ID, say 1000. Simply invoking `chown 42 F', will set `F's owner ID to 1000--not what you intended. GNU `chown' and `chgrp' provide a way to work around this, that at the same time may result in a significant performance improvement by eliminating a database look-up. Simply precede each numeric user ID and/or group ID with a `+', in order to force its interpretation as an integer: chown +42 F chgrp +$numeric_group_id another-file chown +0:+0 / GNU `chown' and `chgrp' skip the name look-up process for each `+'-prefixed string, because a string containing `+' is never a valid user or group name. This syntax is accepted on most common Unix systems, but not on Solaris 10. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) Using a number as a user name is common in some environments.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Random sources, Next: Target directory, Prev: Disambiguating names and IDs, Up: Common options 2.6 Sources of random data ========================== The `shuf', `shred', and `sort' commands sometimes need random data to do their work. For example, `sort -R' must choose a hash function at random, and it needs random data to make this selection. By default these commands use an internal pseudorandom generator initialized by a small amount of entropy, but can be directed to use an external source with the `--random-source=FILE' option. An error is reported if FILE does not contain enough bytes. For example, the device file `/dev/urandom' could be used as the source of random data. Typically, this device gathers environmental noise from device drivers and other sources into an entropy pool, and uses the pool to generate random bits. If the pool is short of data, the device reuses the internal pool to produce more bits, using a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator. But be aware that this device is not designed for bulk random data generation and is relatively slow. `/dev/urandom' suffices for most practical uses, but applications requiring high-value or long-term protection of private data may require an alternate data source like `/dev/random' or `/dev/arandom'. The set of available sources depends on your operating system. To reproduce the results of an earlier invocation of a command, you can save some random data into a file and then use that file as the random source in earlier and later invocations of the command.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Target directory, Next: Trailing slashes, Prev: Random sources, Up: Common options 2.7 Target directory ==================== The `cp', `install', `ln', and `mv' commands normally treat the last operand specially when it is a directory or a symbolic link to a directory. For example, `cp source dest' is equivalent to `cp source dest/source' if `dest' is a directory. Sometimes this behavior is not exactly what is wanted, so these commands support the following options to allow more fine-grained control: `-T' `--no-target-directory' Do not treat the last operand specially when it is a directory or a symbolic link to a directory. This can help avoid race conditions in programs that operate in a shared area. For example, when the command `mv /tmp/source /tmp/dest' succeeds, there is no guarantee that `/tmp/source' was renamed to `/tmp/dest': it could have been renamed to `/tmp/dest/source' instead, if some other process created `/tmp/dest' as a directory. However, if `mv -T /tmp/source /tmp/dest' succeeds, there is no question that `/tmp/source' was renamed to `/tmp/dest'. In the opposite situation, where you want the last operand to be treated as a directory and want a diagnostic otherwise, you can use the `--target-directory' (`-t') option. `-t DIRECTORY' `--target-directory=DIRECTORY' Use DIRECTORY as the directory component of each destination file name. The interface for most programs is that after processing options and a finite (possibly zero) number of fixed-position arguments, the remaining argument list is either expected to be empty, or is a list of items (usually files) that will all be handled identically. The `xargs' program is designed to work well with this convention. The commands in the `mv'-family are unusual in that they take a variable number of arguments with a special case at the _end_ (namely, the target directory). This makes it nontrivial to perform some operations, e.g., "move all files from here to ../d/", because `mv * ../d/' might exhaust the argument space, and `ls | xargs ...' doesn't have a clean way to specify an extra final argument for each invocation of the subject command. (It can be done by going through a shell command, but that requires more human labor and brain power than it should.) The `--target-directory' (`-t') option allows the `cp', `install', `ln', and `mv' programs to be used conveniently with `xargs'. For example, you can move the files from the current directory to a sibling directory, `d' like this: ls | xargs mv -t ../d -- However, this doesn't move files whose names begin with `.'. If you use the GNU `find' program, you can move those files too, with this command: find . -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 \ | xargs mv -t ../d But both of the above approaches fail if there are no files in the current directory, or if any file has a name containing a blank or some other special characters. The following example removes those limitations and requires both GNU `find' and GNU `xargs': find . -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -print0 \ | xargs --null --no-run-if-empty \ mv -t ../d The `--target-directory' (`-t') and `--no-target-directory' (`-T') options cannot be combined.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Trailing slashes, Next: Traversing symlinks, Prev: Target directory, Up: Common options 2.8 Trailing slashes ==================== Some GNU programs (at least `cp' and `mv') allow you to remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument before operating on it. The `--strip-trailing-slashes' option enables this behavior. This is useful when a SOURCE argument may have a trailing slash and specify a symbolic link to a directory. This scenario is in fact rather common because some shells can automatically append a trailing slash when performing file name completion on such symbolic links. Without this option, `mv', for example, (via the system's rename function) must interpret a trailing slash as a request to dereference the symbolic link and so must rename the indirectly referenced _directory_ and not the symbolic link. Although it may seem surprising that such behavior be the default, it is required by POSIX and is consistent with other parts of that standard.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Traversing symlinks, Next: Treating / specially, Prev: Trailing slashes, Up: Common options 2.9 Traversing symlinks ======================= The following options modify how `chown' and `chgrp' traverse a hierarchy when the `--recursive' (`-R') option is also specified. If more than one of the following options is specified, only the final one takes effect. These options specify whether processing a symbolic link to a directory entails operating on just the symbolic link or on all files in the hierarchy rooted at that directory. These options are independent of `--dereference' and `--no-dereference' (`-h'), which control whether to modify a symlink or its referent. `-H' If `--recursive' (`-R') is specified and a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it. `-L' In a recursive traversal, traverse every symbolic link to a directory that is encountered. `-P' Do not traverse any symbolic links. This is the default if none of `-H', `-L', or `-P' is specified.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Treating / specially, Next: Special built-in utilities, Prev: Traversing symlinks, Up: Common options 2.10 Treating `/' specially =========================== Certain commands can operate destructively on entire hierarchies. For example, if a user with appropriate privileges mistakenly runs `rm -rf / tmp/junk', that may remove all files on the entire system. Since there are so few legitimate uses for such a command, GNU `rm' normally declines to operate on any directory that resolves to `/'. If you really want to try to remove all the files on your system, you can use the `--no-preserve-root' option, but the default behavior, specified by the `--preserve-option', is safer for most purposes. The commands `chgrp', `chmod' and `chown' can also operate destructively on entire hierarchies, so they too support these options. Although, unlike `rm', they don't actually unlink files, these commands are arguably more dangerous when operating recursively on `/', since they often work much more quickly, and hence damage more files before an alert user can interrupt them. Tradition and POSIX require these commands to operate recursively on `/', so they default to `--no-preserve-root', but using the `--preserve-root' option makes them safer for most purposes. For convenience you can specify `--preserve-root' in an alias or in a shell function. Note that the `--preserve-root' option also ensures that `chgrp' and `chown' do not modify `/' even when dereferencing a symlink pointing to `/'.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Special built-in utilities, Next: Standards conformance, Prev: Treating / specially, Up: Common options 2.11 Special built-in utilities =============================== Some programs like `nice' can invoke other programs; for example, the command `nice cat file' invokes the program `cat' by executing the command `cat file'. However, "special built-in utilities" like `exit' cannot be invoked this way. For example, the command `nice exit' does not have a well-defined behavior: it may generate an error message instead of exiting. Here is a list of the special built-in utilities that are standardized by POSIX 1003.1-2004. . : break continue eval exec exit export readonly return set shift times trap unset For example, because `.', `:', and `exec' are special, the commands `nice . foo.sh', `nice :', and `nice exec pwd' do not work as you might expect. Many shells extend this list. For example, Bash has several extra special built-in utilities like `history', and `suspend', and with Bash the command `nice suspend' generates an error message instead of suspending.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Standards conformance, Prev: Special built-in utilities, Up: Common options 2.12 Standards conformance ========================== In a few cases, the GNU utilities' default behavior is incompatible with the POSIX standard. To suppress these incompatibilities, define the `POSIXLY_CORRECT' environment variable. Unless you are checking for POSIX conformance, you probably do not need to define `POSIXLY_CORRECT'. Newer versions of POSIX are occasionally incompatible with older versions. For example, older versions of POSIX required the command `sort +1' to sort based on the second and succeeding fields in each input line, but starting with POSIX 1003.1-2001 the same command is required to sort the file named `+1', and you must instead use the command `sort -k 2' to get the field-based sort. The GNU utilities normally conform to the version of POSIX that is standard for your system. To cause them to conform to a different version of POSIX, define the `_POSIX2_VERSION' environment variable to a value of the form YYYYMM specifying the year and month the standard was adopted. Two values are currently supported for `_POSIX2_VERSION': `199209' stands for POSIX 1003.2-1992, and `200112' stands for POSIX 1003.1-2001. For example, if you have a newer system but are running software that assumes an older version of POSIX and uses `sort +1' or `tail +10', you can work around any compatibility problems by setting `_POSIX2_VERSION=199209' in your environment.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Output of entire files, Next: Formatting file contents, Prev: Common options, Up: Top 3 Output of entire files ************************ These commands read and write entire files, possibly transforming them in some way. * Menu: * cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files. * tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse. * nl invocation:: Number lines and write files. * od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats. * base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.  File: coreutils.info, Node: cat invocation, Next: tac invocation, Up: Output of entire files 3.1 `cat': Concatenate and write files ====================================== `cat' copies each FILE (`-' means standard input), or standard input if none are given, to standard output. Synopsis: cat [OPTION] [FILE]... The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-A' `--show-all' Equivalent to `-vET'. `-b' `--number-nonblank' Number all nonempty output lines, starting with 1. `-e' Equivalent to `-vE'. `-E' `--show-ends' Display a `$' after the end of each line. `-n' `--number' Number all output lines, starting with 1. `-s' `--squeeze-blank' Suppress repeated adjacent empty lines; output just one empty line instead of several. `-t' Equivalent to `-vT'. `-T' `--show-tabs' Display TAB characters as `^I'. `-u' Ignored; for POSIX compatibility. `-v' `--show-nonprinting' Display control characters except for LFD and TAB using `^' notation and precede characters that have the high bit set with `M-'. On systems like MS-DOS that distinguish between text and binary files, `cat' normally reads and writes in binary mode. However, `cat' reads in text mode if one of the options `-bensAE' is used or if `cat' is reading from standard input and standard input is a terminal. Similarly, `cat' writes in text mode if one of the options `-bensAE' is used or if standard output is a terminal. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure. Examples: # Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. cat f - g # Copy standard input to standard output. cat  File: coreutils.info, Node: tac invocation, Next: nl invocation, Prev: cat invocation, Up: Output of entire files 3.2 `tac': Concatenate and write files in reverse ================================================= `tac' copies each FILE (`-' means standard input), or standard input if none are given, to standard output, reversing the records (lines by default) in each separately. Synopsis: tac [OPTION]... [FILE]... "Records" are separated by instances of a string (newline by default). By default, this separator string is attached to the end of the record that it follows in the file. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-b' `--before' The separator is attached to the beginning of the record that it precedes in the file. `-r' `--regex' Treat the separator string as a regular expression. Users of `tac' on MS-DOS/MS-Windows should note that, since `tac' reads files in binary mode, each line of a text file might end with a CR/LF pair instead of the Unix-style LF. `-s SEPARATOR' `--separator=SEPARATOR' Use SEPARATOR as the record separator, instead of newline. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: nl invocation, Next: od invocation, Prev: tac invocation, Up: Output of entire files 3.3 `nl': Number lines and write files ====================================== `nl' writes each FILE (`-' means standard input), or standard input if none are given, to standard output, with line numbers added to some or all of the lines. Synopsis: nl [OPTION]... [FILE]... `nl' decomposes its input into (logical) pages; by default, the line number is reset to 1 at the top of each logical page. `nl' treats all of the input files as a single document; it does not reset line numbers or logical pages between files. A logical page consists of three sections: header, body, and footer. Any of the sections can be empty. Each can be numbered in a different style from the others. The beginnings of the sections of logical pages are indicated in the input file by a line containing exactly one of these delimiter strings: `\:\:\:' start of header; `\:\:' start of body; `\:' start of footer. The two characters from which these strings are made can be changed from `\' and `:' via options (see below), but the pattern and length of each string cannot be changed. A section delimiter is replaced by an empty line on output. Any text that comes before the first section delimiter string in the input file is considered to be part of a body section, so `nl' treats a file that contains no section delimiters as a single body section. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-b STYLE' `--body-numbering=STYLE' Select the numbering style for lines in the body section of each logical page. When a line is not numbered, the current line number is not incremented, but the line number separator character is still prepended to the line. The styles are: `a' number all lines, `t' number only nonempty lines (default for body), `n' do not number lines (default for header and footer), `pBRE' number only lines that contain a match for the basic regular expression BRE. *Note Regular Expressions: (grep)Regular Expressions. `-d CD' `--section-delimiter=CD' Set the section delimiter characters to CD; default is `\:'. If only C is given, the second remains `:'. (Remember to protect `\' or other metacharacters from shell expansion with quotes or extra backslashes.) `-f STYLE' `--footer-numbering=STYLE' Analogous to `--body-numbering'. `-h STYLE' `--header-numbering=STYLE' Analogous to `--body-numbering'. `-i NUMBER' `--line-increment=NUMBER' Increment line numbers by NUMBER (default 1). `-l NUMBER' `--join-blank-lines=NUMBER' Consider NUMBER (default 1) consecutive empty lines to be one logical line for numbering, and only number the last one. Where fewer than NUMBER consecutive empty lines occur, do not number them. An empty line is one that contains no characters, not even spaces or tabs. `-n FORMAT' `--number-format=FORMAT' Select the line numbering format (default is `rn'): `ln' left justified, no leading zeros; `rn' right justified, no leading zeros; `rz' right justified, leading zeros. `-p' `--no-renumber' Do not reset the line number at the start of a logical page. `-s STRING' `--number-separator=STRING' Separate the line number from the text line in the output with STRING (default is the TAB character). `-v NUMBER' `--starting-line-number=NUMBER' Set the initial line number on each logical page to NUMBER (default 1). `-w NUMBER' `--number-width=NUMBER' Use NUMBER characters for line numbers (default 6). An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: od invocation, Next: base64 invocation, Prev: nl invocation, Up: Output of entire files 3.4 `od': Write files in octal or other formats =============================================== `od' writes an unambiguous representation of each FILE (`-' means standard input), or standard input if none are given. Synopses: od [OPTION]... [FILE]... od [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] od [OPTION]... --traditional [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [[+]LABEL[.][b]]] Each line of output consists of the offset in the input, followed by groups of data from the file. By default, `od' prints the offset in octal, and each group of file data is a C `short int''s worth of input printed as a single octal number. If OFFSET is given, it specifies how many input bytes to skip before formatting and writing. By default, it is interpreted as an octal number, but the optional trailing decimal point causes it to be interpreted as decimal. If no decimal is specified and the offset begins with `0x' or `0X' it is interpreted as a hexadecimal number. If there is a trailing `b', the number of bytes skipped will be OFFSET multiplied by 512. If a command is of both the first and second forms, the second form is assumed if the last operand begins with `+' or (if there are two operands) a digit. For example, in `od foo 10' and `od +10' the `10' is an offset, whereas in `od 10' the `10' is a file name. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-A RADIX' `--address-radix=RADIX' Select the base in which file offsets are printed. RADIX can be one of the following: `d' decimal; `o' octal; `x' hexadecimal; `n' none (do not print offsets). The default is octal. `-j BYTES' `--skip-bytes=BYTES' Skip BYTES input bytes before formatting and writing. If BYTES begins with `0x' or `0X', it is interpreted in hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with `0', in octal; otherwise, in decimal. BYTES may be, or may be an integer optionally followed by, one of the following multiplicative suffixes: `b' => 512 ("blocks") `KB' => 1000 (KiloBytes) `K' => 1024 (KibiBytes) `MB' => 1000*1000 (MegaBytes) `M' => 1024*1024 (MebiBytes) `GB' => 1000*1000*1000 (GigaBytes) `G' => 1024*1024*1024 (GibiBytes) and so on for `T', `P', `E', `Z', and `Y'. `-N BYTES' `--read-bytes=BYTES' Output at most BYTES bytes of the input. Prefixes and suffixes on `bytes' are interpreted as for the `-j' option. `-S BYTES' `--strings[=BYTES]' Instead of the normal output, output only "string constants": at least BYTES consecutive ASCII graphic characters, followed by a zero byte (ASCII NUL). Prefixes and suffixes on `bytes' are interpreted as for the `-j' option. If N is omitted with `--strings', the default is 3. `-t TYPE' `--format=TYPE' Select the format in which to output the file data. TYPE is a string of one or more of the below type indicator characters. If you include more than one type indicator character in a single TYPE string, or use this option more than once, `od' writes one copy of each output line using each of the data types that you specified, in the order that you specified. Adding a trailing "z" to any type specification appends a display of the ASCII character representation of the printable characters to the output line generated by the type specification. `a' named character, ignoring high-order bit `c' ASCII character or backslash escape, `d' signed decimal `f' floating point `o' octal `u' unsigned decimal `x' hexadecimal The type `a' outputs things like `sp' for space, `nl' for newline, and `nul' for a zero byte. Only the least significant seven bits of each byte is used; the high-order bit is ignored. Type `c' outputs ` ', `\n', and `\0', respectively. Except for types `a' and `c', you can specify the number of bytes to use in interpreting each number in the given data type by following the type indicator character with a decimal integer. Alternately, you can specify the size of one of the C compiler's built-in data types by following the type indicator character with one of the following characters. For integers (`d', `o', `u', `x'): `C' char `S' short `I' int `L' long For floating point (`f'): F float D double L long double `-v' `--output-duplicates' Output consecutive lines that are identical. By default, when two or more consecutive output lines would be identical, `od' outputs only the first line, and puts just an asterisk on the following line to indicate the elision. `-w[N]' `--width[=N]' Dump `n' input bytes per output line. This must be a multiple of the least common multiple of the sizes associated with the specified output types. If this option is not given at all, the default is 16. If N is omitted, the default is 32. The next several options are shorthands for format specifications. GNU `od' accepts any combination of shorthands and format specification options. These options accumulate. `-a' Output as named characters. Equivalent to `-t a'. `-b' Output as octal bytes. Equivalent to `-t o1'. `-c' Output as ASCII characters or backslash escapes. Equivalent to `-t c'. `-d' Output as unsigned decimal two-byte units. Equivalent to `-t u2'. `-f' Output as floats. Equivalent to `-t fF'. `-i' Output as decimal ints. Equivalent to `-t dI'. `-l' Output as decimal long ints. Equivalent to `-t dL'. `-o' Output as octal two-byte units. Equivalent to `-t o2'. `-s' Output as decimal two-byte units. Equivalent to `-t d2'. `-x' Output as hexadecimal two-byte units. Equivalent to `-t x2'. `--traditional' Recognize the non-option label argument that traditional `od' accepted. The following syntax: od --traditional [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [[+]LABEL[.][b]]] can be used to specify at most one file and optional arguments specifying an offset and a pseudo-start address, LABEL. The LABEL argument is interpreted just like OFFSET, but it specifies an initial pseudo-address. The pseudo-addresses are displayed in parentheses following any normal address. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: base64 invocation, Prev: od invocation, Up: Output of entire files 3.5 `base64': Transform data into printable data ================================================ `base64' transforms data read from a file, or standard input, into (or from) base64 encoded form. The base64 encoded form uses printable ASCII characters to represent binary data. Synopses: base64 [OPTION]... [FILE] base64 --decode [OPTION]... [FILE] The base64 encoding expands data to roughly 133% of the original. The format conforms to RFC 4648 (ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc4648.txt). The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-w COLS' `--wrap=COLS' During encoding, wrap lines after COLS characters. This must be a positive number. The default is to wrap after 76 characters. Use the value 0 to disable line wrapping altogether. `-d' `--decode' Change the mode of operation, from the default of encoding data, to decoding data. Input is expected to be base64 encoded data, and the output will be the original data. `-i' `--ignore-garbage' When decoding, newlines are always accepted. During decoding, ignore unrecognized bytes, to permit distorted data to be decoded. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Formatting file contents, Next: Output of parts of files, Prev: Output of entire files, Up: Top 4 Formatting file contents ************************** These commands reformat the contents of files. * Menu: * fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text. * pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing. * fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.  File: coreutils.info, Node: fmt invocation, Next: pr invocation, Up: Formatting file contents 4.1 `fmt': Reformat paragraph text ================================== `fmt' fills and joins lines to produce output lines of (at most) a given number of characters (75 by default). Synopsis: fmt [OPTION]... [FILE]... `fmt' reads from the specified FILE arguments (or standard input if none are given), and writes to standard output. By default, blank lines, spaces between words, and indentation are preserved in the output; successive input lines with different indentation are not joined; tabs are expanded on input and introduced on output. `fmt' prefers breaking lines at the end of a sentence, and tries to avoid line breaks after the first word of a sentence or before the last word of a sentence. A "sentence break" is defined as either the end of a paragraph or a word ending in any of `.?!', followed by two spaces or end of line, ignoring any intervening parentheses or quotes. Like TeX, `fmt' reads entire "paragraphs" before choosing line breaks; the algorithm is a variant of that given by Donald E. Knuth and Michael F. Plass in "Breaking Paragraphs Into Lines", `Software--Practice & Experience' 11, 11 (November 1981), 1119-1184. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-c' `--crown-margin' "Crown margin" mode: preserve the indentation of the first two lines within a paragraph, and align the left margin of each subsequent line with that of the second line. `-t' `--tagged-paragraph' "Tagged paragraph" mode: like crown margin mode, except that if indentation of the first line of a paragraph is the same as the indentation of the second, the first line is treated as a one-line paragraph. `-s' `--split-only' Split lines only. Do not join short lines to form longer ones. This prevents sample lines of code, and other such "formatted" text from being unduly combined. `-u' `--uniform-spacing' Uniform spacing. Reduce spacing between words to one space, and spacing between sentences to two spaces. `-WIDTH' `-w WIDTH' `--width=WIDTH' Fill output lines up to WIDTH characters (default 75). `fmt' initially tries to make lines about 7% shorter than this, to give it room to balance line lengths. `-p PREFIX' `--prefix=PREFIX' Only lines beginning with PREFIX (possibly preceded by whitespace) are subject to formatting. The prefix and any preceding whitespace are stripped for the formatting and then re-attached to each formatted output line. One use is to format certain kinds of program comments, while leaving the code unchanged. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: pr invocation, Next: fold invocation, Prev: fmt invocation, Up: Formatting file contents 4.2 `pr': Paginate or columnate files for printing ================================================== `pr' writes each FILE (`-' means standard input), or standard input if none are given, to standard output, paginating and optionally outputting in multicolumn format; optionally merges all FILEs, printing all in parallel, one per column. Synopsis: pr [OPTION]... [FILE]... By default, a 5-line header is printed at each page: two blank lines; a line with the date, the file name, and the page count; and two more blank lines. A footer of five blank lines is also printed. The default PAGE_LENGTH is 66 lines. The default number of text lines is therefore 56. The text line of the header takes the form `DATE STRING PAGE', with spaces inserted around STRING so that the line takes up the full PAGE_WIDTH. Here, DATE is the date (see the `-D' or `--date-format' option for details), STRING is the centered header string, and PAGE identifies the page number. The `LC_MESSAGES' locale category affects the spelling of PAGE; in the default C locale, it is `Page NUMBER' where NUMBER is the decimal page number. Form feeds in the input cause page breaks in the output. Multiple form feeds produce empty pages. Columns are of equal width, separated by an optional string (default is `space'). For multicolumn output, lines will always be truncated to PAGE_WIDTH (default 72), unless you use the `-J' option. For single column output no line truncation occurs by default. Use `-W' option to truncate lines in that case. The following changes were made in version 1.22i and apply to later versions of `pr': - Brian * Some small LETTER OPTIONS (`-s', `-w') have been redefined for better POSIX compliance. The output of some further cases has been adapted to other Unix systems. These changes are not compatible with earlier versions of the program. * Some NEW CAPITAL LETTER options (`-J', `-S', `-W') have been introduced to turn off unexpected interferences of small letter options. The `-N' option and the second argument LAST_PAGE of `+FIRST_PAGE' offer more flexibility. The detailed handling of form feeds set in the input files requires the `-T' option. * Capital letter options override small letter ones. * Some of the option-arguments (compare `-s', `-e', `-i', `-n') cannot be specified as separate arguments from the preceding option letter (already stated in the POSIX specification). The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `+FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' `--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' Begin printing with page FIRST_PAGE and stop with LAST_PAGE. Missing `:LAST_PAGE' implies end of file. While estimating the number of skipped pages each form feed in the input file results in a new page. Page counting with and without `+FIRST_PAGE' is identical. By default, counting starts with the first page of input file (not first page printed). Line numbering may be altered by `-N' option. `-COLUMN' `--columns=COLUMN' With each single FILE, produce COLUMN columns of output (default is 1) and print columns down, unless `-a' is used. The column width is automatically decreased as COLUMN increases; unless you use the `-W/-w' option to increase PAGE_WIDTH as well. This option might well cause some lines to be truncated. The number of lines in the columns on each page are balanced. The options `-e' and `-i' are on for multiple text-column output. Together with `-J' option column alignment and line truncation is turned off. Lines of full length are joined in a free field format and `-S' option may set field separators. `-COLUMN' may not be used with `-m' option. `-a' `--across' With each single FILE, print columns across rather than down. The `-COLUMN' option must be given with COLUMN greater than one. If a line is too long to fit in a column, it is truncated. `-c' `--show-control-chars' Print control characters using hat notation (e.g., `^G'); print other nonprinting characters in octal backslash notation. By default, nonprinting characters are not changed. `-d' `--double-space' Double space the output. `-D FORMAT' `--date-format=FORMAT' Format header dates using FORMAT, using the same conventions as for the command `date +FORMAT'; *Note date invocation::. Except for directives, which start with `%', characters in FORMAT are printed unchanged. You can use this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date, e.g., `--date-format="Monday morning"'. The default date format is `%Y-%m-%d %H:%M' (for example, `2001-12-04 23:59'); but if the `POSIXLY_CORRECT' environment variable is set and the `LC_TIME' locale category specifies the POSIX locale, the default is `%b %e %H:%M %Y' (for example, `Dec 4 23:59 2001'. Time stamps are listed according to the time zone rules specified by the `TZ' environment variable, or by the system default rules if `TZ' is not set. *Note Specifying the Time Zone with `TZ': (libc)TZ Variable. `-e[IN-TABCHAR[IN-TABWIDTH]]' `--expand-tabs[=IN-TABCHAR[IN-TABWIDTH]]' Expand TABs to spaces on input. Optional argument IN-TABCHAR is the input tab character (default is the TAB character). Second optional argument IN-TABWIDTH is the input tab character's width (default is 8). `-f' `-F' `--form-feed' Use a form feed instead of newlines to separate output pages. This does not alter the default page length of 66 lines. `-h HEADER' `--header=HEADER' Replace the file name in the header with the centered string HEADER. When using the shell, HEADER should be quoted and should be separated from `-h' by a space. `-i[OUT-TABCHAR[OUT-TABWIDTH]]' `--output-tabs[=OUT-TABCHAR[OUT-TABWIDTH]]' Replace spaces with TABs on output. Optional argument OUT-TABCHAR is the output tab character (default is the TAB character). Second optional argument OUT-TABWIDTH is the output tab character's width (default is 8). `-J' `--join-lines' Merge lines of full length. Used together with the column options `-COLUMN', `-a -COLUMN' or `-m'. Turns off `-W/-w' line truncation; no column alignment used; may be used with `--sep-string[=STRING]'. `-J' has been introduced (together with `-W' and `--sep-string') to disentangle the old (POSIX-compliant) options `-w' and `-s' along with the three column options. `-l PAGE_LENGTH' `--length=PAGE_LENGTH' Set the page length to PAGE_LENGTH (default 66) lines, including the lines of the header [and the footer]. If PAGE_LENGTH is less than or equal to 10, the header and footer are omitted, as if the `-t' option had been given. `-m' `--merge' Merge and print all FILEs in parallel, one in each column. If a line is too long to fit in a column, it is truncated, unless the `-J' option is used. `--sep-string[=STRING]' may be used. Empty pages in some FILEs (form feeds set) produce empty columns, still marked by STRING. The result is a continuous line numbering and column marking throughout the whole merged file. Completely empty merged pages show no separators or line numbers. The default header becomes `DATE PAGE' with spaces inserted in the middle; this may be used with the `-h' or `--header' option to fill up the middle blank part. `-n[NUMBER-SEPARATOR[DIGITS]]' `--number-lines[=NUMBER-SEPARATOR[DIGITS]]' Provide DIGITS digit line numbering (default for DIGITS is 5). With multicolumn output the number occupies the first DIGITS column positions of each text column or only each line of `-m' output. With single column output the number precedes each line just as `-m' does. Default counting of the line numbers starts with the first line of the input file (not the first line printed, compare the `--page' option and `-N' option). Optional argument NUMBER-SEPARATOR is the character appended to the line number to separate it from the text followed. The default separator is the TAB character. In a strict sense a TAB is always printed with single column output only. The TAB width varies with the TAB position, e.g., with the left MARGIN specified by `-o' option. With multicolumn output priority is given to `equal width of output columns' (a POSIX specification). The TAB width is fixed to the value of the first column and does not change with different values of left MARGIN. That means a fixed number of spaces is always printed in the place of the NUMBER-SEPARATOR TAB. The tabification depends upon the output position. `-N LINE_NUMBER' `--first-line-number=LINE_NUMBER' Start line counting with the number LINE_NUMBER at first line of first page printed (in most cases not the first line of the input file). `-o MARGIN' `--indent=MARGIN' Indent each line with a margin MARGIN spaces wide (default is zero). The total page width is the size of the margin plus the PAGE_WIDTH set with the `-W/-w' option. A limited overflow may occur with numbered single column output (compare `-n' option). `-r' `--no-file-warnings' Do not print a warning message when an argument FILE cannot be opened. (The exit status will still be nonzero, however.) `-s[CHAR]' `--separator[=CHAR]' Separate columns by a single character CHAR. The default for CHAR is the TAB character without `-w' and `no character' with `-w'. Without `-s' the default separator `space' is set. `-s[char]' turns off line truncation of all three column options (`-COLUMN'|`-a -COLUMN'|`-m') unless `-w' is set. This is a POSIX-compliant formulation. `-SSTRING' `--sep-string[=STRING]' Use STRING to separate output columns. The `-S' option doesn't affect the `-W/-w' option, unlike the `-s' option which does. It does not affect line truncation or column alignment. Without `-S', and with `-J', `pr' uses the default output separator, TAB. Without `-S' or `-J', `pr' uses a `space' (same as `-S" "'). `--sep-string' with no `=STRING' is equivalent to `--sep-string=""'. `-t' `--omit-header' Do not print the usual header [and footer] on each page, and do not fill out the bottom of pages (with blank lines or a form feed). No page structure is produced, but form feeds set in the input files are retained. The predefined pagination is not changed. `-t' or `-T' may be useful together with other options; e.g.: `-t -e4', expand TAB characters in the input file to 4 spaces but don't make any other changes. Use of `-t' overrides `-h'. `-T' `--omit-pagination' Do not print header [and footer]. In addition eliminate all form feeds set in the input files. `-v' `--show-nonprinting' Print nonprinting characters in octal backslash notation. `-w PAGE_WIDTH' `--width=PAGE_WIDTH' Set page width to PAGE_WIDTH characters for multiple text-column output only (default for PAGE_WIDTH is 72). `-s[CHAR]' turns off the default page width and any line truncation and column alignment. Lines of full length are merged, regardless of the column options set. No PAGE_WIDTH setting is possible with single column output. A POSIX-compliant formulation. `-W PAGE_WIDTH' `--page_width=PAGE_WIDTH' Set the page width to PAGE_WIDTH characters. That's valid with and without a column option. Text lines are truncated, unless `-J' is used. Together with one of the three column options (`-COLUMN', `-a -COLUMN' or `-m') column alignment is always used. The separator options `-S' or `-s' don't affect the `-W' option. Default is 72 characters. Without `-W PAGE_WIDTH' and without any of the column options NO line truncation is used (defined to keep downward compatibility and to meet most frequent tasks). That's equivalent to `-W 72 -J'. The header line is never truncated. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: fold invocation, Prev: pr invocation, Up: Formatting file contents 4.3 `fold': Wrap input lines to fit in specified width ====================================================== `fold' writes each FILE (`-' means standard input), or standard input if none are given, to standard output, breaking long lines. Synopsis: fold [OPTION]... [FILE]... By default, `fold' breaks lines wider than 80 columns. The output is split into as many lines as necessary. `fold' counts screen columns by default; thus, a tab may count more than one column, backspace decreases the column count, and carriage return sets the column to zero. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-b' `--bytes' Count bytes rather than columns, so that tabs, backspaces, and carriage returns are each counted as taking up one column, just like other characters. `-s' `--spaces' Break at word boundaries: the line is broken after the last blank before the maximum line length. If the line contains no such blanks, the line is broken at the maximum line length as usual. `-w WIDTH' `--width=WIDTH' Use a maximum line length of WIDTH columns instead of 80. For compatibility `fold' supports an obsolete option syntax `-WIDTH'. New scripts should use `-w WIDTH' instead. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Output of parts of files, Next: Summarizing files, Prev: Formatting file contents, Up: Top 5 Output of parts of files ************************** These commands output pieces of the input. * Menu: * head invocation:: Output the first part of files. * tail invocation:: Output the last part of files. * split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces. * csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.  File: coreutils.info, Node: head invocation, Next: tail invocation, Up: Output of parts of files 5.1 `head': Output the first part of files ========================================== `head' prints the first part (10 lines by default) of each FILE; it reads from standard input if no files are given or when given a FILE of `-'. Synopsis: head [OPTION]... [FILE]... If more than one FILE is specified, `head' prints a one-line header consisting of: ==> FILE NAME <== before the output for each FILE. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-c K' `--bytes=K' Print the first K bytes, instead of initial lines. However, if K starts with a `-', print all but the last K bytes of each file. K may be, or may be an integer optionally followed by, one of the following multiplicative suffixes: `b' => 512 ("blocks") `KB' => 1000 (KiloBytes) `K' => 1024 (KibiBytes) `MB' => 1000*1000 (MegaBytes) `M' => 1024*1024 (MebiBytes) `GB' => 1000*1000*1000 (GigaBytes) `G' => 1024*1024*1024 (GibiBytes) and so on for `T', `P', `E', `Z', and `Y'. `-n K' `--lines=K' Output the first K lines. However, if K starts with a `-', print all but the last K lines of each file. Size multiplier suffixes are the same as with the `-c' option. `-q' `--quiet' `--silent' Never print file name headers. `-v' `--verbose' Always print file name headers. For compatibility `head' also supports an obsolete option syntax `-COUNTOPTIONS', which is recognized only if it is specified first. COUNT is a decimal number optionally followed by a size letter (`b', `k', `m') as in `-c', or `l' to mean count by lines, or other option letters (`cqv'). Scripts intended for standard hosts should use `-c COUNT' or `-n COUNT' instead. If your script must also run on hosts that support only the obsolete syntax, it is usually simpler to avoid `head', e.g., by using `sed 5q' instead of `head -5'. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: tail invocation, Next: split invocation, Prev: head invocation, Up: Output of parts of files 5.2 `tail': Output the last part of files ========================================= `tail' prints the last part (10 lines by default) of each FILE; it reads from standard input if no files are given or when given a FILE of `-'. Synopsis: tail [OPTION]... [FILE]... If more than one FILE is specified, `tail' prints a one-line header consisting of: ==> FILE NAME <== before the output for each FILE. GNU `tail' can output any amount of data (some other versions of `tail' cannot). It also has no `-r' option (print in reverse), since reversing a file is really a different job from printing the end of a file; BSD `tail' (which is the one with `-r') can only reverse files that are at most as large as its buffer, which is typically 32 KiB. A more reliable and versatile way to reverse files is the GNU `tac' command. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-c K' `--bytes=K' Output the last K bytes, instead of final lines. However, if K starts with a `+', start printing with the Kth byte from the start of each file, instead of from the end. K may be, or may be an integer optionally followed by, one of the following multiplicative suffixes: `b' => 512 ("blocks") `KB' => 1000 (KiloBytes) `K' => 1024 (KibiBytes) `MB' => 1000*1000 (MegaBytes) `M' => 1024*1024 (MebiBytes) `GB' => 1000*1000*1000 (GigaBytes) `G' => 1024*1024*1024 (GibiBytes) and so on for `T', `P', `E', `Z', and `Y'. `-f' `--follow[=HOW]' Loop forever trying to read more characters at the end of the file, presumably because the file is growing. If more than one file is given, `tail' prints a header whenever it gets output from a different file, to indicate which file that output is from. There are two ways to specify how you'd like to track files with this option, but that difference is noticeable only when a followed file is removed or renamed. If you'd like to continue to track the end of a growing file even after it has been unlinked, use `--follow=descriptor'. This is the default behavior, but it is not useful if you're tracking a log file that may be rotated (removed or renamed, then reopened). In that case, use `--follow=name' to track the named file, perhaps by reopening it periodically to see if it has been removed and recreated by some other program. Note that the inotify-based implementation handles this case without the need for any periodic reopening. No matter which method you use, if the tracked file is determined to have shrunk, `tail' prints a message saying the file has been truncated and resumes tracking the end of the file from the newly-determined endpoint. When a file is removed, `tail''s behavior depends on whether it is following the name or the descriptor. When following by name, tail can detect that a file has been removed and gives a message to that effect, and if `--retry' has been specified it will continue checking periodically to see if the file reappears. When following a descriptor, tail does not detect that the file has been unlinked or renamed and issues no message; even though the file may no longer be accessible via its original name, it may still be growing. The option values `descriptor' and `name' may be specified only with the long form of the option, not with `-f'. The `-f' option is ignored if no FILE operand is specified and standard input is a FIFO or a pipe. Likewise, the `-f' option has no effect for any operand specified as `-', when standard input is a FIFO or a pipe. `-F' This option is the same as `--follow=name --retry'. That is, tail will attempt to reopen a file when it is removed. Should this fail, tail will keep trying until it becomes accessible again. `--retry' This option is useful mainly when following by name (i.e., with `--follow=name'). Without this option, when tail encounters a file that doesn't exist or is otherwise inaccessible, it reports that fact and never checks it again. `--sleep-interval=NUMBER' Change the number of seconds to wait between iterations (the default is 1.0). During one iteration, every specified file is checked to see if it has changed size. Historical implementations of `tail' have required that NUMBER be an integer. However, GNU `tail' accepts an arbitrary floating point number (using a period before any fractional digits). `--pid=PID' When following by name or by descriptor, you may specify the process ID, PID, of the sole writer of all FILE arguments. Then, shortly after that process terminates, tail will also terminate. This will work properly only if the writer and the tailing process are running on the same machine. For example, to save the output of a build in a file and to watch the file grow, if you invoke `make' and `tail' like this then the tail process will stop when your build completes. Without this option, you would have had to kill the `tail -f' process yourself. $ make >& makerr & tail --pid=$! -f makerr If you specify a PID that is not in use or that does not correspond to the process that is writing to the tailed files, then `tail' may terminate long before any FILEs stop growing or it may not terminate until long after the real writer has terminated. Note that `--pid' cannot be supported on some systems; `tail' will print a warning if this is the case. `--max-unchanged-stats=N' When tailing a file by name, if there have been N (default n=5) consecutive iterations for which the file has not changed, then `open'/`fstat' the file to determine if that file name is still associated with the same device/inode-number pair as before. When following a log file that is rotated, this is approximately the number of seconds between when tail prints the last pre-rotation lines and when it prints the lines that have accumulated in the new log file. This option is meaningful only when following by name. `-n K' `--lines=K' Output the last K lines. However, if K starts with a `+', start printing with the Kth line from the start of each file, instead of from the end. Size multiplier suffixes are the same as with the `-c' option. `-q' `--quiet' `--silent' Never print file name headers. `-v' `--verbose' Always print file name headers. For compatibility `tail' also supports an obsolete usage `tail -[COUNT][bcl][f] [FILE]', which is recognized only if it does not conflict with the usage described above. This obsolete form uses exactly one option and at most one file. In the option, COUNT is an optional decimal number optionally followed by a size letter (`b', `c', `l') to mean count by 512-byte blocks, bytes, or lines, optionally followed by `f' which has the same meaning as `-f'. On older systems, the leading `-' can be replaced by `+' in the obsolete option syntax with the same meaning as in counts, and obsolete usage overrides normal usage when the two conflict. This obsolete behavior can be enabled or disabled with the `_POSIX2_VERSION' environment variable (*note Standards conformance::). Scripts intended for use on standard hosts should avoid obsolete syntax and should use `-c COUNT[b]', `-n COUNT', and/or `-f' instead. If your script must also run on hosts that support only the obsolete syntax, you can often rewrite it to avoid problematic usages, e.g., by using `sed -n '$p'' rather than `tail -1'. If that's not possible, the script can use a test like `if tail -c +1 /dev/null 2>&1; then ...' to decide which syntax to use. Even if your script assumes the standard behavior, you should still beware usages whose behaviors differ depending on the POSIX version. For example, avoid `tail - main.c', since it might be interpreted as either `tail main.c' or as `tail -- - main.c'; avoid `tail -c 4', since it might mean either `tail -c4' or `tail -c 10 4'; and avoid `tail +4', since it might mean either `tail ./+4' or `tail -n +4'. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: split invocation, Next: csplit invocation, Prev: tail invocation, Up: Output of parts of files 5.3 `split': Split a file into fixed-size pieces ================================================ `split' creates output files containing consecutive sections of INPUT (standard input if none is given or INPUT is `-'). Synopsis: split [OPTION] [INPUT [PREFIX]] By default, `split' puts 1000 lines of INPUT (or whatever is left over for the last section), into each output file. The output files' names consist of PREFIX (`x' by default) followed by a group of characters (`aa', `ab', ... by default), such that concatenating the output files in traditional sorted order by file name produces the original input file. If the output file names are exhausted, `split' reports an error without deleting the output files that it did create. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-l LINES' `--lines=LINES' Put LINES lines of INPUT into each output file. For compatibility `split' also supports an obsolete option syntax `-LINES'. New scripts should use `-l LINES' instead. `-b SIZE' `--bytes=SIZE' Put SIZE bytes of INPUT into each output file. SIZE may be, or may be an integer optionally followed by, one of the following multiplicative suffixes: `b' => 512 ("blocks") `KB' => 1000 (KiloBytes) `K' => 1024 (KibiBytes) `MB' => 1000*1000 (MegaBytes) `M' => 1024*1024 (MebiBytes) `GB' => 1000*1000*1000 (GigaBytes) `G' => 1024*1024*1024 (GibiBytes) and so on for `T', `P', `E', `Z', and `Y'. `-C SIZE' `--line-bytes=SIZE' Put into each output file as many complete lines of INPUT as possible without exceeding SIZE bytes. Individual lines longer than SIZE bytes are broken into multiple files. SIZE has the same format as for the `--bytes' option. `-a LENGTH' `--suffix-length=LENGTH' Use suffixes of length LENGTH. The default LENGTH is 2. `-d' `--numeric-suffixes' Use digits in suffixes rather than lower-case letters. `--verbose' Write a diagnostic just before each output file is opened. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: csplit invocation, Prev: split invocation, Up: Output of parts of files 5.4 `csplit': Split a file into context-determined pieces ========================================================= `csplit' creates zero or more output files containing sections of INPUT (standard input if INPUT is `-'). Synopsis: csplit [OPTION]... INPUT PATTERN... The contents of the output files are determined by the PATTERN arguments, as detailed below. An error occurs if a PATTERN argument refers to a nonexistent line of the input file (e.g., if no remaining line matches a given regular expression). After every PATTERN has been matched, any remaining input is copied into one last output file. By default, `csplit' prints the number of bytes written to each output file after it has been created. The types of pattern arguments are: `N' Create an output file containing the input up to but not including line N (a positive integer). If followed by a repeat count, also create an output file containing the next N lines of the input file once for each repeat. `/REGEXP/[OFFSET]' Create an output file containing the current line up to (but not including) the next line of the input file that contains a match for REGEXP. The optional OFFSET is an integer. If it is given, the input up to (but not including) the matching line plus or minus OFFSET is put into the output file, and the line after that begins the next section of input. `%REGEXP%[OFFSET]' Like the previous type, except that it does not create an output file, so that section of the input file is effectively ignored. `{REPEAT-COUNT}' Repeat the previous pattern REPEAT-COUNT additional times. The REPEAT-COUNT can either be a positive integer or an asterisk, meaning repeat as many times as necessary until the input is exhausted. The output files' names consist of a prefix (`xx' by default) followed by a suffix. By default, the suffix is an ascending sequence of two-digit decimal numbers from `00' to `99'. In any case, concatenating the output files in sorted order by file name produces the original input file. By default, if `csplit' encounters an error or receives a hangup, interrupt, quit, or terminate signal, it removes any output files that it has created so far before it exits. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-f PREFIX' `--prefix=PREFIX' Use PREFIX as the output file name prefix. `-b SUFFIX' `--suffix=SUFFIX' Use SUFFIX as the output file name suffix. When this option is specified, the suffix string must include exactly one `printf(3)'-style conversion specification, possibly including format specification flags, a field width, a precision specifications, or all of these kinds of modifiers. The format letter must convert a binary integer argument to readable form; thus, only `d', `i', `u', `o', `x', and `X' conversions are allowed. The entire SUFFIX is given (with the current output file number) to `sprintf(3)' to form the file name suffixes for each of the individual output files in turn. If this option is used, the `--digits' option is ignored. `-n DIGITS' `--digits=DIGITS' Use output file names containing numbers that are DIGITS digits long instead of the default 2. `-k' `--keep-files' Do not remove output files when errors are encountered. `-z' `--elide-empty-files' Suppress the generation of zero-length output files. (In cases where the section delimiters of the input file are supposed to mark the first lines of each of the sections, the first output file will generally be a zero-length file unless you use this option.) The output file sequence numbers always run consecutively starting from 0, even when this option is specified. `-s' `-q' `--silent' `--quiet' Do not print counts of output file sizes. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure. Here is an example of its usage. First, create an empty directory for the exercise, and cd into it: $ mkdir d && cd d Now, split the sequence of 1..14 on lines that end with 0 or 5: $ seq 14 | csplit - '/[05]$/' '{*}' 8 10 15 Each number printed above is the size of an output file that csplit has just created. List the names of those output files: $ ls xx00 xx01 xx02 Use `head' to show their contents: $ head xx* ==> xx00 <== 1 2 3 4 ==> xx01 <== 5 6 7 8 9 ==> xx02 <== 10 11 12 13 14  File: coreutils.info, Node: Summarizing files, Next: Operating on sorted files, Prev: Output of parts of files, Up: Top 6 Summarizing files ******************* These commands generate just a few numbers representing entire contents of files. * Menu: * wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts. * sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts. * cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts. * md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests. * sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests. * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.  File: coreutils.info, Node: wc invocation, Next: sum invocation, Up: Summarizing files 6.1 `wc': Print newline, word, and byte counts ============================================== `wc' counts the number of bytes, characters, whitespace-separated words, and newlines in each given FILE, or standard input if none are given or for a FILE of `-'. Synopsis: wc [OPTION]... [FILE]... `wc' prints one line of counts for each file, and if the file was given as an argument, it prints the file name following the counts. If more than one FILE is given, `wc' prints a final line containing the cumulative counts, with the file name `total'. The counts are printed in this order: newlines, words, characters, bytes, maximum line length. Each count is printed right-justified in a field with at least one space between fields so that the numbers and file names normally line up nicely in columns. The width of the count fields varies depending on the inputs, so you should not depend on a particular field width. However, as a GNU extension, if only one count is printed, it is guaranteed to be printed without leading spaces. By default, `wc' prints three counts: the newline, words, and byte counts. Options can specify that only certain counts be printed. Options do not undo others previously given, so wc --bytes --words prints both the byte counts and the word counts. With the `--max-line-length' option, `wc' prints the length of the longest line per file, and if there is more than one file it prints the maximum (not the sum) of those lengths. The line lengths here are measured in screen columns, according to the current locale and assuming tab positions in every 8th column. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-c' `--bytes' Print only the byte counts. `-m' `--chars' Print only the character counts. `-w' `--words' Print only the word counts. `-l' `--lines' Print only the newline counts. `-L' `--max-line-length' Print only the maximum line lengths. `--files0-from=FILE' Disallow processing files named on the command line, and instead process those named in file FILE; each name being terminated by a zero byte (ASCII NUL). This is useful when the list of file names is so long that it may exceed a command line length limitation. In such cases, running `wc' via `xargs' is undesirable because it splits the list into pieces and makes `wc' print a total for each sublist rather than for the entire list. One way to produce a list of ASCII NUL terminated file names is with GNU `find', using its `-print0' predicate. If FILE is `-' then the ASCII NUL terminated file names are read from standard input. For example, to find the length of the longest line in any `.c' or `.h' file in the current hierarchy, do this: find . -name '*.[ch]' -print0 | wc -L --files0-from=- | tail -n1 An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: sum invocation, Next: cksum invocation, Prev: wc invocation, Up: Summarizing files 6.2 `sum': Print checksum and block counts ========================================== `sum' computes a 16-bit checksum for each given FILE, or standard input if none are given or for a FILE of `-'. Synopsis: sum [OPTION]... [FILE]... `sum' prints the checksum for each FILE followed by the number of blocks in the file (rounded up). If more than one FILE is given, file names are also printed (by default). (With the `--sysv' option, corresponding file names are printed when there is at least one file argument.) By default, GNU `sum' computes checksums using an algorithm compatible with BSD `sum' and prints file sizes in units of 1024-byte blocks. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-r' Use the default (BSD compatible) algorithm. This option is included for compatibility with the System V `sum'. Unless `-s' was also given, it has no effect. `-s' `--sysv' Compute checksums using an algorithm compatible with System V `sum''s default, and print file sizes in units of 512-byte blocks. `sum' is provided for compatibility; the `cksum' program (see next section) is preferable in new applications. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: cksum invocation, Next: md5sum invocation, Prev: sum invocation, Up: Summarizing files 6.3 `cksum': Print CRC checksum and byte counts =============================================== `cksum' computes a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) checksum for each given FILE, or standard input if none are given or for a FILE of `-'. Synopsis: cksum [OPTION]... [FILE]... `cksum' prints the CRC checksum for each file along with the number of bytes in the file, and the file name unless no arguments were given. `cksum' is typically used to ensure that files transferred by unreliable means (e.g., netnews) have not been corrupted, by comparing the `cksum' output for the received files with the `cksum' output for the original files (typically given in the distribution). The CRC algorithm is specified by the POSIX standard. It is not compatible with the BSD or System V `sum' algorithms (see the previous section); it is more robust. The only options are `--help' and `--version'. *Note Common options::. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: md5sum invocation, Next: sha1sum invocation, Prev: cksum invocation, Up: Summarizing files 6.4 `md5sum': Print or check MD5 digests ======================================== `md5sum' computes a 128-bit checksum (or "fingerprint" or "message-digest") for each specified FILE. Note: The MD5 digest is more reliable than a simple CRC (provided by the `cksum' command) for detecting accidental file corruption, as the chances of accidentally having two files with identical MD5 are vanishingly small. However, it should not be considered truly secure against malicious tampering: although finding a file with a given MD5 fingerprint, or modifying a file so as to retain its MD5 are considered infeasible at the moment, it is known how to produce different files with identical MD5 (a "collision"), something which can be a security issue in certain contexts. For more secure hashes, consider using SHA-1 or SHA-2. *Note sha1sum invocation::, and *note sha2 utilities::. If a FILE is specified as `-' or if no files are given `md5sum' computes the checksum for the standard input. `md5sum' can also determine whether a file and checksum are consistent. Synopsis: md5sum [OPTION]... [FILE]... For each FILE, `md5sum' outputs the MD5 checksum, a flag indicating a binary or text input file, and the file name. If FILE contains a backslash or newline, the line is started with a backslash, and each problematic character in the file name is escaped with a backslash, making the output unambiguous even in the presence of arbitrary file names. If FILE is omitted or specified as `-', standard input is read. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-b' `--binary' Treat each input file as binary, by reading it in binary mode and outputting a `*' flag. This is the inverse of `--text'. On systems like GNU that do not distinguish between binary and text files, this option merely flags each input file as binary: the MD5 checksum is unaffected. This option is the default on systems like MS-DOS that distinguish between binary and text files, except for reading standard input when standard input is a terminal. `-c' `--check' Read file names and checksum information (not data) from each FILE (or from stdin if no FILE was specified) and report whether the checksums match the contents of the named files. The input to this mode of `md5sum' is usually the output of a prior, checksum-generating run of `md5sum'. Each valid line of input consists of an MD5 checksum, a binary/text flag, and then a file name. Binary files are marked with `*', text with ` '. For each such line, `md5sum' reads the named file and computes its MD5 checksum. Then, if the computed message digest does not match the one on the line with the file name, the file is noted as having failed the test. Otherwise, the file passes the test. By default, for each valid line, one line is written to standard output indicating whether the named file passed the test. After all checks have been performed, if there were any failures, a warning is issued to standard error. Use the `--status' option to inhibit that output. If any listed file cannot be opened or read, if any valid line has an MD5 checksum inconsistent with the associated file, or if no valid line is found, `md5sum' exits with nonzero status. Otherwise, it exits successfully. `--quiet' This option is useful only when verifying checksums. When verifying checksums, don't generate an 'OK' message per successfully checked file. Files that fail the verification are reported in the default one-line-per-file format. If there is any checksum mismatch, print a warning summarizing the failures to standard error. `--status' This option is useful only when verifying checksums. When verifying checksums, don't generate the default one-line-per-file diagnostic and don't output the warning summarizing any failures. Failures to open or read a file still evoke individual diagnostics to standard error. If all listed files are readable and are consistent with the associated MD5 checksums, exit successfully. Otherwise exit with a status code indicating there was a failure. `-t' `--text' Treat each input file as text, by reading it in text mode and outputting a ` ' flag. This is the inverse of `--binary'. This option is the default on systems like GNU that do not distinguish between binary and text files. On other systems, it is the default for reading standard input when standard input is a terminal. `-w' `--warn' When verifying checksums, warn about improperly formatted MD5 checksum lines. This option is useful only if all but a few lines in the checked input are valid. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: sha1sum invocation, Next: sha2 utilities, Prev: md5sum invocation, Up: Summarizing files 6.5 `sha1sum': Print or check SHA-1 digests =========================================== `sha1sum' computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified FILE. The usage and options of this command are precisely the same as for `md5sum'. *Note md5sum invocation::. Note: The SHA-1 digest is more secure than MD5, and no collisions of it are known (different files having the same fingerprint). However, it is known that they can be produced with considerable, but not unreasonable, resources. For this reason, it is generally considered that SHA-1 should be gradually phased out in favor of the more secure SHA-2 hash algorithms. *Note sha2 utilities::.  File: coreutils.info, Node: sha2 utilities, Prev: sha1sum invocation, Up: Summarizing files 6.6 sha2 utilities: Print or check SHA-2 digests ================================================ The commands `sha224sum', `sha256sum', `sha384sum' and `sha512sum' compute checksums of various lengths (respectively 224, 256, 384 and 512 bits), collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of these commands are precisely the same as for `md5sum'. *Note md5sum invocation::. Note: The SHA384 and SHA512 digests are considerably slower to compute, especially on 32-bit computers, than SHA224 or SHA256.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Operating on sorted files, Next: Operating on fields, Prev: Summarizing files, Up: Top 7 Operating on sorted files *************************** These commands work with (or produce) sorted files. * Menu: * sort invocation:: Sort text files. * shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files. * uniq invocation:: Uniquify files. * comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line. * ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents. * tsort invocation:: Topological sort.  File: coreutils.info, Node: sort invocation, Next: shuf invocation, Up: Operating on sorted files 7.1 `sort': Sort text files =========================== `sort' sorts, merges, or compares all the lines from the given files, or standard input if none are given or for a FILE of `-'. By default, `sort' writes the results to standard output. Synopsis: sort [OPTION]... [FILE]... `sort' has three modes of operation: sort (the default), merge, and check for sortedness. The following options change the operation mode: `-c' `--check' `--check=diagnose-first' Check whether the given file is already sorted: if it is not all sorted, print a diagnostic containing the first out-of-order line and exit with a status of 1. Otherwise, exit successfully. At most one input file can be given. `-C' `--check=quiet' `--check=silent' Exit successfully if the given file is already sorted, and exit with status 1 otherwise. At most one input file can be given. This is like `-c', except it does not print a diagnostic. `-m' `--merge' Merge the given files by sorting them as a group. Each input file must always be individually sorted. It always works to sort instead of merge; merging is provided because it is faster, in the case where it works. A pair of lines is compared as follows: `sort' compares each pair of fields, in the order specified on the command line, according to the associated ordering options, until a difference is found or no fields are left. If no key fields are specified, `sort' uses a default key of the entire line. Finally, as a last resort when all keys compare equal, `sort' compares entire lines as if no ordering options other than `--reverse' (`-r') were specified. The `--stable' (`-s') option disables this "last-resort comparison" so that lines in which all fields compare equal are left in their original relative order. The `--unique' (`-u') option also disables the last-resort comparison. Unless otherwise specified, all comparisons use the character collating sequence specified by the `LC_COLLATE' locale.(1) GNU `sort' (as specified for all GNU utilities) has no limit on input line length or restrictions on bytes allowed within lines. In addition, if the final byte of an input file is not a newline, GNU `sort' silently supplies one. A line's trailing newline is not part of the line for comparison purposes. Exit status: 0 if no error occurred 1 if invoked with `-c' or `-C' and the input is not sorted 2 if an error occurred If the environment variable `TMPDIR' is set, `sort' uses its value as the directory for temporary files instead of `/tmp'. The `--temporary-directory' (`-T') option in turn overrides the environment variable. The following options affect the ordering of output lines. They may be specified globally or as part of a specific key field. If no key fields are specified, global options apply to comparison of entire lines; otherwise the global options are inherited by key fields that do not specify any special options of their own. In pre-POSIX versions of `sort', global options affect only later key fields, so portable shell scripts should specify global options first. `-b' `--ignore-leading-blanks' Ignore leading blanks when finding sort keys in each line. By default a blank is a space or a tab, but the `LC_CTYPE' locale can change this. Note blanks may be ignored by your locale's collating rules, but without this option they will be significant for character positions specified in keys with the `-k' option. `-d' `--dictionary-order' Sort in "phone directory" order: ignore all characters except letters, digits and blanks when sorting. By default letters and digits are those of ASCII and a blank is a space or a tab, but the `LC_CTYPE' locale can change this. `-f' `--ignore-case' Fold lowercase characters into the equivalent uppercase characters when comparing so that, for example, `b' and `B' sort as equal. The `LC_CTYPE' locale determines character types. When used with `--unique' those lower case equivalent lines are thrown away. (There is currently no way to throw away the upper case equivalent instead. (Any `--reverse' given would only affect the final result, after the throwing away.)) `-g' `--general-numeric-sort' `--sort=general-numeric' Sort numerically, using the standard C function `strtod' to convert a prefix of each line to a double-precision floating point number. This allows floating point numbers to be specified in scientific notation, like `1.0e-34' and `10e100'. The `LC_NUMERIC' locale determines the decimal-point character. Do not report overflow, underflow, or conversion errors. Use the following collating sequence: * Lines that do not start with numbers (all considered to be equal). * NaNs ("Not a Number" values, in IEEE floating point arithmetic) in a consistent but machine-dependent order. * Minus infinity. * Finite numbers in ascending numeric order (with -0 and +0 equal). * Plus infinity. Use this option only if there is no alternative; it is much slower than `--numeric-sort' (`-n') and it can lose information when converting to floating point. `-h' `--human-numeric-sort' `--sort=human-numeric' Sort numerically, as per the `--numeric-sort' option below, and in addition handle IEC or SI suffixes like MiB, MB etc (*note Block size::). Note a mixture of IEC and SI suffixes is not supported and will be flagged as an error. Also the numbers must be abbreviated uniformly. I.E. values with different precisions like 6000K and 5M will be sorted incorrectly. `-i' `--ignore-nonprinting' Ignore nonprinting characters. The `LC_CTYPE' locale determines character types. This option has no effect if the stronger `--dictionary-order' (`-d') option is also given. `-M' `--month-sort' `--sort=month' An initial string, consisting of any amount of blanks, followed by a month name abbreviation, is folded to UPPER case and compared in the order `JAN' < `FEB' < ... < `DEC'. Invalid names compare low to valid names. The `LC_TIME' locale category determines the month spellings. By default a blank is a space or a tab, but the `LC_CTYPE' locale can change this. `-n' `--numeric-sort' `--sort=numeric' Sort numerically. The number begins each line and consists of optional blanks, an optional `-' sign, and zero or more digits possibly separated by thousands separators, optionally followed by a decimal-point character and zero or more digits. An empty number is treated as `0'. The `LC_NUMERIC' locale specifies the decimal-point character and thousands separator. By default a blank is a space or a tab, but the `LC_CTYPE' locale can change this. Comparison is exact; there is no rounding error. Neither a leading `+' nor exponential notation is recognized. To compare such strings numerically, use the `--general-numeric-sort' (`-g') option. `-V' `--version-sort' Sort by version name and number. It behaves like a standard sort, except that each sequence of decimal digits is treated numerically as an index/version number. (*Note Details about version sort::.) `-r' `--reverse' Reverse the result of comparison, so that lines with greater key values appear earlier in the output instead of later. `-R' `--random-sort' `--sort=random' Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values. Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is like a random permutation of the inputs (*note shuf invocation::), except that keys with the same value sort together. If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash function is used for all fields. To use different random hash functions for different fields, you can invoke `sort' more than once. The choice of hash function is affected by the `--random-source' option. Other options are: `--compress-program=PROG' Compress any temporary files with the program PROG. With no arguments, PROG must compress standard input to standard output, and when given the `-d' option it must decompress standard input to standard output. Terminate with an error if PROG exits with nonzero status. White space and the backslash character should not appear in PROG; they are reserved for future use. `--files0-from=FILE' Disallow processing files named on the command line, and instead process those named in file FILE; each name being terminated by a zero byte (ASCII NUL). This is useful when the list of file names is so long that it may exceed a command line length limitation. In such cases, running `sort' via `xargs' is undesirable because it splits the list into pieces and makes `sort' print sorted output for each sublist rather than for the entire list. One way to produce a list of ASCII NUL terminated file names is with GNU `find', using its `-print0' predicate. If FILE is `-' then the ASCII NUL terminated file names are read from standard input. `-k POS1[,POS2]' `--key=POS1[,POS2]' Specify a sort field that consists of the part of the line between POS1 and POS2 (or the end of the line, if POS2 is omitted), _inclusive_. Each POS has the form `F[.C][OPTS]', where F is the number of the field to use, and C is the number of the first character from the beginning of the field. Fields and character positions are numbered starting with 1; a character position of zero in POS2 indicates the field's last character. If `.C' is omitted from POS1, it defaults to 1 (the beginning of the field); if omitted from POS2, it defaults to 0 (the end of the field). OPTS are ordering options, allowing individual keys to be sorted according to different rules; see below for details. Keys can span multiple fields. Example: To sort on the second field, use `--key=2,2' (`-k 2,2'). See below for more notes on keys and more examples. `--batch-size=NMERGE' Merge at most NMERGE inputs at once. When `sort' has to merge more than NMERGE inputs, it merges them in groups of NMERGE, saving the result in a temporary file, which is then used as an input in a subsequent merge. A large value of NMERGE may improve merge performance and decrease temporary storage utilization at the expense of increased memory usage and I/0. Conversely a small value of NMERGE may reduce memory requirements and I/0 at the expense of temporary storage consumption and merge performance. The value of NMERGE must be at least 2. The default value is currently 16, but this is implementation-dependent and may change in the future. The value of NMERGE may be bounded by a resource limit for open file descriptors. The commands `ulimit -n' or `getconf OPEN_MAX' may display limits for your systems; these limits may be modified further if your program already has some files open, or if the operating system has other limits on the number of open files. If the value of NMERGE exceeds the resource limit, `sort' silently uses a smaller value. `-o OUTPUT-FILE' `--output=OUTPUT-FILE' Write output to OUTPUT-FILE instead of standard output. Normally, `sort' reads all input before opening OUTPUT-FILE, so you can safely sort a file in place by using commands like `sort -o F F' and `cat F | sort -o F'. However, `sort' with `--merge' (`-m') can open the output file before reading all input, so a command like `cat F | sort -m -o F - G' is not safe as `sort' might start writing `F' before `cat' is done reading it. On newer systems, `-o' cannot appear after an input file if `POSIXLY_CORRECT' is set, e.g., `sort F -o F'. Portable scripts should specify `-o OUTPUT-FILE' before any input files. `--random-source=FILE' Use FILE as a source of random data used to determine which random hash function to use with the `-R' option. *Note Random sources::. `-s' `--stable' Make `sort' stable by disabling its last-resort comparison. This option has no effect if no fields or global ordering options other than `--reverse' (`-r') are specified. `-S SIZE' `--buffer-size=SIZE' Use a main-memory sort buffer of the given SIZE. By default, SIZE is in units of 1024 bytes. Appending `%' causes SIZE to be interpreted as a percentage of physical memory. Appending `K' multiplies SIZE by 1024 (the default), `M' by 1,048,576, `G' by 1,073,741,824, and so on for `T', `P', `E', `Z', and `Y'. Appending `b' causes SIZE to be interpreted as a byte count, with no multiplication. This option can improve the performance of `sort' by causing it to start with a larger or smaller sort buffer than the default. However, this option affects only the initial buffer size. The buffer grows beyond SIZE if `sort' encounters input lines larger than SIZE. `-t SEPARATOR' `--field-separator=SEPARATOR' Use character SEPARATOR as the field separator when finding the sort keys in each line. By default, fields are separated by the empty string between a non-blank character and a blank character. By default a blank is a space or a tab, but the `LC_CTYPE' locale can change this. That is, given the input line ` foo bar', `sort' breaks it into fields ` foo' and ` bar'. The field separator is not considered to be part of either the field preceding or the field following, so with `sort -t " "' the same input line has three fields: an empty field, `foo', and `bar'. However, fields that extend to the end of the line, as `-k 2', or fields consisting of a range, as `-k 2,3', retain the field separators present between the endpoints of the range. To specify ASCII NUL as the field separator, use the two-character string `\0', e.g., `sort -t '\0''. `-T TEMPDIR' `--temporary-directory=TEMPDIR' Use directory TEMPDIR to store temporary files, overriding the `TMPDIR' environment variable. If this option is given more than once, temporary files are stored in all the directories given. If you have a large sort or merge that is I/O-bound, you can often improve performance by using this option to specify directories on different disks and controllers. `-u' `--unique' Normally, output only the first of a sequence of lines that compare equal. For the `--check' (`-c' or `-C') option, check that no pair of consecutive lines compares equal. This option also disables the default last-resort comparison. The commands `sort -u' and `sort | uniq' are equivalent, but this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary `sort' options. For example, `sort -n -u' inspects only the value of the initial numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas `sort -n | uniq' inspects the entire line. *Note uniq invocation::. `-z' `--zero-terminated' Delimit items with a zero byte rather than a newline (ASCII LF). I.E. treat input as items separated by ASCII NUL and terminate output items with ASCII NUL. This option can be useful in conjunction with `perl -0' or `find -print0' and `xargs -0' which do the same in order to reliably handle arbitrary file names (even those containing blanks or other special characters). Historical (BSD and System V) implementations of `sort' have differed in their interpretation of some options, particularly `-b', `-f', and `-n'. GNU sort follows the POSIX behavior, which is usually (but not always!) like the System V behavior. According to POSIX, `-n' no longer implies `-b'. For consistency, `-M' has been changed in the same way. This may affect the meaning of character positions in field specifications in obscure cases. The only fix is to add an explicit `-b'. A position in a sort field specified with `-k' may have any of the option letters `MbdfghinRrV' appended to it, in which case no global ordering options are inherited by that particular field. The `-b' option may be independently attached to either or both of the start and end positions of a field specification, and if it is inherited from the global options it will be attached to both. If input lines can contain leading or adjacent blanks and `-t' is not used, then `-k' is typically combined with `-b' or an option that implicitly ignores leading blanks (`MghnV') as otherwise the varying numbers of leading blanks in fields can cause confusing results. If the start position in a sort field specifier falls after the end of the line or after the end field, the field is empty. If the `-b' option was specified, the `.C' part of a field specification is counted from the first nonblank character of the field. On older systems, `sort' supports an obsolete origin-zero syntax `+POS1 [-POS2]' for specifying sort keys. The obsolete sequence `sort +A.X -B.Y' is equivalent to `sort -k A+1.X+1,B' if Y is `0' or absent, otherwise it is equivalent to `sort -k A+1.X+1,B+1.Y'. This obsolete behavior can be enabled or disabled with the `_POSIX2_VERSION' environment variable (*note Standards conformance::); it can also be enabled when `POSIXLY_CORRECT' is not set by using the obsolete syntax with `-POS2' present. Scripts intended for use on standard hosts should avoid obsolete syntax and should use `-k' instead. For example, avoid `sort +2', since it might be interpreted as either `sort ./+2' or `sort -k 3'. If your script must also run on hosts that support only the obsolete syntax, it can use a test like `if sort -k 1 /dev/null 2>&1; then ...' to decide which syntax to use. Here are some examples to illustrate various combinations of options. * Sort in descending (reverse) numeric order. sort -n -r * Sort alphabetically, omitting the first and second fields and the blanks at the start of the third field. This uses a single key composed of the characters beginning at the start of the first nonblank character in field three and extending to the end of each line. sort -k 3b * Sort numerically on the second field and resolve ties by sorting alphabetically on the third and fourth characters of field five. Use `:' as the field delimiter. sort -t : -k 2,2n -k 5.3,5.4 Note that if you had written `-k 2n' instead of `-k 2,2n' `sort' would have used all characters beginning in the second field and extending to the end of the line as the primary _numeric_ key. For the large majority of applications, treating keys spanning more than one field as numeric will not do what you expect. Also note that the `n' modifier was applied to the field-end specifier for the first key. It would have been equivalent to specify `-k 2n,2' or `-k 2n,2n'. All modifiers except `b' apply to the associated _field_, regardless of whether the modifier character is attached to the field-start and/or the field-end part of the key specifier. * Sort the password file on the fifth field and ignore any leading blanks. Sort lines with equal values in field five on the numeric user ID in field three. Fields are separated by `:'. sort -t : -k 5b,5 -k 3,3n /etc/passwd sort -t : -n -k 5b,5 -k 3,3 /etc/passwd sort -t : -b -k 5,5 -k 3,3n /etc/passwd These three commands have equivalent effect. The first specifies that the first key's start position ignores leading blanks and the second key is sorted numerically. The other two commands rely on global options being inherited by sort keys that lack modifiers. The inheritance works in this case because `-k 5b,5b' and `-k 5b,5' are equivalent, as the location of a field-end lacking a `.C' character position is not affected by whether initial blanks are skipped. * Sort a set of log files, primarily by IPv4 address and secondarily by time stamp. If two lines' primary and secondary keys are identical, output the lines in the same order that they were input. The log files contain lines that look like this: 4.150.156.3 - - [01/Apr/2004:06:31:51 +0000] message 1 211.24.3.231 - - [24/Apr/2004:20:17:39 +0000] message 2 Fields are separated by exactly one space. Sort IPv4 addresses lexicographically, e.g., 212.61.52.2 sorts before 212.129.233.201 because 61 is less than 129. sort -s -t ' ' -k 4.9n -k 4.5M -k 4.2n -k 4.14,4.21 file*.log | sort -s -t '.' -k 1,1n -k 2,2n -k 3,3n -k 4,4n This example cannot be done with a single `sort' invocation, since IPv4 address components are separated by `.' while dates come just after a space. So it is broken down into two invocations of `sort': the first sorts by time stamp and the second by IPv4 address. The time stamp is sorted by year, then month, then day, and finally by hour-minute-second field, using `-k' to isolate each field. Except for hour-minute-second there's no need to specify the end of each key field, since the `n' and `M' modifiers sort based on leading prefixes that cannot cross field boundaries. The IPv4 addresses are sorted lexicographically. The second sort uses `-s' so that ties in the primary key are broken by the secondary key; the first sort uses `-s' so that the combination of the two sorts is stable. * Generate a tags file in case-insensitive sorted order. find src -type f -print0 | sort -z -f | xargs -0 etags --append The use of `-print0', `-z', and `-0' in this case means that file names that contain blanks or other special characters are not broken up by the sort operation. * Use the common DSU (Decorate Sort Undecorate) idiom to sort lines according to their length. awk '{print length, $0}' /etc/passwd | sort -n | cut -f2- -d' ' In general this technique can be used to sort data that the `sort' command does not support, or is inefficient at, sorting directly. * Shuffle a list of directories, but preserve the order of files within each directory. For instance, one could use this to generate a music playlist in which albums are shuffled but the songs of each album are played in order. ls */* | sort -t / -k 1,1R -k 2,2 ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) If you use a non-POSIX locale (e.g., by setting `LC_ALL' to `en_US'), then `sort' may produce output that is sorted differently than you're accustomed to. In that case, set the `LC_ALL' environment variable to `C'. Note that setting only `LC_COLLATE' has two problems. First, it is ineffective if `LC_ALL' is also set. Second, it has undefined behavior if `LC_CTYPE' (or `LANG', if `LC_CTYPE' is unset) is set to an incompatible value. For example, you get undefined behavior if `LC_CTYPE' is `ja_JP.PCK' but `LC_COLLATE' is `en_US.UTF-8'.  File: coreutils.info, Node: shuf invocation, Next: uniq invocation, Prev: sort invocation, Up: Operating on sorted files 7.2 `shuf': Shuffling text ========================== `shuf' shuffles its input by outputting a random permutation of its input lines. Each output permutation is equally likely. Synopses: shuf [OPTION]... [FILE] shuf -e [OPTION]... [ARG]... shuf -i LO-HI [OPTION]... `shuf' has three modes of operation that affect where it obtains its input lines. By default, it reads lines from standard input. The following options change the operation mode: `-e' `--echo' Treat each command-line operand as an input line. `-i LO-HI' `--input-range=LO-HI' Act as if input came from a file containing the range of unsigned decimal integers LO...HI, one per line. `shuf''s other options can affect its behavior in all operation modes: `-n LINES' `--head-count=COUNT' Output at most COUNT lines. By default, all input lines are output. `-o OUTPUT-FILE' `--output=OUTPUT-FILE' Write output to OUTPUT-FILE instead of standard output. `shuf' reads all input before opening OUTPUT-FILE, so you can safely shuffle a file in place by using commands like `shuf -o F out $ dd bs=1 skip=222 count=6 < out 2>/dev/null; echo deeper Note that although the listing above includes a trailing slash for the `deeper' entry, the offsets select the name without the trailing slash. However, if you invoke `ls' with `--dired' along with an option like `--escape' (aka `-b') and operate on a file whose name contains special characters, notice that the backslash _is_ included: $ touch 'a b' $ ls -blog --dired 'a b' -rw-r--r-- 1 0 Jun 10 12:28 a\ b //DIRED// 30 34 //DIRED-OPTIONS// --quoting-style=escape If you use a quoting style that adds quote marks (e.g., `--quoting-style=c'), then the offsets include the quote marks. So beware that the user may select the quoting style via the environment variable `QUOTING_STYLE'. Hence, applications using `--dired' should either specify an explicit `--quoting-style=literal' option (aka `-N' or `--literal') on the command line, or else be prepared to parse the escaped names. `--full-time' Produce long format directory listings, and list times in full. It is equivalent to using `--format=long' with `--time-style=full-iso' (*note Formatting file timestamps::). `-g' Produce long format directory listings, but don't display owner information. `-G' `--no-group' Inhibit display of group information in a long format directory listing. (This is the default in some non-GNU versions of `ls', so we provide this option for compatibility.) `-h' `--human-readable' Append a size letter to each size, such as `M' for mebibytes. Powers of 1024 are used, not 1000; `M' stands for 1,048,576 bytes. This option is equivalent to `--block-size=human-readable'. Use the `--si' option if you prefer powers of 1000. `-i' `--inode' Print the inode number (also called the file serial number and index number) of each file to the left of the file name. (This number uniquely identifies each file within a particular file system.) `-l' `--format=long' `--format=verbose' In addition to the name of each file, print the file type, file mode bits, number of hard links, owner name, group name, size, and timestamp (*note Formatting file timestamps::), normally the modification time. Print question marks for information that cannot be determined. Normally the size is printed as a byte count without punctuation, but this can be overridden (*note Block size::). For example, `-h' prints an abbreviated, human-readable count, and `--block-size="'1"' prints a byte count with the thousands separator of the current locale. For each directory that is listed, preface the files with a line `total BLOCKS', where BLOCKS is the total disk allocation for all files in that directory. The block size currently defaults to 1024 bytes, but this can be overridden (*note Block size::). The BLOCKS computed counts each hard link separately; this is arguably a deficiency. The file type is one of the following characters: `-' regular file `b' block special file `c' character special file `C' high performance ("contiguous data") file `d' directory `D' door (Solaris 2.5 and up) `l' symbolic link `M' off-line ("migrated") file (Cray DMF) `n' network special file (HP-UX) `p' FIFO (named pipe) `P' port (Solaris 10 and up) `s' socket `?' some other file type The file mode bits listed are similar to symbolic mode specifications (*note Symbolic Modes::). But `ls' combines multiple bits into the third character of each set of permissions as follows: `s' If the set-user-ID or set-group-ID bit and the corresponding executable bit are both set. `S' If the set-user-ID or set-group-ID bit is set but the corresponding executable bit is not set. `t' If the restricted deletion flag or sticky bit, and the other-executable bit, are both set. The restricted deletion flag is another name for the sticky bit. *Note Mode Structure::. `T' If the restricted deletion flag or sticky bit is set but the other-executable bit is not set. `x' If the executable bit is set and none of the above apply. `-' Otherwise. Following the file mode bits is a single character that specifies whether an alternate access method such as an access control list applies to the file. When the character following the file mode bits is a space, there is no alternate access method. When it is a printing character, then there is such a method. GNU `ls' uses a `.' character to indicate a file with an SELinux security context, but no other alternate access method. A file with any other combination of alternate access methods is marked with a `+' character. `-n' `--numeric-uid-gid' Produce long format directory listings, but display numeric user and group IDs instead of the owner and group names. `-o' Produce long format directory listings, but don't display group information. It is equivalent to using `--format=long' with `--no-group' . `-s' `--size' Print the disk allocation of each file to the left of the file name. This is the amount of disk space used by the file, which is usually a bit more than the file's size, but it can be less if the file has holes. Normally the disk allocation is printed in units of 1024 bytes, but this can be overridden (*note Block size::). For files that are NFS-mounted from an HP-UX system to a BSD system, this option reports sizes that are half the correct values. On HP-UX systems, it reports sizes that are twice the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted from BSD systems. This is due to a flaw in HP-UX; it also affects the HP-UX `ls' program. `--si' Append an SI-style abbreviation to each size, such as `M' for megabytes. Powers of 1000 are used, not 1024; `M' stands for 1,000,000 bytes. This option is equivalent to `--block-size=si'. Use the `-h' or `--human-readable' option if you prefer powers of 1024. `-Z' `--context' Display the SELinux security context or `?' if none is found. When used with the `-l' option, print the security context to the left of the size column.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Sorting the output, Next: Details about version sort, Prev: What information is listed, Up: ls invocation 10.1.3 Sorting the output ------------------------- These options change the order in which `ls' sorts the information it outputs. By default, sorting is done by character code (e.g., ASCII order). `-c' `--time=ctime' `--time=status' If the long listing format (e.g., `-l', `-o') is being used, print the status change time (the `ctime' in the inode) instead of the modification time. When explicitly sorting by time (`--sort=time' or `-t') or when not using a long listing format, sort according to the status change time. `-f' Primarily, like `-U'--do not sort; list the files in whatever order they are stored in the directory. But also enable `-a' (list all files) and disable `-l', `--color', and `-s' (if they were specified before the `-f'). `-r' `--reverse' Reverse whatever the sorting method is--e.g., list files in reverse alphabetical order, youngest first, smallest first, or whatever. `-S' `--sort=size' Sort by file size, largest first. `-t' `--sort=time' Sort by modification time (the `mtime' in the inode), newest first. `-u' `--time=atime' `--time=access' `--time=use' If the long listing format (e.g., `--format=long') is being used, print the last access time (the `atime' in the inode). When explicitly sorting by time (`--sort=time' or `-t') or when not using a long listing format, sort according to the access time. `-U' `--sort=none' Do not sort; list the files in whatever order they are stored in the directory. (Do not do any of the other unrelated things that `-f' does.) This is especially useful when listing very large directories, since not doing any sorting can be noticeably faster. `-v' `--sort=version' Sort by version name and number, lowest first. It behaves like a default sort, except that each sequence of decimal digits is treated numerically as an index/version number. (*Note Details about version sort::.) `-X' `--sort=extension' Sort directory contents alphabetically by file extension (characters after the last `.'); files with no extension are sorted first.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Details about version sort, Next: General output formatting, Prev: Sorting the output, Up: ls invocation 10.1.4 Details about version sort --------------------------------- Version sorting handles the fact that file names frequently include indices or version numbers. Standard sorting usually does not produce the order that one expects because comparisons are made on a character-by-character basis. Version sorting is especially useful when browsing directories that contain many files with indices/version numbers in their names: $ ls -1 $ ls -1v abc.zml-1.gz abc.zml-1.gz abc.zml-12.gz abc.zml-2.gz abc.zml-2.gz abc.zml-12.gz Version-sorted strings are compared such that if VER1 and VER2 are version numbers and PREFIX and SUFFIX (SUFFIX matching the regular expression `(\.[A-Za-z~][A-Za-z0-9~]*)*') are strings then VER1 < VER2 implies that the name composed of "PREFIX VER1 SUFFIX" sorts before "PREFIX VER2 SUFFIX". Note also that leading zeros of numeric parts are ignored: $ ls -1 $ ls -1v abc-1.007.tgz abc-1.01a.tgz abc-1.012b.tgz abc-1.007.tgz abc-1.01a.tgz abc-1.012b.tgz This functionality is implemented using gnulib's `filevercmp' function, which has some caveats worth noting. * `LC_COLLATE' is ignored, which means `ls -v' and `sort -V' will sort non-numeric prefixes as if the `LC_COLLATE' locale category was set to `C'. * Some suffixes will not be matched by the regular expression mentioned above. Consequently these examples may not sort as you expect: abc-1.2.3.4.7z abc-1.2.3.7z abc-1.2.3.4.x86_64.rpm abc-1.2.3.x86_64.rpm  File: coreutils.info, Node: General output formatting, Next: Formatting file timestamps, Prev: Details about version sort, Up: ls invocation 10.1.5 General output formatting -------------------------------- These options affect the appearance of the overall output. `-1' `--format=single-column' List one file per line. This is the default for `ls' when standard output is not a terminal. `-C' `--format=vertical' List files in columns, sorted vertically. This is the default for `ls' if standard output is a terminal. It is always the default for the `dir' program. GNU `ls' uses variable width columns to display as many files as possible in the fewest lines. `--color [=WHEN]' Specify whether to use color for distinguishing file types. WHEN may be omitted, or one of: * none - Do not use color at all. This is the default. * auto - Only use color if standard output is a terminal. * always - Always use color. Specifying `--color' and no WHEN is equivalent to `--color=always'. Piping a colorized listing through a pager like `more' or `less' usually produces unreadable results. However, using `more -f' does seem to work. `-F' `--classify' `--indicator-style=classify' Append a character to each file name indicating the file type. Also, for regular files that are executable, append `*'. The file type indicators are `/' for directories, `@' for symbolic links, `|' for FIFOs, `=' for sockets, `>' for doors, and nothing for regular files. Do not follow symbolic links listed on the command line unless the `--dereference-command-line' (`-H'), `--dereference' (`-L'), or `--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir' options are specified. `--file-type' `--indicator-style=file-type' Append a character to each file name indicating the file type. This is like `-F', except that executables are not marked. `--indicator-style=WORD' Append a character indicator with style WORD to entry names, as follows: `none' Do not append any character indicator; this is the default. `slash' Append `/' for directories. This is the same as the `-p' option. `file-type' Append `/' for directories, `@' for symbolic links, `|' for FIFOs, `=' for sockets, and nothing for regular files. This is the same as the `--file-type' option. `classify' Append `*' for executable regular files, otherwise behave as for `file-type'. This is the same as the `-F' or `--classify' option. `-k' Print file sizes in 1024-byte blocks, overriding the default block size (*note Block size::). This option is equivalent to `--block-size=1K'. `-m' `--format=commas' List files horizontally, with as many as will fit on each line, separated by `, ' (a comma and a space). `-p' `--indicator-style=slash' Append a `/' to directory names. `-x' `--format=across' `--format=horizontal' List the files in columns, sorted horizontally. `-T COLS' `--tabsize=COLS' Assume that each tab stop is COLS columns wide. The default is 8. `ls' uses tabs where possible in the output, for efficiency. If COLS is zero, do not use tabs at all. Some terminal emulators (at least Apple Terminal 1.5 (133) from Mac OS X 10.4.8) do not properly align columns to the right of a TAB following a non-ASCII byte. If you use such a terminal emulator, use the `-T0' option or put `TABSIZE=0' in your environment to tell `ls' to align using spaces, not tabs. `-w' `--width=COLS' Assume the screen is COLS columns wide. The default is taken from the terminal settings if possible; otherwise the environment variable `COLUMNS' is used if it is set; otherwise the default is 80.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Formatting file timestamps, Next: Formatting the file names, Prev: General output formatting, Up: ls invocation 10.1.6 Formatting file timestamps --------------------------------- By default, file timestamps are listed in abbreviated form. Most locales use a timestamp like `2002-03-30 23:45'. However, the default POSIX locale uses a date like `Mar 30 2002' for non-recent timestamps, and a date-without-year and time like `Mar 30 23:45' for recent timestamps. A timestamp is considered to be "recent" if it is less than six months old, and is not dated in the future. If a timestamp dated today is not listed in recent form, the timestamp is in the future, which means you probably have clock skew problems which may break programs like `make' that rely on file timestamps. Time stamps are listed according to the time zone rules specified by the `TZ' environment variable, or by the system default rules if `TZ' is not set. *Note Specifying the Time Zone with `TZ': (libc)TZ Variable. The following option changes how file timestamps are printed. `--time-style=STYLE' List timestamps in style STYLE. The STYLE should be one of the following: `+FORMAT' List timestamps using FORMAT, where FORMAT is interpreted like the format argument of `date' (*note date invocation::). For example, `--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"' causes `ls' to list timestamps like `2002-03-30 23:45:56'. As with `date', FORMAT's interpretation is affected by the `LC_TIME' locale category. If FORMAT contains two format strings separated by a newline, the former is used for non-recent files and the latter for recent files; if you want output columns to line up, you may need to insert spaces in one of the two formats. `full-iso' List timestamps in full using ISO 8601 date, time, and time zone format with nanosecond precision, e.g., `2002-03-30 23:45:56.477817180 -0700'. This style is equivalent to `+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%N %z'. This is useful because the time output includes all the information that is available from the operating system. For example, this can help explain `make''s behavior, since GNU `make' uses the full timestamp to determine whether a file is out of date. `long-iso' List ISO 8601 date and time in minutes, e.g., `2002-03-30 23:45'. These timestamps are shorter than `full-iso' timestamps, and are usually good enough for everyday work. This style is equivalent to `+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M'. `iso' List ISO 8601 dates for non-recent timestamps (e.g., `2002-03-30 '), and ISO 8601 month, day, hour, and minute for recent timestamps (e.g., `03-30 23:45'). These timestamps are uglier than `long-iso' timestamps, but they carry nearly the same information in a smaller space and their brevity helps `ls' output fit within traditional 80-column output lines. The following two `ls' invocations are equivalent: newline=' ' ls -l --time-style="+%Y-%m-%d $newline%m-%d %H:%M" ls -l --time-style="iso" `locale' List timestamps in a locale-dependent form. For example, a Finnish locale might list non-recent timestamps like `maalis 30 2002' and recent timestamps like `maalis 30 23:45'. Locale-dependent timestamps typically consume more space than `iso' timestamps and are harder for programs to parse because locale conventions vary so widely, but they are easier for many people to read. The `LC_TIME' locale category specifies the timestamp format. The default POSIX locale uses timestamps like `Mar 30 2002' and `Mar 30 23:45'; in this locale, the following two `ls' invocations are equivalent: newline=' ' ls -l --time-style="+%b %e %Y$newline%b %e %H:%M" ls -l --time-style="locale" Other locales behave differently. For example, in a German locale, `--time-style="locale"' might be equivalent to `--time-style="+%e. %b %Y $newline%e. %b %H:%M"' and might generate timestamps like `30. Ma"r 2002 ' and `30. Ma"r 23:45'. `posix-STYLE' List POSIX-locale timestamps if the `LC_TIME' locale category is POSIX, STYLE timestamps otherwise. For example, the `posix-long-iso' style lists timestamps like `Mar 30 2002' and `Mar 30 23:45' when in the POSIX locale, and like `2002-03-30 23:45' otherwise. You can specify the default value of the `--time-style' option with the environment variable `TIME_STYLE'; if `TIME_STYLE' is not set the default style is `locale'. GNU Emacs 21.3 and later use the `--dired' option and therefore can parse any date format, but if you are using Emacs 21.1 or 21.2 and specify a non-POSIX locale you may need to set `TIME_STYLE="posix-long-iso"'. To avoid certain denial-of-service attacks, timestamps that would be longer than 1000 bytes may be treated as errors.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Formatting the file names, Prev: Formatting file timestamps, Up: ls invocation 10.1.7 Formatting the file names -------------------------------- These options change how file names themselves are printed. `-b' `--escape' `--quoting-style=escape' Quote nongraphic characters in file names using alphabetic and octal backslash sequences like those used in C. `-N' `--literal' `--quoting-style=literal' Do not quote file names. However, with `ls' nongraphic characters are still printed as question marks if the output is a terminal and you do not specify the `--show-control-chars' option. `-q' `--hide-control-chars' Print question marks instead of nongraphic characters in file names. This is the default if the output is a terminal and the program is `ls'. `-Q' `--quote-name' `--quoting-style=c' Enclose file names in double quotes and quote nongraphic characters as in C. `--quoting-style=WORD' Use style WORD to quote file names and other strings that may contain arbitrary characters. The WORD should be one of the following: `literal' Output strings as-is; this is the same as the `-N' or `--literal' option. `shell' Quote strings for the shell if they contain shell metacharacters or would cause ambiguous output. The quoting is suitable for POSIX-compatible shells like `bash', but it does not always work for incompatible shells like `csh'. `shell-always' Quote strings for the shell, even if they would normally not require quoting. `c' Quote strings as for C character string literals, including the surrounding double-quote characters; this is the same as the `-Q' or `--quote-name' option. `escape' Quote strings as for C character string literals, except omit the surrounding double-quote characters; this is the same as the `-b' or `--escape' option. `clocale' Quote strings as for C character string literals, except use surrounding quotation marks appropriate for the locale. `locale' Quote strings as for C character string literals, except use surrounding quotation marks appropriate for the locale, and quote `like this' instead of "like this" in the default C locale. This looks nicer on many displays. You can specify the default value of the `--quoting-style' option with the environment variable `QUOTING_STYLE'. If that environment variable is not set, the default value is `literal', but this default may change to `shell' in a future version of this package. `--show-control-chars' Print nongraphic characters as-is in file names. This is the default unless the output is a terminal and the program is `ls'.  File: coreutils.info, Node: dir invocation, Next: vdir invocation, Prev: ls invocation, Up: Directory listing 10.2 `dir': Briefly list directory contents =========================================== `dir' is equivalent to `ls -C -b'; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically, and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences. *Note `ls': ls invocation.  File: coreutils.info, Node: vdir invocation, Next: dircolors invocation, Prev: dir invocation, Up: Directory listing 10.3 `vdir': Verbosely list directory contents ============================================== `vdir' is equivalent to `ls -l -b'; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.  File: coreutils.info, Node: dircolors invocation, Prev: vdir invocation, Up: Directory listing 10.4 `dircolors': Color setup for `ls' ====================================== `dircolors' outputs a sequence of shell commands to set up the terminal for color output from `ls' (and `dir', etc.). Typical usage: eval "`dircolors [OPTION]... [FILE]`" If FILE is specified, `dircolors' reads it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. To make `dircolors' read a `~/.dircolors' file if it exists, you can put the following lines in your `~/.bashrc' (or adapt them to your favorite shell): d=.dircolors test -r $d && eval "$(dircolors $d)" The output is a shell command to set the `LS_COLORS' environment variable. You can specify the shell syntax to use on the command line, or `dircolors' will guess it from the value of the `SHELL' environment variable. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-b' `--sh' `--bourne-shell' Output Bourne shell commands. This is the default if the `SHELL' environment variable is set and does not end with `csh' or `tcsh'. `-c' `--csh' `--c-shell' Output C shell commands. This is the default if `SHELL' ends with `csh' or `tcsh'. `-p' `--print-database' Print the (compiled-in) default color configuration database. This output is itself a valid configuration file, and is fairly descriptive of the possibilities. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Basic operations, Next: Special file types, Prev: Directory listing, Up: Top 11 Basic operations ******************* This chapter describes the commands for basic file manipulation: copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing). * Menu: * cp invocation:: Copy files. * dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file. * install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes. * mv invocation:: Move (rename) files. * rm invocation:: Remove files or directories. * shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.  File: coreutils.info, Node: cp invocation, Next: dd invocation, Up: Basic operations 11.1 `cp': Copy files and directories ===================================== `cp' copies files (or, optionally, directories). The copy is completely independent of the original. You can either copy one file to another, or copy arbitrarily many files to a destination directory. Synopses: cp [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY cp [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... * If two file names are given, `cp' copies the first file to the second. * If the `--target-directory' (`-t') option is given, or failing that if the last file is a directory and the `--no-target-directory' (`-T') option is not given, `cp' copies each SOURCE file to the specified directory, using the SOURCEs' names. Generally, files are written just as they are read. For exceptions, see the `--sparse' option below. By default, `cp' does not copy directories. However, the `-R', `-a', and `-r' options cause `cp' to copy recursively by descending into source directories and copying files to corresponding destination directories. When copying from a symbolic link, `cp' normally follows the link only when not copying recursively. This default can be overridden with the `--archive' (`-a'), `-d', `--dereference' (`-L'), `--no-dereference' (`-P'), and `-H' options. If more than one of these options is specified, the last one silently overrides the others. When copying to a symbolic link, `cp' follows the link only when it refers to an existing regular file. However, when copying to a dangling symbolic link, `cp' refuses by default, and fails with a diagnostic, since the operation is inherently dangerous. This behavior is contrary to historical practice and to POSIX. Set `POSIXLY_CORRECT' to make `cp' attempt to create the target of a dangling destination symlink, in spite of the possible risk. Also, when an option like `--backup' or `--link' acts to rename or remove the destination before copying, `cp' renames or removes the symbolic link rather than the file it points to. By default, `cp' copies the contents of special files only when not copying recursively. This default can be overridden with the `--copy-contents' option. `cp' generally refuses to copy a file onto itself, with the following exception: if `--force --backup' is specified with SOURCE and DEST identical, and referring to a regular file, `cp' will make a backup file, either regular or numbered, as specified in the usual ways (*note Backup options::). This is useful when you simply want to make a backup of an existing file before changing it. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-a' `--archive' Preserve as much as possible of the structure and attributes of the original files in the copy (but do not attempt to preserve internal directory structure; i.e., `ls -U' may list the entries in a copied directory in a different order). Try to preserve SELinux security context and extended attributes (xattr), but ignore any failure to do that and print no corresponding diagnostic. Equivalent to `-dR --preserve=all' with the reduced diagnostics. `-b' `--backup[=METHOD]' *Note Backup options::. Make a backup of each file that would otherwise be overwritten or removed. As a special case, `cp' makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. One useful application of this combination of options is this tiny Bourne shell script: #!/bin/sh # Usage: backup FILE... # Create a GNU-style backup of each listed FILE. for i; do cp --backup --force -- "$i" "$i" done `--copy-contents' If copying recursively, copy the contents of any special files (e.g., FIFOs and device files) as if they were regular files. This means trying to read the data in each source file and writing it to the destination. It is usually a mistake to use this option, as it normally has undesirable effects on special files like FIFOs and the ones typically found in the `/dev' directory. In most cases, `cp -R --copy-contents' will hang indefinitely trying to read from FIFOs and special files like `/dev/console', and it will fill up your destination disk if you use it to copy `/dev/zero'. This option has no effect unless copying recursively, and it does not affect the copying of symbolic links. `-d' Copy symbolic links as symbolic links rather than copying the files that they point to, and preserve hard links between source files in the copies. Equivalent to `--no-dereference --preserve=links'. `-f' `--force' When copying without this option and an existing destination file cannot be opened for writing, the copy fails. However, with `--force'), when a destination file cannot be opened, `cp' then removes it and tries to open it again. Contrast this behavior with that enabled by `--link' and `--symbolic-link', whereby the destination file is never opened but rather is removed unconditionally. Also see the description of `--remove-destination'. This option is independent of the `--interactive' or `-i' option: neither cancels the effect of the other. This option is redundant if the `--no-clobber' or `-n' option is used. `-H' If a command line argument specifies a symbolic link, then copy the file it points to rather than the symbolic link itself. However, copy (preserving its nature) any symbolic link that is encountered via recursive traversal. `-i' `--interactive' When copying a file other than a directory, prompt whether to overwrite an existing destination file. The `-i' option overrides a previous `-n' option. `-l' `--link' Make hard links instead of copies of non-directories. `-L' `--dereference' Follow symbolic links when copying from them. With this option, `cp' cannot create a symbolic link. For example, a symlink (to regular file) in the source tree will be copied to a regular file in the destination tree. `-n' `--no-clobber' Do not overwrite an existing file. The `-n' option overrides a previous `-i' option. This option is mutually exclusive with `-b' or `--backup' option. `-P' `--no-dereference' Copy symbolic links as symbolic links rather than copying the files that they point to. This option affects only symbolic links in the source; symbolic links in the destination are always followed if possible. `-p' `--preserve[=ATTRIBUTE_LIST]' Preserve the specified attributes of the original files. If specified, the ATTRIBUTE_LIST must be a comma-separated list of one or more of the following strings: `mode' Preserve the file mode bits and access control lists. `ownership' Preserve the owner and group. On most modern systems, only users with appropriate privileges may change the owner of a file, and ordinary users may preserve the group ownership of a file only if they happen to be a member of the desired group. `timestamps' Preserve the times of last access and last modification, when possible. On older systems, it is not possible to preserve these attributes when the affected file is a symbolic link. However, many systems now provide the `utimensat' function, which makes it possible even for symbolic links. `links' Preserve in the destination files any links between corresponding source files. Note that with `-L' or `-H', this option can convert symbolic links to hard links. For example, $ mkdir c; : > a; ln -s a b; cp -aH a b c; ls -i1 c 74161745 a 74161745 b Note the inputs: `b' is a symlink to regular file `a', yet the files in destination directory, `c/', are hard-linked. Since `-a' implies `--preserve=links', and since `-H' tells `cp' to dereference command line arguments, it sees two files with the same inode number, and preserves the perceived hard link. Here is a similar example that exercises `cp''s `-L' option: $ mkdir b c; (cd b; : > a; ln -s a b); cp -aL b c; ls -i1 c/b 74163295 a 74163295 b `context' Preserve SELinux security context of the file, or fail with full diagnostics. `xattr' Preserve extended attributes of the file, or fail with full diagnostics. If `cp' is built without xattr support, ignore this option. If SELinux context, ACLs or Capabilities are implemented using xattrs, they are preserved by this option as well. `all' Preserve all file attributes. Equivalent to specifying all of the above, but with the difference that failure to preserve SELinux security context or extended attributes does not change `cp''s exit status. In contrast to `-a', all but `Operation not supported' warnings are output. Using `--preserve' with no ATTRIBUTE_LIST is equivalent to `--preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps'. In the absence of this option, each destination file is created with the mode bits of the corresponding source file, minus the bits set in the umask and minus the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits. *Note File permissions::. `--no-preserve=ATTRIBUTE_LIST' Do not preserve the specified attributes. The ATTRIBUTE_LIST has the same form as for `--preserve'. `--parents' Form the name of each destination file by appending to the target directory a slash and the specified name of the source file. The last argument given to `cp' must be the name of an existing directory. For example, the command: cp --parents a/b/c existing_dir copies the file `a/b/c' to `existing_dir/a/b/c', creating any missing intermediate directories. `-R' `-r' `--recursive' Copy directories recursively. By default, do not follow symbolic links in the source; see the `--archive' (`-a'), `-d', `--dereference' (`-L'), `--no-dereference' (`-P'), and `-H' options. Special files are copied by creating a destination file of the same type as the source; see the `--copy-contents' option. It is not portable to use `-r' to copy symbolic links or special files. On some non-GNU systems, `-r' implies the equivalent of `-L' and `--copy-contents' for historical reasons. Also, it is not portable to use `-R' to copy symbolic links unless you also specify `-P', as POSIX allows implementations that dereference symbolic links by default. `--reflink[=WHEN]' Perform a lightweight, copy-on-write (COW) copy. Copying with this option can succeed only on some file systems. Once it has succeeded, beware that the source and destination files share the same disk data blocks as long as they remain unmodified. Thus, if a disk I/O error affects data blocks of one of the files, the other suffers the exact same fate. The WHEN value can be one of the following: `always' The default behavior: if the copy-on-write operation is not supported then report the failure for each file and exit with a failure status. `auto' If the copy-on-write operation is not supported then fall back to the standard copy behaviour. `--remove-destination' Remove each existing destination file before attempting to open it (contrast with `-f' above). `--sparse=WHEN' A "sparse file" contains "holes"--a sequence of zero bytes that does not occupy any physical disk blocks; the `read' system call reads these as zeros. This can both save considerable disk space and increase speed, since many binary files contain lots of consecutive zero bytes. By default, `cp' detects holes in input source files via a crude heuristic and makes the corresponding output file sparse as well. Only regular files may be sparse. The WHEN value can be one of the following: `auto' The default behavior: if the input file is sparse, attempt to make the output file sparse, too. However, if an output file exists but refers to a non-regular file, then do not attempt to make it sparse. `always' For each sufficiently long sequence of zero bytes in the input file, attempt to create a corresponding hole in the output file, even if the input file does not appear to be sparse. This is useful when the input file resides on a file system that does not support sparse files (for example, `efs' file systems in SGI IRIX 5.3 and earlier), but the output file is on a type of file system that does support them. Holes may be created only in regular files, so if the destination file is of some other type, `cp' does not even try to make it sparse. `never' Never make the output file sparse. This is useful in creating a file for use with the `mkswap' command, since such a file must not have any holes. `--strip-trailing-slashes' Remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument. *Note Trailing slashes::. `-s' `--symbolic-link' Make symbolic links instead of copies of non-directories. All source file names must be absolute (starting with `/') unless the destination files are in the current directory. This option merely results in an error message on systems that do not support symbolic links. `-S SUFFIX' `--suffix=SUFFIX' Append SUFFIX to each backup file made with `-b'. *Note Backup options::. `-t DIRECTORY' `--target-directory=DIRECTORY' Specify the destination DIRECTORY. *Note Target directory::. `-T' `--no-target-directory' Do not treat the last operand specially when it is a directory or a symbolic link to a directory. *Note Target directory::. `-u' `--update' Do not copy a non-directory that has an existing destination with the same or newer modification time. If time stamps are being preserved, the comparison is to the source time stamp truncated to the resolutions of the destination file system and of the system calls used to update time stamps; this avoids duplicate work if several `cp -pu' commands are executed with the same source and destination. `-v' `--verbose' Print the name of each file before copying it. `-x' `--one-file-system' Skip subdirectories that are on different file systems from the one that the copy started on. However, mount point directories _are_ copied. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: dd invocation, Next: install invocation, Prev: cp invocation, Up: Basic operations 11.2 `dd': Convert and copy a file ================================== `dd' copies a file (from standard input to standard output, by default) with a changeable I/O block size, while optionally performing conversions on it. Synopses: dd [OPERAND]... dd OPTION The only options are `--help' and `--version'. *Note Common options::. `dd' accepts the following operands. `if=FILE' Read from FILE instead of standard input. `of=FILE' Write to FILE instead of standard output. Unless `conv=notrunc' is given, `dd' truncates FILE to zero bytes (or the size specified with `seek='). `ibs=BYTES' Set the input block size to BYTES. This makes `dd' read BYTES per block. The default is 512 bytes. `obs=BYTES' Set the output block size to BYTES. This makes `dd' write BYTES per block. The default is 512 bytes. `bs=BYTES' Set both input and output block sizes to BYTES. This makes `dd' read and write BYTES per block, overriding any `ibs' and `obs' settings. In addition, if no data-transforming `conv' option is specified, each input block is copied to the output as a single block, without aggregating short reads. `cbs=BYTES' Set the conversion block size to BYTES. When converting variable-length records to fixed-length ones (`conv=block') or the reverse (`conv=unblock'), use BYTES as the fixed record length. `skip=BLOCKS' Skip BLOCKS `ibs'-byte blocks in the input file before copying. `seek=BLOCKS' Skip BLOCKS `obs'-byte blocks in the output file before copying. `count=BLOCKS' Copy BLOCKS `ibs'-byte blocks from the input file, instead of everything until the end of the file. `status=noxfer' Do not print the overall transfer rate and volume statistics that normally make up the third status line when `dd' exits. `conv=CONVERSION[,CONVERSION]...' Convert the file as specified by the CONVERSION argument(s). (No spaces around any comma(s).) Conversions: `ascii' Convert EBCDIC to ASCII, using the conversion table specified by POSIX. This provides a 1:1 translation for all 256 bytes. `ebcdic' Convert ASCII to EBCDIC. This is the inverse of the `ascii' conversion. `ibm' Convert ASCII to alternate EBCDIC, using the alternate conversion table specified by POSIX. This is not a 1:1 translation, but reflects common historical practice for `~', `[', and `]'. The `ascii', `ebcdic', and `ibm' conversions are mutually exclusive. `block' For each line in the input, output `cbs' bytes, replacing the input newline with a space and padding with spaces as necessary. `unblock' Remove any trailing spaces in each `cbs'-sized input block, and append a newline. The `block' and `unblock' conversions are mutually exclusive. `lcase' Change uppercase letters to lowercase. `ucase' Change lowercase letters to uppercase. The `lcase' and `ucase' conversions are mutually exclusive. `swab' Swap every pair of input bytes. GNU `dd', unlike others, works when an odd number of bytes are read--the last byte is simply copied (since there is nothing to swap it with). `noerror' Continue after read errors. `nocreat' Do not create the output file; the output file must already exist. `excl' Fail if the output file already exists; `dd' must create the output file itself. The `excl' and `nocreat' conversions are mutually exclusive. `notrunc' Do not truncate the output file. `sync' Pad every input block to size of `ibs' with trailing zero bytes. When used with `block' or `unblock', pad with spaces instead of zero bytes. `fdatasync' Synchronize output data just before finishing. This forces a physical write of output data. `fsync' Synchronize output data and metadata just before finishing. This forces a physical write of output data and metadata. `iflag=FLAG[,FLAG]...' Access the input file using the flags specified by the FLAG argument(s). (No spaces around any comma(s).) `oflag=FLAG[,FLAG]...' Access the output file using the flags specified by the FLAG argument(s). (No spaces around any comma(s).) Here are the flags. Not every flag is supported on every operating system. `append' Write in append mode, so that even if some other process is writing to this file, every `dd' write will append to the current contents of the file. This flag makes sense only for output. If you combine this flag with the `of=FILE' operand, you should also specify `conv=notrunc' unless you want the output file to be truncated before being appended to. `cio' Use concurrent I/O mode for data. This mode performs direct I/O and drops the POSIX requirement to serialize all I/O to the same file. A file cannot be opened in CIO mode and with a standard open at the same time. `direct' Use direct I/O for data, avoiding the buffer cache. Note that the kernel may impose restrictions on read or write buffer sizes. For example, with an ext4 destination file system and a linux-based kernel, using `oflag=direct' will cause writes to fail with `EINVAL' if the output buffer size is not a multiple of 512. `directory' Fail unless the file is a directory. Most operating systems do not allow I/O to a directory, so this flag has limited utility. `dsync' Use synchronized I/O for data. For the output file, this forces a physical write of output data on each write. For the input file, this flag can matter when reading from a remote file that has been written to synchronously by some other process. Metadata (e.g., last-access and last-modified time) is not necessarily synchronized. `sync' Use synchronized I/O for both data and metadata. `nonblock' Use non-blocking I/O. `noatime' Do not update the file's access time. Some older file systems silently ignore this flag, so it is a good idea to test it on your files before relying on it. `noctty' Do not assign the file to be a controlling terminal for `dd'. This has no effect when the file is not a terminal. On many hosts (e.g., GNU/Linux hosts), this option has no effect at all. `nofollow' Do not follow symbolic links. `nolinks' Fail if the file has multiple hard links. `binary' Use binary I/O. This option has an effect only on nonstandard platforms that distinguish binary from text I/O. `text' Use text I/O. Like `binary', this option has no effect on standard platforms. `fullblock' Accumulate full blocks from input. The `read' system call may return early if a full block is not available. When that happens, continue calling `read' to fill the remainder of the block. This flag can be used only with `iflag'. These flags are not supported on all systems, and `dd' rejects attempts to use them when they are not supported. When reading from standard input or writing to standard output, the `nofollow' and `noctty' flags should not be specified, and the other flags (e.g., `nonblock') can affect how other processes behave with the affected file descriptors, even after `dd' exits. The numeric-valued strings above (BYTES and BLOCKS) can be followed by a multiplier: `b'=512, `c'=1, `w'=2, `xM'=M, or any of the standard block size suffixes like `k'=1024 (*note Block size::). Use different `dd' invocations to use different block sizes for skipping and I/O. For example, the following shell commands copy data in 512 KiB blocks between a disk and a tape, but do not save or restore a 4 KiB label at the start of the disk: disk=/dev/rdsk/c0t1d0s2 tape=/dev/rmt/0 # Copy all but the label from disk to tape. (dd bs=4k skip=1 count=0 && dd bs=512k) <$disk >$tape # Copy from tape back to disk, but leave the disk label alone. (dd bs=4k seek=1 count=0 && dd bs=512k) <$tape >$disk Sending an `INFO' signal to a running `dd' process makes it print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying. In the example below, `dd' is run in the background to copy 10 million blocks. The `kill' command makes it output intermediate I/O statistics, and when `dd' completes normally or is killed by the `SIGINT' signal, it outputs the final statistics. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null count=10MB & pid=$! $ kill -s INFO $pid; wait $pid 3385223+0 records in 3385223+0 records out 1733234176 bytes (1.7 GB) copied, 6.42173 seconds, 270 MB/s 10000000+0 records in 10000000+0 records out 5120000000 bytes (5.1 GB) copied, 18.913 seconds, 271 MB/s On systems lacking the `INFO' signal `dd' responds to the `USR1' signal instead, unless the `POSIXLY_CORRECT' environment variable is set. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: install invocation, Next: mv invocation, Prev: dd invocation, Up: Basic operations 11.3 `install': Copy files and set attributes ============================================= `install' copies files while setting their file mode bits and, if possible, their owner and group. Synopses: install [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST install [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY install [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... install [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORY... * If two file names are given, `install' copies the first file to the second. * If the `--target-directory' (`-t') option is given, or failing that if the last file is a directory and the `--no-target-directory' (`-T') option is not given, `install' copies each SOURCE file to the specified directory, using the SOURCEs' names. * If the `--directory' (`-d') option is given, `install' creates each DIRECTORY and any missing parent directories. Parent directories are created with mode `u=rwx,go=rx' (755), regardless of the `-m' option or the current umask. *Note Directory Setuid and Setgid::, for how the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits of parent directories are inherited. `install' is similar to `cp', but allows you to control the attributes of destination files. It is typically used in Makefiles to copy programs into their destination directories. It refuses to copy files onto themselves. `install' never preserves extended attributes (xattr). The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-b' `--backup[=METHOD]' *Note Backup options::. Make a backup of each file that would otherwise be overwritten or removed. `-C' `--compare' Compare each pair of source and destination files, and if the destination has identical content and any specified owner, group, permissions, and possibly SELinux context, then do not modify the destination at all. `-c' Ignored; for compatibility with old Unix versions of `install'. `-D' Create any missing parent directories of DEST, then copy SOURCE to DEST. This option is ignored if a destination directory is specified via `--target-directory=DIR'. `-d' `--directory' Create any missing parent directories, giving them the default attributes. Then create each given directory, setting their owner, group and mode as given on the command line or to the defaults. `-g GROUP' `--group=GROUP' Set the group ownership of installed files or directories to GROUP. The default is the process's current group. GROUP may be either a group name or a numeric group ID. `-m MODE' `--mode=MODE' Set the file mode bits for the installed file or directory to MODE, which can be either an octal number, or a symbolic mode as in `chmod', with `a=' (no access allowed to anyone) as the point of departure (*note File permissions::). The default mode is `u=rwx,go=rx,a-s'--read, write, and execute for the owner, read and execute for group and other, and with set-user-ID and set-group-ID disabled. This default is not quite the same as `755', since it disables instead of preserving set-user-ID and set-group-ID on directories. *Note Directory Setuid and Setgid::. `-o OWNER' `--owner=OWNER' If `install' has appropriate privileges (is run as root), set the ownership of installed files or directories to OWNER. The default is `root'. OWNER may be either a user name or a numeric user ID. `--preserve-context' Preserve the SELinux security context of files and directories. Failure to preserve the context in all of the files or directories will result in an exit status of 1. If SELinux is disabled then print a warning and ignore the option. `-p' `--preserve-timestamps' Set the time of last access and the time of last modification of each installed file to match those of each corresponding original file. When a file is installed without this option, its last access and last modification times are both set to the time of installation. This option is useful if you want to use the last modification times of installed files to keep track of when they were last built as opposed to when they were last installed. `-s' `--strip' Strip the symbol tables from installed binary executables. `--strip-program=PROGRAM' Program used to strip binaries. `-S SUFFIX' `--suffix=SUFFIX' Append SUFFIX to each backup file made with `-b'. *Note Backup options::. `-t DIRECTORY' `--target-directory=DIRECTORY' Specify the destination DIRECTORY. *Note Target directory::. `-T' `--no-target-directory' Do not treat the last operand specially when it is a directory or a symbolic link to a directory. *Note Target directory::. `-v' `--verbose' Print the name of each file before copying it. `-Z CONTEXT' `--context=CONTEXT' Set the default SELinux security context to be used for any created files and directories. If SELinux is disabled then print a warning and ignore the option. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: mv invocation, Next: rm invocation, Prev: install invocation, Up: Basic operations 11.4 `mv': Move (rename) files ============================== `mv' moves or renames files (or directories). Synopses: mv [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST mv [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY mv [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... * If two file names are given, `mv' moves the first file to the second. * If the `--target-directory' (`-t') option is given, or failing that if the last file is a directory and the `--no-target-directory' (`-T') option is not given, `mv' moves each SOURCE file to the specified directory, using the SOURCEs' names. `mv' can move any type of file from one file system to another. Prior to version `4.0' of the fileutils, `mv' could move only regular files between file systems. For example, now `mv' can move an entire directory hierarchy including special device files from one partition to another. It first uses some of the same code that's used by `cp -a' to copy the requested directories and files, then (assuming the copy succeeded) it removes the originals. If the copy fails, then the part that was copied to the destination partition is removed. If you were to copy three directories from one partition to another and the copy of the first directory succeeded, but the second didn't, the first would be left on the destination partition and the second and third would be left on the original partition. `mv' always tries to copy extended attributes (xattr), which may include SELinux context, ACLs or Capabilities. Upon failure all but `Operation not supported' warnings are output. If a destination file exists but is normally unwritable, standard input is a terminal, and the `-f' or `--force' option is not given, `mv' prompts the user for whether to replace the file. (You might own the file, or have write permission on its directory.) If the response is not affirmative, the file is skipped. _Warning_: Avoid specifying a source name with a trailing slash, when it might be a symlink to a directory. Otherwise, `mv' may do something very surprising, since its behavior depends on the underlying rename system call. On a system with a modern Linux-based kernel, it fails with `errno=ENOTDIR'. However, on other systems (at least FreeBSD 6.1 and Solaris 10) it silently renames not the symlink but rather the directory referenced by the symlink. *Note Trailing slashes::. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-b' `--backup[=METHOD]' *Note Backup options::. Make a backup of each file that would otherwise be overwritten or removed. `-f' `--force' Do not prompt the user before removing a destination file. If you specify more than one of the `-i', `-f', `-n' options, only the final one takes effect. `-i' `--interactive' Prompt whether to overwrite each existing destination file, regardless of its permissions. If the response is not affirmative, the file is skipped. If you specify more than one of the `-i', `-f', `-n' options, only the final one takes effect. `-n' `--no-clobber' Do not overwrite an existing file. If you specify more than one of the `-i', `-f', `-n' options, only the final one takes effect. This option is mutually exclusive with `-b' or `--backup' option. `-u' `--update' Do not move a non-directory that has an existing destination with the same or newer modification time. If the move is across file system boundaries, the comparison is to the source time stamp truncated to the resolutions of the destination file system and of the system calls used to update time stamps; this avoids duplicate work if several `mv -u' commands are executed with the same source and destination. `-v' `--verbose' Print the name of each file before moving it. `--strip-trailing-slashes' Remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument. *Note Trailing slashes::. `-S SUFFIX' `--suffix=SUFFIX' Append SUFFIX to each backup file made with `-b'. *Note Backup options::. `-t DIRECTORY' `--target-directory=DIRECTORY' Specify the destination DIRECTORY. *Note Target directory::. `-T' `--no-target-directory' Do not treat the last operand specially when it is a directory or a symbolic link to a directory. *Note Target directory::. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: rm invocation, Next: shred invocation, Prev: mv invocation, Up: Basic operations 11.5 `rm': Remove files or directories ====================================== `rm' removes each given FILE. By default, it does not remove directories. Synopsis: rm [OPTION]... [FILE]... If the `-I' or `--interactive=once' option is given, and there are more than three files or the `-r', `-R', or `--recursive' are given, then `rm' prompts the user for whether to proceed with the entire operation. If the response is not affirmative, the entire command is aborted. Otherwise, if a file is unwritable, standard input is a terminal, and the `-f' or `--force' option is not given, or the `-i' or `--interactive=always' option _is_ given, `rm' prompts the user for whether to remove the file. If the response is not affirmative, the file is skipped. Any attempt to remove a file whose last file name component is `.' or `..' is rejected without any prompting. _Warning_: If you use `rm' to remove a file, it is usually possible to recover the contents of that file. If you want more assurance that the contents are truly unrecoverable, consider using `shred'. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-f' `--force' Ignore nonexistent files and never prompt the user. Ignore any previous `--interactive' (`-i') option. `-i' Prompt whether to remove each file. If the response is not affirmative, the file is skipped. Ignore any previous `--force' (`-f') option. Equivalent to `--interactive=always'. `-I' Prompt once whether to proceed with the command, if more than three files are named or if a recursive removal is requested. Ignore any previous `--force' (`-f') option. Equivalent to `--interactive=once'. `--interactive [=WHEN]' Specify when to issue an interactive prompt. WHEN may be omitted, or one of: * never - Do not prompt at all. * once - Prompt once if more than three files are named or if a recursive removal is requested. Equivalent to `-I'. * always - Prompt for every file being removed. Equivalent to `-i'. `--interactive' with no WHEN is equivalent to `--interactive=always'. `--one-file-system' When removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any directory that is on a file system different from that of the corresponding command line argument. This option is useful when removing a build "chroot" hierarchy, which normally contains no valuable data. However, it is not uncommon to bind-mount `/home' into such a hierarchy, to make it easier to use one's start-up file. The catch is that it's easy to forget to unmount `/home'. Then, when you use `rm -rf' to remove your normally throw-away chroot, that command will remove everything under `/home', too. Use the `--one-file-system' option, and it will warn about and skip directories on other file systems. Of course, this will not save your `/home' if it and your chroot happen to be on the same file system. `--preserve-root' Fail upon any attempt to remove the root directory, `/', when used with the `--recursive' option. This is the default behavior. *Note Treating / specially::. `--no-preserve-root' Do not treat `/' specially when removing recursively. This option is not recommended unless you really want to remove all the files on your computer. *Note Treating / specially::. `-r' `-R' `--recursive' Remove the listed directories and their contents recursively. `-v' `--verbose' Print the name of each file before removing it. One common question is how to remove files whose names begin with a `-'. GNU `rm', like every program that uses the `getopt' function to parse its arguments, lets you use the `--' option to indicate that all following arguments are non-options. To remove a file called `-f' in the current directory, you could type either: rm -- -f or: rm ./-f The Unix `rm' program's use of a single `-' for this purpose predates the development of the getopt standard syntax. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: shred invocation, Prev: rm invocation, Up: Basic operations 11.6 `shred': Remove files more securely ======================================== `shred' overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even very expensive hardware from recovering the data. Ordinarily when you remove a file (*note rm invocation::), the data is not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse. There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index and can bring the file back if the parts were not reused. On a busy system with a nearly-full drive, space can get reused in a few seconds. But there is no way to know for sure. If you have sensitive data, you may want to be sure that recovery is not possible by actually overwriting the file with non-sensitive data. However, even after doing that, it is possible to take the disk back to a laboratory and use a lot of sensitive (and expensive) equipment to look for the faint "echoes" of the original data underneath the overwritten data. If the data has only been overwritten once, it's not even that hard. The best way to remove something irretrievably is to destroy the media it's on with acid, melt it down, or the like. For cheap removable media like floppy disks, this is the preferred method. However, hard drives are expensive and hard to melt, so the `shred' utility tries to achieve a similar effect non-destructively. This uses many overwrite passes, with the data patterns chosen to maximize the damage they do to the old data. While this will work on floppies, the patterns are designed for best effect on hard drives. For more details, see the source code and Peter Gutmann's paper `Secure Deletion of Data from Magnetic and Solid-State Memory' (http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~pgut001/pubs/secure_del.html), from the proceedings of the Sixth USENIX Security Symposium (San Jose, California, July 22-25, 1996). *Please note* that `shred' relies on a very important assumption: that the file system overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern file system designs do not satisfy this assumption. Exceptions include: * Log-structured or journaled file systems, such as those supplied with AIX and Solaris, and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3 (in `data=journal' mode), BFS, NTFS, etc. when they are configured to journal _data_. * File systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes fail, such as RAID-based file systems. * File systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server. * File systems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS version 3 clients. * Compressed file systems. In the particular case of ext3 file systems, the above disclaimer applies (and `shred' is thus of limited effectiveness) only in `data=journal' mode, which journals file data in addition to just metadata. In both the `data=ordered' (default) and `data=writeback' modes, `shred' works as usual. Ext3 journaling modes can be changed by adding the `data=something' option to the mount options for a particular file system in the `/etc/fstab' file, as documented in the mount man page (man mount). If you are not sure how your file system operates, then you should assume that it does not overwrite data in place, which means that shred cannot reliably operate on regular files in your file system. Generally speaking, it is more reliable to shred a device than a file, since this bypasses the problem of file system design mentioned above. However, even shredding devices is not always completely reliable. For example, most disks map out bad sectors invisibly to the application; if the bad sectors contain sensitive data, `shred' won't be able to destroy it. `shred' makes no attempt to detect or report this problem, just as it makes no attempt to do anything about backups. However, since it is more reliable to shred devices than files, `shred' by default does not truncate or remove the output file. This default is more suitable for devices, which typically cannot be truncated and should not be removed. Finally, consider the risk of backups and mirrors. File system backups and remote mirrors may contain copies of the file that cannot be removed, and that will allow a shredded file to be recovered later. So if you keep any data you may later want to destroy using `shred', be sure that it is not backed up or mirrored. shred [OPTION]... FILE[...] The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-f' `--force' Override file permissions if necessary to allow overwriting. `-NUMBER' `-n NUMBER' `--iterations=NUMBER' By default, `shred' uses 3 passes of overwrite. You can reduce this to save time, or increase it if you think it's appropriate. After 25 passes all of the internal overwrite patterns will have been used at least once. `--random-source=FILE' Use FILE as a source of random data used to overwrite and to choose pass ordering. *Note Random sources::. `-s BYTES' `--size=BYTES' Shred the first BYTES bytes of the file. The default is to shred the whole file. BYTES can be followed by a size specification like `K', `M', or `G' to specify a multiple. *Note Block size::. `-u' `--remove' After shredding a file, truncate it (if possible) and then remove it. If a file has multiple links, only the named links will be removed. `-v' `--verbose' Display to standard error all status updates as sterilization proceeds. `-x' `--exact' By default, `shred' rounds the size of a regular file up to the next multiple of the file system block size to fully erase the last block of the file. Use `--exact' to suppress that behavior. Thus, by default if you shred a 10-byte regular file on a system with 512-byte blocks, the resulting file will be 512 bytes long. With this option, shred does not increase the apparent size of the file. `-z' `--zero' Normally, the last pass that `shred' writes is made up of random data. If this would be conspicuous on your hard drive (for example, because it looks like encrypted data), or you just think it's tidier, the `--zero' option adds an additional overwrite pass with all zero bits. This is in addition to the number of passes specified by the `--iterations' option. You might use the following command to erase all trace of the file system you'd created on the floppy disk in your first drive. That command takes about 20 minutes to erase a "1.44MB" (actually 1440 KiB) floppy. shred --verbose /dev/fd0 Similarly, to erase all data on a selected partition of your hard disk, you could give a command like this: shred --verbose /dev/sda5 A FILE of `-' denotes standard output. The intended use of this is to shred a removed temporary file. For example: i=`mktemp` exec 3<>"$i" rm -- "$i" echo "Hello, world" >&3 shred - >&3 exec 3>- However, the command `shred - >file' does not shred the contents of FILE, since the shell truncates FILE before invoking `shred'. Use the command `shred file' or (if using a Bourne-compatible shell) the command `shred - 1<>file' instead. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Special file types, Next: Changing file attributes, Prev: Basic operations, Up: Top 12 Special file types ********************* This chapter describes commands which create special types of files (and `rmdir', which removes directories, one special file type). Although Unix-like operating systems have markedly fewer special file types than others, not _everything_ can be treated only as the undifferentiated byte stream of "normal files". For example, when a file is created or removed, the system must record this information, which it does in a "directory"--a special type of file. Although you can read directories as normal files, if you're curious, in order for the system to do its job it must impose a structure, a certain order, on the bytes of the file. Thus it is a "special" type of file. Besides directories, other special file types include named pipes (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called "special files". * Menu: * link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall * ln invocation:: Make links between files. * mkdir invocation:: Make directories. * mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes). * mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files. * readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name. * rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories. * unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall  File: coreutils.info, Node: link invocation, Next: ln invocation, Up: Special file types 12.1 `link': Make a hard link via the link syscall ================================================== `link' creates a single hard link at a time. It is a minimalist interface to the system-provided `link' function. *Note Hard Links: (libc)Hard Links. It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used `ln' command (*note ln invocation::). Synopsis: link FILENAME LINKNAME FILENAME must specify an existing file, and LINKNAME must specify a nonexistent entry in an existing directory. `link' simply calls `link (FILENAME, LINKNAME)' to create the link. On a GNU system, this command acts like `ln --directory --no-target-directory FILENAME LINKNAME'. However, the `--directory' and `--no-target-directory' options are not specified by POSIX, and the `link' command is more portable in practice. If FILENAME is a symbolic link, it is unspecified whether LINKNAME will be a hard link to the symbolic link or to the target of the symbolic link. Use `ln -P' or `ln -L' to specify which behavior is desired. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: ln invocation, Next: mkdir invocation, Prev: link invocation, Up: Special file types 12.2 `ln': Make links between files =================================== `ln' makes links between files. By default, it makes hard links; with the `-s' option, it makes symbolic (or "soft") links. Synopses: ln [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINKNAME ln [OPTION]... TARGET ln [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY ln [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... * If two file names are given, `ln' creates a link to the first file from the second. * If one TARGET is given, `ln' creates a link to that file in the current directory. * If the `--target-directory' (`-t') option is given, or failing that if the last file is a directory and the `--no-target-directory' (`-T') option is not given, `ln' creates a link to each TARGET file in the specified directory, using the TARGETs' names. Normally `ln' does not remove existing files. Use the `--force' (`-f') option to remove them unconditionally, the `--interactive' (`-i') option to remove them conditionally, and the `--backup' (`-b') option to rename them. A "hard link" is another name for an existing file; the link and the original are indistinguishable. Technically speaking, they share the same inode, and the inode contains all the information about a file--indeed, it is not incorrect to say that the inode _is_ the file. Most systems prohibit making a hard link to a directory; on those where it is allowed, only the super-user can do so (and with caution, since creating a cycle will cause problems to many other utilities). Hard links cannot cross file system boundaries. (These restrictions are not mandated by POSIX, however.) "Symbolic links" ("symlinks" for short), on the other hand, are a special file type (which not all kernels support: System V release 3 (and older) systems lack symlinks) in which the link file actually refers to a different file, by name. When most operations (opening, reading, writing, and so on) are passed the symbolic link file, the kernel automatically "dereferences" the link and operates on the target of the link. But some operations (e.g., removing) work on the link file itself, rather than on its target. The owner and group of a symlink are not significant to file access performed through the link, but do have implications on deleting a symbolic link from a directory with the restricted deletion bit set. On the GNU system, the mode of a symlink has no significance and cannot be changed, but on some BSD systems, the mode can be changed and will affect whether the symlink will be traversed in file name resolution. *Note Symbolic Links: (libc)Symbolic Links. Symbolic links can contain arbitrary strings; a "dangling symlink" occurs when the string in the symlink does not resolve to a file. There are no restrictions against creating dangling symbolic links. There are trade-offs to using absolute or relative symlinks. An absolute symlink always points to the same file, even if the directory containing the link is moved. However, if the symlink is visible from more than one machine (such as on a networked file system), the file pointed to might not always be the same. A relative symbolic link is resolved in relation to the directory that contains the link, and is often useful in referring to files on the same device without regards to what name that device is mounted on when accessed via networked machines. When creating a relative symlink in a different location than the current directory, the resolution of the symlink will be different than the resolution of the same string from the current directory. Therefore, many users prefer to first change directories to the location where the relative symlink will be created, so that tab-completion or other file resolution will find the same target as what will be placed in the symlink. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-b' `--backup[=METHOD]' *Note Backup options::. Make a backup of each file that would otherwise be overwritten or removed. `-d' `-F' `--directory' Allow users with appropriate privileges to attempt to make hard links to directories. However, note that this will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the super-user. `-f' `--force' Remove existing destination files. `-i' `--interactive' Prompt whether to remove existing destination files. `-L' `--logical' If `-s' is not in effect, and the source file is a symbolic link, create the hard link to the file referred to by the symbolic link, rather than the symbolic link itself. `-n' `--no-dereference' Do not treat the last operand specially when it is a symbolic link to a directory. Instead, treat it as if it were a normal file. When the destination is an actual directory (not a symlink to one), there is no ambiguity. The link is created in that directory. But when the specified destination is a symlink to a directory, there are two ways to treat the user's request. `ln' can treat the destination just as it would a normal directory and create the link in it. On the other hand, the destination can be viewed as a non-directory--as the symlink itself. In that case, `ln' must delete or backup that symlink before creating the new link. The default is to treat a destination that is a symlink to a directory just like a directory. This option is weaker than the `--no-target-directory' (`-T') option, so it has no effect if both options are given. `-P' `--physical' If `-s' is not in effect, and the source file is a symbolic link, create the hard link to the symbolic link itself. On platforms where this is not supported by the kernel, this option creates a symbolic link with identical contents; since symbolic link contents cannot be edited, any file name resolution performed through either link will be the same as if a hard link had been created. `-s' `--symbolic' Make symbolic links instead of hard links. This option merely produces an error message on systems that do not support symbolic links. `-S SUFFIX' `--suffix=SUFFIX' Append SUFFIX to each backup file made with `-b'. *Note Backup options::. `-t DIRECTORY' `--target-directory=DIRECTORY' Specify the destination DIRECTORY. *Note Target directory::. `-T' `--no-target-directory' Do not treat the last operand specially when it is a directory or a symbolic link to a directory. *Note Target directory::. `-v' `--verbose' Print the name of each file after linking it successfully. If `-L' and `-P' are both given, the last one takes precedence. If `-s' is also given, `-L' and `-P' are silently ignored. If neither option is given, then this implementation defaults to `-P' if the system `link' supports hard links to symbolic links (such as the GNU system), and `-L' if `link' follows symbolic links (such as on BSD). An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure. Examples: Bad Example: # Create link ../a pointing to a in that directory. # Not really useful because it points to itself. ln -s a .. Better Example: # Change to the target before creating symlinks to avoid being confused. cd .. ln -s adir/a . Bad Example: # Hard coded file names don't move well. ln -s $(pwd)/a /some/dir/ Better Example: # Relative file names survive directory moves and also # work across networked file systems. ln -s afile anotherfile ln -s ../adir/afile yetanotherfile  File: coreutils.info, Node: mkdir invocation, Next: mkfifo invocation, Prev: ln invocation, Up: Special file types 12.3 `mkdir': Make directories ============================== `mkdir' creates directories with the specified names. Synopsis: mkdir [OPTION]... NAME... `mkdir' creates each directory NAME in the order given. It reports an error if NAME already exists, unless the `-p' option is given and NAME is a directory. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-m MODE' `--mode=MODE' Set the file permission bits of created directories to MODE, which uses the same syntax as in `chmod' and uses `a=rwx' (read, write and execute allowed for everyone) for the point of the departure. *Note File permissions::. Normally the directory has the desired file mode bits at the moment it is created. As a GNU extension, MODE may also mention special mode bits, but in this case there may be a temporary window during which the directory exists but its special mode bits are incorrect. *Note Directory Setuid and Setgid::, for how the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits of directories are inherited unless overridden in this way. `-p' `--parents' Make any missing parent directories for each argument, setting their file permission bits to the umask modified by `u+wx'. Ignore existing parent directories, and do not change their file permission bits. To set the file permission bits of any newly-created parent directories to a value that includes `u+wx', you can set the umask before invoking `mkdir'. For example, if the shell command `(umask u=rwx,go=rx; mkdir -p P/Q)' creates the parent `P' it sets the parent's permission bits to `u=rwx,go=rx'. To set a parent's special mode bits as well, you can invoke `chmod' after `mkdir'. *Note Directory Setuid and Setgid::, for how the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits of newly-created parent directories are inherited. `-v' `--verbose' Print a message for each created directory. This is most useful with `--parents'. `-Z CONTEXT' `--context=CONTEXT' Set the default SELinux security context to be used for created directories. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: mkfifo invocation, Next: mknod invocation, Prev: mkdir invocation, Up: Special file types 12.4 `mkfifo': Make FIFOs (named pipes) ======================================= `mkfifo' creates FIFOs (also called "named pipes") with the specified names. Synopsis: mkfifo [OPTION] NAME... A "FIFO" is a special file type that permits independent processes to communicate. One process opens the FIFO file for writing, and another for reading, after which data can flow as with the usual anonymous pipe in shells or elsewhere. The program accepts the following option. Also see *note Common options::. `-m MODE' `--mode=MODE' Set the mode of created FIFOs to MODE, which is symbolic as in `chmod' and uses `a=rw' (read and write allowed for everyone) for the point of departure. MODE should specify only file permission bits. *Note File permissions::. `-Z CONTEXT' `--context=CONTEXT' Set the default SELinux security context to be used for created FIFOs. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: mknod invocation, Next: readlink invocation, Prev: mkfifo invocation, Up: Special file types 12.5 `mknod': Make block or character special files =================================================== `mknod' creates a FIFO, character special file, or block special file with the specified name. Synopsis: mknod [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Unlike the phrase "special file type" above, the term "special file" has a technical meaning on Unix: something that can generate or receive data. Usually this corresponds to a physical piece of hardware, e.g., a printer or a disk. (These files are typically created at system-configuration time.) The `mknod' command is what creates files of this type. Such devices can be read either a character at a time or a "block" (many characters) at a time, hence we say there are "block special" files and "character special" files. Due to shell aliases and built-in `mknod' command, using an unadorned `mknod' interactively or in a script may get you different functionality than that described here. Invoke it via `env' (i.e., `env mknod ...') to avoid interference from the shell. The arguments after NAME specify the type of file to make: `p' for a FIFO `b' for a block special file `c' for a character special file When making a block or character special file, the major and minor device numbers must be given after the file type. If a major or minor device number begins with `0x' or `0X', it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with `0', as octal; otherwise, as decimal. The program accepts the following option. Also see *note Common options::. `-m MODE' `--mode=MODE' Set the mode of created files to MODE, which is symbolic as in `chmod' and uses `a=rw' as the point of departure. MODE should specify only file permission bits. *Note File permissions::. `-Z CONTEXT' `--context=CONTEXT' Set the default SELinux security context to be used for created files. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: readlink invocation, Next: rmdir invocation, Prev: mknod invocation, Up: Special file types 12.6 `readlink': Print value of a symlink or canonical file name ================================================================ `readlink' may work in one of two supported modes: `Readlink mode' `readlink' outputs the value of the given symbolic link. If `readlink' is invoked with an argument other than the name of a symbolic link, it produces no output and exits with a nonzero exit code. `Canonicalize mode' `readlink' outputs the absolute name of the given file which contains no `.', `..' components nor any repeated separators (`/') or symbolic links. readlink [OPTION] FILE By default, `readlink' operates in readlink mode. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-f' `--canonicalize' Activate canonicalize mode. If any component of the file name except the last one is missing or unavailable, `readlink' produces no output and exits with a nonzero exit code. A trailing slash is ignored. `-e' `--canonicalize-existing' Activate canonicalize mode. If any component is missing or unavailable, `readlink' produces no output and exits with a nonzero exit code. A trailing slash requires that the name resolve to a directory. `-m' `--canonicalize-missing' Activate canonicalize mode. If any component is missing or unavailable, `readlink' treats it as a directory. `-n' `--no-newline' Do not output the trailing newline. `-s' `-q' `--silent' `--quiet' Suppress most error messages. `-v' `--verbose' Report error messages. The `readlink' utility first appeared in OpenBSD 2.1. There is a `realpath' command on some systems which operates like `readlink' in canonicalize mode. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: rmdir invocation, Next: unlink invocation, Prev: readlink invocation, Up: Special file types 12.7 `rmdir': Remove empty directories ====================================== `rmdir' removes empty directories. Synopsis: rmdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... If any DIRECTORY argument does not refer to an existing empty directory, it is an error. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `--ignore-fail-on-non-empty' Ignore each failure to remove a directory that is solely because the directory is non-empty. `-p' `--parents' Remove DIRECTORY, then try to remove each component of DIRECTORY. So, for example, `rmdir -p a/b/c' is similar to `rmdir a/b/c a/b a'. As such, it fails if any of those directories turns out not to be empty. Use the `--ignore-fail-on-non-empty' option to make it so such a failure does not evoke a diagnostic and does not cause `rmdir' to exit unsuccessfully. `-v' `--verbose' Give a diagnostic for each successful removal. DIRECTORY is removed. *Note rm invocation::, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively). An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: unlink invocation, Prev: rmdir invocation, Up: Special file types 12.8 `unlink': Remove files via the unlink syscall ================================================== `unlink' deletes a single specified file name. It is a minimalist interface to the system-provided `unlink' function. *Note Deleting Files: (libc)Deleting Files. Synopsis: It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used `rm' command (*note rm invocation::). unlink FILENAME On some systems `unlink' can be used to delete the name of a directory. On others, it can be used that way only by a privileged user. In the GNU system `unlink' can never delete the name of a directory. The `unlink' command honors the `--help' and `--version' options. To remove a file whose name begins with `-', prefix the name with `./', e.g., `unlink ./--help'. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Changing file attributes, Next: Disk usage, Prev: Special file types, Up: Top 13 Changing file attributes *************************** A file is not merely its contents, a name, and a file type (*note Special file types::). A file also has an owner (a user ID), a group (a group ID), permissions (what the owner can do with the file, what people in the group can do, and what everyone else can do), various timestamps, and other information. Collectively, we call these a file's "attributes". These commands change file attributes. * Menu: * chgrp invocation:: Change file groups. * chmod invocation:: Change access permissions. * chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups. * touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.  File: coreutils.info, Node: chown invocation, Next: touch invocation, Prev: chmod invocation, Up: Changing file attributes 13.1 `chown': Change file owner and group ========================================= `chown' changes the user and/or group ownership of each given FILE to NEW-OWNER or to the user and group of an existing reference file. Synopsis: chown [OPTION]... {NEW-OWNER | --reference=REF_FILE} FILE... If used, NEW-OWNER specifies the new owner and/or group as follows (with no embedded white space): [OWNER] [ : [GROUP] ] Specifically: OWNER If only an OWNER (a user name or numeric user ID) is given, that user is made the owner of each given file, and the files' group is not changed. OWNER`:'GROUP If the OWNER is followed by a colon and a GROUP (a group name or numeric group ID), with no spaces between them, the group ownership of the files is changed as well (to GROUP). OWNER`:' If a colon but no group name follows OWNER, that user is made the owner of the files and the group of the files is changed to OWNER's login group. `:'GROUP If the colon and following GROUP are given, but the owner is omitted, only the group of the files is changed; in this case, `chown' performs the same function as `chgrp'. `:' If only a colon is given, or if NEW-OWNER is empty, neither the owner nor the group is changed. If OWNER or GROUP is intended to represent a numeric user or group ID, then you may specify it with a leading `+'. *Note Disambiguating names and IDs::. Some older scripts may still use `.' in place of the `:' separator. POSIX 1003.1-2001 (*note Standards conformance::) does not require support for that, but for backward compatibility GNU `chown' supports `.' so long as no ambiguity results. New scripts should avoid the use of `.' because it is not portable, and because it has undesirable results if the entire OWNER`.'GROUP happens to identify a user whose name contains `.'. The `chown' command sometimes clears the set-user-ID or set-group-ID permission bits. This behavior depends on the policy and functionality of the underlying `chown' system call, which may make system-dependent file mode modifications outside the control of the `chown' command. For example, the `chown' command might not affect those bits when invoked by a user with appropriate privileges, or when the bits signify some function other than executable permission (e.g., mandatory locking). When in doubt, check the underlying system behavior. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-c' `--changes' Verbosely describe the action for each FILE whose ownership actually changes. `-f' `--silent' `--quiet' Do not print error messages about files whose ownership cannot be changed. `--from=OLD-OWNER' Change a FILE's ownership only if it has current attributes specified by OLD-OWNER. OLD-OWNER has the same form as NEW-OWNER described above. This option is useful primarily from a security standpoint in that it narrows considerably the window of potential abuse. For example, to reflect a user ID numbering change for one user's files without an option like this, `root' might run find / -owner OLDUSER -print0 | xargs -0 chown -h NEWUSER But that is dangerous because the interval between when the `find' tests the existing file's owner and when the `chown' is actually run may be quite large. One way to narrow the gap would be to invoke chown for each file as it is found: find / -owner OLDUSER -exec chown -h NEWUSER {} \; But that is very slow if there are many affected files. With this option, it is safer (the gap is narrower still) though still not perfect: chown -h -R --from=OLDUSER NEWUSER / `--dereference' Do not act on symbolic links themselves but rather on what they point to. This is the default. `-h' `--no-dereference' Act on symbolic links themselves instead of what they point to. This mode relies on the `lchown' system call. On systems that do not provide the `lchown' system call, `chown' fails when a file specified on the command line is a symbolic link. By default, no diagnostic is issued for symbolic links encountered during a recursive traversal, but see `--verbose'. `--preserve-root' Fail upon any attempt to recursively change the root directory, `/'. Without `--recursive', this option has no effect. *Note Treating / specially::. `--no-preserve-root' Cancel the effect of any preceding `--preserve-root' option. *Note Treating / specially::. `--reference=REF_FILE' Change the user and group of each FILE to be the same as those of REF_FILE. If REF_FILE is a symbolic link, do not use the user and group of the symbolic link, but rather those of the file it refers to. `-v' `--verbose' Output a diagnostic for every file processed. If a symbolic link is encountered during a recursive traversal on a system without the `lchown' system call, and `--no-dereference' is in effect, then issue a diagnostic saying neither the symbolic link nor its referent is being changed. `-R' `--recursive' Recursively change ownership of directories and their contents. `-H' If `--recursive' (`-R') is specified and a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it. *Note Traversing symlinks::. `-L' In a recursive traversal, traverse every symbolic link to a directory that is encountered. *Note Traversing symlinks::. `-P' Do not traverse any symbolic links. This is the default if none of `-H', `-L', or `-P' is specified. *Note Traversing symlinks::. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure. Examples: # Change the owner of /u to "root". chown root /u # Likewise, but also change its group to "staff". chown root:staff /u # Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root". chown -hR root /u  File: coreutils.info, Node: chgrp invocation, Next: chmod invocation, Up: Changing file attributes 13.2 `chgrp': Change group ownership ==================================== `chgrp' changes the group ownership of each given FILE to GROUP (which can be either a group name or a numeric group ID) or to the group of an existing reference file. Synopsis: chgrp [OPTION]... {GROUP | --reference=REF_FILE} FILE... If GROUP is intended to represent a numeric group ID, then you may specify it with a leading `+'. *Note Disambiguating names and IDs::. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-c' `--changes' Verbosely describe the action for each FILE whose group actually changes. `-f' `--silent' `--quiet' Do not print error messages about files whose group cannot be changed. `--dereference' Do not act on symbolic links themselves but rather on what they point to. This is the default. `-h' `--no-dereference' Act on symbolic links themselves instead of what they point to. This mode relies on the `lchown' system call. On systems that do not provide the `lchown' system call, `chgrp' fails when a file specified on the command line is a symbolic link. By default, no diagnostic is issued for symbolic links encountered during a recursive traversal, but see `--verbose'. `--preserve-root' Fail upon any attempt to recursively change the root directory, `/'. Without `--recursive', this option has no effect. *Note Treating / specially::. `--no-preserve-root' Cancel the effect of any preceding `--preserve-root' option. *Note Treating / specially::. `--reference=REF_FILE' Change the group of each FILE to be the same as that of REF_FILE. If REF_FILE is a symbolic link, do not use the group of the symbolic link, but rather that of the file it refers to. `-v' `--verbose' Output a diagnostic for every file processed. If a symbolic link is encountered during a recursive traversal on a system without the `lchown' system call, and `--no-dereference' is in effect, then issue a diagnostic saying neither the symbolic link nor its referent is being changed. `-R' `--recursive' Recursively change the group ownership of directories and their contents. `-H' If `--recursive' (`-R') is specified and a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it. *Note Traversing symlinks::. `-L' In a recursive traversal, traverse every symbolic link to a directory that is encountered. *Note Traversing symlinks::. `-P' Do not traverse any symbolic links. This is the default if none of `-H', `-L', or `-P' is specified. *Note Traversing symlinks::. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure. Examples: # Change the group of /u to "staff". chgrp staff /u # Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff". chgrp -hR staff /u  File: coreutils.info, Node: chmod invocation, Next: chown invocation, Prev: chgrp invocation, Up: Changing file attributes 13.3 `chmod': Change access permissions ======================================= `chmod' changes the access permissions of the named files. Synopsis: chmod [OPTION]... {MODE | --reference=REF_FILE} FILE... `chmod' never changes the permissions of symbolic links, since the `chmod' system call cannot change their permissions. This is not a problem since the permissions of symbolic links are never used. However, for each symbolic link listed on the command line, `chmod' changes the permissions of the pointed-to file. In contrast, `chmod' ignores symbolic links encountered during recursive directory traversals. A successful use of `chmod' clears the set-group-ID bit of a regular file if the file's group ID does not match the user's effective group ID or one of the user's supplementary group IDs, unless the user has appropriate privileges. Additional restrictions may cause the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits of MODE or REF_FILE to be ignored. This behavior depends on the policy and functionality of the underlying `chmod' system call. When in doubt, check the underlying system behavior. If used, MODE specifies the new file mode bits. For details, see the section on *note File permissions::. If you really want MODE to have a leading `-', you should use `--' first, e.g., `chmod -- -w file'. Typically, though, `chmod a-w file' is preferable, and `chmod -w file' (without the `--') complains if it behaves differently from what `chmod a-w file' would do. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-c' `--changes' Verbosely describe the action for each FILE whose permissions actually changes. `-f' `--silent' `--quiet' Do not print error messages about files whose permissions cannot be changed. `--preserve-root' Fail upon any attempt to recursively change the root directory, `/'. Without `--recursive', this option has no effect. *Note Treating / specially::. `--no-preserve-root' Cancel the effect of any preceding `--preserve-root' option. *Note Treating / specially::. `-v' `--verbose' Verbosely describe the action or non-action taken for every FILE. `--reference=REF_FILE' Change the mode of each FILE to be the same as that of REF_FILE. *Note File permissions::. If REF_FILE is a symbolic link, do not use the mode of the symbolic link, but rather that of the file it refers to. `-R' `--recursive' Recursively change permissions of directories and their contents. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: touch invocation, Prev: chown invocation, Up: Changing file attributes 13.4 `touch': Change file timestamps ==================================== `touch' changes the access and/or modification times of the specified files. Synopsis: touch [OPTION]... FILE... Any FILE argument that does not exist is created empty, unless option `--no-create' (`-c') or `--no-dereference' (`-h') was in effect. A FILE argument string of `-' is handled specially and causes `touch' to change the times of the file associated with standard output. If changing both the access and modification times to the current time, `touch' can change the timestamps for files that the user running it does not own but has write permission for. Otherwise, the user must own the files. Although `touch' provides options for changing two of the times--the times of last access and modification--of a file, there is actually a standard third one as well: the inode change time. This is often referred to as a file's `ctime'. The inode change time represents the time when the file's meta-information last changed. One common example of this is when the permissions of a file change. Changing the permissions doesn't access the file, so the atime doesn't change, nor does it modify the file, so the mtime doesn't change. Yet, something about the file itself has changed, and this must be noted somewhere. This is the job of the ctime field. This is necessary, so that, for example, a backup program can make a fresh copy of the file, including the new permissions value. Another operation that modifies a file's ctime without affecting the others is renaming. In any case, it is not possible, in normal operations, for a user to change the ctime field to a user-specified value. Some operating systems and file systems support a fourth time: the birth time, when the file was first created; by definition, this timestamp never changes. Time stamps assume the time zone rules specified by the `TZ' environment variable, or by the system default rules if `TZ' is not set. *Note Specifying the Time Zone with `TZ': (libc)TZ Variable. You can avoid ambiguities during daylight saving transitions by using UTC time stamps. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-a' `--time=atime' `--time=access' `--time=use' Change the access time only. `-c' `--no-create' Do not warn about or create files that do not exist. `-d' `--date=TIME' Use TIME instead of the current time. It can contain month names, time zones, `am' and `pm', `yesterday', etc. For example, `--date="2004-02-27 14:19:13.489392193 +0530"' specifies the instant of time that is 489,392,193 nanoseconds after February 27, 2004 at 2:19:13 PM in a time zone that is 5 hours and 30 minutes east of UTC. *Note Date input formats::. File systems that do not support high-resolution time stamps silently ignore any excess precision here. `-f' Ignored; for compatibility with BSD versions of `touch'. `-h' `--no-dereference' Attempt to change the timestamps of a symbolic link, rather than what the link refers to. When using this option, empty files are not created, but option `-c' must also be used to avoid warning about files that do not exist. Not all systems support changing the timestamps of symlinks, since underlying system support for this action was not required until POSIX 2008. Also, on some systems, the mere act of examining a symbolic link changes the access time, such that only changes to the modification time will persist long enough to be observable. When coupled with option `-r', a reference timestamp is taken from a symbolic link rather than the file it refers to. `-m' `--time=mtime' `--time=modify' Change the modification time only. `-r FILE' `--reference=FILE' Use the times of the reference FILE instead of the current time. If this option is combined with the `--date=TIME' (`-d TIME') option, the reference FILE's time is the origin for any relative TIMEs given, but is otherwise ignored. For example, `-r foo -d '-5 seconds'' specifies a time stamp equal to five seconds before the corresponding time stamp for `foo'. If FILE is a symbolic link, the reference timestamp is taken from the target of the symlink, unless `-h' was also in effect. `-t [[CC]YY]MMDDHHMM[.SS]' Use the argument (optional four-digit or two-digit years, months, days, hours, minutes, optional seconds) instead of the current time. If the year is specified with only two digits, then CC is 20 for years in the range 0 ... 68, and 19 for years in 69 ... 99. If no digits of the year are specified, the argument is interpreted as a date in the current year. Note that SS may be `60', to accommodate leap seconds. On older systems, `touch' supports an obsolete syntax, as follows. If no timestamp is given with any of the `-d', `-r', or `-t' options, and if there are two or more FILEs and the first FILE is of the form `MMDDHHMM[YY]' and this would be a valid argument to the `-t' option (if the YY, if any, were moved to the front), and if the represented year is in the range 1969-1999, that argument is interpreted as the time for the other files instead of as a file name. This obsolete behavior can be enabled or disabled with the `_POSIX2_VERSION' environment variable (*note Standards conformance::), but portable scripts should avoid commands whose behavior depends on this variable. For example, use `touch ./12312359 main.c' or `touch -t 12312359 main.c' rather than the ambiguous `touch 12312359 main.c'. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Disk usage, Next: Printing text, Prev: Changing file attributes, Up: Top 14 Disk usage ************* No disk can hold an infinite amount of data. These commands report how much disk storage is in use or available, report other file and file status information, and write buffers to disk. * Menu: * df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage. * du invocation:: Estimate file space usage. * stat invocation:: Report file or file system status. * sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk. * truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.  File: coreutils.info, Node: df invocation, Next: du invocation, Up: Disk usage 14.1 `df': Report file system disk space usage ============================================== `df' reports the amount of disk space used and available on file systems. Synopsis: df [OPTION]... [FILE]... With no arguments, `df' reports the space used and available on all currently mounted file systems (of all types). Otherwise, `df' reports on the file system containing each argument FILE. Normally the disk space is printed in units of 1024 bytes, but this can be overridden (*note Block size::). Non-integer quantities are rounded up to the next higher unit. If an argument FILE is a disk device file containing a mounted file system, `df' shows the space available on that file system rather than on the file system containing the device node (i.e., the root file system). GNU `df' does not attempt to determine the disk usage on unmounted file systems, because on most kinds of systems doing so requires extremely nonportable intimate knowledge of file system structures. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-a' `--all' Include in the listing dummy file systems, which are omitted by default. Such file systems are typically special-purpose pseudo-file-systems, such as automounter entries. `-B SIZE' `--block-size=SIZE' Scale sizes by SIZE before printing them (*note Block size::). For example, `-BG' prints sizes in units of 1,073,741,824 bytes. `--total' Print a grand total of all arguments after all arguments have been processed. This can be used to find out the total disk size, usage and available space of all listed devices. `-h' `--human-readable' Append a size letter to each size, such as `M' for mebibytes. Powers of 1024 are used, not 1000; `M' stands for 1,048,576 bytes. This option is equivalent to `--block-size=human-readable'. Use the `--si' option if you prefer powers of 1000. `-H' Equivalent to `--si'. `-i' `--inodes' List inode usage information instead of block usage. An inode (short for index node) contains information about a file such as its owner, permissions, timestamps, and location on the disk. `-k' Print sizes in 1024-byte blocks, overriding the default block size (*note Block size::). This option is equivalent to `--block-size=1K'. `-l' `--local' Limit the listing to local file systems. By default, remote file systems are also listed. `--no-sync' Do not invoke the `sync' system call before getting any usage data. This may make `df' run significantly faster on systems with many disks, but on some systems (notably SunOS) the results may be slightly out of date. This is the default. `-P' `--portability' Use the POSIX output format. This is like the default format except for the following: 1. The information about each file system is always printed on exactly one line; a mount device is never put on a line by itself. This means that if the mount device name is more than 20 characters long (e.g., for some network mounts), the columns are misaligned. 2. The labels in the header output line are changed to conform to POSIX. 3. The default block size and output format are unaffected by the `DF_BLOCK_SIZE', `BLOCK_SIZE' and `BLOCKSIZE' environment variables. However, the default block size is still affected by `POSIXLY_CORRECT': it is 512 if `POSIXLY_CORRECT' is set, 1024 otherwise. *Note Block size::. `--si' Append an SI-style abbreviation to each size, such as `M' for megabytes. Powers of 1000 are used, not 1024; `M' stands for 1,000,000 bytes. This option is equivalent to `--block-size=si'. Use the `-h' or `--human-readable' option if you prefer powers of 1024. `--sync' Invoke the `sync' system call before getting any usage data. On some systems (notably SunOS), doing this yields more up to date results, but in general this option makes `df' much slower, especially when there are many or very busy file systems. `-t FSTYPE' `--type=FSTYPE' Limit the listing to file systems of type FSTYPE. Multiple file system types can be specified by giving multiple `-t' options. By default, nothing is omitted. `-T' `--print-type' Print each file system's type. The types printed here are the same ones you can include or exclude with `-t' and `-x'. The particular types printed are whatever is supported by the system. Here are some of the common names (this list is certainly not exhaustive): `nfs' An NFS file system, i.e., one mounted over a network from another machine. This is the one type name which seems to be used uniformly by all systems. `4.2, ufs, efs...' A file system on a locally-mounted hard disk. (The system might even support more than one type here; Linux does.) `hsfs, cdfs' A file system on a CD-ROM drive. HP-UX uses `cdfs', most other systems use `hsfs' (`hs' for "High Sierra"). `pcfs' An MS-DOS file system, usually on a diskette. `-x FSTYPE' `--exclude-type=FSTYPE' Limit the listing to file systems not of type FSTYPE. Multiple file system types can be eliminated by giving multiple `-x' options. By default, no file system types are omitted. `-v' Ignored; for compatibility with System V versions of `df'. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure. Failure includes the case where no output is generated, so you can inspect the exit status of a command like `df -t ext3 -t reiserfs DIR' to test whether DIR is on a file system of type `ext3' or `reiserfs'.  File: coreutils.info, Node: du invocation, Next: stat invocation, Prev: df invocation, Up: Disk usage 14.2 `du': Estimate file space usage ==================================== `du' reports the amount of disk space used by the specified files and for each subdirectory (of directory arguments). Synopsis: du [OPTION]... [FILE]... With no arguments, `du' reports the disk space for the current directory. Normally the disk space is printed in units of 1024 bytes, but this can be overridden (*note Block size::). Non-integer quantities are rounded up to the next higher unit. If two or more hard links point to the same file, only one of the hard links is counted. The FILE argument order affects which links are counted, and changing the argument order may change the numbers that `du' outputs. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-a' `--all' Show counts for all files, not just directories. `--apparent-size' Print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage. The apparent size of a file is the number of bytes reported by `wc -c' on regular files, or more generally, `ls -l --block-size=1' or `stat --format=%s'. For example, a file containing the word `zoo' with no newline would, of course, have an apparent size of 3. Such a small file may require anywhere from 0 to 16 KiB or more of disk space, depending on the type and configuration of the file system on which the file resides. However, a sparse file created with this command: dd bs=1 seek=2GiB if=/dev/null of=big has an apparent size of 2 GiB, yet on most modern systems, it actually uses almost no disk space. `-b' `--bytes' Equivalent to `--apparent-size --block-size=1'. `-B SIZE' `--block-size=SIZE' Scale sizes by SIZE before printing them (*note Block size::). For example, `-BG' prints sizes in units of 1,073,741,824 bytes. `-c' `--total' Print a grand total of all arguments after all arguments have been processed. This can be used to find out the total disk usage of a given set of files or directories. `-D' `--dereference-args' Dereference symbolic links that are command line arguments. Does not affect other symbolic links. This is helpful for finding out the disk usage of directories, such as `/usr/tmp', which are often symbolic links. `--files0-from=FILE' Disallow processing files named on the command line, and instead process those named in file FILE; each name being terminated by a zero byte (ASCII NUL). This is useful when the list of file names is so long that it may exceed a command line length limitation. In such cases, running `du' via `xargs' is undesirable because it splits the list into pieces and makes `du' print with the `--total' (`-c') option for each sublist rather than for the entire list. One way to produce a list of ASCII NUL terminated file names is with GNU `find', using its `-print0' predicate. If FILE is `-' then the ASCII NUL terminated file names are read from standard input. `-h' `--human-readable' Append a size letter to each size, such as `M' for mebibytes. Powers of 1024 are used, not 1000; `M' stands for 1,048,576 bytes. This option is equivalent to `--block-size=human-readable'. Use the `--si' option if you prefer powers of 1000. `-H' Equivalent to `--dereference-args' (`-D'). `-k' Print sizes in 1024-byte blocks, overriding the default block size (*note Block size::). This option is equivalent to `--block-size=1K'. `-l' `--count-links' Count the size of all files, even if they have appeared already (as a hard link). `-L' `--dereference' Dereference symbolic links (show the disk space used by the file or directory that the link points to instead of the space used by the link). `-m' Print sizes in 1,048,576-byte blocks, overriding the default block size (*note Block size::). This option is equivalent to `--block-size=1M'. `-P' `--no-dereference' For each symbolic links encountered by `du', consider the disk space used by the symbolic link. `--max-depth=DEPTH' Show the total for each directory (and file if -all) that is at most MAX_DEPTH levels down from the root of the hierarchy. The root is at level 0, so `du --max-depth=0' is equivalent to `du -s'. `-0' `--null' Output a zero byte (ASCII NUL) at the end of each line, rather than a newline. This option enables other programs to parse the output of `du' even when that output would contain data with embedded newlines. `--si' Append an SI-style abbreviation to each size, such as `M' for megabytes. Powers of 1000 are used, not 1024; `M' stands for 1,000,000 bytes. This option is equivalent to `--block-size=si'. Use the `-h' or `--human-readable' option if you prefer powers of 1024. `-s' `--summarize' Display only a total for each argument. `-S' `--separate-dirs' Normally, in the output of `du' (when not using `--summarize'), the size listed next to a directory name, D, represents the sum of sizes of all entries beneath D as well as the size of D itself. With `--separate-dirs', the size reported for a directory name, D, is merely the `stat.st_size'-derived size of the directory entry, D. `--time' Show time of the most recent modification of any file in the directory, or any of its subdirectories. `--time=ctime' `--time=status' `--time=use' Show the most recent status change time (the `ctime' in the inode) of any file in the directory, instead of the modification time. `--time=atime' `--time=access' Show the most recent access time (the `atime' in the inode) of any file in the directory, instead of the modification time. `--time-style=STYLE' List timestamps in style STYLE. This option has an effect only if the `--time' option is also specified. The STYLE should be one of the following: `+FORMAT' List timestamps using FORMAT, where FORMAT is interpreted like the format argument of `date' (*note date invocation::). For example, `--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"' causes `du' to list timestamps like `2002-03-30 23:45:56'. As with `date', FORMAT's interpretation is affected by the `LC_TIME' locale category. `full-iso' List timestamps in full using ISO 8601 date, time, and time zone format with nanosecond precision, e.g., `2002-03-30 23:45:56.477817180 -0700'. This style is equivalent to `+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%N %z'. `long-iso' List ISO 8601 date and time in minutes, e.g., `2002-03-30 23:45'. These timestamps are shorter than `full-iso' timestamps, and are usually good enough for everyday work. This style is equivalent to `+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M'. `iso' List ISO 8601 dates for timestamps, e.g., `2002-03-30'. This style is equivalent to `+%Y-%m-%d'. You can specify the default value of the `--time-style' option with the environment variable `TIME_STYLE'; if `TIME_STYLE' is not set the default style is `long-iso'. For compatibility with `ls', if `TIME_STYLE' begins with `+' and contains a newline, the newline and any later characters are ignored; if `TIME_STYLE' begins with `posix-' the `posix-' is ignored; and if `TIME_STYLE' is `locale' it is ignored. `-x' `--one-file-system' Skip directories that are on different file systems from the one that the argument being processed is on. `--exclude=PATTERN' When recursing, skip subdirectories or files matching PATTERN. For example, `du --exclude='*.o'' excludes files whose names end in `.o'. `-X FILE' `--exclude-from=FILE' Like `--exclude', except take the patterns to exclude from FILE, one per line. If FILE is `-', take the patterns from standard input. On BSD systems, `du' reports sizes that are half the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted from HP-UX systems. On HP-UX systems, it reports sizes that are twice the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted from BSD systems. This is due to a flaw in HP-UX; it also affects the HP-UX `du' program. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: stat invocation, Next: sync invocation, Prev: du invocation, Up: Disk usage 14.3 `stat': Report file or file system status ============================================== `stat' displays information about the specified file(s). Synopsis: stat [OPTION]... [FILE]... With no option, `stat' reports all information about the given files. But it also can be used to report the information of the file systems the given files are located on. If the files are links, `stat' can also give information about the files the links point to. Due to shell aliases and built-in `stat' command, using an unadorned `stat' interactively or in a script may get you different functionality than that described here. Invoke it via `env' (i.e., `env stat ...') to avoid interference from the shell. `-L' `--dereference' Change how `stat' treats symbolic links. With this option, `stat' acts on the file referenced by each symbolic link argument. Without it, `stat' acts on any symbolic link argument directly. `-f' `--file-system' Report information about the file systems where the given files are located instead of information about the files themselves. `-c' `--format=FORMAT' Use FORMAT rather than the default format. FORMAT is automatically newline-terminated, so running a command like the following with two or more FILE operands produces a line of output for each operand: $ stat --format=%d:%i / /usr 2050:2 2057:2 `--printf=FORMAT' Use FORMAT rather than the default format. Like `--format', but interpret backslash escapes, and do not output a mandatory trailing newline. If you want a newline, include `\n' in the FORMAT. Here's how you would use `--printf' to print the device and inode numbers of `/' and `/usr': $ stat --printf='%d:%i\n' / /usr 2050:2 2057:2 `-t' `--terse' Print the information in terse form, suitable for parsing by other programs. The valid FORMAT directives for files with `--format' and `--printf' are: * %a - Access rights in octal * %A - Access rights in human readable form * %b - Number of blocks allocated (see `%B') * %B - The size in bytes of each block reported by `%b' * %d - Device number in decimal * %D - Device number in hex * %f - Raw mode in hex * %F - File type * %g - Group ID of owner * %G - Group name of owner * %h - Number of hard links * %i - Inode number * %n - File name * %N - Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link * %o - I/O block size * %s - Total size, in bytes * %t - Major device type in hex * %T - Minor device type in hex * %u - User ID of owner * %U - User name of owner * %x - Time of last access * %X - Time of last access as seconds since Epoch * %y - Time of last modification * %Y - Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch * %z - Time of last change * %Z - Time of last change as seconds since Epoch When listing file system information (`--file-system' (`-f')), you must use a different set of FORMAT directives: * %a - Free blocks available to non-super-user * %b - Total data blocks in file system * %c - Total file nodes in file system * %d - Free file nodes in file system * %f - Free blocks in file system * %i - File System ID in hex * %l - Maximum length of file names * %n - File name * %s - Block size (for faster transfers) * %S - Fundamental block size (for block counts) * %t - Type in hex * %T - Type in human readable form Time stamps are listed according to the time zone rules specified by the `TZ' environment variable, or by the system default rules if `TZ' is not set. *Note Specifying the Time Zone with `TZ': (libc)TZ Variable. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: sync invocation, Next: truncate invocation, Prev: stat invocation, Up: Disk usage 14.4 `sync': Synchronize data on disk with memory ================================================= `sync' writes any data buffered in memory out to disk. This can include (but is not limited to) modified superblocks, modified inodes, and delayed reads and writes. This must be implemented by the kernel; The `sync' program does nothing but exercise the `sync' system call. The kernel keeps data in memory to avoid doing (relatively slow) disk reads and writes. This improves performance, but if the computer crashes, data may be lost or the file system corrupted as a result. The `sync' command ensures everything in memory is written to disk. Any arguments are ignored, except for a lone `--help' or `--version' (*note Common options::). An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: truncate invocation, Prev: sync invocation, Up: Disk usage 14.5 `truncate': Shrink or extend the size of a file ==================================================== `truncate' shrinks or extends the size of each FILE to the specified size. Synopsis: truncate OPTION... FILE... Any FILE that does not exist is created. If a FILE is larger than the specified size, the extra data is lost. If a FILE is shorter, it is extended and the extended part (or hole) reads as zero bytes. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-c' `--no-create' Do not create files that do not exist. `-o' `--io-blocks' Treat SIZE as number of I/O blocks of the FILE rather than bytes. `-r RFILE' `--reference=RFILE' Set the size of each FILE to the same size as RFILE. `-s SIZE' `--size=SIZE' Set the size of each FILE to this SIZE. SIZE may be, or may be an integer optionally followed by, one of the following multiplicative suffixes: `KB' => 1000 (KiloBytes) `K' => 1024 (KibiBytes) `MB' => 1000*1000 (MegaBytes) `M' => 1024*1024 (MebiBytes) `GB' => 1000*1000*1000 (GigaBytes) `G' => 1024*1024*1024 (GibiBytes) and so on for `T', `P', `E', `Z', and `Y'. SIZE may also be prefixed by one of the following to adjust the size of each FILE based on their current size: `+' => extend by `-' => reduce by `<' => at most `>' => at least `/' => round down to multiple of `%' => round up to multiple of An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Printing text, Next: Conditions, Prev: Disk usage, Up: Top 15 Printing text **************** This section describes commands that display text strings. * Menu: * echo invocation:: Print a line of text. * printf invocation:: Format and print data. * yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted.  File: coreutils.info, Node: echo invocation, Next: printf invocation, Up: Printing text 15.1 `echo': Print a line of text ================================= `echo' writes each given STRING to standard output, with a space between each and a newline after the last one. Synopsis: echo [OPTION]... [STRING]... Due to shell aliases and built-in `echo' command, using an unadorned `echo' interactively or in a script may get you different functionality than that described here. Invoke it via `env' (i.e., `env echo ...') to avoid interference from the shell. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. Options must precede operands, and the normally-special argument `--' has no special meaning and is treated like any other STRING. `-n' Do not output the trailing newline. `-e' Enable interpretation of the following backslash-escaped characters in each STRING: `\a' alert (bell) `\b' backspace `\c' produce no further output `\e' escape `\f' form feed `\n' newline `\r' carriage return `\t' horizontal tab `\v' vertical tab `\\' backslash `\0NNN' the eight-bit value that is the octal number NNN (zero to three octal digits) `\NNN' the eight-bit value that is the octal number NNN (one to three octal digits) `\xHH' the eight-bit value that is the hexadecimal number HH (one or two hexadecimal digits) `-E' Disable interpretation of backslash escapes in each STRING. This is the default. If `-e' and `-E' are both specified, the last one given takes effect. If the `POSIXLY_CORRECT' environment variable is set, then when `echo''s first argument is not `-n' it outputs option-like arguments instead of treating them as options. For example, `echo -ne hello' outputs `-ne hello' instead of plain `hello'. POSIX does not require support for any options, and says that the behavior of `echo' is implementation-defined if any STRING contains a backslash or if the first argument is `-n'. Portable programs can use the `printf' command if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or backslashes. *Note printf invocation::. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: printf invocation, Next: yes invocation, Prev: echo invocation, Up: Printing text 15.2 `printf': Format and print data ==================================== `printf' does formatted printing of text. Synopsis: printf FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... `printf' prints the FORMAT string, interpreting `%' directives and `\' escapes to format numeric and string arguments in a way that is mostly similar to the C `printf' function. *Note `printf' format directives: (libc)Output Conversion Syntax, for details. The differences are listed below. Due to shell aliases and built-in `printf' command, using an unadorned `printf' interactively or in a script may get you different functionality than that described here. Invoke it via `env' (i.e., `env printf ...') to avoid interference from the shell. * The FORMAT argument is reused as necessary to convert all the given ARGUMENTs. For example, the command `printf %s a b' outputs `ab'. * Missing ARGUMENTs are treated as null strings or as zeros, depending on whether the context expects a string or a number. For example, the command `printf %sx%d' prints `x0'. * An additional escape, `\c', causes `printf' to produce no further output. For example, the command `printf 'A%sC\cD%sF' B E' prints `ABC'. * The hexadecimal escape sequence `\xHH' has at most two digits, as opposed to C where it can have an unlimited number of digits. For example, the command `printf '\x07e'' prints two bytes, whereas the C statement `printf ("\x07e")' prints just one. * `printf' has an additional directive, `%b', which prints its argument string with `\' escapes interpreted in the same way as in the FORMAT string, except that octal escapes are of the form `\0OOO' where OOO is 0 to 3 octal digits. If a precision is also given, it limits the number of bytes printed from the converted string. * Numeric arguments must be single C constants, possibly with leading `+' or `-'. For example, `printf %.4d -3' outputs `-0003'. * If the leading character of a numeric argument is `"' or `'' then its value is the numeric value of the immediately following character. Any remaining characters are silently ignored if the `POSIXLY_CORRECT' environment variable is set; otherwise, a warning is printed. For example, `printf "%d" "'a"' outputs `97' on hosts that use the ASCII character set, since `a' has the numeric value 97 in ASCII. A floating-point argument must use a period before any fractional digits, but is printed according to the `LC_NUMERIC' category of the current locale. For example, in a locale whose radix character is a comma, the command `printf %g 3.14' outputs `3,14' whereas the command `printf %g 3,14' is an error. `printf' interprets `\OOO' in FORMAT as an octal number (if OOO is 1 to 3 octal digits) specifying a character to print, and `\xHH' as a hexadecimal number (if HH is 1 to 2 hex digits) specifying a character to print. `printf' interprets two character syntaxes introduced in ISO C 99: `\u' for 16-bit Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) characters, specified as four hexadecimal digits HHHH, and `\U' for 32-bit Unicode characters, specified as eight hexadecimal digits HHHHHHHH. `printf' outputs the Unicode characters according to the `LC_CTYPE' locale. Unicode characters in the ranges U+0000...U+009F, U+D800...U+DFFF cannot be specified by this syntax, except for U+0024 ($), U+0040 (@), and U+0060 ()`. The processing of `\u' and `\U' requires a full-featured `iconv' facility. It is activated on systems with glibc 2.2 (or newer), or when `libiconv' is installed prior to this package. Otherwise `\u' and `\U' will print as-is. The only options are a lone `--help' or `--version'. *Note Common options::. Options must precede operands. The Unicode character syntaxes are useful for writing strings in a locale independent way. For example, a string containing the Euro currency symbol $ env printf '\u20AC 14.95' will be output correctly in all locales supporting the Euro symbol (ISO-8859-15, UTF-8, and others). Similarly, a Chinese string $ env printf '\u4e2d\u6587' will be output correctly in all Chinese locales (GB2312, BIG5, UTF-8, etc). Note that in these examples, the `printf' command has been invoked via `env' to ensure that we run the program found via your shell's search path, and not a shell alias or a built-in function. For larger strings, you don't need to look up the hexadecimal code values of each character one by one. ASCII characters mixed with \u escape sequences is also known as the JAVA source file encoding. You can use GNU recode 3.5c (or newer) to convert strings to this encoding. Here is how to convert a piece of text into a shell script which will output this text in a locale-independent way: $ LC_CTYPE=zh_CN.big5 /usr/local/bin/printf \ '\u4e2d\u6587\n' > sample.txt $ recode BIG5..JAVA < sample.txt \ | sed -e "s|^|/usr/local/bin/printf '|" -e "s|$|\\\\n'|" \ > sample.sh An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: yes invocation, Prev: printf invocation, Up: Printing text 15.3 `yes': Print a string until interrupted ============================================ `yes' prints the command line arguments, separated by spaces and followed by a newline, forever until it is killed. If no arguments are given, it prints `y' followed by a newline forever until killed. Upon a write error, `yes' exits with status `1'. The only options are a lone `--help' or `--version'. To output an argument that begins with `-', precede it with `--', e.g., `yes -- --help'. *Note Common options::.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Conditions, Next: Redirection, Prev: Printing text, Up: Top 16 Conditions ************* This section describes commands that are primarily useful for their exit status, rather than their output. Thus, they are often used as the condition of shell `if' statements, or as the last command in a pipeline. * Menu: * false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully. * true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully. * test invocation:: Check file types and compare values. * expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions.  File: coreutils.info, Node: false invocation, Next: true invocation, Up: Conditions 16.1 `false': Do nothing, unsuccessfully ======================================== `false' does nothing except return an exit status of 1, meaning "failure". It can be used as a place holder in shell scripts where an unsuccessful command is needed. In most modern shells, `false' is a built-in command, so when you use `false' in a script, you're probably using the built-in command, not the one documented here. `false' honors the `--help' and `--version' options. This version of `false' is implemented as a C program, and is thus more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts. Note that `false' (unlike all other programs documented herein) exits unsuccessfully, even when invoked with `--help' or `--version'. Portable programs should not assume that the exit status of `false' is 1, as it is greater than 1 on some non-GNU hosts.  File: coreutils.info, Node: true invocation, Next: test invocation, Prev: false invocation, Up: Conditions 16.2 `true': Do nothing, successfully ===================================== `true' does nothing except return an exit status of 0, meaning "success". It can be used as a place holder in shell scripts where a successful command is needed, although the shell built-in command `:' (colon) may do the same thing faster. In most modern shells, `true' is a built-in command, so when you use `true' in a script, you're probably using the built-in command, not the one documented here. `true' honors the `--help' and `--version' options. Note, however, that it is possible to cause `true' to exit with nonzero status: with the `--help' or `--version' option, and with standard output already closed or redirected to a file that evokes an I/O error. For example, using a Bourne-compatible shell: $ ./true --version >&- ./true: write error: Bad file number $ ./true --version > /dev/full ./true: write error: No space left on device This version of `true' is implemented as a C program, and is thus more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.  File: coreutils.info, Node: test invocation, Next: expr invocation, Prev: true invocation, Up: Conditions 16.3 `test': Check file types and compare values ================================================ `test' returns a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evaluation of the conditional expression EXPR. Each part of the expression must be a separate argument. `test' has file status checks, string operators, and numeric comparison operators. `test' has an alternate form that uses opening and closing square brackets instead a leading `test'. For example, instead of `test -d /', you can write `[ -d / ]'. The square brackets must be separate arguments; for example, `[-d /]' does not have the desired effect. Since `test EXPR' and `[ EXPR ]' have the same meaning, only the former form is discussed below. Synopses: test EXPRESSION test [ EXPRESSION ] [ ] [ OPTION Due to shell aliases and built-in `test' command, using an unadorned `test' interactively or in a script may get you different functionality than that described here. Invoke it via `env' (i.e., `env test ...') to avoid interference from the shell. If EXPRESSION is omitted, `test' returns false. If EXPRESSION is a single argument, `test' returns false if the argument is null and true otherwise. The argument can be any string, including strings like `-d', `-1', `--', `--help', and `--version' that most other programs would treat as options. To get help and version information, invoke the commands `[ --help' and `[ --version', without the usual closing brackets. *Note Common options::. Exit status: 0 if the expression is true, 1 if the expression is false, 2 if an error occurred. * Menu: * File type tests:: -[bcdfhLpSt] * Access permission tests:: -[gkruwxOG] * File characteristic tests:: -e -s -nt -ot -ef * String tests:: -z -n = != * Numeric tests:: -eq -ne -lt -le -gt -ge * Connectives for test:: ! -a -o  File: coreutils.info, Node: File type tests, Next: Access permission tests, Up: test invocation 16.3.1 File type tests ---------------------- These options test for particular types of files. (Everything's a file, but not all files are the same!) `-b FILE' True if FILE exists and is a block special device. `-c FILE' True if FILE exists and is a character special device. `-d FILE' True if FILE exists and is a directory. `-f FILE' True if FILE exists and is a regular file. `-h FILE' `-L FILE' True if FILE exists and is a symbolic link. Unlike all other file-related tests, this test does not dereference FILE if it is a symbolic link. `-p FILE' True if FILE exists and is a named pipe. `-S FILE' True if FILE exists and is a socket. `-t FD' True if FD is a file descriptor that is associated with a terminal.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Access permission tests, Next: File characteristic tests, Prev: File type tests, Up: test invocation 16.3.2 Access permission tests ------------------------------ These options test for particular access permissions. `-g FILE' True if FILE exists and has its set-group-ID bit set. `-k FILE' True if FILE exists and has its "sticky" bit set. `-r FILE' True if FILE exists and read permission is granted. `-u FILE' True if FILE exists and has its set-user-ID bit set. `-w FILE' True if FILE exists and write permission is granted. `-x FILE' True if FILE exists and execute permission is granted (or search permission, if it is a directory). `-O FILE' True if FILE exists and is owned by the current effective user ID. `-G FILE' True if FILE exists and is owned by the current effective group ID.  File: coreutils.info, Node: File characteristic tests, Next: String tests, Prev: Access permission tests, Up: test invocation 16.3.3 File characteristic tests -------------------------------- These options test other file characteristics. `-e FILE' True if FILE exists. `-s FILE' True if FILE exists and has a size greater than zero. `FILE1 -nt FILE2' True if FILE1 is newer (according to modification date) than FILE2, or if FILE1 exists and FILE2 does not. `FILE1 -ot FILE2' True if FILE1 is older (according to modification date) than FILE2, or if FILE2 exists and FILE1 does not. `FILE1 -ef FILE2' True if FILE1 and FILE2 have the same device and inode numbers, i.e., if they are hard links to each other.  File: coreutils.info, Node: String tests, Next: Numeric tests, Prev: File characteristic tests, Up: test invocation 16.3.4 String tests ------------------- These options test string characteristics. You may need to quote STRING arguments for the shell. For example: test -n "$V" The quotes here prevent the wrong arguments from being passed to `test' if `$V' is empty or contains special characters. `-z STRING' True if the length of STRING is zero. `-n STRING' `STRING' True if the length of STRING is nonzero. `STRING1 = STRING2' True if the strings are equal. `STRING1 != STRING2' True if the strings are not equal.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Numeric tests, Next: Connectives for test, Prev: String tests, Up: test invocation 16.3.5 Numeric tests -------------------- Numeric relational operators. The arguments must be entirely numeric (possibly negative), or the special expression `-l STRING', which evaluates to the length of STRING. `ARG1 -eq ARG2' `ARG1 -ne ARG2' `ARG1 -lt ARG2' `ARG1 -le ARG2' `ARG1 -gt ARG2' `ARG1 -ge ARG2' These arithmetic binary operators return true if ARG1 is equal, not-equal, less-than, less-than-or-equal, greater-than, or greater-than-or-equal than ARG2, respectively. For example: test -1 -gt -2 && echo yes => yes test -l abc -gt 1 && echo yes => yes test 0x100 -eq 1 error--> test: integer expression expected before -eq  File: coreutils.info, Node: Connectives for test, Prev: Numeric tests, Up: test invocation 16.3.6 Connectives for `test' ----------------------------- The usual logical connectives. `! EXPR' True if EXPR is false. `EXPR1 -a EXPR2' True if both EXPR1 and EXPR2 are true. `EXPR1 -o EXPR2' True if either EXPR1 or EXPR2 is true.  File: coreutils.info, Node: expr invocation, Prev: test invocation, Up: Conditions 16.4 `expr': Evaluate expressions ================================= `expr' evaluates an expression and writes the result on standard output. Each token of the expression must be a separate argument. Operands are either integers or strings. Integers consist of one or more decimal digits, with an optional leading `-'. `expr' converts anything appearing in an operand position to an integer or a string depending on the operation being applied to it. Strings are not quoted for `expr' itself, though you may need to quote them to protect characters with special meaning to the shell, e.g., spaces. However, regardless of whether it is quoted, a string operand should not be a parenthesis or any of `expr''s operators like `+', so you cannot safely pass an arbitrary string `$str' to expr merely by quoting it to the shell. One way to work around this is to use the GNU extension `+', (e.g., `+ "$str" = foo'); a more portable way is to use `" $str"' and to adjust the rest of the expression to take the leading space into account (e.g., `" $str" = " foo"'). You should not pass a negative integer or a string with leading `-' as `expr''s first argument, as it might be misinterpreted as an option; this can be avoided by parenthesization. Also, portable scripts should not use a string operand that happens to take the form of an integer; this can be worked around by inserting leading spaces as mentioned above. Operators may be given as infix symbols or prefix keywords. Parentheses may be used for grouping in the usual manner. You must quote parentheses and many operators to avoid the shell evaluating them, however. When built with support for the GNU MP library, `expr' uses arbitrary-precision arithmetic; otherwise, it uses native arithmetic types and may fail due to arithmetic overflow. The only options are `--help' and `--version'. *Note Common options::. Options must precede operands. Exit status: 0 if the expression is neither null nor 0, 1 if the expression is null or 0, 2 if the expression is invalid, 3 if an internal error occurred (e.g., arithmetic overflow). * Menu: * String expressions:: + : match substr index length * Numeric expressions:: + - * / % * Relations for expr:: | & < <= = == != >= > * Examples of expr:: Examples.  File: coreutils.info, Node: String expressions, Next: Numeric expressions, Up: expr invocation 16.4.1 String expressions ------------------------- `expr' supports pattern matching and other string operators. These have higher precedence than both the numeric and relational operators (in the next sections). `STRING : REGEX' Perform pattern matching. The arguments are converted to strings and the second is considered to be a (basic, a la GNU `grep') regular expression, with a `^' implicitly prepended. The first argument is then matched against this regular expression. If the match succeeds and REGEX uses `\(' and `\)', the `:' expression returns the part of STRING that matched the subexpression; otherwise, it returns the number of characters matched. If the match fails, the `:' operator returns the null string if `\(' and `\)' are used in REGEX, otherwise 0. Only the first `\( ... \)' pair is relevant to the return value; additional pairs are meaningful only for grouping the regular expression operators. In the regular expression, `\+', `\?', and `\|' are operators which respectively match one or more, zero or one, or separate alternatives. SunOS and other `expr''s treat these as regular characters. (POSIX allows either behavior.) *Note Regular Expression Library: (regex)Top, for details of regular expression syntax. Some examples are in *note Examples of expr::. `match STRING REGEX' An alternative way to do pattern matching. This is the same as `STRING : REGEX'. `substr STRING POSITION LENGTH' Returns the substring of STRING beginning at POSITION with length at most LENGTH. If either POSITION or LENGTH is negative, zero, or non-numeric, returns the null string. `index STRING CHARSET' Returns the first position in STRING where the first character in CHARSET was found. If no character in CHARSET is found in STRING, return 0. `length STRING' Returns the length of STRING. `+ TOKEN' Interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like MATCH or an operator like `/'. This makes it possible to test `expr length + "$x"' or `expr + "$x" : '.*/\(.\)'' and have it do the right thing even if the value of $X happens to be (for example) `/' or `index'. This operator is a GNU extension. Portable shell scripts should use `" $token" : ' \(.*\)'' instead of `+ "$token"'. To make `expr' interpret keywords as strings, you must use the `quote' operator.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Numeric expressions, Next: Relations for expr, Prev: String expressions, Up: expr invocation 16.4.2 Numeric expressions -------------------------- `expr' supports the usual numeric operators, in order of increasing precedence. These numeric operators have lower precedence than the string operators described in the previous section, and higher precedence than the connectives (next section). `+ -' Addition and subtraction. Both arguments are converted to integers; an error occurs if this cannot be done. `* / %' Multiplication, division, remainder. Both arguments are converted to integers; an error occurs if this cannot be done.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Relations for expr, Next: Examples of expr, Prev: Numeric expressions, Up: expr invocation 16.4.3 Relations for `expr' --------------------------- `expr' supports the usual logical connectives and relations. These have lower precedence than the string and numeric operators (previous sections). Here is the list, lowest-precedence operator first. `|' Returns its first argument if that is neither null nor zero, otherwise its second argument if it is neither null nor zero, otherwise 0. It does not evaluate its second argument if its first argument is neither null nor zero. `&' Return its first argument if neither argument is null or zero, otherwise 0. It does not evaluate its second argument if its first argument is null or zero. `< <= = == != >= >' Compare the arguments and return 1 if the relation is true, 0 otherwise. `==' is a synonym for `='. `expr' first tries to convert both arguments to integers and do a numeric comparison; if either conversion fails, it does a lexicographic comparison using the character collating sequence specified by the `LC_COLLATE' locale.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Examples of expr, Prev: Relations for expr, Up: expr invocation 16.4.4 Examples of using `expr' ------------------------------- Here are a few examples, including quoting for shell metacharacters. To add 1 to the shell variable `foo', in Bourne-compatible shells: foo=`expr $foo + 1` To print the non-directory part of the file name stored in `$fname', which need not contain a `/': expr $fname : '.*/\(.*\)' '|' $fname An example showing that `\+' is an operator: expr aaa : 'a\+' => 3 expr abc : 'a\(.\)c' => b expr index abcdef cz => 3 expr index index a error--> expr: syntax error expr index + index a => 0  File: coreutils.info, Node: Redirection, Next: File name manipulation, Prev: Conditions, Up: Top 17 Redirection ************** Unix shells commonly provide several forms of "redirection"--ways to change the input source or output destination of a command. But one useful redirection is performed by a separate command, not by the shell; it's described here. * Menu: * tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.  File: coreutils.info, Node: tee invocation, Up: Redirection 17.1 `tee': Redirect output to multiple files or processes ========================================================== The `tee' command copies standard input to standard output and also to any files given as arguments. This is useful when you want not only to send some data down a pipe, but also to save a copy. Synopsis: tee [OPTION]... [FILE]... If a file being written to does not already exist, it is created. If a file being written to already exists, the data it previously contained is overwritten unless the `-a' option is used. A FILE of `-' causes `tee' to send another copy of input to standard output, but this is typically not that useful as the copies are interleaved. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-a' `--append' Append standard input to the given files rather than overwriting them. `-i' `--ignore-interrupts' Ignore interrupt signals. The `tee' command is useful when you happen to be transferring a large amount of data and also want to summarize that data without reading it a second time. For example, when you are downloading a DVD image, you often want to verify its signature or checksum right away. The inefficient way to do it is simply: wget http://example.com/some.iso && sha1sum some.iso One problem with the above is that it makes you wait for the download to complete before starting the time-consuming SHA1 computation. Perhaps even more importantly, the above requires reading the DVD image a second time (the first was from the network). The efficient way to do it is to interleave the download and SHA1 computation. Then, you'll get the checksum for free, because the entire process parallelizes so well: # slightly contrived, to demonstrate process substitution wget -O - http://example.com/dvd.iso \ | tee >(sha1sum > dvd.sha1) > dvd.iso That makes `tee' write not just to the expected output file, but also to a pipe running `sha1sum' and saving the final checksum in a file named `dvd.sha1'. Note, however, that this example relies on a feature of modern shells called "process substitution" (the `>(command)' syntax, above; *Note Process Substitution: (bashref)Process Substitution.), so it works with `zsh', `bash', and `ksh', but not with `/bin/sh'. So if you write code like this in a shell script, be sure to start the script with `#!/bin/bash'. Since the above example writes to one file and one process, a more conventional and portable use of `tee' is even better: wget -O - http://example.com/dvd.iso \ | tee dvd.iso | sha1sum > dvd.sha1 You can extend this example to make `tee' write to two processes, computing MD5 and SHA1 checksums in parallel. In this case, process substitution is required: wget -O - http://example.com/dvd.iso \ | tee >(sha1sum > dvd.sha1) \ >(md5sum > dvd.md5) \ > dvd.iso This technique is also useful when you want to make a _compressed_ copy of the contents of a pipe. Consider a tool to graphically summarize disk usage data from `du -ak'. For a large hierarchy, `du -ak' can run for a long time, and can easily produce terabytes of data, so you won't want to rerun the command unnecessarily. Nor will you want to save the uncompressed output. Doing it the inefficient way, you can't even start the GUI until after you've compressed all of the `du' output: du -ak | gzip -9 > /tmp/du.gz gzip -d /tmp/du.gz | xdiskusage -a With `tee' and process substitution, you start the GUI right away and eliminate the decompression completely: du -ak | tee >(gzip -9 > /tmp/du.gz) | xdiskusage -a Finally, if you regularly create more than one type of compressed tarball at once, for example when `make dist' creates both `gzip'-compressed and `bzip2'-compressed tarballs, there may be a better way. Typical `automake'-generated `Makefile' rules create the two compressed tar archives with commands in sequence, like this (slightly simplified): tardir=your-pkg-M.N tar chof - "$tardir" | gzip -9 -c > your-pkg-M.N.tar.gz tar chof - "$tardir" | bzip2 -9 -c > your-pkg-M.N.tar.bz2 However, if the hierarchy you are archiving and compressing is larger than a couple megabytes, and especially if you are using a multi-processor system with plenty of memory, then you can do much better by reading the directory contents only once and running the compression programs in parallel: tardir=your-pkg-M.N tar chof - "$tardir" \ | tee >(gzip -9 -c > your-pkg-M.N.tar.gz) \ | bzip2 -9 -c > your-pkg-M.N.tar.bz2 An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: File name manipulation, Next: Working context, Prev: Redirection, Up: Top 18 File name manipulation ************************* This section describes commands that manipulate file names. * Menu: * basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name. * dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component. * pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability. * mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory.  File: coreutils.info, Node: basename invocation, Next: dirname invocation, Up: File name manipulation 18.1 `basename': Strip directory and suffix from a file name ============================================================ `basename' removes any leading directory components from NAME. Synopsis: basename NAME [SUFFIX] If SUFFIX is specified and is identical to the end of NAME, it is removed from NAME as well. Note that since trailing slashes are removed prior to suffix matching, SUFFIX will do nothing if it contains slashes. `basename' prints the result on standard output. Together, `basename' and `dirname' are designed such that if `ls "$name"' succeeds, then the command sequence `cd "$(dirname "$name")"; ls "$(basename "$name")"' will, too. This works for everything except file names containing a trailing newline. POSIX allows the implementation to define the results if NAME is empty or `//'. In the former case, GNU `basename' returns the empty string. In the latter case, the result is `//' on platforms where // is distinct from /, and `/' on platforms where there is no difference. The only options are `--help' and `--version'. *Note Common options::. Options must precede operands. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure. Examples: # Output "sort". basename /usr/bin/sort # Output "stdio". basename include/stdio.h .h  File: coreutils.info, Node: dirname invocation, Next: pathchk invocation, Prev: basename invocation, Up: File name manipulation 18.2 `dirname': Strip last file name component ============================================== `dirname' prints all but the final slash-delimited component of a string (presumably a file name, but also works on directories). Synopsis: dirname NAME If NAME is a single component, `dirname' prints `.' (meaning the current directory). Together, `basename' and `dirname' are designed such that if `ls "$name"' succeeds, then the command sequence `cd "$(dirname "$name")"; ls "$(basename "$name")"' will, too. This works for everything except file names containing a trailing newline. POSIX allows the implementation to define the results if NAME is `//'. With GNU `dirname', the result is `//' on platforms where // is distinct from /, and `/' on platforms where there is no difference. The only options are `--help' and `--version'. *Note Common options::. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure. Examples: # Output "/usr/bin". dirname /usr/bin/sort # Output ".". dirname stdio.h  File: coreutils.info, Node: pathchk invocation, Next: mktemp invocation, Prev: dirname invocation, Up: File name manipulation 18.3 `pathchk': Check file name validity and portability ======================================================== `pathchk' checks validity and portability of file names. Synopsis: pathchk [OPTION]... NAME... For each NAME, `pathchk' prints an error message if any of these conditions is true: 1. One of the existing directories in NAME does not have search (execute) permission, 2. The length of NAME is larger than the maximum supported by the operating system. 3. The length of one component of NAME is longer than its file system's maximum. A nonexistent NAME is not an error, so long a file with that name could be created under the above conditions. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. Options must precede operands. `-p' Instead of performing checks based on the underlying file system, print an error message if any of these conditions is true: 1. A file name is empty. 2. A file name contains a character outside the POSIX portable file name character set, namely, the ASCII letters and digits, `.', `_', `-', and `/'. 3. The length of a file name or one of its components exceeds the POSIX minimum limits for portability. `-P' Print an error message if a file name is empty, or if it contains a component that begins with `-'. `--portability' Print an error message if a file name is not portable to all POSIX hosts. This option is equivalent to `-p -P'. Exit status: 0 if all specified file names passed all checks, 1 otherwise.  File: coreutils.info, Node: mktemp invocation, Prev: pathchk invocation, Up: File name manipulation 18.4 `mktemp': Create temporary file or directory ================================================= `mktemp' manages the creation of temporary files and directories. Synopsis: mktemp [OPTION]... [TEMPLATE] Safely create a temporary file or directory based on TEMPLATE, and print its name. If given, TEMPLATE must include at least three consecutive `X's in the last component. If omitted, the template `tmp.XXXXXXXXXX' is used, and option `--tmpdir' is implied. The final run of `X's in the TEMPLATE will be replaced by alpha-numeric characters; thus, on a case-sensitive file system, and with a TEMPLATE including a run of N instances of `X', there are `62**N' potential file names. Older scripts used to create temporary files by simply joining the name of the program with the process id (`$$') as a suffix. However, that naming scheme is easily predictable, and suffers from a race condition where the attacker can create an appropriately named symbolic link, such that when the script then opens a handle to what it thought was an unused file, it is instead modifying an existing file. Using the same scheme to create a directory is slightly safer, since the `mkdir' will fail if the target already exists, but it is still inferior because it allows for denial of service attacks. Therefore, modern scripts should use the `mktemp' command to guarantee that the generated name will be unpredictable, and that knowledge of the temporary file name implies that the file was created by the current script and cannot be modified by other users. When creating a file, the resulting file has read and write permissions for the current user, but no permissions for the group or others; these permissions are reduced if the current umask is more restrictive. Here are some examples (although note that if you repeat them, you will most likely get different file names): * Create a temporary file in the current directory. $ mktemp file.XXXX file.H47c * Create a temporary file with a known suffix. $ mktemp --suffix=.txt file-XXXX file-H08W.txt $ mktemp file-XXXX-XXXX.txt file-XXXX-eI9L.txt * Create a secure fifo relative to the user's choice of `TMPDIR', but falling back to the current directory rather than `/tmp'. Note that `mktemp' does not create fifos, but can create a secure directory in which the fifo can live. Exit the shell if the directory or fifo could not be created. $ dir=$(mktemp -p "${TMPDIR:-.}" -d dir-XXXX) || exit 1 $ fifo=$dir/fifo $ mkfifo "$fifo" || { rmdir "$dir"; exit 1; } * Create and use a temporary file if possible, but ignore failure. The file will reside in the directory named by `TMPDIR', if specified, or else in `/tmp'. $ file=$(mktemp -q) && { > # Safe to use $file only within this block. Use quotes, > # since $TMPDIR, and thus $file, may contain whitespace. > echo ... > "$file" > rm "$file" > } * Act as a semi-random character generator (it is not fully random, since it is impacted by the contents of the current directory). To avoid security holes, do not use the resulting names to create a file. $ mktemp -u XXX Gb9 $ mktemp -u XXX nzC The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-d' `--directory' Create a directory rather than a file. The directory will have read, write, and search permissions for the current user, but no permissions for the group or others; these permissions are reduced if the current umask is more restrictive. `-q' `--quiet' Suppress diagnostics about failure to create a file or directory. The exit status will still reflect whether a file was created. `-u' `--dry-run' Generate a temporary name that does not name an existing file, without changing the file system contents. Using the output of this command to create a new file is inherently unsafe, as there is a window of time between generating the name and using it where another process can create an object by the same name. `-p DIR' `--tmpdir[=DIR]' Treat TEMPLATE relative to the directory DIR. If DIR is not specified (only possible with the long option `--tmpdir') or is the empty string, use the value of `TMPDIR' if available, otherwise use `/tmp'. If this is specified, TEMPLATE must not be absolute. However, TEMPLATE can still contain slashes, although intermediate directories must already exist. `--suffix=SUFFIX' Append SUFFIX to the TEMPLATE. SUFFIX must not contain slash. If `--suffix' is specified, TEMPLATE must end in `X'; if it is not specified, then an appropriate `--suffix' is inferred by finding the last `X' in TEMPLATE. This option exists for use with the default TEMPLATE and for the creation of a SUFFIX that starts with `X'. `-t' Treat TEMPLATE as a single file relative to the value of `TMPDIR' if available, or to the directory specified by `-p', otherwise to `/tmp'. TEMPLATE must not contain slashes. This option is deprecated; the use of `-p' without `-t' offers better defaults (by favoring the command line over `TMPDIR') and more flexibility (by allowing intermediate directories). Exit status: 0 if the file was created, 1 otherwise.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Working context, Next: User information, Prev: File name manipulation, Up: Top 19 Working context ****************** This section describes commands that display or alter the context in which you are working: the current directory, the terminal settings, and so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section. * Menu: * pwd invocation:: Print working directory. * stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics. * printenv invocation:: Print environment variables. * tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.  File: coreutils.info, Node: pwd invocation, Next: stty invocation, Up: Working context 19.1 `pwd': Print working directory =================================== `pwd' prints the name of the current directory. Synopsis: pwd [OPTION]... The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-L' `--logical' If the contents of the environment variable `PWD' provide an absolute name of the current directory with no `.' or `..' components, but possibly with symbolic links, then output those contents. Otherwise, fall back to default `-P' handling. `-P' `--physical' Print a fully resolved name for the current directory. That is, all components of the printed name will be actual directory names--none will be symbolic links. If `-L' and `-P' are both given, the last one takes precedence. If neither option is given, then this implementation uses `-P' as the default unless the `POSIXLY_CORRECT' environment variable is set. Due to shell aliases and built-in `pwd' command, using an unadorned `pwd' interactively or in a script may get you different functionality than that described here. Invoke it via `env' (i.e., `env pwd ...') to avoid interference from the shell. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: stty invocation, Next: printenv invocation, Prev: pwd invocation, Up: Working context 19.2 `stty': Print or change terminal characteristics ===================================================== `stty' prints or changes terminal characteristics, such as baud rate. Synopses: stty [OPTION] [SETTING]... stty [OPTION] If given no line settings, `stty' prints the baud rate, line discipline number (on systems that support it), and line settings that have been changed from the values set by `stty sane'. By default, mode reading and setting are performed on the tty line connected to standard input, although this can be modified by the `--file' option. `stty' accepts many non-option arguments that change aspects of the terminal line operation, as described below. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-a' `--all' Print all current settings in human-readable form. This option may not be used in combination with any line settings. `-F DEVICE' `--file=DEVICE' Set the line opened by the file name specified in DEVICE instead of the tty line connected to standard input. This option is necessary because opening a POSIX tty requires use of the `O_NONDELAY' flag to prevent a POSIX tty from blocking until the carrier detect line is high if the `clocal' flag is not set. Hence, it is not always possible to allow the shell to open the device in the traditional manner. `-g' `--save' Print all current settings in a form that can be used as an argument to another `stty' command to restore the current settings. This option may not be used in combination with any line settings. Many settings can be turned off by preceding them with a `-'. Such arguments are marked below with "May be negated" in their description. The descriptions themselves refer to the positive case, that is, when _not_ negated (unless stated otherwise, of course). Some settings are not available on all POSIX systems, since they use extensions. Such arguments are marked below with "Non-POSIX" in their description. On non-POSIX systems, those or other settings also may not be available, but it's not feasible to document all the variations: just try it and see. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure. * Menu: * Control:: Control settings * Input:: Input settings * Output:: Output settings * Local:: Local settings * Combination:: Combination settings * Characters:: Special characters * Special:: Special settings  File: coreutils.info, Node: Control, Next: Input, Up: stty invocation 19.2.1 Control settings ----------------------- Control settings: `parenb' Generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input. May be negated. `parodd' Set odd parity (even if negated). May be negated. `cs5' `cs6' `cs7' `cs8' Set character size to 5, 6, 7, or 8 bits. `hup' `hupcl' Send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty. May be negated. `cstopb' Use two stop bits per character (one if negated). May be negated. `cread' Allow input to be received. May be negated. `clocal' Disable modem control signals. May be negated. `crtscts' Enable RTS/CTS flow control. Non-POSIX. May be negated.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Input, Next: Output, Prev: Control, Up: stty invocation 19.2.2 Input settings --------------------- These settings control operations on data received from the terminal. `ignbrk' Ignore break characters. May be negated. `brkint' Make breaks cause an interrupt signal. May be negated. `ignpar' Ignore characters with parity errors. May be negated. `parmrk' Mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence). May be negated. `inpck' Enable input parity checking. May be negated. `istrip' Clear high (8th) bit of input characters. May be negated. `inlcr' Translate newline to carriage return. May be negated. `igncr' Ignore carriage return. May be negated. `icrnl' Translate carriage return to newline. May be negated. `iutf8' Assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded. May be negated. `ixon' Enable XON/XOFF flow control (that is, `CTRL-S'/`CTRL-Q'). May be negated. `ixoff' `tandem' Enable sending of `stop' character when the system input buffer is almost full, and `start' character when it becomes almost empty again. May be negated. `iuclc' Translate uppercase characters to lowercase. Non-POSIX. May be negated. Note ilcuc is not implemented, as one would not be able to issue almost any (lowercase) Unix command, after invoking it. `ixany' Allow any character to restart output (only the start character if negated). Non-POSIX. May be negated. `imaxbel' Enable beeping and not flushing input buffer if a character arrives when the input buffer is full. Non-POSIX. May be negated.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Output, Next: Local, Prev: Input, Up: stty invocation 19.2.3 Output settings ---------------------- These settings control operations on data sent to the terminal. `opost' Postprocess output. May be negated. `olcuc' Translate lowercase characters to uppercase. Non-POSIX. May be negated. (Note ouclc is not currently implemented.) `ocrnl' Translate carriage return to newline. Non-POSIX. May be negated. `onlcr' Translate newline to carriage return-newline. Non-POSIX. May be negated. `onocr' Do not print carriage returns in the first column. Non-POSIX. May be negated. `onlret' Newline performs a carriage return. Non-POSIX. May be negated. `ofill' Use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays. Non-POSIX. May be negated. `ofdel' Use ASCII DEL characters for fill instead of ASCII NUL characters. Non-POSIX. May be negated. `nl1' `nl0' Newline delay style. Non-POSIX. `cr3' `cr2' `cr1' `cr0' Carriage return delay style. Non-POSIX. `tab3' `tab2' `tab1' `tab0' Horizontal tab delay style. Non-POSIX. `bs1' `bs0' Backspace delay style. Non-POSIX. `vt1' `vt0' Vertical tab delay style. Non-POSIX. `ff1' `ff0' Form feed delay style. Non-POSIX.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Local, Next: Combination, Prev: Output, Up: stty invocation 19.2.4 Local settings --------------------- `isig' Enable `interrupt', `quit', and `suspend' special characters. May be negated. `icanon' Enable `erase', `kill', `werase', and `rprnt' special characters. May be negated. `iexten' Enable non-POSIX special characters. May be negated. `echo' Echo input characters. May be negated. `echoe' `crterase' Echo `erase' characters as backspace-space-backspace. May be negated. `echok' Echo a newline after a `kill' character. May be negated. `echonl' Echo newline even if not echoing other characters. May be negated. `noflsh' Disable flushing after `interrupt' and `quit' special characters. May be negated. `xcase' Enable input and output of uppercase characters by preceding their lowercase equivalents with `\', when `icanon' is set. Non-POSIX. May be negated. `tostop' Stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal. Non-POSIX. May be negated. `echoprt' `prterase' Echo erased characters backward, between `\' and `/'. Non-POSIX. May be negated. `echoctl' `ctlecho' Echo control characters in hat notation (`^C') instead of literally. Non-POSIX. May be negated. `echoke' `crtkill' Echo the `kill' special character by erasing each character on the line as indicated by the `echoprt' and `echoe' settings, instead of by the `echoctl' and `echok' settings. Non-POSIX. May be negated.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Combination, Next: Characters, Prev: Local, Up: stty invocation 19.2.5 Combination settings --------------------------- Combination settings: `evenp' `parity' Same as `parenb -parodd cs7'. May be negated. If negated, same as `-parenb cs8'. `oddp' Same as `parenb parodd cs7'. May be negated. If negated, same as `-parenb cs8'. `nl' Same as `-icrnl -onlcr'. May be negated. If negated, same as `icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret'. `ek' Reset the `erase' and `kill' special characters to their default values. `sane' Same as: cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke and also sets all special characters to their default values. `cooked' Same as `brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon', plus sets the `eof' and `eol' characters to their default values if they are the same as the `min' and `time' characters. May be negated. If negated, same as `raw'. `raw' Same as: -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 May be negated. If negated, same as `cooked'. `cbreak' Same as `-icanon'. May be negated. If negated, same as `icanon'. `pass8' Same as `-parenb -istrip cs8'. May be negated. If negated, same as `parenb istrip cs7'. `litout' Same as `-parenb -istrip -opost cs8'. May be negated. If negated, same as `parenb istrip opost cs7'. `decctlq' Same as `-ixany'. Non-POSIX. May be negated. `tabs' Same as `tab0'. Non-POSIX. May be negated. If negated, same as `tab3'. `lcase' `LCASE' Same as `xcase iuclc olcuc'. Non-POSIX. May be negated. (Used for terminals with uppercase characters only.) `crt' Same as `echoe echoctl echoke'. `dec' Same as `echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^C erase ^? kill C-u'.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Characters, Next: Special, Prev: Combination, Up: stty invocation 19.2.6 Special characters ------------------------- The special characters' default values vary from system to system. They are set with the syntax `name value', where the names are listed below and the value can be given either literally, in hat notation (`^C'), or as an integer which may start with `0x' to indicate hexadecimal, `0' to indicate octal, or any other digit to indicate decimal. For GNU stty, giving a value of `^-' or `undef' disables that special character. (This is incompatible with Ultrix `stty', which uses a value of `u' to disable a special character. GNU `stty' treats a value `u' like any other, namely to set that special character to .) `intr' Send an interrupt signal. `quit' Send a quit signal. `erase' Erase the last character typed. `kill' Erase the current line. `eof' Send an end of file (terminate the input). `eol' End the line. `eol2' Alternate character to end the line. Non-POSIX. `swtch' Switch to a different shell layer. Non-POSIX. `start' Restart the output after stopping it. `stop' Stop the output. `susp' Send a terminal stop signal. `dsusp' Send a terminal stop signal after flushing the input. Non-POSIX. `rprnt' Redraw the current line. Non-POSIX. `werase' Erase the last word typed. Non-POSIX. `lnext' Enter the next character typed literally, even if it is a special character. Non-POSIX.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Special, Prev: Characters, Up: stty invocation 19.2.7 Special settings ----------------------- `min N' Set the minimum number of characters that will satisfy a read until the time value has expired, when `-icanon' is set. `time N' Set the number of tenths of a second before reads time out if the minimum number of characters have not been read, when `-icanon' is set. `ispeed N' Set the input speed to N. `ospeed N' Set the output speed to N. `rows N' Tell the tty kernel driver that the terminal has N rows. Non-POSIX. `cols N' `columns N' Tell the kernel that the terminal has N columns. Non-POSIX. `size' Print the number of rows and columns that the kernel thinks the terminal has. (Systems that don't support rows and columns in the kernel typically use the environment variables `LINES' and `COLUMNS' instead; however, GNU `stty' does not know anything about them.) Non-POSIX. `line N' Use line discipline N. Non-POSIX. `speed' Print the terminal speed. `N' Set the input and output speeds to N. N can be one of: 0 50 75 110 134 134.5 150 200 300 600 1200 1800 2400 4800 9600 19200 38400 `exta' `extb'. `exta' is the same as 19200; `extb' is the same as 38400. Many systems, including GNU/Linux, support higher speeds. The `stty' command includes support for speeds of 57600, 115200, 230400, 460800, 500000, 576000, 921600, 1000000, 1152000, 1500000, 2000000, 2500000, 3000000, 3500000, or 4000000 where the system supports these. 0 hangs up the line if `-clocal' is set.  File: coreutils.info, Node: printenv invocation, Next: tty invocation, Prev: stty invocation, Up: Working context 19.3 `printenv': Print all or some environment variables ======================================================== `printenv' prints environment variable values. Synopsis: printenv [OPTION] [VARIABLE]... If no VARIABLEs are specified, `printenv' prints the value of every environment variable. Otherwise, it prints the value of each VARIABLE that is set, and nothing for those that are not set. The program accepts the following option. Also see *note Common options::. `-0' `--null' Output a zero byte (ASCII NUL) at the end of each line, rather than a newline. This option enables other programs to parse the output of `printenv' even when that output would contain data with embedded newlines. Exit status: 0 if all variables specified were found 1 if at least one specified variable was not found 2 if a write error occurred  File: coreutils.info, Node: tty invocation, Prev: printenv invocation, Up: Working context 19.4 `tty': Print file name of terminal on standard input ========================================================= `tty' prints the file name of the terminal connected to its standard input. It prints `not a tty' if standard input is not a terminal. Synopsis: tty [OPTION]... The program accepts the following option. Also see *note Common options::. `-s' `--silent' `--quiet' Print nothing; only return an exit status. Exit status: 0 if standard input is a terminal 1 if standard input is not a terminal 2 if given incorrect arguments 3 if a write error occurs  File: coreutils.info, Node: User information, Next: System context, Prev: Working context, Up: Top 20 User information ******************* This section describes commands that print user-related information: logins, groups, and so forth. * Menu: * id invocation:: Print user identity. * logname invocation:: Print current login name. * whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID. * groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in. * users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in. * who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.  File: coreutils.info, Node: id invocation, Next: logname invocation, Up: User information 20.1 `id': Print user identity ============================== `id' prints information about the given user, or the process running it if no user is specified. Synopsis: id [OPTION]... [USERNAME] By default, it prints the real user ID, real group ID, effective user ID if different from the real user ID, effective group ID if different from the real group ID, and supplemental group IDs. In addition, if SELinux is enabled and the `POSIXLY_CORRECT' environment variable is not set, then print `context=C', where C is the security context. Each of these numeric values is preceded by an identifying string and followed by the corresponding user or group name in parentheses. The options cause `id' to print only part of the above information. Also see *note Common options::. `-g' `--group' Print only the group ID. `-G' `--groups' Print only the group ID and the supplementary groups. `-n' `--name' Print the user or group name instead of the ID number. Requires `-u', `-g', or `-G'. `-r' `--real' Print the real, instead of effective, user or group ID. Requires `-u', `-g', or `-G'. `-u' `--user' Print only the user ID. `-Z' `--context' Print only the security context of the current user. If SELinux is disabled then print a warning and set the exit status to 1. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure. Primary and supplementary groups for a process are normally inherited from its parent and are usually unchanged since login. This means that if you change the group database after logging in, `id' will not reflect your changes within your existing login session. Running `id' with a user argument causes the user and group database to be consulted afresh, and so will give a different result.  File: coreutils.info, Node: logname invocation, Next: whoami invocation, Prev: id invocation, Up: User information 20.2 `logname': Print current login name ======================================== `logname' prints the calling user's name, as found in a system-maintained file (often `/var/run/utmp' or `/etc/utmp'), and exits with a status of 0. If there is no entry for the calling process, `logname' prints an error message and exits with a status of 1. The only options are `--help' and `--version'. *Note Common options::. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: whoami invocation, Next: groups invocation, Prev: logname invocation, Up: User information 20.3 `whoami': Print effective user ID ====================================== `whoami' prints the user name associated with the current effective user ID. It is equivalent to the command `id -un'. The only options are `--help' and `--version'. *Note Common options::. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: groups invocation, Next: users invocation, Prev: whoami invocation, Up: User information 20.4 `groups': Print group names a user is in ============================================= `groups' prints the names of the primary and any supplementary groups for each given USERNAME, or the current process if no names are given. If more than one name is given, the name of each user is printed before the list of that user's groups and the user name is separated from the group list by a colon. Synopsis: groups [USERNAME]... The group lists are equivalent to the output of the command `id -Gn'. Primary and supplementary groups for a process are normally inherited from its parent and are usually unchanged since login. This means that if you change the group database after logging in, `groups' will not reflect your changes within your existing login session. Running `groups' with a list of users causes the user and group database to be consulted afresh, and so will give a different result. The only options are `--help' and `--version'. *Note Common options::. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: users invocation, Next: who invocation, Prev: groups invocation, Up: User information 20.5 `users': Print login names of users currently logged in ============================================================ `users' prints on a single line a blank-separated list of user names of users currently logged in to the current host. Each user name corresponds to a login session, so if a user has more than one login session, that user's name will appear the same number of times in the output. Synopsis: users [FILE] With no FILE argument, `users' extracts its information from a system-maintained file (often `/var/run/utmp' or `/etc/utmp'). If a file argument is given, `users' uses that file instead. A common choice is `/var/log/wtmp'. The only options are `--help' and `--version'. *Note Common options::. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: who invocation, Prev: users invocation, Up: User information 20.6 `who': Print who is currently logged in ============================================ `who' prints information about users who are currently logged on. Synopsis: `who' [OPTION] [FILE] [am i] If given no non-option arguments, `who' prints the following information for each user currently logged on: login name, terminal line, login time, and remote hostname or X display. If given one non-option argument, `who' uses that instead of a default system-maintained file (often `/var/run/utmp' or `/etc/utmp') as the name of the file containing the record of users logged on. `/var/log/wtmp' is commonly given as an argument to `who' to look at who has previously logged on. If given two non-option arguments, `who' prints only the entry for the user running it (determined from its standard input), preceded by the hostname. Traditionally, the two arguments given are `am i', as in `who am i'. Time stamps are listed according to the time zone rules specified by the `TZ' environment variable, or by the system default rules if `TZ' is not set. *Note Specifying the Time Zone with `TZ': (libc)TZ Variable. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-a' `--all' Same as `-b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u'. `-b' `--boot' Print the date and time of last system boot. `-d' `--dead' Print information corresponding to dead processes. `-H' `--heading' Print a line of column headings. `-l' `--login' List only the entries that correspond to processes via which the system is waiting for a user to login. The user name is always `LOGIN'. `--lookup' Attempt to canonicalize hostnames found in utmp through a DNS lookup. This is not the default because it can cause significant delays on systems with automatic dial-up internet access. `-m' Same as `who am i'. `-p' `--process' List active processes spawned by init. `-q' `--count' Print only the login names and the number of users logged on. Overrides all other options. `-r' `--runlevel' Print the current (and maybe previous) run-level of the init process. `-s' Ignored; for compatibility with other versions of `who'. `-t' `--time' Print last system clock change. `-u' After the login time, print the number of hours and minutes that the user has been idle. `.' means the user was active in the last minute. `old' means the user has been idle for more than 24 hours. `-w' `-T' `--mesg' `--message' `--writable' After each login name print a character indicating the user's message status: `+' allowing `write' messages `-' disallowing `write' messages `?' cannot find terminal device An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: System context, Next: SELinux context, Prev: User information, Up: Top 21 System context ***************** This section describes commands that print or change system-wide information. * Menu: * date invocation:: Print or set system date and time. * arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name. * nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors. * uname invocation:: Print system information. * hostname invocation:: Print or set system name. * hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier. * uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load.  File: coreutils.info, Node: date invocation, Next: arch invocation, Up: System context 21.1 `date': Print or set system date and time ============================================== Synopses: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] date [-u|--utc|--universal] [ MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss] ] Invoking `date' with no FORMAT argument is equivalent to invoking it with a default format that depends on the `LC_TIME' locale category. In the default C locale, this format is `'+%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y'', so the output looks like `Thu Mar 3 13:47:51 PST 2005'. Normally, `date' uses the time zone rules indicated by the `TZ' environment variable, or the system default rules if `TZ' is not set. *Note Specifying the Time Zone with `TZ': (libc)TZ Variable. If given an argument that starts with a `+', `date' prints the current date and time (or the date and time specified by the `--date' option, see below) in the format defined by that argument, which is similar to that of the `strftime' function. Except for conversion specifiers, which start with `%', characters in the format string are printed unchanged. The conversion specifiers are described below. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure. * Menu: * Time conversion specifiers:: %[HIklMNpPrRsSTXzZ] * Date conversion specifiers:: %[aAbBcCdDeFgGhjmuUVwWxyY] * Literal conversion specifiers:: %[%nt] * Padding and other flags:: Pad with zeros, spaces, etc. * Setting the time:: Changing the system clock. * Options for date:: Instead of the current time. * Date input formats:: Specifying date strings. * Examples of date:: Examples.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Time conversion specifiers, Next: Date conversion specifiers, Up: date invocation 21.1.1 Time conversion specifiers --------------------------------- `date' conversion specifiers related to times. `%H' hour (`00'...`23') `%I' hour (`01'...`12') `%k' hour (` 0'...`23'). This is a GNU extension. `%l' hour (` 1'...`12'). This is a GNU extension. `%M' minute (`00'...`59') `%N' nanoseconds (`000000000'...`999999999'). This is a GNU extension. `%p' locale's equivalent of either `AM' or `PM'; blank in many locales. Noon is treated as `PM' and midnight as `AM'. `%P' like `%p', except lower case. This is a GNU extension. `%r' locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., `11:11:04 PM') `%R' 24-hour hour and minute. Same as `%H:%M'. This is a GNU extension. `%s' seconds since the epoch, i.e., since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC. Leap seconds are not counted unless leap second support is available. *Note %s-examples::, for examples. This is a GNU extension. `%S' second (`00'...`60'). This may be `60' if leap seconds are supported. `%T' 24-hour hour, minute, and second. Same as `%H:%M:%S'. `%X' locale's time representation (e.g., `23:13:48') `%z' RFC 2822/ISO 8601 style numeric time zone (e.g., `-0600' or `+0530'), or nothing if no time zone is determinable. This value reflects the numeric time zone appropriate for the current time, using the time zone rules specified by the `TZ' environment variable. The time (and optionally, the time zone rules) can be overridden by the `--date' option. This is a GNU extension. `%:z' RFC 3339/ISO 8601 style numeric time zone with `:' (e.g., `-06:00' or `+05:30'), or nothing if no time zone is determinable. This is a GNU extension. `%::z' Numeric time zone to the nearest second with `:' (e.g., `-06:00:00' or `+05:30:00'), or nothing if no time zone is determinable. This is a GNU extension. `%:::z' Numeric time zone with `:' using the minimum necessary precision (e.g., `-06', `+05:30', or `-04:56:02'), or nothing if no time zone is determinable. This is a GNU extension. `%Z' alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., `EDT'), or nothing if no time zone is determinable. See `%z' for how it is determined.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Date conversion specifiers, Next: Literal conversion specifiers, Prev: Time conversion specifiers, Up: date invocation 21.1.2 Date conversion specifiers --------------------------------- `date' conversion specifiers related to dates. `%a' locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., `Sun') `%A' locale's full weekday name, variable length (e.g., `Sunday') `%b' locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., `Jan') `%B' locale's full month name, variable length (e.g., `January') `%c' locale's date and time (e.g., `Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005') `%C' century. This is like `%Y', except the last two digits are omitted. For example, it is `20' if `%Y' is `2000', and is `-0' if `%Y' is `-001'. It is normally at least two characters, but it may be more. `%d' day of month (e.g., `01') `%D' date; same as `%m/%d/%y' `%e' day of month, space padded; same as `%_d' `%F' full date in ISO 8601 format; same as `%Y-%m-%d'. This is a good choice for a date format, as it is standard and is easy to sort in the usual case where years are in the range 0000...9999. This is a GNU extension. `%g' year corresponding to the ISO week number, but without the century (range `00' through `99'). This has the same format and value as `%y', except that if the ISO week number (see `%V') belongs to the previous or next year, that year is used instead. This is a GNU extension. `%G' year corresponding to the ISO week number. This has the same format and value as `%Y', except that if the ISO week number (see `%V') belongs to the previous or next year, that year is used instead. It is normally useful only if `%V' is also used; for example, the format `%G-%m-%d' is probably a mistake, since it combines the ISO week number year with the conventional month and day. This is a GNU extension. `%h' same as `%b' `%j' day of year (`001'...`366') `%m' month (`01'...`12') `%u' day of week (`1'...`7') with `1' corresponding to Monday `%U' week number of year, with Sunday as the first day of the week (`00'...`53'). Days in a new year preceding the first Sunday are in week zero. `%V' ISO week number, that is, the week number of year, with Monday as the first day of the week (`01'...`53'). If the week containing January 1 has four or more days in the new year, then it is considered week 1; otherwise, it is week 53 of the previous year, and the next week is week 1. (See the ISO 8601 standard.) `%w' day of week (`0'...`6') with 0 corresponding to Sunday `%W' week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (`00'...`53'). Days in a new year preceding the first Monday are in week zero. `%x' locale's date representation (e.g., `12/31/99') `%y' last two digits of year (`00'...`99') `%Y' year. This is normally at least four characters, but it may be more. Year `0000' precedes year `0001', and year `-001' precedes year `0000'.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Literal conversion specifiers, Next: Padding and other flags, Prev: Date conversion specifiers, Up: date invocation 21.1.3 Literal conversion specifiers ------------------------------------ `date' conversion specifiers that produce literal strings. `%%' a literal % `%n' a newline `%t' a horizontal tab  File: coreutils.info, Node: Padding and other flags, Next: Setting the time, Prev: Literal conversion specifiers, Up: date invocation 21.1.4 Padding and other flags ------------------------------ Unless otherwise specified, `date' normally pads numeric fields with zeros, so that, for example, numeric months are always output as two digits. Seconds since the epoch are not padded, though, since there is no natural width for them. As a GNU extension, `date' recognizes any of the following optional flags after the `%': `-' (hyphen) Do not pad the field; useful if the output is intended for human consumption. `_' (underscore) Pad with spaces; useful if you need a fixed number of characters in the output, but zeros are too distracting. `0' (zero) Pad with zeros even if the conversion specifier would normally pad with spaces. `^' Use upper case characters if possible. `#' Use opposite case characters if possible. A field that is normally upper case becomes lower case, and vice versa. Here are some examples of padding: date +%d/%m -d "Feb 1" => 01/02 date +%-d/%-m -d "Feb 1" => 1/2 date +%_d/%_m -d "Feb 1" => 1/ 2 As a GNU extension, you can specify the field width (after any flag, if present) as a decimal number. If the natural size of the output of the field has less than the specified number of characters, the result is written right adjusted and padded to the given size. For example, `%9B' prints the right adjusted month name in a field of width 9. An optional modifier can follow the optional flag and width specification. The modifiers are: `E' Use the locale's alternate representation for date and time. This modifier applies to the `%c', `%C', `%x', `%X', `%y' and `%Y' conversion specifiers. In a Japanese locale, for example, `%Ex' might yield a date format based on the Japanese Emperors' reigns. `O' Use the locale's alternate numeric symbols for numbers. This modifier applies only to numeric conversion specifiers. If the format supports the modifier but no alternate representation is available, it is ignored.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Setting the time, Next: Options for date, Prev: Padding and other flags, Up: date invocation 21.1.5 Setting the time ----------------------- If given an argument that does not start with `+', `date' sets the system clock to the date and time specified by that argument (as described below). You must have appropriate privileges to set the system clock. The `--date' and `--set' options may not be used with such an argument. The `--universal' option may be used with such an argument to indicate that the specified date and time are relative to Coordinated Universal Time rather than to the local time zone. The argument must consist entirely of digits, which have the following meaning: `MM' month `DD' day within month `hh' hour `mm' minute `CC' first two digits of year (optional) `YY' last two digits of year (optional) `ss' second (optional) The `--set' option also sets the system clock; see the next section.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Options for date, Prev: Setting the time, Up: date invocation 21.1.6 Options for `date' ------------------------- The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-d DATESTR' `--date=DATESTR' Display the date and time specified in DATESTR instead of the current date and time. DATESTR can be in almost any common format. It can contain month names, time zones, `am' and `pm', `yesterday', etc. For example, `--date="2004-02-27 14:19:13.489392193 +0530"' specifies the instant of time that is 489,392,193 nanoseconds after February 27, 2004 at 2:19:13 PM in a time zone that is 5 hours and 30 minutes east of UTC. Note: input currently must be in locale independent format. E.g., the LC_TIME=C below is needed to print back the correct date in many locales: date -d "$(LC_TIME=C date)" *Note Date input formats::. `-f DATEFILE' `--file=DATEFILE' Parse each line in DATEFILE as with `-d' and display the resulting date and time. If DATEFILE is `-', use standard input. This is useful when you have many dates to process, because the system overhead of starting up the `date' executable many times can be considerable. `-r FILE' `--reference=FILE' Display the date and time of the last modification of FILE, instead of the current date and time. `-R' `--rfc-822' `--rfc-2822' Display the date and time using the format `%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S %z', evaluated in the C locale so abbreviations are always in English. For example: Fri, 09 Sep 2005 13:51:39 -0700 This format conforms to Internet RFCs 2822 (ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc2822.txt) and 822 (ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc822.txt), the current and previous standards for Internet email. `--rfc-3339=TIMESPEC' Display the date using a format specified by Internet RFC 3339 (ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc3339.txt). This is a subset of the ISO 8601 format, except that it also permits applications to use a space rather than a `T' to separate dates from times. Unlike the other standard formats, RFC 3339 format is always suitable as input for the `--date' (`-d') and `--file' (`-f') options, regardless of the current locale. The argument TIMESPEC specifies how much of the time to include. It can be one of the following: `date' Print just the full-date, e.g., `2005-09-14'. This is equivalent to the format `%Y-%m-%d'. `seconds' Print the full-date and full-time separated by a space, e.g., `2005-09-14 00:56:06+05:30'. The output ends with a numeric time-offset; here the `+05:30' means that local time is five hours and thirty minutes east of UTC. This is equivalent to the format `%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S%:z'. `ns' Like `seconds', but also print nanoseconds, e.g., `2005-09-14 00:56:06.998458565+05:30'. This is equivalent to the format `%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%N%:z'. `-s DATESTR' `--set=DATESTR' Set the date and time to DATESTR. See `-d' above. `-u' `--utc' `--universal' Use Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) by operating as if the `TZ' environment variable were set to the string `UTC0'. Coordinated Universal Time is often called "Greenwich Mean Time" (GMT) for historical reasons.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Examples of date, Up: date invocation 21.1.7 Examples of `date' ------------------------- Here are a few examples. Also see the documentation for the `-d' option in the previous section. * To print the date of the day before yesterday: date --date='2 days ago' * To print the date of the day three months and one day hence: date --date='3 months 1 day' * To print the day of year of Christmas in the current year: date --date='25 Dec' +%j * To print the current full month name and the day of the month: date '+%B %d' But this may not be what you want because for the first nine days of the month, the `%d' expands to a zero-padded two-digit field, for example `date -d 1may '+%B %d'' will print `May 01'. * To print a date without the leading zero for one-digit days of the month, you can use the (GNU extension) `-' flag to suppress the padding altogether: date -d 1may '+%B %-d * To print the current date and time in the format required by many non-GNU versions of `date' when setting the system clock: date +%m%d%H%M%Y.%S * To set the system clock forward by two minutes: date --set='+2 minutes' * To print the date in RFC 2822 format, use `date --rfc-2822'. Here is some example output: Fri, 09 Sep 2005 13:51:39 -0700 * To convert a date string to the number of seconds since the epoch (which is 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC), use the `--date' option with the `%s' format. That can be useful in sorting and/or graphing and/or comparing data by date. The following command outputs the number of the seconds since the epoch for the time two minutes after the epoch: date --date='1970-01-01 00:02:00 +0000' +%s 120 If you do not specify time zone information in the date string, `date' uses your computer's idea of the time zone when interpreting the string. For example, if your computer's time zone is that of Cambridge, Massachusetts, which was then 5 hours (i.e., 18,000 seconds) behind UTC: # local time zone used date --date='1970-01-01 00:02:00' +%s 18120 * If you're sorting or graphing dated data, your raw date values may be represented as seconds since the epoch. But few people can look at the date `946684800' and casually note "Oh, that's the first second of the year 2000 in Greenwich, England." date --date='2000-01-01 UTC' +%s 946684800 An alternative is to use the `--utc' (`-u') option. Then you may omit `UTC' from the date string. Although this produces the same result for `%s' and many other format sequences, with a time zone offset different from zero, it would give a different result for zone-dependent formats like `%z'. date -u --date=2000-01-01 +%s 946684800 To convert such an unwieldy number of seconds back to a more readable form, use a command like this: # local time zone used date -d '1970-01-01 UTC 946684800 seconds' +"%Y-%m-%d %T %z" 1999-12-31 19:00:00 -0500 Or if you do not mind depending on the `@' feature present since coreutils 5.3.0, you could shorten this to: date -d @946684800 +"%F %T %z" 1999-12-31 19:00:00 -0500 Often it is better to output UTC-relative date and time: date -u -d '1970-01-01 946684800 seconds' +"%Y-%m-%d %T %z" 2000-01-01 00:00:00 +0000  File: coreutils.info, Node: arch invocation, Next: nproc invocation, Prev: date invocation, Up: System context 21.2 `arch': Print machine hardware name ======================================== `arch' prints the machine hardware name, and is equivalent to `uname -m'. Synopsis: arch [OPTION] The program accepts the *note Common options:: only. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: nproc invocation, Next: uname invocation, Prev: arch invocation, Up: System context 21.3 `nproc': Print the number of available processors ====================================================== Print the number of processing units available to the current process, which may be less than the number of online processors. If this information is not accessible, then print the number of processors installed. If the `OMP_NUM_THREADS' environment variable is set, then it will determine the returned value. The result is guaranteed to be greater than zero. Synopsis: nproc [OPTION] The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `--all' Print the number of installed processors on the system, which may be greater than the number online or available to the current process. The `OMP_NUM_THREADS' environment variable is not honored in this case. `--ignore=NUMBER' If possible, exclude this NUMBER of processing units. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: uname invocation, Next: hostname invocation, Prev: nproc invocation, Up: System context 21.4 `uname': Print system information ====================================== `uname' prints information about the machine and operating system it is run on. If no options are given, `uname' acts as if the `-s' option were given. Synopsis: uname [OPTION]... If multiple options or `-a' are given, the selected information is printed in this order: KERNEL-NAME NODENAME KERNEL-RELEASE KERNEL-VERSION MACHINE PROCESSOR HARDWARE-PLATFORM OPERATING-SYSTEM The information may contain internal spaces, so such output cannot be parsed reliably. In the following example, RELEASE is `2.2.18ss.e820-bda652a #4 SMP Tue Jun 5 11:24:08 PDT 2001': uname -a => Linux dum 2.2.18 #4 SMP Tue Jun 5 11:24:08 PDT 2001 i686 unknown unknown GNU/Linux The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-a' `--all' Print all of the below information, except omit the processor type and the hardware platform name if they are unknown. `-i' `--hardware-platform' Print the hardware platform name (sometimes called the hardware implementation). Print `unknown' if the kernel does not make this information easily available, as is the case with Linux kernels. `-m' `--machine' Print the machine hardware name (sometimes called the hardware class or hardware type). `-n' `--nodename' Print the network node hostname. `-p' `--processor' Print the processor type (sometimes called the instruction set architecture or ISA). Print `unknown' if the kernel does not make this information easily available, as is the case with Linux kernels. `-o' `--operating-system' Print the name of the operating system. `-r' `--kernel-release' Print the kernel release. `-s' `--kernel-name' Print the kernel name. POSIX 1003.1-2001 (*note Standards conformance::) calls this "the implementation of the operating system", because the POSIX specification itself has no notion of "kernel". The kernel name might be the same as the operating system name printed by the `-o' or `--operating-system' option, but it might differ. Some operating systems (e.g., FreeBSD, HP-UX) have the same name as their underlying kernels; others (e.g., GNU/Linux, Solaris) do not. `-v' `--kernel-version' Print the kernel version. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: hostname invocation, Next: hostid invocation, Prev: uname invocation, Up: System context 21.5 `hostname': Print or set system name ========================================= With no arguments, `hostname' prints the name of the current host system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host name. Synopsis: hostname [NAME] The only options are `--help' and `--version'. *Note Common options::. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: hostid invocation, Next: uptime invocation, Prev: hostname invocation, Up: System context 21.6 `hostid': Print numeric host identifier ============================================ `hostid' prints the numeric identifier of the current host in hexadecimal. This command accepts no arguments. The only options are `--help' and `--version'. *Note Common options::. For example, here's what it prints on one system I use: $ hostid 1bac013d On that system, the 32-bit quantity happens to be closely related to the system's Internet address, but that isn't always the case. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: uptime invocation, Prev: hostid invocation, Up: System context 21.7 `uptime': Print system uptime and load =========================================== `uptime' prints the current time, the system's uptime, the number of logged-in users and the current load average. If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is specified, a system default is used (`uptime --help' indicates the default setting). The only options are `--help' and `--version'. *Note Common options::. For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use: $ uptime 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04 The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is, those processes which are waiting for disk I/O). The Linux kernel includes uninterruptible processes.  File: coreutils.info, Node: SELinux context, Next: Modified command invocation, Prev: System context, Up: Top 22 SELinux context ****************** This section describes commands for operations with SELinux contexts. * Menu: * chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file * runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context  File: coreutils.info, Node: chcon invocation, Next: runcon invocation, Up: SELinux context 22.1 `chcon': Change SELinux context of file ============================================ `chcon' changes the SELinux security context of the selected files. Synopses: chcon [OPTION]... CONTEXT FILE... chcon [OPTION]... [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-l RANGE] [-t TYPE] FILE... chcon [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Change the SELinux security context of each FILE to CONTEXT. With `--reference', change the security context of each FILE to that of RFILE. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-h' `--no-dereference' Affect symbolic links instead of any referenced file. `--reference=RFILE' Use RFILE's security context rather than specifying a CONTEXT value. `-R' `--recursive' Operate on files and directories recursively. `-H' If `--recursive' (`-R') is specified and a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it. *Note Traversing symlinks::. `-L' In a recursive traversal, traverse every symbolic link to a directory that is encountered. *Note Traversing symlinks::. `-P' Do not traverse any symbolic links. This is the default if none of `-H', `-L', or `-P' is specified. *Note Traversing symlinks::. `-v' `--verbose' Output a diagnostic for every file processed. `-u USER' `--user=USER' Set user USER in the target security context. `-r ROLE' `--role=ROLE' Set role ROLE in the target security context. `-t TYPE' `--type=TYPE' Set type TYPE in the target security context. `-l RANGE' `--range=RANGE' Set range RANGE in the target security context. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: runcon invocation, Prev: chcon invocation, Up: SELinux context 22.2 `runcon': Run a command in specified SELinux context ========================================================= `runcon' runs file in specified SELinux security context. Synopses: runcon CONTEXT COMMAND [ARGS] runcon [ -c ] [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-t TYPE] [-l RANGE] COMMAND [ARGS] Run COMMAND with completely-specified CONTEXT, or with current or transitioned security context modified by one or more of LEVEL, ROLE, TYPE and USER. If none of `-c', `-t', `-u', `-r', or `-l' is specified, the first argument is used as the complete context. Any additional arguments after COMMAND are interpreted as arguments to the command. With neither CONTEXT nor COMMAND, print the current security context. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-c' `--compute' Compute process transition context before modifying. `-u USER' `--user=USER' Set user USER in the target security context. `-r ROLE' `--role=ROLE' Set role ROLE in the target security context. `-t TYPE' `--type=TYPE' Set type TYPE in the target security context. `-l RANGE' `--range=RANGE' Set range RANGE in the target security context. Exit status: 126 if COMMAND is found but cannot be invoked 127 if `runcon' itself fails or if COMMAND cannot be found the exit status of COMMAND otherwise  File: coreutils.info, Node: Modified command invocation, Next: Process control, Prev: SELinux context, Up: Top 23 Modified command invocation ****************************** This section describes commands that run other commands in some context different than the current one: a modified environment, as a different user, etc. * Menu: * chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory. * env invocation:: Modify environment variables. * nice invocation:: Modify niceness. * nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups. * stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams. * su invocation:: Modify user and group ID. * timeout invocation:: Run with time limit.  File: coreutils.info, Node: chroot invocation, Next: env invocation, Up: Modified command invocation 23.1 `chroot': Run a command with a different root directory ============================================================ `chroot' runs a command with a specified root directory. On many systems, only the super-user can do this.(1) Synopses: chroot OPTION NEWROOT [COMMAND [ARGS]...] chroot OPTION Ordinarily, file names are looked up starting at the root of the directory structure, i.e., `/'. `chroot' changes the root to the directory NEWROOT (which must exist) and then runs COMMAND with optional ARGS. If COMMAND is not specified, the default is the value of the `SHELL' environment variable or `/bin/sh' if not set, invoked with the `-i' option. COMMAND must not be a special built-in utility (*note Special built-in utilities::). The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. Options must precede operands. `--userspec=USER[:GROUP]' By default, COMMAND is run with the same credentials as the invoking process. Use this option to run it as a different USER and/or with a different primary GROUP. `--groups=GROUPS' Use this option to specify the supplementary GROUPS to be used by the new process. The items in the list (names or numeric IDs) must be separated by commas. Here are a few tips to help avoid common problems in using chroot. To start with a simple example, make COMMAND refer to a statically linked binary. If you were to use a dynamically linked executable, then you'd have to arrange to have the shared libraries in the right place under your new root directory. For example, if you create a statically linked `ls' executable, and put it in `/tmp/empty', you can run this command as root: $ chroot /tmp/empty /ls -Rl / Then you'll see output like this: /: total 1023 -rwxr-xr-x 1 0 0 1041745 Aug 16 11:17 ls If you want to use a dynamically linked executable, say `bash', then first run `ldd bash' to see what shared objects it needs. Then, in addition to copying the actual binary, also copy the listed files to the required positions under your intended new root directory. Finally, if the executable requires any other files (e.g., data, state, device files), copy them into place, too. Exit status: 125 if `chroot' itself fails 126 if COMMAND is found but cannot be invoked 127 if COMMAND cannot be found the exit status of COMMAND otherwise ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) However, some systems (e.g., FreeBSD) can be configured to allow certain regular users to use the `chroot' system call, and hence to run this program. Also, on Cygwin, anyone can run the `chroot' command, because the underlying function is non-privileged due to lack of support in MS-Windows.  File: coreutils.info, Node: env invocation, Next: nice invocation, Prev: chroot invocation, Up: Modified command invocation 23.2 `env': Run a command in a modified environment =================================================== `env' runs a command with a modified environment. Synopses: env [OPTION]... [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARGS]...] env Operands of the form `VARIABLE=VALUE' set the environment variable VARIABLE to value VALUE. VALUE may be empty (`VARIABLE='). Setting a variable to an empty value is different from unsetting it. These operands are evaluated left-to-right, so if two operands mention the same variable the earlier is ignored. Environment variable names can be empty, and can contain any characters other than `=' and ASCII NUL. However, it is wise to limit yourself to names that consist solely of underscores, digits, and ASCII letters, and that begin with a non-digit, as applications like the shell do not work well with other names. The first operand that does not contain the character `=' specifies the program to invoke; it is searched for according to the `PATH' environment variable. Any remaining arguments are passed as arguments to that program. The program should not be a special built-in utility (*note Special built-in utilities::). Modifications to `PATH' take effect prior to searching for COMMAND. Use caution when reducing `PATH'; behavior is not portable when `PATH' is undefined or omits key directories such as `/bin'. In the rare case that a utility contains a `=' in the name, the only way to disambiguate it from a variable assignment is to use an intermediate command for COMMAND, and pass the problematic program name via ARGS. For example, if `./prog=' is an executable in the current `PATH': env prog= true # runs 'true', with prog= in environment env ./prog= true # runs 'true', with ./prog= in environment env -- prog= true # runs 'true', with prog= in environment env sh -c '\prog= true' # runs 'prog=' with argument 'true' env sh -c 'exec "$@"' sh prog= true # also runs 'prog=' If no command name is specified following the environment specifications, the resulting environment is printed. This is like specifying the `printenv' program. For some examples, suppose the environment passed to `env' contains `LOGNAME=rms', `EDITOR=emacs', and `PATH=.:/gnubin:/hacks': * Output the current environment. $ env | LC_ALL=C sort EDITOR=emacs LOGNAME=rms PATH=.:/gnubin:/hacks * Run `foo' with a reduced environment, preserving only the original `PATH' to avoid problems in locating `foo'. env - PATH="$PATH" foo * Run `foo' with the environment containing `LOGNAME=rms', `EDITOR=emacs', and `PATH=.:/gnubin:/hacks', and guarantees that `foo' was found in the file system rather than as a shell built-in. env foo * Run `nemacs' with the environment containing `LOGNAME=foo', `EDITOR=emacs', `PATH=.:/gnubin:/hacks', and `DISPLAY=gnu:0'. env DISPLAY=gnu:0 LOGNAME=foo nemacs * Attempt to run the program `/energy/--' (as that is the only possible path search result); if the command exists, the environment will contain `LOGNAME=rms' and `PATH=/energy', and the arguments will be `e=mc2', `bar', and `baz'. env -u EDITOR PATH=/energy -- e=mc2 bar baz The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. Options must precede operands. `-0' `--null' Output a zero byte (ASCII NUL) at the end of each line, rather than a newline. This option enables other programs to parse the output of `env' even when that output would contain data with embedded newlines. `-u NAME' `--unset=NAME' Remove variable NAME from the environment, if it was in the environment. `-' `-i' `--ignore-environment' Start with an empty environment, ignoring the inherited environment. Exit status: 0 if no COMMAND is specified and the environment is output 125 if `env' itself fails 126 if COMMAND is found but cannot be invoked 127 if COMMAND cannot be found the exit status of COMMAND otherwise  File: coreutils.info, Node: nice invocation, Next: nohup invocation, Prev: env invocation, Up: Modified command invocation 23.3 `nice': Run a command with modified niceness ================================================= `nice' prints or modifies a process's "niceness", a parameter that affects whether the process is scheduled favorably. Synopsis: nice [OPTION]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] If no arguments are given, `nice' prints the current niceness. Otherwise, `nice' runs the given COMMAND with its niceness adjusted. By default, its niceness is incremented by 10. Niceness values range at least from -20 (process has high priority and gets more resources, thus slowing down other processes) through 19 (process has lower priority and runs slowly itself, but has less impact on the speed of other running processes). Some systems may have a wider range of nicenesses; conversely, other systems may enforce more restrictive limits. An attempt to set the niceness outside the supported range is treated as an attempt to use the minimum or maximum supported value. A niceness should not be confused with a scheduling priority, which lets applications determine the order in which threads are scheduled to run. Unlike a priority, a niceness is merely advice to the scheduler, which the scheduler is free to ignore. Also, as a point of terminology, POSIX defines the behavior of `nice' in terms of a "nice value", which is the nonnegative difference between a niceness and the minimum niceness. Though `nice' conforms to POSIX, its documentation and diagnostics use the term "niceness" for compatibility with historical practice. COMMAND must not be a special built-in utility (*note Special built-in utilities::). Due to shell aliases and built-in `nice' command, using an unadorned `nice' interactively or in a script may get you different functionality than that described here. Invoke it via `env' (i.e., `env nice ...') to avoid interference from the shell. The program accepts the following option. Also see *note Common options::. Options must precede operands. `-n ADJUSTMENT' `--adjustment=ADJUSTMENT' Add ADJUSTMENT instead of 10 to the command's niceness. If ADJUSTMENT is negative and you lack appropriate privileges, `nice' issues a warning but otherwise acts as if you specified a zero adjustment. For compatibility `nice' also supports an obsolete option syntax `-ADJUSTMENT'. New scripts should use `-n ADJUSTMENT' instead. Exit status: 0 if no COMMAND is specified and the niceness is output 125 if `nice' itself fails 126 if COMMAND is found but cannot be invoked 127 if COMMAND cannot be found the exit status of COMMAND otherwise It is sometimes useful to run a non-interactive program with reduced niceness. $ nice factor 4611686018427387903 Since `nice' prints the current niceness, you can invoke it through itself to demonstrate how it works. The default behavior is to increase the niceness by `10': $ nice 0 $ nice nice 10 $ nice -n 10 nice 10 The ADJUSTMENT is relative to the current niceness. In the next example, the first `nice' invocation runs the second one with niceness 10, and it in turn runs the final one with a niceness that is 3 more: $ nice nice -n 3 nice 13 Specifying a niceness larger than the supported range is the same as specifying the maximum supported value: $ nice -n 10000000000 nice 19 Only a privileged user may run a process with lower niceness: $ nice -n -1 nice nice: cannot set niceness: Permission denied 0 $ sudo nice -n -1 nice -1  File: coreutils.info, Node: nohup invocation, Next: stdbuf invocation, Prev: nice invocation, Up: Modified command invocation 23.4 `nohup': Run a command immune to hangups ============================================= `nohup' runs the given COMMAND with hangup signals ignored, so that the command can continue running in the background after you log out. Synopsis: nohup COMMAND [ARG]... If standard input is a terminal, it is redirected from `/dev/null' so that terminal sessions do not mistakenly consider the terminal to be used by the command. This is a GNU extension; programs intended to be portable to non-GNU hosts should use `nohup COMMAND [ARG]... make.log `nohup' does not automatically put the command it runs in the background; you must do that explicitly, by ending the command line with an `&'. Also, `nohup' does not alter the niceness of COMMAND; use `nice' for that, e.g., `nohup nice COMMAND'. COMMAND must not be a special built-in utility (*note Special built-in utilities::). The only options are `--help' and `--version'. *Note Common options::. Options must precede operands. Exit status: 125 if `nohup' itself fails, and `POSIXLY_CORRECT' is not set 126 if COMMAND is found but cannot be invoked 127 if COMMAND cannot be found the exit status of COMMAND otherwise If `POSIXLY_CORRECT' is set, internal failures give status 127 instead of 125.  File: coreutils.info, Node: stdbuf invocation, Next: su invocation, Prev: nohup invocation, Up: Modified command invocation 23.5 `stdbuf': Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering =============================================================== `stdbuf' allows one to modify the buffering operations of the three standard I/O streams associated with a program. Synopsis: stdbuf OPTION... COMMAND Any additional ARGs are passed as additional arguments to the COMMAND. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-i MODE' `--input=MODE' Adjust the standard input stream buffering. `-o MODE' `--output=MODE' Adjust the standard output stream buffering. `-e MODE' `--error=MODE' Adjust the standard error stream buffering. The MODE can be specified as follows: `L' Set the stream to line buffered mode. In this mode data is coalesced until a newline is output or input is read from any stream attached to a terminal device. This option is invalid with standard input. `0' Disable buffering of the selected stream. In this mode data is output immediately and only the amount of data requested is read from input. `SIZE' Specify the size of the buffer to use in fully buffered mode. SIZE may be, or may be an integer optionally followed by, one of the following multiplicative suffixes: `KB' => 1000 (KiloBytes) `K' => 1024 (KibiBytes) `MB' => 1000*1000 (MegaBytes) `M' => 1024*1024 (MebiBytes) `GB' => 1000*1000*1000 (GigaBytes) `G' => 1024*1024*1024 (GibiBytes) and so on for `T', `P', `E', `Z', and `Y'. NOTE: If COMMAND adjusts the buffering of its standard streams (`tee' does for e.g.) then that will override corresponding settings changed by `stdbuf'. Also some filters (like `dd' and `cat' etc.) don't use streams for I/O, and are thus unaffected by `stdbuf' settings. Exit status: 125 if `stdbuf' itself fails 126 if COMMAND is found but cannot be invoked 127 if COMMAND cannot be found the exit status of COMMAND otherwise  File: coreutils.info, Node: su invocation, Next: timeout invocation, Prev: stdbuf invocation, Up: Modified command invocation 23.6 `su': Run a command with substitute user and group ID ========================================================== `su' allows one user to temporarily become another user. It runs a command (often an interactive shell) with the real and effective user ID, group ID, and supplemental groups of a given USER. Synopsis: su [OPTION]... [USER [ARG]...] If no USER is given, the default is `root', the super-user. The shell to use is taken from USER's `passwd' entry, or `/bin/sh' if none is specified there. If USER has a password, `su' prompts for the password unless run by a user with effective user ID of zero (the super-user). By default, `su' does not change the current directory. It sets the environment variables `HOME' and `SHELL' from the password entry for USER, and if USER is not the super-user, sets `USER' and `LOGNAME' to USER. By default, the shell is not a login shell. Any additional ARGs are passed as additional arguments to the shell. GNU `su' does not treat `/bin/sh' or any other shells specially (e.g., by setting `argv[0]' to `-su', passing `-c' only to certain shells, etc.). `su' can optionally be compiled to use `syslog' to report failed, and optionally successful, `su' attempts. (If the system supports `syslog'.) However, GNU `su' does not check if the user is a member of the `wheel' group; see below. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-c COMMAND' `--command=COMMAND' Pass COMMAND, a single command line to run, to the shell with a `-c' option instead of starting an interactive shell. `-f' `--fast' Pass the `-f' option to the shell. This probably only makes sense if the shell run is `csh' or `tcsh', for which the `-f' option prevents reading the startup file (`.cshrc'). With Bourne-like shells, the `-f' option disables file name pattern expansion (globbing), which is not likely to be useful. `-' `-l' `--login' Make the shell a login shell. This means the following. Unset all environment variables except `TERM', `HOME', and `SHELL' (which are set as described above), and `USER' and `LOGNAME' (which are set, even for the super-user, as described above), and set `PATH' to a compiled-in default value. Change to USER's home directory. Prepend `-' to the shell's name, intended to make it read its login startup file(s). `-m' `-p' `--preserve-environment' Do not change the environment variables `HOME', `USER', `LOGNAME', or `SHELL'. Run the shell given in the environment variable `SHELL' instead of the shell from USER's passwd entry, unless the user running `su' is not the super-user and USER's shell is restricted. A "restricted shell" is one that is not listed in the file `/etc/shells', or in a compiled-in list if that file does not exist. Parts of what this option does can be overridden by `--login' and `--shell'. `-s SHELL' `--shell=SHELL' Run SHELL instead of the shell from USER's passwd entry, unless the user running `su' is not the super-user and USER's shell is restricted (see `-m' just above). Exit status: 125 if `su' itself fails 126 if subshell is found but cannot be invoked 127 if subshell cannot be found the exit status of the subshell otherwise 23.6.1 Why GNU `su' does not support the `wheel' group ------------------------------------------------------ (This section is by Richard Stallman.) Sometimes a few of the users try to hold total power over all the rest. For example, in 1984, a few users at the MIT AI lab decided to seize power by changing the operator password on the Twenex system and keeping it secret from everyone else. (I was able to thwart this coup and give power back to the users by patching the kernel, but I wouldn't know how to do that in Unix.) However, occasionally the rulers do tell someone. Under the usual `su' mechanism, once someone learns the root password who sympathizes with the ordinary users, he or she can tell the rest. The "wheel group" feature would make this impossible, and thus cement the power of the rulers. I'm on the side of the masses, not that of the rulers. If you are used to supporting the bosses and sysadmins in whatever they do, you might find this idea strange at first.  File: coreutils.info, Node: timeout invocation, Prev: su invocation, Up: Modified command invocation 23.7 `timeout': Run a command with a time limit =============================================== `timeout' runs the given COMMAND and kills it if it is still running after the specified time interval. Synopsis: timeout [OPTION] DURATION COMMAND [ARG]... COMMAND must not be a special built-in utility (*note Special built-in utilities::). The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. Options must precede operands. `-k DURATION' `--kill-after=DURATION' Ensure the monitored COMMAND is killed by also sending a `KILL' signal, after the specified DURATION. Without this option, if the selected signal proves not to be fatal, `timeout' does not kill the COMMAND. `-s SIGNAL' `--signal=SIGNAL' Send this SIGNAL to COMMAND on timeout, rather than the default `TERM' signal. SIGNAL may be a name like `HUP' or a number. Also see *Note Signal specifications::. DURATION is an integer followed by an optional unit: `s' for seconds (the default) `m' for minutes `h' for hours `d' for days A duration of 0 disables the associated timeout. Exit status: 124 if COMMAND times out 125 if `timeout' itself fails 126 if COMMAND is found but cannot be invoked 127 if COMMAND cannot be found the exit status of COMMAND otherwise  File: coreutils.info, Node: Process control, Next: Delaying, Prev: Modified command invocation, Up: Top 24 Process control ****************** * Menu: * kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.  File: coreutils.info, Node: kill invocation, Up: Process control 24.1 `kill': Send a signal to processes ======================================= The `kill' command sends a signal to processes, causing them to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way. Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses: kill [-s SIGNAL | --signal SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [SIGNAL]... Due to shell aliases and built-in `kill' command, using an unadorned `kill' interactively or in a script may get you different functionality than that described here. Invoke it via `env' (i.e., `env kill ...') to avoid interference from the shell. The first form of the `kill' command sends a signal to all PID arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified is `TERM'. The special signal number `0' does not denote a valid signal, but can be used to test whether the PID arguments specify processes to which a signal could be sent. If PID is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the process ID PID. If PID is zero, the signal is sent to all processes in the process group of the current process. If PID is -1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has permission to send a signal. If PID is less than -1, the signal is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute value of PID. If PID is not positive, a system-dependent set of system processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal is sent. If a negative PID argument is desired as the first one, it should be preceded by `--'. However, as a common extension to POSIX, `--' is not required with `kill -SIGNAL -PID'. The following commands are equivalent: kill -15 -1 kill -TERM -1 kill -s TERM -- -1 kill -- -1 The first form of the `kill' command succeeds if every PID argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to. The second form of the `kill' command lists signal information. Either the `-l' or `--list' option, or the `-t' or `--table' option must be specified. Without any SIGNAL argument, all supported signals are listed. The output of `-l' or `--list' is a list of the signal names, one per line; if SIGNAL is already a name, the signal number is printed instead. The output of `-t' or `--table' is a table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the `kill' command succeeds if all SIGNAL arguments are valid and if there is no output error. The `kill' command also supports the `--help' and `--version' options. *Note Common options::. A SIGNAL may be a signal name like `HUP', or a signal number like `1', or an exit status of a process terminated by the signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by `SIG'. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the `-SIGNAL' option which must use upper case to avoid ambiguity with lower case option letters. For a list of supported signal names and numbers see *Note Signal specifications::.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Delaying, Next: Numeric operations, Prev: Process control, Up: Top 25 Delaying *********** * Menu: * sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time.  File: coreutils.info, Node: sleep invocation, Up: Delaying 25.1 `sleep': Delay for a specified time ======================================== `sleep' pauses for an amount of time specified by the sum of the values of the command line arguments. Synopsis: sleep NUMBER[smhd]... Each argument is a number followed by an optional unit; the default is seconds. The units are: `s' seconds `m' minutes `h' hours `d' days Historical implementations of `sleep' have required that NUMBER be an integer, and only accepted a single argument without a suffix. However, GNU `sleep' accepts arbitrary floating point numbers (using a period before any fractional digits). The only options are `--help' and `--version'. *Note Common options::. Due to shell aliases and built-in `sleep' command, using an unadorned `sleep' interactively or in a script may get you different functionality than that described here. Invoke it via `env' (i.e., `env sleep ...') to avoid interference from the shell. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Numeric operations, Next: File permissions, Prev: Delaying, Up: Top 26 Numeric operations ********************* These programs do numerically-related operations. * Menu: * factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers. * seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.  File: coreutils.info, Node: factor invocation, Next: seq invocation, Up: Numeric operations 26.1 `factor': Print prime factors ================================== `factor' prints prime factors. Synopses: factor [NUMBER]... factor OPTION If no NUMBER is specified on the command line, `factor' reads numbers from standard input, delimited by newlines, tabs, or spaces. The `factor' command supports only a small number of options: `--help' Print a short help on standard output, then exit without further processing. `--version' Print the program version on standard output, then exit without further processing. Factoring the product of the eighth and ninth Mersenne primes takes about 30 milliseconds of CPU time on a 2.2 GHz Athlon. M8=`echo 2^31-1|bc` ; M9=`echo 2^61-1|bc` /usr/bin/time -f '%U' factor $(echo "$M8 * $M9" | bc) 4951760154835678088235319297: 2147483647 2305843009213693951 0.03 Similarly, factoring the eighth Fermat number 2^256+1 takes about 20 seconds on the same machine. Factoring large prime numbers is, in general, hard. The Pollard Rho algorithm used by `factor' is particularly effective for numbers with relatively small factors. If you wish to factor large numbers which do not have small factors (for example, numbers which are the product of two large primes), other methods are far better. If `factor' is built without using GNU MP, only single-precision arithmetic is available, and so large numbers (typically 2^64 and above) will not be supported. The single-precision code uses an algorithm which is designed for factoring smaller numbers. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: seq invocation, Prev: factor invocation, Up: Numeric operations 26.2 `seq': Print numeric sequences =================================== `seq' prints a sequence of numbers to standard output. Synopses: seq [OPTION]... LAST seq [OPTION]... FIRST LAST seq [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST `seq' prints the numbers from FIRST to LAST by INCREMENT. By default, each number is printed on a separate line. When INCREMENT is not specified, it defaults to `1', even when FIRST is larger than LAST. FIRST also defaults to `1'. So `seq 1' prints `1', but `seq 0' and `seq 10 5' produce no output. Floating-point numbers may be specified (using a period before any fractional digits). The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. Options must precede operands. `-f FORMAT' `--format=FORMAT' Print all numbers using FORMAT. FORMAT must contain exactly one of the `printf'-style floating point conversion specifications `%a', `%e', `%f', `%g', `%A', `%E', `%F', `%G'. The `%' may be followed by zero or more flags taken from the set `-+#0 '', then an optional width containing one or more digits, then an optional precision consisting of a `.' followed by zero or more digits. FORMAT may also contain any number of `%%' conversion specifications. All conversion specifications have the same meaning as with `printf'. The default format is derived from FIRST, STEP, and LAST. If these all use a fixed point decimal representation, the default format is `%.Pf', where P is the minimum precision that can represent the output numbers exactly. Otherwise, the default format is `%g'. `-s STRING' `--separator=STRING' Separate numbers with STRING; default is a newline. The output always terminates with a newline. `-w' `--equal-width' Print all numbers with the same width, by padding with leading zeros. FIRST, STEP, and LAST should all use a fixed point decimal representation. (To have other kinds of padding, use `--format'). You can get finer-grained control over output with `-f': $ seq -f '(%9.2E)' -9e5 1.1e6 1.3e6 (-9.00E+05) ( 2.00E+05) ( 1.30E+06) If you want hexadecimal integer output, you can use `printf' to perform the conversion: $ printf '%x\n' `seq 1048575 1024 1050623` fffff 1003ff 1007ff For very long lists of numbers, use xargs to avoid system limitations on the length of an argument list: $ seq 1000000 | xargs printf '%x\n' | tail -n 3 f423e f423f f4240 To generate octal output, use the printf `%o' format instead of `%x'. On most systems, seq can produce whole-number output for values up to at least 2^53. Larger integers are approximated. The details differ depending on your floating-point implementation, but a common case is that `seq' works with integers through 2^64, and larger integers may not be numerically correct: $ seq 18446744073709551616 1 18446744073709551618 18446744073709551616 18446744073709551616 18446744073709551618 Be careful when using `seq' with outlandish values: otherwise you may see surprising results, as `seq' uses floating point internally. For example, on the x86 platform, where the internal representation uses a 64-bit fraction, the command: seq 1 0.0000000000000000001 1.0000000000000000009 outputs 1.0000000000000000007 twice and skips 1.0000000000000000008. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: File permissions, Next: Date input formats, Prev: Numeric operations, Up: Top 27 File permissions ******************* Each file has a set of "file mode bits" that control the kinds of access that users have to that file. They can be represented either in symbolic form or as an octal number. * Menu: * Mode Structure:: Structure of file mode bits. * Symbolic Modes:: Mnemonic representation of file mode bits. * Numeric Modes:: File mode bits as octal numbers. * Directory Setuid and Setgid:: Set-user-ID and set-group-ID on directories.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Mode Structure, Next: Symbolic Modes, Up: File permissions 27.1 Structure of File Mode Bits ================================ The file mode bits have two parts: the "file permission bits", which control ordinary access to the file, and "special mode bits", which affect only some files. There are three kinds of permissions that a user can have for a file: 1. permission to read the file. For directories, this means permission to list the contents of the directory. 2. permission to write to (change) the file. For directories, this means permission to create and remove files in the directory. 3. permission to execute the file (run it as a program). For directories, this means permission to access files in the directory. There are three categories of users who may have different permissions to perform any of the above operations on a file: 1. the file's owner; 2. other users who are in the file's group; 3. everyone else. Files are given an owner and group when they are created. Usually the owner is the current user and the group is the group of the directory the file is in, but this varies with the operating system, the file system the file is created on, and the way the file is created. You can change the owner and group of a file by using the `chown' and `chgrp' commands. In addition to the three sets of three permissions listed above, the file mode bits have three special components, which affect only executable files (programs) and, on most systems, directories: 1. Set the process's effective user ID to that of the file upon execution (called the "set-user-ID bit", or sometimes the "setuid bit"). For directories on a few systems, give files created in the directory the same owner as the directory, no matter who creates them, and set the set-user-ID bit of newly-created subdirectories. 2. Set the process's effective group ID to that of the file upon execution (called the "set-group-ID bit", or sometimes the "setgid bit"). For directories on most systems, give files created in the directory the same group as the directory, no matter what group the user who creates them is in, and set the set-group-ID bit of newly-created subdirectories. 3. Prevent unprivileged users from removing or renaming a file in a directory unless they own the file or the directory; this is called the "restricted deletion flag" for the directory, and is commonly found on world-writable directories like `/tmp'. For regular files on some older systems, save the program's text image on the swap device so it will load more quickly when run; this is called the "sticky bit". In addition to the file mode bits listed above, there may be file attributes specific to the file system, e.g., access control lists (ACLs), whether a file is compressed, whether a file can be modified (immutability), and whether a file can be dumped. These are usually set using programs specific to the file system. For example: ext2 On GNU and GNU/Linux the file attributes specific to the ext2 file system are set using `chattr'. FFS On FreeBSD the file flags specific to the FFS file system are set using `chflags'. Even if a file's mode bits allow an operation on that file, that operation may still fail, because: * the file-system-specific attributes or flags do not permit it; or * the file system is mounted as read-only. For example, if the immutable attribute is set on a file, it cannot be modified, regardless of the fact that you may have just run `chmod a+w FILE'.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Symbolic Modes, Next: Numeric Modes, Prev: Mode Structure, Up: File permissions 27.2 Symbolic Modes =================== "Symbolic modes" represent changes to files' mode bits as operations on single-character symbols. They allow you to modify either all or selected parts of files' mode bits, optionally based on their previous values, and perhaps on the current `umask' as well (*note Umask and Protection::). The format of symbolic modes is: [ugoa...][+-=]PERMS...[,...] where PERMS is either zero or more letters from the set `rwxXst', or a single letter from the set `ugo'. The following sections describe the operators and other details of symbolic modes. * Menu: * Setting Permissions:: Basic operations on permissions. * Copying Permissions:: Copying existing permissions. * Changing Special Mode Bits:: Special mode bits. * Conditional Executability:: Conditionally affecting executability. * Multiple Changes:: Making multiple changes. * Umask and Protection:: The effect of the umask.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Setting Permissions, Next: Copying Permissions, Up: Symbolic Modes 27.2.1 Setting Permissions -------------------------- The basic symbolic operations on a file's permissions are adding, removing, and setting the permission that certain users have to read, write, and execute or search the file. These operations have the following format: USERS OPERATION PERMISSIONS The spaces between the three parts above are shown for readability only; symbolic modes cannot contain spaces. The USERS part tells which users' access to the file is changed. It consists of one or more of the following letters (or it can be empty; *note Umask and Protection::, for a description of what happens then). When more than one of these letters is given, the order that they are in does not matter. `u' the user who owns the file; `g' other users who are in the file's group; `o' all other users; `a' all users; the same as `ugo'. The OPERATION part tells how to change the affected users' access to the file, and is one of the following symbols: `+' to add the PERMISSIONS to whatever permissions the USERS already have for the file; `-' to remove the PERMISSIONS from whatever permissions the USERS already have for the file; `=' to make the PERMISSIONS the only permissions that the USERS have for the file. The PERMISSIONS part tells what kind of access to the file should be changed; it is normally zero or more of the following letters. As with the USERS part, the order does not matter when more than one letter is given. Omitting the PERMISSIONS part is useful only with the `=' operation, where it gives the specified USERS no access at all to the file. `r' the permission the USERS have to read the file; `w' the permission the USERS have to write to the file; `x' the permission the USERS have to execute the file, or search it if it is a directory. For example, to give everyone permission to read and write a regular file, but not to execute it, use: a=rw To remove write permission for all users other than the file's owner, use: go-w The above command does not affect the access that the owner of the file has to it, nor does it affect whether other users can read or execute the file. To give everyone except a file's owner no permission to do anything with that file, use the mode below. Other users could still remove the file, if they have write permission on the directory it is in. go= Another way to specify the same thing is: og-rwx  File: coreutils.info, Node: Copying Permissions, Next: Changing Special Mode Bits, Prev: Setting Permissions, Up: Symbolic Modes 27.2.2 Copying Existing Permissions ----------------------------------- You can base a file's permissions on its existing permissions. To do this, instead of using a series of `r', `w', or `x' letters after the operator, you use the letter `u', `g', or `o'. For example, the mode o+g adds the permissions for users who are in a file's group to the permissions that other users have for the file. Thus, if the file started out as mode 664 (`rw-rw-r--'), the above mode would change it to mode 666 (`rw-rw-rw-'). If the file had started out as mode 741 (`rwxr----x'), the above mode would change it to mode 745 (`rwxr--r-x'). The `-' and `=' operations work analogously.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Changing Special Mode Bits, Next: Conditional Executability, Prev: Copying Permissions, Up: Symbolic Modes 27.2.3 Changing Special Mode Bits --------------------------------- In addition to changing a file's read, write, and execute/search permissions, you can change its special mode bits. *Note Mode Structure::, for a summary of these special mode bits. To change the file mode bits to set the user ID on execution, use `u' in the USERS part of the symbolic mode and `s' in the PERMISSIONS part. To change the file mode bits to set the group ID on execution, use `g' in the USERS part of the symbolic mode and `s' in the PERMISSIONS part. To set both user and group ID on execution, omit the USERS part of the symbolic mode (or use `a') and use `s' in the PERMISSIONS part. To change the file mode bits to set the restricted deletion flag or sticky bit, omit the USERS part of the symbolic mode (or use `a') and use `t' in the PERMISSIONS part. For example, to set the set-user-ID mode bit of a program, you can use the mode: u+s To remove both set-user-ID and set-group-ID mode bits from it, you can use the mode: a-s To set the restricted deletion flag or sticky bit, you can use the mode: +t The combination `o+s' has no effect. On GNU systems the combinations `u+t' and `g+t' have no effect, and `o+t' acts like plain `+t'. The `=' operator is not very useful with special mode bits. For example, the mode: o=t does set the restricted deletion flag or sticky bit, but it also removes all read, write, and execute/search permissions that users not in the file's group might have had for it. *Note Directory Setuid and Setgid::, for additional rules concerning set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits and directories.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Conditional Executability, Next: Multiple Changes, Prev: Changing Special Mode Bits, Up: Symbolic Modes 27.2.4 Conditional Executability -------------------------------- There is one more special type of symbolic permission: if you use `X' instead of `x', execute/search permission is affected only if the file is a directory or already had execute permission. For example, this mode: a+X gives all users permission to search directories, or to execute files if anyone could execute them before.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Multiple Changes, Next: Umask and Protection, Prev: Conditional Executability, Up: Symbolic Modes 27.2.5 Making Multiple Changes ------------------------------ The format of symbolic modes is actually more complex than described above (*note Setting Permissions::). It provides two ways to make multiple changes to files' mode bits. The first way is to specify multiple OPERATION and PERMISSIONS parts after a USERS part in the symbolic mode. For example, the mode: og+rX-w gives users other than the owner of the file read permission and, if it is a directory or if someone already had execute permission to it, gives them execute/search permission; and it also denies them write permission to the file. It does not affect the permission that the owner of the file has for it. The above mode is equivalent to the two modes: og+rX og-w The second way to make multiple changes is to specify more than one simple symbolic mode, separated by commas. For example, the mode: a+r,go-w gives everyone permission to read the file and removes write permission on it for all users except its owner. Another example: u=rwx,g=rx,o= sets all of the permission bits for the file explicitly. (It gives users who are not in the file's group no permission at all for it.) The two methods can be combined. The mode: a+r,g+x-w gives all users permission to read the file, and gives users who are in the file's group permission to execute/search it as well, but not permission to write to it. The above mode could be written in several different ways; another is: u+r,g+rx,o+r,g-w  File: coreutils.info, Node: Umask and Protection, Prev: Multiple Changes, Up: Symbolic Modes 27.2.6 The Umask and Protection ------------------------------- If the USERS part of a symbolic mode is omitted, it defaults to `a' (affect all users), except that any permissions that are _set_ in the system variable `umask' are _not affected_. The value of `umask' can be set using the `umask' command. Its default value varies from system to system. Omitting the USERS part of a symbolic mode is generally not useful with operations other than `+'. It is useful with `+' because it allows you to use `umask' as an easily customizable protection against giving away more permission to files than you intended to. As an example, if `umask' has the value 2, which removes write permission for users who are not in the file's group, then the mode: +w adds permission to write to the file to its owner and to other users who are in the file's group, but _not_ to other users. In contrast, the mode: a+w ignores `umask', and _does_ give write permission for the file to all users.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Numeric Modes, Next: Directory Setuid and Setgid, Prev: Symbolic Modes, Up: File permissions 27.3 Numeric Modes ================== As an alternative to giving a symbolic mode, you can give an octal (base 8) number that represents the mode. This number is always interpreted in octal; you do not have to add a leading `0', as you do in C. Mode `0055' is the same as mode `55'. A numeric mode is usually shorter than the corresponding symbolic mode, but it is limited in that normally it cannot take into account the previous file mode bits; it can only set them absolutely. (As discussed in the next section, the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits of directories are an exception to this general limitation.) The permissions granted to the user, to other users in the file's group, and to other users not in the file's group each require three bits, which are represented as one octal digit. The three special mode bits also require one bit each, and they are as a group represented as another octal digit. Here is how the bits are arranged, starting with the lowest valued bit: Value in Corresponding Mode Mode Bit Other users not in the file's group: 1 Execute/search 2 Write 4 Read Other users in the file's group: 10 Execute/search 20 Write 40 Read The file's owner: 100 Execute/search 200 Write 400 Read Special mode bits: 1000 Restricted deletion flag or sticky bit 2000 Set group ID on execution 4000 Set user ID on execution For example, numeric mode `4755' corresponds to symbolic mode `u=rwxs,go=rx', and numeric mode `664' corresponds to symbolic mode `ug=rw,o=r'. Numeric mode `0' corresponds to symbolic mode `a='.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Directory Setuid and Setgid, Prev: Numeric Modes, Up: File permissions 27.4 Directories and the Set-User-ID and Set-Group-ID Bits ========================================================== On most systems, if a directory's set-group-ID bit is set, newly created subfiles inherit the same group as the directory, and newly created subdirectories inherit the set-group-ID bit of the parent directory. On a few systems, a directory's set-user-ID bit has a similar effect on the ownership of new subfiles and the set-user-ID bits of new subdirectories. These mechanisms let users share files more easily, by lessening the need to use `chmod' or `chown' to share new files. These convenience mechanisms rely on the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits of directories. If commands like `chmod' and `mkdir' routinely cleared these bits on directories, the mechanisms would be less convenient and it would be harder to share files. Therefore, a command like `chmod' does not affect the set-user-ID or set-group-ID bits of a directory unless the user specifically mentions them in a symbolic mode, or sets them in a numeric mode. For example, on systems that support set-group-ID inheritance: # These commands leave the set-user-ID and # set-group-ID bits of the subdirectories alone, # so that they retain their default values. mkdir A B C chmod 755 A chmod 0755 B chmod u=rwx,go=rx C mkdir -m 755 D mkdir -m 0755 E mkdir -m u=rwx,go=rx F If you want to try to set these bits, you must mention them explicitly in the symbolic or numeric modes, e.g.: # These commands try to set the set-user-ID # and set-group-ID bits of the subdirectories. mkdir G H chmod 6755 G chmod u=rwx,go=rx,a+s H mkdir -m 6755 I mkdir -m u=rwx,go=rx,a+s J If you want to try to clear these bits, you must mention them explicitly in a symbolic mode, e.g.: # This command tries to clear the set-user-ID # and set-group-ID bits of the directory D. chmod a-s D This behavior is a GNU extension. Portable scripts should not rely on requests to set or clear these bits on directories, as POSIX allows implementations to ignore these requests.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Date input formats, Next: Opening the software toolbox, Prev: File permissions, Up: Top 28 Date input formats ********************* First, a quote: Our units of temporal measurement, from seconds on up to months, are so complicated, asymmetrical and disjunctive so as to make coherent mental reckoning in time all but impossible. Indeed, had some tyrannical god contrived to enslave our minds to time, to make it all but impossible for us to escape subjection to sodden routines and unpleasant surprises, he could hardly have done better than handing down our present system. It is like a set of trapezoidal building blocks, with no vertical or horizontal surfaces, like a language in which the simplest thought demands ornate constructions, useless particles and lengthy circumlocutions. Unlike the more successful patterns of language and science, which enable us to face experience boldly or at least level-headedly, our system of temporal calculation silently and persistently encourages our terror of time. ... It is as though architects had to measure length in feet, width in meters and height in ells; as though basic instruction manuals demanded a knowledge of five different languages. It is no wonder then that we often look into our own immediate past or future, last Tuesday or a week from Sunday, with feelings of helpless confusion. ... -- Robert Grudin, `Time and the Art of Living'. This section describes the textual date representations that GNU programs accept. These are the strings you, as a user, can supply as arguments to the various programs. The C interface (via the `get_date' function) is not described here. * Menu: * General date syntax:: Common rules. * Calendar date items:: 19 Dec 1994. * Time of day items:: 9:20pm. * Time zone items:: EST, PDT, GMT. * Day of week items:: Monday and others. * Relative items in date strings:: next tuesday, 2 years ago. * Pure numbers in date strings:: 19931219, 1440. * Seconds since the Epoch:: @1078100502. * Specifying time zone rules:: TZ="America/New_York", TZ="UTC0". * Authors of get_date:: Bellovin, Eggert, Salz, Berets, et al.  File: coreutils.info, Node: General date syntax, Next: Calendar date items, Up: Date input formats 28.1 General date syntax ======================== A "date" is a string, possibly empty, containing many items separated by whitespace. The whitespace may be omitted when no ambiguity arises. The empty string means the beginning of today (i.e., midnight). Order of the items is immaterial. A date string may contain many flavors of items: * calendar date items * time of day items * time zone items * day of the week items * relative items * pure numbers. We describe each of these item types in turn, below. A few ordinal numbers may be written out in words in some contexts. This is most useful for specifying day of the week items or relative items (see below). Among the most commonly used ordinal numbers, the word `last' stands for -1, `this' stands for 0, and `first' and `next' both stand for 1. Because the word `second' stands for the unit of time there is no way to write the ordinal number 2, but for convenience `third' stands for 3, `fourth' for 4, `fifth' for 5, `sixth' for 6, `seventh' for 7, `eighth' for 8, `ninth' for 9, `tenth' for 10, `eleventh' for 11 and `twelfth' for 12. When a month is written this way, it is still considered to be written numerically, instead of being "spelled in full"; this changes the allowed strings. In the current implementation, only English is supported for words and abbreviations like `AM', `DST', `EST', `first', `January', `Sunday', `tomorrow', and `year'. The output of the `date' command is not always acceptable as a date string, not only because of the language problem, but also because there is no standard meaning for time zone items like `IST'. When using `date' to generate a date string intended to be parsed later, specify a date format that is independent of language and that does not use time zone items other than `UTC' and `Z'. Here are some ways to do this: $ LC_ALL=C TZ=UTC0 date Mon Mar 1 00:21:42 UTC 2004 $ TZ=UTC0 date +'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%SZ' 2004-03-01 00:21:42Z $ date --iso-8601=ns | tr T ' ' # --iso-8601 is a GNU extension. 2004-02-29 16:21:42,692722128-0800 $ date --rfc-2822 # a GNU extension Sun, 29 Feb 2004 16:21:42 -0800 $ date +'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %z' # %z is a GNU extension. 2004-02-29 16:21:42 -0800 $ date +'@%s.%N' # %s and %N are GNU extensions. @1078100502.692722128 Alphabetic case is completely ignored in dates. Comments may be introduced between round parentheses, as long as included parentheses are properly nested. Hyphens not followed by a digit are currently ignored. Leading zeros on numbers are ignored. Invalid dates like `2005-02-29' or times like `24:00' are rejected. In the typical case of a host that does not support leap seconds, a time like `23:59:60' is rejected even if it corresponds to a valid leap second.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Calendar date items, Next: Time of day items, Prev: General date syntax, Up: Date input formats 28.2 Calendar date items ======================== A "calendar date item" specifies a day of the year. It is specified differently, depending on whether the month is specified numerically or literally. All these strings specify the same calendar date: 1972-09-24 # ISO 8601. 72-9-24 # Assume 19xx for 69 through 99, # 20xx for 00 through 68. 72-09-24 # Leading zeros are ignored. 9/24/72 # Common U.S. writing. 24 September 1972 24 Sept 72 # September has a special abbreviation. 24 Sep 72 # Three-letter abbreviations always allowed. Sep 24, 1972 24-sep-72 24sep72 The year can also be omitted. In this case, the last specified year is used, or the current year if none. For example: 9/24 sep 24 Here are the rules. For numeric months, the ISO 8601 format `YEAR-MONTH-DAY' is allowed, where YEAR is any positive number, MONTH is a number between 01 and 12, and DAY is a number between 01 and 31. A leading zero must be present if a number is less than ten. If YEAR is 68 or smaller, then 2000 is added to it; otherwise, if YEAR is less than 100, then 1900 is added to it. The construct `MONTH/DAY/YEAR', popular in the United States, is accepted. Also `MONTH/DAY', omitting the year. Literal months may be spelled out in full: `January', `February', `March', `April', `May', `June', `July', `August', `September', `October', `November' or `December'. Literal months may be abbreviated to their first three letters, possibly followed by an abbreviating dot. It is also permitted to write `Sept' instead of `September'. When months are written literally, the calendar date may be given as any of the following: DAY MONTH YEAR DAY MONTH MONTH DAY YEAR DAY-MONTH-YEAR Or, omitting the year: MONTH DAY  File: coreutils.info, Node: Time of day items, Next: Time zone items, Prev: Calendar date items, Up: Date input formats 28.3 Time of day items ====================== A "time of day item" in date strings specifies the time on a given day. Here are some examples, all of which represent the same time: 20:02:00.000000 20:02 8:02pm 20:02-0500 # In EST (U.S. Eastern Standard Time). More generally, the time of day may be given as `HOUR:MINUTE:SECOND', where HOUR is a number between 0 and 23, MINUTE is a number between 0 and 59, and SECOND is a number between 0 and 59 possibly followed by `.' or `,' and a fraction containing one or more digits. Alternatively, `:SECOND' can be omitted, in which case it is taken to be zero. On the rare hosts that support leap seconds, SECOND may be 60. If the time is followed by `am' or `pm' (or `a.m.' or `p.m.'), HOUR is restricted to run from 1 to 12, and `:MINUTE' may be omitted (taken to be zero). `am' indicates the first half of the day, `pm' indicates the second half of the day. In this notation, 12 is the predecessor of 1: midnight is `12am' while noon is `12pm'. (This is the zero-oriented interpretation of `12am' and `12pm', as opposed to the old tradition derived from Latin which uses `12m' for noon and `12pm' for midnight.) The time may alternatively be followed by a time zone correction, expressed as `SHHMM', where S is `+' or `-', HH is a number of zone hours and MM is a number of zone minutes. The zone minutes term, MM, may be omitted, in which case the one- or two-digit correction is interpreted as a number of hours. You can also separate HH from MM with a colon. When a time zone correction is given this way, it forces interpretation of the time relative to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), overriding any previous specification for the time zone or the local time zone. For example, `+0530' and `+05:30' both stand for the time zone 5.5 hours ahead of UTC (e.g., India). This is the best way to specify a time zone correction by fractional parts of an hour. The maximum zone correction is 24 hours. Either `am'/`pm' or a time zone correction may be specified, but not both.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Time zone items, Next: Day of week items, Prev: Time of day items, Up: Date input formats 28.4 Time zone items ==================== A "time zone item" specifies an international time zone, indicated by a small set of letters, e.g., `UTC' or `Z' for Coordinated Universal Time. Any included periods are ignored. By following a non-daylight-saving time zone by the string `DST' in a separate word (that is, separated by some white space), the corresponding daylight saving time zone may be specified. Alternatively, a non-daylight-saving time zone can be followed by a time zone correction, to add the two values. This is normally done only for `UTC'; for example, `UTC+05:30' is equivalent to `+05:30'. Time zone items other than `UTC' and `Z' are obsolescent and are not recommended, because they are ambiguous; for example, `EST' has a different meaning in Australia than in the United States. Instead, it's better to use unambiguous numeric time zone corrections like `-0500', as described in the previous section. If neither a time zone item nor a time zone correction is supplied, time stamps are interpreted using the rules of the default time zone (*note Specifying time zone rules::).  File: coreutils.info, Node: Day of week items, Next: Relative items in date strings, Prev: Time zone items, Up: Date input formats 28.5 Day of week items ====================== The explicit mention of a day of the week will forward the date (only if necessary) to reach that day of the week in the future. Days of the week may be spelled out in full: `Sunday', `Monday', `Tuesday', `Wednesday', `Thursday', `Friday' or `Saturday'. Days may be abbreviated to their first three letters, optionally followed by a period. The special abbreviations `Tues' for `Tuesday', `Wednes' for `Wednesday' and `Thur' or `Thurs' for `Thursday' are also allowed. A number may precede a day of the week item to move forward supplementary weeks. It is best used in expression like `third monday'. In this context, `last DAY' or `next DAY' is also acceptable; they move one week before or after the day that DAY by itself would represent. A comma following a day of the week item is ignored.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Relative items in date strings, Next: Pure numbers in date strings, Prev: Day of week items, Up: Date input formats 28.6 Relative items in date strings =================================== "Relative items" adjust a date (or the current date if none) forward or backward. The effects of relative items accumulate. Here are some examples: 1 year 1 year ago 3 years 2 days The unit of time displacement may be selected by the string `year' or `month' for moving by whole years or months. These are fuzzy units, as years and months are not all of equal duration. More precise units are `fortnight' which is worth 14 days, `week' worth 7 days, `day' worth 24 hours, `hour' worth 60 minutes, `minute' or `min' worth 60 seconds, and `second' or `sec' worth one second. An `s' suffix on these units is accepted and ignored. The unit of time may be preceded by a multiplier, given as an optionally signed number. Unsigned numbers are taken as positively signed. No number at all implies 1 for a multiplier. Following a relative item by the string `ago' is equivalent to preceding the unit by a multiplier with value -1. The string `tomorrow' is worth one day in the future (equivalent to `day'), the string `yesterday' is worth one day in the past (equivalent to `day ago'). The strings `now' or `today' are relative items corresponding to zero-valued time displacement, these strings come from the fact a zero-valued time displacement represents the current time when not otherwise changed by previous items. They may be used to stress other items, like in `12:00 today'. The string `this' also has the meaning of a zero-valued time displacement, but is preferred in date strings like `this thursday'. When a relative item causes the resulting date to cross a boundary where the clocks were adjusted, typically for daylight saving time, the resulting date and time are adjusted accordingly. The fuzz in units can cause problems with relative items. For example, `2003-07-31 -1 month' might evaluate to 2003-07-01, because 2003-06-31 is an invalid date. To determine the previous month more reliably, you can ask for the month before the 15th of the current month. For example: $ date -R Thu, 31 Jul 2003 13:02:39 -0700 $ date --date='-1 month' +'Last month was %B?' Last month was July? $ date --date="$(date +%Y-%m-15) -1 month" +'Last month was %B!' Last month was June! Also, take care when manipulating dates around clock changes such as daylight saving leaps. In a few cases these have added or subtracted as much as 24 hours from the clock, so it is often wise to adopt universal time by setting the `TZ' environment variable to `UTC0' before embarking on calendrical calculations.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Pure numbers in date strings, Next: Seconds since the Epoch, Prev: Relative items in date strings, Up: Date input formats 28.7 Pure numbers in date strings ================================= The precise interpretation of a pure decimal number depends on the context in the date string. If the decimal number is of the form YYYYMMDD and no other calendar date item (*note Calendar date items::) appears before it in the date string, then YYYY is read as the year, MM as the month number and DD as the day of the month, for the specified calendar date. If the decimal number is of the form HHMM and no other time of day item appears before it in the date string, then HH is read as the hour of the day and MM as the minute of the hour, for the specified time of day. MM can also be omitted. If both a calendar date and a time of day appear to the left of a number in the date string, but no relative item, then the number overrides the year.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Seconds since the Epoch, Next: Specifying time zone rules, Prev: Pure numbers in date strings, Up: Date input formats 28.8 Seconds since the Epoch ============================ If you precede a number with `@', it represents an internal time stamp as a count of seconds. The number can contain an internal decimal point (either `.' or `,'); any excess precision not supported by the internal representation is truncated toward minus infinity. Such a number cannot be combined with any other date item, as it specifies a complete time stamp. Internally, computer times are represented as a count of seconds since an epoch--a well-defined point of time. On GNU and POSIX systems, the epoch is 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC, so `@0' represents this time, `@1' represents 1970-01-01 00:00:01 UTC, and so forth. GNU and most other POSIX-compliant systems support such times as an extension to POSIX, using negative counts, so that `@-1' represents 1969-12-31 23:59:59 UTC. Traditional Unix systems count seconds with 32-bit two's-complement integers and can represent times from 1901-12-13 20:45:52 through 2038-01-19 03:14:07 UTC. More modern systems use 64-bit counts of seconds with nanosecond subcounts, and can represent all the times in the known lifetime of the universe to a resolution of 1 nanosecond. On most hosts, these counts ignore the presence of leap seconds. For example, on most hosts `@915148799' represents 1998-12-31 23:59:59 UTC, `@915148800' represents 1999-01-01 00:00:00 UTC, and there is no way to represent the intervening leap second 1998-12-31 23:59:60 UTC.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Specifying time zone rules, Next: Authors of get_date, Prev: Seconds since the Epoch, Up: Date input formats 28.9 Specifying time zone rules =============================== Normally, dates are interpreted using the rules of the current time zone, which in turn are specified by the `TZ' environment variable, or by a system default if `TZ' is not set. To specify a different set of default time zone rules that apply just to one date, start the date with a string of the form `TZ="RULE"'. The two quote characters (`"') must be present in the date, and any quotes or backslashes within RULE must be escaped by a backslash. For example, with the GNU `date' command you can answer the question "What time is it in New York when a Paris clock shows 6:30am on October 31, 2004?" by using a date beginning with `TZ="Europe/Paris"' as shown in the following shell transcript: $ export TZ="America/New_York" $ date --date='TZ="Europe/Paris" 2004-10-31 06:30' Sun Oct 31 01:30:00 EDT 2004 In this example, the `--date' operand begins with its own `TZ' setting, so the rest of that operand is processed according to `Europe/Paris' rules, treating the string `2004-10-31 06:30' as if it were in Paris. However, since the output of the `date' command is processed according to the overall time zone rules, it uses New York time. (Paris was normally six hours ahead of New York in 2004, but this example refers to a brief Halloween period when the gap was five hours.) A `TZ' value is a rule that typically names a location in the `tz' database (http://www.twinsun.com/tz/tz-link.htm). A recent catalog of location names appears in the TWiki Date and Time Gateway (http://twiki.org/cgi-bin/xtra/tzdate). A few non-GNU hosts require a colon before a location name in a `TZ' setting, e.g., `TZ=":America/New_York"'. The `tz' database includes a wide variety of locations ranging from `Arctic/Longyearbyen' to `Antarctica/South_Pole', but if you are at sea and have your own private time zone, or if you are using a non-GNU host that does not support the `tz' database, you may need to use a POSIX rule instead. Simple POSIX rules like `UTC0' specify a time zone without daylight saving time; other rules can specify simple daylight saving regimes. *Note Specifying the Time Zone with `TZ': (libc)TZ Variable.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Authors of get_date, Prev: Specifying time zone rules, Up: Date input formats 28.10 Authors of `get_date' =========================== `get_date' was originally implemented by Steven M. Bellovin () while at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The code was later tweaked by a couple of people on Usenet, then completely overhauled by Rich $alz () and Jim Berets () in August, 1990. Various revisions for the GNU system were made by David MacKenzie, Jim Meyering, Paul Eggert and others. This chapter was originally produced by Franc,ois Pinard () from the `getdate.y' source code, and then edited by K. Berry ().  File: coreutils.info, Node: Opening the software toolbox, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Date input formats, Up: Top 29 Opening the Software Toolbox ******************************* An earlier version of this chapter appeared in 2 (June 1994). It was written by Arnold Robbins. * Menu: * Toolbox introduction:: Toolbox introduction * I/O redirection:: I/O redirection * The who command:: The `who' command * The cut command:: The `cut' command * The sort command:: The `sort' command * The uniq command:: The `uniq' command * Putting the tools together:: Putting the tools together  File: coreutils.info, Node: Toolbox introduction, Next: I/O redirection, Up: Opening the software toolbox Toolbox Introduction ==================== This month's column is only peripherally related to the GNU Project, in that it describes a number of the GNU tools on your GNU/Linux system and how they might be used. What it's really about is the "Software Tools" philosophy of program development and usage. The software tools philosophy was an important and integral concept in the initial design and development of Unix (of which Linux and GNU are essentially clones). Unfortunately, in the modern day press of Internetworking and flashy GUIs, it seems to have fallen by the wayside. This is a shame, since it provides a powerful mental model for solving many kinds of problems. Many people carry a Swiss Army knife around in their pants pockets (or purse). A Swiss Army knife is a handy tool to have: it has several knife blades, a screwdriver, tweezers, toothpick, nail file, corkscrew, and perhaps a number of other things on it. For the everyday, small miscellaneous jobs where you need a simple, general purpose tool, it's just the thing. On the other hand, an experienced carpenter doesn't build a house using a Swiss Army knife. Instead, he has a toolbox chock full of specialized tools--a saw, a hammer, a screwdriver, a plane, and so on. And he knows exactly when and where to use each tool; you won't catch him hammering nails with the handle of his screwdriver. The Unix developers at Bell Labs were all professional programmers and trained computer scientists. They had found that while a one-size-fits-all program might appeal to a user because there's only one program to use, in practice such programs are a. difficult to write, b. difficult to maintain and debug, and c. difficult to extend to meet new situations. Instead, they felt that programs should be specialized tools. In short, each program "should do one thing well." No more and no less. Such programs are simpler to design, write, and get right--they only do one thing. Furthermore, they found that with the right machinery for hooking programs together, that the whole was greater than the sum of the parts. By combining several special purpose programs, you could accomplish a specific task that none of the programs was designed for, and accomplish it much more quickly and easily than if you had to write a special purpose program. We will see some (classic) examples of this further on in the column. (An important additional point was that, if necessary, take a detour and build any software tools you may need first, if you don't already have something appropriate in the toolbox.)  File: coreutils.info, Node: I/O redirection, Next: The who command, Prev: Toolbox introduction, Up: Opening the software toolbox I/O Redirection =============== Hopefully, you are familiar with the basics of I/O redirection in the shell, in particular the concepts of "standard input," "standard output," and "standard error". Briefly, "standard input" is a data source, where data comes from. A program should not need to either know or care if the data source is a disk file, a keyboard, a magnetic tape, or even a punched card reader. Similarly, "standard output" is a data sink, where data goes to. The program should neither know nor care where this might be. Programs that only read their standard input, do something to the data, and then send it on, are called "filters", by analogy to filters in a water pipeline. With the Unix shell, it's very easy to set up data pipelines: program_to_create_data | filter1 | ... | filterN > final.pretty.data We start out by creating the raw data; each filter applies some successive transformation to the data, until by the time it comes out of the pipeline, it is in the desired form. This is fine and good for standard input and standard output. Where does the standard error come in to play? Well, think about `filter1' in the pipeline above. What happens if it encounters an error in the data it sees? If it writes an error message to standard output, it will just disappear down the pipeline into `filter2''s input, and the user will probably never see it. So programs need a place where they can send error messages so that the user will notice them. This is standard error, and it is usually connected to your console or window, even if you have redirected standard output of your program away from your screen. For filter programs to work together, the format of the data has to be agreed upon. The most straightforward and easiest format to use is simply lines of text. Unix data files are generally just streams of bytes, with lines delimited by the ASCII LF (Line Feed) character, conventionally called a "newline" in the Unix literature. (This is `'\n'' if you're a C programmer.) This is the format used by all the traditional filtering programs. (Many earlier operating systems had elaborate facilities and special purpose programs for managing binary data. Unix has always shied away from such things, under the philosophy that it's easiest to simply be able to view and edit your data with a text editor.) OK, enough introduction. Let's take a look at some of the tools, and then we'll see how to hook them together in interesting ways. In the following discussion, we will only present those command line options that interest us. As you should always do, double check your system documentation for the full story.  File: coreutils.info, Node: The who command, Next: The cut command, Prev: I/O redirection, Up: Opening the software toolbox The `who' Command ================= The first program is the `who' command. By itself, it generates a list of the users who are currently logged in. Although I'm writing this on a single-user system, we'll pretend that several people are logged in: $ who -| arnold console Jan 22 19:57 -| miriam ttyp0 Jan 23 14:19(:0.0) -| bill ttyp1 Jan 21 09:32(:0.0) -| arnold ttyp2 Jan 23 20:48(:0.0) Here, the `$' is the usual shell prompt, at which I typed `who'. There are three people logged in, and I am logged in twice. On traditional Unix systems, user names are never more than eight characters long. This little bit of trivia will be useful later. The output of `who' is nice, but the data is not all that exciting.  File: coreutils.info, Node: The cut command, Next: The sort command, Prev: The who command, Up: Opening the software toolbox The `cut' Command ================= The next program we'll look at is the `cut' command. This program cuts out columns or fields of input data. For example, we can tell it to print just the login name and full name from the `/etc/passwd' file. The `/etc/passwd' file has seven fields, separated by colons: arnold:xyzzy:2076:10:Arnold D. Robbins:/home/arnold:/bin/bash To get the first and fifth fields, we would use `cut' like this: $ cut -d: -f1,5 /etc/passwd -| root:Operator ... -| arnold:Arnold D. Robbins -| miriam:Miriam A. Robbins ... With the `-c' option, `cut' will cut out specific characters (i.e., columns) in the input lines. This is useful for input data that has fixed width fields, and does not have a field separator. For example, list the Monday dates for the current month: $ cal | cut -c 3-5 -|Mo -| -| 6 -| 13 -| 20 -| 27  File: coreutils.info, Node: The sort command, Next: The uniq command, Prev: The cut command, Up: Opening the software toolbox The `sort' Command ================== Next we'll look at the `sort' command. This is one of the most powerful commands on a Unix-style system; one that you will often find yourself using when setting up fancy data plumbing. The `sort' command reads and sorts each file named on the command line. It then merges the sorted data and writes it to standard output. It will read standard input if no files are given on the command line (thus making it into a filter). The sort is based on the character collating sequence or based on user-supplied ordering criteria.  File: coreutils.info, Node: The uniq command, Next: Putting the tools together, Prev: The sort command, Up: Opening the software toolbox The `uniq' Command ================== Finally (at least for now), we'll look at the `uniq' program. When sorting data, you will often end up with duplicate lines, lines that are identical. Usually, all you need is one instance of each line. This is where `uniq' comes in. The `uniq' program reads its standard input. It prints only one copy of each repeated line. It does have several options. Later on, we'll use the `-c' option, which prints each unique line, preceded by a count of the number of times that line occurred in the input.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Putting the tools together, Prev: The uniq command, Up: Opening the software toolbox Putting the Tools Together ========================== Now, let's suppose this is a large ISP server system with dozens of users logged in. The management wants the system administrator to write a program that will generate a sorted list of logged in users. Furthermore, even if a user is logged in multiple times, his or her name should only show up in the output once. The administrator could sit down with the system documentation and write a C program that did this. It would take perhaps a couple of hundred lines of code and about two hours to write it, test it, and debug it. However, knowing the software toolbox, the administrator can instead start out by generating just a list of logged on users: $ who | cut -c1-8 -| arnold -| miriam -| bill -| arnold Next, sort the list: $ who | cut -c1-8 | sort -| arnold -| arnold -| bill -| miriam Finally, run the sorted list through `uniq', to weed out duplicates: $ who | cut -c1-8 | sort | uniq -| arnold -| bill -| miriam The `sort' command actually has a `-u' option that does what `uniq' does. However, `uniq' has other uses for which one cannot substitute `sort -u'. The administrator puts this pipeline into a shell script, and makes it available for all the users on the system (`#' is the system administrator, or `root', prompt): # cat > /usr/local/bin/listusers who | cut -c1-8 | sort | uniq ^D # chmod +x /usr/local/bin/listusers There are four major points to note here. First, with just four programs, on one command line, the administrator was able to save about two hours worth of work. Furthermore, the shell pipeline is just about as efficient as the C program would be, and it is much more efficient in terms of programmer time. People time is much more expensive than computer time, and in our modern "there's never enough time to do everything" society, saving two hours of programmer time is no mean feat. Second, it is also important to emphasize that with the _combination_ of the tools, it is possible to do a special purpose job never imagined by the authors of the individual programs. Third, it is also valuable to build up your pipeline in stages, as we did here. This allows you to view the data at each stage in the pipeline, which helps you acquire the confidence that you are indeed using these tools correctly. Finally, by bundling the pipeline in a shell script, other users can use your command, without having to remember the fancy plumbing you set up for them. In terms of how you run them, shell scripts and compiled programs are indistinguishable. After the previous warm-up exercise, we'll look at two additional, more complicated pipelines. For them, we need to introduce two more tools. The first is the `tr' command, which stands for "transliterate." The `tr' command works on a character-by-character basis, changing characters. Normally it is used for things like mapping upper case to lower case: $ echo ThIs ExAmPlE HaS MIXED case! | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' -| this example has mixed case! There are several options of interest: `-c' work on the complement of the listed characters, i.e., operations apply to characters not in the given set `-d' delete characters in the first set from the output `-s' squeeze repeated characters in the output into just one character. We will be using all three options in a moment. The other command we'll look at is `comm'. The `comm' command takes two sorted input files as input data, and prints out the files' lines in three columns. The output columns are the data lines unique to the first file, the data lines unique to the second file, and the data lines that are common to both. The `-1', `-2', and `-3' command line options _omit_ the respective columns. (This is non-intuitive and takes a little getting used to.) For example: $ cat f1 -| 11111 -| 22222 -| 33333 -| 44444 $ cat f2 -| 00000 -| 22222 -| 33333 -| 55555 $ comm f1 f2 -| 00000 -| 11111 -| 22222 -| 33333 -| 44444 -| 55555 The file name `-' tells `comm' to read standard input instead of a regular file. Now we're ready to build a fancy pipeline. The first application is a word frequency counter. This helps an author determine if he or she is over-using certain words. The first step is to change the case of all the letters in our input file to one case. "The" and "the" are the same word when doing counting. $ tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' < whats.gnu | ... The next step is to get rid of punctuation. Quoted words and unquoted words should be treated identically; it's easiest to just get the punctuation out of the way. $ tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' < whats.gnu | tr -cd '[:alnum:]_ \n' | ... The second `tr' command operates on the complement of the listed characters, which are all the letters, the digits, the underscore, and the blank. The `\n' represents the newline character; it has to be left alone. (The ASCII tab character should also be included for good measure in a production script.) At this point, we have data consisting of words separated by blank space. The words only contain alphanumeric characters (and the underscore). The next step is break the data apart so that we have one word per line. This makes the counting operation much easier, as we will see shortly. $ tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' < whats.gnu | tr -cd '[:alnum:]_ \n' | > tr -s ' ' '\n' | ... This command turns blanks into newlines. The `-s' option squeezes multiple newline characters in the output into just one. This helps us avoid blank lines. (The `>' is the shell's "secondary prompt." This is what the shell prints when it notices you haven't finished typing in all of a command.) We now have data consisting of one word per line, no punctuation, all one case. We're ready to count each word: $ tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' < whats.gnu | tr -cd '[:alnum:]_ \n' | > tr -s ' ' '\n' | sort | uniq -c | ... At this point, the data might look something like this: 60 a 2 able 6 about 1 above 2 accomplish 1 acquire 1 actually 2 additional The output is sorted by word, not by count! What we want is the most frequently used words first. Fortunately, this is easy to accomplish, with the help of two more `sort' options: `-n' do a numeric sort, not a textual one `-r' reverse the order of the sort The final pipeline looks like this: $ tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' < whats.gnu | tr -cd '[:alnum:]_ \n' | > tr -s ' ' '\n' | sort | uniq -c | sort -n -r -| 156 the -| 60 a -| 58 to -| 51 of -| 51 and ... Whew! That's a lot to digest. Yet, the same principles apply. With six commands, on two lines (really one long one split for convenience), we've created a program that does something interesting and useful, in much less time than we could have written a C program to do the same thing. A minor modification to the above pipeline can give us a simple spelling checker! To determine if you've spelled a word correctly, all you have to do is look it up in a dictionary. If it is not there, then chances are that your spelling is incorrect. So, we need a dictionary. The conventional location for a dictionary is `/usr/dict/words'. On my GNU/Linux system,(1) this is a sorted, 45,402 word dictionary. Now, how to compare our file with the dictionary? As before, we generate a sorted list of words, one per line: $ tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' < whats.gnu | tr -cd '[:alnum:]_ \n' | > tr -s ' ' '\n' | sort -u | ... Now, all we need is a list of words that are _not_ in the dictionary. Here is where the `comm' command comes in. $ tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' < whats.gnu | tr -cd '[:alnum:]_ \n' | > tr -s ' ' '\n' | sort -u | > comm -23 - /usr/dict/words The `-2' and `-3' options eliminate lines that are only in the dictionary (the second file), and lines that are in both files. Lines only in the first file (standard input, our stream of words), are words that are not in the dictionary. These are likely candidates for spelling errors. This pipeline was the first cut at a production spelling checker on Unix. There are some other tools that deserve brief mention. `grep' search files for text that matches a regular expression `wc' count lines, words, characters `tee' a T-fitting for data pipes, copies data to files and to standard output `sed' the stream editor, an advanced tool `awk' a data manipulation language, another advanced tool The software tools philosophy also espoused the following bit of advice: "Let someone else do the hard part." This means, take something that gives you most of what you need, and then massage it the rest of the way until it's in the form that you want. To summarize: 1. Each program should do one thing well. No more, no less. 2. Combining programs with appropriate plumbing leads to results where the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. It also leads to novel uses of programs that the authors might never have imagined. 3. Programs should never print extraneous header or trailer data, since these could get sent on down a pipeline. (A point we didn't mention earlier.) 4. Let someone else do the hard part. 5. Know your toolbox! Use each program appropriately. If you don't have an appropriate tool, build one. As of this writing, all the programs we've discussed are available via anonymous `ftp' from: `ftp://gnudist.gnu.org/textutils/textutils-1.22.tar.gz'. (There may be more recent versions available now.) None of what I have presented in this column is new. The Software Tools philosophy was first introduced in the book `Software Tools', by Brian Kernighan and P.J. Plauger (Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-03669-X). This book showed how to write and use software tools. It was written in 1976, using a preprocessor for FORTRAN named `ratfor' (RATional FORtran). At the time, C was not as ubiquitous as it is now; FORTRAN was. The last chapter presented a `ratfor' to FORTRAN processor, written in `ratfor'. `ratfor' looks an awful lot like C; if you know C, you won't have any problem following the code. In 1981, the book was updated and made available as `Software Tools in Pascal' (Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-10342-7). Both books are still in print and are well worth reading if you're a programmer. They certainly made a major change in how I view programming. The programs in both books are available from Brian Kernighan's home page (http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/bwk). For a number of years, there was an active Software Tools Users Group, whose members had ported the original `ratfor' programs to essentially every computer system with a FORTRAN compiler. The popularity of the group waned in the middle 1980s as Unix began to spread beyond universities. With the current proliferation of GNU code and other clones of Unix programs, these programs now receive little attention; modern C versions are much more efficient and do more than these programs do. Nevertheless, as exposition of good programming style, and evangelism for a still-valuable philosophy, these books are unparalleled, and I recommend them highly. Acknowledgment: I would like to express my gratitude to Brian Kernighan of Bell Labs, the original Software Toolsmith, for reviewing this column. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) Redhat Linux 6.1, for the November 2000 revision of this article.  File: coreutils.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Concept index, Prev: Opening the software toolbox, Up: Top Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License ***************************************** Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. `http://fsf.org/' Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 0. PREAMBLE The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others. 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For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein. L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version. N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard. You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version. 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements." 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document. If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate. 8. TRANSLATION Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title. 9. TERMINATION You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation. Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice. Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it. 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See `http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'. Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document. 11. RELICENSING "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site. "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization. "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another Document. An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008. The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents ==================================================== To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page: Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''. If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this: with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation. If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Concept index, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top Index ***** [index] * Menu: * !: Connectives for test. (line 9) * !=: String tests. (line 25) * %: Numeric expressions. (line 16) * %b: printf invocation. (line 38) * &: Relations for expr. (line 17) * *: Numeric expressions. (line 16) * + <1>: Numeric expressions. (line 12) * +: String expressions. (line 53) * +PAGE_RANGE: pr invocation. (line 58) * - <1>: su invocation. (line 53) * - <2>: env invocation. (line 96) * -: Numeric expressions. (line 12) * - and Unix rm: rm invocation. (line 110) * -, removing files beginning with: rm invocation. (line 98) * --: Common options. (line 44) * --across: pr invocation. (line 82) * --address-radix: od invocation. (line 36) * --adjustment: nice invocation. (line 47) * --all <1>: uname invocation. (line 30) * --all <2>: nproc invocation. (line 19) * --all <3>: who invocation. (line 36) * --all <4>: stty invocation. (line 26) * --all <5>: du invocation. (line 26) * --all <6>: df invocation. (line 32) * --all <7>: Which files are listed. (line 13) * --all: unexpand invocation. (line 37) * --all-repeated: uniq invocation. (line 69) * --almost-all: Which files are listed. (line 17) * --apparent-size: du invocation. (line 29) * --append: tee invocation. (line 25) * --archive: cp invocation. (line 65) * --author: What information is listed. (line 10) * --backup <1>: ln invocation. (line 84) * --backup <2>: mv invocation. (line 58) * --backup <3>: install invocation. (line 42) * --backup <4>: cp invocation. (line 75) * --backup: Backup options. (line 13) * --batch-size: sort invocation. (line 250) * --before: tac invocation. (line 21) * --binary: md5sum invocation. (line 38) * --block-size <1>: du invocation. (line 50) * --block-size <2>: df invocation. (line 38) * --block-size: Block size. (line 138) * --block-size=SIZE: Block size. (line 12) * --body-numbering: nl invocation. (line 47) * --boot: who invocation. (line 40) * --bourne-shell: dircolors invocation. (line 34) * --buffer-size: sort invocation. (line 300) * --bytes <1>: du invocation. (line 46) * --bytes <2>: cut invocation. (line 26) * --bytes <3>: wc invocation. (line 43) * --bytes <4>: split invocation. (line 33) * --bytes <5>: tail invocation. (line 32) * --bytes <6>: head invocation. (line 24) * --bytes: fold invocation. (line 23) * --c-shell: dircolors invocation. (line 40) * --canonicalize: readlink invocation. (line 29) * --canonicalize-existing: readlink invocation. (line 36) * --canonicalize-missing: readlink invocation. (line 43) * --changes <1>: chmod invocation. (line 39) * --changes <2>: chgrp invocation. (line 20) * --changes: chown invocation. (line 70) * --characters: cut invocation. (line 34) * --chars: wc invocation. (line 47) * --check: sort invocation. (line 18) * --check-chars: uniq invocation. (line 106) * --classify: General output formatting. (line 36) * --color: General output formatting. (line 21) * --columns: pr invocation. (line 68) * --command: su invocation. (line 39) * --compare: install invocation. (line 47) * --complement: cut invocation. (line 75) * --compute: runcon invocation. (line 27) * --context <1>: id invocation. (line 48) * --context <2>: mknod invocation. (line 54) * --context <3>: mkfifo invocation. (line 28) * --context <4>: mkdir invocation. (line 56) * --context <5>: install invocation. (line 133) * --context: What information is listed. (line 268) * --count <1>: who invocation. (line 70) * --count: uniq invocation. (line 55) * --count-links: du invocation. (line 96) * --crown-margin: fmt invocation. (line 34) * --csh: dircolors invocation. (line 40) * --date <1>: Options for date. (line 11) * --date: touch invocation. (line 61) * --dead: who invocation. (line 44) * --decode: base64 invocation. (line 30) * --delimiter: cut invocation. (line 55) * --delimiters: paste invocation. (line 43) * --dereference <1>: stat invocation. (line 22) * --dereference <2>: du invocation. (line 101) * --dereference <3>: chgrp invocation. (line 30) * --dereference <4>: chown invocation. (line 103) * --dereference <5>: cp invocation. (line 143) * --dereference: Which files are listed. (line 84) * --dereference-args: du invocation. (line 61) * --dereference-command-line: Which files are listed. (line 36) * --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir: Which files are listed. (line 41) * --dictionary-order: sort invocation. (line 87) * --digits: csplit invocation. (line 80) * --directory <1>: mktemp invocation. (line 86) * --directory <2>: ln invocation. (line 90) * --directory <3>: install invocation. (line 62) * --directory: Which files are listed. (line 28) * --dired: What information is listed. (line 16) * --double-space: pr invocation. (line 94) * --dry-run: mktemp invocation. (line 98) * --echo: shuf invocation. (line 19) * --elide-empty-files: csplit invocation. (line 89) * --error: stdbuf invocation. (line 27) * --escape: Formatting the file names. (line 11) * --exact: shred invocation. (line 134) * --exclude-from=FILE: du invocation. (line 211) * --exclude-type: df invocation. (line 144) * --exclude=PATTERN: du invocation. (line 205) * --expand-tabs: pr invocation. (line 118) * --fast: su invocation. (line 44) * --field-separator: sort invocation. (line 316) * --fields: cut invocation. (line 44) * --file <1>: Options for date. (line 26) * --file: stty invocation. (line 31) * --file-system: stat invocation. (line 28) * --file-type: General output formatting. (line 47) * --files0-from=FILE <1>: du invocation. (line 67) * --files0-from=FILE <2>: sort invocation. (line 218) * --files0-from=FILE: wc invocation. (line 62) * --first-line-number: pr invocation. (line 194) * --follow: tail invocation. (line 48) * --footer-numbering: nl invocation. (line 75) * --force <1>: ln invocation. (line 96) * --force <2>: shred invocation. (line 101) * --force <3>: rm invocation. (line 35) * --force <4>: mv invocation. (line 63) * --force: cp invocation. (line 110) * --form-feed: pr invocation. (line 126) * --format <1>: General output formatting. (line 10) * --format <2>: What information is listed. (line 131) * --format: od invocation. (line 85) * --format=FORMAT <1>: seq invocation. (line 24) * --format=FORMAT: stat invocation. (line 33) * --from: chown invocation. (line 80) * --full-time: What information is listed. (line 100) * --general-numeric-sort: sort invocation. (line 105) * --group <1>: id invocation. (line 26) * --group: install invocation. (line 68) * --group-directories-first: Which files are listed. (line 50) * --groups <1>: chroot invocation. (line 29) * --groups: id invocation. (line 30) * --hardware-platform: uname invocation. (line 35) * --head-count: shuf invocation. (line 32) * --header <1>: join invocation. (line 89) * --header: pr invocation. (line 131) * --header-numbering: nl invocation. (line 79) * --heading: who invocation. (line 48) * --help: Common options. (line 37) * --hide-control-chars: Formatting the file names. (line 23) * --hide=PATTERN: Which files are listed. (line 57) * --human-numeric-sort: sort invocation. (line 133) * --human-readable <1>: du invocation. (line 81) * --human-readable <2>: df invocation. (line 48) * --human-readable <3>: What information is listed. (line 116) * --human-readable: Block size. (line 138) * --ignore: nproc invocation. (line 25) * --ignore-backups: Which files are listed. (line 23) * --ignore-case <1>: join invocation. (line 99) * --ignore-case <2>: uniq invocation. (line 59) * --ignore-case: sort invocation. (line 94) * --ignore-environment: env invocation. (line 96) * --ignore-fail-on-non-empty: rmdir invocation. (line 17) * --ignore-garbage: base64 invocation. (line 36) * --ignore-interrupts: tee invocation. (line 30) * --ignore-leading-blanks: sort invocation. (line 79) * --ignore-nonprinting: sort invocation. (line 142) * --ignore=PATTERN: Which files are listed. (line 70) * --indent: pr invocation. (line 200) * --indicator-style: General output formatting. (line 36) * --initial: expand invocation. (line 34) * --inode: What information is listed. (line 123) * --inodes: df invocation. (line 58) * --input: stdbuf invocation. (line 19) * --input-range: shuf invocation. (line 23) * --interactive <1>: ln invocation. (line 100) * --interactive <2>: rm invocation. (line 50) * --interactive <3>: mv invocation. (line 69) * --interactive: cp invocation. (line 133) * --io-blocks: truncate invocation. (line 26) * --iterations=NUMBER: shred invocation. (line 106) * --join-blank-lines: nl invocation. (line 87) * --join-lines: pr invocation. (line 144) * --keep-files: csplit invocation. (line 85) * --kernel-name: uname invocation. (line 65) * --kernel-release: uname invocation. (line 61) * --kernel-version: uname invocation. (line 76) * --key: sort invocation. (line 231) * --kill-after: timeout invocation. (line 19) * --length: pr invocation. (line 153) * --line-bytes: split invocation. (line 47) * --line-increment: nl invocation. (line 83) * --lines <1>: wc invocation. (line 55) * --lines <2>: split invocation. (line 26) * --lines <3>: tail invocation. (line 140) * --lines: head invocation. (line 39) * --link: cp invocation. (line 139) * --literal: Formatting the file names. (line 17) * --local: df invocation. (line 69) * --logical <1>: pwd invocation. (line 15) * --logical: ln invocation. (line 104) * --login <1>: su invocation. (line 53) * --login: who invocation. (line 52) * --lookup: who invocation. (line 57) * --machine: uname invocation. (line 41) * --max-depth=DEPTH: du invocation. (line 116) * --max-line-length: wc invocation. (line 59) * --max-unchanged-stats: tail invocation. (line 128) * --merge <1>: sort invocation. (line 32) * --merge: pr invocation. (line 160) * --mesg: who invocation. (line 95) * --message: who invocation. (line 95) * --mode <1>: mknod invocation. (line 48) * --mode <2>: mkfifo invocation. (line 21) * --mode <3>: mkdir invocation. (line 19) * --mode: install invocation. (line 74) * --month-sort: sort invocation. (line 149) * --name: id invocation. (line 34) * --no-clobber <1>: mv invocation. (line 76) * --no-clobber: cp invocation. (line 150) * --no-create <1>: truncate invocation. (line 22) * --no-create: touch invocation. (line 57) * --no-dereference <1>: chcon invocation. (line 22) * --no-dereference <2>: du invocation. (line 112) * --no-dereference <3>: touch invocation. (line 75) * --no-dereference <4>: chgrp invocation. (line 35) * --no-dereference <5>: chown invocation. (line 108) * --no-dereference <6>: ln invocation. (line 110) * --no-dereference: cp invocation. (line 156) * --no-file-warnings: pr invocation. (line 207) * --no-group: What information is listed. (line 110) * --no-newline: readlink invocation. (line 48) * --no-preserve-root <1>: chmod invocation. (line 54) * --no-preserve-root <2>: chgrp invocation. (line 48) * --no-preserve-root <3>: chown invocation. (line 121) * --no-preserve-root: rm invocation. (line 84) * --no-renumber: nl invocation. (line 108) * --no-sync: df invocation. (line 73) * --no-target-directory <1>: ln invocation. (line 153) * --no-target-directory <2>: mv invocation. (line 109) * --no-target-directory <3>: install invocation. (line 124) * --no-target-directory <4>: cp invocation. (line 340) * --no-target-directory: Target directory. (line 15) * --nodename: uname invocation. (line 46) * --null <1>: env invocation. (line 83) * --null <2>: printenv invocation. (line 19) * --null: du invocation. (line 122) * --number: cat invocation. (line 31) * --number-format: nl invocation. (line 95) * --number-lines: pr invocation. (line 173) * --number-nonblank: cat invocation. (line 20) * --number-separator: nl invocation. (line 112) * --number-width: nl invocation. (line 122) * --numeric-sort: sort invocation. (line 159) * --numeric-suffixes: split invocation. (line 58) * --numeric-uid-gid: What information is listed. (line 234) * --omit-header: pr invocation. (line 231) * --omit-pagination: pr invocation. (line 242) * --one-file-system <1>: du invocation. (line 201) * --one-file-system <2>: rm invocation. (line 63) * --one-file-system: cp invocation. (line 359) * --only-delimited: cut invocation. (line 63) * --operating-system: uname invocation. (line 57) * --output <1>: stdbuf invocation. (line 23) * --output <2>: shuf invocation. (line 37) * --output: sort invocation. (line 276) * --output-delimiter: cut invocation. (line 68) * --output-duplicates: od invocation. (line 155) * --output-tabs: pr invocation. (line 137) * --owner: install invocation. (line 86) * --page_width: pr invocation. (line 260) * --pages=PAGE_RANGE: pr invocation. (line 58) * --parents <1>: rmdir invocation. (line 22) * --parents <2>: mkdir invocation. (line 34) * --parents: cp invocation. (line 235) * --physical <1>: pwd invocation. (line 22) * --physical: ln invocation. (line 129) * --pid: tail invocation. (line 108) * --portability <1>: pathchk invocation. (line 46) * --portability: df invocation. (line 80) * --prefix: csplit invocation. (line 62) * --preserve: cp invocation. (line 163) * --preserve-context: install invocation. (line 91) * --preserve-environment: su invocation. (line 64) * --preserve-root <1>: chmod invocation. (line 49) * --preserve-root <2>: chgrp invocation. (line 43) * --preserve-root <3>: chown invocation. (line 116) * --preserve-root: rm invocation. (line 79) * --preserve-timestamps: install invocation. (line 98) * --print-database: dircolors invocation. (line 45) * --print-type: df invocation. (line 119) * --printf=FORMAT: stat invocation. (line 42) * --process: who invocation. (line 66) * --processor: uname invocation. (line 50) * --quiet <1>: tty invocation. (line 18) * --quiet <2>: mktemp invocation. (line 93) * --quiet <3>: chmod invocation. (line 45) * --quiet <4>: chgrp invocation. (line 26) * --quiet <5>: chown invocation. (line 76) * --quiet <6>: readlink invocation. (line 54) * --quiet <7>: md5sum invocation. (line 69) * --quiet <8>: csplit invocation. (line 100) * --quiet <9>: tail invocation. (line 148) * --quiet: head invocation. (line 46) * --quote-name: Formatting the file names. (line 30) * --quoting-style: Formatting the file names. (line 11) * --random-sort: sort invocation. (line 188) * --random-source <1>: shred invocation. (line 112) * --random-source <2>: shuf invocation. (line 43) * --random-source: sort invocation. (line 289) * --range <1>: runcon invocation. (line 43) * --range: chcon invocation. (line 63) * --read-bytes: od invocation. (line 71) * --real: id invocation. (line 39) * --recursive <1>: chcon invocation. (line 30) * --recursive <2>: chmod invocation. (line 69) * --recursive <3>: chgrp invocation. (line 66) * --recursive <4>: chown invocation. (line 140) * --recursive <5>: rm invocation. (line 91) * --recursive <6>: cp invocation. (line 248) * --recursive: Which files are listed. (line 91) * --reference <1>: chcon invocation. (line 25) * --reference <2>: Options for date. (line 34) * --reference <3>: truncate invocation. (line 30) * --reference <4>: touch invocation. (line 94) * --reference <5>: chmod invocation. (line 62) * --reference <6>: chgrp invocation. (line 52) * --reference: chown invocation. (line 125) * --reflink[=WHEN]: cp invocation. (line 261) * --regex: tac invocation. (line 26) * --remove: shred invocation. (line 123) * --remove-destination: cp invocation. (line 280) * --repeated: uniq invocation. (line 63) * --retry: tail invocation. (line 94) * --reverse <1>: Sorting the output. (line 27) * --reverse: sort invocation. (line 182) * --rfc-2822: Options for date. (line 40) * --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC: Options for date. (line 52) * --rfc-822: Options for date. (line 40) * --role <1>: runcon invocation. (line 35) * --role: chcon invocation. (line 55) * --runlevel: who invocation. (line 75) * --save: stty invocation. (line 41) * --section-delimiter: nl invocation. (line 68) * --sep-string: pr invocation. (line 221) * --separate-dirs: du invocation. (line 140) * --separator <1>: pr invocation. (line 212) * --separator: tac invocation. (line 33) * --serial: paste invocation. (line 34) * --set: Options for date. (line 82) * --sh: dircolors invocation. (line 34) * --shell: su invocation. (line 75) * --show-all: cat invocation. (line 16) * --show-control-chars <1>: Formatting the file names. (line 78) * --show-control-chars: pr invocation. (line 88) * --show-ends: cat invocation. (line 27) * --show-nonprinting <1>: pr invocation. (line 247) * --show-nonprinting: cat invocation. (line 50) * --show-tabs: cat invocation. (line 43) * --si <1>: du invocation. (line 128) * --si <2>: df invocation. (line 99) * --si <3>: What information is listed. (line 260) * --si: Block size. (line 138) * --signal: timeout invocation. (line 26) * --silent <1>: tty invocation. (line 18) * --silent <2>: chmod invocation. (line 45) * --silent <3>: chgrp invocation. (line 26) * --silent <4>: chown invocation. (line 76) * --silent <5>: readlink invocation. (line 54) * --silent <6>: csplit invocation. (line 100) * --silent <7>: tail invocation. (line 148) * --silent: head invocation. (line 46) * --size <1>: truncate invocation. (line 34) * --size: What information is listed. (line 244) * --size=BYTES: shred invocation. (line 117) * --skip-bytes: od invocation. (line 55) * --skip-chars: uniq invocation. (line 41) * --skip-fields: uniq invocation. (line 31) * --sleep-interval: tail invocation. (line 100) * --sort <1>: Sorting the output. (line 32) * --sort: sort invocation. (line 105) * --spaces: fold invocation. (line 29) * --sparse=WHEN: cp invocation. (line 284) * --split-only: fmt invocation. (line 47) * --squeeze-blank: cat invocation. (line 35) * --stable: sort invocation. (line 294) * --starting-line-number: nl invocation. (line 117) * --status: md5sum invocation. (line 77) * --strings: od invocation. (line 76) * --strip: install invocation. (line 108) * --strip-program: install invocation. (line 111) * --strip-trailing-slashes <1>: mv invocation. (line 95) * --strip-trailing-slashes: cp invocation. (line 318) * --suffix <1>: mktemp invocation. (line 114) * --suffix <2>: ln invocation. (line 144) * --suffix <3>: mv invocation. (line 100) * --suffix <4>: install invocation. (line 115) * --suffix <5>: cp invocation. (line 331) * --suffix <6>: csplit invocation. (line 66) * --suffix: Backup options. (line 50) * --suffix-length: split invocation. (line 54) * --summarize: du invocation. (line 136) * --symbolic: ln invocation. (line 138) * --symbolic-link: cp invocation. (line 323) * --sync: df invocation. (line 106) * --sysv: sum invocation. (line 31) * --tabs <1>: unexpand invocation. (line 24) * --tabs: expand invocation. (line 22) * --tabsize: General output formatting. (line 92) * --tagged-paragraph: fmt invocation. (line 40) * --target-directory <1>: ln invocation. (line 149) * --target-directory <2>: mv invocation. (line 105) * --target-directory <3>: install invocation. (line 120) * --target-directory <4>: cp invocation. (line 336) * --target-directory: Target directory. (line 31) * --temporary-directory: sort invocation. (line 336) * --terse: stat invocation. (line 53) * --text: md5sum invocation. (line 87) * --time <1>: who invocation. (line 83) * --time <2>: du invocation. (line 148) * --time <3>: touch invocation. (line 53) * --time: Sorting the output. (line 13) * --time-style <1>: du invocation. (line 163) * --time-style: Formatting file timestamps. (line 26) * --tmpdir: mktemp invocation. (line 106) * --total <1>: du invocation. (line 55) * --total: df invocation. (line 42) * --traditional: od invocation. (line 206) * --type <1>: runcon invocation. (line 39) * --type <2>: chcon invocation. (line 59) * --type: df invocation. (line 113) * --uniform-spacing: fmt invocation. (line 53) * --unique <1>: uniq invocation. (line 101) * --unique: sort invocation. (line 345) * --universal: Options for date. (line 87) * --unset: env invocation. (line 90) * --update <1>: mv invocation. (line 82) * --update: cp invocation. (line 345) * --user <1>: runcon invocation. (line 31) * --user <2>: chcon invocation. (line 51) * --user: id invocation. (line 44) * --userspec: chroot invocation. (line 24) * --utc: Options for date. (line 87) * --verbose <1>: chcon invocation. (line 47) * --verbose <2>: chmod invocation. (line 59) * --verbose <3>: chgrp invocation. (line 58) * --verbose <4>: chown invocation. (line 132) * --verbose <5>: rmdir invocation. (line 31) * --verbose <6>: readlink invocation. (line 58) * --verbose <7>: mkdir invocation. (line 51) * --verbose <8>: ln invocation. (line 158) * --verbose <9>: shred invocation. (line 129) * --verbose <10>: rm invocation. (line 95) * --verbose <11>: mv invocation. (line 92) * --verbose <12>: install invocation. (line 129) * --verbose <13>: cp invocation. (line 355) * --verbose <14>: split invocation. (line 61) * --verbose <15>: tail invocation. (line 152) * --verbose: head invocation. (line 50) * --version: Common options. (line 41) * --version-sort: sort invocation. (line 176) * --warn: md5sum invocation. (line 96) * --width <1>: General output formatting. (line 104) * --width <2>: fold invocation. (line 35) * --width <3>: pr invocation. (line 251) * --width <4>: fmt invocation. (line 59) * --width: od invocation. (line 162) * --words: wc invocation. (line 51) * --wrap: base64 invocation. (line 22) * --writable: who invocation. (line 95) * --zero: shred invocation. (line 144) * --zero-terminated <1>: uniq invocation. (line 112) * --zero-terminated <2>: shuf invocation. (line 48) * --zero-terminated: sort invocation. (line 359) * -0 <1>: env invocation. (line 82) * -0 <2>: printenv invocation. (line 18) * -0: du invocation. (line 121) * -1 <1>: General output formatting. (line 10) * -1 <2>: join invocation. (line 104) * -1: comm invocation. (line 23) * -2 <1>: join invocation. (line 107) * -2: comm invocation. (line 23) * -3: comm invocation. (line 23) * -a <1>: uname invocation. (line 30) * -a <2>: who invocation. (line 36) * -a <3>: stty invocation. (line 26) * -a <4>: tee invocation. (line 25) * -a <5>: Connectives for test. (line 12) * -a <6>: du invocation. (line 26) * -a <7>: df invocation. (line 32) * -a <8>: touch invocation. (line 53) * -a: cp invocation. (line 65) * -A: Which files are listed. (line 17) * -a <1>: Which files are listed. (line 13) * -a <2>: unexpand invocation. (line 37) * -a <3>: join invocation. (line 74) * -a <4>: split invocation. (line 54) * -a <5>: pr invocation. (line 82) * -a: od invocation. (line 175) * -A <1>: od invocation. (line 36) * -A: cat invocation. (line 16) * -b <1>: who invocation. (line 40) * -b: File type tests. (line 10) * -B: du invocation. (line 50) * -b: du invocation. (line 46) * -B: df invocation. (line 38) * -b <1>: ln invocation. (line 84) * -b <2>: mv invocation. (line 58) * -b <3>: install invocation. (line 42) * -b <4>: cp invocation. (line 75) * -b <5>: dircolors invocation. (line 34) * -b: Formatting the file names. (line 11) * -B: Which files are listed. (line 23) * -b <1>: cut invocation. (line 26) * -b <2>: sort invocation. (line 79) * -b <3>: md5sum invocation. (line 38) * -b <4>: csplit invocation. (line 66) * -b <5>: split invocation. (line 33) * -b <6>: fold invocation. (line 23) * -b <7>: od invocation. (line 178) * -b <8>: nl invocation. (line 47) * -b <9>: tac invocation. (line 21) * -b <10>: cat invocation. (line 20) * -b: Backup options. (line 13) * -c <1>: su invocation. (line 39) * -c <2>: runcon invocation. (line 27) * -c <3>: File type tests. (line 13) * -c <4>: truncate invocation. (line 22) * -c <5>: stat invocation. (line 33) * -c <6>: du invocation. (line 55) * -c <7>: touch invocation. (line 57) * -c <8>: chmod invocation. (line 39) * -c <9>: chgrp invocation. (line 20) * -c <10>: chown invocation. (line 70) * -c: install invocation. (line 53) * -C: install invocation. (line 47) * -c: dircolors invocation. (line 40) * -C: General output formatting. (line 15) * -c <1>: Sorting the output. (line 13) * -c <2>: cut invocation. (line 34) * -c <3>: uniq invocation. (line 55) * -c <4>: shuf invocation. (line 19) * -c <5>: sort invocation. (line 18) * -c: wc invocation. (line 43) * -C: split invocation. (line 47) * -c <1>: tail invocation. (line 32) * -c <2>: head invocation. (line 24) * -c <3>: pr invocation. (line 88) * -c <4>: fmt invocation. (line 34) * -c: od invocation. (line 181) * -COLUMN: pr invocation. (line 68) * -d <1>: Options for date. (line 11) * -d <2>: who invocation. (line 44) * -d <3>: mktemp invocation. (line 86) * -d: File type tests. (line 16) * -D: du invocation. (line 61) * -d <1>: touch invocation. (line 61) * -d <2>: ln invocation. (line 90) * -d: install invocation. (line 62) * -D: install invocation. (line 56) * -d: cp invocation. (line 103) * -D: What information is listed. (line 16) * -d <1>: Which files are listed. (line 28) * -d <2>: paste invocation. (line 43) * -d: cut invocation. (line 55) * -D: uniq invocation. (line 69) * -d <1>: uniq invocation. (line 63) * -d <2>: sort invocation. (line 87) * -d <3>: split invocation. (line 58) * -d <4>: pr invocation. (line 94) * -d <5>: base64 invocation. (line 30) * -d <6>: od invocation. (line 185) * -d: nl invocation. (line 68) * -e <1>: stdbuf invocation. (line 27) * -e: File characteristic tests. (line 9) * -E: echo invocation. (line 71) * -e <1>: echo invocation. (line 25) * -e <2>: readlink invocation. (line 36) * -e <3>: join invocation. (line 85) * -e: pr invocation. (line 118) * -E: cat invocation. (line 27) * -e: cat invocation. (line 23) * -ef: File characteristic tests. (line 23) * -eq: Numeric tests. (line 16) * -f <1>: su invocation. (line 44) * -f: Options for date. (line 26) * -F: stty invocation. (line 31) * -f <1>: File type tests. (line 19) * -f <2>: stat invocation. (line 28) * -f <3>: touch invocation. (line 71) * -f <4>: chmod invocation. (line 45) * -f <5>: chgrp invocation. (line 26) * -f <6>: chown invocation. (line 76) * -f <7>: readlink invocation. (line 29) * -f: ln invocation. (line 96) * -F: ln invocation. (line 90) * -f <1>: shred invocation. (line 101) * -f <2>: rm invocation. (line 35) * -f <3>: mv invocation. (line 63) * -f: cp invocation. (line 110) * -F: General output formatting. (line 36) * -f <1>: Sorting the output. (line 20) * -f <2>: cut invocation. (line 44) * -f <3>: uniq invocation. (line 31) * -f <4>: sort invocation. (line 94) * -f: csplit invocation. (line 62) * -F: tail invocation. (line 89) * -f <1>: tail invocation. (line 48) * -f: pr invocation. (line 126) * -F: pr invocation. (line 126) * -f <1>: od invocation. (line 188) * -f: nl invocation. (line 75) * -f FORMAT: seq invocation. (line 24) * -G: id invocation. (line 30) * -g <1>: id invocation. (line 26) * -g: stty invocation. (line 41) * -G: Access permission tests. (line 31) * -g <1>: Access permission tests. (line 9) * -g: install invocation. (line 68) * -G: What information is listed. (line 110) * -g <1>: What information is listed. (line 105) * -g: sort invocation. (line 105) * -ge: Numeric tests. (line 16) * -gt: Numeric tests. (line 16) * -H: chcon invocation. (line 33) * -h: chcon invocation. (line 22) * -H: who invocation. (line 48) * -h: File type tests. (line 23) * -H: du invocation. (line 87) * -h: du invocation. (line 81) * -H: df invocation. (line 54) * -h <1>: df invocation. (line 48) * -h: touch invocation. (line 75) * -H: chgrp invocation. (line 70) * -h: chgrp invocation. (line 35) * -H: chown invocation. (line 143) * -h: chown invocation. (line 108) * -H: cp invocation. (line 126) * -h: What information is listed. (line 116) * -H: Which files are listed. (line 36) * -h <1>: sort invocation. (line 133) * -h <2>: pr invocation. (line 131) * -h: nl invocation. (line 79) * -H: Traversing symlinks. (line 18) * -h: Block size. (line 138) * -i <1>: stdbuf invocation. (line 19) * -i <2>: env invocation. (line 96) * -i <3>: uname invocation. (line 35) * -i <4>: tee invocation. (line 30) * -i <5>: df invocation. (line 58) * -i: ln invocation. (line 100) * -I: rm invocation. (line 44) * -i <1>: rm invocation. (line 39) * -i <2>: mv invocation. (line 69) * -i <3>: cp invocation. (line 133) * -i: What information is listed. (line 123) * -I: Which files are listed. (line 70) * -i <1>: expand invocation. (line 34) * -i <2>: join invocation. (line 99) * -i <3>: uniq invocation. (line 59) * -i <4>: shuf invocation. (line 23) * -i <5>: sort invocation. (line 142) * -i <6>: pr invocation. (line 137) * -i <7>: base64 invocation. (line 36) * -i <8>: od invocation. (line 191) * -i: nl invocation. (line 83) * -J: pr invocation. (line 144) * -j: od invocation. (line 55) * -k <1>: timeout invocation. (line 19) * -k <2>: Access permission tests. (line 12) * -k <3>: du invocation. (line 90) * -k <4>: df invocation. (line 63) * -k <5>: General output formatting. (line 72) * -k <6>: sort invocation. (line 231) * -k <7>: csplit invocation. (line 85) * -k: Block size. (line 138) * -l <1>: su invocation. (line 53) * -l <2>: runcon invocation. (line 43) * -l: chcon invocation. (line 63) * -L: chcon invocation. (line 38) * -l: who invocation. (line 52) * -L <1>: pwd invocation. (line 15) * -L <2>: File type tests. (line 23) * -L <3>: stat invocation. (line 22) * -L: du invocation. (line 101) * -l <1>: du invocation. (line 96) * -l: df invocation. (line 69) * -L <1>: chgrp invocation. (line 75) * -L <2>: chown invocation. (line 148) * -L <3>: ln invocation. (line 104) * -L: cp invocation. (line 143) * -l <1>: cp invocation. (line 139) * -l: What information is listed. (line 131) * -L <1>: Which files are listed. (line 84) * -L: wc invocation. (line 59) * -l <1>: wc invocation. (line 55) * -l <2>: split invocation. (line 26) * -l <3>: pr invocation. (line 153) * -l <4>: od invocation. (line 194) * -l: nl invocation. (line 87) * -L: Traversing symlinks. (line 22) * -le: Numeric tests. (line 16) * -lt: Numeric tests. (line 16) * -m <1>: su invocation. (line 64) * -m <2>: uname invocation. (line 41) * -m <3>: who invocation. (line 62) * -m <4>: du invocation. (line 106) * -m <5>: touch invocation. (line 90) * -m <6>: readlink invocation. (line 43) * -m <7>: mknod invocation. (line 48) * -m <8>: mkfifo invocation. (line 21) * -m <9>: mkdir invocation. (line 19) * -m <10>: install invocation. (line 74) * -m: General output formatting. (line 78) * -M: sort invocation. (line 149) * -m <1>: sort invocation. (line 32) * -m <2>: wc invocation. (line 47) * -m: pr invocation. (line 160) * -n <1>: nice invocation. (line 47) * -n <2>: uname invocation. (line 46) * -n <3>: id invocation. (line 34) * -n <4>: String tests. (line 19) * -n <5>: echo invocation. (line 22) * -n <6>: readlink invocation. (line 48) * -n <7>: ln invocation. (line 110) * -n <8>: mv invocation. (line 76) * -n: cp invocation. (line 150) * -N: Formatting the file names. (line 17) * -n <1>: What information is listed. (line 234) * -n <2>: cut invocation. (line 59) * -n <3>: shuf invocation. (line 32) * -n <4>: sort invocation. (line 159) * -n <5>: csplit invocation. (line 80) * -n <6>: tail invocation. (line 140) * -n: head invocation. (line 39) * -N: pr invocation. (line 194) * -n: pr invocation. (line 173) * -N: od invocation. (line 71) * -n <1>: nl invocation. (line 95) * -n: cat invocation. (line 31) * -n NUMBER: shred invocation. (line 106) * -ne: Numeric tests. (line 16) * -nt: File characteristic tests. (line 15) * -o <1>: stdbuf invocation. (line 23) * -o <2>: uname invocation. (line 57) * -o: Connectives for test. (line 15) * -O: Access permission tests. (line 28) * -o <1>: truncate invocation. (line 26) * -o <2>: install invocation. (line 86) * -o <3>: What information is listed. (line 238) * -o <4>: shuf invocation. (line 37) * -o <5>: sort invocation. (line 276) * -o <6>: pr invocation. (line 200) * -o: od invocation. (line 197) * -ot: File characteristic tests. (line 19) * -p: su invocation. (line 64) * -P: chcon invocation. (line 42) * -p <1>: uname invocation. (line 50) * -p: who invocation. (line 66) * -P: pwd invocation. (line 22) * -p: mktemp invocation. (line 106) * -P: pathchk invocation. (line 42) * -p <1>: pathchk invocation. (line 29) * -p: File type tests. (line 28) * -P <1>: du invocation. (line 112) * -P <2>: df invocation. (line 80) * -P <3>: chgrp invocation. (line 79) * -P: chown invocation. (line 152) * -p <1>: rmdir invocation. (line 22) * -p: mkdir invocation. (line 34) * -P: ln invocation. (line 129) * -p <1>: install invocation. (line 98) * -p: cp invocation. (line 163) * -P: cp invocation. (line 156) * -p <1>: dircolors invocation. (line 45) * -p <2>: General output formatting. (line 83) * -p: nl invocation. (line 108) * -P: Traversing symlinks. (line 26) * -q <1>: who invocation. (line 70) * -q <2>: mktemp invocation. (line 93) * -q: readlink invocation. (line 54) * -Q: Formatting the file names. (line 30) * -q <1>: Formatting the file names. (line 23) * -q <2>: csplit invocation. (line 100) * -q <3>: tail invocation. (line 148) * -q: head invocation. (line 46) * -r <1>: runcon invocation. (line 35) * -r: chcon invocation. (line 55) * -R: chcon invocation. (line 30) * -r: uname invocation. (line 61) * -R: Options for date. (line 40) * -r <1>: Options for date. (line 34) * -r <2>: who invocation. (line 75) * -r <3>: id invocation. (line 39) * -r <4>: Access permission tests. (line 15) * -r <5>: truncate invocation. (line 30) * -r: touch invocation. (line 94) * -R <1>: chmod invocation. (line 69) * -R <2>: chgrp invocation. (line 66) * -R <3>: chown invocation. (line 140) * -R: rm invocation. (line 91) * -r <1>: rm invocation. (line 91) * -r: cp invocation. (line 248) * -R: cp invocation. (line 248) * -r: Sorting the output. (line 27) * -R <1>: Which files are listed. (line 91) * -R: sort invocation. (line 188) * -r <1>: sort invocation. (line 182) * -r <2>: sum invocation. (line 25) * -r <3>: pr invocation. (line 207) * -r: tac invocation. (line 26) * -s <1>: timeout invocation. (line 26) * -s <2>: su invocation. (line 75) * -s <3>: uname invocation. (line 65) * -s <4>: Options for date. (line 82) * -s <5>: who invocation. (line 79) * -s <6>: tty invocation. (line 18) * -s: File characteristic tests. (line 12) * -S: File type tests. (line 31) * -s: truncate invocation. (line 34) * -S: du invocation. (line 140) * -s <1>: du invocation. (line 136) * -s: readlink invocation. (line 54) * -S: ln invocation. (line 144) * -s: ln invocation. (line 138) * -S <1>: mv invocation. (line 100) * -S: install invocation. (line 115) * -s: install invocation. (line 108) * -S: cp invocation. (line 331) * -s: cp invocation. (line 323) * -S: Sorting the output. (line 32) * -s <1>: What information is listed. (line 244) * -s <2>: paste invocation. (line 34) * -s <3>: cut invocation. (line 63) * -s: uniq invocation. (line 41) * -S: sort invocation. (line 300) * -s <1>: sort invocation. (line 294) * -s <2>: sum invocation. (line 31) * -s <3>: csplit invocation. (line 100) * -s: fold invocation. (line 29) * -S: pr invocation. (line 221) * -s <1>: pr invocation. (line 212) * -s <2>: fmt invocation. (line 47) * -s: od invocation. (line 200) * -S: od invocation. (line 76) * -s <1>: nl invocation. (line 112) * -s <2>: tac invocation. (line 33) * -s: cat invocation. (line 35) * -S: Backup options. (line 50) * -s BYTES: shred invocation. (line 117) * -su: su invocation. (line 25) * -t <1>: runcon invocation. (line 39) * -t: chcon invocation. (line 59) * -T: who invocation. (line 95) * -t <1>: who invocation. (line 83) * -t <2>: mktemp invocation. (line 122) * -t <3>: File type tests. (line 34) * -t: stat invocation. (line 53) * -T: df invocation. (line 119) * -t: df invocation. (line 113) * -T: ln invocation. (line 153) * -t: ln invocation. (line 149) * -T: mv invocation. (line 109) * -t: mv invocation. (line 105) * -T: install invocation. (line 124) * -t: install invocation. (line 120) * -T: cp invocation. (line 340) * -t: cp invocation. (line 336) * -T: General output formatting. (line 92) * -t <1>: Sorting the output. (line 36) * -t <2>: unexpand invocation. (line 24) * -t: expand invocation. (line 22) * -T: sort invocation. (line 336) * -t <1>: sort invocation. (line 316) * -t: md5sum invocation. (line 87) * -T: pr invocation. (line 242) * -t <1>: pr invocation. (line 231) * -t <2>: fmt invocation. (line 40) * -t: od invocation. (line 85) * -T: cat invocation. (line 43) * -t: cat invocation. (line 39) * -u <1>: env invocation. (line 90) * -u <2>: runcon invocation. (line 31) * -u <3>: chcon invocation. (line 51) * -u <4>: Options for date. (line 87) * -u <5>: who invocation. (line 86) * -u <6>: id invocation. (line 44) * -u <7>: mktemp invocation. (line 98) * -u <8>: Access permission tests. (line 18) * -u <9>: shred invocation. (line 123) * -u <10>: mv invocation. (line 82) * -u: cp invocation. (line 345) * -U: Sorting the output. (line 49) * -u <1>: Sorting the output. (line 42) * -u <2>: uniq invocation. (line 101) * -u <3>: sort invocation. (line 345) * -u <4>: fmt invocation. (line 53) * -u: cat invocation. (line 46) * -v <1>: chcon invocation. (line 47) * -v <2>: uname invocation. (line 76) * -v <3>: chmod invocation. (line 59) * -v <4>: chgrp invocation. (line 58) * -v <5>: chown invocation. (line 132) * -v <6>: rmdir invocation. (line 31) * -v <7>: readlink invocation. (line 58) * -v <8>: mkdir invocation. (line 51) * -v <9>: ln invocation. (line 158) * -v <10>: shred invocation. (line 129) * -v <11>: rm invocation. (line 95) * -v <12>: mv invocation. (line 92) * -v <13>: install invocation. (line 129) * -v <14>: cp invocation. (line 355) * -v: Sorting the output. (line 56) * -V: sort invocation. (line 176) * -v <1>: tail invocation. (line 152) * -v <2>: head invocation. (line 50) * -v <3>: pr invocation. (line 247) * -v <4>: od invocation. (line 155) * -v <5>: nl invocation. (line 117) * -v: cat invocation. (line 50) * -w <1>: who invocation. (line 95) * -w <2>: Access permission tests. (line 21) * -w <3>: General output formatting. (line 104) * -w <4>: uniq invocation. (line 106) * -w <5>: md5sum invocation. (line 96) * -w <6>: wc invocation. (line 51) * -w: fold invocation. (line 35) * -W: pr invocation. (line 260) * -w <1>: pr invocation. (line 251) * -w <2>: fmt invocation. (line 59) * -w <3>: base64 invocation. (line 22) * -w <4>: od invocation. (line 162) * -w: nl invocation. (line 122) * -WIDTH: fmt invocation. (line 59) * -x <1>: Access permission tests. (line 24) * -x <2>: du invocation. (line 201) * -x <3>: df invocation. (line 144) * -x <4>: shred invocation. (line 134) * -x <5>: cp invocation. (line 359) * -x: General output formatting. (line 88) * -X: Sorting the output. (line 63) * -x: od invocation. (line 203) * -X FILE: du invocation. (line 211) * -Z: id invocation. (line 48) * -z: String tests. (line 15) * -Z <1>: mknod invocation. (line 54) * -Z <2>: mkfifo invocation. (line 28) * -Z: mkdir invocation. (line 56) * -z: shred invocation. (line 144) * -Z <1>: install invocation. (line 133) * -Z: What information is listed. (line 268) * -z <1>: uniq invocation. (line 112) * -z <2>: shuf invocation. (line 48) * -z <3>: sort invocation. (line 359) * -z: csplit invocation. (line 89) * .cshrc: su invocation. (line 44) * /: Numeric expressions. (line 16) * /bin/sh: su invocation. (line 12) * /etc/passwd: su invocation. (line 12) * /etc/shells: su invocation. (line 64) * 128-bit checksum: md5sum invocation. (line 6) * 16-bit checksum: sum invocation. (line 6) * 160-bit checksum: sha1sum invocation. (line 6) * 224-bit checksum: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * 256-bit checksum: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * 384-bit checksum: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * 4.2 file system type: df invocation. (line 131) * 512-bit checksum: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * <: Relations for expr. (line 22) * <=: Relations for expr. (line 22) * = <1>: Relations for expr. (line 22) * =: String tests. (line 22) * ==: Relations for expr. (line 22) * >: Relations for expr. (line 22) * >=: Relations for expr. (line 22) * \( regexp operator: String expressions. (line 24) * \+ regexp operator: String expressions. (line 28) * \? regexp operator: String expressions. (line 28) * \c: printf invocation. (line 29) * \OOO: printf invocation. (line 63) * \uhhhh: printf invocation. (line 68) * \Uhhhhhhhh: printf invocation. (line 68) * \xHH: printf invocation. (line 63) * \| regexp operator: String expressions. (line 28) * _POSIX2_VERSION <1>: touch invocation. (line 113) * _POSIX2_VERSION <2>: uniq invocation. (line 46) * _POSIX2_VERSION <3>: sort invocation. (line 392) * _POSIX2_VERSION <4>: tail invocation. (line 163) * _POSIX2_VERSION: Standards conformance. (line 19) * abbreviations for months: Calendar date items. (line 38) * access permission tests: Access permission tests. (line 6) * access permissions, changing: chmod invocation. (line 6) * access time: dd invocation. (line 188) * access time, changing: touch invocation. (line 53) * access time, printing or sorting files by: Sorting the output. (line 42) * access time, show the most recent: du invocation. (line 159) * across columns: pr invocation. (line 82) * across, listing files: General output formatting. (line 88) * adding permissions: Setting Permissions. (line 38) * addition: Numeric expressions. (line 12) * ago in date strings: Relative items in date strings. (line 23) * all repeated lines, outputting: uniq invocation. (line 69) * alnum: Character sets. (line 91) * alpha: Character sets. (line 94) * alternate ebcdic, converting to: dd invocation. (line 73) * always color option: General output formatting. (line 27) * always interactive option: rm invocation. (line 57) * am i: who invocation. (line 21) * am in date strings: Time of day items. (line 22) * and operator <1>: Relations for expr. (line 17) * and operator: Connectives for test. (line 12) * append: dd invocation. (line 147) * appending to the output file: dd invocation. (line 147) * appropriate privileges <1>: nice invocation. (line 6) * appropriate privileges <2>: hostname invocation. (line 6) * appropriate privileges <3>: Setting the time. (line 6) * appropriate privileges: install invocation. (line 86) * arbitrary date strings, parsing: Options for date. (line 11) * arbitrary text, displaying: echo invocation. (line 6) * arch: arch invocation. (line 6) * arithmetic tests: Numeric tests. (line 6) * ASCII dump of files: od invocation. (line 6) * ascii, converting to: dd invocation. (line 65) * atime, changing: touch invocation. (line 53) * atime, printing or sorting files by: Sorting the output. (line 42) * atime, show the most recent: du invocation. (line 159) * attributes, file: Changing file attributes. (line 6) * authors of get_date: Authors of get_date. (line 6) * auto color option: General output formatting. (line 25) * automounter file systems: df invocation. (line 32) * b for block special file: mknod invocation. (line 31) * background jobs, stopping at terminal write: Local. (line 41) * backslash escapes <1>: echo invocation. (line 25) * backslash escapes: Character sets. (line 14) * backslash sequences for file names: Formatting the file names. (line 11) * backup files, ignoring: Which files are listed. (line 23) * backup options: Backup options. (line 6) * backup suffix: Backup options. (line 50) * backups, making <1>: ln invocation. (line 84) * backups, making <2>: mv invocation. (line 58) * backups, making <3>: install invocation. (line 42) * backups, making <4>: cp invocation. (line 75) * backups, making: Backup options. (line 13) * backups, making only: cp invocation. (line 53) * base64: base64 invocation. (line 6) * Base64 decoding: base64 invocation. (line 30) * base64 encoding: base64 invocation. (line 6) * basename: basename invocation. (line 6) * baud rate, setting: Special. (line 43) * beeping at input buffer full: Input. (line 59) * beginning of time: Time conversion specifiers. (line 41) * beginning of time, for POSIX: Seconds since the Epoch. (line 13) * Bellovin, Steven M.: Authors of get_date. (line 6) * Berets, Jim: Authors of get_date. (line 6) * Berry, K. <1>: Authors of get_date. (line 14) * Berry, K.: Introduction. (line 19) * binary: dd invocation. (line 205) * binary I/O: dd invocation. (line 205) * binary input files: md5sum invocation. (line 38) * blank: Character sets. (line 97) * blank lines, numbering: nl invocation. (line 87) * blanks, ignoring leading: sort invocation. (line 79) * block (space-padding): dd invocation. (line 82) * block size <1>: dd invocation. (line 33) * block size: Block size. (line 6) * block size of conversion: dd invocation. (line 40) * block size of input: dd invocation. (line 25) * block size of output: dd invocation. (line 29) * block special check: File type tests. (line 10) * block special files: mknod invocation. (line 11) * block special files, creating: mknod invocation. (line 6) * BLOCK_SIZE: Block size. (line 12) * BLOCKSIZE: Block size. (line 12) * body, numbering: nl invocation. (line 17) * Bourne shell syntax for color setup: dircolors invocation. (line 34) * breaks, cause interrupts: Input. (line 12) * breaks, ignoring: Input. (line 9) * brkint: Input. (line 12) * bs: dd invocation. (line 33) * BSD sum: sum invocation. (line 25) * BSD tail: tail invocation. (line 19) * BSD touch compatibility: touch invocation. (line 71) * bsN: Output. (line 55) * bugs, reporting: Introduction. (line 12) * built-in shell commands, conflicts with <1>: sleep invocation. (line 34) * built-in shell commands, conflicts with <2>: kill invocation. (line 13) * built-in shell commands, conflicts with <3>: nice invocation. (line 37) * built-in shell commands, conflicts with <4>: pwd invocation. (line 30) * built-in shell commands, conflicts with <5>: test invocation. (line 28) * built-in shell commands, conflicts with <6>: printf invocation. (line 16) * built-in shell commands, conflicts with <7>: echo invocation. (line 11) * built-in shell commands, conflicts with <8>: stat invocation. (line 15) * built-in shell commands, conflicts with: mknod invocation. (line 20) * byte count: wc invocation. (line 6) * byte-swapping: dd invocation. (line 101) * c for character special file: mknod invocation. (line 34) * C shell syntax for color setup: dircolors invocation. (line 40) * C-s/C-q flow control: Input. (line 40) * calendar date item: Calendar date items. (line 6) * canonical file name: readlink invocation. (line 6) * canonicalize a file name: readlink invocation. (line 6) * case folding: sort invocation. (line 94) * case translation: Local. (line 36) * case, ignored in dates: General date syntax. (line 64) * cat: cat invocation. (line 6) * cbreak: Combination. (line 52) * cbs: dd invocation. (line 40) * CD-ROM file system type: df invocation. (line 135) * cdfs file system type: df invocation. (line 135) * change or print terminal settings: stty invocation. (line 6) * change SELinux context: chcon invocation. (line 6) * changed files, verbosely describing: chgrp invocation. (line 20) * changed owners, verbosely describing: chown invocation. (line 70) * changing access permissions: chmod invocation. (line 6) * changing file attributes: Changing file attributes. (line 6) * changing file ownership: chown invocation. (line 6) * changing file timestamps: touch invocation. (line 6) * changing group ownership <1>: chgrp invocation. (line 6) * changing group ownership: chown invocation. (line 6) * changing security context: chcon invocation. (line 6) * changing special mode bits: Changing Special Mode Bits. (line 6) * character classes: Character sets. (line 78) * character count: wc invocation. (line 6) * character size: Control. (line 19) * character special check: File type tests. (line 13) * character special files: mknod invocation. (line 11) * character special files, creating: mknod invocation. (line 6) * characters, special: Characters. (line 6) * chcon: chcon invocation. (line 6) * check file types: test invocation. (line 6) * checking for sortedness: sort invocation. (line 18) * checksum, 128-bit: md5sum invocation. (line 6) * checksum, 16-bit: sum invocation. (line 6) * checksum, 160-bit: sha1sum invocation. (line 6) * checksum, 224-bit: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * checksum, 256-bit: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * checksum, 384-bit: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * checksum, 512-bit: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * chgrp: chgrp invocation. (line 6) * chmod: chmod invocation. (line 6) * chown: chown invocation. (line 6) * chroot: chroot invocation. (line 6) * cio: dd invocation. (line 155) * cksum: cksum invocation. (line 6) * clocal: Control. (line 33) * clone: cp invocation. (line 261) * cntrl: Character sets. (line 100) * color database, printing: dircolors invocation. (line 45) * color setup: dircolors invocation. (line 6) * color, distinguishing file types with: General output formatting. (line 21) * cols: Special. (line 27) * column to wrap data after: base64 invocation. (line 22) * COLUMNS: Special. (line 30) * columns: Special. (line 27) * COLUMNS: General output formatting. (line 104) * combination settings: Combination. (line 6) * comm: comm invocation. (line 6) * command-line operands to shuffle: shuf invocation. (line 19) * commands for controlling processes: Process control. (line 6) * commands for delaying: Delaying. (line 6) * commands for exit status: Conditions. (line 6) * commands for file name manipulation: File name manipulation. (line 6) * commands for invoking other commands: Modified command invocation. (line 6) * commands for printing text: Printing text. (line 6) * commands for printing the working context: Working context. (line 6) * commands for printing user information: User information. (line 6) * commands for redirection: Redirection. (line 6) * commands for SELinux context: SELinux context. (line 6) * commands for system context: System context. (line 6) * commas, outputting between files: General output formatting. (line 78) * comments, in dates: General date syntax. (line 64) * common field, joining on: join invocation. (line 6) * common lines: comm invocation. (line 18) * common options: Common options. (line 6) * compare values: test invocation. (line 6) * comparing sorted files: comm invocation. (line 6) * comparison operators: Relations for expr. (line 22) * concatenate and write files: cat invocation. (line 6) * concurrent I/O: dd invocation. (line 155) * conditional executability: Conditional Executability. (line 6) * conditions: Conditions. (line 6) * conflicts with shell built-ins <1>: sleep invocation. (line 34) * conflicts with shell built-ins <2>: kill invocation. (line 13) * conflicts with shell built-ins <3>: nice invocation. (line 37) * conflicts with shell built-ins <4>: pwd invocation. (line 30) * conflicts with shell built-ins <5>: test invocation. (line 28) * conflicts with shell built-ins <6>: printf invocation. (line 16) * conflicts with shell built-ins <7>: echo invocation. (line 11) * conflicts with shell built-ins <8>: stat invocation. (line 15) * conflicts with shell built-ins: mknod invocation. (line 20) * connectives, logical <1>: Relations for expr. (line 6) * connectives, logical: Connectives for test. (line 6) * context splitting: csplit invocation. (line 6) * context, system: System context. (line 6) * control characters, using ^C: Local. (line 51) * control settings: Control. (line 6) * controlling terminal: dd invocation. (line 193) * conv: dd invocation. (line 59) * conversion block size: dd invocation. (line 40) * conversion specifiers, date: Date conversion specifiers. (line 6) * conversion specifiers, literal: Literal conversion specifiers. (line 6) * conversion specifiers, time: Time conversion specifiers. (line 6) * converting tabs to spaces: expand invocation. (line 6) * converting while copying a file: dd invocation. (line 6) * cooked: Combination. (line 37) * Coordinated Universal Time: Options for date. (line 87) * copy on write: cp invocation. (line 261) * copying directories recursively: cp invocation. (line 90) * copying existing permissions: Copying Permissions. (line 6) * copying files: cat invocation. (line 6) * copying files and directories: cp invocation. (line 6) * copying files and setting attributes: install invocation. (line 6) * core utilities: Top. (line 18) * count: dd invocation. (line 51) * COW: cp invocation. (line 261) * cp: cp invocation. (line 6) * crashes and corruption: sync invocation. (line 11) * CRC checksum: cksum invocation. (line 6) * cread: Control. (line 30) * creating directories: mkdir invocation. (line 6) * creating FIFOs (named pipes): mkfifo invocation. (line 6) * creating links (hard only): link invocation. (line 6) * creating links (hard or soft): ln invocation. (line 6) * creating output file, avoiding: dd invocation. (line 109) * creating output file, requiring: dd invocation. (line 113) * crN: Output. (line 45) * crown margin: fmt invocation. (line 34) * crt: Combination. (line 75) * crterase: Local. (line 22) * crtkill: Local. (line 56) * crtscts: Control. (line 36) * csh syntax for color setup: dircolors invocation. (line 40) * csN: Control. (line 19) * csplit: csplit invocation. (line 6) * cstopb: Control. (line 27) * ctime, printing or sorting by: Sorting the output. (line 13) * ctime, show the most recent: du invocation. (line 154) * ctlecho: Local. (line 51) * current working directory, printing: pwd invocation. (line 6) * cut: cut invocation. (line 6) * cyclic redundancy check: cksum invocation. (line 6) * data, erasing: shred invocation. (line 6) * database for color setup, printing: dircolors invocation. (line 45) * date: date invocation. (line 6) * date conversion specifiers: Date conversion specifiers. (line 6) * date format, ISO 8601: Calendar date items. (line 30) * date input formats: Date input formats. (line 6) * date options: Options for date. (line 6) * date strings, parsing: Options for date. (line 11) * day in date strings: Relative items in date strings. (line 15) * day of week item: Day of week items. (line 6) * dd: dd invocation. (line 6) * dec: Combination. (line 78) * decctlq: Combination. (line 63) * Decode base64 data: base64 invocation. (line 30) * delay for a specified time: sleep invocation. (line 6) * delaying commands: Delaying. (line 6) * deleting characters: Squeezing. (line 6) * dereferencing symbolic links: ln invocation. (line 42) * descriptor follow option: tail invocation. (line 48) * destination directory <1>: ln invocation. (line 149) * destination directory <2>: mv invocation. (line 105) * destination directory <3>: install invocation. (line 120) * destination directory <4>: cp invocation. (line 336) * destination directory: Target directory. (line 15) * destinations, multiple output: tee invocation. (line 6) * device file, disk: df invocation. (line 19) * df: df invocation. (line 6) * DF_BLOCK_SIZE: Block size. (line 12) * diagnostic: chcon invocation. (line 47) * dictionary order: sort invocation. (line 87) * differing lines: comm invocation. (line 18) * digit: Character sets. (line 103) * dir: dir invocation. (line 6) * dircolors: dircolors invocation. (line 6) * direct: dd invocation. (line 161) * direct I/O: dd invocation. (line 161) * directories, copying: cp invocation. (line 6) * directories, copying recursively: cp invocation. (line 90) * directories, creating: mkdir invocation. (line 6) * directories, creating with given attributes: install invocation. (line 62) * directories, removing (recursively): rm invocation. (line 91) * directories, removing empty: rmdir invocation. (line 6) * directory: dd invocation. (line 169) * directory check: File type tests. (line 16) * directory components, printing: dirname invocation. (line 6) * directory deletion, ignoring failures: rmdir invocation. (line 17) * directory deletion, reporting: rmdir invocation. (line 31) * directory I/O: dd invocation. (line 169) * directory listing: ls invocation. (line 6) * directory listing, brief: dir invocation. (line 6) * directory listing, recursive: Which files are listed. (line 91) * directory listing, verbose: vdir invocation. (line 6) * directory order, listing by: Sorting the output. (line 20) * directory, creating temporary: mktemp invocation. (line 6) * directory, stripping from file names: basename invocation. (line 6) * dired Emacs mode support: What information is listed. (line 16) * dirname: dirname invocation. (line 6) * disabling special characters: Characters. (line 13) * disambiguating group names and IDs: Disambiguating names and IDs. (line 6) * disk allocation: What information is listed. (line 244) * disk device file: df invocation. (line 19) * disk usage: Disk usage. (line 6) * disk usage by file system: df invocation. (line 6) * disk usage for files: du invocation. (line 6) * diskette file system: df invocation. (line 139) * displacement of dates: Relative items in date strings. (line 6) * displaying text: echo invocation. (line 6) * displaying value of a symbolic link: readlink invocation. (line 6) * division: Numeric expressions. (line 16) * do nothing, successfully: true invocation. (line 6) * do nothing, unsuccessfully: false invocation. (line 6) * DOS file system: df invocation. (line 139) * double spacing: pr invocation. (line 94) * down columns: pr invocation. (line 68) * dsusp: Characters. (line 53) * dsync: dd invocation. (line 174) * du: du invocation. (line 6) * DU_BLOCK_SIZE: Block size. (line 12) * ebcdic, converting to: dd invocation. (line 69) * echo <1>: Local. (line 18) * echo: echo invocation. (line 6) * echoctl: Local. (line 51) * echoe: Local. (line 22) * echok: Local. (line 26) * echoke: Local. (line 56) * echonl: Local. (line 29) * echoprt: Local. (line 46) * effective user and group IDs, printing: id invocation. (line 6) * effective user ID, printing: whoami invocation. (line 6) * efs file system type: df invocation. (line 131) * Eggert, Paul: Authors of get_date. (line 6) * eight-bit characters <1>: Combination. (line 55) * eight-bit characters: Control. (line 19) * eight-bit input: Input. (line 25) * ek: Combination. (line 22) * empty files, creating: touch invocation. (line 11) * empty lines, numbering: nl invocation. (line 87) * entire files, output of: Output of entire files. (line 6) * env: env invocation. (line 6) * environment variables, printing: printenv invocation. (line 6) * environment, preserving: su invocation. (line 64) * environment, printing: env invocation. (line 45) * environment, running a program in a modified: env invocation. (line 6) * eof: Characters. (line 32) * eol: Characters. (line 35) * eol2: Characters. (line 38) * epoch, for POSIX: Seconds since the Epoch. (line 13) * epoch, seconds since: Time conversion specifiers. (line 41) * equal string check: String tests. (line 22) * equivalence classes: Character sets. (line 127) * erase: Characters. (line 26) * erasing data: shred invocation. (line 6) * error messages, omitting <1>: chmod invocation. (line 45) * error messages, omitting <2>: chgrp invocation. (line 26) * error messages, omitting: chown invocation. (line 76) * evaluation of expressions: expr invocation. (line 6) * even parity: Control. (line 13) * evenp: Combination. (line 9) * exabyte, definition of: Block size. (line 116) * examples of date: Examples of date. (line 6) * examples of expr: Examples of expr. (line 6) * exbibyte, definition of: Block size. (line 120) * excl: dd invocation. (line 113) * excluding files from du: du invocation. (line 205) * executable file check: Access permission tests. (line 24) * executables and file type, marking: General output formatting. (line 36) * execute/search permission: Mode Structure. (line 18) * execute/search permission, symbolic: Setting Permissions. (line 63) * existence-of-file check: File characteristic tests. (line 9) * existing backup method: Backup options. (line 39) * exit status commands: Conditions. (line 6) * exit status of chroot: chroot invocation. (line 58) * exit status of env: env invocation. (line 100) * exit status of expr: expr invocation. (line 43) * exit status of false: false invocation. (line 6) * exit status of ls: ls invocation. (line 29) * exit status of mktemp: mktemp invocation. (line 130) * exit status of nice: nice invocation. (line 56) * exit status of nohup: nohup invocation. (line 47) * exit status of pathchk: pathchk invocation. (line 50) * exit status of printenv: printenv invocation. (line 25) * exit status of runcon: runcon invocation. (line 46) * exit status of sort: sort invocation. (line 58) * exit status of stdbuf: stdbuf invocation. (line 61) * exit status of su: su invocation. (line 80) * exit status of test: test invocation. (line 41) * exit status of timeout: timeout invocation. (line 37) * exit status of true: true invocation. (line 6) * exit status of tty: tty invocation. (line 21) * expand: expand invocation. (line 6) * expr: expr invocation. (line 6) * expression evaluation <1>: expr invocation. (line 6) * expression evaluation: test invocation. (line 6) * expressions, numeric: Numeric expressions. (line 6) * expressions, string: String expressions. (line 6) * extended attributes, xattr <1>: mv invocation. (line 34) * extended attributes, xattr: install invocation. (line 35) * extension, sorting files by: Sorting the output. (line 63) * factor: factor invocation. (line 6) * failure exit status: false invocation. (line 6) * false: false invocation. (line 6) * fascism: su invocation. (line 87) * fdatasync: dd invocation. (line 127) * ffN: Output. (line 63) * field separator character: sort invocation. (line 316) * fields, padding numeric: Padding and other flags. (line 6) * FIFOs, creating: mkfifo invocation. (line 6) * file attributes, changing: Changing file attributes. (line 6) * file characteristic tests: File characteristic tests. (line 6) * file contents, dumping unambiguously: od invocation. (line 6) * file information, preserving: cp invocation. (line 231) * file information, preserving, extended attributes, xattr: cp invocation. (line 163) * file mode bits, numeric: Numeric Modes. (line 6) * file name manipulation: File name manipulation. (line 6) * file name pattern expansion, disabled: su invocation. (line 44) * file names, checking validity and portability: pathchk invocation. (line 6) * file names, creating temporary: mktemp invocation. (line 6) * file names, stripping directory and suffix: basename invocation. (line 6) * file offset radix: od invocation. (line 36) * file ownership, changing: chown invocation. (line 6) * file sizes: du invocation. (line 50) * file space usage: du invocation. (line 6) * file status: stat invocation. (line 6) * file system disk usage: df invocation. (line 6) * file system sizes: df invocation. (line 38) * file system space, retrieving current data more slowly: df invocation. (line 106) * file system space, retrieving old data more quickly: df invocation. (line 73) * file system status: stat invocation. (line 6) * file system types, limiting output to certain: df invocation. (line 69) * file system types, printing: df invocation. (line 119) * file systems: stat invocation. (line 28) * file systems and hard links: ln invocation. (line 6) * file systems, omitting copying to different: cp invocation. (line 359) * file timestamps, changing: touch invocation. (line 6) * file type and executables, marking: General output formatting. (line 36) * file type tests: File type tests. (line 6) * file type, marking: General output formatting. (line 47) * file types: Special file types. (line 9) * file types, special: Special file types. (line 6) * file utilities: Top. (line 18) * files beginning with -, removing: rm invocation. (line 98) * files, copying: cp invocation. (line 6) * files, creating: truncate invocation. (line 11) * fingerprint, 128-bit: md5sum invocation. (line 6) * fingerprint, 160-bit: sha1sum invocation. (line 6) * fingerprint, 224-bit: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * fingerprint, 256-bit: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * fingerprint, 384-bit: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * fingerprint, 512-bit: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * first in date strings: General date syntax. (line 26) * first part of files, outputting: head invocation. (line 6) * fixed-length records, converting to variable-length: dd invocation. (line 40) * flow control, hardware: Control. (line 36) * flow control, software: Input. (line 45) * flushing, disabling: Local. (line 32) * fmt: fmt invocation. (line 6) * fold: fold invocation. (line 6) * folding long input lines: fold invocation. (line 6) * footers, numbering: nl invocation. (line 17) * force deletion: shred invocation. (line 101) * formatting file contents: Formatting file contents. (line 6) * formatting of numbers in seq: seq invocation. (line 24) * formatting times <1>: date invocation. (line 20) * formatting times: pr invocation. (line 98) * fortnight in date strings: Relative items in date strings. (line 15) * fsync: dd invocation. (line 131) * fullblock: dd invocation. (line 213) * general date syntax: General date syntax. (line 6) * general numeric sort: sort invocation. (line 105) * get_date: Date input formats. (line 6) * gibibyte, definition of: Block size. (line 99) * gigabyte, definition of: Block size. (line 95) * giving away permissions: Umask and Protection. (line 12) * globbing, disabled: su invocation. (line 44) * GMT: Options for date. (line 87) * grand total of disk size, usage and available space: df invocation. (line 42) * grand total of disk space: du invocation. (line 55) * graph: Character sets. (line 106) * Greenwich Mean Time: Options for date. (line 87) * group IDs, disambiguating: Disambiguating names and IDs. (line 6) * group names, disambiguating: Disambiguating names and IDs. (line 6) * group owner, default: Mode Structure. (line 31) * group ownership of installed files, setting: install invocation. (line 68) * group ownership, changing <1>: chgrp invocation. (line 6) * group ownership, changing: chown invocation. (line 6) * group wheel, not supported: su invocation. (line 87) * group, permissions for: Setting Permissions. (line 26) * groups: groups invocation. (line 6) * growing files: tail invocation. (line 48) * hangups, immunity to: nohup invocation. (line 6) * hard link check: File characteristic tests. (line 23) * hard link, defined: ln invocation. (line 32) * hard links: dd invocation. (line 202) * hard links to directories: ln invocation. (line 90) * hard links to symbolic links: ln invocation. (line 161) * hard links, counting in du: du invocation. (line 96) * hard links, creating <1>: ln invocation. (line 6) * hard links, creating: link invocation. (line 6) * hard links, preserving: cp invocation. (line 103) * hardware class: uname invocation. (line 41) * hardware flow control: Control. (line 36) * hardware platform: uname invocation. (line 35) * hardware type: uname invocation. (line 41) * hat notation for control characters: Local. (line 51) * head: head invocation. (line 6) * head of output: shuf invocation. (line 32) * headers, numbering: nl invocation. (line 17) * help, online: Common options. (line 37) * hex dump of files: od invocation. (line 6) * High Sierra file system: df invocation. (line 135) * holes, copying files with: cp invocation. (line 284) * holes, creating files with: truncate invocation. (line 13) * HOME: su invocation. (line 18) * horizontal, listing files: General output formatting. (line 88) * host processor type: uname invocation. (line 50) * hostid: hostid invocation. (line 6) * hostname <1>: hostname invocation. (line 6) * hostname: uname invocation. (line 46) * hour in date strings: Relative items in date strings. (line 15) * hsfs file system type: df invocation. (line 135) * human numeric sort: sort invocation. (line 133) * human-readable output <1>: du invocation. (line 81) * human-readable output <2>: df invocation. (line 48) * human-readable output <3>: What information is listed. (line 116) * human-readable output: Block size. (line 43) * hup[cl]: Control. (line 23) * hurd, author, printing: What information is listed. (line 10) * ibs: dd invocation. (line 25) * icanon: Local. (line 11) * icrnl: Input. (line 34) * id: id invocation. (line 6) * idle time: who invocation. (line 86) * iexten: Local. (line 15) * if: dd invocation. (line 17) * iflag: dd invocation. (line 136) * ignbrk: Input. (line 9) * igncr: Input. (line 31) * ignore file systems: df invocation. (line 32) * Ignore garbage in base64 stream: base64 invocation. (line 36) * ignoring case: sort invocation. (line 94) * ignpar: Input. (line 15) * imaxbel: Input. (line 59) * immunity to hangups: nohup invocation. (line 6) * implementation, hardware: uname invocation. (line 35) * indenting lines: pr invocation. (line 200) * index: String expressions. (line 45) * information, about current users: who invocation. (line 6) * initial part of files, outputting: head invocation. (line 6) * initial tabs, converting: expand invocation. (line 34) * inlcr: Input. (line 28) * inode number, printing: What information is listed. (line 123) * inode usage: df invocation. (line 58) * inode, and hard links: ln invocation. (line 32) * inodes, written buffered: sync invocation. (line 6) * inpck: Input. (line 22) * input block size: dd invocation. (line 25) * input encoding, UTF-8: Input. (line 37) * input range to shuffle: shuf invocation. (line 23) * input settings: Input. (line 6) * input tabs: pr invocation. (line 118) * install: install invocation. (line 6) * intr: Characters. (line 20) * invocation of commands, modified: Modified command invocation. (line 6) * isig: Local. (line 7) * ISO 8601 date format: Calendar date items. (line 30) * ISO/IEC 10646: printf invocation. (line 68) * ispeed: Special. (line 16) * istrip: Input. (line 25) * items in date strings: General date syntax. (line 6) * iterations, selecting the number of: shred invocation. (line 106) * iuclc: Input. (line 50) * iutf8: Input. (line 37) * ixany: Input. (line 55) * ixoff: Input. (line 45) * ixon: Input. (line 40) * join: join invocation. (line 6) * kernel name: uname invocation. (line 65) * kernel release: uname invocation. (line 61) * kernel version: uname invocation. (line 76) * kibibyte, definition of: Block size. (line 83) * kibibytes for file sizes: du invocation. (line 90) * kibibytes for file system sizes: df invocation. (line 63) * kill <1>: kill invocation. (line 6) * kill: Characters. (line 29) * kilobyte, definition of: Block size. (line 78) * Knuth, Donald E.: fmt invocation. (line 19) * language, in dates: General date syntax. (line 40) * last DAY <1>: Day of week items. (line 15) * last DAY: Options for date. (line 11) * last in date strings: General date syntax. (line 26) * last modified dates, displaying in du: du invocation. (line 148) * last part of files, outputting: tail invocation. (line 6) * LC_ALL <1>: ls invocation. (line 17) * LC_ALL: sort invocation. (line 49) * LC_COLLATE <1>: Relations for expr. (line 22) * LC_COLLATE <2>: join invocation. (line 14) * LC_COLLATE <3>: comm invocation. (line 12) * LC_COLLATE <4>: uniq invocation. (line 21) * LC_COLLATE: sort invocation. (line 49) * LC_CTYPE <1>: printf invocation. (line 68) * LC_CTYPE: sort invocation. (line 79) * LC_MESSAGES: pr invocation. (line 13) * LC_NUMERIC <1>: printf invocation. (line 57) * LC_NUMERIC <2>: sort invocation. (line 105) * LC_NUMERIC: Block size. (line 57) * LC_TIME <1>: date invocation. (line 11) * LC_TIME <2>: du invocation. (line 168) * LC_TIME <3>: Formatting file timestamps. (line 30) * LC_TIME <4>: sort invocation. (line 149) * LC_TIME: pr invocation. (line 105) * LCASE: Combination. (line 71) * lcase: Combination. (line 71) * lcase, converting to: dd invocation. (line 93) * lchown <1>: chgrp invocation. (line 30) * lchown: chown invocation. (line 103) * leading directories, creating missing: install invocation. (line 62) * leading directory components, stripping: basename invocation. (line 6) * left margin: pr invocation. (line 200) * length: String expressions. (line 50) * limiting output of du: du invocation. (line 116) * line: Special. (line 37) * line buffered: stdbuf invocation. (line 6) * line count: wc invocation. (line 6) * line numbering: nl invocation. (line 6) * line settings of terminal: stty invocation. (line 6) * line-breaking: fmt invocation. (line 19) * line-by-line comparison: comm invocation. (line 6) * LINES: Special. (line 30) * link: link invocation. (line 6) * links, creating <1>: ln invocation. (line 6) * links, creating: link invocation. (line 6) * Linux file system types: df invocation. (line 131) * literal conversion specifiers: Literal conversion specifiers. (line 6) * litout: Combination. (line 59) * ln: ln invocation. (line 6) * ln format for nl: nl invocation. (line 98) * lnext: Characters. (line 62) * local file system types: df invocation. (line 131) * local settings: Local. (line 6) * logging out and continuing to run: nohup invocation. (line 6) * logical and operator <1>: Relations for expr. (line 17) * logical and operator: Connectives for test. (line 12) * logical connectives <1>: Relations for expr. (line 6) * logical connectives: Connectives for test. (line 6) * logical or operator <1>: Relations for expr. (line 11) * logical or operator: Connectives for test. (line 15) * logical pages, numbering on: nl invocation. (line 12) * login name, printing: logname invocation. (line 6) * login sessions, printing users with: users invocation. (line 6) * login shell: su invocation. (line 18) * login shell, creating: su invocation. (line 53) * login time: who invocation. (line 11) * LOGNAME: su invocation. (line 18) * logname: logname invocation. (line 6) * long ls format: What information is listed. (line 131) * lower: Character sets. (line 109) * lowercase, translating to output: Output. (line 12) * ls: ls invocation. (line 6) * LS_BLOCK_SIZE: Block size. (line 12) * LS_COLORS: dircolors invocation. (line 23) * lutimes: touch invocation. (line 75) * machine type: uname invocation. (line 41) * machine-readable stty output: stty invocation. (line 41) * MacKenzie, D.: Introduction. (line 19) * MacKenzie, David: Authors of get_date. (line 6) * Makefiles, installing programs in: install invocation. (line 30) * manipulating files: Basic operations. (line 6) * manipulation of file names: File name manipulation. (line 6) * match: String expressions. (line 36) * matching patterns: String expressions. (line 11) * MD5: md5sum invocation. (line 6) * md5sum: md5sum invocation. (line 6) * mebibyte, definition of: Block size. (line 92) * mebibytes for file sizes: du invocation. (line 106) * megabyte, definition of: Block size. (line 88) * merging files: paste invocation. (line 6) * merging files in parallel: pr invocation. (line 6) * merging sorted files: sort invocation. (line 32) * message status: who invocation. (line 95) * message-digest, 128-bit: md5sum invocation. (line 6) * message-digest, 160-bit: sha1sum invocation. (line 6) * message-digest, 224-bit: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * message-digest, 256-bit: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * message-digest, 384-bit: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * message-digest, 512-bit: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * Meyering, J.: Introduction. (line 19) * Meyering, Jim: Authors of get_date. (line 6) * midnight in date strings: Time of day items. (line 22) * min: Special. (line 7) * minute in date strings: Relative items in date strings. (line 15) * minutes, time zone correction by: Time of day items. (line 30) * MIT AI lab: su invocation. (line 92) * mkdir: mkdir invocation. (line 6) * mkfifo: mkfifo invocation. (line 6) * mknod: mknod invocation. (line 6) * mktemp: mktemp invocation. (line 6) * modem control: Control. (line 33) * modes and umask: Umask and Protection. (line 6) * modes of created directories, setting: mkdir invocation. (line 19) * modes of created FIFOs, setting: mkfifo invocation. (line 21) * modification time, sorting files by: Sorting the output. (line 36) * modified command invocation: Modified command invocation. (line 6) * modified environment, running a program in a: env invocation. (line 6) * modify time, changing: touch invocation. (line 90) * month in date strings: Relative items in date strings. (line 15) * month names in date strings: Calendar date items. (line 38) * months, sorting by: sort invocation. (line 149) * months, written-out: General date syntax. (line 36) * MS-DOS file system: df invocation. (line 139) * mtime, changing: touch invocation. (line 90) * multicolumn output, generating: pr invocation. (line 6) * multiple changes to permissions: Multiple Changes. (line 6) * multiplication: Numeric expressions. (line 16) * multipliers after numbers: dd invocation. (line 227) * mv: mv invocation. (line 6) * name follow option: tail invocation. (line 48) * name of kernel: uname invocation. (line 65) * named pipe check: File type tests. (line 28) * named pipes, creating: mkfifo invocation. (line 6) * network node name: uname invocation. (line 46) * never interactive option: rm invocation. (line 52) * newer files, copying only: cp invocation. (line 345) * newer files, moving only: mv invocation. (line 82) * newer-than file check: File characteristic tests. (line 15) * newline echoing after kill: Local. (line 26) * newline, echoing: Local. (line 29) * newline, translating to crlf: Output. (line 19) * newline, translating to return: Input. (line 28) * next DAY <1>: Day of week items. (line 15) * next DAY: Options for date. (line 11) * next in date strings: General date syntax. (line 26) * NFS file system type: df invocation. (line 126) * NFS mounts from BSD to HP-UX <1>: du invocation. (line 216) * NFS mounts from BSD to HP-UX: What information is listed. (line 252) * nice: nice invocation. (line 6) * niceness: nice invocation. (line 6) * nl <1>: Combination. (line 18) * nl: nl invocation. (line 6) * nlN: Output. (line 39) * no dereference: chcon invocation. (line 22) * no-op: true invocation. (line 6) * noatime: dd invocation. (line 188) * nocreat: dd invocation. (line 109) * noctty: dd invocation. (line 193) * node name: uname invocation. (line 46) * noerror: dd invocation. (line 106) * noflsh: Local. (line 32) * nofollow: dd invocation. (line 199) * nohup: nohup invocation. (line 6) * nohup.out: nohup invocation. (line 6) * nolinks: dd invocation. (line 202) * non-directories, copying as special files: cp invocation. (line 90) * non-directory suffix, stripping: dirname invocation. (line 6) * nonblock: dd invocation. (line 185) * nonblocking I/O: dd invocation. (line 185) * none backup method: Backup options. (line 31) * none color option: General output formatting. (line 23) * none, sorting option for ls: Sorting the output. (line 49) * nonempty file check: File characteristic tests. (line 12) * nonprinting characters, ignoring: sort invocation. (line 142) * nonzero-length string check: String tests. (line 19) * noon in date strings: Time of day items. (line 22) * not-equal string check: String tests. (line 25) * notrunc: dd invocation. (line 119) * now in date strings: Relative items in date strings. (line 33) * nproc: nproc invocation. (line 6) * number of inputs to merge, nmerge: sort invocation. (line 250) * numbered backup method: Backup options. (line 35) * numbering lines: nl invocation. (line 6) * numbers, written-out: General date syntax. (line 26) * numeric expressions: Numeric expressions. (line 6) * numeric field padding: Padding and other flags. (line 6) * numeric modes: Numeric Modes. (line 6) * numeric operations: Numeric operations. (line 6) * numeric sequences: seq invocation. (line 6) * numeric sort: sort invocation. (line 159) * numeric tests: Numeric tests. (line 6) * numeric uid and gid: What information is listed. (line 234) * numeric user and group IDs: What information is listed. (line 234) * obs: dd invocation. (line 29) * ocrnl: Output. (line 16) * octal dump of files: od invocation. (line 6) * octal numbers for file modes: Numeric Modes. (line 6) * od: od invocation. (line 6) * odd parity: Control. (line 13) * oddp: Combination. (line 14) * of: dd invocation. (line 20) * ofdel: Output. (line 34) * ofill: Output. (line 30) * oflag: dd invocation. (line 140) * olcuc: Output. (line 12) * older-than file check: File characteristic tests. (line 19) * once interactive option: rm invocation. (line 54) * one file system, restricting du to: du invocation. (line 201) * one file system, restricting rm to: rm invocation. (line 63) * one-line output format: df invocation. (line 80) * onlcr: Output. (line 19) * onlret: Output. (line 27) * onocr: Output. (line 23) * operating on characters: Operating on characters. (line 6) * operating on sorted files: Operating on sorted files. (line 6) * operating system name: uname invocation. (line 57) * opost: Output. (line 9) * option delimiter: Common options. (line 44) * options for date: Options for date. (line 6) * or operator <1>: Relations for expr. (line 11) * or operator: Connectives for test. (line 15) * ordinal numbers: General date syntax. (line 26) * ospeed: Special. (line 19) * other permissions: Setting Permissions. (line 29) * output block size: dd invocation. (line 29) * output file name prefix <1>: csplit invocation. (line 62) * output file name prefix: split invocation. (line 14) * output file name suffix: csplit invocation. (line 66) * output format: stat invocation. (line 33) * output format, portable: df invocation. (line 80) * output NUL-byte-terminated lines <1>: env invocation. (line 83) * output NUL-byte-terminated lines <2>: printenv invocation. (line 19) * output NUL-byte-terminated lines: du invocation. (line 122) * output of entire files: Output of entire files. (line 6) * output of parts of files: Output of parts of files. (line 6) * output settings: Output. (line 6) * output tabs: pr invocation. (line 137) * overwriting of input, allowed <1>: shuf invocation. (line 37) * overwriting of input, allowed: sort invocation. (line 276) * owned by effective group ID check: Access permission tests. (line 31) * owned by effective user ID check: Access permission tests. (line 28) * owner of file, permissions for: Setting Permissions. (line 23) * owner, default: Mode Structure. (line 31) * ownership of installed files, setting: install invocation. (line 86) * p for FIFO file: mknod invocation. (line 28) * pad character: Output. (line 34) * pad instead of timing for delaying: Output. (line 30) * padding of numeric fields: Padding and other flags. (line 6) * paragraphs, reformatting: fmt invocation. (line 6) * parenb: Control. (line 9) * parent directories and cp: cp invocation. (line 235) * parent directories, creating: mkdir invocation. (line 34) * parent directories, creating missing: install invocation. (line 62) * parent directories, removing: rmdir invocation. (line 22) * parentheses for grouping: expr invocation. (line 31) * parity: Combination. (line 10) * parity errors, marking: Input. (line 18) * parity, ignoring: Input. (line 15) * parmrk: Input. (line 18) * parodd: Control. (line 13) * parsing date strings: Options for date. (line 11) * parts of files, output of: Output of parts of files. (line 6) * pass8: Combination. (line 55) * passwd entry, and su shell: su invocation. (line 12) * paste: paste invocation. (line 6) * Paterson, R.: Introduction. (line 19) * PATH <1>: su invocation. (line 53) * PATH: env invocation. (line 23) * pathchk: pathchk invocation. (line 6) * pattern matching: String expressions. (line 11) * PC file system: df invocation. (line 139) * pcfs: df invocation. (line 139) * pebibyte, definition of: Block size. (line 113) * permission tests: Access permission tests. (line 6) * permissions of installed files, setting: install invocation. (line 74) * permissions, changing access: chmod invocation. (line 6) * permissions, copying existing: Copying Permissions. (line 6) * permissions, for changing file timestamps: touch invocation. (line 17) * permissions, output by ls: What information is listed. (line 191) * petabyte, definition of: Block size. (line 109) * phone directory order: sort invocation. (line 87) * pieces, splitting a file into: split invocation. (line 6) * Pinard, F. <1>: Authors of get_date. (line 14) * Pinard, F.: Introduction. (line 19) * pipe fitting: tee invocation. (line 6) * Plass, Michael F.: fmt invocation. (line 19) * platform, hardware: uname invocation. (line 35) * pm in date strings: Time of day items. (line 22) * portable file names, checking for: pathchk invocation. (line 6) * portable output format: df invocation. (line 80) * POSIX: Introduction. (line 11) * POSIX output format: df invocation. (line 80) * POSIXLY_CORRECT <1>: id invocation. (line 11) * POSIXLY_CORRECT <2>: printf invocation. (line 48) * POSIXLY_CORRECT <3>: echo invocation. (line 76) * POSIXLY_CORRECT <4>: dd invocation. (line 261) * POSIXLY_CORRECT <5>: sort invocation. (line 284) * POSIXLY_CORRECT <6>: pr invocation. (line 105) * POSIXLY_CORRECT <7>: Standards conformance. (line 6) * POSIXLY_CORRECT: Common options. (line 11) * POSIXLY_CORRECT, and block size: Block size. (line 12) * pr: pr invocation. (line 6) * prime factors: factor invocation. (line 6) * print: Character sets. (line 112) * print machine hardware name: arch invocation. (line 6) * print name of current directory: pwd invocation. (line 6) * print system information: uname invocation. (line 6) * print terminal file name: tty invocation. (line 6) * Print the number of processors: nproc invocation. (line 6) * printenv: printenv invocation. (line 6) * printf: printf invocation. (line 6) * printing all or some environment variables: printenv invocation. (line 6) * printing color database: dircolors invocation. (line 45) * printing current user information: who invocation. (line 6) * printing current usernames: users invocation. (line 6) * printing groups a user is in: groups invocation. (line 6) * printing real and effective user and group IDs: id invocation. (line 6) * printing text: echo invocation. (line 6) * printing text, commands for: Printing text. (line 6) * printing the current time: date invocation. (line 6) * printing the effective user ID: whoami invocation. (line 6) * printing the host identifier: hostid invocation. (line 6) * printing the hostname: hostname invocation. (line 6) * printing the system uptime and load: uptime invocation. (line 6) * printing user's login name: logname invocation. (line 6) * printing, preparing files for: pr invocation. (line 6) * process zero-terminated items <1>: uniq invocation. (line 112) * process zero-terminated items <2>: shuf invocation. (line 48) * process zero-terminated items: sort invocation. (line 359) * processes, commands for controlling: Process control. (line 6) * prompting, and ln: ln invocation. (line 100) * prompting, and mv: mv invocation. (line 38) * prompting, and rm: rm invocation. (line 11) * prompts, forcing: mv invocation. (line 69) * prompts, omitting: mv invocation. (line 63) * prterase: Local. (line 46) * ptx: ptx invocation. (line 6) * punct: Character sets. (line 115) * pure numbers in date strings: Pure numbers in date strings. (line 6) * pwd: pwd invocation. (line 6) * quit: Characters. (line 23) * quoting style: Formatting the file names. (line 34) * radix for file offsets: od invocation. (line 36) * random sort: sort invocation. (line 188) * random source for shredding: shred invocation. (line 112) * random source for shuffling: shuf invocation. (line 43) * random source for sorting: sort invocation. (line 289) * random sources: Random sources. (line 6) * ranges: Character sets. (line 50) * raw: Combination. (line 43) * read errors, ignoring: dd invocation. (line 106) * read from stdin and write to stdout and files: tee invocation. (line 6) * read permission: Mode Structure. (line 12) * read permission, symbolic: Setting Permissions. (line 57) * read system call, and holes: cp invocation. (line 284) * readable file check: Access permission tests. (line 15) * readlink: readlink invocation. (line 6) * real user and group IDs, printing: id invocation. (line 6) * realpath: readlink invocation. (line 6) * recursive directory listing: Which files are listed. (line 91) * recursively changing access permissions: chmod invocation. (line 69) * recursively changing file ownership: chown invocation. (line 140) * recursively changing group ownership: chgrp invocation. (line 66) * recursively copying directories: cp invocation. (line 90) * redirection: Redirection. (line 6) * reference file: chcon invocation. (line 25) * reformatting paragraph text: fmt invocation. (line 6) * regular expression matching: String expressions. (line 11) * regular file check: File type tests. (line 19) * relations, numeric or string: Relations for expr. (line 6) * relative items in date strings: Relative items in date strings. (line 6) * release of kernel: uname invocation. (line 61) * remainder: Numeric expressions. (line 16) * remote hostname: who invocation. (line 11) * removing empty directories: rmdir invocation. (line 6) * removing files after shredding: shred invocation. (line 123) * removing files or directories: rm invocation. (line 6) * removing files or directories (via the unlink syscall): unlink invocation. (line 6) * removing permissions: Setting Permissions. (line 42) * repeated characters: Character sets. (line 71) * repeated lines, outputting: uniq invocation. (line 63) * repeated output of a string: yes invocation. (line 6) * restricted deletion flag: Mode Structure. (line 56) * restricted shell: su invocation. (line 64) * return, ignoring: Input. (line 31) * return, translating to newline <1>: Output. (line 16) * return, translating to newline: Input. (line 34) * reverse sorting <1>: Sorting the output. (line 27) * reverse sorting: sort invocation. (line 182) * reversing files: tac invocation. (line 6) * rm: rm invocation. (line 6) * rmdir: rmdir invocation. (line 6) * rn format for nl: nl invocation. (line 101) * root as default owner: install invocation. (line 86) * root directory, allow recursive destruction: rm invocation. (line 84) * root directory, allow recursive modification <1>: chmod invocation. (line 54) * root directory, allow recursive modification <2>: chgrp invocation. (line 48) * root directory, allow recursive modification: chown invocation. (line 121) * root directory, disallow recursive destruction: rm invocation. (line 79) * root directory, disallow recursive modification <1>: chmod invocation. (line 49) * root directory, disallow recursive modification <2>: chgrp invocation. (line 43) * root directory, disallow recursive modification: chown invocation. (line 116) * root directory, running a program in a specified: chroot invocation. (line 6) * root, becoming: su invocation. (line 6) * rows: Special. (line 22) * rprnt: Characters. (line 56) * RTS/CTS flow control: Control. (line 36) * run commands with bounded time: timeout invocation. (line 6) * run with security context: runcon invocation. (line 6) * runcon: runcon invocation. (line 6) * running a program in a modified environment: env invocation. (line 6) * running a program in a specified root directory: chroot invocation. (line 6) * rz format for nl: nl invocation. (line 104) * Salz, Rich: Authors of get_date. (line 6) * same file check: File characteristic tests. (line 23) * sane: Combination. (line 26) * scheduling, affecting: nice invocation. (line 6) * screen columns: fold invocation. (line 14) * seconds since the epoch: Time conversion specifiers. (line 41) * section delimiters of pages: nl invocation. (line 68) * security context <1>: id invocation. (line 48) * security context <2>: mknod invocation. (line 54) * security context <3>: mkfifo invocation. (line 28) * security context <4>: mkdir invocation. (line 56) * security context <5>: install invocation. (line 91) * security context: What information is listed. (line 268) * seek: dd invocation. (line 48) * self-backups: cp invocation. (line 53) * SELinux <1>: id invocation. (line 48) * SELinux <2>: mknod invocation. (line 54) * SELinux <3>: mkfifo invocation. (line 28) * SELinux <4>: mkdir invocation. (line 56) * SELinux <5>: install invocation. (line 91) * SELinux: What information is listed. (line 268) * SELinux context: SELinux context. (line 6) * SELinux, context: SELinux context. (line 6) * send a signal to processes: kill invocation. (line 6) * sentences and line-breaking: fmt invocation. (line 19) * separator for numbers in seq: seq invocation. (line 42) * seq: seq invocation. (line 6) * sequence of numbers: seq invocation. (line 6) * set-group-ID: Mode Structure. (line 49) * set-group-ID check: Access permission tests. (line 9) * set-user-ID: Mode Structure. (line 42) * set-user-ID check: Access permission tests. (line 18) * setgid: Mode Structure. (line 49) * setting permissions: Setting Permissions. (line 46) * setting the hostname: hostname invocation. (line 6) * setting the time: Setting the time. (line 6) * setuid: Mode Structure. (line 42) * setup for color: dircolors invocation. (line 6) * sh syntax for color setup: dircolors invocation. (line 34) * SHA-1: sha1sum invocation. (line 6) * SHA-2: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * sha1sum: sha1sum invocation. (line 6) * sha224sum: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * sha256sum: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * sha384sum: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * sha512sum: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * SHELL: su invocation. (line 18) * SHELL environment variable, and color: dircolors invocation. (line 23) * shell utilities: Top. (line 18) * shred: shred invocation. (line 6) * shuf: shuf invocation. (line 6) * shuffling files: shuf invocation. (line 6) * SI output <1>: du invocation. (line 128) * SI output <2>: df invocation. (line 99) * SI output <3>: What information is listed. (line 260) * SI output: Block size. (line 43) * signals, specifying: Signal specifications. (line 6) * simple backup method: Backup options. (line 44) * SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX: Backup options. (line 50) * single-column output of files: General output formatting. (line 10) * size: Special. (line 30) * size for main memory sorting: sort invocation. (line 300) * size of file to shred: shred invocation. (line 117) * size of files, reporting: What information is listed. (line 244) * size of files, sorting files by: Sorting the output. (line 32) * skip: dd invocation. (line 45) * sleep: sleep invocation. (line 6) * socket check: File type tests. (line 31) * software flow control: Input. (line 45) * sort: sort invocation. (line 6) * sort field: sort invocation. (line 231) * sort stability: sort invocation. (line 38) * sort's last-resort comparison: sort invocation. (line 38) * sorted files, operations on: Operating on sorted files. (line 6) * sorting files: sort invocation. (line 6) * sorting ls output: Sorting the output. (line 6) * space: Character sets. (line 118) * sparse files, copying: cp invocation. (line 284) * sparse files, creating: truncate invocation. (line 13) * special characters: Characters. (line 6) * special file types: Special file types. (line 6) * special files: mknod invocation. (line 11) * special settings: Special. (line 6) * specifying sets of characters: Character sets. (line 6) * speed: Special. (line 40) * split: split invocation. (line 6) * splitting a file into pieces: split invocation. (line 6) * splitting a file into pieces by context: csplit invocation. (line 6) * squeezing empty lines: cat invocation. (line 35) * squeezing repeat characters: Squeezing. (line 6) * Stallman, R.: Introduction. (line 19) * standard input: Common options. (line 49) * standard output: Common options. (line 49) * standard streams, buffering: stdbuf invocation. (line 6) * start: Characters. (line 44) * stat: stat invocation. (line 6) * status: dd invocation. (line 55) * status time, printing or sorting by: Sorting the output. (line 13) * status time, show the most recent: du invocation. (line 154) * stdbuf: stdbuf invocation. (line 6) * sticky: Mode Structure. (line 56) * sticky bit check: Access permission tests. (line 12) * stop: Characters. (line 47) * stop bits: Control. (line 27) * strftime and date: date invocation. (line 20) * string constants, outputting: od invocation. (line 76) * string expressions: String expressions. (line 6) * string tests: String tests. (line 6) * strip directory and suffix from file names: basename invocation. (line 6) * stripping non-directory suffix: dirname invocation. (line 6) * stripping symbol table information: install invocation. (line 108) * stripping trailing slashes <1>: mv invocation. (line 95) * stripping trailing slashes: cp invocation. (line 318) * stty: stty invocation. (line 6) * su: su invocation. (line 6) * substitute user and group IDs: su invocation. (line 6) * substr: String expressions. (line 40) * subtracting permissions: Setting Permissions. (line 42) * subtraction: Numeric expressions. (line 12) * successful exit: true invocation. (line 6) * suffix, stripping from file names: basename invocation. (line 6) * sum: sum invocation. (line 6) * summarizing files: Summarizing files. (line 6) * super-user, becoming: su invocation. (line 6) * superblock, writing: sync invocation. (line 6) * supplementary groups, printing: groups invocation. (line 6) * susp: Characters. (line 50) * swab (byte-swapping): dd invocation. (line 101) * swap space, saving text image in: Mode Structure. (line 56) * swtch: Characters. (line 41) * symbol table information, stripping: install invocation. (line 108) * symbol table information, stripping, program: install invocation. (line 111) * symbolic (soft) links, creating: ln invocation. (line 6) * symbolic link check: File type tests. (line 23) * symbolic link to directory, controlling traversal of: Traversing symlinks. (line 6) * symbolic link to directory, never traverse <1>: chcon invocation. (line 42) * symbolic link to directory, never traverse <2>: chgrp invocation. (line 79) * symbolic link to directory, never traverse <3>: chown invocation. (line 152) * symbolic link to directory, never traverse: Traversing symlinks. (line 26) * symbolic link to directory, traverse each that is encountered <1>: chcon invocation. (line 38) * symbolic link to directory, traverse each that is encountered <2>: chgrp invocation. (line 75) * symbolic link to directory, traverse each that is encountered <3>: chown invocation. (line 148) * symbolic link to directory, traverse each that is encountered: Traversing symlinks. (line 22) * symbolic link to directory, traverse each that is specified on the command line <1>: chcon invocation. (line 33) * symbolic link to directory, traverse each that is specified on the command line <2>: chgrp invocation. (line 70) * symbolic link to directory, traverse each that is specified on the command line <3>: chown invocation. (line 143) * symbolic link to directory, traverse each that is specified on the command line: Traversing symlinks. (line 18) * symbolic link, defined: ln invocation. (line 42) * symbolic links and ln: ln invocation. (line 161) * symbolic links and pwd: pwd invocation. (line 26) * symbolic links, changing group: chgrp invocation. (line 35) * symbolic links, changing owner <1>: chgrp invocation. (line 30) * symbolic links, changing owner: chown invocation. (line 80) * symbolic links, changing time: touch invocation. (line 75) * symbolic links, copying: cp invocation. (line 103) * symbolic links, copying with: cp invocation. (line 323) * symbolic links, dereferencing: Which files are listed. (line 36) * symbolic links, dereferencing in du: du invocation. (line 101) * symbolic links, dereferencing in stat: stat invocation. (line 22) * symbolic links, following: dd invocation. (line 199) * symbolic links, permissions of: chmod invocation. (line 10) * symbolic modes: Symbolic Modes. (line 6) * sync <1>: sync invocation. (line 6) * sync: dd invocation. (line 182) * sync (padding with ASCII NULs): dd invocation. (line 122) * synchronize disk and memory: sync invocation. (line 6) * synchronized data and metadata I/O: dd invocation. (line 182) * synchronized data and metadata writes, before finishing: dd invocation. (line 131) * synchronized data reads: dd invocation. (line 174) * synchronized data writes, before finishing: dd invocation. (line 127) * syslog: su invocation. (line 29) * system context: System context. (line 6) * system information, printing <1>: uname invocation. (line 6) * system information, printing <2>: nproc invocation. (line 6) * system information, printing: arch invocation. (line 6) * system name, printing: hostname invocation. (line 6) * System V sum: sum invocation. (line 31) * tab stops, setting: expand invocation. (line 22) * tabN: Output. (line 51) * tabs: Combination. (line 66) * tabs to spaces, converting: expand invocation. (line 6) * tac: tac invocation. (line 6) * tagged paragraphs: fmt invocation. (line 40) * tail: tail invocation. (line 6) * tandem: Input. (line 45) * target directory <1>: ln invocation. (line 149) * target directory <2>: mv invocation. (line 105) * target directory <3>: install invocation. (line 120) * target directory <4>: cp invocation. (line 336) * target directory: Target directory. (line 6) * tebibyte, definition of: Block size. (line 106) * tee: tee invocation. (line 6) * telephone directory order: sort invocation. (line 87) * temporary directory: sort invocation. (line 336) * temporary files and directories: mktemp invocation. (line 6) * terabyte, definition of: Block size. (line 102) * TERM: su invocation. (line 53) * terminal check: File type tests. (line 34) * terminal file name, printing: tty invocation. (line 6) * terminal lines, currently used: who invocation. (line 11) * terminal settings: stty invocation. (line 6) * terminal, using color iff: General output formatting. (line 25) * terse output: stat invocation. (line 53) * test: test invocation. (line 6) * text: dd invocation. (line 209) * text I/O: dd invocation. (line 209) * text image, saving in swap space: Mode Structure. (line 56) * text input files: md5sum invocation. (line 87) * text utilities: Top. (line 18) * text, displaying: echo invocation. (line 6) * text, reformatting: fmt invocation. (line 6) * this in date strings: Relative items in date strings. (line 33) * time <1>: Special. (line 11) * time: touch invocation. (line 61) * time conversion specifiers: Time conversion specifiers. (line 6) * time formats <1>: date invocation. (line 20) * time formats: pr invocation. (line 98) * time limit: timeout invocation. (line 6) * time of day item: Time of day items. (line 6) * time setting: Setting the time. (line 6) * time style <1>: du invocation. (line 163) * time style: Formatting file timestamps. (line 26) * time units <1>: sleep invocation. (line 11) * time units: timeout invocation. (line 30) * time zone correction: Time of day items. (line 30) * time zone item <1>: Time zone items. (line 6) * time zone item: General date syntax. (line 44) * time, printing or setting: date invocation. (line 6) * TIME_STYLE <1>: du invocation. (line 191) * TIME_STYLE: Formatting file timestamps. (line 106) * timeout: timeout invocation. (line 6) * timestamps of installed files, preserving: install invocation. (line 98) * timestamps, changing file: touch invocation. (line 6) * TMPDIR: sort invocation. (line 64) * today in date strings: Relative items in date strings. (line 33) * tomorrow: Options for date. (line 11) * tomorrow in date strings: Relative items in date strings. (line 29) * topological sort: tsort invocation. (line 6) * tostop: Local. (line 41) * total counts: wc invocation. (line 12) * touch: touch invocation. (line 6) * tr: tr invocation. (line 6) * trailing slashes: Trailing slashes. (line 6) * translating characters: Translating. (line 6) * true: true invocation. (line 6) * truncate: truncate invocation. (line 6) * truncating output file, avoiding: dd invocation. (line 119) * truncating, file sizes: truncate invocation. (line 6) * tsort: tsort invocation. (line 6) * tty: tty invocation. (line 6) * Twenex: su invocation. (line 92) * two-way parity: Control. (line 9) * type size: od invocation. (line 122) * TZ <1>: Specifying time zone rules. (line 6) * TZ <2>: Options for date. (line 87) * TZ <3>: date invocation. (line 16) * TZ <4>: who invocation. (line 26) * TZ <5>: stat invocation. (line 139) * TZ <6>: touch invocation. (line 40) * TZ <7>: Formatting file timestamps. (line 18) * TZ: pr invocation. (line 111) * u, and disabling special characters: Characters. (line 13) * ucase, converting to: dd invocation. (line 96) * ufs file system type: df invocation. (line 131) * umask and modes: Umask and Protection. (line 6) * uname: uname invocation. (line 6) * unblock: dd invocation. (line 87) * unexpand: unexpand invocation. (line 6) * Unicode: printf invocation. (line 68) * uniq: uniq invocation. (line 6) * unique lines, outputting: uniq invocation. (line 101) * uniquify files: uniq invocation. (line 6) * uniquifying output: sort invocation. (line 345) * unlink: unlink invocation. (line 6) * unprintable characters, ignoring: sort invocation. (line 142) * unsorted directory listing: Sorting the output. (line 20) * upper: Character sets. (line 121) * uppercase, translating to lowercase: Input. (line 50) * uptime: uptime invocation. (line 6) * use time, changing: touch invocation. (line 53) * use time, printing or sorting files by: Sorting the output. (line 13) * use time, show the most recent: du invocation. (line 154) * USER: su invocation. (line 18) * user ID, switching: su invocation. (line 6) * user IDs, disambiguating: Disambiguating names and IDs. (line 6) * user information, commands for: User information. (line 6) * user name, printing: logname invocation. (line 6) * user names, disambiguating: Disambiguating names and IDs. (line 6) * usernames, printing current: users invocation. (line 6) * users: users invocation. (line 6) * UTC: Options for date. (line 87) * utmp <1>: who invocation. (line 15) * utmp <2>: users invocation. (line 14) * utmp: logname invocation. (line 6) * valid file names, checking for: pathchk invocation. (line 6) * variable-length records, converting to fixed-length: dd invocation. (line 40) * vdir: vdir invocation. (line 6) * verbose ls format: What information is listed. (line 131) * verifying MD5 checksums: md5sum invocation. (line 69) * version number sort: sort invocation. (line 176) * version number, finding: Common options. (line 41) * version of kernel: uname invocation. (line 76) * version, sorting option for ls: Sorting the output. (line 56) * version-control Emacs variable: Backup options. (line 24) * VERSION_CONTROL <1>: ln invocation. (line 84) * VERSION_CONTROL <2>: mv invocation. (line 58) * VERSION_CONTROL <3>: install invocation. (line 42) * VERSION_CONTROL <4>: cp invocation. (line 75) * VERSION_CONTROL: Backup options. (line 13) * vertical sorted files in columns: General output formatting. (line 15) * vtN: Output. (line 59) * wc: wc invocation. (line 6) * week in date strings: Relative items in date strings. (line 15) * werase: Characters. (line 59) * wheel group, not supported: su invocation. (line 87) * who: who invocation. (line 6) * who am i: who invocation. (line 21) * whoami: whoami invocation. (line 6) * word count: wc invocation. (line 6) * working context: Working context. (line 6) * working directory, printing: pwd invocation. (line 6) * wrap data: base64 invocation. (line 22) * wrapping long input lines: fold invocation. (line 6) * writable file check: Access permission tests. (line 21) * write permission: Mode Structure. (line 15) * write permission, symbolic: Setting Permissions. (line 60) * write, allowed: who invocation. (line 95) * wtmp <1>: who invocation. (line 15) * wtmp: users invocation. (line 14) * xcase: Local. (line 36) * xdigit: Character sets. (line 124) * XON/XOFF flow control: Input. (line 40) * year in date strings: Relative items in date strings. (line 15) * yes: yes invocation. (line 6) * yesterday: Options for date. (line 11) * yesterday in date strings: Relative items in date strings. (line 29) * yottabyte, definition of: Block size. (line 131) * Youmans, B.: Introduction. (line 19) * zero-length string check: String tests. (line 15) * zettabyte, definition of: Block size. (line 123) * |: Relations for expr. (line 11)  Tag Table: Node: Top8359 Node: Introduction22126 Node: Common options23685 Node: Exit status26899 Node: Backup options27650 Node: Block size29574 Node: Signal specifications34483 Node: Disambiguating names and IDs36533 Ref: Disambiguating names and IDs-Footnote-138102 Node: Random sources38172 Node: Target directory39789 Node: Trailing slashes43274 Node: Traversing symlinks44295 Node: Treating / specially45366 Node: Special built-in utilities46913 Node: Standards conformance48048 Node: Output of entire files49564 Node: cat invocation50165 Node: tac invocation51921 Node: nl invocation53183 Node: od invocation57062 Node: base64 invocation63910 Node: Formatting file contents65289 Node: fmt invocation65740 Node: pr invocation68553 Node: fold invocation81010 Node: Output of parts of files82470 Node: head invocation82978 Node: tail invocation85163 Node: split invocation93762 Node: csplit invocation96123 Node: Summarizing files100874 Node: wc invocation101522 Node: sum invocation104596 Node: cksum invocation106001 Node: md5sum invocation107141 Node: sha1sum invocation112202 Node: sha2 utilities112982 Node: Operating on sorted files113606 Node: sort invocation114193 Ref: sort invocation-Footnote-1137245 Node: shuf invocation137797 Node: uniq invocation140376 Node: comm invocation145068 Node: ptx invocation147489 Node: General options in ptx150293 Node: Charset selection in ptx150874 Node: Input processing in ptx151776 Node: Output formatting in ptx157197 Node: Compatibility in ptx163763 Node: tsort invocation166996 Node: tsort background170155 Node: Operating on fields171803 Node: cut invocation172165 Node: paste invocation175680 Node: join invocation176994 Node: Operating on characters182907 Node: tr invocation183329 Node: Character sets185047 Node: Translating189478 Node: Squeezing191569 Node: expand invocation194636 Node: unexpand invocation196118 Node: Directory listing197936 Node: ls invocation198422 Ref: ls invocation-Footnote-1200518 Node: Which files are listed200740 Node: What information is listed204480 Node: Sorting the output213727 Node: Details about version sort216037 Node: General output formatting217805 Node: Formatting file timestamps221708 Node: Formatting the file names227049 Node: dir invocation229965 Node: vdir invocation230376 Node: dircolors invocation230754 Node: Basic operations232452 Node: cp invocation233072 Node: dd invocation248364 Node: install invocation258082 Node: mv invocation263357 Node: rm invocation267919 Node: shred invocation272223 Node: Special file types279726 Node: link invocation281232 Node: ln invocation282451 Node: mkdir invocation290243 Node: mkfifo invocation292614 Node: mknod invocation293734 Node: readlink invocation295864 Node: rmdir invocation297835 Node: unlink invocation299109 Node: Changing file attributes300068 Node: chown invocation300882 Node: chgrp invocation307068 Node: chmod invocation310118 Node: touch invocation312873 Node: Disk usage318727 Node: df invocation319388 Node: du invocation325330 Node: stat invocation333850 Node: sync invocation337832 Node: truncate invocation338787 Node: Printing text340546 Node: echo invocation340920 Node: printf invocation343376 Node: yes invocation348612 Node: Conditions349224 Node: false invocation349815 Node: true invocation350850 Node: test invocation352129 Node: File type tests354169 Node: Access permission tests355051 Node: File characteristic tests355936 Node: String tests356701 Node: Numeric tests357366 Node: Connectives for test358172 Node: expr invocation358525 Node: String expressions360966 Node: Numeric expressions363550 Node: Relations for expr364247 Node: Examples of expr365441 Node: Redirection366165 Node: tee invocation366623 Node: File name manipulation371413 Node: basename invocation371929 Node: dirname invocation373376 Node: pathchk invocation374586 Node: mktemp invocation376350 Node: Working context381970 Node: pwd invocation382614 Node: stty invocation383958 Node: Control386718 Node: Input387478 Node: Output389151 Node: Local390471 Node: Combination392053 Node: Characters394274 Node: Special395828 Node: printenv invocation397485 Node: tty invocation398495 Node: User information399201 Node: id invocation399836 Node: logname invocation401759 Node: whoami invocation402386 Node: groups invocation402873 Node: users invocation404078 Node: who invocation405025 Node: System context407961 Node: date invocation408626 Node: Time conversion specifiers410343 Node: Date conversion specifiers412743 Node: Literal conversion specifiers415867 Node: Padding and other flags416225 Node: Setting the time418416 Node: Options for date419422 Node: Examples of date422898 Ref: %s-examples424316 Node: arch invocation426501 Node: nproc invocation426950 Node: uname invocation428060 Node: hostname invocation430634 Node: hostid invocation431247 Node: uptime invocation431958 Node: SELinux context433081 Node: chcon invocation433456 Node: runcon invocation435278 Node: Modified command invocation436744 Node: chroot invocation437494 Ref: chroot invocation-Footnote-1440062 Node: env invocation440364 Node: nice invocation444608 Node: nohup invocation448322 Node: stdbuf invocation450605 Node: su invocation452806 Node: timeout invocation457307 Node: Process control458769 Node: kill invocation458992 Node: Delaying462063 Node: sleep invocation462260 Node: Numeric operations463380 Node: factor invocation463712 Node: seq invocation465463 Node: File permissions469083 Node: Mode Structure469701 Node: Symbolic Modes473396 Node: Setting Permissions474494 Node: Copying Permissions477107 Node: Changing Special Mode Bits477926 Node: Conditional Executability479748 Node: Multiple Changes480292 Node: Umask and Protection481959 Node: Numeric Modes483064 Node: Directory Setuid and Setgid484964 Node: Date input formats487226 Node: General date syntax489579 Node: Calendar date items492538 Node: Time of day items494543 Node: Time zone items496747 Node: Day of week items497989 Node: Relative items in date strings498986 Node: Pure numbers in date strings501796 Node: Seconds since the Epoch502785 Node: Specifying time zone rules504414 Node: Authors of get_date506786 Node: Opening the software toolbox507546 Node: Toolbox introduction508218 Node: I/O redirection510941 Node: The who command513775 Node: The cut command514672 Node: The sort command515735 Node: The uniq command516439 Node: Putting the tools together517129 Ref: Putting the tools together-Footnote-1529081 Node: GNU Free Documentation License529155 Node: Concept index554348  End Tag Table 070701000091c3000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7d00082937000000660000000300000000000000000000002700000000reloc/doc/coreutils/doc/coreutils.texi\input texinfo @c %**start of header @setfilename coreutils.info @settitle @sc{gnu} Coreutils @c %**end of header @include version.texi @include constants.texi @c Define new indices. @defcodeindex op @defcodeindex fl @c Put everything in one index (arbitrarily chosen to be the concept index). @syncodeindex fl cp @syncodeindex fn cp @syncodeindex ky cp @syncodeindex op cp @syncodeindex pg cp @syncodeindex vr cp @dircategory Basics @direntry * Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities. * Common options: (coreutils)Common options. Common options. * File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. Access modes. * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats. @end direntry @c FIXME: the following need documentation @c * [: (coreutils)[ invocation. File/string tests. @c * pinky: (coreutils)pinky invocation. FIXME. @dircategory Individual utilities @direntry * arch: (coreutils)arch invocation. Print machine hardware name. * base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation. Base64 encode/decode data. * basename: (coreutils)basename invocation. Strip directory and suffix. * cat: (coreutils)cat invocation. Concatenate and write files. * chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation. Change SELinux CTX of files. * chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation. Change file groups. * chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation. Change file permissions. * chown: (coreutils)chown invocation. Change file owners/groups. * chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation. Specify the root directory. * cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation. Print POSIX CRC checksum. * comm: (coreutils)comm invocation. Compare sorted files by line. * cp: (coreutils)cp invocation. Copy files. * csplit: (coreutils)csplit invocation. Split by context. * cut: (coreutils)cut invocation. Print selected parts of lines. * date: (coreutils)date invocation. Print/set system date and time. * dd: (coreutils)dd invocation. Copy and convert a file. * df: (coreutils)df invocation. Report file system disk usage. * dir: (coreutils)dir invocation. List directories briefly. * dircolors: (coreutils)dircolors invocation. Color setup for ls. * dirname: (coreutils)dirname invocation. Strip last file name component. * du: (coreutils)du invocation. Report on disk usage. * echo: (coreutils)echo invocation. Print a line of text. * env: (coreutils)env invocation. Modify the environment. * expand: (coreutils)expand invocation. Convert tabs to spaces. * expr: (coreutils)expr invocation. Evaluate expressions. * factor: (coreutils)factor invocation. Print prime factors * false: (coreutils)false invocation. Do nothing, unsuccessfully. * fmt: (coreutils)fmt invocation. Reformat paragraph text. * fold: (coreutils)fold invocation. Wrap long input lines. * groups: (coreutils)groups invocation. Print group names a user is in. * head: (coreutils)head invocation. Output the first part of files. * hostid: (coreutils)hostid invocation. Print numeric host identifier. * hostname: (coreutils)hostname invocation. Print or set system name. * id: (coreutils)id invocation. Print user identity. * install: (coreutils)install invocation. Copy and change attributes. * join: (coreutils)join invocation. Join lines on a common field. * kill: (coreutils)kill invocation. Send a signal to processes. * link: (coreutils)link invocation. Make hard links between files. * ln: (coreutils)ln invocation. Make links between files. * logname: (coreutils)logname invocation. Print current login name. * ls: (coreutils)ls invocation. List directory contents. * md5sum: (coreutils)md5sum invocation. Print or check MD5 digests. * mkdir: (coreutils)mkdir invocation. Create directories. * mkfifo: (coreutils)mkfifo invocation. Create FIFOs (named pipes). * mknod: (coreutils)mknod invocation. Create special files. * mktemp: (coreutils)mktemp invocation. Create temporary files. * mv: (coreutils)mv invocation. Rename files. * nice: (coreutils)nice invocation. Modify niceness. * nl: (coreutils)nl invocation. Number lines and write files. * nohup: (coreutils)nohup invocation. Immunize to hangups. * nproc: (coreutils)nproc invocation. Print the number of processors. * od: (coreutils)od invocation. Dump files in octal, etc. * paste: (coreutils)paste invocation. Merge lines of files. * pathchk: (coreutils)pathchk invocation. Check file name portability. * pr: (coreutils)pr invocation. Paginate or columnate files. * printenv: (coreutils)printenv invocation. Print environment variables. * printf: (coreutils)printf invocation. Format and print data. * ptx: (coreutils)ptx invocation. Produce permuted indexes. * pwd: (coreutils)pwd invocation. Print working directory. * readlink: (coreutils)readlink invocation. Print referent of a symlink. * rm: (coreutils)rm invocation. Remove files. * rmdir: (coreutils)rmdir invocation. Remove empty directories. * runcon: (coreutils)runcon invocation. Run in specified SELinux CTX. * seq: (coreutils)seq invocation. Print numeric sequences * sha1sum: (coreutils)sha1sum invocation. Print or check SHA-1 digests. * sha2: (coreutils)sha2 utilities. Print or check SHA-2 digests. * shred: (coreutils)shred invocation. Remove files more securely. * shuf: (coreutils)shuf invocation. Shuffling text files. * sleep: (coreutils)sleep invocation. Delay for a specified time. * sort: (coreutils)sort invocation. Sort text files. * split: (coreutils)split invocation. Split into fixed-size pieces. * stat: (coreutils)stat invocation. Report file(system) status. * stdbuf: (coreutils)stdbuf invocation. Modify stdio buffering. * stty: (coreutils)stty invocation. Print/change terminal settings. * su: (coreutils)su invocation. Modify user and group ID. * sum: (coreutils)sum invocation. Print traditional checksum. * sync: (coreutils)sync invocation. Synchronize memory and disk. * tac: (coreutils)tac invocation. Reverse files. * tail: (coreutils)tail invocation. Output the last part of files. * tee: (coreutils)tee invocation. Redirect to multiple files. * test: (coreutils)test invocation. File/string tests. * timeout: (coreutils)timeout invocation. Run with time limit. * touch: (coreutils)touch invocation. Change file timestamps. * tr: (coreutils)tr invocation. Translate characters. * true: (coreutils)true invocation. Do nothing, successfully. * truncate: (coreutils)truncate invocation. Shrink/extend size of a file. * tsort: (coreutils)tsort invocation. Topological sort. * tty: (coreutils)tty invocation. Print terminal name. * uname: (coreutils)uname invocation. Print system information. * unexpand: (coreutils)unexpand invocation. Convert spaces to tabs. * uniq: (coreutils)uniq invocation. Uniquify files. * unlink: (coreutils)unlink invocation. Removal via unlink(2). * uptime: (coreutils)uptime invocation. Print uptime and load. * users: (coreutils)users invocation. Print current user names. * vdir: (coreutils)vdir invocation. List directories verbosely. * wc: (coreutils)wc invocation. Line, word, and byte counts. * who: (coreutils)who invocation. Print who is logged in. * whoami: (coreutils)whoami invocation. Print effective user ID. * yes: (coreutils)yes invocation. Print a string indefinitely. @end direntry @copying This manual documents version @value{VERSION} of the @sc{gnu} core utilities, including the standard programs for text and file manipulation. Copyright @copyright{} 1994-1996, 2000-2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @quotation Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''. @end quotation @end copying @titlepage @title @sc{gnu} @code{Coreutils} @subtitle Core GNU utilities @subtitle for version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED} @author David MacKenzie et al. @page @vskip 0pt plus 1filll @insertcopying @end titlepage @shortcontents @contents @ifnottex @node Top @top GNU Coreutils @insertcopying @end ifnottex @cindex core utilities @cindex text utilities @cindex shell utilities @cindex file utilities @menu * Introduction:: Caveats, overview, and authors * Common options:: Common options * Output of entire files:: cat tac nl od base64 * Formatting file contents:: fmt pr fold * Output of parts of files:: head tail split csplit * Summarizing files:: wc sum cksum md5sum sha1sum sha2 * Operating on sorted files:: sort shuf uniq comm ptx tsort * Operating on fields:: cut paste join * Operating on characters:: tr expand unexpand * Directory listing:: ls dir vdir dircolors * Basic operations:: cp dd install mv rm shred * Special file types:: mkdir rmdir unlink mkfifo mknod ln link readlink * Changing file attributes:: chgrp chmod chown touch * Disk usage:: df du stat sync truncate * Printing text:: echo printf yes * Conditions:: false true test expr * Redirection:: tee * File name manipulation:: dirname basename pathchk mktemp * Working context:: pwd stty printenv tty * User information:: id logname whoami groups users who * System context:: date arch nproc uname hostname hostid uptime * SELinux context:: chcon runcon * Modified command invocation:: chroot env nice nohup stdbuf su timeout * Process control:: kill * Delaying:: sleep * Numeric operations:: factor seq * File permissions:: Access modes * Date input formats:: Specifying date strings * Opening the software toolbox:: The software tools philosophy * GNU Free Documentation License:: Copying and sharing this manual * Concept index:: General index @detailmenu --- The Detailed Node Listing --- Common Options * Exit status:: Indicating program success or failure * Backup options:: Backup options * Block size:: Block size * Signal specifications:: Specifying signals * Disambiguating names and IDs:: chgrp and chown owner and group syntax * Random sources:: Sources of random data * Target directory:: Target directory * Trailing slashes:: Trailing slashes * Traversing symlinks:: Traversing symlinks to directories * Treating / specially:: Treating / specially * Standards conformance:: Standards conformance Output of entire files * cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files * tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse * nl invocation:: Number lines and write files * od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats * base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data Formatting file contents * fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text * pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing * fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width Output of parts of files * head invocation:: Output the first part of files * tail invocation:: Output the last part of files * split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces * csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces Summarizing files * wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts * sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts * cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts * md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests * sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests Operating on sorted files * sort invocation:: Sort text files * shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files * uniq invocation:: Uniquify files * comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line * ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents * tsort invocation:: Topological sort @command{ptx}: Produce permuted indexes * General options in ptx:: Options which affect general program behavior * Charset selection in ptx:: Underlying character set considerations * Input processing in ptx:: Input fields, contexts, and keyword selection * Output formatting in ptx:: Types of output format, and sizing the fields * Compatibility in ptx:: The @acronym{GNU} extensions to @command{ptx} Operating on fields * cut invocation:: Print selected parts of lines * paste invocation:: Merge lines of files * join invocation:: Join lines on a common field Operating on characters * tr invocation:: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters * expand invocation:: Convert tabs to spaces * unexpand invocation:: Convert spaces to tabs @command{tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters * Character sets:: Specifying sets of characters * Translating:: Changing one set of characters to another * Squeezing:: Squeezing repeats and deleting Directory listing * ls invocation:: List directory contents * dir invocation:: Briefly list directory contents * vdir invocation:: Verbosely list directory contents * dircolors invocation:: Color setup for @command{ls} @command{ls}: List directory contents * Which files are listed:: Which files are listed * What information is listed:: What information is listed * Sorting the output:: Sorting the output * Details about version sort:: More details about version sort * General output formatting:: General output formatting * Formatting the file names:: Formatting the file names Basic operations * cp invocation:: Copy files and directories * dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file * install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes * mv invocation:: Move (rename) files * rm invocation:: Remove files or directories * shred invocation:: Remove files more securely Special file types * link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall * ln invocation:: Make links between files * mkdir invocation:: Make directories * mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes) * mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files * readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name * rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories * unlink invocation:: Remove files via unlink syscall Changing file attributes * chown invocation:: Change file owner and group * chgrp invocation:: Change group ownership * chmod invocation:: Change access permissions * touch invocation:: Change file timestamps Disk usage * df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage * du invocation:: Estimate file space usage * stat invocation:: Report file or file system status * sync invocation:: Synchronize data on disk with memory * truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file Printing text * echo invocation:: Print a line of text * printf invocation:: Format and print data * yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted Conditions * false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully * true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully * test invocation:: Check file types and compare values * expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions @command{test}: Check file types and compare values * File type tests:: File type tests * Access permission tests:: Access permission tests * File characteristic tests:: File characteristic tests * String tests:: String tests * Numeric tests:: Numeric tests @command{expr}: Evaluate expression * String expressions:: + : match substr index length * Numeric expressions:: + - * / % * Relations for expr:: | & < <= = == != >= > * Examples of expr:: Examples of using @command{expr} Redirection * tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes File name manipulation * basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name * dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component * pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability * mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory Working context * pwd invocation:: Print working directory * stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics * printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables * tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics * Control:: Control settings * Input:: Input settings * Output:: Output settings * Local:: Local settings * Combination:: Combination settings * Characters:: Special characters * Special:: Special settings User information * id invocation:: Print user identity * logname invocation:: Print current login name * whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID * groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in * users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in * who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in System context * arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name * date invocation:: Print or set system date and time * nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors * uname invocation:: Print system information * hostname invocation:: Print or set system name * hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier * uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load @command{date}: Print or set system date and time * Time conversion specifiers:: %[HIklMNpPrRsSTXzZ] * Date conversion specifiers:: %[aAbBcCdDeFgGhjmuUVwWxyY] * Literal conversion specifiers:: %[%nt] * Padding and other flags:: Pad with zeros, spaces, etc. * Setting the time:: Changing the system clock * Options for date:: Instead of the current time * Date input formats:: Specifying date strings * Examples of date:: Examples SELinux context * chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file * runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context Modified command invocation * chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory * env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment * nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness * nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups * stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering * su invocation:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID * timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit Process control * kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes. Delaying * sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time Numeric operations * factor invocation:: Print prime factors * seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences File permissions * Mode Structure:: Structure of file mode bits * Symbolic Modes:: Mnemonic representation of file mode bits * Numeric Modes:: File mode bits as octal numbers * Directory Setuid and Setgid:: Set-user-ID and set-group-ID on directories Date input formats * General date syntax:: Common rules * Calendar date items:: 19 Dec 1994 * Time of day items:: 9:20pm * Time zone items:: @sc{est}, @sc{pdt}, @sc{gmt} * Day of week items:: Monday and others * Relative items in date strings:: next tuesday, 2 years ago * Pure numbers in date strings:: 19931219, 1440 * Seconds since the Epoch:: @@1078100502 * Specifying time zone rules:: TZ="America/New_York", TZ="UTC0" * Authors of get_date:: Bellovin, Eggert, Salz, Berets, et al Opening the software toolbox * Toolbox introduction:: Toolbox introduction * I/O redirection:: I/O redirection * The who command:: The @command{who} command * The cut command:: The @command{cut} command * The sort command:: The @command{sort} command * The uniq command:: The @command{uniq} command * Putting the tools together:: Putting the tools together Copying This Manual * GNU Free Documentation License:: Copying and sharing this manual @end detailmenu @end menu @node Introduction @chapter Introduction This manual is a work in progress: many sections make no attempt to explain basic concepts in a way suitable for novices. Thus, if you are interested, please get involved in improving this manual. The entire @sc{gnu} community will benefit. @cindex @acronym{POSIX} The @sc{gnu} utilities documented here are mostly compatible with the @acronym{POSIX} standard. @cindex bugs, reporting Please report bugs to @email{bug-coreutils@@gnu.org}. Remember to include the version number, machine architecture, input files, and any other information needed to reproduce the bug: your input, what you expected, what you got, and why it is wrong. Diffs are welcome, but please include a description of the problem as well, since this is sometimes difficult to infer. @xref{Bugs, , , gcc, Using and Porting GNU CC}. @cindex Berry, K. @cindex Paterson, R. @cindex Stallman, R. @cindex Pinard, F. @cindex MacKenzie, D. @cindex Meyering, J. @cindex Youmans, B. This manual was originally derived from the Unix man pages in the distributions, which were written by David MacKenzie and updated by Jim Meyering. What you are reading now is the authoritative documentation for these utilities; the man pages are no longer being maintained. The original @command{fmt} man page was written by Ross Paterson. Fran@,{c}ois Pinard did the initial conversion to Texinfo format. Karl Berry did the indexing, some reorganization, and editing of the results. Brian Youmans of the Free Software Foundation office staff combined the manuals for textutils, fileutils, and sh-utils to produce the present omnibus manual. Richard Stallman contributed his usual invaluable insights to the overall process. @node Common options @chapter Common options @macro optBackup @item -b @itemx @w{@kbd{--backup}[=@var{method}]} @opindex -b @opindex --backup @vindex VERSION_CONTROL @cindex backups, making @xref{Backup options}. Make a backup of each file that would otherwise be overwritten or removed. @end macro @macro optBackupSuffix @item -S @var{suffix} @itemx --suffix=@var{suffix} @opindex -S @opindex --suffix Append @var{suffix} to each backup file made with @option{-b}. @xref{Backup options}. @end macro @macro optTargetDirectory @item -t @var{directory} @itemx @w{@kbd{--target-directory}=@var{directory}} @opindex -t @opindex --target-directory @cindex target directory @cindex destination directory Specify the destination @var{directory}. @xref{Target directory}. @end macro @macro optNoTargetDirectory @item -T @itemx --no-target-directory @opindex -T @opindex --no-target-directory @cindex target directory @cindex destination directory Do not treat the last operand specially when it is a directory or a symbolic link to a directory. @xref{Target directory}. @end macro @macro optNull{cmd} @item -0 @opindex -0 @itemx --null @opindex --null @cindex output @sc{nul}-byte-terminated lines Output a zero byte (@acronym{ASCII} @sc{nul}) at the end of each line, rather than a newline. This option enables other programs to parse the output of @command{\cmd\} even when that output would contain data with embedded newlines. @end macro @macro optSi @itemx --si @opindex --si @cindex SI output Append an SI-style abbreviation to each size, such as @samp{M} for megabytes. Powers of 1000 are used, not 1024; @samp{M} stands for 1,000,000 bytes. This option is equivalent to @option{--block-size=si}. Use the @option{-h} or @option{--human-readable} option if you prefer powers of 1024. @end macro @macro optHumanReadable @item -h @itemx --human-readable @opindex -h @opindex --human-readable @cindex human-readable output Append a size letter to each size, such as @samp{M} for mebibytes. Powers of 1024 are used, not 1000; @samp{M} stands for 1,048,576 bytes. This option is equivalent to @option{--block-size=human-readable}. Use the @option{--si} option if you prefer powers of 1000. @end macro @macro optStripTrailingSlashes @itemx @w{@kbd{--strip-trailing-slashes}} @opindex --strip-trailing-slashes @cindex stripping trailing slashes Remove any trailing slashes from each @var{source} argument. @xref{Trailing slashes}. @end macro @macro mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{cmd} @cindex conflicts with shell built-ins @cindex built-in shell commands, conflicts with Due to shell aliases and built-in @command{\cmd\} command, using an unadorned @command{\cmd\} interactively or in a script may get you different functionality than that described here. Invoke it via @command{env} (i.e., @code{env \cmd\ @dots{}}) to avoid interference from the shell. @end macro @macro multiplierSuffixes{varName} @var{\varName\} may be, or may be an integer optionally followed by, one of the following multiplicative suffixes: @example @samp{b} => 512 ("blocks") @samp{KB} => 1000 (KiloBytes) @samp{K} => 1024 (KibiBytes) @samp{MB} => 1000*1000 (MegaBytes) @samp{M} => 1024*1024 (MebiBytes) @samp{GB} => 1000*1000*1000 (GigaBytes) @samp{G} => 1024*1024*1024 (GibiBytes) @end example and so on for @samp{T}, @samp{P}, @samp{E}, @samp{Z}, and @samp{Y}. @end macro @c FIXME: same as above, but no ``blocks'' line. @macro multiplierSuffixesNoBlocks{varName} @var{\varName\} may be, or may be an integer optionally followed by, one of the following multiplicative suffixes: @example @samp{KB} => 1000 (KiloBytes) @samp{K} => 1024 (KibiBytes) @samp{MB} => 1000*1000 (MegaBytes) @samp{M} => 1024*1024 (MebiBytes) @samp{GB} => 1000*1000*1000 (GigaBytes) @samp{G} => 1024*1024*1024 (GibiBytes) @end example and so on for @samp{T}, @samp{P}, @samp{E}, @samp{Z}, and @samp{Y}. @end macro @cindex common options Certain options are available in all of these programs. Rather than writing identical descriptions for each of the programs, they are described here. (In fact, every @sc{gnu} program accepts (or should accept) these options.) @vindex POSIXLY_CORRECT Normally options and operands can appear in any order, and programs act as if all the options appear before any operands. For example, @samp{sort -r passwd -t :} acts like @samp{sort -r -t : passwd}, since @samp{:} is an option-argument of @option{-t}. However, if the @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} environment variable is set, options must appear before operands, unless otherwise specified for a particular command. A few programs can usefully have trailing operands with leading @samp{-}. With such a program, options must precede operands even if @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} is not set, and this fact is noted in the program description. For example, the @command{env} command's options must appear before its operands, since in some cases the operands specify a command that itself contains options. Most programs that accept long options recognize unambiguous abbreviations of those options. For example, @samp{rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty} can be invoked as @samp{rmdir --ignore-fail} or even @samp{rmdir --i}. Ambiguous options, such as @samp{ls --h}, are identified as such. Some of these programs recognize the @option{--help} and @option{--version} options only when one of them is the sole command line argument. For these programs, abbreviations of the long options are not always recognized. @table @samp @item --help @opindex --help @cindex help, online Print a usage message listing all available options, then exit successfully. @item --version @opindex --version @cindex version number, finding Print the version number, then exit successfully. @item -- @opindex -- @cindex option delimiter Delimit the option list. Later arguments, if any, are treated as operands even if they begin with @samp{-}. For example, @samp{sort -- -r} reads from the file named @file{-r}. @end table @cindex standard input @cindex standard output A single @samp{-} operand is not really an option, though it looks like one. It stands for standard input, or for standard output if that is clear from the context. For example, @samp{sort -} reads from standard input, and is equivalent to plain @samp{sort}, and @samp{tee -} writes an extra copy of its input to standard output. Unless otherwise specified, @samp{-} can appear as any operand that requires a file name. @menu * Exit status:: Indicating program success or failure. * Backup options:: -b -S, in some programs. * Block size:: BLOCK_SIZE and --block-size, in some programs. * Signal specifications:: Specifying signals using the --signal option. * Disambiguating names and IDs:: chgrp and chown owner and group syntax * Random sources:: --random-source, in some programs. * Target directory:: Specifying a target directory, in some programs. * Trailing slashes:: --strip-trailing-slashes, in some programs. * Traversing symlinks:: -H, -L, or -P, in some programs. * Treating / specially:: --preserve-root and --no-preserve-root. * Special built-in utilities:: @command{break}, @command{:}, @command{eval}, @dots{} * Standards conformance:: Conformance to the @acronym{POSIX} standard. @end menu @node Exit status @section Exit status @macro exitstatus An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure. @end macro Nearly every command invocation yields an integral @dfn{exit status} that can be used to change how other commands work. For the vast majority of commands, an exit status of zero indicates success. Failure is indicated by a nonzero value---typically @samp{1}, though it may differ on unusual platforms as @acronym{POSIX} requires only that it be nonzero. However, some of the programs documented here do produce other exit status values and a few associate different meanings with the values @samp{0} and @samp{1}. Here are some of the exceptions: @command{chroot}, @command{env}, @command{expr}, @command{nice}, @command{nohup}, @command{printenv}, @command{sort}, @command{stdbuf}, @command{su}, @command{test}, @command{timeout}, @command{tty}. @node Backup options @section Backup options @cindex backup options Some @sc{gnu} programs (at least @command{cp}, @command{install}, @command{ln}, and @command{mv}) optionally make backups of files before writing new versions. These options control the details of these backups. The options are also briefly mentioned in the descriptions of the particular programs. @table @samp @item -b @itemx @w{@kbd{--backup}[=@var{method}]} @opindex -b @opindex --backup @vindex VERSION_CONTROL @cindex backups, making Make a backup of each file that would otherwise be overwritten or removed. Without this option, the original versions are destroyed. Use @var{method} to determine the type of backups to make. When this option is used but @var{method} is not specified, then the value of the @env{VERSION_CONTROL} environment variable is used. And if @env{VERSION_CONTROL} is not set, the default backup type is @samp{existing}. Note that the short form of this option, @option{-b} does not accept any argument. Using @option{-b} is equivalent to using @option{--backup=existing}. @vindex version-control @r{Emacs variable} This option corresponds to the Emacs variable @samp{version-control}; the values for @var{method} are the same as those used in Emacs. This option also accepts more descriptive names. The valid @var{method}s are (unique abbreviations are accepted): @table @samp @item none @itemx off @opindex none @r{backup method} Never make backups. @item numbered @itemx t @opindex numbered @r{backup method} Always make numbered backups. @item existing @itemx nil @opindex existing @r{backup method} Make numbered backups of files that already have them, simple backups of the others. @item simple @itemx never @opindex simple @r{backup method} Always make simple backups. Please note @samp{never} is not to be confused with @samp{none}. @end table @item -S @var{suffix} @itemx --suffix=@var{suffix} @opindex -S @opindex --suffix @cindex backup suffix @vindex SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX Append @var{suffix} to each backup file made with @option{-b}. If this option is not specified, the value of the @env{SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX} environment variable is used. And if @env{SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX} is not set, the default is @samp{~}, just as in Emacs. @end table @node Block size @section Block size @cindex block size Some @sc{gnu} programs (at least @command{df}, @command{du}, and @command{ls}) display sizes in ``blocks''. You can adjust the block size and method of display to make sizes easier to read. The block size used for display is independent of any file system block size. Fractional block counts are rounded up to the nearest integer. @opindex --block-size=@var{size} @vindex BLOCKSIZE @vindex BLOCK_SIZE @vindex DF_BLOCK_SIZE @vindex DU_BLOCK_SIZE @vindex LS_BLOCK_SIZE @vindex POSIXLY_CORRECT@r{, and block size} The default block size is chosen by examining the following environment variables in turn; the first one that is set determines the block size. @table @code @item DF_BLOCK_SIZE This specifies the default block size for the @command{df} command. Similarly, @env{DU_BLOCK_SIZE} specifies the default for @command{du} and @env{LS_BLOCK_SIZE} for @command{ls}. @item BLOCK_SIZE This specifies the default block size for all three commands, if the above command-specific environment variables are not set. @item BLOCKSIZE This specifies the default block size for all values that are normally printed as blocks, if neither @env{BLOCK_SIZE} nor the above command-specific environment variables are set. Unlike the other environment variables, @env{BLOCKSIZE} does not affect values that are normally printed as byte counts, e.g., the file sizes contained in @code{ls -l} output. @item POSIXLY_CORRECT If neither @env{@var{command}_BLOCK_SIZE}, nor @env{BLOCK_SIZE}, nor @env{BLOCKSIZE} is set, but this variable is set, the block size defaults to 512. @end table If none of the above environment variables are set, the block size currently defaults to 1024 bytes in most contexts, but this number may change in the future. For @command{ls} file sizes, the block size defaults to 1 byte. @cindex human-readable output @cindex SI output A block size specification can be a positive integer specifying the number of bytes per block, or it can be @code{human-readable} or @code{si} to select a human-readable format. Integers may be followed by suffixes that are upward compatible with the @uref{http://www.bipm.fr/enus/3_SI/si-prefixes.html, SI prefixes} for decimal multiples and with the @uref{http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html, IEC 60027-2 prefixes for binary multiples}. With human-readable formats, output sizes are followed by a size letter such as @samp{M} for megabytes. @code{BLOCK_SIZE=human-readable} uses powers of 1024; @samp{M} stands for 1,048,576 bytes. @code{BLOCK_SIZE=si} is similar, but uses powers of 1000 and appends @samp{B}; @samp{MB} stands for 1,000,000 bytes. @vindex LC_NUMERIC A block size specification preceded by @samp{'} causes output sizes to be displayed with thousands separators. The @env{LC_NUMERIC} locale specifies the thousands separator and grouping. For example, in an American English locale, @samp{--block-size="'1kB"} would cause a size of 1234000 bytes to be displayed as @samp{1,234}. In the default C locale, there is no thousands separator so a leading @samp{'} has no effect. An integer block size can be followed by a suffix to specify a multiple of that size. A bare size letter, or one followed by @samp{iB}, specifies a multiple using powers of 1024. A size letter followed by @samp{B} specifies powers of 1000 instead. For example, @samp{1M} and @samp{1MiB} are equivalent to @samp{1048576}, whereas @samp{1MB} is equivalent to @samp{1000000}. A plain suffix without a preceding integer acts as if @samp{1} were prepended, except that it causes a size indication to be appended to the output. For example, @samp{--block-size="kB"} displays 3000 as @samp{3kB}. The following suffixes are defined. Large sizes like @code{1Y} may be rejected by your computer due to limitations of its arithmetic. @table @samp @item kB @cindex kilobyte, definition of kilobyte: @math{10^3 = 1000}. @item k @itemx K @itemx KiB @cindex kibibyte, definition of kibibyte: @math{2^{10} = 1024}. @samp{K} is special: the SI prefix is @samp{k} and the IEC 60027-2 prefix is @samp{Ki}, but tradition and @acronym{POSIX} use @samp{k} to mean @samp{KiB}. @item MB @cindex megabyte, definition of megabyte: @math{10^6 = 1,000,000}. @item M @itemx MiB @cindex mebibyte, definition of mebibyte: @math{2^{20} = 1,048,576}. @item GB @cindex gigabyte, definition of gigabyte: @math{10^9 = 1,000,000,000}. @item G @itemx GiB @cindex gibibyte, definition of gibibyte: @math{2^{30} = 1,073,741,824}. @item TB @cindex terabyte, definition of terabyte: @math{10^{12} = 1,000,000,000,000}. @item T @itemx TiB @cindex tebibyte, definition of tebibyte: @math{2^{40} = 1,099,511,627,776}. @item PB @cindex petabyte, definition of petabyte: @math{10^{15} = 1,000,000,000,000,000}. @item P @itemx PiB @cindex pebibyte, definition of pebibyte: @math{2^{50} = 1,125,899,906,842,624}. @item EB @cindex exabyte, definition of exabyte: @math{10^{18} = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000}. @item E @itemx EiB @cindex exbibyte, definition of exbibyte: @math{2^{60} = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976}. @item ZB @cindex zettabyte, definition of zettabyte: @math{10^{21} = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000} @item Z @itemx ZiB @math{2^{70} = 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424}. (@samp{Zi} is a @acronym{GNU} extension to IEC 60027-2.) @item YB @cindex yottabyte, definition of yottabyte: @math{10^{24} = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000}. @item Y @itemx YiB @math{2^{80} = 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176}. (@samp{Yi} is a @acronym{GNU} extension to IEC 60027-2.) @end table @opindex -k @opindex -h @opindex --block-size @opindex --human-readable @opindex --si Block size defaults can be overridden by an explicit @option{--block-size=@var{size}} option. The @option{-k} option is equivalent to @option{--block-size=1K}, which is the default unless the @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} environment variable is set. The @option{-h} or @option{--human-readable} option is equivalent to @option{--block-size=human-readable}. The @option{--si} option is equivalent to @option{--block-size=si}. @node Signal specifications @section Signal specifications @cindex signals, specifying A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by @samp{SIG}. The case of the letters is ignored. The following signal names and numbers are supported on all @acronym{POSIX} compliant systems: @table @samp @item HUP 1. Hangup. @item INT 2. Terminal interrupt. @item QUIT 3. Terminal quit. @item ABRT 6. Process abort. @item KILL 9. Kill (cannot be caught or ignored). @item ALRM 14. Alarm Clock. @item TERM 15. Termination. @end table @noindent Other supported signal names have system-dependent corresponding numbers. All systems conforming to @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 also support the following signals: @table @samp @item BUS Access to an undefined portion of a memory object. @item CHLD Child process terminated, stopped, or continued. @item CONT Continue executing, if stopped. @item FPE Erroneous arithmetic operation. @item ILL Illegal Instruction. @item PIPE Write on a pipe with no one to read it. @item SEGV Invalid memory reference. @item STOP Stop executing (cannot be caught or ignored). @item TSTP Terminal stop. @item TTIN Background process attempting read. @item TTOU Background process attempting write. @item URG High bandwidth data is available at a socket. @item USR1 User-defined signal 1. @item USR2 User-defined signal 2. @end table @noindent @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @acronym{XSI} extension also support the following signals: @table @samp @item POLL Pollable event. @item PROF Profiling timer expired. @item SYS Bad system call. @item TRAP Trace/breakpoint trap. @item VTALRM Virtual timer expired. @item XCPU CPU time limit exceeded. @item XFSZ File size limit exceeded. @end table @noindent @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @acronym{XRT} extension also support at least eight real-time signals called @samp{RTMIN}, @samp{RTMIN+1}, @dots{}, @samp{RTMAX-1}, @samp{RTMAX}. @node Disambiguating names and IDs @section chown and chgrp: Disambiguating user names and IDs @cindex user names, disambiguating @cindex user IDs, disambiguating @cindex group names, disambiguating @cindex group IDs, disambiguating @cindex disambiguating group names and IDs Since the @var{owner} and @var{group} arguments to @command{chown} and @command{chgrp} may be specified as names or numeric IDs, there is an apparent ambiguity. What if a user or group @emph{name} is a string of digits? @footnote{Using a number as a user name is common in some environments.} Should the command interpret it as a user name or as an ID? @acronym{POSIX} requires that @command{chown} and @command{chgrp} first attempt to resolve the specified string as a name, and only once that fails, then try to interpret it as an ID. This is troublesome when you want to specify a numeric ID, say 42, and it must work even in a pathological situation where @samp{42} is a user name that maps to some other user ID, say 1000. Simply invoking @code{chown 42 F}, will set @file{F}s owner ID to 1000---not what you intended. GNU @command{chown} and @command{chgrp} provide a way to work around this, that at the same time may result in a significant performance improvement by eliminating a database look-up. Simply precede each numeric user ID and/or group ID with a @samp{+}, in order to force its interpretation as an integer: @example chown +42 F chgrp +$numeric_group_id another-file chown +0:+0 / @end example GNU @command{chown} and @command{chgrp} skip the name look-up process for each @samp{+}-prefixed string, because a string containing @samp{+} is never a valid user or group name. This syntax is accepted on most common Unix systems, but not on Solaris 10. @node Random sources @section Sources of random data @cindex random sources The @command{shuf}, @command{shred}, and @command{sort} commands sometimes need random data to do their work. For example, @samp{sort -R} must choose a hash function at random, and it needs random data to make this selection. By default these commands use an internal pseudorandom generator initialized by a small amount of entropy, but can be directed to use an external source with the @option{--random-source=@var{file}} option. An error is reported if @var{file} does not contain enough bytes. For example, the device file @file{/dev/urandom} could be used as the source of random data. Typically, this device gathers environmental noise from device drivers and other sources into an entropy pool, and uses the pool to generate random bits. If the pool is short of data, the device reuses the internal pool to produce more bits, using a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator. But be aware that this device is not designed for bulk random data generation and is relatively slow. @file{/dev/urandom} suffices for most practical uses, but applications requiring high-value or long-term protection of private data may require an alternate data source like @file{/dev/random} or @file{/dev/arandom}. The set of available sources depends on your operating system. To reproduce the results of an earlier invocation of a command, you can save some random data into a file and then use that file as the random source in earlier and later invocations of the command. @node Target directory @section Target directory @cindex target directory The @command{cp}, @command{install}, @command{ln}, and @command{mv} commands normally treat the last operand specially when it is a directory or a symbolic link to a directory. For example, @samp{cp source dest} is equivalent to @samp{cp source dest/source} if @file{dest} is a directory. Sometimes this behavior is not exactly what is wanted, so these commands support the following options to allow more fine-grained control: @table @samp @item -T @itemx --no-target-directory @opindex --no-target-directory @cindex target directory @cindex destination directory Do not treat the last operand specially when it is a directory or a symbolic link to a directory. This can help avoid race conditions in programs that operate in a shared area. For example, when the command @samp{mv /tmp/source /tmp/dest} succeeds, there is no guarantee that @file{/tmp/source} was renamed to @file{/tmp/dest}: it could have been renamed to @file{/tmp/dest/source} instead, if some other process created @file{/tmp/dest} as a directory. However, if @file{mv -T /tmp/source /tmp/dest} succeeds, there is no question that @file{/tmp/source} was renamed to @file{/tmp/dest}. In the opposite situation, where you want the last operand to be treated as a directory and want a diagnostic otherwise, you can use the @option{--target-directory} (@option{-t}) option. @item -t @var{directory} @itemx @w{@kbd{--target-directory}=@var{directory}} @opindex --target-directory @cindex target directory @cindex destination directory Use @var{directory} as the directory component of each destination file name. The interface for most programs is that after processing options and a finite (possibly zero) number of fixed-position arguments, the remaining argument list is either expected to be empty, or is a list of items (usually files) that will all be handled identically. The @command{xargs} program is designed to work well with this convention. The commands in the @command{mv}-family are unusual in that they take a variable number of arguments with a special case at the @emph{end} (namely, the target directory). This makes it nontrivial to perform some operations, e.g., ``move all files from here to ../d/'', because @code{mv * ../d/} might exhaust the argument space, and @code{ls | xargs ...} doesn't have a clean way to specify an extra final argument for each invocation of the subject command. (It can be done by going through a shell command, but that requires more human labor and brain power than it should.) The @w{@kbd{--target-directory}} (@option{-t}) option allows the @command{cp}, @command{install}, @command{ln}, and @command{mv} programs to be used conveniently with @command{xargs}. For example, you can move the files from the current directory to a sibling directory, @code{d} like this: @smallexample ls | xargs mv -t ../d -- @end smallexample However, this doesn't move files whose names begin with @samp{.}. If you use the @sc{gnu} @command{find} program, you can move those files too, with this command: @example find . -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 \ | xargs mv -t ../d @end example But both of the above approaches fail if there are no files in the current directory, or if any file has a name containing a blank or some other special characters. The following example removes those limitations and requires both @sc{gnu} @command{find} and @sc{gnu} @command{xargs}: @example find . -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -print0 \ | xargs --null --no-run-if-empty \ mv -t ../d @end example @end table @noindent The @option{--target-directory} (@option{-t}) and @option{--no-target-directory} (@option{-T}) options cannot be combined. @node Trailing slashes @section Trailing slashes @cindex trailing slashes Some @sc{gnu} programs (at least @command{cp} and @command{mv}) allow you to remove any trailing slashes from each @var{source} argument before operating on it. The @w{@kbd{--strip-trailing-slashes}} option enables this behavior. This is useful when a @var{source} argument may have a trailing slash and @c FIXME: mv's behavior in this case is system-dependent specify a symbolic link to a directory. This scenario is in fact rather common because some shells can automatically append a trailing slash when performing file name completion on such symbolic links. Without this option, @command{mv}, for example, (via the system's rename function) must interpret a trailing slash as a request to dereference the symbolic link and so must rename the indirectly referenced @emph{directory} and not the symbolic link. Although it may seem surprising that such behavior be the default, it is required by @acronym{POSIX} and is consistent with other parts of that standard. @node Traversing symlinks @section Traversing symlinks @cindex symbolic link to directory, controlling traversal of The following options modify how @command{chown} and @command{chgrp} @c FIXME: note that `du' has these options, too, but they have slightly @c different meaning. traverse a hierarchy when the @option{--recursive} (@option{-R}) option is also specified. If more than one of the following options is specified, only the final one takes effect. These options specify whether processing a symbolic link to a directory entails operating on just the symbolic link or on all files in the hierarchy rooted at that directory. These options are independent of @option{--dereference} and @option{--no-dereference} (@option{-h}), which control whether to modify a symlink or its referent. @table @samp @macro choptH @item -H @opindex -H @cindex symbolic link to directory, traverse each that is specified on the command line If @option{--recursive} (@option{-R}) is specified and a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it. @end macro @choptH @macro choptL @item -L @opindex -L @cindex symbolic link to directory, traverse each that is encountered In a recursive traversal, traverse every symbolic link to a directory that is encountered. @end macro @choptL @macro choptP @item -P @opindex -P @cindex symbolic link to directory, never traverse Do not traverse any symbolic links. This is the default if none of @option{-H}, @option{-L}, or @option{-P} is specified. @end macro @choptP @end table @node Treating / specially @section Treating @file{/} specially Certain commands can operate destructively on entire hierarchies. For example, if a user with appropriate privileges mistakenly runs @samp{rm -rf / tmp/junk}, that may remove all files on the entire system. Since there are so few legitimate uses for such a command, @sc{gnu} @command{rm} normally declines to operate on any directory that resolves to @file{/}. If you really want to try to remove all the files on your system, you can use the @option{--no-preserve-root} option, but the default behavior, specified by the @option{--preserve-option}, is safer for most purposes. The commands @command{chgrp}, @command{chmod} and @command{chown} can also operate destructively on entire hierarchies, so they too support these options. Although, unlike @command{rm}, they don't actually unlink files, these commands are arguably more dangerous when operating recursively on @file{/}, since they often work much more quickly, and hence damage more files before an alert user can interrupt them. Tradition and @acronym{POSIX} require these commands to operate recursively on @file{/}, so they default to @option{--no-preserve-root}, but using the @option{--preserve-root} option makes them safer for most purposes. For convenience you can specify @option{--preserve-root} in an alias or in a shell function. Note that the @option{--preserve-root} option also ensures that @command{chgrp} and @command{chown} do not modify @file{/} even when dereferencing a symlink pointing to @file{/}. @node Special built-in utilities @section Special built-in utilities Some programs like @command{nice} can invoke other programs; for example, the command @samp{nice cat file} invokes the program @command{cat} by executing the command @samp{cat file}. However, @dfn{special built-in utilities} like @command{exit} cannot be invoked this way. For example, the command @samp{nice exit} does not have a well-defined behavior: it may generate an error message instead of exiting. Here is a list of the special built-in utilities that are standardized by @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2004. @quotation @t{.@: : break continue eval exec exit export readonly return set shift times trap unset} @end quotation For example, because @samp{.}, @samp{:}, and @samp{exec} are special, the commands @samp{nice . foo.sh}, @samp{nice :}, and @samp{nice exec pwd} do not work as you might expect. Many shells extend this list. For example, Bash has several extra special built-in utilities like @command{history}, and @command{suspend}, and with Bash the command @samp{nice suspend} generates an error message instead of suspending. @node Standards conformance @section Standards conformance @vindex POSIXLY_CORRECT In a few cases, the @sc{gnu} utilities' default behavior is incompatible with the @acronym{POSIX} standard. To suppress these incompatibilities, define the @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} environment variable. Unless you are checking for @acronym{POSIX} conformance, you probably do not need to define @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT}. Newer versions of @acronym{POSIX} are occasionally incompatible with older versions. For example, older versions of @acronym{POSIX} required the command @samp{sort +1} to sort based on the second and succeeding fields in each input line, but starting with @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 the same command is required to sort the file named @file{+1}, and you must instead use the command @samp{sort -k 2} to get the field-based sort. @vindex _POSIX2_VERSION The @sc{gnu} utilities normally conform to the version of @acronym{POSIX} that is standard for your system. To cause them to conform to a different version of @acronym{POSIX}, define the @env{_POSIX2_VERSION} environment variable to a value of the form @var{yyyymm} specifying the year and month the standard was adopted. Two values are currently supported for @env{_POSIX2_VERSION}: @samp{199209} stands for @acronym{POSIX} 1003.2-1992, and @samp{200112} stands for @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001. For example, if you have a newer system but are running software that assumes an older version of @acronym{POSIX} and uses @samp{sort +1} or @samp{tail +10}, you can work around any compatibility problems by setting @samp{_POSIX2_VERSION=199209} in your environment. @node Output of entire files @chapter Output of entire files @cindex output of entire files @cindex entire files, output of These commands read and write entire files, possibly transforming them in some way. @menu * cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files. * tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse. * nl invocation:: Number lines and write files. * od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats. * base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data. @end menu @node cat invocation @section @command{cat}: Concatenate and write files @pindex cat @cindex concatenate and write files @cindex copying files @command{cat} copies each @var{file} (@samp{-} means standard input), or standard input if none are given, to standard output. Synopsis: @example cat [@var{option}] [@var{file}]@dots{} @end example The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -A @itemx --show-all @opindex -A @opindex --show-all Equivalent to @option{-vET}. @item -b @itemx --number-nonblank @opindex -b @opindex --number-nonblank Number all nonempty output lines, starting with 1. @item -e @opindex -e Equivalent to @option{-vE}. @item -E @itemx --show-ends @opindex -E @opindex --show-ends Display a @samp{$} after the end of each line. @item -n @itemx --number @opindex -n @opindex --number Number all output lines, starting with 1. @item -s @itemx --squeeze-blank @opindex -s @opindex --squeeze-blank @cindex squeezing empty lines Suppress repeated adjacent empty lines; output just one empty line instead of several. @item -t @opindex -t Equivalent to @option{-vT}. @item -T @itemx --show-tabs @opindex -T @opindex --show-tabs Display TAB characters as @samp{^I}. @item -u @opindex -u Ignored; for @acronym{POSIX} compatibility. @item -v @itemx --show-nonprinting @opindex -v @opindex --show-nonprinting Display control characters except for LFD and TAB using @samp{^} notation and precede characters that have the high bit set with @samp{M-}. @end table On systems like MS-DOS that distinguish between text and binary files, @command{cat} normally reads and writes in binary mode. However, @command{cat} reads in text mode if one of the options @option{-bensAE} is used or if @command{cat} is reading from standard input and standard input is a terminal. Similarly, @command{cat} writes in text mode if one of the options @option{-bensAE} is used or if standard output is a terminal. @exitstatus Examples: @smallexample # Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. cat f - g # Copy standard input to standard output. cat @end smallexample @node tac invocation @section @command{tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse @pindex tac @cindex reversing files @command{tac} copies each @var{file} (@samp{-} means standard input), or standard input if none are given, to standard output, reversing the records (lines by default) in each separately. Synopsis: @example tac [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{file}]@dots{} @end example @dfn{Records} are separated by instances of a string (newline by default). By default, this separator string is attached to the end of the record that it follows in the file. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -b @itemx --before @opindex -b @opindex --before The separator is attached to the beginning of the record that it precedes in the file. @item -r @itemx --regex @opindex -r @opindex --regex Treat the separator string as a regular expression. Users of @command{tac} on MS-DOS/MS-Windows should note that, since @command{tac} reads files in binary mode, each line of a text file might end with a CR/LF pair instead of the Unix-style LF. @item -s @var{separator} @itemx --separator=@var{separator} @opindex -s @opindex --separator Use @var{separator} as the record separator, instead of newline. @end table @exitstatus @node nl invocation @section @command{nl}: Number lines and write files @pindex nl @cindex numbering lines @cindex line numbering @command{nl} writes each @var{file} (@samp{-} means standard input), or standard input if none are given, to standard output, with line numbers added to some or all of the lines. Synopsis: @example nl [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{file}]@dots{} @end example @cindex logical pages, numbering on @command{nl} decomposes its input into (logical) pages; by default, the line number is reset to 1 at the top of each logical page. @command{nl} treats all of the input files as a single document; it does not reset line numbers or logical pages between files. @cindex headers, numbering @cindex body, numbering @cindex footers, numbering A logical page consists of three sections: header, body, and footer. Any of the sections can be empty. Each can be numbered in a different style from the others. The beginnings of the sections of logical pages are indicated in the input file by a line containing exactly one of these delimiter strings: @table @samp @item \:\:\: start of header; @item \:\: start of body; @item \: start of footer. @end table The two characters from which these strings are made can be changed from @samp{\} and @samp{:} via options (see below), but the pattern and length of each string cannot be changed. A section delimiter is replaced by an empty line on output. Any text that comes before the first section delimiter string in the input file is considered to be part of a body section, so @command{nl} treats a file that contains no section delimiters as a single body section. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -b @var{style} @itemx --body-numbering=@var{style} @opindex -b @opindex --body-numbering Select the numbering style for lines in the body section of each logical page. When a line is not numbered, the current line number is not incremented, but the line number separator character is still prepended to the line. The styles are: @table @samp @item a number all lines, @item t number only nonempty lines (default for body), @item n do not number lines (default for header and footer), @item p@var{bre} number only lines that contain a match for the basic regular expression @var{bre}. @xref{Regular Expressions, , Regular Expressions, grep, The GNU Grep Manual}. @end table @item -d @var{cd} @itemx --section-delimiter=@var{cd} @opindex -d @opindex --section-delimiter @cindex section delimiters of pages Set the section delimiter characters to @var{cd}; default is @samp{\:}. If only @var{c} is given, the second remains @samp{:}. (Remember to protect @samp{\} or other metacharacters from shell expansion with quotes or extra backslashes.) @item -f @var{style} @itemx --footer-numbering=@var{style} @opindex -f @opindex --footer-numbering Analogous to @option{--body-numbering}. @item -h @var{style} @itemx --header-numbering=@var{style} @opindex -h @opindex --header-numbering Analogous to @option{--body-numbering}. @item -i @var{number} @itemx --line-increment=@var{number} @opindex -i @opindex --line-increment Increment line numbers by @var{number} (default 1). @item -l @var{number} @itemx --join-blank-lines=@var{number} @opindex -l @opindex --join-blank-lines @cindex empty lines, numbering @cindex blank lines, numbering Consider @var{number} (default 1) consecutive empty lines to be one logical line for numbering, and only number the last one. Where fewer than @var{number} consecutive empty lines occur, do not number them. An empty line is one that contains no characters, not even spaces or tabs. @item -n @var{format} @itemx --number-format=@var{format} @opindex -n @opindex --number-format Select the line numbering format (default is @code{rn}): @table @samp @item ln @opindex ln @r{format for @command{nl}} left justified, no leading zeros; @item rn @opindex rn @r{format for @command{nl}} right justified, no leading zeros; @item rz @opindex rz @r{format for @command{nl}} right justified, leading zeros. @end table @item -p @itemx --no-renumber @opindex -p @opindex --no-renumber Do not reset the line number at the start of a logical page. @item -s @var{string} @itemx --number-separator=@var{string} @opindex -s @opindex --number-separator Separate the line number from the text line in the output with @var{string} (default is the TAB character). @item -v @var{number} @itemx --starting-line-number=@var{number} @opindex -v @opindex --starting-line-number Set the initial line number on each logical page to @var{number} (default 1). @item -w @var{number} @itemx --number-width=@var{number} @opindex -w @opindex --number-width Use @var{number} characters for line numbers (default 6). @end table @exitstatus @node od invocation @section @command{od}: Write files in octal or other formats @pindex od @cindex octal dump of files @cindex hex dump of files @cindex ASCII dump of files @cindex file contents, dumping unambiguously @command{od} writes an unambiguous representation of each @var{file} (@samp{-} means standard input), or standard input if none are given. Synopses: @smallexample od [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{file}]@dots{} od [-abcdfilosx]@dots{} [@var{file}] [[+]@var{offset}[.][b]] od [@var{option}]@dots{} --traditional [@var{file}] [[+]@var{offset}[.][b] [[+]@var{label}[.][b]]] @end smallexample Each line of output consists of the offset in the input, followed by groups of data from the file. By default, @command{od} prints the offset in octal, and each group of file data is a C @code{short int}'s worth of input printed as a single octal number. If @var{offset} is given, it specifies how many input bytes to skip before formatting and writing. By default, it is interpreted as an octal number, but the optional trailing decimal point causes it to be interpreted as decimal. If no decimal is specified and the offset begins with @samp{0x} or @samp{0X} it is interpreted as a hexadecimal number. If there is a trailing @samp{b}, the number of bytes skipped will be @var{offset} multiplied by 512. If a command is of both the first and second forms, the second form is assumed if the last operand begins with @samp{+} or (if there are two operands) a digit. For example, in @samp{od foo 10} and @samp{od +10} the @samp{10} is an offset, whereas in @samp{od 10} the @samp{10} is a file name. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -A @var{radix} @itemx --address-radix=@var{radix} @opindex -A @opindex --address-radix @cindex radix for file offsets @cindex file offset radix Select the base in which file offsets are printed. @var{radix} can be one of the following: @table @samp @item d decimal; @item o octal; @item x hexadecimal; @item n none (do not print offsets). @end table The default is octal. @item -j @var{bytes} @itemx --skip-bytes=@var{bytes} @opindex -j @opindex --skip-bytes Skip @var{bytes} input bytes before formatting and writing. If @var{bytes} begins with @samp{0x} or @samp{0X}, it is interpreted in hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with @samp{0}, in octal; otherwise, in decimal. @multiplierSuffixes{bytes} @item -N @var{bytes} @itemx --read-bytes=@var{bytes} @opindex -N @opindex --read-bytes Output at most @var{bytes} bytes of the input. Prefixes and suffixes on @code{bytes} are interpreted as for the @option{-j} option. @item -S @var{bytes} @itemx --strings[=@var{bytes}] @opindex -S @opindex --strings @cindex string constants, outputting Instead of the normal output, output only @dfn{string constants}: at least @var{bytes} consecutive @acronym{ASCII} graphic characters, followed by a zero byte (@acronym{ASCII} @sc{nul}). Prefixes and suffixes on @code{bytes} are interpreted as for the @option{-j} option. If @var{n} is omitted with @option{--strings}, the default is 3. @item -t @var{type} @itemx --format=@var{type} @opindex -t @opindex --format Select the format in which to output the file data. @var{type} is a string of one or more of the below type indicator characters. If you include more than one type indicator character in a single @var{type} string, or use this option more than once, @command{od} writes one copy of each output line using each of the data types that you specified, in the order that you specified. Adding a trailing ``z'' to any type specification appends a display of the @acronym{ASCII} character representation of the printable characters to the output line generated by the type specification. @table @samp @item a named character, ignoring high-order bit @item c @acronym{ASCII} character or backslash escape, @item d signed decimal @item f floating point @item o octal @item u unsigned decimal @item x hexadecimal @end table The type @code{a} outputs things like @samp{sp} for space, @samp{nl} for newline, and @samp{nul} for a zero byte. Only the least significant seven bits of each byte is used; the high-order bit is ignored. Type @code{c} outputs @samp{ }, @samp{\n}, and @code{\0}, respectively. @cindex type size Except for types @samp{a} and @samp{c}, you can specify the number of bytes to use in interpreting each number in the given data type by following the type indicator character with a decimal integer. Alternately, you can specify the size of one of the C compiler's built-in data types by following the type indicator character with one of the following characters. For integers (@samp{d}, @samp{o}, @samp{u}, @samp{x}): @table @samp @item C char @item S short @item I int @item L long @end table For floating point (@code{f}): @table @asis @item F float @item D double @item L long double @end table @item -v @itemx --output-duplicates @opindex -v @opindex --output-duplicates Output consecutive lines that are identical. By default, when two or more consecutive output lines would be identical, @command{od} outputs only the first line, and puts just an asterisk on the following line to indicate the elision. @item -w[@var{n}] @itemx --width[=@var{n}] @opindex -w @opindex --width Dump @code{n} input bytes per output line. This must be a multiple of the least common multiple of the sizes associated with the specified output types. If this option is not given at all, the default is 16. If @var{n} is omitted, the default is 32. @end table The next several options are shorthands for format specifications. @sc{gnu} @command{od} accepts any combination of shorthands and format specification options. These options accumulate. @table @samp @item -a @opindex -a Output as named characters. Equivalent to @samp{-t a}. @item -b @opindex -b Output as octal bytes. Equivalent to @samp{-t o1}. @item -c @opindex -c Output as @acronym{ASCII} characters or backslash escapes. Equivalent to @samp{-t c}. @item -d @opindex -d Output as unsigned decimal two-byte units. Equivalent to @samp{-t u2}. @item -f @opindex -f Output as floats. Equivalent to @samp{-t fF}. @item -i @opindex -i Output as decimal ints. Equivalent to @samp{-t dI}. @item -l @opindex -l Output as decimal long ints. Equivalent to @samp{-t dL}. @item -o @opindex -o Output as octal two-byte units. Equivalent to @option{-t o2}. @item -s @opindex -s Output as decimal two-byte units. Equivalent to @option{-t d2}. @item -x @opindex -x Output as hexadecimal two-byte units. Equivalent to @samp{-t x2}. @item --traditional @opindex --traditional Recognize the non-option label argument that traditional @command{od} accepted. The following syntax: @smallexample od --traditional [@var{file}] [[+]@var{offset}[.][b] [[+]@var{label}[.][b]]] @end smallexample @noindent can be used to specify at most one file and optional arguments specifying an offset and a pseudo-start address, @var{label}. The @var{label} argument is interpreted just like @var{offset}, but it specifies an initial pseudo-address. The pseudo-addresses are displayed in parentheses following any normal address. @end table @exitstatus @node base64 invocation @section @command{base64}: Transform data into printable data @pindex base64 @cindex base64 encoding @command{base64} transforms data read from a file, or standard input, into (or from) base64 encoded form. The base64 encoded form uses printable @acronym{ASCII} characters to represent binary data. Synopses: @smallexample base64 [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{file}] base64 --decode [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{file}] @end smallexample The base64 encoding expands data to roughly 133% of the original. The format conforms to @uref{ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc4648.txt, RFC 4648}. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -w @var{cols} @itemx --wrap=@var{cols} @opindex -w @opindex --wrap @cindex wrap data @cindex column to wrap data after During encoding, wrap lines after @var{cols} characters. This must be a positive number. The default is to wrap after 76 characters. Use the value 0 to disable line wrapping altogether. @item -d @itemx --decode @opindex -d @opindex --decode @cindex Decode base64 data @cindex Base64 decoding Change the mode of operation, from the default of encoding data, to decoding data. Input is expected to be base64 encoded data, and the output will be the original data. @item -i @itemx --ignore-garbage @opindex -i @opindex --ignore-garbage @cindex Ignore garbage in base64 stream When decoding, newlines are always accepted. During decoding, ignore unrecognized bytes, to permit distorted data to be decoded. @end table @exitstatus @node Formatting file contents @chapter Formatting file contents @cindex formatting file contents These commands reformat the contents of files. @menu * fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text. * pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing. * fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width. @end menu @node fmt invocation @section @command{fmt}: Reformat paragraph text @pindex fmt @cindex reformatting paragraph text @cindex paragraphs, reformatting @cindex text, reformatting @command{fmt} fills and joins lines to produce output lines of (at most) a given number of characters (75 by default). Synopsis: @example fmt [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{file}]@dots{} @end example @command{fmt} reads from the specified @var{file} arguments (or standard input if none are given), and writes to standard output. By default, blank lines, spaces between words, and indentation are preserved in the output; successive input lines with different indentation are not joined; tabs are expanded on input and introduced on output. @cindex line-breaking @cindex sentences and line-breaking @cindex Knuth, Donald E. @cindex Plass, Michael F. @command{fmt} prefers breaking lines at the end of a sentence, and tries to avoid line breaks after the first word of a sentence or before the last word of a sentence. A @dfn{sentence break} is defined as either the end of a paragraph or a word ending in any of @samp{.?!}, followed by two spaces or end of line, ignoring any intervening parentheses or quotes. Like @TeX{}, @command{fmt} reads entire ``paragraphs'' before choosing line breaks; the algorithm is a variant of that given by Donald E. Knuth and Michael F. Plass in ``Breaking Paragraphs Into Lines'', @cite{Software---Practice & Experience} @b{11}, 11 (November 1981), 1119--1184. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -c @itemx --crown-margin @opindex -c @opindex --crown-margin @cindex crown margin @dfn{Crown margin} mode: preserve the indentation of the first two lines within a paragraph, and align the left margin of each subsequent line with that of the second line. @item -t @itemx --tagged-paragraph @opindex -t @opindex --tagged-paragraph @cindex tagged paragraphs @dfn{Tagged paragraph} mode: like crown margin mode, except that if indentation of the first line of a paragraph is the same as the indentation of the second, the first line is treated as a one-line paragraph. @item -s @itemx --split-only @opindex -s @opindex --split-only Split lines only. Do not join short lines to form longer ones. This prevents sample lines of code, and other such ``formatted'' text from being unduly combined. @item -u @itemx --uniform-spacing @opindex -u @opindex --uniform-spacing Uniform spacing. Reduce spacing between words to one space, and spacing between sentences to two spaces. @item -@var{width} @itemx -w @var{width} @itemx --width=@var{width} @opindex -@var{width} @opindex -w @opindex --width Fill output lines up to @var{width} characters (default 75). @command{fmt} initially tries to make lines about 7% shorter than this, to give it room to balance line lengths. @item -p @var{prefix} @itemx --prefix=@var{prefix} Only lines beginning with @var{prefix} (possibly preceded by whitespace) are subject to formatting. The prefix and any preceding whitespace are stripped for the formatting and then re-attached to each formatted output line. One use is to format certain kinds of program comments, while leaving the code unchanged. @end table @exitstatus @node pr invocation @section @command{pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing @pindex pr @cindex printing, preparing files for @cindex multicolumn output, generating @cindex merging files in parallel @command{pr} writes each @var{file} (@samp{-} means standard input), or standard input if none are given, to standard output, paginating and optionally outputting in multicolumn format; optionally merges all @var{file}s, printing all in parallel, one per column. Synopsis: @example pr [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{file}]@dots{} @end example @vindex LC_MESSAGES By default, a 5-line header is printed at each page: two blank lines; a line with the date, the file name, and the page count; and two more blank lines. A footer of five blank lines is also printed. The default @var{page_length} is 66 lines. The default number of text lines is therefore 56. The text line of the header takes the form @samp{@var{date} @var{string} @var{page}}, with spaces inserted around @var{string} so that the line takes up the full @var{page_width}. Here, @var{date} is the date (see the @option{-D} or @option{--date-format} option for details), @var{string} is the centered header string, and @var{page} identifies the page number. The @env{LC_MESSAGES} locale category affects the spelling of @var{page}; in the default C locale, it is @samp{Page @var{number}} where @var{number} is the decimal page number. Form feeds in the input cause page breaks in the output. Multiple form feeds produce empty pages. Columns are of equal width, separated by an optional string (default is @samp{space}). For multicolumn output, lines will always be truncated to @var{page_width} (default 72), unless you use the @option{-J} option. For single column output no line truncation occurs by default. Use @option{-W} option to truncate lines in that case. The following changes were made in version 1.22i and apply to later versions of @command{pr}: @c FIXME: this whole section here sounds very awkward to me. I @c made a few small changes, but really it all needs to be redone. - Brian @c OK, I fixed another sentence or two, but some of it I just don't understand. @ - Brian @itemize @bullet @item Some small @var{letter options} (@option{-s}, @option{-w}) have been redefined for better @acronym{POSIX} compliance. The output of some further cases has been adapted to other Unix systems. These changes are not compatible with earlier versions of the program. @item Some @var{new capital letter} options (@option{-J}, @option{-S}, @option{-W}) have been introduced to turn off unexpected interferences of small letter options. The @option{-N} option and the second argument @var{last_page} of @samp{+FIRST_PAGE} offer more flexibility. The detailed handling of form feeds set in the input files requires the @option{-T} option. @item Capital letter options override small letter ones. @item Some of the option-arguments (compare @option{-s}, @option{-e}, @option{-i}, @option{-n}) cannot be specified as separate arguments from the preceding option letter (already stated in the @acronym{POSIX} specification). @end itemize The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item +@var{first_page}[:@var{last_page}] @itemx --pages=@var{first_page}[:@var{last_page}] @c The two following @opindex lines evoke warnings because they contain `:' @c The `info' spec does not permit that. If we use those lines, we end @c up with truncated index entries that don't work. @c @opindex +@var{first_page}[:@var{last_page}] @c @opindex --pages=@var{first_page}[:@var{last_page}] @opindex +@var{page_range} @opindex --pages=@var{page_range} Begin printing with page @var{first_page} and stop with @var{last_page}. Missing @samp{:@var{last_page}} implies end of file. While estimating the number of skipped pages each form feed in the input file results in a new page. Page counting with and without @samp{+@var{first_page}} is identical. By default, counting starts with the first page of input file (not first page printed). Line numbering may be altered by @option{-N} option. @item -@var{column} @itemx --columns=@var{column} @opindex -@var{column} @opindex --columns @cindex down columns With each single @var{file}, produce @var{column} columns of output (default is 1) and print columns down, unless @option{-a} is used. The column width is automatically decreased as @var{column} increases; unless you use the @option{-W/-w} option to increase @var{page_width} as well. This option might well cause some lines to be truncated. The number of lines in the columns on each page are balanced. The options @option{-e} and @option{-i} are on for multiple text-column output. Together with @option{-J} option column alignment and line truncation is turned off. Lines of full length are joined in a free field format and @option{-S} option may set field separators. @option{-@var{column}} may not be used with @option{-m} option. @item -a @itemx --across @opindex -a @opindex --across @cindex across columns With each single @var{file}, print columns across rather than down. The @option{-@var{column}} option must be given with @var{column} greater than one. If a line is too long to fit in a column, it is truncated. @item -c @itemx --show-control-chars @opindex -c @opindex --show-control-chars Print control characters using hat notation (e.g., @samp{^G}); print other nonprinting characters in octal backslash notation. By default, nonprinting characters are not changed. @item -d @itemx --double-space @opindex -d @opindex --double-space @cindex double spacing Double space the output. @item -D @var{format} @itemx --date-format=@var{format} @cindex time formats @cindex formatting times Format header dates using @var{format}, using the same conventions as for the command @samp{date +@var{format}}; @xref{date invocation}. Except for directives, which start with @samp{%}, characters in @var{format} are printed unchanged. You can use this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date, e.g., @option{--date-format="Monday morning"}. @vindex POSIXLY_CORRECT @vindex LC_TIME The default date format is @samp{%Y-%m-%d %H:%M} (for example, @samp{2001-12-04 23:59}); but if the @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} environment variable is set and the @env{LC_TIME} locale category specifies the @acronym{POSIX} locale, the default is @samp{%b %e %H:%M %Y} (for example, @samp{Dec@ @ 4 23:59 2001}. @vindex TZ Time stamps are listed according to the time zone rules specified by the @env{TZ} environment variable, or by the system default rules if @env{TZ} is not set. @xref{TZ Variable,, Specifying the Time Zone with @env{TZ}, libc, The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. @item -e[@var{in-tabchar}[@var{in-tabwidth}]] @itemx --expand-tabs[=@var{in-tabchar}[@var{in-tabwidth}]] @opindex -e @opindex --expand-tabs @cindex input tabs Expand @var{tab}s to spaces on input. Optional argument @var{in-tabchar} is the input tab character (default is the TAB character). Second optional argument @var{in-tabwidth} is the input tab character's width (default is 8). @item -f @itemx -F @itemx --form-feed @opindex -F @opindex -f @opindex --form-feed Use a form feed instead of newlines to separate output pages. This does not alter the default page length of 66 lines. @item -h @var{header} @itemx --header=@var{header} @opindex -h @opindex --header Replace the file name in the header with the centered string @var{header}. When using the shell, @var{header} should be quoted and should be separated from @option{-h} by a space. @item -i[@var{out-tabchar}[@var{out-tabwidth}]] @itemx --output-tabs[=@var{out-tabchar}[@var{out-tabwidth}]] @opindex -i @opindex --output-tabs @cindex output tabs Replace spaces with @var{tab}s on output. Optional argument @var{out-tabchar} is the output tab character (default is the TAB character). Second optional argument @var{out-tabwidth} is the output tab character's width (default is 8). @item -J @itemx --join-lines @opindex -J @opindex --join-lines Merge lines of full length. Used together with the column options @option{-@var{column}}, @option{-a -@var{column}} or @option{-m}. Turns off @option{-W/-w} line truncation; no column alignment used; may be used with @option{--sep-string[=@var{string}]}. @option{-J} has been introduced (together with @option{-W} and @option{--sep-string}) to disentangle the old (@acronym{POSIX}-compliant) options @option{-w} and @option{-s} along with the three column options. @item -l @var{page_length} @itemx --length=@var{page_length} @opindex -l @opindex --length Set the page length to @var{page_length} (default 66) lines, including the lines of the header [and the footer]. If @var{page_length} is less than or equal to 10, the header and footer are omitted, as if the @option{-t} option had been given. @item -m @itemx --merge @opindex -m @opindex --merge Merge and print all @var{file}s in parallel, one in each column. If a line is too long to fit in a column, it is truncated, unless the @option{-J} option is used. @option{--sep-string[=@var{string}]} may be used. Empty pages in some @var{file}s (form feeds set) produce empty columns, still marked by @var{string}. The result is a continuous line numbering and column marking throughout the whole merged file. Completely empty merged pages show no separators or line numbers. The default header becomes @samp{@var{date} @var{page}} with spaces inserted in the middle; this may be used with the @option{-h} or @option{--header} option to fill up the middle blank part. @item -n[@var{number-separator}[@var{digits}]] @itemx --number-lines[=@var{number-separator}[@var{digits}]] @opindex -n @opindex --number-lines Provide @var{digits} digit line numbering (default for @var{digits} is 5). With multicolumn output the number occupies the first @var{digits} column positions of each text column or only each line of @option{-m} output. With single column output the number precedes each line just as @option{-m} does. Default counting of the line numbers starts with the first line of the input file (not the first line printed, compare the @option{--page} option and @option{-N} option). Optional argument @var{number-separator} is the character appended to the line number to separate it from the text followed. The default separator is the TAB character. In a strict sense a TAB is always printed with single column output only. The TAB width varies with the TAB position, e.g., with the left @var{margin} specified by @option{-o} option. With multicolumn output priority is given to @samp{equal width of output columns} (a @acronym{POSIX} specification). The TAB width is fixed to the value of the first column and does not change with different values of left @var{margin}. That means a fixed number of spaces is always printed in the place of the @var{number-separator} TAB. The tabification depends upon the output position. @item -N @var{line_number} @itemx --first-line-number=@var{line_number} @opindex -N @opindex --first-line-number Start line counting with the number @var{line_number} at first line of first page printed (in most cases not the first line of the input file). @item -o @var{margin} @itemx --indent=@var{margin} @opindex -o @opindex --indent @cindex indenting lines @cindex left margin Indent each line with a margin @var{margin} spaces wide (default is zero). The total page width is the size of the margin plus the @var{page_width} set with the @option{-W/-w} option. A limited overflow may occur with numbered single column output (compare @option{-n} option). @item -r @itemx --no-file-warnings @opindex -r @opindex --no-file-warnings Do not print a warning message when an argument @var{file} cannot be opened. (The exit status will still be nonzero, however.) @item -s[@var{char}] @itemx --separator[=@var{char}] @opindex -s @opindex --separator Separate columns by a single character @var{char}. The default for @var{char} is the TAB character without @option{-w} and @samp{no character} with @option{-w}. Without @option{-s} the default separator @samp{space} is set. @option{-s[char]} turns off line truncation of all three column options (@option{-COLUMN}|@option{-a -COLUMN}|@option{-m}) unless @option{-w} is set. This is a @acronym{POSIX}-compliant formulation. @item -S@var{string} @itemx --sep-string[=@var{string}] @opindex -S @opindex --sep-string Use @var{string} to separate output columns. The @option{-S} option doesn't affect the @option{-W/-w} option, unlike the @option{-s} option which does. It does not affect line truncation or column alignment. Without @option{-S}, and with @option{-J}, @command{pr} uses the default output separator, TAB@. Without @option{-S} or @option{-J}, @command{pr} uses a @samp{space} (same as @option{-S"@w{ }"}). @option{--sep-string} with no @samp{=@var{string}} is equivalent to @option{--sep-string=""}. @item -t @itemx --omit-header @opindex -t @opindex --omit-header Do not print the usual header [and footer] on each page, and do not fill out the bottom of pages (with blank lines or a form feed). No page structure is produced, but form feeds set in the input files are retained. The predefined pagination is not changed. @option{-t} or @option{-T} may be useful together with other options; e.g.: @option{-t -e4}, expand TAB characters in the input file to 4 spaces but don't make any other changes. Use of @option{-t} overrides @option{-h}. @item -T @itemx --omit-pagination @opindex -T @opindex --omit-pagination Do not print header [and footer]. In addition eliminate all form feeds set in the input files. @item -v @itemx --show-nonprinting @opindex -v @opindex --show-nonprinting Print nonprinting characters in octal backslash notation. @item -w @var{page_width} @itemx --width=@var{page_width} @opindex -w @opindex --width Set page width to @var{page_width} characters for multiple text-column output only (default for @var{page_width} is 72). @option{-s[CHAR]} turns off the default page width and any line truncation and column alignment. Lines of full length are merged, regardless of the column options set. No @var{page_width} setting is possible with single column output. A @acronym{POSIX}-compliant formulation. @item -W @var{page_width} @itemx --page_width=@var{page_width} @opindex -W @opindex --page_width Set the page width to @var{page_width} characters. That's valid with and without a column option. Text lines are truncated, unless @option{-J} is used. Together with one of the three column options (@option{-@var{column}}, @option{-a -@var{column}} or @option{-m}) column alignment is always used. The separator options @option{-S} or @option{-s} don't affect the @option{-W} option. Default is 72 characters. Without @option{-W @var{page_width}} and without any of the column options NO line truncation is used (defined to keep downward compatibility and to meet most frequent tasks). That's equivalent to @option{-W 72 -J}. The header line is never truncated. @end table @exitstatus @node fold invocation @section @command{fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width @pindex fold @cindex wrapping long input lines @cindex folding long input lines @command{fold} writes each @var{file} (@option{-} means standard input), or standard input if none are given, to standard output, breaking long lines. Synopsis: @example fold [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{file}]@dots{} @end example By default, @command{fold} breaks lines wider than 80 columns. The output is split into as many lines as necessary. @cindex screen columns @command{fold} counts screen columns by default; thus, a tab may count more than one column, backspace decreases the column count, and carriage return sets the column to zero. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -b @itemx --bytes @opindex -b @opindex --bytes Count bytes rather than columns, so that tabs, backspaces, and carriage returns are each counted as taking up one column, just like other characters. @item -s @itemx --spaces @opindex -s @opindex --spaces Break at word boundaries: the line is broken after the last blank before the maximum line length. If the line contains no such blanks, the line is broken at the maximum line length as usual. @item -w @var{width} @itemx --width=@var{width} @opindex -w @opindex --width Use a maximum line length of @var{width} columns instead of 80. For compatibility @command{fold} supports an obsolete option syntax @option{-@var{width}}. New scripts should use @option{-w @var{width}} instead. @end table @exitstatus @node Output of parts of files @chapter Output of parts of files @cindex output of parts of files @cindex parts of files, output of These commands output pieces of the input. @menu * head invocation:: Output the first part of files. * tail invocation:: Output the last part of files. * split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces. * csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces. @end menu @node head invocation @section @command{head}: Output the first part of files @pindex head @cindex initial part of files, outputting @cindex first part of files, outputting @command{head} prints the first part (10 lines by default) of each @var{file}; it reads from standard input if no files are given or when given a @var{file} of @option{-}. Synopsis: @example head [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{file}]@dots{} @end example If more than one @var{file} is specified, @command{head} prints a one-line header consisting of: @example ==> @var{file name} <== @end example @noindent before the output for each @var{file}. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -c @var{k} @itemx --bytes=@var{k} @opindex -c @opindex --bytes Print the first @var{k} bytes, instead of initial lines. However, if @var{k} starts with a @samp{-}, print all but the last @var{k} bytes of each file. @multiplierSuffixes{k} @itemx -n @var{k} @itemx --lines=@var{k} @opindex -n @opindex --lines Output the first @var{k} lines. However, if @var{k} starts with a @samp{-}, print all but the last @var{k} lines of each file. Size multiplier suffixes are the same as with the @option{-c} option. @item -q @itemx --quiet @itemx --silent @opindex -q @opindex --quiet @opindex --silent Never print file name headers. @item -v @itemx --verbose @opindex -v @opindex --verbose Always print file name headers. @end table For compatibility @command{head} also supports an obsolete option syntax @option{-@var{count}@var{options}}, which is recognized only if it is specified first. @var{count} is a decimal number optionally followed by a size letter (@samp{b}, @samp{k}, @samp{m}) as in @option{-c}, or @samp{l} to mean count by lines, or other option letters (@samp{cqv}). Scripts intended for standard hosts should use @option{-c @var{count}} or @option{-n @var{count}} instead. If your script must also run on hosts that support only the obsolete syntax, it is usually simpler to avoid @command{head}, e.g., by using @samp{sed 5q} instead of @samp{head -5}. @exitstatus @node tail invocation @section @command{tail}: Output the last part of files @pindex tail @cindex last part of files, outputting @command{tail} prints the last part (10 lines by default) of each @var{file}; it reads from standard input if no files are given or when given a @var{file} of @samp{-}. Synopsis: @example tail [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{file}]@dots{} @end example If more than one @var{file} is specified, @command{tail} prints a one-line header consisting of: @example ==> @var{file name} <== @end example @noindent before the output for each @var{file}. @cindex BSD @command{tail} @sc{gnu} @command{tail} can output any amount of data (some other versions of @command{tail} cannot). It also has no @option{-r} option (print in reverse), since reversing a file is really a different job from printing the end of a file; BSD @command{tail} (which is the one with @option{-r}) can only reverse files that are at most as large as its buffer, which is typically 32 KiB@. A more reliable and versatile way to reverse files is the @sc{gnu} @command{tac} command. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -c @var{k} @itemx --bytes=@var{k} @opindex -c @opindex --bytes Output the last @var{k} bytes, instead of final lines. However, if @var{k} starts with a @samp{+}, start printing with the @var{k}th byte from the start of each file, instead of from the end. @multiplierSuffixes{k} @item -f @itemx --follow[=@var{how}] @opindex -f @opindex --follow @cindex growing files @vindex name @r{follow option} @vindex descriptor @r{follow option} Loop forever trying to read more characters at the end of the file, presumably because the file is growing. If more than one file is given, @command{tail} prints a header whenever it gets output from a different file, to indicate which file that output is from. There are two ways to specify how you'd like to track files with this option, but that difference is noticeable only when a followed file is removed or renamed. If you'd like to continue to track the end of a growing file even after it has been unlinked, use @option{--follow=descriptor}. This is the default behavior, but it is not useful if you're tracking a log file that may be rotated (removed or renamed, then reopened). In that case, use @option{--follow=name} to track the named file, perhaps by reopening it periodically to see if it has been removed and recreated by some other program. Note that the inotify-based implementation handles this case without the need for any periodic reopening. No matter which method you use, if the tracked file is determined to have shrunk, @command{tail} prints a message saying the file has been truncated and resumes tracking the end of the file from the newly-determined endpoint. When a file is removed, @command{tail}'s behavior depends on whether it is following the name or the descriptor. When following by name, tail can detect that a file has been removed and gives a message to that effect, and if @option{--retry} has been specified it will continue checking periodically to see if the file reappears. When following a descriptor, tail does not detect that the file has been unlinked or renamed and issues no message; even though the file may no longer be accessible via its original name, it may still be growing. The option values @samp{descriptor} and @samp{name} may be specified only with the long form of the option, not with @option{-f}. The @option{-f} option is ignored if no @var{file} operand is specified and standard input is a FIFO or a pipe. Likewise, the @option{-f} option has no effect for any operand specified as @samp{-}, when standard input is a FIFO or a pipe. @item -F @opindex -F This option is the same as @option{--follow=name --retry}. That is, tail will attempt to reopen a file when it is removed. Should this fail, tail will keep trying until it becomes accessible again. @itemx --retry @opindex --retry This option is useful mainly when following by name (i.e., with @option{--follow=name}). Without this option, when tail encounters a file that doesn't exist or is otherwise inaccessible, it reports that fact and never checks it again. @itemx --sleep-interval=@var{number} @opindex --sleep-interval Change the number of seconds to wait between iterations (the default is 1.0). During one iteration, every specified file is checked to see if it has changed size. Historical implementations of @command{tail} have required that @var{number} be an integer. However, GNU @command{tail} accepts an arbitrary floating point number (using a period before any fractional digits). @itemx --pid=@var{pid} @opindex --pid When following by name or by descriptor, you may specify the process ID, @var{pid}, of the sole writer of all @var{file} arguments. Then, shortly after that process terminates, tail will also terminate. This will work properly only if the writer and the tailing process are running on the same machine. For example, to save the output of a build in a file and to watch the file grow, if you invoke @command{make} and @command{tail} like this then the tail process will stop when your build completes. Without this option, you would have had to kill the @code{tail -f} process yourself. @example $ make >& makerr & tail --pid=$! -f makerr @end example If you specify a @var{pid} that is not in use or that does not correspond to the process that is writing to the tailed files, then @command{tail} may terminate long before any @var{file}s stop growing or it may not terminate until long after the real writer has terminated. Note that @option{--pid} cannot be supported on some systems; @command{tail} will print a warning if this is the case. @itemx --max-unchanged-stats=@var{n} @opindex --max-unchanged-stats When tailing a file by name, if there have been @var{n} (default n=@value{DEFAULT_MAX_N_UNCHANGED_STATS_BETWEEN_OPENS}) consecutive iterations for which the file has not changed, then @code{open}/@code{fstat} the file to determine if that file name is still associated with the same device/inode-number pair as before. When following a log file that is rotated, this is approximately the number of seconds between when tail prints the last pre-rotation lines and when it prints the lines that have accumulated in the new log file. This option is meaningful only when following by name. @itemx -n @var{k} @itemx --lines=@var{k} @opindex -n @opindex --lines Output the last @var{k} lines. However, if @var{k} starts with a @samp{+}, start printing with the @var{k}th line from the start of each file, instead of from the end. Size multiplier suffixes are the same as with the @option{-c} option. @item -q @itemx --quiet @itemx --silent @opindex -q @opindex --quiet @opindex --silent Never print file name headers. @item -v @itemx --verbose @opindex -v @opindex --verbose Always print file name headers. @end table For compatibility @command{tail} also supports an obsolete usage @samp{tail -[@var{count}][bcl][f] [@var{file}]}, which is recognized only if it does not conflict with the usage described above. This obsolete form uses exactly one option and at most one file. In the option, @var{count} is an optional decimal number optionally followed by a size letter (@samp{b}, @samp{c}, @samp{l}) to mean count by 512-byte blocks, bytes, or lines, optionally followed by @samp{f} which has the same meaning as @option{-f}. @vindex _POSIX2_VERSION On older systems, the leading @samp{-} can be replaced by @samp{+} in the obsolete option syntax with the same meaning as in counts, and obsolete usage overrides normal usage when the two conflict. This obsolete behavior can be enabled or disabled with the @env{_POSIX2_VERSION} environment variable (@pxref{Standards conformance}). Scripts intended for use on standard hosts should avoid obsolete syntax and should use @option{-c @var{count}[b]}, @option{-n @var{count}}, and/or @option{-f} instead. If your script must also run on hosts that support only the obsolete syntax, you can often rewrite it to avoid problematic usages, e.g., by using @samp{sed -n '$p'} rather than @samp{tail -1}. If that's not possible, the script can use a test like @samp{if tail -c +1 /dev/null 2>&1; then @dots{}} to decide which syntax to use. Even if your script assumes the standard behavior, you should still beware usages whose behaviors differ depending on the @acronym{POSIX} version. For example, avoid @samp{tail - main.c}, since it might be interpreted as either @samp{tail main.c} or as @samp{tail -- - main.c}; avoid @samp{tail -c 4}, since it might mean either @samp{tail -c4} or @samp{tail -c 10 4}; and avoid @samp{tail +4}, since it might mean either @samp{tail ./+4} or @samp{tail -n +4}. @exitstatus @node split invocation @section @command{split}: Split a file into fixed-size pieces @pindex split @cindex splitting a file into pieces @cindex pieces, splitting a file into @command{split} creates output files containing consecutive sections of @var{input} (standard input if none is given or @var{input} is @samp{-}). Synopsis: @example split [@var{option}] [@var{input} [@var{prefix}]] @end example By default, @command{split} puts 1000 lines of @var{input} (or whatever is left over for the last section), into each output file. @cindex output file name prefix The output files' names consist of @var{prefix} (@samp{x} by default) followed by a group of characters (@samp{aa}, @samp{ab}, @dots{} by default), such that concatenating the output files in traditional sorted order by file name produces the original input file. If the output file names are exhausted, @command{split} reports an error without deleting the output files that it did create. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -l @var{lines} @itemx --lines=@var{lines} @opindex -l @opindex --lines Put @var{lines} lines of @var{input} into each output file. For compatibility @command{split} also supports an obsolete option syntax @option{-@var{lines}}. New scripts should use @option{-l @var{lines}} instead. @item -b @var{size} @itemx --bytes=@var{size} @opindex -b @opindex --bytes Put @var{size} bytes of @var{input} into each output file. @multiplierSuffixes{size} @item -C @var{size} @itemx --line-bytes=@var{size} @opindex -C @opindex --line-bytes Put into each output file as many complete lines of @var{input} as possible without exceeding @var{size} bytes. Individual lines longer than @var{size} bytes are broken into multiple files. @var{size} has the same format as for the @option{--bytes} option. @item -a @var{length} @itemx --suffix-length=@var{length} @opindex -a @opindex --suffix-length Use suffixes of length @var{length}. The default @var{length} is 2. @item -d @itemx --numeric-suffixes @opindex -d @opindex --numeric-suffixes Use digits in suffixes rather than lower-case letters. @itemx --verbose @opindex --verbose Write a diagnostic just before each output file is opened. @end table @exitstatus @node csplit invocation @section @command{csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces @pindex csplit @cindex context splitting @cindex splitting a file into pieces by context @command{csplit} creates zero or more output files containing sections of @var{input} (standard input if @var{input} is @samp{-}). Synopsis: @example csplit [@var{option}]@dots{} @var{input} @var{pattern}@dots{} @end example The contents of the output files are determined by the @var{pattern} arguments, as detailed below. An error occurs if a @var{pattern} argument refers to a nonexistent line of the input file (e.g., if no remaining line matches a given regular expression). After every @var{pattern} has been matched, any remaining input is copied into one last output file. By default, @command{csplit} prints the number of bytes written to each output file after it has been created. The types of pattern arguments are: @table @samp @item @var{n} Create an output file containing the input up to but not including line @var{n} (a positive integer). If followed by a repeat count, also create an output file containing the next @var{n} lines of the input file once for each repeat. @item /@var{regexp}/[@var{offset}] Create an output file containing the current line up to (but not including) the next line of the input file that contains a match for @var{regexp}. The optional @var{offset} is an integer. If it is given, the input up to (but not including) the matching line plus or minus @var{offset} is put into the output file, and the line after that begins the next section of input. @item %@var{regexp}%[@var{offset}] Like the previous type, except that it does not create an output file, so that section of the input file is effectively ignored. @item @{@var{repeat-count}@} Repeat the previous pattern @var{repeat-count} additional times. The @var{repeat-count} can either be a positive integer or an asterisk, meaning repeat as many times as necessary until the input is exhausted. @end table The output files' names consist of a prefix (@samp{xx} by default) followed by a suffix. By default, the suffix is an ascending sequence of two-digit decimal numbers from @samp{00} to @samp{99}. In any case, concatenating the output files in sorted order by file name produces the original input file. By default, if @command{csplit} encounters an error or receives a hangup, interrupt, quit, or terminate signal, it removes any output files that it has created so far before it exits. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -f @var{prefix} @itemx --prefix=@var{prefix} @opindex -f @opindex --prefix @cindex output file name prefix Use @var{prefix} as the output file name prefix. @item -b @var{suffix} @itemx --suffix=@var{suffix} @opindex -b @opindex --suffix @cindex output file name suffix Use @var{suffix} as the output file name suffix. When this option is specified, the suffix string must include exactly one @code{printf(3)}-style conversion specification, possibly including format specification flags, a field width, a precision specifications, or all of these kinds of modifiers. The format letter must convert a binary integer argument to readable form; thus, only @samp{d}, @samp{i}, @samp{u}, @samp{o}, @samp{x}, and @samp{X} conversions are allowed. The entire @var{suffix} is given (with the current output file number) to @code{sprintf(3)} to form the file name suffixes for each of the individual output files in turn. If this option is used, the @option{--digits} option is ignored. @item -n @var{digits} @itemx --digits=@var{digits} @opindex -n @opindex --digits Use output file names containing numbers that are @var{digits} digits long instead of the default 2. @item -k @itemx --keep-files @opindex -k @opindex --keep-files Do not remove output files when errors are encountered. @item -z @itemx --elide-empty-files @opindex -z @opindex --elide-empty-files Suppress the generation of zero-length output files. (In cases where the section delimiters of the input file are supposed to mark the first lines of each of the sections, the first output file will generally be a zero-length file unless you use this option.) The output file sequence numbers always run consecutively starting from 0, even when this option is specified. @item -s @itemx -q @itemx --silent @itemx --quiet @opindex -s @opindex -q @opindex --silent @opindex --quiet Do not print counts of output file sizes. @end table @exitstatus Here is an example of its usage. First, create an empty directory for the exercise, and cd into it: @example $ mkdir d && cd d @end example Now, split the sequence of 1..14 on lines that end with 0 or 5: @example $ seq 14 | csplit - '/[05]$/' '@{*@}' 8 10 15 @end example Each number printed above is the size of an output file that csplit has just created. List the names of those output files: @example $ ls xx00 xx01 xx02 @end example Use @command{head} to show their contents: @example $ head xx* ==> xx00 <== 1 2 3 4 ==> xx01 <== 5 6 7 8 9 ==> xx02 <== 10 11 12 13 14 @end example @node Summarizing files @chapter Summarizing files @cindex summarizing files These commands generate just a few numbers representing entire contents of files. @menu * wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts. * sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts. * cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts. * md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests. * sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests. * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests. @end menu @node wc invocation @section @command{wc}: Print newline, word, and byte counts @pindex wc @cindex byte count @cindex character count @cindex word count @cindex line count @command{wc} counts the number of bytes, characters, whitespace-separated words, and newlines in each given @var{file}, or standard input if none are given or for a @var{file} of @samp{-}. Synopsis: @example wc [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{file}]@dots{} @end example @cindex total counts @command{wc} prints one line of counts for each file, and if the file was given as an argument, it prints the file name following the counts. If more than one @var{file} is given, @command{wc} prints a final line containing the cumulative counts, with the file name @file{total}. The counts are printed in this order: newlines, words, characters, bytes, maximum line length. Each count is printed right-justified in a field with at least one space between fields so that the numbers and file names normally line up nicely in columns. The width of the count fields varies depending on the inputs, so you should not depend on a particular field width. However, as a @acronym{GNU} extension, if only one count is printed, it is guaranteed to be printed without leading spaces. By default, @command{wc} prints three counts: the newline, words, and byte counts. Options can specify that only certain counts be printed. Options do not undo others previously given, so @example wc --bytes --words @end example @noindent prints both the byte counts and the word counts. With the @option{--max-line-length} option, @command{wc} prints the length of the longest line per file, and if there is more than one file it prints the maximum (not the sum) of those lengths. The line lengths here are measured in screen columns, according to the current locale and assuming tab positions in every 8th column. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -c @itemx --bytes @opindex -c @opindex --bytes Print only the byte counts. @item -m @itemx --chars @opindex -m @opindex --chars Print only the character counts. @item -w @itemx --words @opindex -w @opindex --words Print only the word counts. @item -l @itemx --lines @opindex -l @opindex --lines Print only the newline counts. @item -L @itemx --max-line-length @opindex -L @opindex --max-line-length Print only the maximum line lengths. @macro filesZeroFromOption{cmd,withTotalOption,subListOutput} @itemx --files0-from=@var{file} @opindex --files0-from=@var{file} @c This is commented out to avoid a texi2dvi failure. @c texi2dvi (GNU Texinfo 4.11) 1.104 @c @cindex including files from @command{\cmd\} Disallow processing files named on the command line, and instead process those named in file @var{file}; each name being terminated by a zero byte (@acronym{ASCII} @sc{nul}). This is useful \withTotalOption\ when the list of file names is so long that it may exceed a command line length limitation. In such cases, running @command{\cmd\} via @command{xargs} is undesirable because it splits the list into pieces and makes @command{\cmd\} print \subListOutput\ for each sublist rather than for the entire list. One way to produce a list of @acronym{ASCII} @sc{nul} terminated file names is with @sc{gnu} @command{find}, using its @option{-print0} predicate. If @var{file} is @samp{-} then the @acronym{ASCII} @sc{nul} terminated file names are read from standard input. @end macro @filesZeroFromOption{wc,,a total} For example, to find the length of the longest line in any @file{.c} or @file{.h} file in the current hierarchy, do this: @example find . -name '*.[ch]' -print0 | wc -L --files0-from=- | tail -n1 @end example @end table @exitstatus @node sum invocation @section @command{sum}: Print checksum and block counts @pindex sum @cindex 16-bit checksum @cindex checksum, 16-bit @command{sum} computes a 16-bit checksum for each given @var{file}, or standard input if none are given or for a @var{file} of @samp{-}. Synopsis: @example sum [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{file}]@dots{} @end example @command{sum} prints the checksum for each @var{file} followed by the number of blocks in the file (rounded up). If more than one @var{file} is given, file names are also printed (by default). (With the @option{--sysv} option, corresponding file names are printed when there is at least one file argument.) By default, @sc{gnu} @command{sum} computes checksums using an algorithm compatible with BSD @command{sum} and prints file sizes in units of 1024-byte blocks. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -r @opindex -r @cindex BSD @command{sum} Use the default (BSD compatible) algorithm. This option is included for compatibility with the System V @command{sum}. Unless @option{-s} was also given, it has no effect. @item -s @itemx --sysv @opindex -s @opindex --sysv @cindex System V @command{sum} Compute checksums using an algorithm compatible with System V @command{sum}'s default, and print file sizes in units of 512-byte blocks. @end table @command{sum} is provided for compatibility; the @command{cksum} program (see next section) is preferable in new applications. @exitstatus @node cksum invocation @section @command{cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts @pindex cksum @cindex cyclic redundancy check @cindex CRC checksum @command{cksum} computes a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) checksum for each given @var{file}, or standard input if none are given or for a @var{file} of @samp{-}. Synopsis: @example cksum [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{file}]@dots{} @end example @command{cksum} prints the CRC checksum for each file along with the number of bytes in the file, and the file name unless no arguments were given. @command{cksum} is typically used to ensure that files transferred by unreliable means (e.g., netnews) have not been corrupted, by comparing the @command{cksum} output for the received files with the @command{cksum} output for the original files (typically given in the distribution). The CRC algorithm is specified by the @acronym{POSIX} standard. It is not compatible with the BSD or System V @command{sum} algorithms (see the previous section); it is more robust. The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common options}. @exitstatus @node md5sum invocation @section @command{md5sum}: Print or check MD5 digests @pindex md5sum @cindex MD5 @cindex 128-bit checksum @cindex checksum, 128-bit @cindex fingerprint, 128-bit @cindex message-digest, 128-bit @command{md5sum} computes a 128-bit checksum (or @dfn{fingerprint} or @dfn{message-digest}) for each specified @var{file}. Note: The MD5 digest is more reliable than a simple CRC (provided by the @command{cksum} command) for detecting accidental file corruption, as the chances of accidentally having two files with identical MD5 are vanishingly small. However, it should not be considered truly secure against malicious tampering: although finding a file with a given MD5 fingerprint, or modifying a file so as to retain its MD5 are considered infeasible at the moment, it is known how to produce different files with identical MD5 (a ``collision''), something which can be a security issue in certain contexts. For more secure hashes, consider using SHA-1 or SHA-2. @xref{sha1sum invocation}, and @ref{sha2 utilities}. If a @var{file} is specified as @samp{-} or if no files are given @command{md5sum} computes the checksum for the standard input. @command{md5sum} can also determine whether a file and checksum are consistent. Synopsis: @example md5sum [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{file}]@dots{} @end example For each @var{file}, @samp{md5sum} outputs the MD5 checksum, a flag indicating a binary or text input file, and the file name. If @var{file} contains a backslash or newline, the line is started with a backslash, and each problematic character in the file name is escaped with a backslash, making the output unambiguous even in the presence of arbitrary file names. If @var{file} is omitted or specified as @samp{-}, standard input is read. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -b @itemx --binary @opindex -b @opindex --binary @cindex binary input files Treat each input file as binary, by reading it in binary mode and outputting a @samp{*} flag. This is the inverse of @option{--text}. On systems like @acronym{GNU} that do not distinguish between binary and text files, this option merely flags each input file as binary: the MD5 checksum is unaffected. This option is the default on systems like MS-DOS that distinguish between binary and text files, except for reading standard input when standard input is a terminal. @item -c @itemx --check Read file names and checksum information (not data) from each @var{file} (or from stdin if no @var{file} was specified) and report whether the checksums match the contents of the named files. The input to this mode of @command{md5sum} is usually the output of a prior, checksum-generating run of @samp{md5sum}. Each valid line of input consists of an MD5 checksum, a binary/text flag, and then a file name. Binary files are marked with @samp{*}, text with @samp{ }. For each such line, @command{md5sum} reads the named file and computes its MD5 checksum. Then, if the computed message digest does not match the one on the line with the file name, the file is noted as having failed the test. Otherwise, the file passes the test. By default, for each valid line, one line is written to standard output indicating whether the named file passed the test. After all checks have been performed, if there were any failures, a warning is issued to standard error. Use the @option{--status} option to inhibit that output. If any listed file cannot be opened or read, if any valid line has an MD5 checksum inconsistent with the associated file, or if no valid line is found, @command{md5sum} exits with nonzero status. Otherwise, it exits successfully. @itemx --quiet @opindex --quiet @cindex verifying MD5 checksums This option is useful only when verifying checksums. When verifying checksums, don't generate an 'OK' message per successfully checked file. Files that fail the verification are reported in the default one-line-per-file format. If there is any checksum mismatch, print a warning summarizing the failures to standard error. @itemx --status @opindex --status @cindex verifying MD5 checksums This option is useful only when verifying checksums. When verifying checksums, don't generate the default one-line-per-file diagnostic and don't output the warning summarizing any failures. Failures to open or read a file still evoke individual diagnostics to standard error. If all listed files are readable and are consistent with the associated MD5 checksums, exit successfully. Otherwise exit with a status code indicating there was a failure. @item -t @itemx --text @opindex -t @opindex --text @cindex text input files Treat each input file as text, by reading it in text mode and outputting a @samp{ } flag. This is the inverse of @option{--binary}. This option is the default on systems like @acronym{GNU} that do not distinguish between binary and text files. On other systems, it is the default for reading standard input when standard input is a terminal. @item -w @itemx --warn @opindex -w @opindex --warn @cindex verifying MD5 checksums When verifying checksums, warn about improperly formatted MD5 checksum lines. This option is useful only if all but a few lines in the checked input are valid. @end table @exitstatus @node sha1sum invocation @section @command{sha1sum}: Print or check SHA-1 digests @pindex sha1sum @cindex SHA-1 @cindex 160-bit checksum @cindex checksum, 160-bit @cindex fingerprint, 160-bit @cindex message-digest, 160-bit @command{sha1sum} computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified @var{file}. The usage and options of this command are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}. Note: The SHA-1 digest is more secure than MD5, and no collisions of it are known (different files having the same fingerprint). However, it is known that they can be produced with considerable, but not unreasonable, resources. For this reason, it is generally considered that SHA-1 should be gradually phased out in favor of the more secure SHA-2 hash algorithms. @xref{sha2 utilities}. @node sha2 utilities @section sha2 utilities: Print or check SHA-2 digests @pindex sha224sum @pindex sha256sum @pindex sha384sum @pindex sha512sum @cindex SHA-2 @cindex 224-bit checksum @cindex 256-bit checksum @cindex 384-bit checksum @cindex 512-bit checksum @cindex checksum, 224-bit @cindex checksum, 256-bit @cindex checksum, 384-bit @cindex checksum, 512-bit @cindex fingerprint, 224-bit @cindex fingerprint, 256-bit @cindex fingerprint, 384-bit @cindex fingerprint, 512-bit @cindex message-digest, 224-bit @cindex message-digest, 256-bit @cindex message-digest, 384-bit @cindex message-digest, 512-bit The commands @command{sha224sum}, @command{sha256sum}, @command{sha384sum} and @command{sha512sum} compute checksums of various lengths (respectively 224, 256, 384 and 512 bits), collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of these commands are precisely the same as for @command{md5sum}. @xref{md5sum invocation}. Note: The SHA384 and SHA512 digests are considerably slower to compute, especially on 32-bit computers, than SHA224 or SHA256. @node Operating on sorted files @chapter Operating on sorted files @cindex operating on sorted files @cindex sorted files, operations on These commands work with (or produce) sorted files. @menu * sort invocation:: Sort text files. * shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files. * uniq invocation:: Uniquify files. * comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line. * ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents. * tsort invocation:: Topological sort. @end menu @node sort invocation @section @command{sort}: Sort text files @pindex sort @cindex sorting files @command{sort} sorts, merges, or compares all the lines from the given files, or standard input if none are given or for a @var{file} of @samp{-}. By default, @command{sort} writes the results to standard output. Synopsis: @example sort [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{file}]@dots{} @end example @command{sort} has three modes of operation: sort (the default), merge, and check for sortedness. The following options change the operation mode: @table @samp @item -c @itemx --check @itemx --check=diagnose-first @opindex -c @opindex --check @cindex checking for sortedness Check whether the given file is already sorted: if it is not all sorted, print a diagnostic containing the first out-of-order line and exit with a status of 1. Otherwise, exit successfully. At most one input file can be given. @item -C @itemx --check=quiet @itemx --check=silent @opindex -c @opindex --check @cindex checking for sortedness Exit successfully if the given file is already sorted, and exit with status 1 otherwise. At most one input file can be given. This is like @option{-c}, except it does not print a diagnostic. @item -m @itemx --merge @opindex -m @opindex --merge @cindex merging sorted files Merge the given files by sorting them as a group. Each input file must always be individually sorted. It always works to sort instead of merge; merging is provided because it is faster, in the case where it works. @end table @cindex sort stability @cindex sort's last-resort comparison A pair of lines is compared as follows: @command{sort} compares each pair of fields, in the order specified on the command line, according to the associated ordering options, until a difference is found or no fields are left. If no key fields are specified, @command{sort} uses a default key of the entire line. Finally, as a last resort when all keys compare equal, @command{sort} compares entire lines as if no ordering options other than @option{--reverse} (@option{-r}) were specified. The @option{--stable} (@option{-s}) option disables this @dfn{last-resort comparison} so that lines in which all fields compare equal are left in their original relative order. The @option{--unique} (@option{-u}) option also disables the last-resort comparison. @vindex LC_ALL @vindex LC_COLLATE Unless otherwise specified, all comparisons use the character collating sequence specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE} locale.@footnote{If you use a non-@acronym{POSIX} locale (e.g., by setting @env{LC_ALL} to @samp{en_US}), then @command{sort} may produce output that is sorted differently than you're accustomed to. In that case, set the @env{LC_ALL} environment variable to @samp{C}. Note that setting only @env{LC_COLLATE} has two problems. First, it is ineffective if @env{LC_ALL} is also set. Second, it has undefined behavior if @env{LC_CTYPE} (or @env{LANG}, if @env{LC_CTYPE} is unset) is set to an incompatible value. For example, you get undefined behavior if @env{LC_CTYPE} is @code{ja_JP.PCK} but @env{LC_COLLATE} is @code{en_US.UTF-8}.} @sc{gnu} @command{sort} (as specified for all @sc{gnu} utilities) has no limit on input line length or restrictions on bytes allowed within lines. In addition, if the final byte of an input file is not a newline, @sc{gnu} @command{sort} silently supplies one. A line's trailing newline is not part of the line for comparison purposes. @cindex exit status of @command{sort} Exit status: @display 0 if no error occurred 1 if invoked with @option{-c} or @option{-C} and the input is not sorted 2 if an error occurred @end display @vindex TMPDIR If the environment variable @env{TMPDIR} is set, @command{sort} uses its value as the directory for temporary files instead of @file{/tmp}. The @option{--temporary-directory} (@option{-T}) option in turn overrides the environment variable. The following options affect the ordering of output lines. They may be specified globally or as part of a specific key field. If no key fields are specified, global options apply to comparison of entire lines; otherwise the global options are inherited by key fields that do not specify any special options of their own. In pre-@acronym{POSIX} versions of @command{sort}, global options affect only later key fields, so portable shell scripts should specify global options first. @table @samp @item -b @itemx --ignore-leading-blanks @opindex -b @opindex --ignore-leading-blanks @cindex blanks, ignoring leading @vindex LC_CTYPE Ignore leading blanks when finding sort keys in each line. By default a blank is a space or a tab, but the @env{LC_CTYPE} locale can change this. Note blanks may be ignored by your locale's collating rules, but without this option they will be significant for character positions specified in keys with the @option{-k} option. @item -d @itemx --dictionary-order @opindex -d @opindex --dictionary-order @cindex dictionary order @cindex phone directory order @cindex telephone directory order @vindex LC_CTYPE Sort in @dfn{phone directory} order: ignore all characters except letters, digits and blanks when sorting. By default letters and digits are those of @acronym{ASCII} and a blank is a space or a tab, but the @env{LC_CTYPE} locale can change this. @item -f @itemx --ignore-case @opindex -f @opindex --ignore-case @cindex ignoring case @cindex case folding @vindex LC_CTYPE Fold lowercase characters into the equivalent uppercase characters when comparing so that, for example, @samp{b} and @samp{B} sort as equal. The @env{LC_CTYPE} locale determines character types. When used with @option{--unique} those lower case equivalent lines are thrown away. (There is currently no way to throw away the upper case equivalent instead. (Any @option{--reverse} given would only affect the final result, after the throwing away.)) @item -g @itemx --general-numeric-sort @itemx --sort=general-numeric @opindex -g @opindex --general-numeric-sort @opindex --sort @cindex general numeric sort @vindex LC_NUMERIC Sort numerically, using the standard C function @code{strtod} to convert a prefix of each line to a double-precision floating point number. This allows floating point numbers to be specified in scientific notation, like @code{1.0e-34} and @code{10e100}. The @env{LC_NUMERIC} locale determines the decimal-point character. Do not report overflow, underflow, or conversion errors. Use the following collating sequence: @itemize @bullet @item Lines that do not start with numbers (all considered to be equal). @item NaNs (``Not a Number'' values, in IEEE floating point arithmetic) in a consistent but machine-dependent order. @item Minus infinity. @item Finite numbers in ascending numeric order (with @math{-0} and @math{+0} equal). @item Plus infinity. @end itemize Use this option only if there is no alternative; it is much slower than @option{--numeric-sort} (@option{-n}) and it can lose information when converting to floating point. @item -h @itemx --human-numeric-sort @itemx --sort=human-numeric @opindex -h @opindex --human-numeric-sort @opindex --sort @cindex human numeric sort @vindex LC_NUMERIC Sort numerically, as per the @option{--numeric-sort} option below, and in addition handle IEC or SI suffixes like MiB, MB etc (@ref{Block size}). Note a mixture of IEC and SI suffixes is not supported and will be flagged as an error. Also the numbers must be abbreviated uniformly. I.E. values with different precisions like 6000K and 5M will be sorted incorrectly. @item -i @itemx --ignore-nonprinting @opindex -i @opindex --ignore-nonprinting @cindex nonprinting characters, ignoring @cindex unprintable characters, ignoring @vindex LC_CTYPE Ignore nonprinting characters. The @env{LC_CTYPE} locale determines character types. This option has no effect if the stronger @option{--dictionary-order} (@option{-d}) option is also given. @item -M @itemx --month-sort @itemx --sort=month @opindex -M @opindex --month-sort @opindex --sort @cindex months, sorting by @vindex LC_TIME An initial string, consisting of any amount of blanks, followed by a month name abbreviation, is folded to UPPER case and compared in the order @samp{JAN} < @samp{FEB} < @dots{} < @samp{DEC}. Invalid names compare low to valid names. The @env{LC_TIME} locale category determines the month spellings. By default a blank is a space or a tab, but the @env{LC_CTYPE} locale can change this. @item -n @itemx --numeric-sort @itemx --sort=numeric @opindex -n @opindex --numeric-sort @opindex --sort @cindex numeric sort @vindex LC_NUMERIC Sort numerically. The number begins each line and consists of optional blanks, an optional @samp{-} sign, and zero or more digits possibly separated by thousands separators, optionally followed by a decimal-point character and zero or more digits. An empty number is treated as @samp{0}. The @env{LC_NUMERIC} locale specifies the decimal-point character and thousands separator. By default a blank is a space or a tab, but the @env{LC_CTYPE} locale can change this. Comparison is exact; there is no rounding error. Neither a leading @samp{+} nor exponential notation is recognized. To compare such strings numerically, use the @option{--general-numeric-sort} (@option{-g}) option. @item -V @itemx --version-sort @opindex -V @opindex --version-sort @cindex version number sort Sort by version name and number. It behaves like a standard sort, except that each sequence of decimal digits is treated numerically as an index/version number. (@xref{Details about version sort}.) @item -r @itemx --reverse @opindex -r @opindex --reverse @cindex reverse sorting Reverse the result of comparison, so that lines with greater key values appear earlier in the output instead of later. @item -R @itemx --random-sort @itemx --sort=random @opindex -R @opindex --random-sort @opindex --sort @cindex random sort Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values. Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is like a random permutation of the inputs (@pxref{shuf invocation}), except that keys with the same value sort together. If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash function is used for all fields. To use different random hash functions for different fields, you can invoke @command{sort} more than once. The choice of hash function is affected by the @option{--random-source} option. @end table Other options are: @table @samp @item --compress-program=@var{prog} Compress any temporary files with the program @var{prog}. With no arguments, @var{prog} must compress standard input to standard output, and when given the @option{-d} option it must decompress standard input to standard output. Terminate with an error if @var{prog} exits with nonzero status. White space and the backslash character should not appear in @var{prog}; they are reserved for future use. @filesZeroFromOption{sort,,sorted output} @item -k @var{pos1}[,@var{pos2}] @itemx --key=@var{pos1}[,@var{pos2}] @opindex -k @opindex --key @cindex sort field Specify a sort field that consists of the part of the line between @var{pos1} and @var{pos2} (or the end of the line, if @var{pos2} is omitted), @emph{inclusive}. Each @var{pos} has the form @samp{@var{f}[.@var{c}][@var{opts}]}, where @var{f} is the number of the field to use, and @var{c} is the number of the first character from the beginning of the field. Fields and character positions are numbered starting with 1; a character position of zero in @var{pos2} indicates the field's last character. If @samp{.@var{c}} is omitted from @var{pos1}, it defaults to 1 (the beginning of the field); if omitted from @var{pos2}, it defaults to 0 (the end of the field). @var{opts} are ordering options, allowing individual keys to be sorted according to different rules; see below for details. Keys can span multiple fields. Example: To sort on the second field, use @option{--key=2,2} (@option{-k 2,2}). See below for more notes on keys and more examples. @item --batch-size=@var{nmerge} @opindex --batch-size @cindex number of inputs to merge, nmerge Merge at most @var{nmerge} inputs at once. When @command{sort} has to merge more than @var{nmerge} inputs, it merges them in groups of @var{nmerge}, saving the result in a temporary file, which is then used as an input in a subsequent merge. A large value of @var{nmerge} may improve merge performance and decrease temporary storage utilization at the expense of increased memory usage and I/0. Conversely a small value of @var{nmerge} may reduce memory requirements and I/0 at the expense of temporary storage consumption and merge performance. The value of @var{nmerge} must be at least 2. The default value is currently 16, but this is implementation-dependent and may change in the future. The value of @var{nmerge} may be bounded by a resource limit for open file descriptors. The commands @samp{ulimit -n} or @samp{getconf OPEN_MAX} may display limits for your systems; these limits may be modified further if your program already has some files open, or if the operating system has other limits on the number of open files. If the value of @var{nmerge} exceeds the resource limit, @command{sort} silently uses a smaller value. @item -o @var{output-file} @itemx --output=@var{output-file} @opindex -o @opindex --output @cindex overwriting of input, allowed Write output to @var{output-file} instead of standard output. Normally, @command{sort} reads all input before opening @var{output-file}, so you can safely sort a file in place by using commands like @code{sort -o F F} and @code{cat F | sort -o F}. However, @command{sort} with @option{--merge} (@option{-m}) can open the output file before reading all input, so a command like @code{cat F | sort -m -o F - G} is not safe as @command{sort} might start writing @file{F} before @command{cat} is done reading it. @vindex POSIXLY_CORRECT On newer systems, @option{-o} cannot appear after an input file if @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} is set, e.g., @samp{sort F -o F}. Portable scripts should specify @option{-o @var{output-file}} before any input files. @item --random-source=@var{file} @opindex --random-source @cindex random source for sorting Use @var{file} as a source of random data used to determine which random hash function to use with the @option{-R} option. @xref{Random sources}. @item -s @itemx --stable @opindex -s @opindex --stable @cindex sort stability @cindex sort's last-resort comparison Make @command{sort} stable by disabling its last-resort comparison. This option has no effect if no fields or global ordering options other than @option{--reverse} (@option{-r}) are specified. @item -S @var{size} @itemx --buffer-size=@var{size} @opindex -S @opindex --buffer-size @cindex size for main memory sorting Use a main-memory sort buffer of the given @var{size}. By default, @var{size} is in units of 1024 bytes. Appending @samp{%} causes @var{size} to be interpreted as a percentage of physical memory. Appending @samp{K} multiplies @var{size} by 1024 (the default), @samp{M} by 1,048,576, @samp{G} by 1,073,741,824, and so on for @samp{T}, @samp{P}, @samp{E}, @samp{Z}, and @samp{Y}. Appending @samp{b} causes @var{size} to be interpreted as a byte count, with no multiplication. This option can improve the performance of @command{sort} by causing it to start with a larger or smaller sort buffer than the default. However, this option affects only the initial buffer size. The buffer grows beyond @var{size} if @command{sort} encounters input lines larger than @var{size}. @item -t @var{separator} @itemx --field-separator=@var{separator} @opindex -t @opindex --field-separator @cindex field separator character Use character @var{separator} as the field separator when finding the sort keys in each line. By default, fields are separated by the empty string between a non-blank character and a blank character. By default a blank is a space or a tab, but the @env{LC_CTYPE} locale can change this. That is, given the input line @w{@samp{ foo bar}}, @command{sort} breaks it into fields @w{@samp{ foo}} and @w{@samp{ bar}}. The field separator is not considered to be part of either the field preceding or the field following, so with @samp{sort @w{-t " "}} the same input line has three fields: an empty field, @samp{foo}, and @samp{bar}. However, fields that extend to the end of the line, as @option{-k 2}, or fields consisting of a range, as @option{-k 2,3}, retain the field separators present between the endpoints of the range. To specify @acronym{ASCII} @sc{nul} as the field separator, use the two-character string @samp{\0}, e.g., @samp{sort -t '\0'}. @item -T @var{tempdir} @itemx --temporary-directory=@var{tempdir} @opindex -T @opindex --temporary-directory @cindex temporary directory @vindex TMPDIR Use directory @var{tempdir} to store temporary files, overriding the @env{TMPDIR} environment variable. If this option is given more than once, temporary files are stored in all the directories given. If you have a large sort or merge that is I/O-bound, you can often improve performance by using this option to specify directories on different disks and controllers. @item -u @itemx --unique @opindex -u @opindex --unique @cindex uniquifying output Normally, output only the first of a sequence of lines that compare equal. For the @option{--check} (@option{-c} or @option{-C}) option, check that no pair of consecutive lines compares equal. This option also disables the default last-resort comparison. The commands @code{sort -u} and @code{sort | uniq} are equivalent, but this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary @command{sort} options. For example, @code{sort -n -u} inspects only the value of the initial numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas @code{sort -n | uniq} inspects the entire line. @xref{uniq invocation}. @macro zeroTerminatedOption @item -z @itemx --zero-terminated @opindex -z @opindex --zero-terminated @cindex process zero-terminated items Delimit items with a zero byte rather than a newline (@acronym{ASCII} @sc{lf}). I.E. treat input as items separated by @acronym{ASCII} @sc{nul} and terminate output items with @acronym{ASCII} @sc{nul}. This option can be useful in conjunction with @samp{perl -0} or @samp{find -print0} and @samp{xargs -0} which do the same in order to reliably handle arbitrary file names (even those containing blanks or other special characters). @end macro @zeroTerminatedOption @end table Historical (BSD and System V) implementations of @command{sort} have differed in their interpretation of some options, particularly @option{-b}, @option{-f}, and @option{-n}. @sc{gnu} sort follows the @acronym{POSIX} behavior, which is usually (but not always!) like the System V behavior. According to @acronym{POSIX}, @option{-n} no longer implies @option{-b}. For consistency, @option{-M} has been changed in the same way. This may affect the meaning of character positions in field specifications in obscure cases. The only fix is to add an explicit @option{-b}. A position in a sort field specified with @option{-k} may have any of the option letters @samp{MbdfghinRrV} appended to it, in which case no global ordering options are inherited by that particular field. The @option{-b} option may be independently attached to either or both of the start and end positions of a field specification, and if it is inherited from the global options it will be attached to both. If input lines can contain leading or adjacent blanks and @option{-t} is not used, then @option{-k} is typically combined with @option{-b} or an option that implicitly ignores leading blanks (@samp{MghnV}) as otherwise the varying numbers of leading blanks in fields can cause confusing results. If the start position in a sort field specifier falls after the end of the line or after the end field, the field is empty. If the @option{-b} option was specified, the @samp{.@var{c}} part of a field specification is counted from the first nonblank character of the field. @vindex _POSIX2_VERSION @vindex POSIXLY_CORRECT On older systems, @command{sort} supports an obsolete origin-zero syntax @samp{+@var{pos1} [-@var{pos2}]} for specifying sort keys. The obsolete sequence @samp{sort +@var{a}.@var{x} -@var{b}.@var{y}} is equivalent to @samp{sort -k @var{a+1}.@var{x+1},@var{b}} if @var{y} is @samp{0} or absent, otherwise it is equivalent to @samp{sort -k @var{a+1}.@var{x+1},@var{b+1}.@var{y}}. This obsolete behavior can be enabled or disabled with the @env{_POSIX2_VERSION} environment variable (@pxref{Standards conformance}); it can also be enabled when @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} is not set by using the obsolete syntax with @samp{-@var{pos2}} present. Scripts intended for use on standard hosts should avoid obsolete syntax and should use @option{-k} instead. For example, avoid @samp{sort +2}, since it might be interpreted as either @samp{sort ./+2} or @samp{sort -k 3}. If your script must also run on hosts that support only the obsolete syntax, it can use a test like @samp{if sort -k 1 /dev/null 2>&1; then @dots{}} to decide which syntax to use. Here are some examples to illustrate various combinations of options. @itemize @bullet @item Sort in descending (reverse) numeric order. @example sort -n -r @end example @item Sort alphabetically, omitting the first and second fields and the blanks at the start of the third field. This uses a single key composed of the characters beginning at the start of the first nonblank character in field three and extending to the end of each line. @example sort -k 3b @end example @item Sort numerically on the second field and resolve ties by sorting alphabetically on the third and fourth characters of field five. Use @samp{:} as the field delimiter. @example sort -t : -k 2,2n -k 5.3,5.4 @end example Note that if you had written @option{-k 2n} instead of @option{-k 2,2n} @command{sort} would have used all characters beginning in the second field and extending to the end of the line as the primary @emph{numeric} key. For the large majority of applications, treating keys spanning more than one field as numeric will not do what you expect. Also note that the @samp{n} modifier was applied to the field-end specifier for the first key. It would have been equivalent to specify @option{-k 2n,2} or @option{-k 2n,2n}. All modifiers except @samp{b} apply to the associated @emph{field}, regardless of whether the modifier character is attached to the field-start and/or the field-end part of the key specifier. @item Sort the password file on the fifth field and ignore any leading blanks. Sort lines with equal values in field five on the numeric user ID in field three. Fields are separated by @samp{:}. @example sort -t : -k 5b,5 -k 3,3n /etc/passwd sort -t : -n -k 5b,5 -k 3,3 /etc/passwd sort -t : -b -k 5,5 -k 3,3n /etc/passwd @end example These three commands have equivalent effect. The first specifies that the first key's start position ignores leading blanks and the second key is sorted numerically. The other two commands rely on global options being inherited by sort keys that lack modifiers. The inheritance works in this case because @option{-k 5b,5b} and @option{-k 5b,5} are equivalent, as the location of a field-end lacking a @samp{.@var{c}} character position is not affected by whether initial blanks are skipped. @item Sort a set of log files, primarily by IPv4 address and secondarily by time stamp. If two lines' primary and secondary keys are identical, output the lines in the same order that they were input. The log files contain lines that look like this: @example 4.150.156.3 - - [01/Apr/2004:06:31:51 +0000] message 1 211.24.3.231 - - [24/Apr/2004:20:17:39 +0000] message 2 @end example Fields are separated by exactly one space. Sort IPv4 addresses lexicographically, e.g., 212.61.52.2 sorts before 212.129.233.201 because 61 is less than 129. @example sort -s -t ' ' -k 4.9n -k 4.5M -k 4.2n -k 4.14,4.21 file*.log | sort -s -t '.' -k 1,1n -k 2,2n -k 3,3n -k 4,4n @end example This example cannot be done with a single @command{sort} invocation, since IPv4 address components are separated by @samp{.} while dates come just after a space. So it is broken down into two invocations of @command{sort}: the first sorts by time stamp and the second by IPv4 address. The time stamp is sorted by year, then month, then day, and finally by hour-minute-second field, using @option{-k} to isolate each field. Except for hour-minute-second there's no need to specify the end of each key field, since the @samp{n} and @samp{M} modifiers sort based on leading prefixes that cannot cross field boundaries. The IPv4 addresses are sorted lexicographically. The second sort uses @samp{-s} so that ties in the primary key are broken by the secondary key; the first sort uses @samp{-s} so that the combination of the two sorts is stable. @item Generate a tags file in case-insensitive sorted order. @smallexample find src -type f -print0 | sort -z -f | xargs -0 etags --append @end smallexample The use of @option{-print0}, @option{-z}, and @option{-0} in this case means that file names that contain blanks or other special characters are not broken up by the sort operation. @c This example is a bit contrived and needs more explanation. @c @item @c Sort records separated by an arbitrary string by using a pipe to convert @c each record delimiter string to @samp{\0}, then using sort's -z option, @c and converting each @samp{\0} back to the original record delimiter. @c @c @example @c printf 'c\n\nb\n\na\n'|perl -0pe 's/\n\n/\n\0/g'|sort -z|perl -0pe 's/\0/\n/g' @c @end example @item Use the common @acronym{DSU, Decorate Sort Undecorate} idiom to sort lines according to their length. @example awk '@{print length, $0@}' /etc/passwd | sort -n | cut -f2- -d' ' @end example In general this technique can be used to sort data that the @command{sort} command does not support, or is inefficient at, sorting directly. @item Shuffle a list of directories, but preserve the order of files within each directory. For instance, one could use this to generate a music playlist in which albums are shuffled but the songs of each album are played in order. @example ls */* | sort -t / -k 1,1R -k 2,2 @end example @end itemize @node shuf invocation @section @command{shuf}: Shuffling text @pindex shuf @cindex shuffling files @command{shuf} shuffles its input by outputting a random permutation of its input lines. Each output permutation is equally likely. Synopses: @example shuf [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{file}] shuf -e [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{arg}]@dots{} shuf -i @var{lo}-@var{hi} [@var{option}]@dots{} @end example @command{shuf} has three modes of operation that affect where it obtains its input lines. By default, it reads lines from standard input. The following options change the operation mode: @table @samp @item -e @itemx --echo @opindex -c @opindex --echo @cindex command-line operands to shuffle Treat each command-line operand as an input line. @item -i @var{lo}-@var{hi} @itemx --input-range=@var{lo}-@var{hi} @opindex -i @opindex --input-range @cindex input range to shuffle Act as if input came from a file containing the range of unsigned decimal integers @var{lo}@dots{}@var{hi}, one per line. @end table @command{shuf}'s other options can affect its behavior in all operation modes: @table @samp @item -n @var{lines} @itemx --head-count=@var{count} @opindex -n @opindex --head-count @cindex head of output Output at most @var{count} lines. By default, all input lines are output. @item -o @var{output-file} @itemx --output=@var{output-file} @opindex -o @opindex --output @cindex overwriting of input, allowed Write output to @var{output-file} instead of standard output. @command{shuf} reads all input before opening @var{output-file}, so you can safely shuffle a file in place by using commands like @code{shuf -o F out $ dd bs=1 skip=222 count=6 < out 2>/dev/null; echo deeper @end example Note that although the listing above includes a trailing slash for the @samp{deeper} entry, the offsets select the name without the trailing slash. However, if you invoke @command{ls} with @option{--dired} along with an option like @option{--escape} (aka @option{-b}) and operate on a file whose name contains special characters, notice that the backslash @emph{is} included: @example $ touch 'a b' $ ls -blog --dired 'a b' -rw-r--r-- 1 0 Jun 10 12:28 a\ b //DIRED// 30 34 //DIRED-OPTIONS// --quoting-style=escape @end example If you use a quoting style that adds quote marks (e.g., @option{--quoting-style=c}), then the offsets include the quote marks. So beware that the user may select the quoting style via the environment variable @env{QUOTING_STYLE}. Hence, applications using @option{--dired} should either specify an explicit @option{--quoting-style=literal} option (aka @option{-N} or @option{--literal}) on the command line, or else be prepared to parse the escaped names. @item --full-time @opindex --full-time Produce long format directory listings, and list times in full. It is equivalent to using @option{--format=long} with @option{--time-style=full-iso} (@pxref{Formatting file timestamps}). @item -g @opindex -g Produce long format directory listings, but don't display owner information. @item -G @itemx --no-group @opindex -G @opindex --no-group Inhibit display of group information in a long format directory listing. (This is the default in some non-@sc{gnu} versions of @command{ls}, so we provide this option for compatibility.) @optHumanReadable @item -i @itemx --inode @opindex -i @opindex --inode @cindex inode number, printing Print the inode number (also called the file serial number and index number) of each file to the left of the file name. (This number uniquely identifies each file within a particular file system.) @item -l @itemx --format=long @itemx --format=verbose @opindex -l @opindex --format @opindex long ls @r{format} @opindex verbose ls @r{format} In addition to the name of each file, print the file type, file mode bits, number of hard links, owner name, group name, size, and timestamp (@pxref{Formatting file timestamps}), normally the modification time. Print question marks for information that cannot be determined. Normally the size is printed as a byte count without punctuation, but this can be overridden (@pxref{Block size}). For example, @option{-h} prints an abbreviated, human-readable count, and @samp{--block-size="'1"} prints a byte count with the thousands separator of the current locale. For each directory that is listed, preface the files with a line @samp{total @var{blocks}}, where @var{blocks} is the total disk allocation for all files in that directory. The block size currently defaults to 1024 bytes, but this can be overridden (@pxref{Block size}). The @var{blocks} computed counts each hard link separately; this is arguably a deficiency. The file type is one of the following characters: @c The commented-out entries are ones we're not sure about. @table @samp @item - regular file @item b block special file @item c character special file @item C high performance (``contiguous data'') file @item d directory @item D door (Solaris 2.5 and up) @c @item F @c semaphore, if this is a distinct file type @item l symbolic link @c @item m @c multiplexed file (7th edition Unix; obsolete) @item M off-line (``migrated'') file (Cray DMF) @item n network special file (HP-UX) @item p FIFO (named pipe) @item P port (Solaris 10 and up) @c @item Q @c message queue, if this is a distinct file type @item s socket @c @item S @c shared memory object, if this is a distinct file type @c @item T @c typed memory object, if this is a distinct file type @c @item w @c whiteout (4.4BSD; not implemented) @item ? some other file type @end table @cindex permissions, output by @command{ls} The file mode bits listed are similar to symbolic mode specifications (@pxref{Symbolic Modes}). But @command{ls} combines multiple bits into the third character of each set of permissions as follows: @table @samp @item s If the set-user-ID or set-group-ID bit and the corresponding executable bit are both set. @item S If the set-user-ID or set-group-ID bit is set but the corresponding executable bit is not set. @item t If the restricted deletion flag or sticky bit, and the other-executable bit, are both set. The restricted deletion flag is another name for the sticky bit. @xref{Mode Structure}. @item T If the restricted deletion flag or sticky bit is set but the other-executable bit is not set. @item x If the executable bit is set and none of the above apply. @item - Otherwise. @end table Following the file mode bits is a single character that specifies whether an alternate access method such as an access control list applies to the file. When the character following the file mode bits is a space, there is no alternate access method. When it is a printing character, then there is such a method. GNU @command{ls} uses a @samp{.} character to indicate a file with an SELinux security context, but no other alternate access method. A file with any other combination of alternate access methods is marked with a @samp{+} character. @item -n @itemx --numeric-uid-gid @opindex -n @opindex --numeric-uid-gid @cindex numeric uid and gid @cindex numeric user and group IDs Produce long format directory listings, but display numeric user and group IDs instead of the owner and group names. @item -o @opindex -o Produce long format directory listings, but don't display group information. It is equivalent to using @option{--format=long} with @option{--no-group} . @item -s @itemx --size @opindex -s @opindex --size @cindex disk allocation @cindex size of files, reporting Print the disk allocation of each file to the left of the file name. This is the amount of disk space used by the file, which is usually a bit more than the file's size, but it can be less if the file has holes. Normally the disk allocation is printed in units of 1024 bytes, but this can be overridden (@pxref{Block size}). @cindex NFS mounts from BSD to HP-UX For files that are NFS-mounted from an HP-UX system to a BSD system, this option reports sizes that are half the correct values. On HP-UX systems, it reports sizes that are twice the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted from BSD systems. This is due to a flaw in HP-UX; it also affects the HP-UX @command{ls} program. @optSi @item -Z @itemx --context @opindex -Z @opindex --context @cindex SELinux @cindex security context Display the SELinux security context or @samp{?} if none is found. When used with the @option{-l} option, print the security context to the left of the size column. @end table @node Sorting the output @subsection Sorting the output @cindex sorting @command{ls} output These options change the order in which @command{ls} sorts the information it outputs. By default, sorting is done by character code (e.g., @acronym{ASCII} order). @table @samp @item -c @itemx --time=ctime @itemx --time=status @opindex -c @opindex --time @opindex ctime@r{, printing or sorting by} @opindex status time@r{, printing or sorting by} @opindex use time@r{, printing or sorting files by} If the long listing format (e.g., @option{-l}, @option{-o}) is being used, print the status change time (the @samp{ctime} in the inode) instead of the modification time. When explicitly sorting by time (@option{--sort=time} or @option{-t}) or when not using a long listing format, sort according to the status change time. @item -f @opindex -f @cindex unsorted directory listing @cindex directory order, listing by Primarily, like @option{-U}---do not sort; list the files in whatever order they are stored in the directory. But also enable @option{-a} (list all files) and disable @option{-l}, @option{--color}, and @option{-s} (if they were specified before the @option{-f}). @item -r @itemx --reverse @opindex -r @opindex --reverse @cindex reverse sorting Reverse whatever the sorting method is---e.g., list files in reverse alphabetical order, youngest first, smallest first, or whatever. @item -S @itemx --sort=size @opindex -S @opindex --sort @opindex size of files@r{, sorting files by} Sort by file size, largest first. @item -t @itemx --sort=time @opindex -t @opindex --sort @opindex modification time@r{, sorting files by} Sort by modification time (the @samp{mtime} in the inode), newest first. @item -u @itemx --time=atime @itemx --time=access @itemx --time=use @opindex -u @opindex --time @opindex use time@r{, printing or sorting files by} @opindex atime@r{, printing or sorting files by} @opindex access time@r{, printing or sorting files by} If the long listing format (e.g., @option{--format=long}) is being used, print the last access time (the @samp{atime} in the inode). When explicitly sorting by time (@option{--sort=time} or @option{-t}) or when not using a long listing format, sort according to the access time. @item -U @itemx --sort=none @opindex -U @opindex --sort @opindex none@r{, sorting option for @command{ls}} Do not sort; list the files in whatever order they are stored in the directory. (Do not do any of the other unrelated things that @option{-f} does.) This is especially useful when listing very large directories, since not doing any sorting can be noticeably faster. @item -v @itemx --sort=version @opindex -v @opindex --sort @opindex version@r{, sorting option for @command{ls}} Sort by version name and number, lowest first. It behaves like a default sort, except that each sequence of decimal digits is treated numerically as an index/version number. (@xref{Details about version sort}.) @item -X @itemx --sort=extension @opindex -X @opindex --sort @opindex extension@r{, sorting files by} Sort directory contents alphabetically by file extension (characters after the last @samp{.}); files with no extension are sorted first. @end table @node Details about version sort @subsection Details about version sort Version sorting handles the fact that file names frequently include indices or version numbers. Standard sorting usually does not produce the order that one expects because comparisons are made on a character-by-character basis. Version sorting is especially useful when browsing directories that contain many files with indices/version numbers in their names: @example $ ls -1 $ ls -1v abc.zml-1.gz abc.zml-1.gz abc.zml-12.gz abc.zml-2.gz abc.zml-2.gz abc.zml-12.gz @end example Version-sorted strings are compared such that if @var{ver1} and @var{ver2} are version numbers and @var{prefix} and @var{suffix} (@var{suffix} matching the regular expression @samp{(\.[A-Za-z~][A-Za-z0-9~]*)*}) are strings then @var{ver1} < @var{ver2} implies that the name composed of ``@var{prefix} @var{ver1} @var{suffix}'' sorts before ``@var{prefix} @var{ver2} @var{suffix}''. Note also that leading zeros of numeric parts are ignored: @example $ ls -1 $ ls -1v abc-1.007.tgz abc-1.01a.tgz abc-1.012b.tgz abc-1.007.tgz abc-1.01a.tgz abc-1.012b.tgz @end example This functionality is implemented using gnulib's @code{filevercmp} function, which has some caveats worth noting. @itemize @bullet @item @env{LC_COLLATE} is ignored, which means @samp{ls -v} and @samp{sort -V} will sort non-numeric prefixes as if the @env{LC_COLLATE} locale category was set to @samp{C}. @item Some suffixes will not be matched by the regular expression mentioned above. Consequently these examples may not sort as you expect: @example abc-1.2.3.4.7z abc-1.2.3.7z @end example @example abc-1.2.3.4.x86_64.rpm abc-1.2.3.x86_64.rpm @end example @end itemize @node General output formatting @subsection General output formatting These options affect the appearance of the overall output. @table @samp @item -1 @itemx --format=single-column @opindex -1 @opindex --format @opindex single-column @r{output of files} List one file per line. This is the default for @command{ls} when standard output is not a terminal. @item -C @itemx --format=vertical @opindex -C @opindex --format @opindex vertical @r{sorted files in columns} List files in columns, sorted vertically. This is the default for @command{ls} if standard output is a terminal. It is always the default for the @command{dir} program. @sc{gnu} @command{ls} uses variable width columns to display as many files as possible in the fewest lines. @item --color [=@var{when}] @opindex --color @cindex color, distinguishing file types with Specify whether to use color for distinguishing file types. @var{when} may be omitted, or one of: @itemize @bullet @item none @vindex none @r{color option} - Do not use color at all. This is the default. @item auto @vindex auto @r{color option} @cindex terminal, using color iff - Only use color if standard output is a terminal. @item always @vindex always @r{color option} - Always use color. @end itemize Specifying @option{--color} and no @var{when} is equivalent to @option{--color=always}. Piping a colorized listing through a pager like @command{more} or @command{less} usually produces unreadable results. However, using @code{more -f} does seem to work. @item -F @itemx --classify @itemx --indicator-style=classify @opindex -F @opindex --classify @opindex --indicator-style @cindex file type and executables, marking @cindex executables and file type, marking Append a character to each file name indicating the file type. Also, for regular files that are executable, append @samp{*}. The file type indicators are @samp{/} for directories, @samp{@@} for symbolic links, @samp{|} for FIFOs, @samp{=} for sockets, @samp{>} for doors, and nothing for regular files. @c The following sentence is the same as the one for -d. Do not follow symbolic links listed on the command line unless the @option{--dereference-command-line} (@option{-H}), @option{--dereference} (@option{-L}), or @option{--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir} options are specified. @item --file-type @itemx --indicator-style=file-type @opindex --file-type @opindex --indicator-style @cindex file type, marking Append a character to each file name indicating the file type. This is like @option{-F}, except that executables are not marked. @item --indicator-style=@var{word} @opindex --indicator-style Append a character indicator with style @var{word} to entry names, as follows: @table @samp @item none Do not append any character indicator; this is the default. @item slash Append @samp{/} for directories. This is the same as the @option{-p} option. @item file-type Append @samp{/} for directories, @samp{@@} for symbolic links, @samp{|} for FIFOs, @samp{=} for sockets, and nothing for regular files. This is the same as the @option{--file-type} option. @item classify Append @samp{*} for executable regular files, otherwise behave as for @samp{file-type}. This is the same as the @option{-F} or @option{--classify} option. @end table @item -k @opindex -k Print file sizes in 1024-byte blocks, overriding the default block size (@pxref{Block size}). This option is equivalent to @option{--block-size=1K}. @item -m @itemx --format=commas @opindex -m @opindex --format @opindex commas@r{, outputting between files} List files horizontally, with as many as will fit on each line, separated by @samp{, } (a comma and a space). @item -p @itemx --indicator-style=slash @opindex -p @opindex --indicator-style @cindex file type, marking Append a @samp{/} to directory names. @item -x @itemx --format=across @itemx --format=horizontal @opindex -x @opindex --format @opindex across@r{, listing files} @opindex horizontal@r{, listing files} List the files in columns, sorted horizontally. @item -T @var{cols} @itemx --tabsize=@var{cols} @opindex -T @opindex --tabsize Assume that each tab stop is @var{cols} columns wide. The default is 8. @command{ls} uses tabs where possible in the output, for efficiency. If @var{cols} is zero, do not use tabs at all. @c FIXME: remove in 2009, if Apple Terminal has been fixed for long enough. Some terminal emulators (at least Apple Terminal 1.5 (133) from Mac OS X 10.4.8) do not properly align columns to the right of a TAB following a non-@acronym{ASCII} byte. If you use such a terminal emulator, use the @option{-T0} option or put @code{TABSIZE=0} in your environment to tell @command{ls} to align using spaces, not tabs. @item -w @itemx --width=@var{cols} @opindex -w @opindex --width @vindex COLUMNS Assume the screen is @var{cols} columns wide. The default is taken from the terminal settings if possible; otherwise the environment variable @env{COLUMNS} is used if it is set; otherwise the default is 80. @end table @node Formatting file timestamps @subsection Formatting file timestamps By default, file timestamps are listed in abbreviated form. Most locales use a timestamp like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45}. However, the default @acronym{POSIX} locale uses a date like @samp{Mar 30@ @ 2002} for non-recent timestamps, and a date-without-year and time like @samp{Mar 30 23:45} for recent timestamps. A timestamp is considered to be @dfn{recent} if it is less than six months old, and is not dated in the future. If a timestamp dated today is not listed in recent form, the timestamp is in the future, which means you probably have clock skew problems which may break programs like @command{make} that rely on file timestamps. @vindex TZ Time stamps are listed according to the time zone rules specified by the @env{TZ} environment variable, or by the system default rules if @env{TZ} is not set. @xref{TZ Variable,, Specifying the Time Zone with @env{TZ}, libc, The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. The following option changes how file timestamps are printed. @table @samp @item --time-style=@var{style} @opindex --time-style @cindex time style List timestamps in style @var{style}. The @var{style} should be one of the following: @table @samp @item +@var{format} @vindex LC_TIME List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}). For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes @command{ls} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the @env{LC_TIME} locale category. If @var{format} contains two format strings separated by a newline, the former is used for non-recent files and the latter for recent files; if you want output columns to line up, you may need to insert spaces in one of the two formats. @item full-iso List timestamps in full using @acronym{ISO} 8601 date, time, and time zone format with nanosecond precision, e.g., @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56.477817180 -0700}. This style is equivalent to @samp{+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%N %z}. This is useful because the time output includes all the information that is available from the operating system. For example, this can help explain @command{make}'s behavior, since @acronym{GNU} @command{make} uses the full timestamp to determine whether a file is out of date. @item long-iso List @acronym{ISO} 8601 date and time in minutes, e.g., @samp{2002-03-30 23:45}. These timestamps are shorter than @samp{full-iso} timestamps, and are usually good enough for everyday work. This style is equivalent to @samp{+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M}. @item iso List @acronym{ISO} 8601 dates for non-recent timestamps (e.g., @samp{2002-03-30@ }), and @acronym{ISO} 8601 month, day, hour, and minute for recent timestamps (e.g., @samp{03-30 23:45}). These timestamps are uglier than @samp{long-iso} timestamps, but they carry nearly the same information in a smaller space and their brevity helps @command{ls} output fit within traditional 80-column output lines. The following two @command{ls} invocations are equivalent: @example newline=' ' ls -l --time-style="+%Y-%m-%d $newline%m-%d %H:%M" ls -l --time-style="iso" @end example @item locale @vindex LC_TIME List timestamps in a locale-dependent form. For example, a Finnish locale might list non-recent timestamps like @samp{maalis 30@ @ 2002} and recent timestamps like @samp{maalis 30 23:45}. Locale-dependent timestamps typically consume more space than @samp{iso} timestamps and are harder for programs to parse because locale conventions vary so widely, but they are easier for many people to read. The @env{LC_TIME} locale category specifies the timestamp format. The default @acronym{POSIX} locale uses timestamps like @samp{Mar 30@ @ 2002} and @samp{Mar 30 23:45}; in this locale, the following two @command{ls} invocations are equivalent: @example newline=' ' ls -l --time-style="+%b %e %Y$newline%b %e %H:%M" ls -l --time-style="locale" @end example Other locales behave differently. For example, in a German locale, @option{--time-style="locale"} might be equivalent to @option{--time-style="+%e. %b %Y $newline%e. %b %H:%M"} and might generate timestamps like @samp{30. M@"ar 2002@ } and @samp{30. M@"ar 23:45}. @item posix-@var{style} @vindex LC_TIME List @acronym{POSIX}-locale timestamps if the @env{LC_TIME} locale category is @acronym{POSIX}, @var{style} timestamps otherwise. For example, the @samp{posix-long-iso} style lists timestamps like @samp{Mar 30@ @ 2002} and @samp{Mar 30 23:45} when in the @acronym{POSIX} locale, and like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45} otherwise. @end table @end table @vindex TIME_STYLE You can specify the default value of the @option{--time-style} option with the environment variable @env{TIME_STYLE}; if @env{TIME_STYLE} is not set the default style is @samp{locale}. @acronym{GNU} Emacs 21.3 and later use the @option{--dired} option and therefore can parse any date format, but if you are using Emacs 21.1 or 21.2 and specify a non-@acronym{POSIX} locale you may need to set @samp{TIME_STYLE="posix-long-iso"}. To avoid certain denial-of-service attacks, timestamps that would be longer than 1000 bytes may be treated as errors. @node Formatting the file names @subsection Formatting the file names These options change how file names themselves are printed. @table @samp @item -b @itemx --escape @itemx --quoting-style=escape @opindex -b @opindex --escape @opindex --quoting-style @cindex backslash sequences for file names Quote nongraphic characters in file names using alphabetic and octal backslash sequences like those used in C. @item -N @itemx --literal @itemx --quoting-style=literal @opindex -N @opindex --literal @opindex --quoting-style Do not quote file names. However, with @command{ls} nongraphic characters are still printed as question marks if the output is a terminal and you do not specify the @option{--show-control-chars} option. @item -q @itemx --hide-control-chars @opindex -q @opindex --hide-control-chars Print question marks instead of nongraphic characters in file names. This is the default if the output is a terminal and the program is @command{ls}. @item -Q @itemx --quote-name @itemx --quoting-style=c @opindex -Q @opindex --quote-name @opindex --quoting-style Enclose file names in double quotes and quote nongraphic characters as in C. @item --quoting-style=@var{word} @opindex --quoting-style @cindex quoting style Use style @var{word} to quote file names and other strings that may contain arbitrary characters. The @var{word} should be one of the following: @table @samp @item literal Output strings as-is; this is the same as the @option{-N} or @option{--literal} option. @item shell Quote strings for the shell if they contain shell metacharacters or would cause ambiguous output. The quoting is suitable for @acronym{POSIX}-compatible shells like @command{bash}, but it does not always work for incompatible shells like @command{csh}. @item shell-always Quote strings for the shell, even if they would normally not require quoting. @item c Quote strings as for C character string literals, including the surrounding double-quote characters; this is the same as the @option{-Q} or @option{--quote-name} option. @item escape Quote strings as for C character string literals, except omit the surrounding double-quote characters; this is the same as the @option{-b} or @option{--escape} option. @item clocale Quote strings as for C character string literals, except use surrounding quotation marks appropriate for the locale. @item locale @c Use @t instead of @samp to avoid duplicate quoting in some output styles. Quote strings as for C character string literals, except use surrounding quotation marks appropriate for the locale, and quote @t{`like this'} instead of @t{"like this"} in the default C locale. This looks nicer on many displays. @end table You can specify the default value of the @option{--quoting-style} option with the environment variable @env{QUOTING_STYLE}. If that environment variable is not set, the default value is @samp{literal}, but this default may change to @samp{shell} in a future version of this package. @item --show-control-chars @opindex --show-control-chars Print nongraphic characters as-is in file names. This is the default unless the output is a terminal and the program is @command{ls}. @end table @node dir invocation @section @command{dir}: Briefly list directory contents @pindex dir @cindex directory listing, brief @command{dir} is equivalent to @code{ls -C -b}; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically, and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences. @xref{ls invocation, @command{ls}}. @node vdir invocation @section @command{vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents @pindex vdir @cindex directory listing, verbose @command{vdir} is equivalent to @code{ls -l -b}; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences. @node dircolors invocation @section @command{dircolors}: Color setup for @command{ls} @pindex dircolors @cindex color setup @cindex setup for color @command{dircolors} outputs a sequence of shell commands to set up the terminal for color output from @command{ls} (and @command{dir}, etc.). Typical usage: @example eval "`dircolors [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{file}]`" @end example If @var{file} is specified, @command{dircolors} reads it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run @samp{dircolors --print-database}. To make @command{dircolors} read a @file{~/.dircolors} file if it exists, you can put the following lines in your @file{~/.bashrc} (or adapt them to your favorite shell): @example d=.dircolors test -r $d && eval "$(dircolors $d)" @end example @vindex LS_COLORS @vindex SHELL @r{environment variable, and color} The output is a shell command to set the @env{LS_COLORS} environment variable. You can specify the shell syntax to use on the command line, or @command{dircolors} will guess it from the value of the @env{SHELL} environment variable. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -b @itemx --sh @itemx --bourne-shell @opindex -b @opindex --sh @opindex --bourne-shell @cindex Bourne shell syntax for color setup @cindex @command{sh} syntax for color setup Output Bourne shell commands. This is the default if the @env{SHELL} environment variable is set and does not end with @samp{csh} or @samp{tcsh}. @item -c @itemx --csh @itemx --c-shell @opindex -c @opindex --csh @opindex --c-shell @cindex C shell syntax for color setup @cindex @command{csh} syntax for color setup Output C shell commands. This is the default if @code{SHELL} ends with @command{csh} or @command{tcsh}. @item -p @itemx --print-database @opindex -p @opindex --print-database @cindex color database, printing @cindex database for color setup, printing @cindex printing color database Print the (compiled-in) default color configuration database. This output is itself a valid configuration file, and is fairly descriptive of the possibilities. @end table @exitstatus @node Basic operations @chapter Basic operations @cindex manipulating files This chapter describes the commands for basic file manipulation: copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing). @menu * cp invocation:: Copy files. * dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file. * install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes. * mv invocation:: Move (rename) files. * rm invocation:: Remove files or directories. * shred invocation:: Remove files more securely. @end menu @node cp invocation @section @command{cp}: Copy files and directories @pindex cp @cindex copying files and directories @cindex files, copying @cindex directories, copying @command{cp} copies files (or, optionally, directories). The copy is completely independent of the original. You can either copy one file to another, or copy arbitrarily many files to a destination directory. Synopses: @example cp [@var{option}]@dots{} [-T] @var{source} @var{dest} cp [@var{option}]@dots{} @var{source}@dots{} @var{directory} cp [@var{option}]@dots{} -t @var{directory} @var{source}@dots{} @end example @itemize @bullet @item If two file names are given, @command{cp} copies the first file to the second. @item If the @option{--target-directory} (@option{-t}) option is given, or failing that if the last file is a directory and the @option{--no-target-directory} (@option{-T}) option is not given, @command{cp} copies each @var{source} file to the specified directory, using the @var{source}s' names. @end itemize Generally, files are written just as they are read. For exceptions, see the @option{--sparse} option below. By default, @command{cp} does not copy directories. However, the @option{-R}, @option{-a}, and @option{-r} options cause @command{cp} to copy recursively by descending into source directories and copying files to corresponding destination directories. When copying from a symbolic link, @command{cp} normally follows the link only when not copying recursively. This default can be overridden with the @option{--archive} (@option{-a}), @option{-d}, @option{--dereference} (@option{-L}), @option{--no-dereference} (@option{-P}), and @option{-H} options. If more than one of these options is specified, the last one silently overrides the others. When copying to a symbolic link, @command{cp} follows the link only when it refers to an existing regular file. However, when copying to a dangling symbolic link, @command{cp} refuses by default, and fails with a diagnostic, since the operation is inherently dangerous. This behavior is contrary to historical practice and to @acronym{POSIX}. Set @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} to make @command{cp} attempt to create the target of a dangling destination symlink, in spite of the possible risk. Also, when an option like @option{--backup} or @option{--link} acts to rename or remove the destination before copying, @command{cp} renames or removes the symbolic link rather than the file it points to. By default, @command{cp} copies the contents of special files only when not copying recursively. This default can be overridden with the @option{--copy-contents} option. @cindex self-backups @cindex backups, making only @command{cp} generally refuses to copy a file onto itself, with the following exception: if @option{--force --backup} is specified with @var{source} and @var{dest} identical, and referring to a regular file, @command{cp} will make a backup file, either regular or numbered, as specified in the usual ways (@pxref{Backup options}). This is useful when you simply want to make a backup of an existing file before changing it. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -a @itemx --archive @opindex -a @opindex --archive Preserve as much as possible of the structure and attributes of the original files in the copy (but do not attempt to preserve internal directory structure; i.e., @samp{ls -U} may list the entries in a copied directory in a different order). Try to preserve SELinux security context and extended attributes (xattr), but ignore any failure to do that and print no corresponding diagnostic. Equivalent to @option{-dR --preserve=all} with the reduced diagnostics. @item -b @itemx @w{@kbd{--backup}[=@var{method}]} @opindex -b @opindex --backup @vindex VERSION_CONTROL @cindex backups, making @xref{Backup options}. Make a backup of each file that would otherwise be overwritten or removed. As a special case, @command{cp} makes a backup of @var{source} when the force and backup options are given and @var{source} and @var{dest} are the same name for an existing, regular file. One useful application of this combination of options is this tiny Bourne shell script: @example #!/bin/sh # Usage: backup FILE... # Create a @sc{gnu}-style backup of each listed FILE. for i; do cp --backup --force -- "$i" "$i" done @end example @item --copy-contents @cindex directories, copying recursively @cindex copying directories recursively @cindex recursively copying directories @cindex non-directories, copying as special files If copying recursively, copy the contents of any special files (e.g., FIFOs and device files) as if they were regular files. This means trying to read the data in each source file and writing it to the destination. It is usually a mistake to use this option, as it normally has undesirable effects on special files like FIFOs and the ones typically found in the @file{/dev} directory. In most cases, @code{cp -R --copy-contents} will hang indefinitely trying to read from FIFOs and special files like @file{/dev/console}, and it will fill up your destination disk if you use it to copy @file{/dev/zero}. This option has no effect unless copying recursively, and it does not affect the copying of symbolic links. @item -d @opindex -d @cindex symbolic links, copying @cindex hard links, preserving Copy symbolic links as symbolic links rather than copying the files that they point to, and preserve hard links between source files in the copies. Equivalent to @option{--no-dereference --preserve=links}. @item -f @itemx --force @opindex -f @opindex --force When copying without this option and an existing destination file cannot be opened for writing, the copy fails. However, with @option{--force}), when a destination file cannot be opened, @command{cp} then removes it and tries to open it again. Contrast this behavior with that enabled by @option{--link} and @option{--symbolic-link}, whereby the destination file is never opened but rather is removed unconditionally. Also see the description of @option{--remove-destination}. This option is independent of the @option{--interactive} or @option{-i} option: neither cancels the effect of the other. This option is redundant if the @option{--no-clobber} or @option{-n} option is used. @item -H @opindex -H If a command line argument specifies a symbolic link, then copy the file it points to rather than the symbolic link itself. However, copy (preserving its nature) any symbolic link that is encountered via recursive traversal. @item -i @itemx --interactive @opindex -i @opindex --interactive When copying a file other than a directory, prompt whether to overwrite an existing destination file. The @option{-i} option overrides a previous @option{-n} option. @item -l @itemx --link @opindex -l @opindex --link Make hard links instead of copies of non-directories. @item -L @itemx --dereference @opindex -L @opindex --dereference Follow symbolic links when copying from them. With this option, @command{cp} cannot create a symbolic link. For example, a symlink (to regular file) in the source tree will be copied to a regular file in the destination tree. @item -n @itemx --no-clobber @opindex -n @opindex --no-clobber Do not overwrite an existing file. The @option{-n} option overrides a previous @option{-i} option. This option is mutually exclusive with @option{-b} or @option{--backup} option. @item -P @itemx --no-dereference @opindex -P @opindex --no-dereference @cindex symbolic links, copying Copy symbolic links as symbolic links rather than copying the files that they point to. This option affects only symbolic links in the source; symbolic links in the destination are always followed if possible. @item -p @itemx @w{@kbd{--preserve}[=@var{attribute_list}]} @opindex -p @opindex --preserve @cindex file information, preserving, extended attributes, xattr Preserve the specified attributes of the original files. If specified, the @var{attribute_list} must be a comma-separated list of one or more of the following strings: @table @samp @itemx mode Preserve the file mode bits and access control lists. @itemx ownership Preserve the owner and group. On most modern systems, only users with appropriate privileges may change the owner of a file, and ordinary users may preserve the group ownership of a file only if they happen to be a member of the desired group. @itemx timestamps Preserve the times of last access and last modification, when possible. On older systems, it is not possible to preserve these attributes when the affected file is a symbolic link. However, many systems now provide the @code{utimensat} function, which makes it possible even for symbolic links. @itemx links Preserve in the destination files any links between corresponding source files. Note that with @option{-L} or @option{-H}, this option can convert symbolic links to hard links. For example, @example $ mkdir c; : > a; ln -s a b; cp -aH a b c; ls -i1 c 74161745 a 74161745 b @end example @noindent Note the inputs: @file{b} is a symlink to regular file @file{a}, yet the files in destination directory, @file{c/}, are hard-linked. Since @option{-a} implies @option{--preserve=links}, and since @option{-H} tells @command{cp} to dereference command line arguments, it sees two files with the same inode number, and preserves the perceived hard link. Here is a similar example that exercises @command{cp}'s @option{-L} option: @smallexample $ mkdir b c; (cd b; : > a; ln -s a b); cp -aL b c; ls -i1 c/b 74163295 a 74163295 b @end smallexample @itemx context Preserve SELinux security context of the file, or fail with full diagnostics. @itemx xattr Preserve extended attributes of the file, or fail with full diagnostics. If @command{cp} is built without xattr support, ignore this option. If SELinux context, ACLs or Capabilities are implemented using xattrs, they are preserved by this option as well. @itemx all Preserve all file attributes. Equivalent to specifying all of the above, but with the difference that failure to preserve SELinux security context or extended attributes does not change @command{cp}'s exit status. In contrast to @option{-a}, all but @samp{Operation not supported} warnings are output. @end table Using @option{--preserve} with no @var{attribute_list} is equivalent to @option{--preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps}. In the absence of this option, each destination file is created with the mode bits of the corresponding source file, minus the bits set in the umask and minus the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits. @xref{File permissions}. @itemx @w{@kbd{--no-preserve}=@var{attribute_list}} @cindex file information, preserving Do not preserve the specified attributes. The @var{attribute_list} has the same form as for @option{--preserve}. @itemx --parents @opindex --parents @cindex parent directories and @command{cp} Form the name of each destination file by appending to the target directory a slash and the specified name of the source file. The last argument given to @command{cp} must be the name of an existing directory. For example, the command: @example cp --parents a/b/c existing_dir @end example @noindent copies the file @file{a/b/c} to @file{existing_dir/a/b/c}, creating any missing intermediate directories. @item -R @itemx -r @itemx --recursive @opindex -R @opindex -r @opindex --recursive @cindex directories, copying recursively @cindex copying directories recursively @cindex recursively copying directories @cindex non-directories, copying as special files Copy directories recursively. By default, do not follow symbolic links in the source; see the @option{--archive} (@option{-a}), @option{-d}, @option{--dereference} (@option{-L}), @option{--no-dereference} (@option{-P}), and @option{-H} options. Special files are copied by creating a destination file of the same type as the source; see the @option{--copy-contents} option. It is not portable to use @option{-r} to copy symbolic links or special files. On some non-@sc{gnu} systems, @option{-r} implies the equivalent of @option{-L} and @option{--copy-contents} for historical reasons. Also, it is not portable to use @option{-R} to copy symbolic links unless you also specify @option{-P}, as @acronym{POSIX} allows implementations that dereference symbolic links by default. @item --reflink[=@var{when}] @opindex --reflink[=@var{when}] @cindex COW @cindex clone @cindex copy on write Perform a lightweight, copy-on-write (COW) copy. Copying with this option can succeed only on some file systems. Once it has succeeded, beware that the source and destination files share the same disk data blocks as long as they remain unmodified. Thus, if a disk I/O error affects data blocks of one of the files, the other suffers the exact same fate. The @var{when} value can be one of the following: @table @samp @item always The default behavior: if the copy-on-write operation is not supported then report the failure for each file and exit with a failure status. @item auto If the copy-on-write operation is not supported then fall back to the standard copy behaviour. @end table @item --remove-destination @opindex --remove-destination Remove each existing destination file before attempting to open it (contrast with @option{-f} above). @item --sparse=@var{when} @opindex --sparse=@var{when} @cindex sparse files, copying @cindex holes, copying files with @findex read @r{system call, and holes} A @dfn{sparse file} contains @dfn{holes}---a sequence of zero bytes that does not occupy any physical disk blocks; the @samp{read} system call reads these as zeros. This can both save considerable disk space and increase speed, since many binary files contain lots of consecutive zero bytes. By default, @command{cp} detects holes in input source files via a crude heuristic and makes the corresponding output file sparse as well. Only regular files may be sparse. The @var{when} value can be one of the following: @table @samp @item auto The default behavior: if the input file is sparse, attempt to make the output file sparse, too. However, if an output file exists but refers to a non-regular file, then do not attempt to make it sparse. @item always For each sufficiently long sequence of zero bytes in the input file, attempt to create a corresponding hole in the output file, even if the input file does not appear to be sparse. This is useful when the input file resides on a file system that does not support sparse files (for example, @samp{efs} file systems in SGI IRIX 5.3 and earlier), but the output file is on a type of file system that does support them. Holes may be created only in regular files, so if the destination file is of some other type, @command{cp} does not even try to make it sparse. @item never Never make the output file sparse. This is useful in creating a file for use with the @command{mkswap} command, since such a file must not have any holes. @end table @optStripTrailingSlashes @item -s @itemx --symbolic-link @opindex -s @opindex --symbolic-link @cindex symbolic links, copying with Make symbolic links instead of copies of non-directories. All source file names must be absolute (starting with @samp{/}) unless the destination files are in the current directory. This option merely results in an error message on systems that do not support symbolic links. @optBackupSuffix @optTargetDirectory @optNoTargetDirectory @item -u @itemx --update @opindex -u @opindex --update @cindex newer files, copying only Do not copy a non-directory that has an existing destination with the same or newer modification time. If time stamps are being preserved, the comparison is to the source time stamp truncated to the resolutions of the destination file system and of the system calls used to update time stamps; this avoids duplicate work if several @samp{cp -pu} commands are executed with the same source and destination. @item -v @itemx --verbose @opindex -v @opindex --verbose Print the name of each file before copying it. @item -x @itemx --one-file-system @opindex -x @opindex --one-file-system @cindex file systems, omitting copying to different Skip subdirectories that are on different file systems from the one that the copy started on. However, mount point directories @emph{are} copied. @end table @exitstatus @node dd invocation @section @command{dd}: Convert and copy a file @pindex dd @cindex converting while copying a file @command{dd} copies a file (from standard input to standard output, by default) with a changeable I/O block size, while optionally performing conversions on it. Synopses: @example dd [@var{operand}]@dots{} dd @var{option} @end example The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common options}. @command{dd} accepts the following operands. @table @samp @item if=@var{file} @opindex if Read from @var{file} instead of standard input. @item of=@var{file} @opindex of Write to @var{file} instead of standard output. Unless @samp{conv=notrunc} is given, @command{dd} truncates @var{file} to zero bytes (or the size specified with @samp{seek=}). @item ibs=@var{bytes} @opindex ibs @cindex block size of input @cindex input block size Set the input block size to @var{bytes}. This makes @command{dd} read @var{bytes} per block. The default is 512 bytes. @item obs=@var{bytes} @opindex obs @cindex block size of output @cindex output block size Set the output block size to @var{bytes}. This makes @command{dd} write @var{bytes} per block. The default is 512 bytes. @item bs=@var{bytes} @opindex bs @cindex block size Set both input and output block sizes to @var{bytes}. This makes @command{dd} read and write @var{bytes} per block, overriding any @samp{ibs} and @samp{obs} settings. In addition, if no data-transforming @option{conv} option is specified, each input block is copied to the output as a single block, without aggregating short reads. @item cbs=@var{bytes} @opindex cbs @cindex block size of conversion @cindex conversion block size @cindex fixed-length records, converting to variable-length @cindex variable-length records, converting to fixed-length Set the conversion block size to @var{bytes}. When converting variable-length records to fixed-length ones (@option{conv=block}) or the reverse (@option{conv=unblock}), use @var{bytes} as the fixed record length. @item skip=@var{blocks} @opindex skip Skip @var{blocks} @samp{ibs}-byte blocks in the input file before copying. @item seek=@var{blocks} @opindex seek Skip @var{blocks} @samp{obs}-byte blocks in the output file before copying. @item count=@var{blocks} @opindex count Copy @var{blocks} @samp{ibs}-byte blocks from the input file, instead of everything until the end of the file. @item status=noxfer @opindex status Do not print the overall transfer rate and volume statistics that normally make up the third status line when @command{dd} exits. @item conv=@var{conversion}[,@var{conversion}]@dots{} @opindex conv Convert the file as specified by the @var{conversion} argument(s). (No spaces around any comma(s).) Conversions: @table @samp @item ascii @opindex ascii@r{, converting to} Convert @acronym{EBCDIC} to @acronym{ASCII}, using the conversion table specified by @acronym{POSIX}. This provides a 1:1 translation for all 256 bytes. @item ebcdic @opindex ebcdic@r{, converting to} Convert @acronym{ASCII} to @acronym{EBCDIC}. This is the inverse of the @samp{ascii} conversion. @item ibm @opindex alternate ebcdic@r{, converting to} Convert @acronym{ASCII} to alternate @acronym{EBCDIC}, using the alternate conversion table specified by @acronym{POSIX}. This is not a 1:1 translation, but reflects common historical practice for @samp{~}, @samp{[}, and @samp{]}. The @samp{ascii}, @samp{ebcdic}, and @samp{ibm} conversions are mutually exclusive. @item block @opindex block @r{(space-padding)} For each line in the input, output @samp{cbs} bytes, replacing the input newline with a space and padding with spaces as necessary. @item unblock @opindex unblock Remove any trailing spaces in each @samp{cbs}-sized input block, and append a newline. The @samp{block} and @samp{unblock} conversions are mutually exclusive. @item lcase @opindex lcase@r{, converting to} Change uppercase letters to lowercase. @item ucase @opindex ucase@r{, converting to} Change lowercase letters to uppercase. The @samp{lcase} and @samp{ucase} conversions are mutually exclusive. @item swab @opindex swab @r{(byte-swapping)} @cindex byte-swapping Swap every pair of input bytes. @sc{gnu} @command{dd}, unlike others, works when an odd number of bytes are read---the last byte is simply copied (since there is nothing to swap it with). @item noerror @opindex noerror @cindex read errors, ignoring Continue after read errors. @item nocreat @opindex nocreat @cindex creating output file, avoiding Do not create the output file; the output file must already exist. @item excl @opindex excl @cindex creating output file, requiring Fail if the output file already exists; @command{dd} must create the output file itself. The @samp{excl} and @samp{nocreat} conversions are mutually exclusive. @item notrunc @opindex notrunc @cindex truncating output file, avoiding Do not truncate the output file. @item sync @opindex sync @r{(padding with @acronym{ASCII} @sc{nul}s)} Pad every input block to size of @samp{ibs} with trailing zero bytes. When used with @samp{block} or @samp{unblock}, pad with spaces instead of zero bytes. @item fdatasync @opindex fdatasync @cindex synchronized data writes, before finishing Synchronize output data just before finishing. This forces a physical write of output data. @item fsync @opindex fsync @cindex synchronized data and metadata writes, before finishing Synchronize output data and metadata just before finishing. This forces a physical write of output data and metadata. @end table @item iflag=@var{flag}[,@var{flag}]@dots{} @opindex iflag Access the input file using the flags specified by the @var{flag} argument(s). (No spaces around any comma(s).) @item oflag=@var{flag}[,@var{flag}]@dots{} @opindex oflag Access the output file using the flags specified by the @var{flag} argument(s). (No spaces around any comma(s).) Here are the flags. Not every flag is supported on every operating system. @table @samp @item append @opindex append @cindex appending to the output file Write in append mode, so that even if some other process is writing to this file, every @command{dd} write will append to the current contents of the file. This flag makes sense only for output. If you combine this flag with the @samp{of=@var{file}} operand, you should also specify @samp{conv=notrunc} unless you want the output file to be truncated before being appended to. @item cio @opindex cio @cindex concurrent I/O Use concurrent I/O mode for data. This mode performs direct I/O and drops the @acronym{POSIX} requirement to serialize all I/O to the same file. A file cannot be opened in CIO mode and with a standard open at the same time. @item direct @opindex direct @cindex direct I/O Use direct I/O for data, avoiding the buffer cache. Note that the kernel may impose restrictions on read or write buffer sizes. For example, with an ext4 destination file system and a linux-based kernel, using @samp{oflag=direct} will cause writes to fail with @code{EINVAL} if the output buffer size is not a multiple of 512. @item directory @opindex directory @cindex directory I/O Fail unless the file is a directory. Most operating systems do not allow I/O to a directory, so this flag has limited utility. @item dsync @opindex dsync @cindex synchronized data reads Use synchronized I/O for data. For the output file, this forces a physical write of output data on each write. For the input file, this flag can matter when reading from a remote file that has been written to synchronously by some other process. Metadata (e.g., last-access and last-modified time) is not necessarily synchronized. @item sync @opindex sync @cindex synchronized data and metadata I/O Use synchronized I/O for both data and metadata. @item nonblock @opindex nonblock @cindex nonblocking I/O Use non-blocking I/O. @item noatime @opindex noatime @cindex access time Do not update the file's access time. Some older file systems silently ignore this flag, so it is a good idea to test it on your files before relying on it. @item noctty @opindex noctty @cindex controlling terminal Do not assign the file to be a controlling terminal for @command{dd}. This has no effect when the file is not a terminal. On many hosts (e.g., @acronym{GNU}/Linux hosts), this option has no effect at all. @item nofollow @opindex nofollow @cindex symbolic links, following Do not follow symbolic links. @item nolinks @opindex nolinks @cindex hard links Fail if the file has multiple hard links. @item binary @opindex binary @cindex binary I/O Use binary I/O. This option has an effect only on nonstandard platforms that distinguish binary from text I/O. @item text @opindex text @cindex text I/O Use text I/O. Like @samp{binary}, this option has no effect on standard platforms. @item fullblock @opindex fullblock Accumulate full blocks from input. The @code{read} system call may return early if a full block is not available. When that happens, continue calling @code{read} to fill the remainder of the block. This flag can be used only with @code{iflag}. @end table These flags are not supported on all systems, and @samp{dd} rejects attempts to use them when they are not supported. When reading from standard input or writing to standard output, the @samp{nofollow} and @samp{noctty} flags should not be specified, and the other flags (e.g., @samp{nonblock}) can affect how other processes behave with the affected file descriptors, even after @command{dd} exits. @end table @cindex multipliers after numbers The numeric-valued strings above (@var{bytes} and @var{blocks}) can be followed by a multiplier: @samp{b}=512, @samp{c}=1, @samp{w}=2, @samp{x@var{m}}=@var{m}, or any of the standard block size suffixes like @samp{k}=1024 (@pxref{Block size}). Use different @command{dd} invocations to use different block sizes for skipping and I/O@. For example, the following shell commands copy data in 512 KiB blocks between a disk and a tape, but do not save or restore a 4 KiB label at the start of the disk: @example disk=/dev/rdsk/c0t1d0s2 tape=/dev/rmt/0 # Copy all but the label from disk to tape. (dd bs=4k skip=1 count=0 && dd bs=512k) <$disk >$tape # Copy from tape back to disk, but leave the disk label alone. (dd bs=4k seek=1 count=0 && dd bs=512k) <$tape >$disk @end example Sending an @samp{INFO} signal to a running @command{dd} process makes it print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying. In the example below, @command{dd} is run in the background to copy 10 million blocks. The @command{kill} command makes it output intermediate I/O statistics, and when @command{dd} completes normally or is killed by the @code{SIGINT} signal, it outputs the final statistics. @example $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null count=10MB & pid=$! $ kill -s INFO $pid; wait $pid 3385223+0 records in 3385223+0 records out 1733234176 bytes (1.7 GB) copied, 6.42173 seconds, 270 MB/s 10000000+0 records in 10000000+0 records out 5120000000 bytes (5.1 GB) copied, 18.913 seconds, 271 MB/s @end example @vindex POSIXLY_CORRECT On systems lacking the @samp{INFO} signal @command{dd} responds to the @samp{USR1} signal instead, unless the @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} environment variable is set. @exitstatus @node install invocation @section @command{install}: Copy files and set attributes @pindex install @cindex copying files and setting attributes @command{install} copies files while setting their file mode bits and, if possible, their owner and group. Synopses: @example install [@var{option}]@dots{} [-T] @var{source} @var{dest} install [@var{option}]@dots{} @var{source}@dots{} @var{directory} install [@var{option}]@dots{} -t @var{directory} @var{source}@dots{} install [@var{option}]@dots{} -d @var{directory}@dots{} @end example @itemize @bullet @item If two file names are given, @command{install} copies the first file to the second. @item If the @option{--target-directory} (@option{-t}) option is given, or failing that if the last file is a directory and the @option{--no-target-directory} (@option{-T}) option is not given, @command{install} copies each @var{source} file to the specified directory, using the @var{source}s' names. @item If the @option{--directory} (@option{-d}) option is given, @command{install} creates each @var{directory} and any missing parent directories. Parent directories are created with mode @samp{u=rwx,go=rx} (755), regardless of the @option{-m} option or the current umask. @xref{Directory Setuid and Setgid}, for how the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits of parent directories are inherited. @end itemize @cindex Makefiles, installing programs in @command{install} is similar to @command{cp}, but allows you to control the attributes of destination files. It is typically used in Makefiles to copy programs into their destination directories. It refuses to copy files onto themselves. @cindex extended attributes, xattr @command{install} never preserves extended attributes (xattr). The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @optBackup @item -C @itemx --compare @opindex -C @opindex --compare Compare each pair of source and destination files, and if the destination has identical content and any specified owner, group, permissions, and possibly SELinux context, then do not modify the destination at all. @item -c @opindex -c Ignored; for compatibility with old Unix versions of @command{install}. @item -D @opindex -D Create any missing parent directories of @var{dest}, then copy @var{source} to @var{dest}. This option is ignored if a destination directory is specified via @option{--target-directory=DIR}. @item -d @itemx --directory @opindex -d @opindex --directory @cindex directories, creating with given attributes @cindex parent directories, creating missing @cindex leading directories, creating missing Create any missing parent directories, giving them the default attributes. Then create each given directory, setting their owner, group and mode as given on the command line or to the defaults. @item -g @var{group} @itemx --group=@var{group} @opindex -g @opindex --group @cindex group ownership of installed files, setting Set the group ownership of installed files or directories to @var{group}. The default is the process's current group. @var{group} may be either a group name or a numeric group ID. @item -m @var{mode} @itemx --mode=@var{mode} @opindex -m @opindex --mode @cindex permissions of installed files, setting Set the file mode bits for the installed file or directory to @var{mode}, which can be either an octal number, or a symbolic mode as in @command{chmod}, with @samp{a=} (no access allowed to anyone) as the point of departure (@pxref{File permissions}). The default mode is @samp{u=rwx,go=rx,a-s}---read, write, and execute for the owner, read and execute for group and other, and with set-user-ID and set-group-ID disabled. This default is not quite the same as @samp{755}, since it disables instead of preserving set-user-ID and set-group-ID on directories. @xref{Directory Setuid and Setgid}. @item -o @var{owner} @itemx --owner=@var{owner} @opindex -o @opindex --owner @cindex ownership of installed files, setting @cindex appropriate privileges @vindex root @r{as default owner} If @command{install} has appropriate privileges (is run as root), set the ownership of installed files or directories to @var{owner}. The default is @code{root}. @var{owner} may be either a user name or a numeric user ID. @item --preserve-context @opindex --preserve-context @cindex SELinux @cindex security context Preserve the SELinux security context of files and directories. Failure to preserve the context in all of the files or directories will result in an exit status of 1. If SELinux is disabled then print a warning and ignore the option. @item -p @itemx --preserve-timestamps @opindex -p @opindex --preserve-timestamps @cindex timestamps of installed files, preserving Set the time of last access and the time of last modification of each installed file to match those of each corresponding original file. When a file is installed without this option, its last access and last modification times are both set to the time of installation. This option is useful if you want to use the last modification times of installed files to keep track of when they were last built as opposed to when they were last installed. @item -s @itemx --strip @opindex -s @opindex --strip @cindex symbol table information, stripping @cindex stripping symbol table information Strip the symbol tables from installed binary executables. @itemx --strip-program=@var{program} @opindex --strip-program @cindex symbol table information, stripping, program Program used to strip binaries. @optBackupSuffix @optTargetDirectory @optNoTargetDirectory @item -v @itemx --verbose @opindex -v @opindex --verbose Print the name of each file before copying it. @item -Z @var{context} @itemx --context=@var{context} @opindex -Z @opindex --context @cindex SELinux @cindex security context Set the default SELinux security context to be used for any created files and directories. If SELinux is disabled then print a warning and ignore the option. @end table @exitstatus @node mv invocation @section @command{mv}: Move (rename) files @pindex mv @command{mv} moves or renames files (or directories). Synopses: @example mv [@var{option}]@dots{} [-T] @var{source} @var{dest} mv [@var{option}]@dots{} @var{source}@dots{} @var{directory} mv [@var{option}]@dots{} -t @var{directory} @var{source}@dots{} @end example @itemize @bullet @item If two file names are given, @command{mv} moves the first file to the second. @item If the @option{--target-directory} (@option{-t}) option is given, or failing that if the last file is a directory and the @option{--no-target-directory} (@option{-T}) option is not given, @command{mv} moves each @var{source} file to the specified directory, using the @var{source}s' names. @end itemize @command{mv} can move any type of file from one file system to another. Prior to version @code{4.0} of the fileutils, @command{mv} could move only regular files between file systems. For example, now @command{mv} can move an entire directory hierarchy including special device files from one partition to another. It first uses some of the same code that's used by @code{cp -a} to copy the requested directories and files, then (assuming the copy succeeded) it removes the originals. If the copy fails, then the part that was copied to the destination partition is removed. If you were to copy three directories from one partition to another and the copy of the first directory succeeded, but the second didn't, the first would be left on the destination partition and the second and third would be left on the original partition. @cindex extended attributes, xattr @command{mv} always tries to copy extended attributes (xattr), which may include SELinux context, ACLs or Capabilities. Upon failure all but @samp{Operation not supported} warnings are output. @cindex prompting, and @command{mv} If a destination file exists but is normally unwritable, standard input is a terminal, and the @option{-f} or @option{--force} option is not given, @command{mv} prompts the user for whether to replace the file. (You might own the file, or have write permission on its directory.) If the response is not affirmative, the file is skipped. @emph{Warning}: Avoid specifying a source name with a trailing slash, when it might be a symlink to a directory. Otherwise, @command{mv} may do something very surprising, since its behavior depends on the underlying rename system call. On a system with a modern Linux-based kernel, it fails with @code{errno=ENOTDIR}. However, on other systems (at least FreeBSD 6.1 and Solaris 10) it silently renames not the symlink but rather the directory referenced by the symlink. @xref{Trailing slashes}. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @optBackup @item -f @itemx --force @opindex -f @opindex --force @cindex prompts, omitting Do not prompt the user before removing a destination file. @macro mvOptsIfn If you specify more than one of the @option{-i}, @option{-f}, @option{-n} options, only the final one takes effect. @end macro @mvOptsIfn @item -i @itemx --interactive @opindex -i @opindex --interactive @cindex prompts, forcing Prompt whether to overwrite each existing destination file, regardless of its permissions. If the response is not affirmative, the file is skipped. @mvOptsIfn @item -n @itemx --no-clobber @opindex -n @opindex --no-clobber @cindex prompts, omitting Do not overwrite an existing file. @mvOptsIfn This option is mutually exclusive with @option{-b} or @option{--backup} option. @item -u @itemx --update @opindex -u @opindex --update @cindex newer files, moving only Do not move a non-directory that has an existing destination with the same or newer modification time. If the move is across file system boundaries, the comparison is to the source time stamp truncated to the resolutions of the destination file system and of the system calls used to update time stamps; this avoids duplicate work if several @samp{mv -u} commands are executed with the same source and destination. @item -v @itemx --verbose @opindex -v @opindex --verbose Print the name of each file before moving it. @optStripTrailingSlashes @optBackupSuffix @optTargetDirectory @optNoTargetDirectory @end table @exitstatus @node rm invocation @section @command{rm}: Remove files or directories @pindex rm @cindex removing files or directories @command{rm} removes each given @var{file}. By default, it does not remove directories. Synopsis: @example rm [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{file}]@dots{} @end example @cindex prompting, and @command{rm} If the @option{-I} or @option{--interactive=once} option is given, and there are more than three files or the @option{-r}, @option{-R}, or @option{--recursive} are given, then @command{rm} prompts the user for whether to proceed with the entire operation. If the response is not affirmative, the entire command is aborted. Otherwise, if a file is unwritable, standard input is a terminal, and the @option{-f} or @option{--force} option is not given, or the @option{-i} or @option{--interactive=always} option @emph{is} given, @command{rm} prompts the user for whether to remove the file. If the response is not affirmative, the file is skipped. Any attempt to remove a file whose last file name component is @file{.} or @file{..} is rejected without any prompting. @emph{Warning}: If you use @command{rm} to remove a file, it is usually possible to recover the contents of that file. If you want more assurance that the contents are truly unrecoverable, consider using @command{shred}. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -f @itemx --force @opindex -f @opindex --force Ignore nonexistent files and never prompt the user. Ignore any previous @option{--interactive} (@option{-i}) option. @item -i @opindex -i Prompt whether to remove each file. If the response is not affirmative, the file is skipped. Ignore any previous @option{--force} (@option{-f}) option. Equivalent to @option{--interactive=always}. @item -I @opindex -I Prompt once whether to proceed with the command, if more than three files are named or if a recursive removal is requested. Ignore any previous @option{--force} (@option{-f}) option. Equivalent to @option{--interactive=once}. @itemx --interactive [=@var{when}] @opindex --interactive Specify when to issue an interactive prompt. @var{when} may be omitted, or one of: @itemize @bullet @item never @vindex never @r{interactive option} - Do not prompt at all. @item once @vindex once @r{interactive option} - Prompt once if more than three files are named or if a recursive removal is requested. Equivalent to @option{-I}. @item always @vindex always @r{interactive option} - Prompt for every file being removed. Equivalent to @option{-i}. @end itemize @option{--interactive} with no @var{when} is equivalent to @option{--interactive=always}. @itemx --one-file-system @opindex --one-file-system @cindex one file system, restricting @command{rm} to When removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any directory that is on a file system different from that of the corresponding command line argument. This option is useful when removing a build ``chroot'' hierarchy, which normally contains no valuable data. However, it is not uncommon to bind-mount @file{/home} into such a hierarchy, to make it easier to use one's start-up file. The catch is that it's easy to forget to unmount @file{/home}. Then, when you use @command{rm -rf} to remove your normally throw-away chroot, that command will remove everything under @file{/home}, too. Use the @option{--one-file-system} option, and it will warn about and skip directories on other file systems. Of course, this will not save your @file{/home} if it and your chroot happen to be on the same file system. @itemx --preserve-root @opindex --preserve-root @cindex root directory, disallow recursive destruction Fail upon any attempt to remove the root directory, @file{/}, when used with the @option{--recursive} option. This is the default behavior. @xref{Treating / specially}. @itemx --no-preserve-root @opindex --no-preserve-root @cindex root directory, allow recursive destruction Do not treat @file{/} specially when removing recursively. This option is not recommended unless you really want to remove all the files on your computer. @xref{Treating / specially}. @item -r @itemx -R @itemx --recursive @opindex -r @opindex -R @opindex --recursive @cindex directories, removing (recursively) Remove the listed directories and their contents recursively. @item -v @itemx --verbose @opindex -v @opindex --verbose Print the name of each file before removing it. @end table @cindex files beginning with @samp{-}, removing @cindex @samp{-}, removing files beginning with One common question is how to remove files whose names begin with a @samp{-}. @sc{gnu} @command{rm}, like every program that uses the @code{getopt} function to parse its arguments, lets you use the @samp{--} option to indicate that all following arguments are non-options. To remove a file called @file{-f} in the current directory, you could type either: @example rm -- -f @end example @noindent or: @example rm ./-f @end example @opindex - @r{and Unix @command{rm}} The Unix @command{rm} program's use of a single @samp{-} for this purpose predates the development of the getopt standard syntax. @exitstatus @node shred invocation @section @command{shred}: Remove files more securely @pindex shred @cindex data, erasing @cindex erasing data @command{shred} overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even very expensive hardware from recovering the data. Ordinarily when you remove a file (@pxref{rm invocation}), the data is not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse. There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index and can bring the file back if the parts were not reused. On a busy system with a nearly-full drive, space can get reused in a few seconds. But there is no way to know for sure. If you have sensitive data, you may want to be sure that recovery is not possible by actually overwriting the file with non-sensitive data. However, even after doing that, it is possible to take the disk back to a laboratory and use a lot of sensitive (and expensive) equipment to look for the faint ``echoes'' of the original data underneath the overwritten data. If the data has only been overwritten once, it's not even that hard. The best way to remove something irretrievably is to destroy the media it's on with acid, melt it down, or the like. For cheap removable media like floppy disks, this is the preferred method. However, hard drives are expensive and hard to melt, so the @command{shred} utility tries to achieve a similar effect non-destructively. This uses many overwrite passes, with the data patterns chosen to maximize the damage they do to the old data. While this will work on floppies, the patterns are designed for best effect on hard drives. For more details, see the source code and Peter Gutmann's paper @uref{http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~pgut001/pubs/secure_del.html, @cite{Secure Deletion of Data from Magnetic and Solid-State Memory}}, from the proceedings of the Sixth @acronym{USENIX} Security Symposium (San Jose, California, July 22--25, 1996). @strong{Please note} that @command{shred} relies on a very important assumption: that the file system overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern file system designs do not satisfy this assumption. Exceptions include: @itemize @bullet @item Log-structured or journaled file systems, such as those supplied with AIX and Solaris, and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3 (in @code{data=journal} mode), BFS, NTFS, etc.@: when they are configured to journal @emph{data}. @item File systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes fail, such as RAID-based file systems. @item File systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server. @item File systems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS version 3 clients. @item Compressed file systems. @end itemize In the particular case of ext3 file systems, the above disclaimer applies (and @command{shred} is thus of limited effectiveness) only in @code{data=journal} mode, which journals file data in addition to just metadata. In both the @code{data=ordered} (default) and @code{data=writeback} modes, @command{shred} works as usual. Ext3 journaling modes can be changed by adding the @code{data=something} option to the mount options for a particular file system in the @file{/etc/fstab} file, as documented in the mount man page (man mount). If you are not sure how your file system operates, then you should assume that it does not overwrite data in place, which means that shred cannot reliably operate on regular files in your file system. Generally speaking, it is more reliable to shred a device than a file, since this bypasses the problem of file system design mentioned above. However, even shredding devices is not always completely reliable. For example, most disks map out bad sectors invisibly to the application; if the bad sectors contain sensitive data, @command{shred} won't be able to destroy it. @command{shred} makes no attempt to detect or report this problem, just as it makes no attempt to do anything about backups. However, since it is more reliable to shred devices than files, @command{shred} by default does not truncate or remove the output file. This default is more suitable for devices, which typically cannot be truncated and should not be removed. Finally, consider the risk of backups and mirrors. File system backups and remote mirrors may contain copies of the file that cannot be removed, and that will allow a shredded file to be recovered later. So if you keep any data you may later want to destroy using @command{shred}, be sure that it is not backed up or mirrored. @example shred [@var{option}]@dots{} @var{file}[@dots{}] @end example The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -f @itemx --force @opindex -f @opindex --force @cindex force deletion Override file permissions if necessary to allow overwriting. @item -@var{number} @itemx -n @var{number} @itemx --iterations=@var{number} @opindex -n @var{number} @opindex --iterations=@var{number} @cindex iterations, selecting the number of By default, @command{shred} uses @value{SHRED_DEFAULT_PASSES} passes of overwrite. You can reduce this to save time, or increase it if you think it's appropriate. After 25 passes all of the internal overwrite patterns will have been used at least once. @item --random-source=@var{file} @opindex --random-source @cindex random source for shredding Use @var{file} as a source of random data used to overwrite and to choose pass ordering. @xref{Random sources}. @item -s @var{bytes} @itemx --size=@var{bytes} @opindex -s @var{bytes} @opindex --size=@var{bytes} @cindex size of file to shred Shred the first @var{bytes} bytes of the file. The default is to shred the whole file. @var{bytes} can be followed by a size specification like @samp{K}, @samp{M}, or @samp{G} to specify a multiple. @xref{Block size}. @item -u @itemx --remove @opindex -u @opindex --remove @cindex removing files after shredding After shredding a file, truncate it (if possible) and then remove it. If a file has multiple links, only the named links will be removed. @item -v @itemx --verbose @opindex -v @opindex --verbose Display to standard error all status updates as sterilization proceeds. @item -x @itemx --exact @opindex -x @opindex --exact By default, @command{shred} rounds the size of a regular file up to the next multiple of the file system block size to fully erase the last block of the file. Use @option{--exact} to suppress that behavior. Thus, by default if you shred a 10-byte regular file on a system with 512-byte blocks, the resulting file will be 512 bytes long. With this option, shred does not increase the apparent size of the file. @item -z @itemx --zero @opindex -z @opindex --zero Normally, the last pass that @command{shred} writes is made up of random data. If this would be conspicuous on your hard drive (for example, because it looks like encrypted data), or you just think it's tidier, the @option{--zero} option adds an additional overwrite pass with all zero bits. This is in addition to the number of passes specified by the @option{--iterations} option. @end table You might use the following command to erase all trace of the file system you'd created on the floppy disk in your first drive. That command takes about 20 minutes to erase a ``1.44MB'' (actually 1440 KiB) floppy. @example shred --verbose /dev/fd0 @end example Similarly, to erase all data on a selected partition of your hard disk, you could give a command like this: @example shred --verbose /dev/sda5 @end example A @var{file} of @samp{-} denotes standard output. The intended use of this is to shred a removed temporary file. For example: @example i=`mktemp` exec 3<>"$i" rm -- "$i" echo "Hello, world" >&3 shred - >&3 exec 3>- @end example However, the command @samp{shred - >file} does not shred the contents of @var{file}, since the shell truncates @var{file} before invoking @command{shred}. Use the command @samp{shred file} or (if using a Bourne-compatible shell) the command @samp{shred - 1<>file} instead. @exitstatus @node Special file types @chapter Special file types @cindex special file types @cindex file types, special This chapter describes commands which create special types of files (and @command{rmdir}, which removes directories, one special file type). @cindex special file types @cindex file types Although Unix-like operating systems have markedly fewer special file types than others, not @emph{everything} can be treated only as the undifferentiated byte stream of @dfn{normal files}. For example, when a file is created or removed, the system must record this information, which it does in a @dfn{directory}---a special type of file. Although you can read directories as normal files, if you're curious, in order for the system to do its job it must impose a structure, a certain order, on the bytes of the file. Thus it is a ``special'' type of file. Besides directories, other special file types include named pipes (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called @dfn{special files}. @menu * link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall * ln invocation:: Make links between files. * mkdir invocation:: Make directories. * mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes). * mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files. * readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name. * rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories. * unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall @end menu @node link invocation @section @command{link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall @pindex link @cindex links, creating @cindex hard links, creating @cindex creating links (hard only) @command{link} creates a single hard link at a time. It is a minimalist interface to the system-provided @code{link} function. @xref{Hard Links, , , libc, The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used @command{ln} command (@pxref{ln invocation}). Synopsis: @example link @var{filename} @var{linkname} @end example @var{filename} must specify an existing file, and @var{linkname} must specify a nonexistent entry in an existing directory. @command{link} simply calls @code{link (@var{filename}, @var{linkname})} to create the link. On a @acronym{GNU} system, this command acts like @samp{ln --directory --no-target-directory @var{filename} @var{linkname}}. However, the @option{--directory} and @option{--no-target-directory} options are not specified by @acronym{POSIX}, and the @command{link} command is more portable in practice. If @var{filename} is a symbolic link, it is unspecified whether @var{linkname} will be a hard link to the symbolic link or to the target of the symbolic link. Use @command{ln -P} or @command{ln -L} to specify which behavior is desired. @exitstatus @node ln invocation @section @command{ln}: Make links between files @pindex ln @cindex links, creating @cindex hard links, creating @cindex symbolic (soft) links, creating @cindex creating links (hard or soft) @cindex file systems and hard links @command{ln} makes links between files. By default, it makes hard links; with the @option{-s} option, it makes symbolic (or @dfn{soft}) links. Synopses: @example ln [@var{option}]@dots{} [-T] @var{target} @var{linkname} ln [@var{option}]@dots{} @var{target} ln [@var{option}]@dots{} @var{target}@dots{} @var{directory} ln [@var{option}]@dots{} -t @var{directory} @var{target}@dots{} @end example @itemize @bullet @item If two file names are given, @command{ln} creates a link to the first file from the second. @item If one @var{target} is given, @command{ln} creates a link to that file in the current directory. @item If the @option{--target-directory} (@option{-t}) option is given, or failing that if the last file is a directory and the @option{--no-target-directory} (@option{-T}) option is not given, @command{ln} creates a link to each @var{target} file in the specified directory, using the @var{target}s' names. @end itemize Normally @command{ln} does not remove existing files. Use the @option{--force} (@option{-f}) option to remove them unconditionally, the @option{--interactive} (@option{-i}) option to remove them conditionally, and the @option{--backup} (@option{-b}) option to rename them. @cindex hard link, defined @cindex inode, and hard links A @dfn{hard link} is another name for an existing file; the link and the original are indistinguishable. Technically speaking, they share the same inode, and the inode contains all the information about a file---indeed, it is not incorrect to say that the inode @emph{is} the file. Most systems prohibit making a hard link to a directory; on those where it is allowed, only the super-user can do so (and with caution, since creating a cycle will cause problems to many other utilities). Hard links cannot cross file system boundaries. (These restrictions are not mandated by @acronym{POSIX}, however.) @cindex dereferencing symbolic links @cindex symbolic link, defined @dfn{Symbolic links} (@dfn{symlinks} for short), on the other hand, are a special file type (which not all kernels support: System V release 3 (and older) systems lack symlinks) in which the link file actually refers to a different file, by name. When most operations (opening, reading, writing, and so on) are passed the symbolic link file, the kernel automatically @dfn{dereferences} the link and operates on the target of the link. But some operations (e.g., removing) work on the link file itself, rather than on its target. The owner and group of a symlink are not significant to file access performed through the link, but do have implications on deleting a symbolic link from a directory with the restricted deletion bit set. On the GNU system, the mode of a symlink has no significance and cannot be changed, but on some BSD systems, the mode can be changed and will affect whether the symlink will be traversed in file name resolution. @xref{Symbolic Links,,, libc, The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Symbolic links can contain arbitrary strings; a @dfn{dangling symlink} occurs when the string in the symlink does not resolve to a file. There are no restrictions against creating dangling symbolic links. There are trade-offs to using absolute or relative symlinks. An absolute symlink always points to the same file, even if the directory containing the link is moved. However, if the symlink is visible from more than one machine (such as on a networked file system), the file pointed to might not always be the same. A relative symbolic link is resolved in relation to the directory that contains the link, and is often useful in referring to files on the same device without regards to what name that device is mounted on when accessed via networked machines. When creating a relative symlink in a different location than the current directory, the resolution of the symlink will be different than the resolution of the same string from the current directory. Therefore, many users prefer to first change directories to the location where the relative symlink will be created, so that tab-completion or other file resolution will find the same target as what will be placed in the symlink. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @optBackup @item -d @itemx -F @itemx --directory @opindex -d @opindex -F @opindex --directory @cindex hard links to directories Allow users with appropriate privileges to attempt to make hard links to directories. However, note that this will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the super-user. @item -f @itemx --force @opindex -f @opindex --force Remove existing destination files. @item -i @itemx --interactive @opindex -i @opindex --interactive @cindex prompting, and @command{ln} Prompt whether to remove existing destination files. @item -L @itemx --logical @opindex -L @opindex --logical If @option{-s} is not in effect, and the source file is a symbolic link, create the hard link to the file referred to by the symbolic link, rather than the symbolic link itself. @item -n @itemx --no-dereference @opindex -n @opindex --no-dereference Do not treat the last operand specially when it is a symbolic link to a directory. Instead, treat it as if it were a normal file. When the destination is an actual directory (not a symlink to one), there is no ambiguity. The link is created in that directory. But when the specified destination is a symlink to a directory, there are two ways to treat the user's request. @command{ln} can treat the destination just as it would a normal directory and create the link in it. On the other hand, the destination can be viewed as a non-directory---as the symlink itself. In that case, @command{ln} must delete or backup that symlink before creating the new link. The default is to treat a destination that is a symlink to a directory just like a directory. This option is weaker than the @option{--no-target-directory} (@option{-T}) option, so it has no effect if both options are given. @item -P @itemx --physical @opindex -P @opindex --physical If @option{-s} is not in effect, and the source file is a symbolic link, create the hard link to the symbolic link itself. On platforms where this is not supported by the kernel, this option creates a symbolic link with identical contents; since symbolic link contents cannot be edited, any file name resolution performed through either link will be the same as if a hard link had been created. @item -s @itemx --symbolic @opindex -s @opindex --symbolic Make symbolic links instead of hard links. This option merely produces an error message on systems that do not support symbolic links. @optBackupSuffix @optTargetDirectory @optNoTargetDirectory @item -v @itemx --verbose @opindex -v @opindex --verbose Print the name of each file after linking it successfully. @end table @cindex hard links to symbolic links @cindex symbolic links and @command{ln} If @option{-L} and @option{-P} are both given, the last one takes precedence. If @option{-s} is also given, @option{-L} and @option{-P} are silently ignored. If neither option is given, then this implementation defaults to @option{-P} if the system @code{link} supports hard links to symbolic links (such as the GNU system), and @option{-L} if @code{link} follows symbolic links (such as on BSD). @exitstatus Examples: @smallexample Bad Example: # Create link ../a pointing to a in that directory. # Not really useful because it points to itself. ln -s a .. Better Example: # Change to the target before creating symlinks to avoid being confused. cd .. ln -s adir/a . Bad Example: # Hard coded file names don't move well. ln -s $(pwd)/a /some/dir/ Better Example: # Relative file names survive directory moves and also # work across networked file systems. ln -s afile anotherfile ln -s ../adir/afile yetanotherfile @end smallexample @node mkdir invocation @section @command{mkdir}: Make directories @pindex mkdir @cindex directories, creating @cindex creating directories @command{mkdir} creates directories with the specified names. Synopsis: @example mkdir [@var{option}]@dots{} @var{name}@dots{} @end example @command{mkdir} creates each directory @var{name} in the order given. It reports an error if @var{name} already exists, unless the @option{-p} option is given and @var{name} is a directory. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -m @var{mode} @itemx --mode=@var{mode} @opindex -m @opindex --mode @cindex modes of created directories, setting Set the file permission bits of created directories to @var{mode}, which uses the same syntax as in @command{chmod} and uses @samp{a=rwx} (read, write and execute allowed for everyone) for the point of the departure. @xref{File permissions}. Normally the directory has the desired file mode bits at the moment it is created. As a @acronym{GNU} extension, @var{mode} may also mention special mode bits, but in this case there may be a temporary window during which the directory exists but its special mode bits are incorrect. @xref{Directory Setuid and Setgid}, for how the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits of directories are inherited unless overridden in this way. @item -p @itemx --parents @opindex -p @opindex --parents @cindex parent directories, creating Make any missing parent directories for each argument, setting their file permission bits to the umask modified by @samp{u+wx}. Ignore existing parent directories, and do not change their file permission bits. To set the file permission bits of any newly-created parent directories to a value that includes @samp{u+wx}, you can set the umask before invoking @command{mkdir}. For example, if the shell command @samp{(umask u=rwx,go=rx; mkdir -p P/Q)} creates the parent @file{P} it sets the parent's permission bits to @samp{u=rwx,go=rx}. To set a parent's special mode bits as well, you can invoke @command{chmod} after @command{mkdir}. @xref{Directory Setuid and Setgid}, for how the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits of newly-created parent directories are inherited. @item -v @itemx --verbose @opindex -v @opindex --verbose Print a message for each created directory. This is most useful with @option{--parents}. @item -Z @var{context} @itemx --context=@var{context} @opindex -Z @opindex --context @cindex SELinux @cindex security context Set the default SELinux security context to be used for created directories. @end table @exitstatus @node mkfifo invocation @section @command{mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes) @pindex mkfifo @cindex FIFOs, creating @cindex named pipes, creating @cindex creating FIFOs (named pipes) @command{mkfifo} creates FIFOs (also called @dfn{named pipes}) with the specified names. Synopsis: @example mkfifo [@var{option}] @var{name}@dots{} @end example A @dfn{FIFO} is a special file type that permits independent processes to communicate. One process opens the FIFO file for writing, and another for reading, after which data can flow as with the usual anonymous pipe in shells or elsewhere. The program accepts the following option. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -m @var{mode} @itemx --mode=@var{mode} @opindex -m @opindex --mode @cindex modes of created FIFOs, setting Set the mode of created FIFOs to @var{mode}, which is symbolic as in @command{chmod} and uses @samp{a=rw} (read and write allowed for everyone) for the point of departure. @var{mode} should specify only file permission bits. @xref{File permissions}. @item -Z @var{context} @itemx --context=@var{context} @opindex -Z @opindex --context @cindex SELinux @cindex security context Set the default SELinux security context to be used for created FIFOs. @end table @exitstatus @node mknod invocation @section @command{mknod}: Make block or character special files @pindex mknod @cindex block special files, creating @cindex character special files, creating @command{mknod} creates a FIFO, character special file, or block special file with the specified name. Synopsis: @example mknod [@var{option}]@dots{} @var{name} @var{type} [@var{major} @var{minor}] @end example @cindex special files @cindex block special files @cindex character special files Unlike the phrase ``special file type'' above, the term @dfn{special file} has a technical meaning on Unix: something that can generate or receive data. Usually this corresponds to a physical piece of hardware, e.g., a printer or a disk. (These files are typically created at system-configuration time.) The @command{mknod} command is what creates files of this type. Such devices can be read either a character at a time or a ``block'' (many characters) at a time, hence we say there are @dfn{block special} files and @dfn{character special} files. @c mknod is a shell built-in at least with OpenBSD's /bin/sh @mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{mknod} The arguments after @var{name} specify the type of file to make: @table @samp @item p @opindex p @r{for FIFO file} for a FIFO @item b @opindex b @r{for block special file} for a block special file @item c @c Don't document the `u' option -- it's just a synonym for `c'. @c Do *any* versions of mknod still use it? @c @itemx u @opindex c @r{for character special file} @c @opindex u @r{for character special file} for a character special file @end table When making a block or character special file, the major and minor device numbers must be given after the file type. If a major or minor device number begins with @samp{0x} or @samp{0X}, it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with @samp{0}, as octal; otherwise, as decimal. The program accepts the following option. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -m @var{mode} @itemx --mode=@var{mode} @opindex -m @opindex --mode Set the mode of created files to @var{mode}, which is symbolic as in @command{chmod} and uses @samp{a=rw} as the point of departure. @var{mode} should specify only file permission bits. @xref{File permissions}. @item -Z @var{context} @itemx --context=@var{context} @opindex -Z @opindex --context @cindex SELinux @cindex security context Set the default SELinux security context to be used for created files. @end table @exitstatus @node readlink invocation @section @command{readlink}: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name @pindex readlink @cindex displaying value of a symbolic link @cindex canonical file name @cindex canonicalize a file name @pindex realpath @findex realpath @command{readlink} may work in one of two supported modes: @table @samp @item Readlink mode @command{readlink} outputs the value of the given symbolic link. If @command{readlink} is invoked with an argument other than the name of a symbolic link, it produces no output and exits with a nonzero exit code. @item Canonicalize mode @command{readlink} outputs the absolute name of the given file which contains no @file{.}, @file{..} components nor any repeated separators (@file{/}) or symbolic links. @end table @example readlink [@var{option}] @var{file} @end example By default, @command{readlink} operates in readlink mode. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -f @itemx --canonicalize @opindex -f @opindex --canonicalize Activate canonicalize mode. If any component of the file name except the last one is missing or unavailable, @command{readlink} produces no output and exits with a nonzero exit code. A trailing slash is ignored. @item -e @itemx --canonicalize-existing @opindex -e @opindex --canonicalize-existing Activate canonicalize mode. If any component is missing or unavailable, @command{readlink} produces no output and exits with a nonzero exit code. A trailing slash requires that the name resolve to a directory. @item -m @itemx --canonicalize-missing @opindex -m @opindex --canonicalize-missing Activate canonicalize mode. If any component is missing or unavailable, @command{readlink} treats it as a directory. @item -n @itemx --no-newline @opindex -n @opindex --no-newline Do not output the trailing newline. @item -s @itemx -q @itemx --silent @itemx --quiet @opindex -s @opindex -q @opindex --silent @opindex --quiet Suppress most error messages. @item -v @itemx --verbose @opindex -v @opindex --verbose Report error messages. @end table The @command{readlink} utility first appeared in OpenBSD 2.1. There is a @command{realpath} command on some systems which operates like @command{readlink} in canonicalize mode. @exitstatus @node rmdir invocation @section @command{rmdir}: Remove empty directories @pindex rmdir @cindex removing empty directories @cindex directories, removing empty @command{rmdir} removes empty directories. Synopsis: @example rmdir [@var{option}]@dots{} @var{directory}@dots{} @end example If any @var{directory} argument does not refer to an existing empty directory, it is an error. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item --ignore-fail-on-non-empty @opindex --ignore-fail-on-non-empty @cindex directory deletion, ignoring failures Ignore each failure to remove a directory that is solely because the directory is non-empty. @item -p @itemx --parents @opindex -p @opindex --parents @cindex parent directories, removing Remove @var{directory}, then try to remove each component of @var{directory}. So, for example, @samp{rmdir -p a/b/c} is similar to @samp{rmdir a/b/c a/b a}. As such, it fails if any of those directories turns out not to be empty. Use the @option{--ignore-fail-on-non-empty} option to make it so such a failure does not evoke a diagnostic and does not cause @command{rmdir} to exit unsuccessfully. @item -v @itemx --verbose @opindex -v @opindex --verbose @cindex directory deletion, reporting Give a diagnostic for each successful removal. @var{directory} is removed. @end table @xref{rm invocation}, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively). @exitstatus @node unlink invocation @section @command{unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall @pindex unlink @cindex removing files or directories (via the unlink syscall) @command{unlink} deletes a single specified file name. It is a minimalist interface to the system-provided @code{unlink} function. @xref{Deleting Files, , , libc, The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. Synopsis: It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used @command{rm} command (@pxref{rm invocation}). @example unlink @var{filename} @end example On some systems @code{unlink} can be used to delete the name of a directory. On others, it can be used that way only by a privileged user. In the GNU system @code{unlink} can never delete the name of a directory. The @command{unlink} command honors the @option{--help} and @option{--version} options. To remove a file whose name begins with @samp{-}, prefix the name with @samp{./}, e.g., @samp{unlink ./--help}. @exitstatus @node Changing file attributes @chapter Changing file attributes @cindex changing file attributes @cindex file attributes, changing @cindex attributes, file A file is not merely its contents, a name, and a file type (@pxref{Special file types}). A file also has an owner (a user ID), a group (a group ID), permissions (what the owner can do with the file, what people in the group can do, and what everyone else can do), various timestamps, and other information. Collectively, we call these a file's @dfn{attributes}. These commands change file attributes. @menu * chgrp invocation:: Change file groups. * chmod invocation:: Change access permissions. * chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups. * touch invocation:: Change file timestamps. @end menu @node chown invocation @section @command{chown}: Change file owner and group @pindex chown @cindex file ownership, changing @cindex group ownership, changing @cindex changing file ownership @cindex changing group ownership @command{chown} changes the user and/or group ownership of each given @var{file} to @var{new-owner} or to the user and group of an existing reference file. Synopsis: @example chown [@var{option}]@dots{} @{@var{new-owner} | --reference=@var{ref_file}@} @var{file}@dots{} @end example If used, @var{new-owner} specifies the new owner and/or group as follows (with no embedded white space): @example [@var{owner}] [ : [@var{group}] ] @end example Specifically: @table @var @item owner If only an @var{owner} (a user name or numeric user ID) is given, that user is made the owner of each given file, and the files' group is not changed. @item owner@samp{:}group If the @var{owner} is followed by a colon and a @var{group} (a group name or numeric group ID), with no spaces between them, the group ownership of the files is changed as well (to @var{group}). @item owner@samp{:} If a colon but no group name follows @var{owner}, that user is made the owner of the files and the group of the files is changed to @var{owner}'s login group. @item @samp{:}group If the colon and following @var{group} are given, but the owner is omitted, only the group of the files is changed; in this case, @command{chown} performs the same function as @command{chgrp}. @item @samp{:} If only a colon is given, or if @var{new-owner} is empty, neither the owner nor the group is changed. @end table If @var{owner} or @var{group} is intended to represent a numeric user or group ID, then you may specify it with a leading @samp{+}. @xref{Disambiguating names and IDs}. Some older scripts may still use @samp{.} in place of the @samp{:} separator. @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards conformance}) does not require support for that, but for backward compatibility @acronym{GNU} @command{chown} supports @samp{.} so long as no ambiguity results. New scripts should avoid the use of @samp{.} because it is not portable, and because it has undesirable results if the entire @var{owner@samp{.}group} happens to identify a user whose name contains @samp{.}. The @command{chown} command sometimes clears the set-user-ID or set-group-ID permission bits. This behavior depends on the policy and functionality of the underlying @code{chown} system call, which may make system-dependent file mode modifications outside the control of the @command{chown} command. For example, the @command{chown} command might not affect those bits when invoked by a user with appropriate privileges, or when the bits signify some function other than executable permission (e.g., mandatory locking). When in doubt, check the underlying system behavior. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -c @itemx --changes @opindex -c @opindex --changes @cindex changed owners, verbosely describing Verbosely describe the action for each @var{file} whose ownership actually changes. @item -f @itemx --silent @itemx --quiet @opindex -f @opindex --silent @opindex --quiet @cindex error messages, omitting Do not print error messages about files whose ownership cannot be changed. @itemx @w{@kbd{--from}=@var{old-owner}} @opindex --from @cindex symbolic links, changing owner Change a @var{file}'s ownership only if it has current attributes specified by @var{old-owner}. @var{old-owner} has the same form as @var{new-owner} described above. This option is useful primarily from a security standpoint in that it narrows considerably the window of potential abuse. For example, to reflect a user ID numbering change for one user's files without an option like this, @code{root} might run @smallexample find / -owner OLDUSER -print0 | xargs -0 chown -h NEWUSER @end smallexample But that is dangerous because the interval between when the @command{find} tests the existing file's owner and when the @command{chown} is actually run may be quite large. One way to narrow the gap would be to invoke chown for each file as it is found: @example find / -owner OLDUSER -exec chown -h NEWUSER @{@} \; @end example But that is very slow if there are many affected files. With this option, it is safer (the gap is narrower still) though still not perfect: @example chown -h -R --from=OLDUSER NEWUSER / @end example @item --dereference @opindex --dereference @cindex symbolic links, changing owner @findex lchown Do not act on symbolic links themselves but rather on what they point to. This is the default. @item -h @itemx --no-dereference @opindex -h @opindex --no-dereference @cindex symbolic links, changing owner @findex lchown Act on symbolic links themselves instead of what they point to. This mode relies on the @code{lchown} system call. On systems that do not provide the @code{lchown} system call, @command{chown} fails when a file specified on the command line is a symbolic link. By default, no diagnostic is issued for symbolic links encountered during a recursive traversal, but see @option{--verbose}. @itemx --preserve-root @opindex --preserve-root @cindex root directory, disallow recursive modification Fail upon any attempt to recursively change the root directory, @file{/}. Without @option{--recursive}, this option has no effect. @xref{Treating / specially}. @itemx --no-preserve-root @opindex --no-preserve-root @cindex root directory, allow recursive modification Cancel the effect of any preceding @option{--preserve-root} option. @xref{Treating / specially}. @item --reference=@var{ref_file} @opindex --reference Change the user and group of each @var{file} to be the same as those of @var{ref_file}. If @var{ref_file} is a symbolic link, do not use the user and group of the symbolic link, but rather those of the file it refers to. @item -v @itemx --verbose @opindex -v @opindex --verbose Output a diagnostic for every file processed. If a symbolic link is encountered during a recursive traversal on a system without the @code{lchown} system call, and @option{--no-dereference} is in effect, then issue a diagnostic saying neither the symbolic link nor its referent is being changed. @item -R @itemx --recursive @opindex -R @opindex --recursive @cindex recursively changing file ownership Recursively change ownership of directories and their contents. @choptH @xref{Traversing symlinks}. @choptL @xref{Traversing symlinks}. @choptP @xref{Traversing symlinks}. @end table @exitstatus Examples: @smallexample # Change the owner of /u to "root". chown root /u # Likewise, but also change its group to "staff". chown root:staff /u # Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root". chown -hR root /u @end smallexample @node chgrp invocation @section @command{chgrp}: Change group ownership @pindex chgrp @cindex group ownership, changing @cindex changing group ownership @command{chgrp} changes the group ownership of each given @var{file} to @var{group} (which can be either a group name or a numeric group ID) or to the group of an existing reference file. Synopsis: @example chgrp [@var{option}]@dots{} @{@var{group} | --reference=@var{ref_file}@} @var{file}@dots{} @end example If @var{group} is intended to represent a numeric group ID, then you may specify it with a leading @samp{+}. @xref{Disambiguating names and IDs}. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -c @itemx --changes @opindex -c @opindex --changes @cindex changed files, verbosely describing Verbosely describe the action for each @var{file} whose group actually changes. @item -f @itemx --silent @itemx --quiet @opindex -f @opindex --silent @opindex --quiet @cindex error messages, omitting Do not print error messages about files whose group cannot be changed. @item --dereference @opindex --dereference @cindex symbolic links, changing owner @findex lchown Do not act on symbolic links themselves but rather on what they point to. This is the default. @item -h @itemx --no-dereference @opindex -h @opindex --no-dereference @cindex symbolic links, changing group @findex lchown Act on symbolic links themselves instead of what they point to. This mode relies on the @code{lchown} system call. On systems that do not provide the @code{lchown} system call, @command{chgrp} fails when a file specified on the command line is a symbolic link. By default, no diagnostic is issued for symbolic links encountered during a recursive traversal, but see @option{--verbose}. @itemx --preserve-root @opindex --preserve-root @cindex root directory, disallow recursive modification Fail upon any attempt to recursively change the root directory, @file{/}. Without @option{--recursive}, this option has no effect. @xref{Treating / specially}. @itemx --no-preserve-root @opindex --no-preserve-root @cindex root directory, allow recursive modification Cancel the effect of any preceding @option{--preserve-root} option. @xref{Treating / specially}. @item --reference=@var{ref_file} @opindex --reference Change the group of each @var{file} to be the same as that of @var{ref_file}. If @var{ref_file} is a symbolic link, do not use the group of the symbolic link, but rather that of the file it refers to. @item -v @itemx --verbose @opindex -v @opindex --verbose Output a diagnostic for every file processed. If a symbolic link is encountered during a recursive traversal on a system without the @code{lchown} system call, and @option{--no-dereference} is in effect, then issue a diagnostic saying neither the symbolic link nor its referent is being changed. @item -R @itemx --recursive @opindex -R @opindex --recursive @cindex recursively changing group ownership Recursively change the group ownership of directories and their contents. @choptH @xref{Traversing symlinks}. @choptL @xref{Traversing symlinks}. @choptP @xref{Traversing symlinks}. @end table @exitstatus Examples: @smallexample # Change the group of /u to "staff". chgrp staff /u # Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff". chgrp -hR staff /u @end smallexample @node chmod invocation @section @command{chmod}: Change access permissions @pindex chmod @cindex changing access permissions @cindex access permissions, changing @cindex permissions, changing access @command{chmod} changes the access permissions of the named files. Synopsis: @example chmod [@var{option}]@dots{} @{@var{mode} | --reference=@var{ref_file}@} @var{file}@dots{} @end example @cindex symbolic links, permissions of @command{chmod} never changes the permissions of symbolic links, since the @command{chmod} system call cannot change their permissions. This is not a problem since the permissions of symbolic links are never used. However, for each symbolic link listed on the command line, @command{chmod} changes the permissions of the pointed-to file. In contrast, @command{chmod} ignores symbolic links encountered during recursive directory traversals. A successful use of @command{chmod} clears the set-group-ID bit of a regular file if the file's group ID does not match the user's effective group ID or one of the user's supplementary group IDs, unless the user has appropriate privileges. Additional restrictions may cause the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits of @var{mode} or @var{ref_file} to be ignored. This behavior depends on the policy and functionality of the underlying @code{chmod} system call. When in doubt, check the underlying system behavior. If used, @var{mode} specifies the new file mode bits. For details, see the section on @ref{File permissions}. If you really want @var{mode} to have a leading @samp{-}, you should use @option{--} first, e.g., @samp{chmod -- -w file}. Typically, though, @samp{chmod a-w file} is preferable, and @command{chmod -w file} (without the @option{--}) complains if it behaves differently from what @samp{chmod a-w file} would do. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -c @itemx --changes @opindex -c @opindex --changes Verbosely describe the action for each @var{file} whose permissions actually changes. @item -f @itemx --silent @itemx --quiet @opindex -f @opindex --silent @opindex --quiet @cindex error messages, omitting Do not print error messages about files whose permissions cannot be changed. @itemx --preserve-root @opindex --preserve-root @cindex root directory, disallow recursive modification Fail upon any attempt to recursively change the root directory, @file{/}. Without @option{--recursive}, this option has no effect. @xref{Treating / specially}. @itemx --no-preserve-root @opindex --no-preserve-root @cindex root directory, allow recursive modification Cancel the effect of any preceding @option{--preserve-root} option. @xref{Treating / specially}. @item -v @itemx --verbose @opindex -v @opindex --verbose Verbosely describe the action or non-action taken for every @var{file}. @item --reference=@var{ref_file} @opindex --reference Change the mode of each @var{file} to be the same as that of @var{ref_file}. @xref{File permissions}. If @var{ref_file} is a symbolic link, do not use the mode of the symbolic link, but rather that of the file it refers to. @item -R @itemx --recursive @opindex -R @opindex --recursive @cindex recursively changing access permissions Recursively change permissions of directories and their contents. @end table @exitstatus @node touch invocation @section @command{touch}: Change file timestamps @pindex touch @cindex changing file timestamps @cindex file timestamps, changing @cindex timestamps, changing file @command{touch} changes the access and/or modification times of the specified files. Synopsis: @example touch [@var{option}]@dots{} @var{file}@dots{} @end example @cindex empty files, creating Any @var{file} argument that does not exist is created empty, unless option @option{--no-create} (@option{-c}) or @option{--no-dereference} (@option{-h}) was in effect. A @var{file} argument string of @samp{-} is handled specially and causes @command{touch} to change the times of the file associated with standard output. @cindex permissions, for changing file timestamps If changing both the access and modification times to the current time, @command{touch} can change the timestamps for files that the user running it does not own but has write permission for. Otherwise, the user must own the files. Although @command{touch} provides options for changing two of the times---the times of last access and modification---of a file, there is actually a standard third one as well: the inode change time. This is often referred to as a file's @code{ctime}. The inode change time represents the time when the file's meta-information last changed. One common example of this is when the permissions of a file change. Changing the permissions doesn't access the file, so the atime doesn't change, nor does it modify the file, so the mtime doesn't change. Yet, something about the file itself has changed, and this must be noted somewhere. This is the job of the ctime field. This is necessary, so that, for example, a backup program can make a fresh copy of the file, including the new permissions value. Another operation that modifies a file's ctime without affecting the others is renaming. In any case, it is not possible, in normal operations, for a user to change the ctime field to a user-specified value. Some operating systems and file systems support a fourth time: the birth time, when the file was first created; by definition, this timestamp never changes. @vindex TZ Time stamps assume the time zone rules specified by the @env{TZ} environment variable, or by the system default rules if @env{TZ} is not set. @xref{TZ Variable,, Specifying the Time Zone with @env{TZ}, libc, The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. You can avoid ambiguities during daylight saving transitions by using @sc{utc} time stamps. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -a @itemx --time=atime @itemx --time=access @itemx --time=use @opindex -a @opindex --time @opindex atime@r{, changing} @opindex access @r{time, changing} @opindex use @r{time, changing} Change the access time only. @item -c @itemx --no-create @opindex -c @opindex --no-create Do not warn about or create files that do not exist. @item -d @itemx --date=@var{time} @opindex -d @opindex --date @opindex time Use @var{time} instead of the current time. It can contain month names, time zones, @samp{am} and @samp{pm}, @samp{yesterday}, etc. For example, @option{--date="2004-02-27 14:19:13.489392193 +0530"} specifies the instant of time that is 489,392,193 nanoseconds after February 27, 2004 at 2:19:13 PM in a time zone that is 5 hours and 30 minutes east of @acronym{UTC}. @xref{Date input formats}. File systems that do not support high-resolution time stamps silently ignore any excess precision here. @item -f @opindex -f @cindex BSD @command{touch} compatibility Ignored; for compatibility with BSD versions of @command{touch}. @item -h @itemx --no-dereference @opindex -h @opindex --no-dereference @cindex symbolic links, changing time @findex lutimes Attempt to change the timestamps of a symbolic link, rather than what the link refers to. When using this option, empty files are not created, but option @option{-c} must also be used to avoid warning about files that do not exist. Not all systems support changing the timestamps of symlinks, since underlying system support for this action was not required until @acronym{POSIX} 2008. Also, on some systems, the mere act of examining a symbolic link changes the access time, such that only changes to the modification time will persist long enough to be observable. When coupled with option @option{-r}, a reference timestamp is taken from a symbolic link rather than the file it refers to. @item -m @itemx --time=mtime @itemx --time=modify @opindex -m @opindex --time @opindex mtime@r{, changing} @opindex modify @r{time, changing} Change the modification time only. @item -r @var{file} @itemx --reference=@var{file} @opindex -r @opindex --reference Use the times of the reference @var{file} instead of the current time. If this option is combined with the @option{--date=@var{time}} (@option{-d @var{time}}) option, the reference @var{file}'s time is the origin for any relative @var{time}s given, but is otherwise ignored. For example, @samp{-r foo -d '-5 seconds'} specifies a time stamp equal to five seconds before the corresponding time stamp for @file{foo}. If @var{file} is a symbolic link, the reference timestamp is taken from the target of the symlink, unless @option{-h} was also in effect. @item -t [[@var{cc}]@var{yy}]@var{mmddhhmm}[.@var{ss}] Use the argument (optional four-digit or two-digit years, months, days, hours, minutes, optional seconds) instead of the current time. If the year is specified with only two digits, then @var{cc} is 20 for years in the range 0 @dots{} 68, and 19 for years in 69 @dots{} 99. If no digits of the year are specified, the argument is interpreted as a date in the current year. Note that @var{ss} may be @samp{60}, to accommodate leap seconds. @end table @vindex _POSIX2_VERSION On older systems, @command{touch} supports an obsolete syntax, as follows. If no timestamp is given with any of the @option{-d}, @option{-r}, or @option{-t} options, and if there are two or more @var{file}s and the first @var{file} is of the form @samp{@var{mmddhhmm}[@var{yy}]} and this would be a valid argument to the @option{-t} option (if the @var{yy}, if any, were moved to the front), and if the represented year is in the range 1969--1999, that argument is interpreted as the time for the other files instead of as a file name. This obsolete behavior can be enabled or disabled with the @env{_POSIX2_VERSION} environment variable (@pxref{Standards conformance}), but portable scripts should avoid commands whose behavior depends on this variable. For example, use @samp{touch ./12312359 main.c} or @samp{touch -t 12312359 main.c} rather than the ambiguous @samp{touch 12312359 main.c}. @exitstatus @node Disk usage @chapter Disk usage @cindex disk usage No disk can hold an infinite amount of data. These commands report how much disk storage is in use or available, report other file and file status information, and write buffers to disk. @menu * df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage. * du invocation:: Estimate file space usage. * stat invocation:: Report file or file system status. * sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk. * truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file. @end menu @node df invocation @section @command{df}: Report file system disk space usage @pindex df @cindex file system disk usage @cindex disk usage by file system @command{df} reports the amount of disk space used and available on file systems. Synopsis: @example df [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{file}]@dots{} @end example With no arguments, @command{df} reports the space used and available on all currently mounted file systems (of all types). Otherwise, @command{df} reports on the file system containing each argument @var{file}. Normally the disk space is printed in units of 1024 bytes, but this can be overridden (@pxref{Block size}). Non-integer quantities are rounded up to the next higher unit. @cindex disk device file @cindex device file, disk If an argument @var{file} is a disk device file containing a mounted file system, @command{df} shows the space available on that file system rather than on the file system containing the device node (i.e., the root file system). @sc{gnu} @command{df} does not attempt to determine the disk usage on unmounted file systems, because on most kinds of systems doing so requires extremely nonportable intimate knowledge of file system structures. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -a @itemx --all @opindex -a @opindex --all @cindex automounter file systems @cindex ignore file systems Include in the listing dummy file systems, which are omitted by default. Such file systems are typically special-purpose pseudo-file-systems, such as automounter entries. @item -B @var{size} @itemx --block-size=@var{size} @opindex -B @opindex --block-size @cindex file system sizes Scale sizes by @var{size} before printing them (@pxref{Block size}). For example, @option{-BG} prints sizes in units of 1,073,741,824 bytes. @itemx --total @opindex --total @cindex grand total of disk size, usage and available space Print a grand total of all arguments after all arguments have been processed. This can be used to find out the total disk size, usage and available space of all listed devices. @optHumanReadable @item -H @opindex -H Equivalent to @option{--si}. @item -i @itemx --inodes @opindex -i @opindex --inodes @cindex inode usage List inode usage information instead of block usage. An inode (short for index node) contains information about a file such as its owner, permissions, timestamps, and location on the disk. @item -k @opindex -k @cindex kibibytes for file system sizes Print sizes in 1024-byte blocks, overriding the default block size (@pxref{Block size}). This option is equivalent to @option{--block-size=1K}. @item -l @itemx --local @opindex -l @opindex --local @cindex file system types, limiting output to certain Limit the listing to local file systems. By default, remote file systems are also listed. @item --no-sync @opindex --no-sync @cindex file system space, retrieving old data more quickly Do not invoke the @code{sync} system call before getting any usage data. This may make @command{df} run significantly faster on systems with many disks, but on some systems (notably SunOS) the results may be slightly out of date. This is the default. @item -P @itemx --portability @opindex -P @opindex --portability @cindex one-line output format @cindex @acronym{POSIX} output format @cindex portable output format @cindex output format, portable Use the @acronym{POSIX} output format. This is like the default format except for the following: @enumerate @item The information about each file system is always printed on exactly one line; a mount device is never put on a line by itself. This means that if the mount device name is more than 20 characters long (e.g., for some network mounts), the columns are misaligned. @item The labels in the header output line are changed to conform to @acronym{POSIX}. @item The default block size and output format are unaffected by the @env{DF_BLOCK_SIZE}, @env{BLOCK_SIZE} and @env{BLOCKSIZE} environment variables. However, the default block size is still affected by @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT}: it is 512 if @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} is set, 1024 otherwise. @xref{Block size}. @end enumerate @optSi @item --sync @opindex --sync @cindex file system space, retrieving current data more slowly Invoke the @code{sync} system call before getting any usage data. On some systems (notably SunOS), doing this yields more up to date results, but in general this option makes @command{df} much slower, especially when there are many or very busy file systems. @item -t @var{fstype} @itemx --type=@var{fstype} @opindex -t @opindex --type @cindex file system types, limiting output to certain Limit the listing to file systems of type @var{fstype}. Multiple file system types can be specified by giving multiple @option{-t} options. By default, nothing is omitted. @item -T @itemx --print-type @opindex -T @opindex --print-type @cindex file system types, printing Print each file system's type. The types printed here are the same ones you can include or exclude with @option{-t} and @option{-x}. The particular types printed are whatever is supported by the system. Here are some of the common names (this list is certainly not exhaustive): @table @samp @item nfs @cindex @acronym{NFS} file system type An @acronym{NFS} file system, i.e., one mounted over a network from another machine. This is the one type name which seems to be used uniformly by all systems. @item 4.2@r{, }ufs@r{, }efs@dots{} @cindex Linux file system types @cindex local file system types @opindex 4.2 @r{file system type} @opindex ufs @r{file system type} @opindex efs @r{file system type} A file system on a locally-mounted hard disk. (The system might even support more than one type here; Linux does.) @item hsfs@r{, }cdfs @cindex CD-ROM file system type @cindex High Sierra file system @opindex hsfs @r{file system type} @opindex cdfs @r{file system type} A file system on a CD-ROM drive. HP-UX uses @samp{cdfs}, most other systems use @samp{hsfs} (@samp{hs} for ``High Sierra''). @item pcfs @cindex PC file system @cindex DOS file system @cindex MS-DOS file system @cindex diskette file system @opindex pcfs An MS-DOS file system, usually on a diskette. @end table @item -x @var{fstype} @itemx --exclude-type=@var{fstype} @opindex -x @opindex --exclude-type Limit the listing to file systems not of type @var{fstype}. Multiple file system types can be eliminated by giving multiple @option{-x} options. By default, no file system types are omitted. @item -v Ignored; for compatibility with System V versions of @command{df}. @end table @exitstatus Failure includes the case where no output is generated, so you can inspect the exit status of a command like @samp{df -t ext3 -t reiserfs @var{dir}} to test whether @var{dir} is on a file system of type @samp{ext3} or @samp{reiserfs}. @node du invocation @section @command{du}: Estimate file space usage @pindex du @cindex file space usage @cindex disk usage for files @command{du} reports the amount of disk space used by the specified files and for each subdirectory (of directory arguments). Synopsis: @example du [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{file}]@dots{} @end example With no arguments, @command{du} reports the disk space for the current directory. Normally the disk space is printed in units of 1024 bytes, but this can be overridden (@pxref{Block size}). Non-integer quantities are rounded up to the next higher unit. If two or more hard links point to the same file, only one of the hard links is counted. The @var{file} argument order affects which links are counted, and changing the argument order may change the numbers that @command{du} outputs. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -a @itemx --all @opindex -a @opindex --all Show counts for all files, not just directories. @itemx --apparent-size @opindex --apparent-size Print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage. The apparent size of a file is the number of bytes reported by @code{wc -c} on regular files, or more generally, @code{ls -l --block-size=1} or @code{stat --format=%s}. For example, a file containing the word @samp{zoo} with no newline would, of course, have an apparent size of 3. Such a small file may require anywhere from 0 to 16 KiB or more of disk space, depending on the type and configuration of the file system on which the file resides. However, a sparse file created with this command: @example dd bs=1 seek=2GiB if=/dev/null of=big @end example @noindent has an apparent size of 2 GiB, yet on most modern systems, it actually uses almost no disk space. @item -b @itemx --bytes @opindex -b @opindex --bytes Equivalent to @code{--apparent-size --block-size=1}. @item -B @var{size} @itemx --block-size=@var{size} @opindex -B @opindex --block-size @cindex file sizes Scale sizes by @var{size} before printing them (@pxref{Block size}). For example, @option{-BG} prints sizes in units of 1,073,741,824 bytes. @item -c @itemx --total @opindex -c @opindex --total @cindex grand total of disk space Print a grand total of all arguments after all arguments have been processed. This can be used to find out the total disk usage of a given set of files or directories. @item -D @itemx --dereference-args @opindex -D @opindex --dereference-args Dereference symbolic links that are command line arguments. Does not affect other symbolic links. This is helpful for finding out the disk usage of directories, such as @file{/usr/tmp}, which are often symbolic links. @c --files0-from=FILE @filesZeroFromOption{du,, with the @option{--total} (@option{-c}) option} @optHumanReadable @item -H @opindex -H Equivalent to @option{--dereference-args} (@option{-D}). @item -k @opindex -k @cindex kibibytes for file sizes Print sizes in 1024-byte blocks, overriding the default block size (@pxref{Block size}). This option is equivalent to @option{--block-size=1K}. @item -l @itemx --count-links @opindex -l @opindex --count-links @cindex hard links, counting in @command{du} Count the size of all files, even if they have appeared already (as a hard link). @item -L @itemx --dereference @opindex -L @opindex --dereference @cindex symbolic links, dereferencing in @command{du} Dereference symbolic links (show the disk space used by the file or directory that the link points to instead of the space used by the link). @item -m @opindex -m @cindex mebibytes for file sizes Print sizes in 1,048,576-byte blocks, overriding the default block size (@pxref{Block size}). This option is equivalent to @option{--block-size=1M}. @item -P @itemx --no-dereference @opindex -P @opindex --no-dereference @cindex symbolic links, dereferencing in @command{du} For each symbolic links encountered by @command{du}, consider the disk space used by the symbolic link. @item --max-depth=@var{depth} @opindex --max-depth=@var{depth} @cindex limiting output of @command{du} Show the total for each directory (and file if --all) that is at most MAX_DEPTH levels down from the root of the hierarchy. The root is at level 0, so @code{du --max-depth=0} is equivalent to @code{du -s}. @optNull{du} @optSi @item -s @itemx --summarize @opindex -s @opindex --summarize Display only a total for each argument. @item -S @itemx --separate-dirs @opindex -S @opindex --separate-dirs Normally, in the output of @command{du} (when not using @option{--summarize}), the size listed next to a directory name, @var{d}, represents the sum of sizes of all entries beneath @var{d} as well as the size of @var{d} itself. With @option{--separate-dirs}, the size reported for a directory name, @var{d}, is merely the @code{stat.st_size}-derived size of the directory entry, @var{d}. @itemx --time @opindex --time @cindex last modified dates, displaying in @command{du} Show time of the most recent modification of any file in the directory, or any of its subdirectories. @itemx --time=ctime @itemx --time=status @itemx --time=use @opindex --time @opindex ctime@r{, show the most recent} @opindex status time@r{, show the most recent} @opindex use time@r{, show the most recent} Show the most recent status change time (the @samp{ctime} in the inode) of any file in the directory, instead of the modification time. @itemx --time=atime @itemx --time=access @opindex --time @opindex atime@r{, show the most recent} @opindex access time@r{, show the most recent} Show the most recent access time (the @samp{atime} in the inode) of any file in the directory, instead of the modification time. @item --time-style=@var{style} @opindex --time-style @cindex time style List timestamps in style @var{style}. This option has an effect only if the @option{--time} option is also specified. The @var{style} should be one of the following: @table @samp @item +@var{format} @vindex LC_TIME List timestamps using @var{format}, where @var{format} is interpreted like the format argument of @command{date} (@pxref{date invocation}). For example, @option{--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"} causes @command{du} to list timestamps like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56}. As with @command{date}, @var{format}'s interpretation is affected by the @env{LC_TIME} locale category. @item full-iso List timestamps in full using @acronym{ISO} 8601 date, time, and time zone format with nanosecond precision, e.g., @samp{2002-03-30 23:45:56.477817180 -0700}. This style is equivalent to @samp{+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%N %z}. @item long-iso List @acronym{ISO} 8601 date and time in minutes, e.g., @samp{2002-03-30 23:45}. These timestamps are shorter than @samp{full-iso} timestamps, and are usually good enough for everyday work. This style is equivalent to @samp{+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M}. @item iso List @acronym{ISO} 8601 dates for timestamps, e.g., @samp{2002-03-30}. This style is equivalent to @samp{+%Y-%m-%d}. @end table @vindex TIME_STYLE You can specify the default value of the @option{--time-style} option with the environment variable @env{TIME_STYLE}; if @env{TIME_STYLE} is not set the default style is @samp{long-iso}. For compatibility with @command{ls}, if @env{TIME_STYLE} begins with @samp{+} and contains a newline, the newline and any later characters are ignored; if @env{TIME_STYLE} begins with @samp{posix-} the @samp{posix-} is ignored; and if @env{TIME_STYLE} is @samp{locale} it is ignored. @item -x @itemx --one-file-system @opindex -x @opindex --one-file-system @cindex one file system, restricting @command{du} to Skip directories that are on different file systems from the one that the argument being processed is on. @item --exclude=@var{pattern} @opindex --exclude=@var{pattern} @cindex excluding files from @command{du} When recursing, skip subdirectories or files matching @var{pattern}. For example, @code{du --exclude='*.o'} excludes files whose names end in @samp{.o}. @item -X @var{file} @itemx --exclude-from=@var{file} @opindex -X @var{file} @opindex --exclude-from=@var{file} @cindex excluding files from @command{du} Like @option{--exclude}, except take the patterns to exclude from @var{file}, one per line. If @var{file} is @samp{-}, take the patterns from standard input. @end table @cindex NFS mounts from BSD to HP-UX On BSD systems, @command{du} reports sizes that are half the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted from HP-UX systems. On HP-UX systems, it reports sizes that are twice the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted from BSD systems. This is due to a flaw in HP-UX; it also affects the HP-UX @command{du} program. @exitstatus @node stat invocation @section @command{stat}: Report file or file system status @pindex stat @cindex file status @cindex file system status @command{stat} displays information about the specified file(s). Synopsis: @example stat [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{file}]@dots{} @end example With no option, @command{stat} reports all information about the given files. But it also can be used to report the information of the file systems the given files are located on. If the files are links, @command{stat} can also give information about the files the links point to. @mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{stat} @table @samp @item -L @itemx --dereference @opindex -L @opindex --dereference @cindex symbolic links, dereferencing in @command{stat} Change how @command{stat} treats symbolic links. With this option, @command{stat} acts on the file referenced by each symbolic link argument. Without it, @command{stat} acts on any symbolic link argument directly. @item -f @itemx --file-system @opindex -f @opindex --file-system @cindex file systems Report information about the file systems where the given files are located instead of information about the files themselves. @item -c @itemx --format=@var{format} @opindex -c @opindex --format=@var{format} @cindex output format Use @var{format} rather than the default format. @var{format} is automatically newline-terminated, so running a command like the following with two or more @var{file} operands produces a line of output for each operand: @example $ stat --format=%d:%i / /usr 2050:2 2057:2 @end example @itemx --printf=@var{format} @opindex --printf=@var{format} @cindex output format Use @var{format} rather than the default format. Like @option{--format}, but interpret backslash escapes, and do not output a mandatory trailing newline. If you want a newline, include @samp{\n} in the @var{format}. Here's how you would use @option{--printf} to print the device and inode numbers of @file{/} and @file{/usr}: @example $ stat --printf='%d:%i\n' / /usr 2050:2 2057:2 @end example @item -t @itemx --terse @opindex -t @opindex --terse @cindex terse output Print the information in terse form, suitable for parsing by other programs. @end table The valid @var{format} directives for files with @option{--format} and @option{--printf} are: @itemize @bullet @item %a - Access rights in octal @item %A - Access rights in human readable form @item %b - Number of blocks allocated (see @samp{%B}) @item %B - The size in bytes of each block reported by @samp{%b} @item %d - Device number in decimal @item %D - Device number in hex @item %f - Raw mode in hex @item %F - File type @item %g - Group ID of owner @item %G - Group name of owner @item %h - Number of hard links @item %i - Inode number @item %n - File name @item %N - Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link @item %o - I/O block size @item %s - Total size, in bytes @item %t - Major device type in hex @item %T - Minor device type in hex @item %u - User ID of owner @item %U - User name of owner @item %x - Time of last access @item %X - Time of last access as seconds since Epoch @item %y - Time of last modification @item %Y - Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch @item %z - Time of last change @item %Z - Time of last change as seconds since Epoch @end itemize When listing file system information (@option{--file-system} (@option{-f})), you must use a different set of @var{format} directives: @itemize @bullet @item %a - Free blocks available to non-super-user @item %b - Total data blocks in file system @item %c - Total file nodes in file system @item %d - Free file nodes in file system @item %f - Free blocks in file system @item %i - File System ID in hex @item %l - Maximum length of file names @item %n - File name @item %s - Block size (for faster transfers) @item %S - Fundamental block size (for block counts) @item %t - Type in hex @item %T - Type in human readable form @end itemize @vindex TZ Time stamps are listed according to the time zone rules specified by the @env{TZ} environment variable, or by the system default rules if @env{TZ} is not set. @xref{TZ Variable,, Specifying the Time Zone with @env{TZ}, libc, The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. @exitstatus @node sync invocation @section @command{sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory @pindex sync @cindex synchronize disk and memory @cindex superblock, writing @cindex inodes, written buffered @command{sync} writes any data buffered in memory out to disk. This can include (but is not limited to) modified superblocks, modified inodes, and delayed reads and writes. This must be implemented by the kernel; The @command{sync} program does nothing but exercise the @code{sync} system call. @cindex crashes and corruption The kernel keeps data in memory to avoid doing (relatively slow) disk reads and writes. This improves performance, but if the computer crashes, data may be lost or the file system corrupted as a result. The @command{sync} command ensures everything in memory is written to disk. Any arguments are ignored, except for a lone @option{--help} or @option{--version} (@pxref{Common options}). @exitstatus @node truncate invocation @section @command{truncate}: Shrink or extend the size of a file @pindex truncate @cindex truncating, file sizes @command{truncate} shrinks or extends the size of each @var{file} to the specified size. Synopsis: @example truncate @var{option}@dots{} @var{file}@dots{} @end example @cindex files, creating Any @var{file} that does not exist is created. @cindex sparse files, creating @cindex holes, creating files with If a @var{file} is larger than the specified size, the extra data is lost. If a @var{file} is shorter, it is extended and the extended part (or hole) reads as zero bytes. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -c @itemx --no-create @opindex -c @opindex --no-create Do not create files that do not exist. @item -o @itemx --io-blocks @opindex -o @opindex --io-blocks Treat @var{size} as number of I/O blocks of the @var{file} rather than bytes. @item -r @var{rfile} @itemx --reference=@var{rfile} @opindex -r @opindex --reference Set the size of each @var{file} to the same size as @var{rfile}. @item -s @var{size} @itemx --size=@var{size} @opindex -s @opindex --size Set the size of each @var{file} to this @var{size}. @multiplierSuffixesNoBlocks{size} @var{size} may also be prefixed by one of the following to adjust the size of each @var{file} based on their current size: @example @samp{+} => extend by @samp{-} => reduce by @samp{<} => at most @samp{>} => at least @samp{/} => round down to multiple of @samp{%} => round up to multiple of @end example @end table @exitstatus @node Printing text @chapter Printing text @cindex printing text, commands for @cindex commands for printing text This section describes commands that display text strings. @menu * echo invocation:: Print a line of text. * printf invocation:: Format and print data. * yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted. @end menu @node echo invocation @section @command{echo}: Print a line of text @pindex echo @cindex displaying text @cindex printing text @cindex text, displaying @cindex arbitrary text, displaying @command{echo} writes each given @var{string} to standard output, with a space between each and a newline after the last one. Synopsis: @example echo [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{string}]@dots{} @end example @mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{echo} The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. Options must precede operands, and the normally-special argument @samp{--} has no special meaning and is treated like any other @var{string}. @table @samp @item -n @opindex -n Do not output the trailing newline. @item -e @opindex -e @cindex backslash escapes Enable interpretation of the following backslash-escaped characters in each @var{string}: @table @samp @item \a alert (bell) @item \b backspace @item \c produce no further output @item \e escape @item \f form feed @item \n newline @item \r carriage return @item \t horizontal tab @item \v vertical tab @item \\ backslash @item \0@var{nnn} the eight-bit value that is the octal number @var{nnn} (zero to three octal digits) @item \@var{nnn} the eight-bit value that is the octal number @var{nnn} (one to three octal digits) @item \x@var{hh} the eight-bit value that is the hexadecimal number @var{hh} (one or two hexadecimal digits) @end table @item -E @opindex -E @cindex backslash escapes Disable interpretation of backslash escapes in each @var{string}. This is the default. If @option{-e} and @option{-E} are both specified, the last one given takes effect. @end table @vindex POSIXLY_CORRECT If the @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} environment variable is set, then when @command{echo}'s first argument is not @option{-n} it outputs option-like arguments instead of treating them as options. For example, @code{echo -ne hello} outputs @samp{-ne hello} instead of plain @samp{hello}. @acronym{POSIX} does not require support for any options, and says that the behavior of @command{echo} is implementation-defined if any @var{string} contains a backslash or if the first argument is @option{-n}. Portable programs can use the @command{printf} command if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or backslashes. @xref{printf invocation}. @exitstatus @node printf invocation @section @command{printf}: Format and print data @pindex printf @command{printf} does formatted printing of text. Synopsis: @example printf @var{format} [@var{argument}]@dots{} @end example @command{printf} prints the @var{format} string, interpreting @samp{%} directives and @samp{\} escapes to format numeric and string arguments in a way that is mostly similar to the C @samp{printf} function. @xref{Output Conversion Syntax,, @command{printf} format directives, libc, The GNU C Library Reference Manual}, for details. The differences are listed below. @mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{printf} @itemize @bullet @item The @var{format} argument is reused as necessary to convert all the given @var{argument}s. For example, the command @samp{printf %s a b} outputs @samp{ab}. @item Missing @var{argument}s are treated as null strings or as zeros, depending on whether the context expects a string or a number. For example, the command @samp{printf %sx%d} prints @samp{x0}. @item @kindex \c An additional escape, @samp{\c}, causes @command{printf} to produce no further output. For example, the command @samp{printf 'A%sC\cD%sF' B E} prints @samp{ABC}. @item The hexadecimal escape sequence @samp{\x@var{hh}} has at most two digits, as opposed to C where it can have an unlimited number of digits. For example, the command @samp{printf '\x07e'} prints two bytes, whereas the C statement @samp{printf ("\x07e")} prints just one. @item @kindex %b @command{printf} has an additional directive, @samp{%b}, which prints its argument string with @samp{\} escapes interpreted in the same way as in the @var{format} string, except that octal escapes are of the form @samp{\0@var{ooo}} where @var{ooo} is 0 to 3 octal digits. If a precision is also given, it limits the number of bytes printed from the converted string. @item Numeric arguments must be single C constants, possibly with leading @samp{+} or @samp{-}. For example, @samp{printf %.4d -3} outputs @samp{-0003}. @item @vindex POSIXLY_CORRECT If the leading character of a numeric argument is @samp{"} or @samp{'} then its value is the numeric value of the immediately following character. Any remaining characters are silently ignored if the @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} environment variable is set; otherwise, a warning is printed. For example, @samp{printf "%d" "'a"} outputs @samp{97} on hosts that use the @acronym{ASCII} character set, since @samp{a} has the numeric value 97 in @acronym{ASCII}. @end itemize @vindex LC_NUMERIC A floating-point argument must use a period before any fractional digits, but is printed according to the @env{LC_NUMERIC} category of the current locale. For example, in a locale whose radix character is a comma, the command @samp{printf %g 3.14} outputs @samp{3,14} whereas the command @samp{printf %g 3,14} is an error. @kindex \@var{ooo} @kindex \x@var{hh} @command{printf} interprets @samp{\@var{ooo}} in @var{format} as an octal number (if @var{ooo} is 1 to 3 octal digits) specifying a character to print, and @samp{\x@var{hh}} as a hexadecimal number (if @var{hh} is 1 to 2 hex digits) specifying a character to print. @kindex \uhhhh @kindex \Uhhhhhhhh @cindex Unicode @cindex ISO/IEC 10646 @vindex LC_CTYPE @command{printf} interprets two character syntaxes introduced in @acronym{ISO} C 99: @samp{\u} for 16-bit Unicode (@acronym{ISO}/@acronym{IEC} 10646) characters, specified as four hexadecimal digits @var{hhhh}, and @samp{\U} for 32-bit Unicode characters, specified as eight hexadecimal digits @var{hhhhhhhh}. @command{printf} outputs the Unicode characters according to the @env{LC_CTYPE} locale. Unicode characters in the ranges U+0000...U+009F, U+D800...U+DFFF cannot be specified by this syntax, except for U+0024 ($), U+0040 (@@), and U+0060 (@`). The processing of @samp{\u} and @samp{\U} requires a full-featured @code{iconv} facility. It is activated on systems with glibc 2.2 (or newer), or when @code{libiconv} is installed prior to this package. Otherwise @samp{\u} and @samp{\U} will print as-is. The only options are a lone @option{--help} or @option{--version}. @xref{Common options}. Options must precede operands. The Unicode character syntaxes are useful for writing strings in a locale independent way. For example, a string containing the Euro currency symbol @example $ env printf '\u20AC 14.95' @end example @noindent will be output correctly in all locales supporting the Euro symbol (@acronym{ISO}-8859-15, UTF-8, and others). Similarly, a Chinese string @example $ env printf '\u4e2d\u6587' @end example @noindent will be output correctly in all Chinese locales (GB2312, BIG5, UTF-8, etc). Note that in these examples, the @command{printf} command has been invoked via @command{env} to ensure that we run the program found via your shell's search path, and not a shell alias or a built-in function. For larger strings, you don't need to look up the hexadecimal code values of each character one by one. @acronym{ASCII} characters mixed with \u escape sequences is also known as the JAVA source file encoding. You can use GNU recode 3.5c (or newer) to convert strings to this encoding. Here is how to convert a piece of text into a shell script which will output this text in a locale-independent way: @smallexample $ LC_CTYPE=zh_CN.big5 /usr/local/bin/printf \ '\u4e2d\u6587\n' > sample.txt $ recode BIG5..JAVA < sample.txt \ | sed -e "s|^|/usr/local/bin/printf '|" -e "s|$|\\\\n'|" \ > sample.sh @end smallexample @exitstatus @node yes invocation @section @command{yes}: Print a string until interrupted @pindex yes @cindex repeated output of a string @command{yes} prints the command line arguments, separated by spaces and followed by a newline, forever until it is killed. If no arguments are given, it prints @samp{y} followed by a newline forever until killed. Upon a write error, @command{yes} exits with status @samp{1}. The only options are a lone @option{--help} or @option{--version}. To output an argument that begins with @samp{-}, precede it with @option{--}, e.g., @samp{yes -- --help}. @xref{Common options}. @node Conditions @chapter Conditions @cindex conditions @cindex commands for exit status @cindex exit status commands This section describes commands that are primarily useful for their exit status, rather than their output. Thus, they are often used as the condition of shell @code{if} statements, or as the last command in a pipeline. @menu * false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully. * true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully. * test invocation:: Check file types and compare values. * expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions. @end menu @node false invocation @section @command{false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully @pindex false @cindex do nothing, unsuccessfully @cindex failure exit status @cindex exit status of @command{false} @command{false} does nothing except return an exit status of 1, meaning @dfn{failure}. It can be used as a place holder in shell scripts where an unsuccessful command is needed. In most modern shells, @command{false} is a built-in command, so when you use @samp{false} in a script, you're probably using the built-in command, not the one documented here. @command{false} honors the @option{--help} and @option{--version} options. This version of @command{false} is implemented as a C program, and is thus more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts. Note that @command{false} (unlike all other programs documented herein) exits unsuccessfully, even when invoked with @option{--help} or @option{--version}. Portable programs should not assume that the exit status of @command{false} is 1, as it is greater than 1 on some non-@acronym{GNU} hosts. @node true invocation @section @command{true}: Do nothing, successfully @pindex true @cindex do nothing, successfully @cindex no-op @cindex successful exit @cindex exit status of @command{true} @command{true} does nothing except return an exit status of 0, meaning @dfn{success}. It can be used as a place holder in shell scripts where a successful command is needed, although the shell built-in command @code{:} (colon) may do the same thing faster. In most modern shells, @command{true} is a built-in command, so when you use @samp{true} in a script, you're probably using the built-in command, not the one documented here. @command{true} honors the @option{--help} and @option{--version} options. Note, however, that it is possible to cause @command{true} to exit with nonzero status: with the @option{--help} or @option{--version} option, and with standard output already closed or redirected to a file that evokes an I/O error. For example, using a Bourne-compatible shell: @example $ ./true --version >&- ./true: write error: Bad file number $ ./true --version > /dev/full ./true: write error: No space left on device @end example This version of @command{true} is implemented as a C program, and is thus more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts. @node test invocation @section @command{test}: Check file types and compare values @pindex test @cindex check file types @cindex compare values @cindex expression evaluation @command{test} returns a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evaluation of the conditional expression @var{expr}. Each part of the expression must be a separate argument. @command{test} has file status checks, string operators, and numeric comparison operators. @command{test} has an alternate form that uses opening and closing square brackets instead a leading @samp{test}. For example, instead of @samp{test -d /}, you can write @samp{[ -d / ]}. The square brackets must be separate arguments; for example, @samp{[-d /]} does not have the desired effect. Since @samp{test @var{expr}} and @samp{[ @var{expr} ]} have the same meaning, only the former form is discussed below. Synopses: @example test @var{expression} test [ @var{expression} ] [ ] [ @var{option} @end example @mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{test} If @var{expression} is omitted, @command{test} returns false. If @var{expression} is a single argument, @command{test} returns false if the argument is null and true otherwise. The argument can be any string, including strings like @samp{-d}, @samp{-1}, @samp{--}, @samp{--help}, and @samp{--version} that most other programs would treat as options. To get help and version information, invoke the commands @samp{[ --help} and @samp{[ --version}, without the usual closing brackets. @xref{Common options}. @cindex exit status of @command{test} Exit status: @display 0 if the expression is true, 1 if the expression is false, 2 if an error occurred. @end display @menu * File type tests:: -[bcdfhLpSt] * Access permission tests:: -[gkruwxOG] * File characteristic tests:: -e -s -nt -ot -ef * String tests:: -z -n = != * Numeric tests:: -eq -ne -lt -le -gt -ge * Connectives for test:: ! -a -o @end menu @node File type tests @subsection File type tests @cindex file type tests These options test for particular types of files. (Everything's a file, but not all files are the same!) @table @samp @item -b @var{file} @opindex -b @cindex block special check True if @var{file} exists and is a block special device. @item -c @var{file} @opindex -c @cindex character special check True if @var{file} exists and is a character special device. @item -d @var{file} @opindex -d @cindex directory check True if @var{file} exists and is a directory. @item -f @var{file} @opindex -f @cindex regular file check True if @var{file} exists and is a regular file. @item -h @var{file} @itemx -L @var{file} @opindex -L @opindex -h @cindex symbolic link check True if @var{file} exists and is a symbolic link. Unlike all other file-related tests, this test does not dereference @var{file} if it is a symbolic link. @item -p @var{file} @opindex -p @cindex named pipe check True if @var{file} exists and is a named pipe. @item -S @var{file} @opindex -S @cindex socket check True if @var{file} exists and is a socket. @item -t @var{fd} @opindex -t @cindex terminal check True if @var{fd} is a file descriptor that is associated with a terminal. @end table @node Access permission tests @subsection Access permission tests @cindex access permission tests @cindex permission tests These options test for particular access permissions. @table @samp @item -g @var{file} @opindex -g @cindex set-group-ID check True if @var{file} exists and has its set-group-ID bit set. @item -k @var{file} @opindex -k @cindex sticky bit check True if @var{file} exists and has its @dfn{sticky} bit set. @item -r @var{file} @opindex -r @cindex readable file check True if @var{file} exists and read permission is granted. @item -u @var{file} @opindex -u @cindex set-user-ID check True if @var{file} exists and has its set-user-ID bit set. @item -w @var{file} @opindex -w @cindex writable file check True if @var{file} exists and write permission is granted. @item -x @var{file} @opindex -x @cindex executable file check True if @var{file} exists and execute permission is granted (or search permission, if it is a directory). @item -O @var{file} @opindex -O @cindex owned by effective user ID check True if @var{file} exists and is owned by the current effective user ID. @item -G @var{file} @opindex -G @cindex owned by effective group ID check True if @var{file} exists and is owned by the current effective group ID. @end table @node File characteristic tests @subsection File characteristic tests @cindex file characteristic tests These options test other file characteristics. @table @samp @item -e @var{file} @opindex -e @cindex existence-of-file check True if @var{file} exists. @item -s @var{file} @opindex -s @cindex nonempty file check True if @var{file} exists and has a size greater than zero. @item @var{file1} -nt @var{file2} @opindex -nt @cindex newer-than file check True if @var{file1} is newer (according to modification date) than @var{file2}, or if @var{file1} exists and @var{file2} does not. @item @var{file1} -ot @var{file2} @opindex -ot @cindex older-than file check True if @var{file1} is older (according to modification date) than @var{file2}, or if @var{file2} exists and @var{file1} does not. @item @var{file1} -ef @var{file2} @opindex -ef @cindex same file check @cindex hard link check True if @var{file1} and @var{file2} have the same device and inode numbers, i.e., if they are hard links to each other. @end table @node String tests @subsection String tests @cindex string tests These options test string characteristics. You may need to quote @var{string} arguments for the shell. For example: @example test -n "$V" @end example The quotes here prevent the wrong arguments from being passed to @command{test} if @samp{$V} is empty or contains special characters. @table @samp @item -z @var{string} @opindex -z @cindex zero-length string check True if the length of @var{string} is zero. @item -n @var{string} @itemx @var{string} @opindex -n @cindex nonzero-length string check True if the length of @var{string} is nonzero. @item @var{string1} = @var{string2} @opindex = @cindex equal string check True if the strings are equal. @item @var{string1} != @var{string2} @opindex != @cindex not-equal string check True if the strings are not equal. @end table @node Numeric tests @subsection Numeric tests @cindex numeric tests @cindex arithmetic tests Numeric relational operators. The arguments must be entirely numeric (possibly negative), or the special expression @w{@code{-l @var{string}}}, which evaluates to the length of @var{string}. @table @samp @item @var{arg1} -eq @var{arg2} @itemx @var{arg1} -ne @var{arg2} @itemx @var{arg1} -lt @var{arg2} @itemx @var{arg1} -le @var{arg2} @itemx @var{arg1} -gt @var{arg2} @itemx @var{arg1} -ge @var{arg2} @opindex -eq @opindex -ne @opindex -lt @opindex -le @opindex -gt @opindex -ge These arithmetic binary operators return true if @var{arg1} is equal, not-equal, less-than, less-than-or-equal, greater-than, or greater-than-or-equal than @var{arg2}, respectively. @end table For example: @example test -1 -gt -2 && echo yes @result{} yes test -l abc -gt 1 && echo yes @result{} yes test 0x100 -eq 1 @error{} test: integer expression expected before -eq @end example @node Connectives for test @subsection Connectives for @command{test} @cindex logical connectives @cindex connectives, logical The usual logical connectives. @table @samp @item ! @var{expr} @opindex ! True if @var{expr} is false. @item @var{expr1} -a @var{expr2} @opindex -a @cindex logical and operator @cindex and operator True if both @var{expr1} and @var{expr2} are true. @item @var{expr1} -o @var{expr2} @opindex -o @cindex logical or operator @cindex or operator True if either @var{expr1} or @var{expr2} is true. @end table @node expr invocation @section @command{expr}: Evaluate expressions @pindex expr @cindex expression evaluation @cindex evaluation of expressions @command{expr} evaluates an expression and writes the result on standard output. Each token of the expression must be a separate argument. Operands are either integers or strings. Integers consist of one or more decimal digits, with an optional leading @samp{-}. @command{expr} converts anything appearing in an operand position to an integer or a string depending on the operation being applied to it. Strings are not quoted for @command{expr} itself, though you may need to quote them to protect characters with special meaning to the shell, e.g., spaces. However, regardless of whether it is quoted, a string operand should not be a parenthesis or any of @command{expr}'s operators like @code{+}, so you cannot safely pass an arbitrary string @code{$str} to expr merely by quoting it to the shell. One way to work around this is to use the @sc{gnu} extension @code{+}, (e.g., @code{+ "$str" = foo}); a more portable way is to use @code{@w{" $str"}} and to adjust the rest of the expression to take the leading space into account (e.g., @code{@w{" $str" = " foo"}}). You should not pass a negative integer or a string with leading @samp{-} as @command{expr}'s first argument, as it might be misinterpreted as an option; this can be avoided by parenthesization. Also, portable scripts should not use a string operand that happens to take the form of an integer; this can be worked around by inserting leading spaces as mentioned above. @cindex parentheses for grouping Operators may be given as infix symbols or prefix keywords. Parentheses may be used for grouping in the usual manner. You must quote parentheses and many operators to avoid the shell evaluating them, however. When built with support for the GNU MP library, @command{expr} uses arbitrary-precision arithmetic; otherwise, it uses native arithmetic types and may fail due to arithmetic overflow. The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common options}. Options must precede operands. @cindex exit status of @command{expr} Exit status: @display 0 if the expression is neither null nor 0, 1 if the expression is null or 0, 2 if the expression is invalid, 3 if an internal error occurred (e.g., arithmetic overflow). @end display @menu * String expressions:: + : match substr index length * Numeric expressions:: + - * / % * Relations for expr:: | & < <= = == != >= > * Examples of expr:: Examples. @end menu @node String expressions @subsection String expressions @cindex string expressions @cindex expressions, string @command{expr} supports pattern matching and other string operators. These have higher precedence than both the numeric and relational operators (in the next sections). @table @samp @item @var{string} : @var{regex} @cindex pattern matching @cindex regular expression matching @cindex matching patterns Perform pattern matching. The arguments are converted to strings and the second is considered to be a (basic, a la GNU @code{grep}) regular expression, with a @code{^} implicitly prepended. The first argument is then matched against this regular expression. If the match succeeds and @var{regex} uses @samp{\(} and @samp{\)}, the @code{:} expression returns the part of @var{string} that matched the subexpression; otherwise, it returns the number of characters matched. If the match fails, the @code{:} operator returns the null string if @samp{\(} and @samp{\)} are used in @var{regex}, otherwise 0. @kindex \( @r{regexp operator} Only the first @samp{\( @dots{} \)} pair is relevant to the return value; additional pairs are meaningful only for grouping the regular expression operators. @kindex \+ @r{regexp operator} @kindex \? @r{regexp operator} @kindex \| @r{regexp operator} In the regular expression, @code{\+}, @code{\?}, and @code{\|} are operators which respectively match one or more, zero or one, or separate alternatives. SunOS and other @command{expr}'s treat these as regular characters. (@acronym{POSIX} allows either behavior.) @xref{Top, , Regular Expression Library, regex, Regex}, for details of regular expression syntax. Some examples are in @ref{Examples of expr}. @item match @var{string} @var{regex} @findex match An alternative way to do pattern matching. This is the same as @w{@samp{@var{string} : @var{regex}}}. @item substr @var{string} @var{position} @var{length} @findex substr Returns the substring of @var{string} beginning at @var{position} with length at most @var{length}. If either @var{position} or @var{length} is negative, zero, or non-numeric, returns the null string. @item index @var{string} @var{charset} @findex index Returns the first position in @var{string} where the first character in @var{charset} was found. If no character in @var{charset} is found in @var{string}, return 0. @item length @var{string} @findex length Returns the length of @var{string}. @item + @var{token} @kindex + Interpret @var{token} as a string, even if it is a keyword like @var{match} or an operator like @code{/}. This makes it possible to test @code{expr length + "$x"} or @code{expr + "$x" : '.*/\(.\)'} and have it do the right thing even if the value of @var{$x} happens to be (for example) @code{/} or @code{index}. This operator is a @acronym{GNU} extension. Portable shell scripts should use @code{@w{" $token"} : @w{' \(.*\)'}} instead of @code{+ "$token"}. @end table To make @command{expr} interpret keywords as strings, you must use the @code{quote} operator. @node Numeric expressions @subsection Numeric expressions @cindex numeric expressions @cindex expressions, numeric @command{expr} supports the usual numeric operators, in order of increasing precedence. These numeric operators have lower precedence than the string operators described in the previous section, and higher precedence than the connectives (next section). @table @samp @item + - @kindex + @kindex - @cindex addition @cindex subtraction Addition and subtraction. Both arguments are converted to integers; an error occurs if this cannot be done. @item * / % @kindex * @kindex / @kindex % @cindex multiplication @cindex division @cindex remainder Multiplication, division, remainder. Both arguments are converted to integers; an error occurs if this cannot be done. @end table @node Relations for expr @subsection Relations for @command{expr} @cindex connectives, logical @cindex logical connectives @cindex relations, numeric or string @command{expr} supports the usual logical connectives and relations. These have lower precedence than the string and numeric operators (previous sections). Here is the list, lowest-precedence operator first. @table @samp @item | @kindex | @cindex logical or operator @cindex or operator Returns its first argument if that is neither null nor zero, otherwise its second argument if it is neither null nor zero, otherwise 0. It does not evaluate its second argument if its first argument is neither null nor zero. @item & @kindex & @cindex logical and operator @cindex and operator Return its first argument if neither argument is null or zero, otherwise 0. It does not evaluate its second argument if its first argument is null or zero. @item < <= = == != >= > @kindex < @kindex <= @kindex = @kindex == @kindex > @kindex >= @cindex comparison operators @vindex LC_COLLATE Compare the arguments and return 1 if the relation is true, 0 otherwise. @code{==} is a synonym for @code{=}. @command{expr} first tries to convert both arguments to integers and do a numeric comparison; if either conversion fails, it does a lexicographic comparison using the character collating sequence specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE} locale. @end table @node Examples of expr @subsection Examples of using @command{expr} @cindex examples of @command{expr} Here are a few examples, including quoting for shell metacharacters. To add 1 to the shell variable @code{foo}, in Bourne-compatible shells: @example foo=`expr $foo + 1` @end example To print the non-directory part of the file name stored in @code{$fname}, which need not contain a @code{/}: @example expr $fname : '.*/\(.*\)' '|' $fname @end example An example showing that @code{\+} is an operator: @example expr aaa : 'a\+' @result{} 3 @end example @example expr abc : 'a\(.\)c' @result{} b expr index abcdef cz @result{} 3 expr index index a @error{} expr: syntax error expr index + index a @result{} 0 @end example @node Redirection @chapter Redirection @cindex redirection @cindex commands for redirection Unix shells commonly provide several forms of @dfn{redirection}---ways to change the input source or output destination of a command. But one useful redirection is performed by a separate command, not by the shell; it's described here. @menu * tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes. @end menu @node tee invocation @section @command{tee}: Redirect output to multiple files or processes @pindex tee @cindex pipe fitting @cindex destinations, multiple output @cindex read from stdin and write to stdout and files The @command{tee} command copies standard input to standard output and also to any files given as arguments. This is useful when you want not only to send some data down a pipe, but also to save a copy. Synopsis: @example tee [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{file}]@dots{} @end example If a file being written to does not already exist, it is created. If a file being written to already exists, the data it previously contained is overwritten unless the @option{-a} option is used. A @var{file} of @samp{-} causes @command{tee} to send another copy of input to standard output, but this is typically not that useful as the copies are interleaved. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -a @itemx --append @opindex -a @opindex --append Append standard input to the given files rather than overwriting them. @item -i @itemx --ignore-interrupts @opindex -i @opindex --ignore-interrupts Ignore interrupt signals. @end table The @command{tee} command is useful when you happen to be transferring a large amount of data and also want to summarize that data without reading it a second time. For example, when you are downloading a DVD image, you often want to verify its signature or checksum right away. The inefficient way to do it is simply: @example wget http://example.com/some.iso && sha1sum some.iso @end example One problem with the above is that it makes you wait for the download to complete before starting the time-consuming SHA1 computation. Perhaps even more importantly, the above requires reading the DVD image a second time (the first was from the network). The efficient way to do it is to interleave the download and SHA1 computation. Then, you'll get the checksum for free, because the entire process parallelizes so well: @example # slightly contrived, to demonstrate process substitution wget -O - http://example.com/dvd.iso \ | tee >(sha1sum > dvd.sha1) > dvd.iso @end example That makes @command{tee} write not just to the expected output file, but also to a pipe running @command{sha1sum} and saving the final checksum in a file named @file{dvd.sha1}. Note, however, that this example relies on a feature of modern shells called @dfn{process substitution} (the @samp{>(command)} syntax, above; @xref{Process Substitution,,Process Substitution, bashref, The Bash Reference Manual}.), so it works with @command{zsh}, @command{bash}, and @command{ksh}, but not with @command{/bin/sh}. So if you write code like this in a shell script, be sure to start the script with @samp{#!/bin/bash}. Since the above example writes to one file and one process, a more conventional and portable use of @command{tee} is even better: @example wget -O - http://example.com/dvd.iso \ | tee dvd.iso | sha1sum > dvd.sha1 @end example You can extend this example to make @command{tee} write to two processes, computing MD5 and SHA1 checksums in parallel. In this case, process substitution is required: @example wget -O - http://example.com/dvd.iso \ | tee >(sha1sum > dvd.sha1) \ >(md5sum > dvd.md5) \ > dvd.iso @end example This technique is also useful when you want to make a @emph{compressed} copy of the contents of a pipe. Consider a tool to graphically summarize disk usage data from @samp{du -ak}. For a large hierarchy, @samp{du -ak} can run for a long time, and can easily produce terabytes of data, so you won't want to rerun the command unnecessarily. Nor will you want to save the uncompressed output. Doing it the inefficient way, you can't even start the GUI until after you've compressed all of the @command{du} output: @example du -ak | gzip -9 > /tmp/du.gz gzip -d /tmp/du.gz | xdiskusage -a @end example With @command{tee} and process substitution, you start the GUI right away and eliminate the decompression completely: @example du -ak | tee >(gzip -9 > /tmp/du.gz) | xdiskusage -a @end example Finally, if you regularly create more than one type of compressed tarball at once, for example when @code{make dist} creates both @command{gzip}-compressed and @command{bzip2}-compressed tarballs, there may be a better way. Typical @command{automake}-generated @file{Makefile} rules create the two compressed tar archives with commands in sequence, like this (slightly simplified): @example tardir=your-pkg-M.N tar chof - "$tardir" | gzip -9 -c > your-pkg-M.N.tar.gz tar chof - "$tardir" | bzip2 -9 -c > your-pkg-M.N.tar.bz2 @end example However, if the hierarchy you are archiving and compressing is larger than a couple megabytes, and especially if you are using a multi-processor system with plenty of memory, then you can do much better by reading the directory contents only once and running the compression programs in parallel: @example tardir=your-pkg-M.N tar chof - "$tardir" \ | tee >(gzip -9 -c > your-pkg-M.N.tar.gz) \ | bzip2 -9 -c > your-pkg-M.N.tar.bz2 @end example @exitstatus @node File name manipulation @chapter File name manipulation @cindex file name manipulation @cindex manipulation of file names @cindex commands for file name manipulation This section describes commands that manipulate file names. @menu * basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name. * dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component. * pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability. * mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory. @end menu @node basename invocation @section @command{basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name @pindex basename @cindex strip directory and suffix from file names @cindex directory, stripping from file names @cindex suffix, stripping from file names @cindex file names, stripping directory and suffix @cindex leading directory components, stripping @command{basename} removes any leading directory components from @var{name}. Synopsis: @example basename @var{name} [@var{suffix}] @end example If @var{suffix} is specified and is identical to the end of @var{name}, it is removed from @var{name} as well. Note that since trailing slashes are removed prior to suffix matching, @var{suffix} will do nothing if it contains slashes. @command{basename} prints the result on standard output. @c This test is used both here and in the section on dirname. @macro basenameAndDirname Together, @command{basename} and @command{dirname} are designed such that if @samp{ls "$name"} succeeds, then the command sequence @samp{cd "$(dirname "$name")"; ls "$(basename "$name")"} will, too. This works for everything except file names containing a trailing newline. @end macro @basenameAndDirname @acronym{POSIX} allows the implementation to define the results if @var{name} is empty or @samp{//}. In the former case, @acronym{GNU} @command{basename} returns the empty string. In the latter case, the result is @samp{//} on platforms where @var{//} is distinct from @var{/}, and @samp{/} on platforms where there is no difference. The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common options}. Options must precede operands. @exitstatus Examples: @smallexample # Output "sort". basename /usr/bin/sort # Output "stdio". basename include/stdio.h .h @end smallexample @node dirname invocation @section @command{dirname}: Strip last file name component @pindex dirname @cindex directory components, printing @cindex stripping non-directory suffix @cindex non-directory suffix, stripping @command{dirname} prints all but the final slash-delimited component of a string (presumably a file name, but also works on directories). Synopsis: @example dirname @var{name} @end example If @var{name} is a single component, @command{dirname} prints @samp{.} (meaning the current directory). @basenameAndDirname @acronym{POSIX} allows the implementation to define the results if @var{name} is @samp{//}. With @acronym{GNU} @command{dirname}, the result is @samp{//} on platforms where @var{//} is distinct from @var{/}, and @samp{/} on platforms where there is no difference. The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common options}. @exitstatus Examples: @smallexample # Output "/usr/bin". dirname /usr/bin/sort # Output ".". dirname stdio.h @end smallexample @node pathchk invocation @section @command{pathchk}: Check file name validity and portability @pindex pathchk @cindex file names, checking validity and portability @cindex valid file names, checking for @cindex portable file names, checking for @command{pathchk} checks validity and portability of file names. Synopsis: @example pathchk [@var{option}]@dots{} @var{name}@dots{} @end example For each @var{name}, @command{pathchk} prints an error message if any of these conditions is true: @enumerate @item One of the existing directories in @var{name} does not have search (execute) permission, @item The length of @var{name} is larger than the maximum supported by the operating system. @item The length of one component of @var{name} is longer than its file system's maximum. @end enumerate A nonexistent @var{name} is not an error, so long a file with that name could be created under the above conditions. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. Options must precede operands. @table @samp @item -p @opindex -p Instead of performing checks based on the underlying file system, print an error message if any of these conditions is true: @enumerate @item A file name is empty. @item A file name contains a character outside the @acronym{POSIX} portable file name character set, namely, the ASCII letters and digits, @samp{.}, @samp{_}, @samp{-}, and @samp{/}. @item The length of a file name or one of its components exceeds the @acronym{POSIX} minimum limits for portability. @end enumerate @item -P @opindex -P Print an error message if a file name is empty, or if it contains a component that begins with @samp{-}. @item --portability @opindex --portability Print an error message if a file name is not portable to all @acronym{POSIX} hosts. This option is equivalent to @samp{-p -P}. @end table @cindex exit status of @command{pathchk} Exit status: @display 0 if all specified file names passed all checks, 1 otherwise. @end display @node mktemp invocation @section @command{mktemp}: Create temporary file or directory @pindex mktemp @cindex file names, creating temporary @cindex directory, creating temporary @cindex temporary files and directories @command{mktemp} manages the creation of temporary files and directories. Synopsis: @example mktemp [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{template}] @end example Safely create a temporary file or directory based on @var{template}, and print its name. If given, @var{template} must include at least three consecutive @samp{X}s in the last component. If omitted, the template @samp{tmp.XXXXXXXXXX} is used, and option @option{--tmpdir} is implied. The final run of @samp{X}s in the @var{template} will be replaced by alpha-numeric characters; thus, on a case-sensitive file system, and with a @var{template} including a run of @var{n} instances of @samp{X}, there are @samp{62**@var{n}} potential file names. Older scripts used to create temporary files by simply joining the name of the program with the process id (@samp{$$}) as a suffix. However, that naming scheme is easily predictable, and suffers from a race condition where the attacker can create an appropriately named symbolic link, such that when the script then opens a handle to what it thought was an unused file, it is instead modifying an existing file. Using the same scheme to create a directory is slightly safer, since the @command{mkdir} will fail if the target already exists, but it is still inferior because it allows for denial of service attacks. Therefore, modern scripts should use the @command{mktemp} command to guarantee that the generated name will be unpredictable, and that knowledge of the temporary file name implies that the file was created by the current script and cannot be modified by other users. When creating a file, the resulting file has read and write permissions for the current user, but no permissions for the group or others; these permissions are reduced if the current umask is more restrictive. Here are some examples (although note that if you repeat them, you will most likely get different file names): @itemize @bullet @item Create a temporary file in the current directory. @example $ mktemp file.XXXX file.H47c @end example @item Create a temporary file with a known suffix. @example $ mktemp --suffix=.txt file-XXXX file-H08W.txt $ mktemp file-XXXX-XXXX.txt file-XXXX-eI9L.txt @end example @item Create a secure fifo relative to the user's choice of @env{TMPDIR}, but falling back to the current directory rather than @file{/tmp}. Note that @command{mktemp} does not create fifos, but can create a secure directory in which the fifo can live. Exit the shell if the directory or fifo could not be created. @example $ dir=$(mktemp -p "$@{TMPDIR:-.@}" -d dir-XXXX) || exit 1 $ fifo=$dir/fifo $ mkfifo "$fifo" || @{ rmdir "$dir"; exit 1; @} @end example @item Create and use a temporary file if possible, but ignore failure. The file will reside in the directory named by @env{TMPDIR}, if specified, or else in @file{/tmp}. @example $ file=$(mktemp -q) && @{ > # Safe to use $file only within this block. Use quotes, > # since $TMPDIR, and thus $file, may contain whitespace. > echo ... > "$file" > rm "$file" > @} @end example @item Act as a semi-random character generator (it is not fully random, since it is impacted by the contents of the current directory). To avoid security holes, do not use the resulting names to create a file. @example $ mktemp -u XXX Gb9 $ mktemp -u XXX nzC @end example @end itemize The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -d @itemx --directory @opindex -d @opindex --directory Create a directory rather than a file. The directory will have read, write, and search permissions for the current user, but no permissions for the group or others; these permissions are reduced if the current umask is more restrictive. @item -q @itemx --quiet @opindex -q @opindex --quiet Suppress diagnostics about failure to create a file or directory. The exit status will still reflect whether a file was created. @item -u @itemx --dry-run @opindex -u @opindex --dry-run Generate a temporary name that does not name an existing file, without changing the file system contents. Using the output of this command to create a new file is inherently unsafe, as there is a window of time between generating the name and using it where another process can create an object by the same name. @item -p @var{dir} @itemx --tmpdir[=@var{dir}] @opindex -p @opindex --tmpdir Treat @var{template} relative to the directory @var{dir}. If @var{dir} is not specified (only possible with the long option @option{--tmpdir}) or is the empty string, use the value of @env{TMPDIR} if available, otherwise use @samp{/tmp}. If this is specified, @var{template} must not be absolute. However, @var{template} can still contain slashes, although intermediate directories must already exist. @item --suffix=@var{suffix} @opindex --suffix Append @var{suffix} to the @var{template}. @var{suffix} must not contain slash. If @option{--suffix} is specified, @var{template} must end in @samp{X}; if it is not specified, then an appropriate @option{--suffix} is inferred by finding the last @samp{X} in @var{template}. This option exists for use with the default @var{template} and for the creation of a @var{suffix} that starts with @samp{X}. @item -t @opindex -t Treat @var{template} as a single file relative to the value of @env{TMPDIR} if available, or to the directory specified by @option{-p}, otherwise to @samp{/tmp}. @var{template} must not contain slashes. This option is deprecated; the use of @option{-p} without @option{-t} offers better defaults (by favoring the command line over @env{TMPDIR}) and more flexibility (by allowing intermediate directories). @end table @cindex exit status of @command{mktemp} Exit status: @display 0 if the file was created, 1 otherwise. @end display @node Working context @chapter Working context @cindex working context @cindex commands for printing the working context This section describes commands that display or alter the context in which you are working: the current directory, the terminal settings, and so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section. @menu * pwd invocation:: Print working directory. * stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics. * printenv invocation:: Print environment variables. * tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input. @end menu @node pwd invocation @section @command{pwd}: Print working directory @pindex pwd @cindex print name of current directory @cindex current working directory, printing @cindex working directory, printing @command{pwd} prints the name of the current directory. Synopsis: @example pwd [@var{option}]@dots{} @end example The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -L @itemx --logical @opindex -L @opindex --logical If the contents of the environment variable @env{PWD} provide an absolute name of the current directory with no @samp{.} or @samp{..} components, but possibly with symbolic links, then output those contents. Otherwise, fall back to default @option{-P} handling. @item -P @itemx --physical @opindex -P @opindex --physical Print a fully resolved name for the current directory. That is, all components of the printed name will be actual directory names---none will be symbolic links. @end table @cindex symbolic links and @command{pwd} If @option{-L} and @option{-P} are both given, the last one takes precedence. If neither option is given, then this implementation uses @option{-P} as the default unless the @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} environment variable is set. @mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{pwd} @exitstatus @node stty invocation @section @command{stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics @pindex stty @cindex change or print terminal settings @cindex terminal settings @cindex line settings of terminal @command{stty} prints or changes terminal characteristics, such as baud rate. Synopses: @example stty [@var{option}] [@var{setting}]@dots{} stty [@var{option}] @end example If given no line settings, @command{stty} prints the baud rate, line discipline number (on systems that support it), and line settings that have been changed from the values set by @samp{stty sane}. By default, mode reading and setting are performed on the tty line connected to standard input, although this can be modified by the @option{--file} option. @command{stty} accepts many non-option arguments that change aspects of the terminal line operation, as described below. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -a @itemx --all @opindex -a @opindex --all Print all current settings in human-readable form. This option may not be used in combination with any line settings. @item -F @var{device} @itemx --file=@var{device} @opindex -F @opindex --file Set the line opened by the file name specified in @var{device} instead of the tty line connected to standard input. This option is necessary because opening a @acronym{POSIX} tty requires use of the @code{O_NONDELAY} flag to prevent a @acronym{POSIX} tty from blocking until the carrier detect line is high if the @code{clocal} flag is not set. Hence, it is not always possible to allow the shell to open the device in the traditional manner. @item -g @itemx --save @opindex -g @opindex --save @cindex machine-readable @command{stty} output Print all current settings in a form that can be used as an argument to another @command{stty} command to restore the current settings. This option may not be used in combination with any line settings. @end table Many settings can be turned off by preceding them with a @samp{-}. Such arguments are marked below with ``May be negated'' in their description. The descriptions themselves refer to the positive case, that is, when @emph{not} negated (unless stated otherwise, of course). Some settings are not available on all @acronym{POSIX} systems, since they use extensions. Such arguments are marked below with ``Non-@acronym{POSIX}'' in their description. On non-@acronym{POSIX} systems, those or other settings also may not be available, but it's not feasible to document all the variations: just try it and see. @exitstatus @menu * Control:: Control settings * Input:: Input settings * Output:: Output settings * Local:: Local settings * Combination:: Combination settings * Characters:: Special characters * Special:: Special settings @end menu @node Control @subsection Control settings @cindex control settings Control settings: @table @samp @item parenb @opindex parenb @cindex two-way parity Generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input. May be negated. @item parodd @opindex parodd @cindex odd parity @cindex even parity Set odd parity (even if negated). May be negated. @item cs5 @itemx cs6 @itemx cs7 @itemx cs8 @opindex cs@var{n} @cindex character size @cindex eight-bit characters Set character size to 5, 6, 7, or 8 bits. @item hup @itemx hupcl @opindex hup[cl] Send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty. May be negated. @item cstopb @opindex cstopb @cindex stop bits Use two stop bits per character (one if negated). May be negated. @item cread @opindex cread Allow input to be received. May be negated. @item clocal @opindex clocal @cindex modem control Disable modem control signals. May be negated. @item crtscts @opindex crtscts @cindex hardware flow control @cindex flow control, hardware @cindex RTS/CTS flow control Enable RTS/CTS flow control. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated. @end table @node Input @subsection Input settings @cindex input settings These settings control operations on data received from the terminal. @table @samp @item ignbrk @opindex ignbrk @cindex breaks, ignoring Ignore break characters. May be negated. @item brkint @opindex brkint @cindex breaks, cause interrupts Make breaks cause an interrupt signal. May be negated. @item ignpar @opindex ignpar @cindex parity, ignoring Ignore characters with parity errors. May be negated. @item parmrk @opindex parmrk @cindex parity errors, marking Mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence). May be negated. @item inpck @opindex inpck Enable input parity checking. May be negated. @item istrip @opindex istrip @cindex eight-bit input Clear high (8th) bit of input characters. May be negated. @item inlcr @opindex inlcr @cindex newline, translating to return Translate newline to carriage return. May be negated. @item igncr @opindex igncr @cindex return, ignoring Ignore carriage return. May be negated. @item icrnl @opindex icrnl @cindex return, translating to newline Translate carriage return to newline. May be negated. @item iutf8 @opindex iutf8 @cindex input encoding, UTF-8 Assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded. May be negated. @item ixon @opindex ixon @kindex C-s/C-q flow control @cindex XON/XOFF flow control Enable XON/XOFF flow control (that is, @kbd{CTRL-S}/@kbd{CTRL-Q}). May be negated. @item ixoff @itemx tandem @opindex ixoff @opindex tandem @cindex software flow control @cindex flow control, software Enable sending of @code{stop} character when the system input buffer is almost full, and @code{start} character when it becomes almost empty again. May be negated. @item iuclc @opindex iuclc @cindex uppercase, translating to lowercase Translate uppercase characters to lowercase. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated. Note ilcuc is not implemented, as one would not be able to issue almost any (lowercase) Unix command, after invoking it. @item ixany @opindex ixany Allow any character to restart output (only the start character if negated). Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated. @item imaxbel @opindex imaxbel @cindex beeping at input buffer full Enable beeping and not flushing input buffer if a character arrives when the input buffer is full. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated. @end table @node Output @subsection Output settings @cindex output settings These settings control operations on data sent to the terminal. @table @samp @item opost @opindex opost Postprocess output. May be negated. @item olcuc @opindex olcuc @cindex lowercase, translating to output Translate lowercase characters to uppercase. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated. (Note ouclc is not currently implemented.) @item ocrnl @opindex ocrnl @cindex return, translating to newline Translate carriage return to newline. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated. @item onlcr @opindex onlcr @cindex newline, translating to crlf Translate newline to carriage return-newline. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated. @item onocr @opindex onocr Do not print carriage returns in the first column. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated. @item onlret @opindex onlret Newline performs a carriage return. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated. @item ofill @opindex ofill @cindex pad instead of timing for delaying Use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated. @item ofdel @opindex ofdel @cindex pad character Use @acronym{ASCII} @sc{del} characters for fill instead of @acronym{ASCII} @sc{nul} characters. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated. @item nl1 @itemx nl0 @opindex nl@var{n} Newline delay style. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. @item cr3 @itemx cr2 @itemx cr1 @itemx cr0 @opindex cr@var{n} Carriage return delay style. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. @item tab3 @itemx tab2 @itemx tab1 @itemx tab0 @opindex tab@var{n} Horizontal tab delay style. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. @item bs1 @itemx bs0 @opindex bs@var{n} Backspace delay style. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. @item vt1 @itemx vt0 @opindex vt@var{n} Vertical tab delay style. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. @item ff1 @itemx ff0 @opindex ff@var{n} Form feed delay style. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. @end table @node Local @subsection Local settings @cindex local settings @table @samp @item isig @opindex isig Enable @code{interrupt}, @code{quit}, and @code{suspend} special characters. May be negated. @item icanon @opindex icanon Enable @code{erase}, @code{kill}, @code{werase}, and @code{rprnt} special characters. May be negated. @item iexten @opindex iexten Enable non-@acronym{POSIX} special characters. May be negated. @item echo @opindex echo Echo input characters. May be negated. @item echoe @itemx crterase @opindex echoe @opindex crterase Echo @code{erase} characters as backspace-space-backspace. May be negated. @item echok @opindex echok @cindex newline echoing after @code{kill} Echo a newline after a @code{kill} character. May be negated. @item echonl @opindex echonl @cindex newline, echoing Echo newline even if not echoing other characters. May be negated. @item noflsh @opindex noflsh @cindex flushing, disabling Disable flushing after @code{interrupt} and @code{quit} special characters. May be negated. @item xcase @opindex xcase @cindex case translation Enable input and output of uppercase characters by preceding their lowercase equivalents with @samp{\}, when @code{icanon} is set. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated. @item tostop @opindex tostop @cindex background jobs, stopping at terminal write Stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated. @item echoprt @itemx prterase @opindex echoprt @opindex prterase Echo erased characters backward, between @samp{\} and @samp{/}. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated. @item echoctl @itemx ctlecho @opindex echoctl @opindex ctlecho @cindex control characters, using @samp{^@var{c}} @cindex hat notation for control characters Echo control characters in hat notation (@samp{^@var{c}}) instead of literally. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated. @item echoke @itemx crtkill @opindex echoke @opindex crtkill Echo the @code{kill} special character by erasing each character on the line as indicated by the @code{echoprt} and @code{echoe} settings, instead of by the @code{echoctl} and @code{echok} settings. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated. @end table @node Combination @subsection Combination settings @cindex combination settings Combination settings: @table @samp @item evenp @opindex evenp @itemx parity @opindex parity Same as @code{parenb -parodd cs7}. May be negated. If negated, same as @code{-parenb cs8}. @item oddp @opindex oddp Same as @code{parenb parodd cs7}. May be negated. If negated, same as @code{-parenb cs8}. @item nl @opindex nl Same as @code{-icrnl -onlcr}. May be negated. If negated, same as @code{icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret}. @item ek @opindex ek Reset the @code{erase} and @code{kill} special characters to their default values. @item sane @opindex sane Same as: @c This is too long to write inline. @example cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke @end example @noindent and also sets all special characters to their default values. @item cooked @opindex cooked Same as @code{brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon}, plus sets the @code{eof} and @code{eol} characters to their default values if they are the same as the @code{min} and @code{time} characters. May be negated. If negated, same as @code{raw}. @item raw @opindex raw Same as: @example -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 @end example @noindent May be negated. If negated, same as @code{cooked}. @item cbreak @opindex cbreak Same as @option{-icanon}. May be negated. If negated, same as @code{icanon}. @item pass8 @opindex pass8 @cindex eight-bit characters Same as @code{-parenb -istrip cs8}. May be negated. If negated, same as @code{parenb istrip cs7}. @item litout @opindex litout Same as @option{-parenb -istrip -opost cs8}. May be negated. If negated, same as @code{parenb istrip opost cs7}. @item decctlq @opindex decctlq Same as @option{-ixany}. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated. @item tabs @opindex tabs Same as @code{tab0}. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated. If negated, same as @code{tab3}. @item lcase @itemx LCASE @opindex lcase @opindex LCASE Same as @code{xcase iuclc olcuc}. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. May be negated. (Used for terminals with uppercase characters only.) @item crt @opindex crt Same as @code{echoe echoctl echoke}. @item dec @opindex dec Same as @code{echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^C erase ^? kill C-u}. @end table @node Characters @subsection Special characters @cindex special characters @cindex characters, special The special characters' default values vary from system to system. They are set with the syntax @samp{name value}, where the names are listed below and the value can be given either literally, in hat notation (@samp{^@var{c}}), or as an integer which may start with @samp{0x} to indicate hexadecimal, @samp{0} to indicate octal, or any other digit to indicate decimal. @cindex disabling special characters @kindex u@r{, and disabling special characters} For GNU stty, giving a value of @code{^-} or @code{undef} disables that special character. (This is incompatible with Ultrix @command{stty}, which uses a value of @samp{u} to disable a special character. GNU @command{stty} treats a value @samp{u} like any other, namely to set that special character to @key{U}.) @table @samp @item intr @opindex intr Send an interrupt signal. @item quit @opindex quit Send a quit signal. @item erase @opindex erase Erase the last character typed. @item kill @opindex kill Erase the current line. @item eof @opindex eof Send an end of file (terminate the input). @item eol @opindex eol End the line. @item eol2 @opindex eol2 Alternate character to end the line. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. @item swtch @opindex swtch Switch to a different shell layer. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. @item start @opindex start Restart the output after stopping it. @item stop @opindex stop Stop the output. @item susp @opindex susp Send a terminal stop signal. @item dsusp @opindex dsusp Send a terminal stop signal after flushing the input. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. @item rprnt @opindex rprnt Redraw the current line. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. @item werase @opindex werase Erase the last word typed. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. @item lnext @opindex lnext Enter the next character typed literally, even if it is a special character. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. @end table @node Special @subsection Special settings @cindex special settings @table @samp @item min @var{n} @opindex min Set the minimum number of characters that will satisfy a read until the time value has expired, when @option{-icanon} is set. @item time @var{n} @opindex time Set the number of tenths of a second before reads time out if the minimum number of characters have not been read, when @option{-icanon} is set. @item ispeed @var{n} @opindex ispeed Set the input speed to @var{n}. @item ospeed @var{n} @opindex ospeed Set the output speed to @var{n}. @item rows @var{n} @opindex rows Tell the tty kernel driver that the terminal has @var{n} rows. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. @item cols @var{n} @itemx columns @var{n} @opindex cols @opindex columns Tell the kernel that the terminal has @var{n} columns. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. @item size @opindex size @vindex LINES @vindex COLUMNS Print the number of rows and columns that the kernel thinks the terminal has. (Systems that don't support rows and columns in the kernel typically use the environment variables @env{LINES} and @env{COLUMNS} instead; however, GNU @command{stty} does not know anything about them.) Non-@acronym{POSIX}. @item line @var{n} @opindex line Use line discipline @var{n}. Non-@acronym{POSIX}. @item speed @opindex speed Print the terminal speed. @item @var{n} @cindex baud rate, setting Set the input and output speeds to @var{n}. @var{n} can be one of: 0 50 75 110 134 134.5 150 200 300 600 1200 1800 2400 4800 9600 19200 38400 @code{exta} @code{extb}. @code{exta} is the same as 19200; @code{extb} is the same as 38400. Many systems, including GNU/Linux, support higher speeds. The @command{stty} command includes support for speeds of 57600, 115200, 230400, 460800, 500000, 576000, 921600, 1000000, 1152000, 1500000, 2000000, 2500000, 3000000, 3500000, or 4000000 where the system supports these. 0 hangs up the line if @option{-clocal} is set. @end table @node printenv invocation @section @command{printenv}: Print all or some environment variables @pindex printenv @cindex printing all or some environment variables @cindex environment variables, printing @command{printenv} prints environment variable values. Synopsis: @example printenv [@var{option}] [@var{variable}]@dots{} @end example If no @var{variable}s are specified, @command{printenv} prints the value of every environment variable. Otherwise, it prints the value of each @var{variable} that is set, and nothing for those that are not set. The program accepts the following option. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @optNull{printenv} @end table @cindex exit status of @command{printenv} Exit status: @display 0 if all variables specified were found 1 if at least one specified variable was not found 2 if a write error occurred @end display @node tty invocation @section @command{tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input @pindex tty @cindex print terminal file name @cindex terminal file name, printing @command{tty} prints the file name of the terminal connected to its standard input. It prints @samp{not a tty} if standard input is not a terminal. Synopsis: @example tty [@var{option}]@dots{} @end example The program accepts the following option. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -s @itemx --silent @itemx --quiet @opindex -s @opindex --silent @opindex --quiet Print nothing; only return an exit status. @end table @cindex exit status of @command{tty} Exit status: @display 0 if standard input is a terminal 1 if standard input is not a terminal 2 if given incorrect arguments 3 if a write error occurs @end display @node User information @chapter User information @cindex user information, commands for @cindex commands for printing user information This section describes commands that print user-related information: logins, groups, and so forth. @menu * id invocation:: Print user identity. * logname invocation:: Print current login name. * whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID. * groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in. * users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in. * who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in. @end menu @node id invocation @section @command{id}: Print user identity @pindex id @cindex real user and group IDs, printing @cindex effective user and group IDs, printing @cindex printing real and effective user and group IDs @command{id} prints information about the given user, or the process running it if no user is specified. Synopsis: @example id [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{username}] @end example @vindex POSIXLY_CORRECT By default, it prints the real user ID, real group ID, effective user ID if different from the real user ID, effective group ID if different from the real group ID, and supplemental group IDs. In addition, if SELinux is enabled and the @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} environment variable is not set, then print @samp{context=@var{c}}, where @var{c} is the security context. Each of these numeric values is preceded by an identifying string and followed by the corresponding user or group name in parentheses. The options cause @command{id} to print only part of the above information. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -g @itemx --group @opindex -g @opindex --group Print only the group ID. @item -G @itemx --groups @opindex -G @opindex --groups Print only the group ID and the supplementary groups. @item -n @itemx --name @opindex -n @opindex --name Print the user or group name instead of the ID number. Requires @option{-u}, @option{-g}, or @option{-G}. @item -r @itemx --real @opindex -r @opindex --real Print the real, instead of effective, user or group ID. Requires @option{-u}, @option{-g}, or @option{-G}. @item -u @itemx --user @opindex -u @opindex --user Print only the user ID. @item -Z @itemx --context @opindex -Z @opindex --context @cindex SELinux @cindex security context Print only the security context of the current user. If SELinux is disabled then print a warning and set the exit status to 1. @end table @exitstatus @macro primaryAndSupplementaryGroups{cmd,arg} Primary and supplementary groups for a process are normally inherited from its parent and are usually unchanged since login. This means that if you change the group database after logging in, @command{\cmd\} will not reflect your changes within your existing login session. Running @command{\cmd\} with a \arg\ causes the user and group database to be consulted afresh, and so will give a different result. @end macro @primaryAndSupplementaryGroups{id,user argument} @node logname invocation @section @command{logname}: Print current login name @pindex logname @cindex printing user's login name @cindex login name, printing @cindex user name, printing @flindex utmp @command{logname} prints the calling user's name, as found in a system-maintained file (often @file{/var/run/utmp} or @file{/etc/utmp}), and exits with a status of 0. If there is no entry for the calling process, @command{logname} prints an error message and exits with a status of 1. The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common options}. @exitstatus @node whoami invocation @section @command{whoami}: Print effective user ID @pindex whoami @cindex effective user ID, printing @cindex printing the effective user ID @command{whoami} prints the user name associated with the current effective user ID. It is equivalent to the command @samp{id -un}. The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common options}. @exitstatus @node groups invocation @section @command{groups}: Print group names a user is in @pindex groups @cindex printing groups a user is in @cindex supplementary groups, printing @command{groups} prints the names of the primary and any supplementary groups for each given @var{username}, or the current process if no names are given. If more than one name is given, the name of each user is printed before the list of that user's groups and the user name is separated from the group list by a colon. Synopsis: @example groups [@var{username}]@dots{} @end example The group lists are equivalent to the output of the command @samp{id -Gn}. @primaryAndSupplementaryGroups{groups,list of users} The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common options}. @exitstatus @node users invocation @section @command{users}: Print login names of users currently logged in @pindex users @cindex printing current usernames @cindex usernames, printing current @cindex login sessions, printing users with @command{users} prints on a single line a blank-separated list of user names of users currently logged in to the current host. Each user name corresponds to a login session, so if a user has more than one login session, that user's name will appear the same number of times in the output. Synopsis: @example users [@var{file}] @end example @flindex utmp @flindex wtmp With no @var{file} argument, @command{users} extracts its information from a system-maintained file (often @file{/var/run/utmp} or @file{/etc/utmp}). If a file argument is given, @command{users} uses that file instead. A common choice is @file{/var/log/wtmp}. The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common options}. @exitstatus @node who invocation @section @command{who}: Print who is currently logged in @pindex who @cindex printing current user information @cindex information, about current users @command{who} prints information about users who are currently logged on. Synopsis: @example @command{who} [@var{option}] [@var{file}] [am i] @end example @cindex terminal lines, currently used @cindex login time @cindex remote hostname If given no non-option arguments, @command{who} prints the following information for each user currently logged on: login name, terminal line, login time, and remote hostname or X display. @flindex utmp @flindex wtmp If given one non-option argument, @command{who} uses that instead of a default system-maintained file (often @file{/var/run/utmp} or @file{/etc/utmp}) as the name of the file containing the record of users logged on. @file{/var/log/wtmp} is commonly given as an argument to @command{who} to look at who has previously logged on. @opindex am i @opindex who am i If given two non-option arguments, @command{who} prints only the entry for the user running it (determined from its standard input), preceded by the hostname. Traditionally, the two arguments given are @samp{am i}, as in @samp{who am i}. @vindex TZ Time stamps are listed according to the time zone rules specified by the @env{TZ} environment variable, or by the system default rules if @env{TZ} is not set. @xref{TZ Variable,, Specifying the Time Zone with @env{TZ}, libc, The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -a @itemx --all @opindex -a @opindex --all Same as @samp{-b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u}. @item -b @itemx --boot @opindex -b @opindex --boot Print the date and time of last system boot. @item -d @itemx --dead @opindex -d @opindex --dead Print information corresponding to dead processes. @item -H @itemx --heading @opindex -H @opindex --heading Print a line of column headings. @item -l @itemx --login @opindex -l @opindex --login List only the entries that correspond to processes via which the system is waiting for a user to login. The user name is always @samp{LOGIN}. @itemx --lookup @opindex --lookup Attempt to canonicalize hostnames found in utmp through a DNS lookup. This is not the default because it can cause significant delays on systems with automatic dial-up internet access. @item -m @opindex -m Same as @samp{who am i}. @item -p @itemx --process @opindex -p @opindex --process List active processes spawned by init. @item -q @itemx --count @opindex -q @opindex --count Print only the login names and the number of users logged on. Overrides all other options. @item -r @itemx --runlevel @opindex -r @opindex --runlevel Print the current (and maybe previous) run-level of the init process. @item -s @opindex -s Ignored; for compatibility with other versions of @command{who}. @item -t @itemx --time @opindex -t @opindex --time Print last system clock change. @itemx -u @opindex -u @cindex idle time After the login time, print the number of hours and minutes that the user has been idle. @samp{.} means the user was active in the last minute. @samp{old} means the user has been idle for more than 24 hours. @item -w @itemx -T @itemx --mesg @itemx --message @itemx --writable @opindex -w @opindex -T @opindex --mesg @opindex --message @opindex --writable @cindex message status @pindex write@r{, allowed} After each login name print a character indicating the user's message status: @display @samp{+} allowing @code{write} messages @samp{-} disallowing @code{write} messages @samp{?} cannot find terminal device @end display @end table @exitstatus @node System context @chapter System context @cindex system context @cindex context, system @cindex commands for system context This section describes commands that print or change system-wide information. @menu * date invocation:: Print or set system date and time. * arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name. * nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors. * uname invocation:: Print system information. * hostname invocation:: Print or set system name. * hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier. * uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load. @end menu @node date invocation @section @command{date}: Print or set system date and time @pindex date @cindex time, printing or setting @cindex printing the current time Synopses: @example date [@var{option}]@dots{} [+@var{format}] date [-u|--utc|--universal] @c this avoids a newline in the output [ MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss] ] @end example @vindex LC_TIME Invoking @command{date} with no @var{format} argument is equivalent to invoking it with a default format that depends on the @env{LC_TIME} locale category. In the default C locale, this format is @samp{'+%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y'}, so the output looks like @samp{Thu Mar @ 3 13:47:51 PST 2005}. @vindex TZ Normally, @command{date} uses the time zone rules indicated by the @env{TZ} environment variable, or the system default rules if @env{TZ} is not set. @xref{TZ Variable,, Specifying the Time Zone with @env{TZ}, libc, The GNU C Library Reference Manual}. @findex strftime @r{and @command{date}} @cindex time formats @cindex formatting times If given an argument that starts with a @samp{+}, @command{date} prints the current date and time (or the date and time specified by the @option{--date} option, see below) in the format defined by that argument, which is similar to that of the @code{strftime} function. Except for conversion specifiers, which start with @samp{%}, characters in the format string are printed unchanged. The conversion specifiers are described below. @exitstatus @menu * Time conversion specifiers:: %[HIklMNpPrRsSTXzZ] * Date conversion specifiers:: %[aAbBcCdDeFgGhjmuUVwWxyY] * Literal conversion specifiers:: %[%nt] * Padding and other flags:: Pad with zeros, spaces, etc. * Setting the time:: Changing the system clock. * Options for date:: Instead of the current time. @detailmenu * Date input formats:: Specifying date strings. @end detailmenu * Examples of date:: Examples. @end menu @node Time conversion specifiers @subsection Time conversion specifiers @cindex time conversion specifiers @cindex conversion specifiers, time @command{date} conversion specifiers related to times. @table @samp @item %H hour (@samp{00}@dots{}@samp{23}) @item %I hour (@samp{01}@dots{}@samp{12}) @item %k hour (@samp{ 0}@dots{}@samp{23}). This is a @acronym{GNU} extension. @item %l hour (@samp{ 1}@dots{}@samp{12}). This is a @acronym{GNU} extension. @item %M minute (@samp{00}@dots{}@samp{59}) @item %N nanoseconds (@samp{000000000}@dots{}@samp{999999999}). This is a @acronym{GNU} extension. @item %p locale's equivalent of either @samp{AM} or @samp{PM}; blank in many locales. Noon is treated as @samp{PM} and midnight as @samp{AM}. @item %P like @samp{%p}, except lower case. This is a @acronym{GNU} extension. @item %r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., @samp{11:11:04 PM}) @item %R 24-hour hour and minute. Same as @samp{%H:%M}. This is a @acronym{GNU} extension. @item %s @cindex epoch, seconds since @cindex seconds since the epoch @cindex beginning of time seconds since the epoch, i.e., since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC. Leap seconds are not counted unless leap second support is available. @xref{%s-examples}, for examples. This is a @acronym{GNU} extension. @item %S second (@samp{00}@dots{}@samp{60}). This may be @samp{60} if leap seconds are supported. @item %T 24-hour hour, minute, and second. Same as @samp{%H:%M:%S}. @item %X locale's time representation (e.g., @samp{23:13:48}) @item %z @w{@acronym{RFC} 2822/@acronym{ISO} 8601} style numeric time zone (e.g., @samp{-0600} or @samp{+0530}), or nothing if no time zone is determinable. This value reflects the numeric time zone appropriate for the current time, using the time zone rules specified by the @env{TZ} environment variable. The time (and optionally, the time zone rules) can be overridden by the @option{--date} option. This is a @acronym{GNU} extension. @item %:z @w{@acronym{RFC} 3339/@acronym{ISO} 8601} style numeric time zone with @samp{:} (e.g., @samp{-06:00} or @samp{+05:30}), or nothing if no time zone is determinable. This is a @acronym{GNU} extension. @item %::z Numeric time zone to the nearest second with @samp{:} (e.g., @samp{-06:00:00} or @samp{+05:30:00}), or nothing if no time zone is determinable. This is a @acronym{GNU} extension. @item %:::z Numeric time zone with @samp{:} using the minimum necessary precision (e.g., @samp{-06}, @samp{+05:30}, or @samp{-04:56:02}), or nothing if no time zone is determinable. This is a @acronym{GNU} extension. @item %Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., @samp{EDT}), or nothing if no time zone is determinable. See @samp{%z} for how it is determined. @end table @node Date conversion specifiers @subsection Date conversion specifiers @cindex date conversion specifiers @cindex conversion specifiers, date @command{date} conversion specifiers related to dates. @table @samp @item %a locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., @samp{Sun}) @item %A locale's full weekday name, variable length (e.g., @samp{Sunday}) @item %b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., @samp{Jan}) @item %B locale's full month name, variable length (e.g., @samp{January}) @item %c locale's date and time (e.g., @samp{Thu Mar @ 3 23:05:25 2005}) @item %C century. This is like @samp{%Y}, except the last two digits are omitted. For example, it is @samp{20} if @samp{%Y} is @samp{2000}, and is @samp{-0} if @samp{%Y} is @samp{-001}. It is normally at least two characters, but it may be more. @item %d day of month (e.g., @samp{01}) @item %D date; same as @samp{%m/%d/%y} @item %e day of month, space padded; same as @samp{%_d} @item %F full date in @acronym{ISO} 8601 format; same as @samp{%Y-%m-%d}. This is a good choice for a date format, as it is standard and is easy to sort in the usual case where years are in the range 0000@dots{}9999. This is a @acronym{GNU} extension. @item %g year corresponding to the @acronym{ISO} week number, but without the century (range @samp{00} through @samp{99}). This has the same format and value as @samp{%y}, except that if the @acronym{ISO} week number (see @samp{%V}) belongs to the previous or next year, that year is used instead. This is a @acronym{GNU} extension. @item %G year corresponding to the @acronym{ISO} week number. This has the same format and value as @samp{%Y}, except that if the @acronym{ISO} week number (see @samp{%V}) belongs to the previous or next year, that year is used instead. It is normally useful only if @samp{%V} is also used; for example, the format @samp{%G-%m-%d} is probably a mistake, since it combines the ISO week number year with the conventional month and day. This is a @acronym{GNU} extension. @item %h same as @samp{%b} @item %j day of year (@samp{001}@dots{}@samp{366}) @item %m month (@samp{01}@dots{}@samp{12}) @item %u day of week (@samp{1}@dots{}@samp{7}) with @samp{1} corresponding to Monday @item %U week number of year, with Sunday as the first day of the week (@samp{00}@dots{}@samp{53}). Days in a new year preceding the first Sunday are in week zero. @item %V @acronym{ISO} week number, that is, the week number of year, with Monday as the first day of the week (@samp{01}@dots{}@samp{53}). If the week containing January 1 has four or more days in the new year, then it is considered week 1; otherwise, it is week 53 of the previous year, and the next week is week 1. (See the @acronym{ISO} 8601 standard.) @item %w day of week (@samp{0}@dots{}@samp{6}) with 0 corresponding to Sunday @item %W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (@samp{00}@dots{}@samp{53}). Days in a new year preceding the first Monday are in week zero. @item %x locale's date representation (e.g., @samp{12/31/99}) @item %y last two digits of year (@samp{00}@dots{}@samp{99}) @item %Y year. This is normally at least four characters, but it may be more. Year @samp{0000} precedes year @samp{0001}, and year @samp{-001} precedes year @samp{0000}. @end table @node Literal conversion specifiers @subsection Literal conversion specifiers @cindex literal conversion specifiers @cindex conversion specifiers, literal @command{date} conversion specifiers that produce literal strings. @table @samp @item %% a literal % @item %n a newline @item %t a horizontal tab @end table @node Padding and other flags @subsection Padding and other flags @cindex numeric field padding @cindex padding of numeric fields @cindex fields, padding numeric Unless otherwise specified, @command{date} normally pads numeric fields with zeros, so that, for example, numeric months are always output as two digits. Seconds since the epoch are not padded, though, since there is no natural width for them. As a @acronym{GNU} extension, @command{date} recognizes any of the following optional flags after the @samp{%}: @table @samp @item - (hyphen) Do not pad the field; useful if the output is intended for human consumption. @item _ (underscore) Pad with spaces; useful if you need a fixed number of characters in the output, but zeros are too distracting. @item 0 (zero) Pad with zeros even if the conversion specifier would normally pad with spaces. @item ^ Use upper case characters if possible. @item # Use opposite case characters if possible. A field that is normally upper case becomes lower case, and vice versa. @end table @noindent Here are some examples of padding: @example date +%d/%m -d "Feb 1" @result{} 01/02 date +%-d/%-m -d "Feb 1" @result{} 1/2 date +%_d/%_m -d "Feb 1" @result{} 1/ 2 @end example As a @acronym{GNU} extension, you can specify the field width (after any flag, if present) as a decimal number. If the natural size of the output of the field has less than the specified number of characters, the result is written right adjusted and padded to the given size. For example, @samp{%9B} prints the right adjusted month name in a field of width 9. An optional modifier can follow the optional flag and width specification. The modifiers are: @table @samp @item E Use the locale's alternate representation for date and time. This modifier applies to the @samp{%c}, @samp{%C}, @samp{%x}, @samp{%X}, @samp{%y} and @samp{%Y} conversion specifiers. In a Japanese locale, for example, @samp{%Ex} might yield a date format based on the Japanese Emperors' reigns. @item O Use the locale's alternate numeric symbols for numbers. This modifier applies only to numeric conversion specifiers. @end table If the format supports the modifier but no alternate representation is available, it is ignored. @node Setting the time @subsection Setting the time @cindex setting the time @cindex time setting @cindex appropriate privileges If given an argument that does not start with @samp{+}, @command{date} sets the system clock to the date and time specified by that argument (as described below). You must have appropriate privileges to set the system clock. The @option{--date} and @option{--set} options may not be used with such an argument. The @option{--universal} option may be used with such an argument to indicate that the specified date and time are relative to Coordinated Universal Time rather than to the local time zone. The argument must consist entirely of digits, which have the following meaning: @table @samp @item MM month @item DD day within month @item hh hour @item mm minute @item CC first two digits of year (optional) @item YY last two digits of year (optional) @item ss second (optional) @end table The @option{--set} option also sets the system clock; see the next section. @node Options for date @subsection Options for @command{date} @cindex @command{date} options @cindex options for @command{date} The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -d @var{datestr} @itemx --date=@var{datestr} @opindex -d @opindex --date @cindex parsing date strings @cindex date strings, parsing @cindex arbitrary date strings, parsing @opindex yesterday @opindex tomorrow @opindex next @var{day} @opindex last @var{day} Display the date and time specified in @var{datestr} instead of the current date and time. @var{datestr} can be in almost any common format. It can contain month names, time zones, @samp{am} and @samp{pm}, @samp{yesterday}, etc. For example, @option{--date="2004-02-27 14:19:13.489392193 +0530"} specifies the instant of time that is 489,392,193 nanoseconds after February 27, 2004 at 2:19:13 PM in a time zone that is 5 hours and 30 minutes east of @acronym{UTC}.@* Note: input currently must be in locale independent format. E.g., the LC_TIME=C below is needed to print back the correct date in many locales: @example date -d "$(LC_TIME=C date)" @end example @xref{Date input formats}. @item -f @var{datefile} @itemx --file=@var{datefile} @opindex -f @opindex --file Parse each line in @var{datefile} as with @option{-d} and display the resulting date and time. If @var{datefile} is @samp{-}, use standard input. This is useful when you have many dates to process, because the system overhead of starting up the @command{date} executable many times can be considerable. @item -r @var{file} @itemx --reference=@var{file} @opindex -r @opindex --reference Display the date and time of the last modification of @var{file}, instead of the current date and time. @item -R @itemx --rfc-822 @itemx --rfc-2822 @opindex -R @opindex --rfc-822 @opindex --rfc-2822 Display the date and time using the format @samp{%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S %z}, evaluated in the C locale so abbreviations are always in English. For example: @example Fri, 09 Sep 2005 13:51:39 -0700 @end example This format conforms to @uref{ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc2822.txt, Internet @acronym{RFCs} 2822} and @uref{ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc822.txt, 822}, the current and previous standards for Internet email. @item --rfc-3339=@var{timespec} @opindex --rfc-3339=@var{timespec} Display the date using a format specified by @uref{ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc3339.txt, Internet @acronym{RFC} 3339}. This is a subset of the @acronym{ISO} 8601 format, except that it also permits applications to use a space rather than a @samp{T} to separate dates from times. Unlike the other standard formats, @acronym{RFC} 3339 format is always suitable as input for the @option{--date} (@option{-d}) and @option{--file} (@option{-f}) options, regardless of the current locale. The argument @var{timespec} specifies how much of the time to include. It can be one of the following: @table @samp @item date Print just the full-date, e.g., @samp{2005-09-14}. This is equivalent to the format @samp{%Y-%m-%d}. @item seconds Print the full-date and full-time separated by a space, e.g., @samp{2005-09-14 00:56:06+05:30}. The output ends with a numeric time-offset; here the @samp{+05:30} means that local time is five hours and thirty minutes east of @acronym{UTC}. This is equivalent to the format @samp{%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S%:z}. @item ns Like @samp{seconds}, but also print nanoseconds, e.g., @samp{2005-09-14 00:56:06.998458565+05:30}. This is equivalent to the format @samp{%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%N%:z}. @end table @item -s @var{datestr} @itemx --set=@var{datestr} @opindex -s @opindex --set Set the date and time to @var{datestr}. See @option{-d} above. @item -u @itemx --utc @itemx --universal @opindex -u @opindex --utc @opindex --universal @cindex Coordinated Universal Time @cindex UTC @cindex Greenwich Mean Time @cindex GMT @vindex TZ Use Coordinated Universal Time (@acronym{UTC}) by operating as if the @env{TZ} environment variable were set to the string @samp{UTC0}. Coordinated Universal Time is often called ``Greenwich Mean Time'' (@sc{gmt}) for historical reasons. @end table @node Examples of date @subsection Examples of @command{date} @cindex examples of @command{date} Here are a few examples. Also see the documentation for the @option{-d} option in the previous section. @itemize @bullet @item To print the date of the day before yesterday: @example date --date='2 days ago' @end example @item To print the date of the day three months and one day hence: @example date --date='3 months 1 day' @end example @item To print the day of year of Christmas in the current year: @example date --date='25 Dec' +%j @end example @item To print the current full month name and the day of the month: @example date '+%B %d' @end example But this may not be what you want because for the first nine days of the month, the @samp{%d} expands to a zero-padded two-digit field, for example @samp{date -d 1may '+%B %d'} will print @samp{May 01}. @item To print a date without the leading zero for one-digit days of the month, you can use the (@acronym{GNU} extension) @samp{-} flag to suppress the padding altogether: @example date -d 1may '+%B %-d @end example @item To print the current date and time in the format required by many non-@acronym{GNU} versions of @command{date} when setting the system clock: @example date +%m%d%H%M%Y.%S @end example @item To set the system clock forward by two minutes: @example date --set='+2 minutes' @end example @item To print the date in @acronym{RFC} 2822 format, use @samp{date --rfc-2822}. Here is some example output: @example Fri, 09 Sep 2005 13:51:39 -0700 @end example @anchor{%s-examples} @item To convert a date string to the number of seconds since the epoch (which is 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC), use the @option{--date} option with the @samp{%s} format. That can be useful in sorting and/or graphing and/or comparing data by date. The following command outputs the number of the seconds since the epoch for the time two minutes after the epoch: @example date --date='1970-01-01 00:02:00 +0000' +%s 120 @end example If you do not specify time zone information in the date string, @command{date} uses your computer's idea of the time zone when interpreting the string. For example, if your computer's time zone is that of Cambridge, Massachusetts, which was then 5 hours (i.e., 18,000 seconds) behind UTC: @example # local time zone used date --date='1970-01-01 00:02:00' +%s 18120 @end example @item If you're sorting or graphing dated data, your raw date values may be represented as seconds since the epoch. But few people can look at the date @samp{946684800} and casually note ``Oh, that's the first second of the year 2000 in Greenwich, England.'' @example date --date='2000-01-01 UTC' +%s 946684800 @end example An alternative is to use the @option{--utc} (@option{-u}) option. Then you may omit @samp{UTC} from the date string. Although this produces the same result for @samp{%s} and many other format sequences, with a time zone offset different from zero, it would give a different result for zone-dependent formats like @samp{%z}. @example date -u --date=2000-01-01 +%s 946684800 @end example To convert such an unwieldy number of seconds back to a more readable form, use a command like this: @smallexample # local time zone used date -d '1970-01-01 UTC 946684800 seconds' +"%Y-%m-%d %T %z" 1999-12-31 19:00:00 -0500 @end smallexample Or if you do not mind depending on the @samp{@@} feature present since coreutils 5.3.0, you could shorten this to: @smallexample date -d @@946684800 +"%F %T %z" 1999-12-31 19:00:00 -0500 @end smallexample Often it is better to output UTC-relative date and time: @smallexample date -u -d '1970-01-01 946684800 seconds' +"%Y-%m-%d %T %z" 2000-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 @end smallexample @end itemize @node arch invocation @section @command{arch}: Print machine hardware name @pindex arch @cindex print machine hardware name @cindex system information, printing @command{arch} prints the machine hardware name, and is equivalent to @samp{uname -m}. Synopsis: @example arch [@var{option}] @end example The program accepts the @ref{Common options} only. @exitstatus @node nproc invocation @section @command{nproc}: Print the number of available processors @pindex nproc @cindex Print the number of processors @cindex system information, printing Print the number of processing units available to the current process, which may be less than the number of online processors. If this information is not accessible, then print the number of processors installed. If the @env{OMP_NUM_THREADS} environment variable is set, then it will determine the returned value. The result is guaranteed to be greater than zero. Synopsis: @example nproc [@var{option}] @end example The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item --all @opindex --all Print the number of installed processors on the system, which may be greater than the number online or available to the current process. The @env{OMP_NUM_THREADS} environment variable is not honored in this case. @item --ignore=@var{number} @opindex --ignore If possible, exclude this @var{number} of processing units. @end table @exitstatus @node uname invocation @section @command{uname}: Print system information @pindex uname @cindex print system information @cindex system information, printing @command{uname} prints information about the machine and operating system it is run on. If no options are given, @command{uname} acts as if the @option{-s} option were given. Synopsis: @example uname [@var{option}]@dots{} @end example If multiple options or @option{-a} are given, the selected information is printed in this order: @example @var{kernel-name} @var{nodename} @var{kernel-release} @var{kernel-version} @var{machine} @var{processor} @var{hardware-platform} @var{operating-system} @end example The information may contain internal spaces, so such output cannot be parsed reliably. In the following example, @var{release} is @samp{2.2.18ss.e820-bda652a #4 SMP Tue Jun 5 11:24:08 PDT 2001}: @smallexample uname -a @result{} Linux dum 2.2.18 #4 SMP Tue Jun 5 11:24:08 PDT 2001 i686 unknown unknown GNU/Linux @end smallexample The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -a @itemx --all @opindex -a @opindex --all Print all of the below information, except omit the processor type and the hardware platform name if they are unknown. @item -i @itemx --hardware-platform @opindex -i @opindex --hardware-platform @cindex implementation, hardware @cindex hardware platform @cindex platform, hardware Print the hardware platform name (sometimes called the hardware implementation). Print @samp{unknown} if the kernel does not make this information easily available, as is the case with Linux kernels. @item -m @itemx --machine @opindex -m @opindex --machine @cindex machine type @cindex hardware class @cindex hardware type Print the machine hardware name (sometimes called the hardware class or hardware type). @item -n @itemx --nodename @opindex -n @opindex --nodename @cindex hostname @cindex node name @cindex network node name Print the network node hostname. @item -p @itemx --processor @opindex -p @opindex --processor @cindex host processor type Print the processor type (sometimes called the instruction set architecture or ISA). Print @samp{unknown} if the kernel does not make this information easily available, as is the case with Linux kernels. @item -o @itemx --operating-system @opindex -o @opindex --operating-system @cindex operating system name Print the name of the operating system. @item -r @itemx --kernel-release @opindex -r @opindex --kernel-release @cindex kernel release @cindex release of kernel Print the kernel release. @item -s @itemx --kernel-name @opindex -s @opindex --kernel-name @cindex kernel name @cindex name of kernel Print the kernel name. @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards conformance}) calls this ``the implementation of the operating system'', because the @acronym{POSIX} specification itself has no notion of ``kernel''. The kernel name might be the same as the operating system name printed by the @option{-o} or @option{--operating-system} option, but it might differ. Some operating systems (e.g., FreeBSD, HP-UX) have the same name as their underlying kernels; others (e.g., GNU/Linux, Solaris) do not. @item -v @itemx --kernel-version @opindex -v @opindex --kernel-version @cindex kernel version @cindex version of kernel Print the kernel version. @end table @exitstatus @node hostname invocation @section @command{hostname}: Print or set system name @pindex hostname @cindex setting the hostname @cindex printing the hostname @cindex system name, printing @cindex appropriate privileges With no arguments, @command{hostname} prints the name of the current host system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host name. Synopsis: @example hostname [@var{name}] @end example The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common options}. @exitstatus @node hostid invocation @section @command{hostid}: Print numeric host identifier @pindex hostid @cindex printing the host identifier @command{hostid} prints the numeric identifier of the current host in hexadecimal. This command accepts no arguments. The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common options}. For example, here's what it prints on one system I use: @example $ hostid 1bac013d @end example On that system, the 32-bit quantity happens to be closely related to the system's Internet address, but that isn't always the case. @exitstatus @node uptime invocation @section @command{uptime}: Print system uptime and load @pindex uptime @cindex printing the system uptime and load @command{uptime} prints the current time, the system's uptime, the number of logged-in users and the current load average. If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is specified, a system default is used (@command{uptime --help} indicates the default setting). The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common options}. For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use: @example $ uptime 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04 @end example The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is, those processes which are waiting for disk I/O). The Linux kernel includes uninterruptible processes. @node SELinux context @chapter SELinux context @cindex SELinux context @cindex SELinux, context @cindex commands for SELinux context This section describes commands for operations with SELinux contexts. @menu * chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file * runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context @end menu @node chcon invocation @section @command{chcon}: Change SELinux context of file @pindex chcon @cindex changing security context @cindex change SELinux context @command{chcon} changes the SELinux security context of the selected files. Synopses: @smallexample chcon [@var{option}]@dots{} @var{context} @var{file}@dots{} chcon [@var{option}]@dots{} [-u @var{user}] [-r @var{role}] [-l @var{range}] [-t @var{type}] @var{file}@dots{} chcon [@var{option}]@dots{} --reference=@var{rfile} @var{file}@dots{} @end smallexample Change the SELinux security context of each @var{file} to @var{context}. With @option{--reference}, change the security context of each @var{file} to that of @var{rfile}. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -h @itemx --no-dereference @opindex -h @opindex --no-dereference @cindex no dereference Affect symbolic links instead of any referenced file. @item --reference=@var{rfile} @opindex --reference @cindex reference file Use @var{rfile}'s security context rather than specifying a @var{context} value. @item -R @itemx --recursive @opindex -R @opindex --recursive Operate on files and directories recursively. @choptH @xref{Traversing symlinks}. @choptL @xref{Traversing symlinks}. @choptP @xref{Traversing symlinks}. @item -v @itemx --verbose @opindex -v @opindex --verbose @cindex diagnostic Output a diagnostic for every file processed. @item -u @var{user} @itemx --user=@var{user} @opindex -u @opindex --user Set user @var{user} in the target security context. @item -r @var{role} @itemx --role=@var{role} @opindex -r @opindex --role Set role @var{role} in the target security context. @item -t @var{type} @itemx --type=@var{type} @opindex -t @opindex --type Set type @var{type} in the target security context. @item -l @var{range} @itemx --range=@var{range} @opindex -l @opindex --range Set range @var{range} in the target security context. @end table @exitstatus @node runcon invocation @section @command{runcon}: Run a command in specified SELinux context @pindex runcon @cindex run with security context @command{runcon} runs file in specified SELinux security context. Synopses: @smallexample runcon @var{context} @var{command} [@var{args}] runcon [ -c ] [-u @var{user}] [-r @var{role}] [-t @var{type}] [-l @var{range}] @var{command} [@var{args}] @end smallexample Run @var{command} with completely-specified @var{context}, or with current or transitioned security context modified by one or more of @var{level}, @var{role}, @var{type} and @var{user}. If none of @option{-c}, @option{-t}, @option{-u}, @option{-r}, or @option{-l} is specified, the first argument is used as the complete context. Any additional arguments after @var{command} are interpreted as arguments to the command. With neither @var{context} nor @var{command}, print the current security context. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -c @itemx --compute @opindex -c @opindex --compute Compute process transition context before modifying. @item -u @var{user} @itemx --user=@var{user} @opindex -u @opindex --user Set user @var{user} in the target security context. @item -r @var{role} @itemx --role=@var{role} @opindex -r @opindex --role Set role @var{role} in the target security context. @item -t @var{type} @itemx --type=@var{type} @opindex -t @opindex --type Set type @var{type} in the target security context. @item -l @var{range} @itemx --range=@var{range} @opindex -l @opindex --range Set range @var{range} in the target security context. @end table @cindex exit status of @command{runcon} Exit status: @display 126 if @var{command} is found but cannot be invoked 127 if @command{runcon} itself fails or if @var{command} cannot be found the exit status of @var{command} otherwise @end display @node Modified command invocation @chapter Modified command invocation @cindex modified command invocation @cindex invocation of commands, modified @cindex commands for invoking other commands This section describes commands that run other commands in some context different than the current one: a modified environment, as a different user, etc. @menu * chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory. * env invocation:: Modify environment variables. * nice invocation:: Modify niceness. * nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups. * stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams. * su invocation:: Modify user and group ID. * timeout invocation:: Run with time limit. @end menu @node chroot invocation @section @command{chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory @pindex chroot @cindex running a program in a specified root directory @cindex root directory, running a program in a specified @command{chroot} runs a command with a specified root directory. On many systems, only the super-user can do this.@footnote{However, some systems (e.g., FreeBSD) can be configured to allow certain regular users to use the @code{chroot} system call, and hence to run this program. Also, on Cygwin, anyone can run the @command{chroot} command, because the underlying function is non-privileged due to lack of support in MS-Windows.} Synopses: @example chroot @var{option} @var{newroot} [@var{command} [@var{args}]@dots{}] chroot @var{option} @end example Ordinarily, file names are looked up starting at the root of the directory structure, i.e., @file{/}. @command{chroot} changes the root to the directory @var{newroot} (which must exist) and then runs @var{command} with optional @var{args}. If @var{command} is not specified, the default is the value of the @env{SHELL} environment variable or @command{/bin/sh} if not set, invoked with the @option{-i} option. @var{command} must not be a special built-in utility (@pxref{Special built-in utilities}). The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. Options must precede operands. @table @samp @itemx --userspec=@var{user}[:@var{group}] @opindex --userspec By default, @var{command} is run with the same credentials as the invoking process. Use this option to run it as a different @var{user} and/or with a different primary @var{group}. @itemx --groups=@var{groups} @opindex --groups Use this option to specify the supplementary @var{groups} to be used by the new process. The items in the list (names or numeric IDs) must be separated by commas. @end table Here are a few tips to help avoid common problems in using chroot. To start with a simple example, make @var{command} refer to a statically linked binary. If you were to use a dynamically linked executable, then you'd have to arrange to have the shared libraries in the right place under your new root directory. For example, if you create a statically linked @command{ls} executable, and put it in @file{/tmp/empty}, you can run this command as root: @example $ chroot /tmp/empty /ls -Rl / @end example Then you'll see output like this: @example /: total 1023 -rwxr-xr-x 1 0 0 1041745 Aug 16 11:17 ls @end example If you want to use a dynamically linked executable, say @command{bash}, then first run @samp{ldd bash} to see what shared objects it needs. Then, in addition to copying the actual binary, also copy the listed files to the required positions under your intended new root directory. Finally, if the executable requires any other files (e.g., data, state, device files), copy them into place, too. @cindex exit status of @command{chroot} Exit status: @display 125 if @command{chroot} itself fails 126 if @var{command} is found but cannot be invoked 127 if @var{command} cannot be found the exit status of @var{command} otherwise @end display @node env invocation @section @command{env}: Run a command in a modified environment @pindex env @cindex environment, running a program in a modified @cindex modified environment, running a program in a @cindex running a program in a modified environment @command{env} runs a command with a modified environment. Synopses: @example env [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{name}=@var{value}]@dots{} @c [@var{command} [@var{args}]@dots{}] env @end example Operands of the form @samp{@var{variable}=@var{value}} set the environment variable @var{variable} to value @var{value}. @var{value} may be empty (@samp{@var{variable}=}). Setting a variable to an empty value is different from unsetting it. These operands are evaluated left-to-right, so if two operands mention the same variable the earlier is ignored. Environment variable names can be empty, and can contain any characters other than @samp{=} and @acronym{ASCII} @sc{nul}. However, it is wise to limit yourself to names that consist solely of underscores, digits, and @acronym{ASCII} letters, and that begin with a non-digit, as applications like the shell do not work well with other names. @vindex PATH The first operand that does not contain the character @samp{=} specifies the program to invoke; it is searched for according to the @env{PATH} environment variable. Any remaining arguments are passed as arguments to that program. The program should not be a special built-in utility (@pxref{Special built-in utilities}). Modifications to @env{PATH} take effect prior to searching for @var{command}. Use caution when reducing @env{PATH}; behavior is not portable when @env{PATH} is undefined or omits key directories such as @file{/bin}. In the rare case that a utility contains a @samp{=} in the name, the only way to disambiguate it from a variable assignment is to use an intermediate command for @var{command}, and pass the problematic program name via @var{args}. For example, if @file{./prog=} is an executable in the current @env{PATH}: @example env prog= true # runs 'true', with prog= in environment env ./prog= true # runs 'true', with ./prog= in environment env -- prog= true # runs 'true', with prog= in environment env sh -c '\prog= true' # runs 'prog=' with argument 'true' env sh -c 'exec "$@@"' sh prog= true # also runs 'prog=' @end example @cindex environment, printing If no command name is specified following the environment specifications, the resulting environment is printed. This is like specifying the @command{printenv} program. For some examples, suppose the environment passed to @command{env} contains @samp{LOGNAME=rms}, @samp{EDITOR=emacs}, and @samp{PATH=.:/gnubin:/hacks}: @itemize @bullet @item Output the current environment. @example $ env | LC_ALL=C sort EDITOR=emacs LOGNAME=rms PATH=.:/gnubin:/hacks @end example @item Run @command{foo} with a reduced environment, preserving only the original @env{PATH} to avoid problems in locating @command{foo}. @example env - PATH="$PATH" foo @end example @item Run @command{foo} with the environment containing @samp{LOGNAME=rms}, @samp{EDITOR=emacs}, and @samp{PATH=.:/gnubin:/hacks}, and guarantees that @command{foo} was found in the file system rather than as a shell built-in. @example env foo @end example @item Run @command{nemacs} with the environment containing @samp{LOGNAME=foo}, @samp{EDITOR=emacs}, @samp{PATH=.:/gnubin:/hacks}, and @samp{DISPLAY=gnu:0}. @example env DISPLAY=gnu:0 LOGNAME=foo nemacs @end example @item Attempt to run the program @command{/energy/--} (as that is the only possible path search result); if the command exists, the environment will contain @samp{LOGNAME=rms} and @samp{PATH=/energy}, and the arguments will be @samp{e=mc2}, @samp{bar}, and @samp{baz}. @example env -u EDITOR PATH=/energy -- e=mc2 bar baz @end example @end itemize The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. Options must precede operands. @table @samp @optNull{env} @item -u @var{name} @itemx --unset=@var{name} @opindex -u @opindex --unset Remove variable @var{name} from the environment, if it was in the environment. @item - @itemx -i @itemx --ignore-environment @opindex - @opindex -i @opindex --ignore-environment Start with an empty environment, ignoring the inherited environment. @end table @cindex exit status of @command{env} Exit status: @display 0 if no @var{command} is specified and the environment is output 125 if @command{env} itself fails 126 if @var{command} is found but cannot be invoked 127 if @var{command} cannot be found the exit status of @var{command} otherwise @end display @node nice invocation @section @command{nice}: Run a command with modified niceness @pindex nice @cindex niceness @cindex scheduling, affecting @cindex appropriate privileges @command{nice} prints or modifies a process's @dfn{niceness}, a parameter that affects whether the process is scheduled favorably. Synopsis: @example nice [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{command} [@var{arg}]@dots{}] @end example If no arguments are given, @command{nice} prints the current niceness. Otherwise, @command{nice} runs the given @var{command} with its niceness adjusted. By default, its niceness is incremented by 10. Niceness values range at least from @minus{}20 (process has high priority and gets more resources, thus slowing down other processes) through 19 (process has lower priority and runs slowly itself, but has less impact on the speed of other running processes). Some systems may have a wider range of nicenesses; conversely, other systems may enforce more restrictive limits. An attempt to set the niceness outside the supported range is treated as an attempt to use the minimum or maximum supported value. A niceness should not be confused with a scheduling priority, which lets applications determine the order in which threads are scheduled to run. Unlike a priority, a niceness is merely advice to the scheduler, which the scheduler is free to ignore. Also, as a point of terminology, @acronym{POSIX} defines the behavior of @command{nice} in terms of a @dfn{nice value}, which is the nonnegative difference between a niceness and the minimum niceness. Though @command{nice} conforms to @acronym{POSIX}, its documentation and diagnostics use the term ``niceness'' for compatibility with historical practice. @var{command} must not be a special built-in utility (@pxref{Special built-in utilities}). @mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{nice} The program accepts the following option. Also see @ref{Common options}. Options must precede operands. @table @samp @item -n @var{adjustment} @itemx --adjustment=@var{adjustment} @opindex -n @opindex --adjustment Add @var{adjustment} instead of 10 to the command's niceness. If @var{adjustment} is negative and you lack appropriate privileges, @command{nice} issues a warning but otherwise acts as if you specified a zero adjustment. For compatibility @command{nice} also supports an obsolete option syntax @option{-@var{adjustment}}. New scripts should use @option{-n @var{adjustment}} instead. @end table @cindex exit status of @command{nice} Exit status: @display 0 if no @var{command} is specified and the niceness is output 125 if @command{nice} itself fails 126 if @var{command} is found but cannot be invoked 127 if @var{command} cannot be found the exit status of @var{command} otherwise @end display It is sometimes useful to run a non-interactive program with reduced niceness. @example $ nice factor 4611686018427387903 @end example Since @command{nice} prints the current niceness, you can invoke it through itself to demonstrate how it works. The default behavior is to increase the niceness by @samp{10}: @example $ nice 0 $ nice nice 10 $ nice -n 10 nice 10 @end example The @var{adjustment} is relative to the current niceness. In the next example, the first @command{nice} invocation runs the second one with niceness 10, and it in turn runs the final one with a niceness that is 3 more: @example $ nice nice -n 3 nice 13 @end example Specifying a niceness larger than the supported range is the same as specifying the maximum supported value: @example $ nice -n 10000000000 nice 19 @end example Only a privileged user may run a process with lower niceness: @example $ nice -n -1 nice nice: cannot set niceness: Permission denied 0 $ sudo nice -n -1 nice -1 @end example @node nohup invocation @section @command{nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups @pindex nohup @cindex hangups, immunity to @cindex immunity to hangups @cindex logging out and continuing to run @flindex nohup.out @command{nohup} runs the given @var{command} with hangup signals ignored, so that the command can continue running in the background after you log out. Synopsis: @example nohup @var{command} [@var{arg}]@dots{} @end example If standard input is a terminal, it is redirected from @file{/dev/null} so that terminal sessions do not mistakenly consider the terminal to be used by the command. This is a @acronym{GNU} extension; programs intended to be portable to non-@acronym{GNU} hosts should use @samp{nohup @var{command} [@var{arg}]@dots{} make.log @end example @command{nohup} does not automatically put the command it runs in the background; you must do that explicitly, by ending the command line with an @samp{&}. Also, @command{nohup} does not alter the niceness of @var{command}; use @command{nice} for that, e.g., @samp{nohup nice @var{command}}. @var{command} must not be a special built-in utility (@pxref{Special built-in utilities}). The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common options}. Options must precede operands. @cindex exit status of @command{nohup} Exit status: @display 125 if @command{nohup} itself fails, and @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} is not set 126 if @var{command} is found but cannot be invoked 127 if @var{command} cannot be found the exit status of @var{command} otherwise @end display If @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} is set, internal failures give status 127 instead of 125. @node stdbuf invocation @section @command{stdbuf}: Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering @pindex stdbuf @cindex standard streams, buffering @cindex line buffered @command{stdbuf} allows one to modify the buffering operations of the three standard I/O streams associated with a program. Synopsis: @example stdbuf @var{option}@dots{} @var{command} @end example Any additional @var{arg}s are passed as additional arguments to the @var{command}. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -i @var{mode} @itemx --input=@var{mode} @opindex -i @opindex --input Adjust the standard input stream buffering. @item -o @var{mode} @itemx --output=@var{mode} @opindex -o @opindex --output Adjust the standard output stream buffering. @item -e @var{mode} @itemx --error=@var{mode} @opindex -e @opindex --error Adjust the standard error stream buffering. @end table The @var{mode} can be specified as follows: @table @samp @item L Set the stream to line buffered mode. In this mode data is coalesced until a newline is output or input is read from any stream attached to a terminal device. This option is invalid with standard input. @item 0 Disable buffering of the selected stream. In this mode data is output immediately and only the amount of data requested is read from input. @item @var{size} Specify the size of the buffer to use in fully buffered mode. @multiplierSuffixesNoBlocks{size} @end table NOTE: If @var{command} adjusts the buffering of its standard streams (@command{tee} does for e.g.) then that will override corresponding settings changed by @command{stdbuf}. Also some filters (like @command{dd} and @command{cat} etc.) don't use streams for I/O, and are thus unaffected by @command{stdbuf} settings. @cindex exit status of @command{stdbuf} Exit status: @display 125 if @command{stdbuf} itself fails 126 if @var{command} is found but cannot be invoked 127 if @var{command} cannot be found the exit status of @var{command} otherwise @end display @node su invocation @section @command{su}: Run a command with substitute user and group ID @pindex su @cindex substitute user and group IDs @cindex user ID, switching @cindex super-user, becoming @cindex root, becoming @command{su} allows one user to temporarily become another user. It runs a command (often an interactive shell) with the real and effective user ID, group ID, and supplemental groups of a given @var{user}. Synopsis: @example su [@var{option}]@dots{} [@var{user} [@var{arg}]@dots{}] @end example @cindex passwd entry, and @command{su} shell @flindex /bin/sh @flindex /etc/passwd If no @var{user} is given, the default is @code{root}, the super-user. The shell to use is taken from @var{user}'s @code{passwd} entry, or @file{/bin/sh} if none is specified there. If @var{user} has a password, @command{su} prompts for the password unless run by a user with effective user ID of zero (the super-user). @vindex HOME @vindex SHELL @vindex USER @vindex LOGNAME @cindex login shell By default, @command{su} does not change the current directory. It sets the environment variables @env{HOME} and @env{SHELL} from the password entry for @var{user}, and if @var{user} is not the super-user, sets @env{USER} and @env{LOGNAME} to @var{user}. By default, the shell is not a login shell. Any additional @var{arg}s are passed as additional arguments to the shell. @cindex @option{-su} GNU @command{su} does not treat @file{/bin/sh} or any other shells specially (e.g., by setting @code{argv[0]} to @option{-su}, passing @option{-c} only to certain shells, etc.). @findex syslog @command{su} can optionally be compiled to use @code{syslog} to report failed, and optionally successful, @command{su} attempts. (If the system supports @code{syslog}.) However, GNU @command{su} does not check if the user is a member of the @code{wheel} group; see below. The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. @table @samp @item -c @var{command} @itemx --command=@var{command} @opindex -c @opindex --command Pass @var{command}, a single command line to run, to the shell with a @option{-c} option instead of starting an interactive shell. @item -f @itemx --fast @opindex -f @opindex --fast @flindex .cshrc @cindex file name pattern expansion, disabled @cindex globbing, disabled Pass the @option{-f} option to the shell. This probably only makes sense if the shell run is @command{csh} or @command{tcsh}, for which the @option{-f} option prevents reading the startup file (@file{.cshrc}). With Bourne-like shells, the @option{-f} option disables file name pattern expansion (globbing), which is not likely to be useful. @item - @itemx -l @itemx --login @opindex - @opindex -l @opindex --login @c other variables already indexed above @vindex TERM @vindex PATH @cindex login shell, creating Make the shell a login shell. This means the following. Unset all environment variables except @env{TERM}, @env{HOME}, and @env{SHELL} (which are set as described above), and @env{USER} and @env{LOGNAME} (which are set, even for the super-user, as described above), and set @env{PATH} to a compiled-in default value. Change to @var{user}'s home directory. Prepend @samp{-} to the shell's name, intended to make it read its login startup file(s). @item -m @itemx -p @itemx --preserve-environment @opindex -m @opindex -p @opindex --preserve-environment @cindex environment, preserving @flindex /etc/shells @cindex restricted shell Do not change the environment variables @env{HOME}, @env{USER}, @env{LOGNAME}, or @env{SHELL}. Run the shell given in the environment variable @env{SHELL} instead of the shell from @var{user}'s passwd entry, unless the user running @command{su} is not the super-user and @var{user}'s shell is restricted. A @dfn{restricted shell} is one that is not listed in the file @file{/etc/shells}, or in a compiled-in list if that file does not exist. Parts of what this option does can be overridden by @option{--login} and @option{--shell}. @item -s @var{shell} @itemx --shell=@var{shell} @opindex -s @opindex --shell Run @var{shell} instead of the shell from @var{user}'s passwd entry, unless the user running @command{su} is not the super-user and @var{user}'s shell is restricted (see @option{-m} just above). @end table @cindex exit status of @command{su} Exit status: @display 125 if @command{su} itself fails 126 if subshell is found but cannot be invoked 127 if subshell cannot be found the exit status of the subshell otherwise @end display @cindex wheel group, not supported @cindex group wheel, not supported @cindex fascism @subsection Why GNU @command{su} does not support the @samp{wheel} group (This section is by Richard Stallman.) @cindex Twenex @cindex MIT AI lab Sometimes a few of the users try to hold total power over all the rest. For example, in 1984, a few users at the MIT AI lab decided to seize power by changing the operator password on the Twenex system and keeping it secret from everyone else. (I was able to thwart this coup and give power back to the users by patching the kernel, but I wouldn't know how to do that in Unix.) However, occasionally the rulers do tell someone. Under the usual @command{su} mechanism, once someone learns the root password who sympathizes with the ordinary users, he or she can tell the rest. The ``wheel group'' feature would make this impossible, and thus cement the power of the rulers. I'm on the side of the masses, not that of the rulers. If you are used to supporting the bosses and sysadmins in whatever they do, you might find this idea strange at first. @node timeout invocation @section @command{timeout}: Run a command with a time limit @pindex timeout @cindex time limit @cindex run commands with bounded time @command{timeout} runs the given @var{command} and kills it if it is still running after the specified time interval. Synopsis: @example timeout [@var{option}] @var{duration} @var{command} [@var{arg}]@dots{} @end example @var{command} must not be a special built-in utility (@pxref{Special built-in utilities}). The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. Options must precede operands. @table @samp @item -k @var{duration} @itemx --kill-after=@var{duration} @opindex -k @opindex --kill-after Ensure the monitored @var{command} is killed by also sending a @samp{KILL} signal, after the specified @var{duration}. Without this option, if the selected signal proves not to be fatal, @command{timeout} does not kill the @var{command}. @item -s @var{signal} @itemx --signal=@var{signal} @opindex -s @opindex --signal Send this @var{signal} to @var{command} on timeout, rather than the default @samp{TERM} signal. @var{signal} may be a name like @samp{HUP} or a number. Also see @xref{Signal specifications}. @end table @cindex time units @var{duration} is an integer followed by an optional unit: @display @samp{s} for seconds (the default) @samp{m} for minutes @samp{h} for hours @samp{d} for days @end display A duration of 0 disables the associated timeout. @cindex exit status of @command{timeout} Exit status: @display 124 if @var{command} times out 125 if @command{timeout} itself fails 126 if @var{command} is found but cannot be invoked 127 if @var{command} cannot be found the exit status of @var{command} otherwise @end display @node Process control @chapter Process control @cindex processes, commands for controlling @cindex commands for controlling processes @menu * kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes. @end menu @node kill invocation @section @command{kill}: Send a signal to processes @pindex kill @cindex send a signal to processes The @command{kill} command sends a signal to processes, causing them to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way. Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses: @example kill [-s @var{signal} | --signal @var{signal} | -@var{signal}] @var{pid}@dots{} kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [@var{signal}]@dots{} @end example @mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{kill} The first form of the @command{kill} command sends a signal to all @var{pid} arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified is @samp{TERM}. The special signal number @samp{0} does not denote a valid signal, but can be used to test whether the @var{pid} arguments specify processes to which a signal could be sent. If @var{pid} is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the process ID @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is zero, the signal is sent to all processes in the process group of the current process. If @var{pid} is @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has permission to send a signal. If @var{pid} is less than @minus{}1, the signal is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute value of @var{pid}. If @var{pid} is not positive, a system-dependent set of system processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal is sent. If a negative @var{pid} argument is desired as the first one, it should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to @acronym{POSIX}, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill -@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent: @example kill -15 -1 kill -TERM -1 kill -s TERM -- -1 kill -- -1 @end example The first form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if every @var{pid} argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to. The second form of the @command{kill} command lists signal information. Either the @option{-l} or @option{--list} option, or the @option{-t} or @option{--table} option must be specified. Without any @var{signal} argument, all supported signals are listed. The output of @option{-l} or @option{--list} is a list of the signal names, one per line; if @var{signal} is already a name, the signal number is printed instead. The output of @option{-t} or @option{--table} is a table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the @command{kill} command succeeds if all @var{signal} arguments are valid and if there is no output error. The @command{kill} command also supports the @option{--help} and @option{--version} options. @xref{Common options}. A @var{signal} may be a signal name like @samp{HUP}, or a signal number like @samp{1}, or an exit status of a process terminated by the signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by @samp{SIG}. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the @option{-@var{signal}} option which must use upper case to avoid ambiguity with lower case option letters. For a list of supported signal names and numbers see @xref{Signal specifications}. @node Delaying @chapter Delaying @cindex delaying commands @cindex commands for delaying @c Perhaps @command{wait} or other commands should be described here also? @menu * sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time. @end menu @node sleep invocation @section @command{sleep}: Delay for a specified time @pindex sleep @cindex delay for a specified time @command{sleep} pauses for an amount of time specified by the sum of the values of the command line arguments. Synopsis: @example sleep @var{number}[smhd]@dots{} @end example @cindex time units Each argument is a number followed by an optional unit; the default is seconds. The units are: @table @samp @item s seconds @item m minutes @item h hours @item d days @end table Historical implementations of @command{sleep} have required that @var{number} be an integer, and only accepted a single argument without a suffix. However, GNU @command{sleep} accepts arbitrary floating point numbers (using a period before any fractional digits). The only options are @option{--help} and @option{--version}. @xref{Common options}. @c sleep is a shell built-in at least with Solaris 11's /bin/sh @mayConflictWithShellBuiltIn{sleep} @exitstatus @node Numeric operations @chapter Numeric operations @cindex numeric operations These programs do numerically-related operations. @menu * factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers. * seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers. @end menu @node factor invocation @section @command{factor}: Print prime factors @pindex factor @cindex prime factors @command{factor} prints prime factors. Synopses: @example factor [@var{number}]@dots{} factor @var{option} @end example If no @var{number} is specified on the command line, @command{factor} reads numbers from standard input, delimited by newlines, tabs, or spaces. The @command{factor} command supports only a small number of options: @table @samp @item --help Print a short help on standard output, then exit without further processing. @item --version Print the program version on standard output, then exit without further processing. @end table Factoring the product of the eighth and ninth Mersenne primes takes about 30 milliseconds of CPU time on a 2.2 GHz Athlon. @example M8=`echo 2^31-1|bc` ; M9=`echo 2^61-1|bc` /usr/bin/time -f '%U' factor $(echo "$M8 * $M9" | bc) 4951760154835678088235319297: 2147483647 2305843009213693951 0.03 @end example Similarly, factoring the eighth Fermat number @math{2^{256}+1} takes about 20 seconds on the same machine. Factoring large prime numbers is, in general, hard. The Pollard Rho algorithm used by @command{factor} is particularly effective for numbers with relatively small factors. If you wish to factor large numbers which do not have small factors (for example, numbers which are the product of two large primes), other methods are far better. If @command{factor} is built without using GNU MP, only single-precision arithmetic is available, and so large numbers (typically @math{2^{64}} and above) will not be supported. The single-precision code uses an algorithm which is designed for factoring smaller numbers. @exitstatus @node seq invocation @section @command{seq}: Print numeric sequences @pindex seq @cindex numeric sequences @cindex sequence of numbers @command{seq} prints a sequence of numbers to standard output. Synopses: @example seq [@var{option}]@dots{} @var{last} seq [@var{option}]@dots{} @var{first} @var{last} seq [@var{option}]@dots{} @var{first} @var{increment} @var{last} @end example @command{seq} prints the numbers from @var{first} to @var{last} by @var{increment}. By default, each number is printed on a separate line. When @var{increment} is not specified, it defaults to @samp{1}, even when @var{first} is larger than @var{last}. @var{first} also defaults to @samp{1}. So @code{seq 1} prints @samp{1}, but @code{seq 0} and @code{seq 10 5} produce no output. Floating-point numbers may be specified (using a period before any fractional digits). The program accepts the following options. Also see @ref{Common options}. Options must precede operands. @table @samp @item -f @var{format} @itemx --format=@var{format} @opindex -f @var{format} @opindex --format=@var{format} @cindex formatting of numbers in @command{seq} Print all numbers using @var{format}. @var{format} must contain exactly one of the @samp{printf}-style floating point conversion specifications @samp{%a}, @samp{%e}, @samp{%f}, @samp{%g}, @samp{%A}, @samp{%E}, @samp{%F}, @samp{%G}. The @samp{%} may be followed by zero or more flags taken from the set @samp{-+#0 '}, then an optional width containing one or more digits, then an optional precision consisting of a @samp{.} followed by zero or more digits. @var{format} may also contain any number of @samp{%%} conversion specifications. All conversion specifications have the same meaning as with @samp{printf}. The default format is derived from @var{first}, @var{step}, and @var{last}. If these all use a fixed point decimal representation, the default format is @samp{%.@var{p}f}, where @var{p} is the minimum precision that can represent the output numbers exactly. Otherwise, the default format is @samp{%g}. @item -s @var{string} @itemx --separator=@var{string} @cindex separator for numbers in @command{seq} Separate numbers with @var{string}; default is a newline. The output always terminates with a newline. @item -w @itemx --equal-width Print all numbers with the same width, by padding with leading zeros. @var{first}, @var{step}, and @var{last} should all use a fixed point decimal representation. (To have other kinds of padding, use @option{--format}). @end table You can get finer-grained control over output with @option{-f}: @example $ seq -f '(%9.2E)' -9e5 1.1e6 1.3e6 (-9.00E+05) ( 2.00E+05) ( 1.30E+06) @end example If you want hexadecimal integer output, you can use @command{printf} to perform the conversion: @example $ printf '%x\n' `seq 1048575 1024 1050623` fffff 1003ff 1007ff @end example For very long lists of numbers, use xargs to avoid system limitations on the length of an argument list: @example $ seq 1000000 | xargs printf '%x\n' | tail -n 3 f423e f423f f4240 @end example To generate octal output, use the printf @code{%o} format instead of @code{%x}. On most systems, seq can produce whole-number output for values up to at least @math{2^{53}}. Larger integers are approximated. The details differ depending on your floating-point implementation, but a common case is that @command{seq} works with integers through @math{2^{64}}, and larger integers may not be numerically correct: @example $ seq 18446744073709551616 1 18446744073709551618 18446744073709551616 18446744073709551616 18446744073709551618 @end example Be careful when using @command{seq} with outlandish values: otherwise you may see surprising results, as @command{seq} uses floating point internally. For example, on the x86 platform, where the internal representation uses a 64-bit fraction, the command: @example seq 1 0.0000000000000000001 1.0000000000000000009 @end example outputs 1.0000000000000000007 twice and skips 1.0000000000000000008. @exitstatus @node File permissions @chapter File permissions @include perm.texi @include getdate.texi @c What's GNU? @c Arnold Robbins @node Opening the software toolbox @chapter Opening the Software Toolbox An earlier version of this chapter appeared in @uref{http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=2762, the @cite{What's GNU?} column of @cite{Linux Journal}, 2 (June, 1994)}. It was written by Arnold Robbins. @menu * Toolbox introduction:: Toolbox introduction * I/O redirection:: I/O redirection * The who command:: The @command{who} command * The cut command:: The @command{cut} command * The sort command:: The @command{sort} command * The uniq command:: The @command{uniq} command * Putting the tools together:: Putting the tools together @end menu @node Toolbox introduction @unnumberedsec Toolbox Introduction This month's column is only peripherally related to the GNU Project, in that it describes a number of the GNU tools on your GNU/Linux system and how they might be used. What it's really about is the ``Software Tools'' philosophy of program development and usage. The software tools philosophy was an important and integral concept in the initial design and development of Unix (of which Linux and GNU are essentially clones). Unfortunately, in the modern day press of Internetworking and flashy GUIs, it seems to have fallen by the wayside. This is a shame, since it provides a powerful mental model for solving many kinds of problems. Many people carry a Swiss Army knife around in their pants pockets (or purse). A Swiss Army knife is a handy tool to have: it has several knife blades, a screwdriver, tweezers, toothpick, nail file, corkscrew, and perhaps a number of other things on it. For the everyday, small miscellaneous jobs where you need a simple, general purpose tool, it's just the thing. On the other hand, an experienced carpenter doesn't build a house using a Swiss Army knife. Instead, he has a toolbox chock full of specialized tools---a saw, a hammer, a screwdriver, a plane, and so on. And he knows exactly when and where to use each tool; you won't catch him hammering nails with the handle of his screwdriver. The Unix developers at Bell Labs were all professional programmers and trained computer scientists. They had found that while a one-size-fits-all program might appeal to a user because there's only one program to use, in practice such programs are @enumerate a @item difficult to write, @item difficult to maintain and debug, and @item difficult to extend to meet new situations. @end enumerate Instead, they felt that programs should be specialized tools. In short, each program ``should do one thing well.'' No more and no less. Such programs are simpler to design, write, and get right---they only do one thing. Furthermore, they found that with the right machinery for hooking programs together, that the whole was greater than the sum of the parts. By combining several special purpose programs, you could accomplish a specific task that none of the programs was designed for, and accomplish it much more quickly and easily than if you had to write a special purpose program. We will see some (classic) examples of this further on in the column. (An important additional point was that, if necessary, take a detour and build any software tools you may need first, if you don't already have something appropriate in the toolbox.) @node I/O redirection @unnumberedsec I/O Redirection Hopefully, you are familiar with the basics of I/O redirection in the shell, in particular the concepts of ``standard input,'' ``standard output,'' and ``standard error''. Briefly, ``standard input'' is a data source, where data comes from. A program should not need to either know or care if the data source is a disk file, a keyboard, a magnetic tape, or even a punched card reader. Similarly, ``standard output'' is a data sink, where data goes to. The program should neither know nor care where this might be. Programs that only read their standard input, do something to the data, and then send it on, are called @dfn{filters}, by analogy to filters in a water pipeline. With the Unix shell, it's very easy to set up data pipelines: @smallexample program_to_create_data | filter1 | ... | filterN > final.pretty.data @end smallexample We start out by creating the raw data; each filter applies some successive transformation to the data, until by the time it comes out of the pipeline, it is in the desired form. This is fine and good for standard input and standard output. Where does the standard error come in to play? Well, think about @command{filter1} in the pipeline above. What happens if it encounters an error in the data it sees? If it writes an error message to standard output, it will just disappear down the pipeline into @command{filter2}'s input, and the user will probably never see it. So programs need a place where they can send error messages so that the user will notice them. This is standard error, and it is usually connected to your console or window, even if you have redirected standard output of your program away from your screen. For filter programs to work together, the format of the data has to be agreed upon. The most straightforward and easiest format to use is simply lines of text. Unix data files are generally just streams of bytes, with lines delimited by the @acronym{ASCII} @sc{lf} (Line Feed) character, conventionally called a ``newline'' in the Unix literature. (This is @code{'\n'} if you're a C programmer.) This is the format used by all the traditional filtering programs. (Many earlier operating systems had elaborate facilities and special purpose programs for managing binary data. Unix has always shied away from such things, under the philosophy that it's easiest to simply be able to view and edit your data with a text editor.) OK, enough introduction. Let's take a look at some of the tools, and then we'll see how to hook them together in interesting ways. In the following discussion, we will only present those command line options that interest us. As you should always do, double check your system documentation for the full story. @node The who command @unnumberedsec The @command{who} Command The first program is the @command{who} command. By itself, it generates a list of the users who are currently logged in. Although I'm writing this on a single-user system, we'll pretend that several people are logged in: @example $ who @print{} arnold console Jan 22 19:57 @print{} miriam ttyp0 Jan 23 14:19(:0.0) @print{} bill ttyp1 Jan 21 09:32(:0.0) @print{} arnold ttyp2 Jan 23 20:48(:0.0) @end example Here, the @samp{$} is the usual shell prompt, at which I typed @samp{who}. There are three people logged in, and I am logged in twice. On traditional Unix systems, user names are never more than eight characters long. This little bit of trivia will be useful later. The output of @command{who} is nice, but the data is not all that exciting. @node The cut command @unnumberedsec The @command{cut} Command The next program we'll look at is the @command{cut} command. This program cuts out columns or fields of input data. For example, we can tell it to print just the login name and full name from the @file{/etc/passwd} file. The @file{/etc/passwd} file has seven fields, separated by colons: @example arnold:xyzzy:2076:10:Arnold D. Robbins:/home/arnold:/bin/bash @end example To get the first and fifth fields, we would use @command{cut} like this: @example $ cut -d: -f1,5 /etc/passwd @print{} root:Operator @dots{} @print{} arnold:Arnold D. Robbins @print{} miriam:Miriam A. Robbins @dots{} @end example With the @option{-c} option, @command{cut} will cut out specific characters (i.e., columns) in the input lines. This is useful for input data that has fixed width fields, and does not have a field separator. For example, list the Monday dates for the current month: @c Is using cal ok? Looked at gcal, but I don't like it. @example $ cal | cut -c 3-5 @print{}Mo @print{} @print{} 6 @print{} 13 @print{} 20 @print{} 27 @end example @node The sort command @unnumberedsec The @command{sort} Command Next we'll look at the @command{sort} command. This is one of the most powerful commands on a Unix-style system; one that you will often find yourself using when setting up fancy data plumbing. The @command{sort} command reads and sorts each file named on the command line. It then merges the sorted data and writes it to standard output. It will read standard input if no files are given on the command line (thus making it into a filter). The sort is based on the character collating sequence or based on user-supplied ordering criteria. @node The uniq command @unnumberedsec The @command{uniq} Command Finally (at least for now), we'll look at the @command{uniq} program. When sorting data, you will often end up with duplicate lines, lines that are identical. Usually, all you need is one instance of each line. This is where @command{uniq} comes in. The @command{uniq} program reads its standard input. It prints only one copy of each repeated line. It does have several options. Later on, we'll use the @option{-c} option, which prints each unique line, preceded by a count of the number of times that line occurred in the input. @node Putting the tools together @unnumberedsec Putting the Tools Together Now, let's suppose this is a large ISP server system with dozens of users logged in. The management wants the system administrator to write a program that will generate a sorted list of logged in users. Furthermore, even if a user is logged in multiple times, his or her name should only show up in the output once. The administrator could sit down with the system documentation and write a C program that did this. It would take perhaps a couple of hundred lines of code and about two hours to write it, test it, and debug it. However, knowing the software toolbox, the administrator can instead start out by generating just a list of logged on users: @example $ who | cut -c1-8 @print{} arnold @print{} miriam @print{} bill @print{} arnold @end example Next, sort the list: @example $ who | cut -c1-8 | sort @print{} arnold @print{} arnold @print{} bill @print{} miriam @end example Finally, run the sorted list through @command{uniq}, to weed out duplicates: @example $ who | cut -c1-8 | sort | uniq @print{} arnold @print{} bill @print{} miriam @end example The @command{sort} command actually has a @option{-u} option that does what @command{uniq} does. However, @command{uniq} has other uses for which one cannot substitute @samp{sort -u}. The administrator puts this pipeline into a shell script, and makes it available for all the users on the system (@samp{#} is the system administrator, or @code{root}, prompt): @example # cat > /usr/local/bin/listusers who | cut -c1-8 | sort | uniq ^D # chmod +x /usr/local/bin/listusers @end example There are four major points to note here. First, with just four programs, on one command line, the administrator was able to save about two hours worth of work. Furthermore, the shell pipeline is just about as efficient as the C program would be, and it is much more efficient in terms of programmer time. People time is much more expensive than computer time, and in our modern ``there's never enough time to do everything'' society, saving two hours of programmer time is no mean feat. Second, it is also important to emphasize that with the @emph{combination} of the tools, it is possible to do a special purpose job never imagined by the authors of the individual programs. Third, it is also valuable to build up your pipeline in stages, as we did here. This allows you to view the data at each stage in the pipeline, which helps you acquire the confidence that you are indeed using these tools correctly. Finally, by bundling the pipeline in a shell script, other users can use your command, without having to remember the fancy plumbing you set up for them. In terms of how you run them, shell scripts and compiled programs are indistinguishable. After the previous warm-up exercise, we'll look at two additional, more complicated pipelines. For them, we need to introduce two more tools. The first is the @command{tr} command, which stands for ``transliterate.'' The @command{tr} command works on a character-by-character basis, changing characters. Normally it is used for things like mapping upper case to lower case: @example $ echo ThIs ExAmPlE HaS MIXED case! | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' @print{} this example has mixed case! @end example There are several options of interest: @table @code @item -c work on the complement of the listed characters, i.e., operations apply to characters not in the given set @item -d delete characters in the first set from the output @item -s squeeze repeated characters in the output into just one character. @end table We will be using all three options in a moment. The other command we'll look at is @command{comm}. The @command{comm} command takes two sorted input files as input data, and prints out the files' lines in three columns. The output columns are the data lines unique to the first file, the data lines unique to the second file, and the data lines that are common to both. The @option{-1}, @option{-2}, and @option{-3} command line options @emph{omit} the respective columns. (This is non-intuitive and takes a little getting used to.) For example: @example $ cat f1 @print{} 11111 @print{} 22222 @print{} 33333 @print{} 44444 $ cat f2 @print{} 00000 @print{} 22222 @print{} 33333 @print{} 55555 $ comm f1 f2 @print{} 00000 @print{} 11111 @print{} 22222 @print{} 33333 @print{} 44444 @print{} 55555 @end example The file name @file{-} tells @command{comm} to read standard input instead of a regular file. Now we're ready to build a fancy pipeline. The first application is a word frequency counter. This helps an author determine if he or she is over-using certain words. The first step is to change the case of all the letters in our input file to one case. ``The'' and ``the'' are the same word when doing counting. @example $ tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' < whats.gnu | ... @end example The next step is to get rid of punctuation. Quoted words and unquoted words should be treated identically; it's easiest to just get the punctuation out of the way. @smallexample $ tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' < whats.gnu | tr -cd '[:alnum:]_ \n' | ... @end smallexample The second @command{tr} command operates on the complement of the listed characters, which are all the letters, the digits, the underscore, and the blank. The @samp{\n} represents the newline character; it has to be left alone. (The @acronym{ASCII} tab character should also be included for good measure in a production script.) At this point, we have data consisting of words separated by blank space. The words only contain alphanumeric characters (and the underscore). The next step is break the data apart so that we have one word per line. This makes the counting operation much easier, as we will see shortly. @smallexample $ tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' < whats.gnu | tr -cd '[:alnum:]_ \n' | > tr -s ' ' '\n' | ... @end smallexample This command turns blanks into newlines. The @option{-s} option squeezes multiple newline characters in the output into just one. This helps us avoid blank lines. (The @samp{>} is the shell's ``secondary prompt.'' This is what the shell prints when it notices you haven't finished typing in all of a command.) We now have data consisting of one word per line, no punctuation, all one case. We're ready to count each word: @smallexample $ tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' < whats.gnu | tr -cd '[:alnum:]_ \n' | > tr -s ' ' '\n' | sort | uniq -c | ... @end smallexample At this point, the data might look something like this: @example 60 a 2 able 6 about 1 above 2 accomplish 1 acquire 1 actually 2 additional @end example The output is sorted by word, not by count! What we want is the most frequently used words first. Fortunately, this is easy to accomplish, with the help of two more @command{sort} options: @table @code @item -n do a numeric sort, not a textual one @item -r reverse the order of the sort @end table The final pipeline looks like this: @smallexample $ tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' < whats.gnu | tr -cd '[:alnum:]_ \n' | > tr -s ' ' '\n' | sort | uniq -c | sort -n -r @print{} 156 the @print{} 60 a @print{} 58 to @print{} 51 of @print{} 51 and @dots{} @end smallexample Whew! That's a lot to digest. Yet, the same principles apply. With six commands, on two lines (really one long one split for convenience), we've created a program that does something interesting and useful, in much less time than we could have written a C program to do the same thing. A minor modification to the above pipeline can give us a simple spelling checker! To determine if you've spelled a word correctly, all you have to do is look it up in a dictionary. If it is not there, then chances are that your spelling is incorrect. So, we need a dictionary. The conventional location for a dictionary is @file{/usr/dict/words}. On my GNU/Linux system,@footnote{Redhat Linux 6.1, for the November 2000 revision of this article.} this is a sorted, 45,402 word dictionary. Now, how to compare our file with the dictionary? As before, we generate a sorted list of words, one per line: @smallexample $ tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' < whats.gnu | tr -cd '[:alnum:]_ \n' | > tr -s ' ' '\n' | sort -u | ... @end smallexample Now, all we need is a list of words that are @emph{not} in the dictionary. Here is where the @command{comm} command comes in. @smallexample $ tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' < whats.gnu | tr -cd '[:alnum:]_ \n' | > tr -s ' ' '\n' | sort -u | > comm -23 - /usr/dict/words @end smallexample The @option{-2} and @option{-3} options eliminate lines that are only in the dictionary (the second file), and lines that are in both files. Lines only in the first file (standard input, our stream of words), are words that are not in the dictionary. These are likely candidates for spelling errors. This pipeline was the first cut at a production spelling checker on Unix. There are some other tools that deserve brief mention. @table @command @item grep search files for text that matches a regular expression @item wc count lines, words, characters @item tee a T-fitting for data pipes, copies data to files and to standard output @item sed the stream editor, an advanced tool @item awk a data manipulation language, another advanced tool @end table The software tools philosophy also espoused the following bit of advice: ``Let someone else do the hard part.'' This means, take something that gives you most of what you need, and then massage it the rest of the way until it's in the form that you want. To summarize: @enumerate 1 @item Each program should do one thing well. No more, no less. @item Combining programs with appropriate plumbing leads to results where the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. It also leads to novel uses of programs that the authors might never have imagined. @item Programs should never print extraneous header or trailer data, since these could get sent on down a pipeline. (A point we didn't mention earlier.) @item Let someone else do the hard part. @item Know your toolbox! Use each program appropriately. If you don't have an appropriate tool, build one. @end enumerate As of this writing, all the programs we've discussed are available via anonymous @command{ftp} from: @* @uref{ftp://gnudist.gnu.org/textutils/textutils-1.22.tar.gz}. (There may be more recent versions available now.) None of what I have presented in this column is new. The Software Tools philosophy was first introduced in the book @cite{Software Tools}, by Brian Kernighan and P.J. Plauger (Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-03669-X). This book showed how to write and use software tools. It was written in 1976, using a preprocessor for FORTRAN named @command{ratfor} (RATional FORtran). At the time, C was not as ubiquitous as it is now; FORTRAN was. The last chapter presented a @command{ratfor} to FORTRAN processor, written in @command{ratfor}. @command{ratfor} looks an awful lot like C; if you know C, you won't have any problem following the code. In 1981, the book was updated and made available as @cite{Software Tools in Pascal} (Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-10342-7). Both books are still in print and are well worth reading if you're a programmer. They certainly made a major change in how I view programming. The programs in both books are available from @uref{http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/bwk, Brian Kernighan's home page}. For a number of years, there was an active Software Tools Users Group, whose members had ported the original @command{ratfor} programs to essentially every computer system with a FORTRAN compiler. The popularity of the group waned in the middle 1980s as Unix began to spread beyond universities. With the current proliferation of GNU code and other clones of Unix programs, these programs now receive little attention; modern C versions are much more efficient and do more than these programs do. Nevertheless, as exposition of good programming style, and evangelism for a still-valuable philosophy, these books are unparalleled, and I recommend them highly. Acknowledgment: I would like to express my gratitude to Brian Kernighan of Bell Labs, the original Software Toolsmith, for reviewing this column. @node GNU Free Documentation License @appendix GNU Free Documentation License @include fdl.texi @node Concept index @unnumbered Index @printindex cp @bye @c Local variables: @c texinfo-column-for-description: 32 @c End: 070701000091c4000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7d00005c0d000000660000000300000000000000000000002100000000reloc/doc/coreutils/doc/fdl.texi@c The GNU Free Documentation License. @center Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 @c This file is intended to be included within another document, @c hence no sectioning command or @node. @display Copyright @copyright{} 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @uref{http://fsf.org/} Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. @end display @enumerate 0 @item PREAMBLE The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document @dfn{free} in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. 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If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software. @c Local Variables: @c ispell-local-pdict: "ispell-dict" @c End: 070701000091c5000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7d00005836000000660000000300000000000000000000002500000000reloc/doc/coreutils/doc/getdate.texi@c GNU date syntax documentation @c Copyright (C) 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, @c 2004, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @c Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document @c under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or @c any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no @c Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover @c Texts. A copy of the license is included in the ``GNU Free @c Documentation License'' file as part of this distribution. @node Date input formats @chapter Date input formats @cindex date input formats @findex get_date First, a quote: @quotation Our units of temporal measurement, from seconds on up to months, are so complicated, asymmetrical and disjunctive so as to make coherent mental reckoning in time all but impossible. Indeed, had some tyrannical god contrived to enslave our minds to time, to make it all but impossible for us to escape subjection to sodden routines and unpleasant surprises, he could hardly have done better than handing down our present system. It is like a set of trapezoidal building blocks, with no vertical or horizontal surfaces, like a language in which the simplest thought demands ornate constructions, useless particles and lengthy circumlocutions. Unlike the more successful patterns of language and science, which enable us to face experience boldly or at least level-headedly, our system of temporal calculation silently and persistently encourages our terror of time. @dots{} It is as though architects had to measure length in feet, width in meters and height in ells; as though basic instruction manuals demanded a knowledge of five different languages. It is no wonder then that we often look into our own immediate past or future, last Tuesday or a week from Sunday, with feelings of helpless confusion. @dots{} --- Robert Grudin, @cite{Time and the Art of Living}. @end quotation This section describes the textual date representations that @sc{gnu} programs accept. These are the strings you, as a user, can supply as arguments to the various programs. The C interface (via the @code{get_date} function) is not described here. @menu * General date syntax:: Common rules. * Calendar date items:: 19 Dec 1994. * Time of day items:: 9:20pm. * Time zone items:: @sc{est}, @sc{pdt}, @sc{gmt}. * Day of week items:: Monday and others. * Relative items in date strings:: next tuesday, 2 years ago. * Pure numbers in date strings:: 19931219, 1440. * Seconds since the Epoch:: @@1078100502. * Specifying time zone rules:: TZ="America/New_York", TZ="UTC0". * Authors of get_date:: Bellovin, Eggert, Salz, Berets, et al. @end menu @node General date syntax @section General date syntax @cindex general date syntax @cindex items in date strings A @dfn{date} is a string, possibly empty, containing many items separated by whitespace. The whitespace may be omitted when no ambiguity arises. The empty string means the beginning of today (i.e., midnight). Order of the items is immaterial. A date string may contain many flavors of items: @itemize @bullet @item calendar date items @item time of day items @item time zone items @item day of the week items @item relative items @item pure numbers. @end itemize @noindent We describe each of these item types in turn, below. @cindex numbers, written-out @cindex ordinal numbers @findex first @r{in date strings} @findex next @r{in date strings} @findex last @r{in date strings} A few ordinal numbers may be written out in words in some contexts. This is most useful for specifying day of the week items or relative items (see below). Among the most commonly used ordinal numbers, the word @samp{last} stands for @math{-1}, @samp{this} stands for 0, and @samp{first} and @samp{next} both stand for 1. Because the word @samp{second} stands for the unit of time there is no way to write the ordinal number 2, but for convenience @samp{third} stands for 3, @samp{fourth} for 4, @samp{fifth} for 5, @samp{sixth} for 6, @samp{seventh} for 7, @samp{eighth} for 8, @samp{ninth} for 9, @samp{tenth} for 10, @samp{eleventh} for 11 and @samp{twelfth} for 12. @cindex months, written-out When a month is written this way, it is still considered to be written numerically, instead of being ``spelled in full''; this changes the allowed strings. @cindex language, in dates In the current implementation, only English is supported for words and abbreviations like @samp{AM}, @samp{DST}, @samp{EST}, @samp{first}, @samp{January}, @samp{Sunday}, @samp{tomorrow}, and @samp{year}. @cindex language, in dates @cindex time zone item The output of the @command{date} command is not always acceptable as a date string, not only because of the language problem, but also because there is no standard meaning for time zone items like @samp{IST}. When using @command{date} to generate a date string intended to be parsed later, specify a date format that is independent of language and that does not use time zone items other than @samp{UTC} and @samp{Z}. Here are some ways to do this: @example $ LC_ALL=C TZ=UTC0 date Mon Mar 1 00:21:42 UTC 2004 $ TZ=UTC0 date +'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%SZ' 2004-03-01 00:21:42Z $ date --iso-8601=ns | tr T ' ' # --iso-8601 is a GNU extension. 2004-02-29 16:21:42,692722128-0800 $ date --rfc-2822 # a GNU extension Sun, 29 Feb 2004 16:21:42 -0800 $ date +'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %z' # %z is a GNU extension. 2004-02-29 16:21:42 -0800 $ date +'@@%s.%N' # %s and %N are GNU extensions. @@1078100502.692722128 @end example @cindex case, ignored in dates @cindex comments, in dates Alphabetic case is completely ignored in dates. Comments may be introduced between round parentheses, as long as included parentheses are properly nested. Hyphens not followed by a digit are currently ignored. Leading zeros on numbers are ignored. Invalid dates like @samp{2005-02-29} or times like @samp{24:00} are rejected. In the typical case of a host that does not support leap seconds, a time like @samp{23:59:60} is rejected even if it corresponds to a valid leap second. @node Calendar date items @section Calendar date items @cindex calendar date item A @dfn{calendar date item} specifies a day of the year. It is specified differently, depending on whether the month is specified numerically or literally. All these strings specify the same calendar date: @example 1972-09-24 # @sc{iso} 8601. 72-9-24 # Assume 19xx for 69 through 99, # 20xx for 00 through 68. 72-09-24 # Leading zeros are ignored. 9/24/72 # Common U.S. writing. 24 September 1972 24 Sept 72 # September has a special abbreviation. 24 Sep 72 # Three-letter abbreviations always allowed. Sep 24, 1972 24-sep-72 24sep72 @end example The year can also be omitted. In this case, the last specified year is used, or the current year if none. For example: @example 9/24 sep 24 @end example Here are the rules. @cindex @sc{iso} 8601 date format @cindex date format, @sc{iso} 8601 For numeric months, the @sc{iso} 8601 format @samp{@var{year}-@var{month}-@var{day}} is allowed, where @var{year} is any positive number, @var{month} is a number between 01 and 12, and @var{day} is a number between 01 and 31. A leading zero must be present if a number is less than ten. If @var{year} is 68 or smaller, then 2000 is added to it; otherwise, if @var{year} is less than 100, then 1900 is added to it. The construct @samp{@var{month}/@var{day}/@var{year}}, popular in the United States, is accepted. Also @samp{@var{month}/@var{day}}, omitting the year. @cindex month names in date strings @cindex abbreviations for months Literal months may be spelled out in full: @samp{January}, @samp{February}, @samp{March}, @samp{April}, @samp{May}, @samp{June}, @samp{July}, @samp{August}, @samp{September}, @samp{October}, @samp{November} or @samp{December}. Literal months may be abbreviated to their first three letters, possibly followed by an abbreviating dot. It is also permitted to write @samp{Sept} instead of @samp{September}. When months are written literally, the calendar date may be given as any of the following: @example @var{day} @var{month} @var{year} @var{day} @var{month} @var{month} @var{day} @var{year} @var{day}-@var{month}-@var{year} @end example Or, omitting the year: @example @var{month} @var{day} @end example @node Time of day items @section Time of day items @cindex time of day item A @dfn{time of day item} in date strings specifies the time on a given day. Here are some examples, all of which represent the same time: @example 20:02:00.000000 20:02 8:02pm 20:02-0500 # In @sc{est} (U.S. Eastern Standard Time). @end example More generally, the time of day may be given as @samp{@var{hour}:@var{minute}:@var{second}}, where @var{hour} is a number between 0 and 23, @var{minute} is a number between 0 and 59, and @var{second} is a number between 0 and 59 possibly followed by @samp{.} or @samp{,} and a fraction containing one or more digits. Alternatively, @samp{:@var{second}} can be omitted, in which case it is taken to be zero. On the rare hosts that support leap seconds, @var{second} may be 60. @findex am @r{in date strings} @findex pm @r{in date strings} @findex midnight @r{in date strings} @findex noon @r{in date strings} If the time is followed by @samp{am} or @samp{pm} (or @samp{a.m.} or @samp{p.m.}), @var{hour} is restricted to run from 1 to 12, and @samp{:@var{minute}} may be omitted (taken to be zero). @samp{am} indicates the first half of the day, @samp{pm} indicates the second half of the day. In this notation, 12 is the predecessor of 1: midnight is @samp{12am} while noon is @samp{12pm}. (This is the zero-oriented interpretation of @samp{12am} and @samp{12pm}, as opposed to the old tradition derived from Latin which uses @samp{12m} for noon and @samp{12pm} for midnight.) @cindex time zone correction @cindex minutes, time zone correction by The time may alternatively be followed by a time zone correction, expressed as @samp{@var{s}@var{hh}@var{mm}}, where @var{s} is @samp{+} or @samp{-}, @var{hh} is a number of zone hours and @var{mm} is a number of zone minutes. The zone minutes term, @var{mm}, may be omitted, in which case the one- or two-digit correction is interpreted as a number of hours. You can also separate @var{hh} from @var{mm} with a colon. When a time zone correction is given this way, it forces interpretation of the time relative to Coordinated Universal Time (@sc{utc}), overriding any previous specification for the time zone or the local time zone. For example, @samp{+0530} and @samp{+05:30} both stand for the time zone 5.5 hours ahead of @sc{utc} (e.g., India). This is the best way to specify a time zone correction by fractional parts of an hour. The maximum zone correction is 24 hours. Either @samp{am}/@samp{pm} or a time zone correction may be specified, but not both. @node Time zone items @section Time zone items @cindex time zone item A @dfn{time zone item} specifies an international time zone, indicated by a small set of letters, e.g., @samp{UTC} or @samp{Z} for Coordinated Universal Time. Any included periods are ignored. By following a non-daylight-saving time zone by the string @samp{DST} in a separate word (that is, separated by some white space), the corresponding daylight saving time zone may be specified. Alternatively, a non-daylight-saving time zone can be followed by a time zone correction, to add the two values. This is normally done only for @samp{UTC}; for example, @samp{UTC+05:30} is equivalent to @samp{+05:30}. Time zone items other than @samp{UTC} and @samp{Z} are obsolescent and are not recommended, because they are ambiguous; for example, @samp{EST} has a different meaning in Australia than in the United States. Instead, it's better to use unambiguous numeric time zone corrections like @samp{-0500}, as described in the previous section. If neither a time zone item nor a time zone correction is supplied, time stamps are interpreted using the rules of the default time zone (@pxref{Specifying time zone rules}). @node Day of week items @section Day of week items @cindex day of week item The explicit mention of a day of the week will forward the date (only if necessary) to reach that day of the week in the future. Days of the week may be spelled out in full: @samp{Sunday}, @samp{Monday}, @samp{Tuesday}, @samp{Wednesday}, @samp{Thursday}, @samp{Friday} or @samp{Saturday}. Days may be abbreviated to their first three letters, optionally followed by a period. The special abbreviations @samp{Tues} for @samp{Tuesday}, @samp{Wednes} for @samp{Wednesday} and @samp{Thur} or @samp{Thurs} for @samp{Thursday} are also allowed. @findex next @var{day} @findex last @var{day} A number may precede a day of the week item to move forward supplementary weeks. It is best used in expression like @samp{third monday}. In this context, @samp{last @var{day}} or @samp{next @var{day}} is also acceptable; they move one week before or after the day that @var{day} by itself would represent. A comma following a day of the week item is ignored. @node Relative items in date strings @section Relative items in date strings @cindex relative items in date strings @cindex displacement of dates @dfn{Relative items} adjust a date (or the current date if none) forward or backward. The effects of relative items accumulate. Here are some examples: @example 1 year 1 year ago 3 years 2 days @end example @findex year @r{in date strings} @findex month @r{in date strings} @findex fortnight @r{in date strings} @findex week @r{in date strings} @findex day @r{in date strings} @findex hour @r{in date strings} @findex minute @r{in date strings} The unit of time displacement may be selected by the string @samp{year} or @samp{month} for moving by whole years or months. These are fuzzy units, as years and months are not all of equal duration. More precise units are @samp{fortnight} which is worth 14 days, @samp{week} worth 7 days, @samp{day} worth 24 hours, @samp{hour} worth 60 minutes, @samp{minute} or @samp{min} worth 60 seconds, and @samp{second} or @samp{sec} worth one second. An @samp{s} suffix on these units is accepted and ignored. @findex ago @r{in date strings} The unit of time may be preceded by a multiplier, given as an optionally signed number. Unsigned numbers are taken as positively signed. No number at all implies 1 for a multiplier. Following a relative item by the string @samp{ago} is equivalent to preceding the unit by a multiplier with value @math{-1}. @findex day @r{in date strings} @findex tomorrow @r{in date strings} @findex yesterday @r{in date strings} The string @samp{tomorrow} is worth one day in the future (equivalent to @samp{day}), the string @samp{yesterday} is worth one day in the past (equivalent to @samp{day ago}). @findex now @r{in date strings} @findex today @r{in date strings} @findex this @r{in date strings} The strings @samp{now} or @samp{today} are relative items corresponding to zero-valued time displacement, these strings come from the fact a zero-valued time displacement represents the current time when not otherwise changed by previous items. They may be used to stress other items, like in @samp{12:00 today}. The string @samp{this} also has the meaning of a zero-valued time displacement, but is preferred in date strings like @samp{this thursday}. When a relative item causes the resulting date to cross a boundary where the clocks were adjusted, typically for daylight saving time, the resulting date and time are adjusted accordingly. The fuzz in units can cause problems with relative items. For example, @samp{2003-07-31 -1 month} might evaluate to 2003-07-01, because 2003-06-31 is an invalid date. To determine the previous month more reliably, you can ask for the month before the 15th of the current month. For example: @example $ date -R Thu, 31 Jul 2003 13:02:39 -0700 $ date --date='-1 month' +'Last month was %B?' Last month was July? $ date --date="$(date +%Y-%m-15) -1 month" +'Last month was %B!' Last month was June! @end example Also, take care when manipulating dates around clock changes such as daylight saving leaps. In a few cases these have added or subtracted as much as 24 hours from the clock, so it is often wise to adopt universal time by setting the @env{TZ} environment variable to @samp{UTC0} before embarking on calendrical calculations. @node Pure numbers in date strings @section Pure numbers in date strings @cindex pure numbers in date strings The precise interpretation of a pure decimal number depends on the context in the date string. If the decimal number is of the form @var{yyyy}@var{mm}@var{dd} and no other calendar date item (@pxref{Calendar date items}) appears before it in the date string, then @var{yyyy} is read as the year, @var{mm} as the month number and @var{dd} as the day of the month, for the specified calendar date. If the decimal number is of the form @var{hh}@var{mm} and no other time of day item appears before it in the date string, then @var{hh} is read as the hour of the day and @var{mm} as the minute of the hour, for the specified time of day. @var{mm} can also be omitted. If both a calendar date and a time of day appear to the left of a number in the date string, but no relative item, then the number overrides the year. @node Seconds since the Epoch @section Seconds since the Epoch If you precede a number with @samp{@@}, it represents an internal time stamp as a count of seconds. The number can contain an internal decimal point (either @samp{.} or @samp{,}); any excess precision not supported by the internal representation is truncated toward minus infinity. Such a number cannot be combined with any other date item, as it specifies a complete time stamp. @cindex beginning of time, for @acronym{POSIX} @cindex epoch, for @acronym{POSIX} Internally, computer times are represented as a count of seconds since an epoch---a well-defined point of time. On @acronym{GNU} and @acronym{POSIX} systems, the epoch is 1970-01-01 00:00:00 @sc{utc}, so @samp{@@0} represents this time, @samp{@@1} represents 1970-01-01 00:00:01 @sc{utc}, and so forth. @acronym{GNU} and most other @acronym{POSIX}-compliant systems support such times as an extension to @acronym{POSIX}, using negative counts, so that @samp{@@-1} represents 1969-12-31 23:59:59 @sc{utc}. Traditional Unix systems count seconds with 32-bit two's-complement integers and can represent times from 1901-12-13 20:45:52 through 2038-01-19 03:14:07 @sc{utc}. More modern systems use 64-bit counts of seconds with nanosecond subcounts, and can represent all the times in the known lifetime of the universe to a resolution of 1 nanosecond. On most hosts, these counts ignore the presence of leap seconds. For example, on most hosts @samp{@@915148799} represents 1998-12-31 23:59:59 @sc{utc}, @samp{@@915148800} represents 1999-01-01 00:00:00 @sc{utc}, and there is no way to represent the intervening leap second 1998-12-31 23:59:60 @sc{utc}. @node Specifying time zone rules @section Specifying time zone rules @vindex TZ Normally, dates are interpreted using the rules of the current time zone, which in turn are specified by the @env{TZ} environment variable, or by a system default if @env{TZ} is not set. To specify a different set of default time zone rules that apply just to one date, start the date with a string of the form @samp{TZ="@var{rule}"}. The two quote characters (@samp{"}) must be present in the date, and any quotes or backslashes within @var{rule} must be escaped by a backslash. For example, with the @acronym{GNU} @command{date} command you can answer the question ``What time is it in New York when a Paris clock shows 6:30am on October 31, 2004?'' by using a date beginning with @samp{TZ="Europe/Paris"} as shown in the following shell transcript: @example $ export TZ="America/New_York" $ date --date='TZ="Europe/Paris" 2004-10-31 06:30' Sun Oct 31 01:30:00 EDT 2004 @end example In this example, the @option{--date} operand begins with its own @env{TZ} setting, so the rest of that operand is processed according to @samp{Europe/Paris} rules, treating the string @samp{2004-10-31 06:30} as if it were in Paris. However, since the output of the @command{date} command is processed according to the overall time zone rules, it uses New York time. (Paris was normally six hours ahead of New York in 2004, but this example refers to a brief Halloween period when the gap was five hours.) A @env{TZ} value is a rule that typically names a location in the @uref{http://www.twinsun.com/tz/tz-link.htm, @samp{tz} database}. A recent catalog of location names appears in the @uref{http://twiki.org/cgi-bin/xtra/tzdate, TWiki Date and Time Gateway}. A few non-@acronym{GNU} hosts require a colon before a location name in a @env{TZ} setting, e.g., @samp{TZ=":America/New_York"}. The @samp{tz} database includes a wide variety of locations ranging from @samp{Arctic/Longyearbyen} to @samp{Antarctica/South_Pole}, but if you are at sea and have your own private time zone, or if you are using a non-@acronym{GNU} host that does not support the @samp{tz} database, you may need to use a @acronym{POSIX} rule instead. Simple @acronym{POSIX} rules like @samp{UTC0} specify a time zone without daylight saving time; other rules can specify simple daylight saving regimes. @xref{TZ Variable,, Specifying the Time Zone with @code{TZ}, libc, The GNU C Library}. @node Authors of get_date @section Authors of @code{get_date} @cindex authors of @code{get_date} @cindex Bellovin, Steven M. @cindex Salz, Rich @cindex Berets, Jim @cindex MacKenzie, David @cindex Meyering, Jim @cindex Eggert, Paul @code{get_date} was originally implemented by Steven M. Bellovin (@email{smb@@research.att.com}) while at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The code was later tweaked by a couple of people on Usenet, then completely overhauled by Rich $alz (@email{rsalz@@bbn.com}) and Jim Berets (@email{jberets@@bbn.com}) in August, 1990. Various revisions for the @sc{gnu} system were made by David MacKenzie, Jim Meyering, Paul Eggert and others. @cindex Pinard, F. @cindex Berry, K. This chapter was originally produced by Fran@,{c}ois Pinard (@email{pinard@@iro.umontreal.ca}) from the @file{getdate.y} source code, and then edited by K.@: Berry (@email{kb@@cs.umb.edu}). 070701000091ca000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7d00004bc3000000660000000300000000000000000000002200000000reloc/doc/coreutils/doc/perm.texi@c File mode bits @c Copyright (C) 1994, 1996, 1999-2001, 2003-2006, 2008-2010 Free Software @c Foundation, Inc. @c Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document @c under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or @c any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no @c Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover @c Texts. A copy of the license is included in the ``GNU Free @c Documentation License'' file as part of this distribution. Each file has a set of @dfn{file mode bits} that control the kinds of access that users have to that file. They can be represented either in symbolic form or as an octal number. @menu * Mode Structure:: Structure of file mode bits. * Symbolic Modes:: Mnemonic representation of file mode bits. * Numeric Modes:: File mode bits as octal numbers. * Directory Setuid and Setgid:: Set-user-ID and set-group-ID on directories. @end menu @node Mode Structure @section Structure of File Mode Bits The file mode bits have two parts: the @dfn{file permission bits}, which control ordinary access to the file, and @dfn{special mode bits}, which affect only some files. There are three kinds of permissions that a user can have for a file: @enumerate @item @cindex read permission permission to read the file. For directories, this means permission to list the contents of the directory. @item @cindex write permission permission to write to (change) the file. For directories, this means permission to create and remove files in the directory. @item @cindex execute/search permission permission to execute the file (run it as a program). For directories, this means permission to access files in the directory. @end enumerate There are three categories of users who may have different permissions to perform any of the above operations on a file: @enumerate @item the file's owner; @item other users who are in the file's group; @item everyone else. @end enumerate @cindex owner, default @cindex group owner, default Files are given an owner and group when they are created. Usually the owner is the current user and the group is the group of the directory the file is in, but this varies with the operating system, the file system the file is created on, and the way the file is created. You can change the owner and group of a file by using the @command{chown} and @command{chgrp} commands. In addition to the three sets of three permissions listed above, the file mode bits have three special components, which affect only executable files (programs) and, on most systems, directories: @enumerate @item @cindex set-user-ID @cindex setuid Set the process's effective user ID to that of the file upon execution (called the @dfn{set-user-ID bit}, or sometimes the @dfn{setuid bit}). For directories on a few systems, give files created in the directory the same owner as the directory, no matter who creates them, and set the set-user-ID bit of newly-created subdirectories. @item @cindex set-group-ID @cindex setgid Set the process's effective group ID to that of the file upon execution (called the @dfn{set-group-ID bit}, or sometimes the @dfn{setgid bit}). For directories on most systems, give files created in the directory the same group as the directory, no matter what group the user who creates them is in, and set the set-group-ID bit of newly-created subdirectories. @item @cindex sticky @cindex swap space, saving text image in @cindex text image, saving in swap space @cindex restricted deletion flag Prevent unprivileged users from removing or renaming a file in a directory unless they own the file or the directory; this is called the @dfn{restricted deletion flag} for the directory, and is commonly found on world-writable directories like @file{/tmp}. For regular files on some older systems, save the program's text image on the swap device so it will load more quickly when run; this is called the @dfn{sticky bit}. @end enumerate In addition to the file mode bits listed above, there may be file attributes specific to the file system, e.g., access control lists (ACLs), whether a file is compressed, whether a file can be modified (immutability), and whether a file can be dumped. These are usually set using programs specific to the file system. For example: @c should probably say a lot more about ACLs... someday @table @asis @item ext2 On @acronym{GNU} and @acronym{GNU}/Linux the file attributes specific to the ext2 file system are set using @command{chattr}. @item FFS On FreeBSD the file flags specific to the FFS file system are set using @command{chflags}. @end table Even if a file's mode bits allow an operation on that file, that operation may still fail, because: @itemize @item the file-system-specific attributes or flags do not permit it; or @item the file system is mounted as read-only. @end itemize For example, if the immutable attribute is set on a file, it cannot be modified, regardless of the fact that you may have just run @code{chmod a+w FILE}. @node Symbolic Modes @section Symbolic Modes @cindex symbolic modes @dfn{Symbolic modes} represent changes to files' mode bits as operations on single-character symbols. They allow you to modify either all or selected parts of files' mode bits, optionally based on their previous values, and perhaps on the current @code{umask} as well (@pxref{Umask and Protection}). The format of symbolic modes is: @example @r{[}ugoa@dots{}@r{][}+-=@r{]}@var{perms}@dots{}@r{[},@dots{}@r{]} @end example @noindent where @var{perms} is either zero or more letters from the set @samp{rwxXst}, or a single letter from the set @samp{ugo}. The following sections describe the operators and other details of symbolic modes. @menu * Setting Permissions:: Basic operations on permissions. * Copying Permissions:: Copying existing permissions. * Changing Special Mode Bits:: Special mode bits. * Conditional Executability:: Conditionally affecting executability. * Multiple Changes:: Making multiple changes. * Umask and Protection:: The effect of the umask. @end menu @node Setting Permissions @subsection Setting Permissions The basic symbolic operations on a file's permissions are adding, removing, and setting the permission that certain users have to read, write, and execute or search the file. These operations have the following format: @example @var{users} @var{operation} @var{permissions} @end example @noindent The spaces between the three parts above are shown for readability only; symbolic modes cannot contain spaces. The @var{users} part tells which users' access to the file is changed. It consists of one or more of the following letters (or it can be empty; @pxref{Umask and Protection}, for a description of what happens then). When more than one of these letters is given, the order that they are in does not matter. @table @code @item u @cindex owner of file, permissions for the user who owns the file; @item g @cindex group, permissions for other users who are in the file's group; @item o @cindex other permissions all other users; @item a all users; the same as @samp{ugo}. @end table The @var{operation} part tells how to change the affected users' access to the file, and is one of the following symbols: @table @code @item + @cindex adding permissions to add the @var{permissions} to whatever permissions the @var{users} already have for the file; @item - @cindex removing permissions @cindex subtracting permissions to remove the @var{permissions} from whatever permissions the @var{users} already have for the file; @item = @cindex setting permissions to make the @var{permissions} the only permissions that the @var{users} have for the file. @end table The @var{permissions} part tells what kind of access to the file should be changed; it is normally zero or more of the following letters. As with the @var{users} part, the order does not matter when more than one letter is given. Omitting the @var{permissions} part is useful only with the @samp{=} operation, where it gives the specified @var{users} no access at all to the file. @table @code @item r @cindex read permission, symbolic the permission the @var{users} have to read the file; @item w @cindex write permission, symbolic the permission the @var{users} have to write to the file; @item x @cindex execute/search permission, symbolic the permission the @var{users} have to execute the file, or search it if it is a directory. @end table For example, to give everyone permission to read and write a regular file, but not to execute it, use: @example a=rw @end example To remove write permission for all users other than the file's owner, use: @example go-w @end example @noindent The above command does not affect the access that the owner of the file has to it, nor does it affect whether other users can read or execute the file. To give everyone except a file's owner no permission to do anything with that file, use the mode below. Other users could still remove the file, if they have write permission on the directory it is in. @example go= @end example @noindent Another way to specify the same thing is: @example og-rwx @end example @node Copying Permissions @subsection Copying Existing Permissions @cindex copying existing permissions @cindex permissions, copying existing You can base a file's permissions on its existing permissions. To do this, instead of using a series of @samp{r}, @samp{w}, or @samp{x} letters after the operator, you use the letter @samp{u}, @samp{g}, or @samp{o}. For example, the mode @example o+g @end example @noindent adds the permissions for users who are in a file's group to the permissions that other users have for the file. Thus, if the file started out as mode 664 (@samp{rw-rw-r--}), the above mode would change it to mode 666 (@samp{rw-rw-rw-}). If the file had started out as mode 741 (@samp{rwxr----x}), the above mode would change it to mode 745 (@samp{rwxr--r-x}). The @samp{-} and @samp{=} operations work analogously. @node Changing Special Mode Bits @subsection Changing Special Mode Bits @cindex changing special mode bits In addition to changing a file's read, write, and execute/search permissions, you can change its special mode bits. @xref{Mode Structure}, for a summary of these special mode bits. To change the file mode bits to set the user ID on execution, use @samp{u} in the @var{users} part of the symbolic mode and @samp{s} in the @var{permissions} part. To change the file mode bits to set the group ID on execution, use @samp{g} in the @var{users} part of the symbolic mode and @samp{s} in the @var{permissions} part. To set both user and group ID on execution, omit the @var{users} part of the symbolic mode (or use @samp{a}) and use @samp{s} in the @var{permissions} part. To change the file mode bits to set the restricted deletion flag or sticky bit, omit the @var{users} part of the symbolic mode (or use @samp{a}) and use @samp{t} in the @var{permissions} part. For example, to set the set-user-ID mode bit of a program, you can use the mode: @example u+s @end example To remove both set-user-ID and set-group-ID mode bits from it, you can use the mode: @example a-s @end example To set the restricted deletion flag or sticky bit, you can use the mode: @example +t @end example The combination @samp{o+s} has no effect. On @acronym{GNU} systems the combinations @samp{u+t} and @samp{g+t} have no effect, and @samp{o+t} acts like plain @samp{+t}. The @samp{=} operator is not very useful with special mode bits. For example, the mode: @example o=t @end example @noindent does set the restricted deletion flag or sticky bit, but it also removes all read, write, and execute/search permissions that users not in the file's group might have had for it. @xref{Directory Setuid and Setgid}, for additional rules concerning set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits and directories. @node Conditional Executability @subsection Conditional Executability @cindex conditional executability There is one more special type of symbolic permission: if you use @samp{X} instead of @samp{x}, execute/search permission is affected only if the file is a directory or already had execute permission. For example, this mode: @example a+X @end example @noindent gives all users permission to search directories, or to execute files if anyone could execute them before. @node Multiple Changes @subsection Making Multiple Changes @cindex multiple changes to permissions The format of symbolic modes is actually more complex than described above (@pxref{Setting Permissions}). It provides two ways to make multiple changes to files' mode bits. The first way is to specify multiple @var{operation} and @var{permissions} parts after a @var{users} part in the symbolic mode. For example, the mode: @example og+rX-w @end example @noindent gives users other than the owner of the file read permission and, if it is a directory or if someone already had execute permission to it, gives them execute/search permission; and it also denies them write permission to the file. It does not affect the permission that the owner of the file has for it. The above mode is equivalent to the two modes: @example og+rX og-w @end example The second way to make multiple changes is to specify more than one simple symbolic mode, separated by commas. For example, the mode: @example a+r,go-w @end example @noindent gives everyone permission to read the file and removes write permission on it for all users except its owner. Another example: @example u=rwx,g=rx,o= @end example @noindent sets all of the permission bits for the file explicitly. (It gives users who are not in the file's group no permission at all for it.) The two methods can be combined. The mode: @example a+r,g+x-w @end example @noindent gives all users permission to read the file, and gives users who are in the file's group permission to execute/search it as well, but not permission to write to it. The above mode could be written in several different ways; another is: @example u+r,g+rx,o+r,g-w @end example @node Umask and Protection @subsection The Umask and Protection @cindex umask and modes @cindex modes and umask If the @var{users} part of a symbolic mode is omitted, it defaults to @samp{a} (affect all users), except that any permissions that are @emph{set} in the system variable @code{umask} are @emph{not affected}. The value of @code{umask} can be set using the @code{umask} command. Its default value varies from system to system. @cindex giving away permissions Omitting the @var{users} part of a symbolic mode is generally not useful with operations other than @samp{+}. It is useful with @samp{+} because it allows you to use @code{umask} as an easily customizable protection against giving away more permission to files than you intended to. As an example, if @code{umask} has the value 2, which removes write permission for users who are not in the file's group, then the mode: @example +w @end example @noindent adds permission to write to the file to its owner and to other users who are in the file's group, but @emph{not} to other users. In contrast, the mode: @example a+w @end example @noindent ignores @code{umask}, and @emph{does} give write permission for the file to all users. @node Numeric Modes @section Numeric Modes @cindex numeric modes @cindex file mode bits, numeric @cindex octal numbers for file modes As an alternative to giving a symbolic mode, you can give an octal (base 8) number that represents the mode. This number is always interpreted in octal; you do not have to add a leading @samp{0}, as you do in C. Mode @samp{0055} is the same as mode @samp{55}. A numeric mode is usually shorter than the corresponding symbolic mode, but it is limited in that normally it cannot take into account the previous file mode bits; it can only set them absolutely. (As discussed in the next section, the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits of directories are an exception to this general limitation.) The permissions granted to the user, to other users in the file's group, and to other users not in the file's group each require three bits, which are represented as one octal digit. The three special mode bits also require one bit each, and they are as a group represented as another octal digit. Here is how the bits are arranged, starting with the lowest valued bit: @example Value in Corresponding Mode Mode Bit Other users not in the file's group: 1 Execute/search 2 Write 4 Read Other users in the file's group: 10 Execute/search 20 Write 40 Read The file's owner: 100 Execute/search 200 Write 400 Read Special mode bits: 1000 Restricted deletion flag or sticky bit 2000 Set group ID on execution 4000 Set user ID on execution @end example For example, numeric mode @samp{4755} corresponds to symbolic mode @samp{u=rwxs,go=rx}, and numeric mode @samp{664} corresponds to symbolic mode @samp{ug=rw,o=r}. Numeric mode @samp{0} corresponds to symbolic mode @samp{a=}. @node Directory Setuid and Setgid @section Directories and the Set-User-ID and Set-Group-ID Bits On most systems, if a directory's set-group-ID bit is set, newly created subfiles inherit the same group as the directory, and newly created subdirectories inherit the set-group-ID bit of the parent directory. On a few systems, a directory's set-user-ID bit has a similar effect on the ownership of new subfiles and the set-user-ID bits of new subdirectories. These mechanisms let users share files more easily, by lessening the need to use @command{chmod} or @command{chown} to share new files. These convenience mechanisms rely on the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits of directories. If commands like @command{chmod} and @command{mkdir} routinely cleared these bits on directories, the mechanisms would be less convenient and it would be harder to share files. Therefore, a command like @command{chmod} does not affect the set-user-ID or set-group-ID bits of a directory unless the user specifically mentions them in a symbolic mode, or sets them in a numeric mode. For example, on systems that support set-group-ID inheritance: @example # These commands leave the set-user-ID and # set-group-ID bits of the subdirectories alone, # so that they retain their default values. mkdir A B C chmod 755 A chmod 0755 B chmod u=rwx,go=rx C mkdir -m 755 D mkdir -m 0755 E mkdir -m u=rwx,go=rx F @end example If you want to try to set these bits, you must mention them explicitly in the symbolic or numeric modes, e.g.: @example # These commands try to set the set-user-ID # and set-group-ID bits of the subdirectories. mkdir G H chmod 6755 G chmod u=rwx,go=rx,a+s H mkdir -m 6755 I mkdir -m u=rwx,go=rx,a+s J @end example If you want to try to clear these bits, you must mention them explicitly in a symbolic mode, e.g.: @example # This command tries to clear the set-user-ID # and set-group-ID bits of the directory D. chmod a-s D @end example This behavior is a @acronym{GNU} extension. Portable scripts should not rely on requests to set or clear these bits on directories, as @acronym{POSIX} allows implementations to ignore these requests. 070701000091d3000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7d0000005b000000660000000300000000000000000000002200000000reloc/doc/coreutils/doc/stamp-vti@set UPDATED 21 April 2010 @set UPDATED-MONTH April 2010 @set EDITION 8.5 @set VERSION 8.5 070701000091d4000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7d0000005b000000660000000300000000000000000000002500000000reloc/doc/coreutils/doc/version.texi@set UPDATED 21 April 2010 @set UPDATED-MONTH April 2010 @set EDITION 8.5 @set VERSION 8.5 070701000091d5000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7d00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000000a00000000reloc/lib070701000091d6000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7d00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001400000000reloc/lib/coreutils070701000091d7000081ed0000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000018d0000000660000000300000000000000000000002100000000reloc/lib/coreutils/libstdbuf.soELF44 (+ + , , 4Pt t    "1X >+  E _| dkt t, ` X  "e  p  _Jv_RegisterClasses__register_frame_info_bases__dso_handle_etext_PROCEDURE_LINKAGE_TABLE__endgetenv_DYNAMIClibintl_gettextmallocfree_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE__edata__iobfilenostrtoul_init__deregister_frame_info_basessetvbuf_finifprintf_lib_versionlibgcc_s.so.1GCC_3.0libintl.so.8/usr/local/lib:/usr/local/ssl/lib:/usr/openwin/lib:/usr/lib:/usr/X11R6/lib:/usr/local/BerkeleyDB.4.7/lib P&y H \ 8 @ @ \ < D L P T X  ` d  h l  p hh h$h(h ,h(4h08h8p<h@`@hHPDhP@US[SR4t :0ҋ0u鋃 t $Pƃ4]ÐUS[PZtRj8P$P(tt (P]xU썑Ht~OtV]Í^ꐐU(]u}UEE<0= > * Examples of expr:: Examples of using `expr' Redirection * tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes File name manipulation * basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name * dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component * pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability * mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory Working context * pwd invocation:: Print working directory * stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics * printenv invocation:: Print all or some environment variables * tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input `stty': Print or change terminal characteristics * Control:: Control settings * Input:: Input settings * Output:: Output settings * Local:: Local settings * Combination:: Combination settings * Characters:: Special characters * Special:: Special settings User information * id invocation:: Print user identity * logname invocation:: Print current login name * whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID * groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in * users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in * who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in System context * arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name * date invocation:: Print or set system date and time * nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors * uname invocation:: Print system information * hostname invocation:: Print or set system name * hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier * uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load `date': Print or set system date and time * Time conversion specifiers:: %[HIklMNpPrRsSTXzZ] * Date conversion specifiers:: %[aAbBcCdDeFgGhjmuUVwWxyY] * Literal conversion specifiers:: %[%nt] * Padding and other flags:: Pad with zeros, spaces, etc. * Setting the time:: Changing the system clock * Options for date:: Instead of the current time * Date input formats:: Specifying date strings * Examples of date:: Examples SELinux context * chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file * runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context Modified command invocation * chroot invocation:: Run a command with a different root directory * env invocation:: Run a command in a modified environment * nice invocation:: Run a command with modified niceness * nohup invocation:: Run a command immune to hangups * stdbuf invocation:: Run a command with modified I/O buffering * su invocation:: Run a command with substitute user and group ID * timeout invocation:: Run a command with a time limit Process control * kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes. Delaying * sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time Numeric operations * factor invocation:: Print prime factors * seq invocation:: Print numeric sequences File permissions * Mode Structure:: Structure of file mode bits * Symbolic Modes:: Mnemonic representation of file mode bits * Numeric Modes:: File mode bits as octal numbers * Directory Setuid and Setgid:: Set-user-ID and set-group-ID on directories Date input formats * General date syntax:: Common rules * Calendar date items:: 19 Dec 1994 * Time of day items:: 9:20pm * Time zone items:: EST, PDT, GMT * Day of week items:: Monday and others * Relative items in date strings:: next tuesday, 2 years ago * Pure numbers in date strings:: 19931219, 1440 * Seconds since the Epoch:: @1078100502 * Specifying time zone rules:: TZ="America/New_York", TZ="UTC0" * Authors of get_date:: Bellovin, Eggert, Salz, Berets, et al Opening the software toolbox * Toolbox introduction:: Toolbox introduction * I/O redirection:: I/O redirection * The who command:: The `who' command * The cut command:: The `cut' command * The sort command:: The `sort' command * The uniq command:: The `uniq' command * Putting the tools together:: Putting the tools together Copying This Manual * GNU Free Documentation License:: Copying and sharing this manual  File: coreutils.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Common options, Prev: Top, Up: Top 1 Introduction ************** This manual is a work in progress: many sections make no attempt to explain basic concepts in a way suitable for novices. Thus, if you are interested, please get involved in improving this manual. The entire GNU community will benefit. The GNU utilities documented here are mostly compatible with the POSIX standard. Please report bugs to . Remember to include the version number, machine architecture, input files, and any other information needed to reproduce the bug: your input, what you expected, what you got, and why it is wrong. Diffs are welcome, but please include a description of the problem as well, since this is sometimes difficult to infer. *Note Bugs: (gcc)Bugs. This manual was originally derived from the Unix man pages in the distributions, which were written by David MacKenzie and updated by Jim Meyering. What you are reading now is the authoritative documentation for these utilities; the man pages are no longer being maintained. The original `fmt' man page was written by Ross Paterson. Franc,ois Pinard did the initial conversion to Texinfo format. Karl Berry did the indexing, some reorganization, and editing of the results. Brian Youmans of the Free Software Foundation office staff combined the manuals for textutils, fileutils, and sh-utils to produce the present omnibus manual. Richard Stallman contributed his usual invaluable insights to the overall process.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Common options, Next: Output of entire files, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top 2 Common options **************** Certain options are available in all of these programs. Rather than writing identical descriptions for each of the programs, they are described here. (In fact, every GNU program accepts (or should accept) these options.) Normally options and operands can appear in any order, and programs act as if all the options appear before any operands. For example, `sort -r passwd -t :' acts like `sort -r -t : passwd', since `:' is an option-argument of `-t'. However, if the `POSIXLY_CORRECT' environment variable is set, options must appear before operands, unless otherwise specified for a particular command. A few programs can usefully have trailing operands with leading `-'. With such a program, options must precede operands even if `POSIXLY_CORRECT' is not set, and this fact is noted in the program description. For example, the `env' command's options must appear before its operands, since in some cases the operands specify a command that itself contains options. Most programs that accept long options recognize unambiguous abbreviations of those options. For example, `rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty' can be invoked as `rmdir --ignore-fail' or even `rmdir --i'. Ambiguous options, such as `ls --h', are identified as such. Some of these programs recognize the `--help' and `--version' options only when one of them is the sole command line argument. For these programs, abbreviations of the long options are not always recognized. `--help' Print a usage message listing all available options, then exit successfully. `--version' Print the version number, then exit successfully. `--' Delimit the option list. Later arguments, if any, are treated as operands even if they begin with `-'. For example, `sort -- -r' reads from the file named `-r'. A single `-' operand is not really an option, though it looks like one. It stands for standard input, or for standard output if that is clear from the context. For example, `sort -' reads from standard input, and is equivalent to plain `sort', and `tee -' writes an extra copy of its input to standard output. Unless otherwise specified, `-' can appear as any operand that requires a file name. * Menu: * Exit status:: Indicating program success or failure. * Backup options:: -b -S, in some programs. * Block size:: BLOCK_SIZE and --block-size, in some programs. * Signal specifications:: Specifying signals using the --signal option. * Disambiguating names and IDs:: chgrp and chown owner and group syntax * Random sources:: --random-source, in some programs. * Target directory:: Specifying a target directory, in some programs. * Trailing slashes:: --strip-trailing-slashes, in some programs. * Traversing symlinks:: -H, -L, or -P, in some programs. * Treating / specially:: --preserve-root and --no-preserve-root. * Special built-in utilities:: `break', `:', `eval', ... * Standards conformance:: Conformance to the POSIX standard.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Exit status, Next: Backup options, Up: Common options 2.1 Exit status =============== Nearly every command invocation yields an integral "exit status" that can be used to change how other commands work. For the vast majority of commands, an exit status of zero indicates success. Failure is indicated by a nonzero value--typically `1', though it may differ on unusual platforms as POSIX requires only that it be nonzero. However, some of the programs documented here do produce other exit status values and a few associate different meanings with the values `0' and `1'. Here are some of the exceptions: `chroot', `env', `expr', `nice', `nohup', `printenv', `sort', `stdbuf', `su', `test', `timeout', `tty'.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Backup options, Next: Block size, Prev: Exit status, Up: Common options 2.2 Backup options ================== Some GNU programs (at least `cp', `install', `ln', and `mv') optionally make backups of files before writing new versions. These options control the details of these backups. The options are also briefly mentioned in the descriptions of the particular programs. `-b' `--backup[=METHOD]' Make a backup of each file that would otherwise be overwritten or removed. Without this option, the original versions are destroyed. Use METHOD to determine the type of backups to make. When this option is used but METHOD is not specified, then the value of the `VERSION_CONTROL' environment variable is used. And if `VERSION_CONTROL' is not set, the default backup type is `existing'. Note that the short form of this option, `-b' does not accept any argument. Using `-b' is equivalent to using `--backup=existing'. This option corresponds to the Emacs variable `version-control'; the values for METHOD are the same as those used in Emacs. This option also accepts more descriptive names. The valid METHODs are (unique abbreviations are accepted): `none' `off' Never make backups. `numbered' `t' Always make numbered backups. `existing' `nil' Make numbered backups of files that already have them, simple backups of the others. `simple' `never' Always make simple backups. Please note `never' is not to be confused with `none'. `-S SUFFIX' `--suffix=SUFFIX' Append SUFFIX to each backup file made with `-b'. If this option is not specified, the value of the `SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX' environment variable is used. And if `SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX' is not set, the default is `~', just as in Emacs.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Block size, Next: Signal specifications, Prev: Backup options, Up: Common options 2.3 Block size ============== Some GNU programs (at least `df', `du', and `ls') display sizes in "blocks". You can adjust the block size and method of display to make sizes easier to read. The block size used for display is independent of any file system block size. Fractional block counts are rounded up to the nearest integer. The default block size is chosen by examining the following environment variables in turn; the first one that is set determines the block size. `DF_BLOCK_SIZE' This specifies the default block size for the `df' command. Similarly, `DU_BLOCK_SIZE' specifies the default for `du' and `LS_BLOCK_SIZE' for `ls'. `BLOCK_SIZE' This specifies the default block size for all three commands, if the above command-specific environment variables are not set. `BLOCKSIZE' This specifies the default block size for all values that are normally printed as blocks, if neither `BLOCK_SIZE' nor the above command-specific environment variables are set. Unlike the other environment variables, `BLOCKSIZE' does not affect values that are normally printed as byte counts, e.g., the file sizes contained in `ls -l' output. `POSIXLY_CORRECT' If neither `COMMAND_BLOCK_SIZE', nor `BLOCK_SIZE', nor `BLOCKSIZE' is set, but this variable is set, the block size defaults to 512. If none of the above environment variables are set, the block size currently defaults to 1024 bytes in most contexts, but this number may change in the future. For `ls' file sizes, the block size defaults to 1 byte. A block size specification can be a positive integer specifying the number of bytes per block, or it can be `human-readable' or `si' to select a human-readable format. Integers may be followed by suffixes that are upward compatible with the SI prefixes (http://www.bipm.fr/enus/3_SI/si-prefixes.html) for decimal multiples and with the IEC 60027-2 prefixes for binary multiples (http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html). With human-readable formats, output sizes are followed by a size letter such as `M' for megabytes. `BLOCK_SIZE=human-readable' uses powers of 1024; `M' stands for 1,048,576 bytes. `BLOCK_SIZE=si' is similar, but uses powers of 1000 and appends `B'; `MB' stands for 1,000,000 bytes. A block size specification preceded by `'' causes output sizes to be displayed with thousands separators. The `LC_NUMERIC' locale specifies the thousands separator and grouping. For example, in an American English locale, `--block-size="'1kB"' would cause a size of 1234000 bytes to be displayed as `1,234'. In the default C locale, there is no thousands separator so a leading `'' has no effect. An integer block size can be followed by a suffix to specify a multiple of that size. A bare size letter, or one followed by `iB', specifies a multiple using powers of 1024. A size letter followed by `B' specifies powers of 1000 instead. For example, `1M' and `1MiB' are equivalent to `1048576', whereas `1MB' is equivalent to `1000000'. A plain suffix without a preceding integer acts as if `1' were prepended, except that it causes a size indication to be appended to the output. For example, `--block-size="kB"' displays 3000 as `3kB'. The following suffixes are defined. Large sizes like `1Y' may be rejected by your computer due to limitations of its arithmetic. `kB' kilobyte: 10^3 = 1000. `k' `K' `KiB' kibibyte: 2^10 = 1024. `K' is special: the SI prefix is `k' and the IEC 60027-2 prefix is `Ki', but tradition and POSIX use `k' to mean `KiB'. `MB' megabyte: 10^6 = 1,000,000. `M' `MiB' mebibyte: 2^20 = 1,048,576. `GB' gigabyte: 10^9 = 1,000,000,000. `G' `GiB' gibibyte: 2^30 = 1,073,741,824. `TB' terabyte: 10^12 = 1,000,000,000,000. `T' `TiB' tebibyte: 2^40 = 1,099,511,627,776. `PB' petabyte: 10^15 = 1,000,000,000,000,000. `P' `PiB' pebibyte: 2^50 = 1,125,899,906,842,624. `EB' exabyte: 10^18 = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000. `E' `EiB' exbibyte: 2^60 = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976. `ZB' zettabyte: 10^21 = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 `Z' `ZiB' 2^70 = 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424. (`Zi' is a GNU extension to IEC 60027-2.) `YB' yottabyte: 10^24 = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000. `Y' `YiB' 2^80 = 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176. (`Yi' is a GNU extension to IEC 60027-2.) Block size defaults can be overridden by an explicit `--block-size=SIZE' option. The `-k' option is equivalent to `--block-size=1K', which is the default unless the `POSIXLY_CORRECT' environment variable is set. The `-h' or `--human-readable' option is equivalent to `--block-size=human-readable'. The `--si' option is equivalent to `--block-size=si'.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Signal specifications, Next: Disambiguating names and IDs, Prev: Block size, Up: Common options 2.4 Signal specifications ========================= A SIGNAL may be a signal name like `HUP', or a signal number like `1', or an exit status of a process terminated by the signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by `SIG'. The case of the letters is ignored. The following signal names and numbers are supported on all POSIX compliant systems: `HUP' 1. Hangup. `INT' 2. Terminal interrupt. `QUIT' 3. Terminal quit. `ABRT' 6. Process abort. `KILL' 9. Kill (cannot be caught or ignored). `ALRM' 14. Alarm Clock. `TERM' 15. Termination. Other supported signal names have system-dependent corresponding numbers. All systems conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2001 also support the following signals: `BUS' Access to an undefined portion of a memory object. `CHLD' Child process terminated, stopped, or continued. `CONT' Continue executing, if stopped. `FPE' Erroneous arithmetic operation. `ILL' Illegal Instruction. `PIPE' Write on a pipe with no one to read it. `SEGV' Invalid memory reference. `STOP' Stop executing (cannot be caught or ignored). `TSTP' Terminal stop. `TTIN' Background process attempting read. `TTOU' Background process attempting write. `URG' High bandwidth data is available at a socket. `USR1' User-defined signal 1. `USR2' User-defined signal 2. POSIX 1003.1-2001 systems that support the XSI extension also support the following signals: `POLL' Pollable event. `PROF' Profiling timer expired. `SYS' Bad system call. `TRAP' Trace/breakpoint trap. `VTALRM' Virtual timer expired. `XCPU' CPU time limit exceeded. `XFSZ' File size limit exceeded. POSIX 1003.1-2001 systems that support the XRT extension also support at least eight real-time signals called `RTMIN', `RTMIN+1', ..., `RTMAX-1', `RTMAX'.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Disambiguating names and IDs, Next: Random sources, Prev: Signal specifications, Up: Common options 2.5 chown and chgrp: Disambiguating user names and IDs ====================================================== Since the OWNER and GROUP arguments to `chown' and `chgrp' may be specified as names or numeric IDs, there is an apparent ambiguity. What if a user or group _name_ is a string of digits? (1) Should the command interpret it as a user name or as an ID? POSIX requires that `chown' and `chgrp' first attempt to resolve the specified string as a name, and only once that fails, then try to interpret it as an ID. This is troublesome when you want to specify a numeric ID, say 42, and it must work even in a pathological situation where `42' is a user name that maps to some other user ID, say 1000. Simply invoking `chown 42 F', will set `F's owner ID to 1000--not what you intended. GNU `chown' and `chgrp' provide a way to work around this, that at the same time may result in a significant performance improvement by eliminating a database look-up. Simply precede each numeric user ID and/or group ID with a `+', in order to force its interpretation as an integer: chown +42 F chgrp +$numeric_group_id another-file chown +0:+0 / GNU `chown' and `chgrp' skip the name look-up process for each `+'-prefixed string, because a string containing `+' is never a valid user or group name. This syntax is accepted on most common Unix systems, but not on Solaris 10. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) Using a number as a user name is common in some environments.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Random sources, Next: Target directory, Prev: Disambiguating names and IDs, Up: Common options 2.6 Sources of random data ========================== The `shuf', `shred', and `sort' commands sometimes need random data to do their work. For example, `sort -R' must choose a hash function at random, and it needs random data to make this selection. By default these commands use an internal pseudorandom generator initialized by a small amount of entropy, but can be directed to use an external source with the `--random-source=FILE' option. An error is reported if FILE does not contain enough bytes. For example, the device file `/dev/urandom' could be used as the source of random data. Typically, this device gathers environmental noise from device drivers and other sources into an entropy pool, and uses the pool to generate random bits. If the pool is short of data, the device reuses the internal pool to produce more bits, using a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator. But be aware that this device is not designed for bulk random data generation and is relatively slow. `/dev/urandom' suffices for most practical uses, but applications requiring high-value or long-term protection of private data may require an alternate data source like `/dev/random' or `/dev/arandom'. The set of available sources depends on your operating system. To reproduce the results of an earlier invocation of a command, you can save some random data into a file and then use that file as the random source in earlier and later invocations of the command.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Target directory, Next: Trailing slashes, Prev: Random sources, Up: Common options 2.7 Target directory ==================== The `cp', `install', `ln', and `mv' commands normally treat the last operand specially when it is a directory or a symbolic link to a directory. For example, `cp source dest' is equivalent to `cp source dest/source' if `dest' is a directory. Sometimes this behavior is not exactly what is wanted, so these commands support the following options to allow more fine-grained control: `-T' `--no-target-directory' Do not treat the last operand specially when it is a directory or a symbolic link to a directory. This can help avoid race conditions in programs that operate in a shared area. For example, when the command `mv /tmp/source /tmp/dest' succeeds, there is no guarantee that `/tmp/source' was renamed to `/tmp/dest': it could have been renamed to `/tmp/dest/source' instead, if some other process created `/tmp/dest' as a directory. However, if `mv -T /tmp/source /tmp/dest' succeeds, there is no question that `/tmp/source' was renamed to `/tmp/dest'. In the opposite situation, where you want the last operand to be treated as a directory and want a diagnostic otherwise, you can use the `--target-directory' (`-t') option. `-t DIRECTORY' `--target-directory=DIRECTORY' Use DIRECTORY as the directory component of each destination file name. The interface for most programs is that after processing options and a finite (possibly zero) number of fixed-position arguments, the remaining argument list is either expected to be empty, or is a list of items (usually files) that will all be handled identically. The `xargs' program is designed to work well with this convention. The commands in the `mv'-family are unusual in that they take a variable number of arguments with a special case at the _end_ (namely, the target directory). This makes it nontrivial to perform some operations, e.g., "move all files from here to ../d/", because `mv * ../d/' might exhaust the argument space, and `ls | xargs ...' doesn't have a clean way to specify an extra final argument for each invocation of the subject command. (It can be done by going through a shell command, but that requires more human labor and brain power than it should.) The `--target-directory' (`-t') option allows the `cp', `install', `ln', and `mv' programs to be used conveniently with `xargs'. For example, you can move the files from the current directory to a sibling directory, `d' like this: ls | xargs mv -t ../d -- However, this doesn't move files whose names begin with `.'. If you use the GNU `find' program, you can move those files too, with this command: find . -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 \ | xargs mv -t ../d But both of the above approaches fail if there are no files in the current directory, or if any file has a name containing a blank or some other special characters. The following example removes those limitations and requires both GNU `find' and GNU `xargs': find . -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 -print0 \ | xargs --null --no-run-if-empty \ mv -t ../d The `--target-directory' (`-t') and `--no-target-directory' (`-T') options cannot be combined.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Trailing slashes, Next: Traversing symlinks, Prev: Target directory, Up: Common options 2.8 Trailing slashes ==================== Some GNU programs (at least `cp' and `mv') allow you to remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument before operating on it. The `--strip-trailing-slashes' option enables this behavior. This is useful when a SOURCE argument may have a trailing slash and specify a symbolic link to a directory. This scenario is in fact rather common because some shells can automatically append a trailing slash when performing file name completion on such symbolic links. Without this option, `mv', for example, (via the system's rename function) must interpret a trailing slash as a request to dereference the symbolic link and so must rename the indirectly referenced _directory_ and not the symbolic link. Although it may seem surprising that such behavior be the default, it is required by POSIX and is consistent with other parts of that standard.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Traversing symlinks, Next: Treating / specially, Prev: Trailing slashes, Up: Common options 2.9 Traversing symlinks ======================= The following options modify how `chown' and `chgrp' traverse a hierarchy when the `--recursive' (`-R') option is also specified. If more than one of the following options is specified, only the final one takes effect. These options specify whether processing a symbolic link to a directory entails operating on just the symbolic link or on all files in the hierarchy rooted at that directory. These options are independent of `--dereference' and `--no-dereference' (`-h'), which control whether to modify a symlink or its referent. `-H' If `--recursive' (`-R') is specified and a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it. `-L' In a recursive traversal, traverse every symbolic link to a directory that is encountered. `-P' Do not traverse any symbolic links. This is the default if none of `-H', `-L', or `-P' is specified.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Treating / specially, Next: Special built-in utilities, Prev: Traversing symlinks, Up: Common options 2.10 Treating `/' specially =========================== Certain commands can operate destructively on entire hierarchies. For example, if a user with appropriate privileges mistakenly runs `rm -rf / tmp/junk', that may remove all files on the entire system. Since there are so few legitimate uses for such a command, GNU `rm' normally declines to operate on any directory that resolves to `/'. If you really want to try to remove all the files on your system, you can use the `--no-preserve-root' option, but the default behavior, specified by the `--preserve-option', is safer for most purposes. The commands `chgrp', `chmod' and `chown' can also operate destructively on entire hierarchies, so they too support these options. Although, unlike `rm', they don't actually unlink files, these commands are arguably more dangerous when operating recursively on `/', since they often work much more quickly, and hence damage more files before an alert user can interrupt them. Tradition and POSIX require these commands to operate recursively on `/', so they default to `--no-preserve-root', but using the `--preserve-root' option makes them safer for most purposes. For convenience you can specify `--preserve-root' in an alias or in a shell function. Note that the `--preserve-root' option also ensures that `chgrp' and `chown' do not modify `/' even when dereferencing a symlink pointing to `/'.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Special built-in utilities, Next: Standards conformance, Prev: Treating / specially, Up: Common options 2.11 Special built-in utilities =============================== Some programs like `nice' can invoke other programs; for example, the command `nice cat file' invokes the program `cat' by executing the command `cat file'. However, "special built-in utilities" like `exit' cannot be invoked this way. For example, the command `nice exit' does not have a well-defined behavior: it may generate an error message instead of exiting. Here is a list of the special built-in utilities that are standardized by POSIX 1003.1-2004. . : break continue eval exec exit export readonly return set shift times trap unset For example, because `.', `:', and `exec' are special, the commands `nice . foo.sh', `nice :', and `nice exec pwd' do not work as you might expect. Many shells extend this list. For example, Bash has several extra special built-in utilities like `history', and `suspend', and with Bash the command `nice suspend' generates an error message instead of suspending.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Standards conformance, Prev: Special built-in utilities, Up: Common options 2.12 Standards conformance ========================== In a few cases, the GNU utilities' default behavior is incompatible with the POSIX standard. To suppress these incompatibilities, define the `POSIXLY_CORRECT' environment variable. Unless you are checking for POSIX conformance, you probably do not need to define `POSIXLY_CORRECT'. Newer versions of POSIX are occasionally incompatible with older versions. For example, older versions of POSIX required the command `sort +1' to sort based on the second and succeeding fields in each input line, but starting with POSIX 1003.1-2001 the same command is required to sort the file named `+1', and you must instead use the command `sort -k 2' to get the field-based sort. The GNU utilities normally conform to the version of POSIX that is standard for your system. To cause them to conform to a different version of POSIX, define the `_POSIX2_VERSION' environment variable to a value of the form YYYYMM specifying the year and month the standard was adopted. Two values are currently supported for `_POSIX2_VERSION': `199209' stands for POSIX 1003.2-1992, and `200112' stands for POSIX 1003.1-2001. For example, if you have a newer system but are running software that assumes an older version of POSIX and uses `sort +1' or `tail +10', you can work around any compatibility problems by setting `_POSIX2_VERSION=199209' in your environment.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Output of entire files, Next: Formatting file contents, Prev: Common options, Up: Top 3 Output of entire files ************************ These commands read and write entire files, possibly transforming them in some way. * Menu: * cat invocation:: Concatenate and write files. * tac invocation:: Concatenate and write files in reverse. * nl invocation:: Number lines and write files. * od invocation:: Write files in octal or other formats. * base64 invocation:: Transform data into printable data.  File: coreutils.info, Node: cat invocation, Next: tac invocation, Up: Output of entire files 3.1 `cat': Concatenate and write files ====================================== `cat' copies each FILE (`-' means standard input), or standard input if none are given, to standard output. Synopsis: cat [OPTION] [FILE]... The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-A' `--show-all' Equivalent to `-vET'. `-b' `--number-nonblank' Number all nonempty output lines, starting with 1. `-e' Equivalent to `-vE'. `-E' `--show-ends' Display a `$' after the end of each line. `-n' `--number' Number all output lines, starting with 1. `-s' `--squeeze-blank' Suppress repeated adjacent empty lines; output just one empty line instead of several. `-t' Equivalent to `-vT'. `-T' `--show-tabs' Display TAB characters as `^I'. `-u' Ignored; for POSIX compatibility. `-v' `--show-nonprinting' Display control characters except for LFD and TAB using `^' notation and precede characters that have the high bit set with `M-'. On systems like MS-DOS that distinguish between text and binary files, `cat' normally reads and writes in binary mode. However, `cat' reads in text mode if one of the options `-bensAE' is used or if `cat' is reading from standard input and standard input is a terminal. Similarly, `cat' writes in text mode if one of the options `-bensAE' is used or if standard output is a terminal. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure. Examples: # Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. cat f - g # Copy standard input to standard output. cat  File: coreutils.info, Node: tac invocation, Next: nl invocation, Prev: cat invocation, Up: Output of entire files 3.2 `tac': Concatenate and write files in reverse ================================================= `tac' copies each FILE (`-' means standard input), or standard input if none are given, to standard output, reversing the records (lines by default) in each separately. Synopsis: tac [OPTION]... [FILE]... "Records" are separated by instances of a string (newline by default). By default, this separator string is attached to the end of the record that it follows in the file. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-b' `--before' The separator is attached to the beginning of the record that it precedes in the file. `-r' `--regex' Treat the separator string as a regular expression. Users of `tac' on MS-DOS/MS-Windows should note that, since `tac' reads files in binary mode, each line of a text file might end with a CR/LF pair instead of the Unix-style LF. `-s SEPARATOR' `--separator=SEPARATOR' Use SEPARATOR as the record separator, instead of newline. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: nl invocation, Next: od invocation, Prev: tac invocation, Up: Output of entire files 3.3 `nl': Number lines and write files ====================================== `nl' writes each FILE (`-' means standard input), or standard input if none are given, to standard output, with line numbers added to some or all of the lines. Synopsis: nl [OPTION]... [FILE]... `nl' decomposes its input into (logical) pages; by default, the line number is reset to 1 at the top of each logical page. `nl' treats all of the input files as a single document; it does not reset line numbers or logical pages between files. A logical page consists of three sections: header, body, and footer. Any of the sections can be empty. Each can be numbered in a different style from the others. The beginnings of the sections of logical pages are indicated in the input file by a line containing exactly one of these delimiter strings: `\:\:\:' start of header; `\:\:' start of body; `\:' start of footer. The two characters from which these strings are made can be changed from `\' and `:' via options (see below), but the pattern and length of each string cannot be changed. A section delimiter is replaced by an empty line on output. Any text that comes before the first section delimiter string in the input file is considered to be part of a body section, so `nl' treats a file that contains no section delimiters as a single body section. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-b STYLE' `--body-numbering=STYLE' Select the numbering style for lines in the body section of each logical page. When a line is not numbered, the current line number is not incremented, but the line number separator character is still prepended to the line. The styles are: `a' number all lines, `t' number only nonempty lines (default for body), `n' do not number lines (default for header and footer), `pBRE' number only lines that contain a match for the basic regular expression BRE. *Note Regular Expressions: (grep)Regular Expressions. `-d CD' `--section-delimiter=CD' Set the section delimiter characters to CD; default is `\:'. If only C is given, the second remains `:'. (Remember to protect `\' or other metacharacters from shell expansion with quotes or extra backslashes.) `-f STYLE' `--footer-numbering=STYLE' Analogous to `--body-numbering'. `-h STYLE' `--header-numbering=STYLE' Analogous to `--body-numbering'. `-i NUMBER' `--line-increment=NUMBER' Increment line numbers by NUMBER (default 1). `-l NUMBER' `--join-blank-lines=NUMBER' Consider NUMBER (default 1) consecutive empty lines to be one logical line for numbering, and only number the last one. Where fewer than NUMBER consecutive empty lines occur, do not number them. An empty line is one that contains no characters, not even spaces or tabs. `-n FORMAT' `--number-format=FORMAT' Select the line numbering format (default is `rn'): `ln' left justified, no leading zeros; `rn' right justified, no leading zeros; `rz' right justified, leading zeros. `-p' `--no-renumber' Do not reset the line number at the start of a logical page. `-s STRING' `--number-separator=STRING' Separate the line number from the text line in the output with STRING (default is the TAB character). `-v NUMBER' `--starting-line-number=NUMBER' Set the initial line number on each logical page to NUMBER (default 1). `-w NUMBER' `--number-width=NUMBER' Use NUMBER characters for line numbers (default 6). An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: od invocation, Next: base64 invocation, Prev: nl invocation, Up: Output of entire files 3.4 `od': Write files in octal or other formats =============================================== `od' writes an unambiguous representation of each FILE (`-' means standard input), or standard input if none are given. Synopses: od [OPTION]... [FILE]... od [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] od [OPTION]... --traditional [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [[+]LABEL[.][b]]] Each line of output consists of the offset in the input, followed by groups of data from the file. By default, `od' prints the offset in octal, and each group of file data is a C `short int''s worth of input printed as a single octal number. If OFFSET is given, it specifies how many input bytes to skip before formatting and writing. By default, it is interpreted as an octal number, but the optional trailing decimal point causes it to be interpreted as decimal. If no decimal is specified and the offset begins with `0x' or `0X' it is interpreted as a hexadecimal number. If there is a trailing `b', the number of bytes skipped will be OFFSET multiplied by 512. If a command is of both the first and second forms, the second form is assumed if the last operand begins with `+' or (if there are two operands) a digit. For example, in `od foo 10' and `od +10' the `10' is an offset, whereas in `od 10' the `10' is a file name. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-A RADIX' `--address-radix=RADIX' Select the base in which file offsets are printed. RADIX can be one of the following: `d' decimal; `o' octal; `x' hexadecimal; `n' none (do not print offsets). The default is octal. `-j BYTES' `--skip-bytes=BYTES' Skip BYTES input bytes before formatting and writing. If BYTES begins with `0x' or `0X', it is interpreted in hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with `0', in octal; otherwise, in decimal. BYTES may be, or may be an integer optionally followed by, one of the following multiplicative suffixes: `b' => 512 ("blocks") `KB' => 1000 (KiloBytes) `K' => 1024 (KibiBytes) `MB' => 1000*1000 (MegaBytes) `M' => 1024*1024 (MebiBytes) `GB' => 1000*1000*1000 (GigaBytes) `G' => 1024*1024*1024 (GibiBytes) and so on for `T', `P', `E', `Z', and `Y'. `-N BYTES' `--read-bytes=BYTES' Output at most BYTES bytes of the input. Prefixes and suffixes on `bytes' are interpreted as for the `-j' option. `-S BYTES' `--strings[=BYTES]' Instead of the normal output, output only "string constants": at least BYTES consecutive ASCII graphic characters, followed by a zero byte (ASCII NUL). Prefixes and suffixes on `bytes' are interpreted as for the `-j' option. If N is omitted with `--strings', the default is 3. `-t TYPE' `--format=TYPE' Select the format in which to output the file data. TYPE is a string of one or more of the below type indicator characters. If you include more than one type indicator character in a single TYPE string, or use this option more than once, `od' writes one copy of each output line using each of the data types that you specified, in the order that you specified. Adding a trailing "z" to any type specification appends a display of the ASCII character representation of the printable characters to the output line generated by the type specification. `a' named character, ignoring high-order bit `c' ASCII character or backslash escape, `d' signed decimal `f' floating point `o' octal `u' unsigned decimal `x' hexadecimal The type `a' outputs things like `sp' for space, `nl' for newline, and `nul' for a zero byte. Only the least significant seven bits of each byte is used; the high-order bit is ignored. Type `c' outputs ` ', `\n', and `\0', respectively. Except for types `a' and `c', you can specify the number of bytes to use in interpreting each number in the given data type by following the type indicator character with a decimal integer. Alternately, you can specify the size of one of the C compiler's built-in data types by following the type indicator character with one of the following characters. For integers (`d', `o', `u', `x'): `C' char `S' short `I' int `L' long For floating point (`f'): F float D double L long double `-v' `--output-duplicates' Output consecutive lines that are identical. By default, when two or more consecutive output lines would be identical, `od' outputs only the first line, and puts just an asterisk on the following line to indicate the elision. `-w[N]' `--width[=N]' Dump `n' input bytes per output line. This must be a multiple of the least common multiple of the sizes associated with the specified output types. If this option is not given at all, the default is 16. If N is omitted, the default is 32. The next several options are shorthands for format specifications. GNU `od' accepts any combination of shorthands and format specification options. These options accumulate. `-a' Output as named characters. Equivalent to `-t a'. `-b' Output as octal bytes. Equivalent to `-t o1'. `-c' Output as ASCII characters or backslash escapes. Equivalent to `-t c'. `-d' Output as unsigned decimal two-byte units. Equivalent to `-t u2'. `-f' Output as floats. Equivalent to `-t fF'. `-i' Output as decimal ints. Equivalent to `-t dI'. `-l' Output as decimal long ints. Equivalent to `-t dL'. `-o' Output as octal two-byte units. Equivalent to `-t o2'. `-s' Output as decimal two-byte units. Equivalent to `-t d2'. `-x' Output as hexadecimal two-byte units. Equivalent to `-t x2'. `--traditional' Recognize the non-option label argument that traditional `od' accepted. The following syntax: od --traditional [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [[+]LABEL[.][b]]] can be used to specify at most one file and optional arguments specifying an offset and a pseudo-start address, LABEL. The LABEL argument is interpreted just like OFFSET, but it specifies an initial pseudo-address. The pseudo-addresses are displayed in parentheses following any normal address. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: base64 invocation, Prev: od invocation, Up: Output of entire files 3.5 `base64': Transform data into printable data ================================================ `base64' transforms data read from a file, or standard input, into (or from) base64 encoded form. The base64 encoded form uses printable ASCII characters to represent binary data. Synopses: base64 [OPTION]... [FILE] base64 --decode [OPTION]... [FILE] The base64 encoding expands data to roughly 133% of the original. The format conforms to RFC 4648 (ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc4648.txt). The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-w COLS' `--wrap=COLS' During encoding, wrap lines after COLS characters. This must be a positive number. The default is to wrap after 76 characters. Use the value 0 to disable line wrapping altogether. `-d' `--decode' Change the mode of operation, from the default of encoding data, to decoding data. Input is expected to be base64 encoded data, and the output will be the original data. `-i' `--ignore-garbage' When decoding, newlines are always accepted. During decoding, ignore unrecognized bytes, to permit distorted data to be decoded. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Formatting file contents, Next: Output of parts of files, Prev: Output of entire files, Up: Top 4 Formatting file contents ************************** These commands reformat the contents of files. * Menu: * fmt invocation:: Reformat paragraph text. * pr invocation:: Paginate or columnate files for printing. * fold invocation:: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width.  File: coreutils.info, Node: fmt invocation, Next: pr invocation, Up: Formatting file contents 4.1 `fmt': Reformat paragraph text ================================== `fmt' fills and joins lines to produce output lines of (at most) a given number of characters (75 by default). Synopsis: fmt [OPTION]... [FILE]... `fmt' reads from the specified FILE arguments (or standard input if none are given), and writes to standard output. By default, blank lines, spaces between words, and indentation are preserved in the output; successive input lines with different indentation are not joined; tabs are expanded on input and introduced on output. `fmt' prefers breaking lines at the end of a sentence, and tries to avoid line breaks after the first word of a sentence or before the last word of a sentence. A "sentence break" is defined as either the end of a paragraph or a word ending in any of `.?!', followed by two spaces or end of line, ignoring any intervening parentheses or quotes. Like TeX, `fmt' reads entire "paragraphs" before choosing line breaks; the algorithm is a variant of that given by Donald E. Knuth and Michael F. Plass in "Breaking Paragraphs Into Lines", `Software--Practice & Experience' 11, 11 (November 1981), 1119-1184. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-c' `--crown-margin' "Crown margin" mode: preserve the indentation of the first two lines within a paragraph, and align the left margin of each subsequent line with that of the second line. `-t' `--tagged-paragraph' "Tagged paragraph" mode: like crown margin mode, except that if indentation of the first line of a paragraph is the same as the indentation of the second, the first line is treated as a one-line paragraph. `-s' `--split-only' Split lines only. Do not join short lines to form longer ones. This prevents sample lines of code, and other such "formatted" text from being unduly combined. `-u' `--uniform-spacing' Uniform spacing. Reduce spacing between words to one space, and spacing between sentences to two spaces. `-WIDTH' `-w WIDTH' `--width=WIDTH' Fill output lines up to WIDTH characters (default 75). `fmt' initially tries to make lines about 7% shorter than this, to give it room to balance line lengths. `-p PREFIX' `--prefix=PREFIX' Only lines beginning with PREFIX (possibly preceded by whitespace) are subject to formatting. The prefix and any preceding whitespace are stripped for the formatting and then re-attached to each formatted output line. One use is to format certain kinds of program comments, while leaving the code unchanged. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: pr invocation, Next: fold invocation, Prev: fmt invocation, Up: Formatting file contents 4.2 `pr': Paginate or columnate files for printing ================================================== `pr' writes each FILE (`-' means standard input), or standard input if none are given, to standard output, paginating and optionally outputting in multicolumn format; optionally merges all FILEs, printing all in parallel, one per column. Synopsis: pr [OPTION]... [FILE]... By default, a 5-line header is printed at each page: two blank lines; a line with the date, the file name, and the page count; and two more blank lines. A footer of five blank lines is also printed. The default PAGE_LENGTH is 66 lines. The default number of text lines is therefore 56. The text line of the header takes the form `DATE STRING PAGE', with spaces inserted around STRING so that the line takes up the full PAGE_WIDTH. Here, DATE is the date (see the `-D' or `--date-format' option for details), STRING is the centered header string, and PAGE identifies the page number. The `LC_MESSAGES' locale category affects the spelling of PAGE; in the default C locale, it is `Page NUMBER' where NUMBER is the decimal page number. Form feeds in the input cause page breaks in the output. Multiple form feeds produce empty pages. Columns are of equal width, separated by an optional string (default is `space'). For multicolumn output, lines will always be truncated to PAGE_WIDTH (default 72), unless you use the `-J' option. For single column output no line truncation occurs by default. Use `-W' option to truncate lines in that case. The following changes were made in version 1.22i and apply to later versions of `pr': - Brian * Some small LETTER OPTIONS (`-s', `-w') have been redefined for better POSIX compliance. The output of some further cases has been adapted to other Unix systems. These changes are not compatible with earlier versions of the program. * Some NEW CAPITAL LETTER options (`-J', `-S', `-W') have been introduced to turn off unexpected interferences of small letter options. The `-N' option and the second argument LAST_PAGE of `+FIRST_PAGE' offer more flexibility. The detailed handling of form feeds set in the input files requires the `-T' option. * Capital letter options override small letter ones. * Some of the option-arguments (compare `-s', `-e', `-i', `-n') cannot be specified as separate arguments from the preceding option letter (already stated in the POSIX specification). The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `+FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' `--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' Begin printing with page FIRST_PAGE and stop with LAST_PAGE. Missing `:LAST_PAGE' implies end of file. While estimating the number of skipped pages each form feed in the input file results in a new page. Page counting with and without `+FIRST_PAGE' is identical. By default, counting starts with the first page of input file (not first page printed). Line numbering may be altered by `-N' option. `-COLUMN' `--columns=COLUMN' With each single FILE, produce COLUMN columns of output (default is 1) and print columns down, unless `-a' is used. The column width is automatically decreased as COLUMN increases; unless you use the `-W/-w' option to increase PAGE_WIDTH as well. This option might well cause some lines to be truncated. The number of lines in the columns on each page are balanced. The options `-e' and `-i' are on for multiple text-column output. Together with `-J' option column alignment and line truncation is turned off. Lines of full length are joined in a free field format and `-S' option may set field separators. `-COLUMN' may not be used with `-m' option. `-a' `--across' With each single FILE, print columns across rather than down. The `-COLUMN' option must be given with COLUMN greater than one. If a line is too long to fit in a column, it is truncated. `-c' `--show-control-chars' Print control characters using hat notation (e.g., `^G'); print other nonprinting characters in octal backslash notation. By default, nonprinting characters are not changed. `-d' `--double-space' Double space the output. `-D FORMAT' `--date-format=FORMAT' Format header dates using FORMAT, using the same conventions as for the command `date +FORMAT'; *Note date invocation::. Except for directives, which start with `%', characters in FORMAT are printed unchanged. You can use this option to specify an arbitrary string in place of the header date, e.g., `--date-format="Monday morning"'. The default date format is `%Y-%m-%d %H:%M' (for example, `2001-12-04 23:59'); but if the `POSIXLY_CORRECT' environment variable is set and the `LC_TIME' locale category specifies the POSIX locale, the default is `%b %e %H:%M %Y' (for example, `Dec 4 23:59 2001'. Time stamps are listed according to the time zone rules specified by the `TZ' environment variable, or by the system default rules if `TZ' is not set. *Note Specifying the Time Zone with `TZ': (libc)TZ Variable. `-e[IN-TABCHAR[IN-TABWIDTH]]' `--expand-tabs[=IN-TABCHAR[IN-TABWIDTH]]' Expand TABs to spaces on input. Optional argument IN-TABCHAR is the input tab character (default is the TAB character). Second optional argument IN-TABWIDTH is the input tab character's width (default is 8). `-f' `-F' `--form-feed' Use a form feed instead of newlines to separate output pages. This does not alter the default page length of 66 lines. `-h HEADER' `--header=HEADER' Replace the file name in the header with the centered string HEADER. When using the shell, HEADER should be quoted and should be separated from `-h' by a space. `-i[OUT-TABCHAR[OUT-TABWIDTH]]' `--output-tabs[=OUT-TABCHAR[OUT-TABWIDTH]]' Replace spaces with TABs on output. Optional argument OUT-TABCHAR is the output tab character (default is the TAB character). Second optional argument OUT-TABWIDTH is the output tab character's width (default is 8). `-J' `--join-lines' Merge lines of full length. Used together with the column options `-COLUMN', `-a -COLUMN' or `-m'. Turns off `-W/-w' line truncation; no column alignment used; may be used with `--sep-string[=STRING]'. `-J' has been introduced (together with `-W' and `--sep-string') to disentangle the old (POSIX-compliant) options `-w' and `-s' along with the three column options. `-l PAGE_LENGTH' `--length=PAGE_LENGTH' Set the page length to PAGE_LENGTH (default 66) lines, including the lines of the header [and the footer]. If PAGE_LENGTH is less than or equal to 10, the header and footer are omitted, as if the `-t' option had been given. `-m' `--merge' Merge and print all FILEs in parallel, one in each column. If a line is too long to fit in a column, it is truncated, unless the `-J' option is used. `--sep-string[=STRING]' may be used. Empty pages in some FILEs (form feeds set) produce empty columns, still marked by STRING. The result is a continuous line numbering and column marking throughout the whole merged file. Completely empty merged pages show no separators or line numbers. The default header becomes `DATE PAGE' with spaces inserted in the middle; this may be used with the `-h' or `--header' option to fill up the middle blank part. `-n[NUMBER-SEPARATOR[DIGITS]]' `--number-lines[=NUMBER-SEPARATOR[DIGITS]]' Provide DIGITS digit line numbering (default for DIGITS is 5). With multicolumn output the number occupies the first DIGITS column positions of each text column or only each line of `-m' output. With single column output the number precedes each line just as `-m' does. Default counting of the line numbers starts with the first line of the input file (not the first line printed, compare the `--page' option and `-N' option). Optional argument NUMBER-SEPARATOR is the character appended to the line number to separate it from the text followed. The default separator is the TAB character. In a strict sense a TAB is always printed with single column output only. The TAB width varies with the TAB position, e.g., with the left MARGIN specified by `-o' option. With multicolumn output priority is given to `equal width of output columns' (a POSIX specification). The TAB width is fixed to the value of the first column and does not change with different values of left MARGIN. That means a fixed number of spaces is always printed in the place of the NUMBER-SEPARATOR TAB. The tabification depends upon the output position. `-N LINE_NUMBER' `--first-line-number=LINE_NUMBER' Start line counting with the number LINE_NUMBER at first line of first page printed (in most cases not the first line of the input file). `-o MARGIN' `--indent=MARGIN' Indent each line with a margin MARGIN spaces wide (default is zero). The total page width is the size of the margin plus the PAGE_WIDTH set with the `-W/-w' option. A limited overflow may occur with numbered single column output (compare `-n' option). `-r' `--no-file-warnings' Do not print a warning message when an argument FILE cannot be opened. (The exit status will still be nonzero, however.) `-s[CHAR]' `--separator[=CHAR]' Separate columns by a single character CHAR. The default for CHAR is the TAB character without `-w' and `no character' with `-w'. Without `-s' the default separator `space' is set. `-s[char]' turns off line truncation of all three column options (`-COLUMN'|`-a -COLUMN'|`-m') unless `-w' is set. This is a POSIX-compliant formulation. `-SSTRING' `--sep-string[=STRING]' Use STRING to separate output columns. The `-S' option doesn't affect the `-W/-w' option, unlike the `-s' option which does. It does not affect line truncation or column alignment. Without `-S', and with `-J', `pr' uses the default output separator, TAB. Without `-S' or `-J', `pr' uses a `space' (same as `-S" "'). `--sep-string' with no `=STRING' is equivalent to `--sep-string=""'. `-t' `--omit-header' Do not print the usual header [and footer] on each page, and do not fill out the bottom of pages (with blank lines or a form feed). No page structure is produced, but form feeds set in the input files are retained. The predefined pagination is not changed. `-t' or `-T' may be useful together with other options; e.g.: `-t -e4', expand TAB characters in the input file to 4 spaces but don't make any other changes. Use of `-t' overrides `-h'. `-T' `--omit-pagination' Do not print header [and footer]. In addition eliminate all form feeds set in the input files. `-v' `--show-nonprinting' Print nonprinting characters in octal backslash notation. `-w PAGE_WIDTH' `--width=PAGE_WIDTH' Set page width to PAGE_WIDTH characters for multiple text-column output only (default for PAGE_WIDTH is 72). `-s[CHAR]' turns off the default page width and any line truncation and column alignment. Lines of full length are merged, regardless of the column options set. No PAGE_WIDTH setting is possible with single column output. A POSIX-compliant formulation. `-W PAGE_WIDTH' `--page_width=PAGE_WIDTH' Set the page width to PAGE_WIDTH characters. That's valid with and without a column option. Text lines are truncated, unless `-J' is used. Together with one of the three column options (`-COLUMN', `-a -COLUMN' or `-m') column alignment is always used. The separator options `-S' or `-s' don't affect the `-W' option. Default is 72 characters. Without `-W PAGE_WIDTH' and without any of the column options NO line truncation is used (defined to keep downward compatibility and to meet most frequent tasks). That's equivalent to `-W 72 -J'. The header line is never truncated. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: fold invocation, Prev: pr invocation, Up: Formatting file contents 4.3 `fold': Wrap input lines to fit in specified width ====================================================== `fold' writes each FILE (`-' means standard input), or standard input if none are given, to standard output, breaking long lines. Synopsis: fold [OPTION]... [FILE]... By default, `fold' breaks lines wider than 80 columns. The output is split into as many lines as necessary. `fold' counts screen columns by default; thus, a tab may count more than one column, backspace decreases the column count, and carriage return sets the column to zero. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-b' `--bytes' Count bytes rather than columns, so that tabs, backspaces, and carriage returns are each counted as taking up one column, just like other characters. `-s' `--spaces' Break at word boundaries: the line is broken after the last blank before the maximum line length. If the line contains no such blanks, the line is broken at the maximum line length as usual. `-w WIDTH' `--width=WIDTH' Use a maximum line length of WIDTH columns instead of 80. For compatibility `fold' supports an obsolete option syntax `-WIDTH'. New scripts should use `-w WIDTH' instead. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Output of parts of files, Next: Summarizing files, Prev: Formatting file contents, Up: Top 5 Output of parts of files ************************** These commands output pieces of the input. * Menu: * head invocation:: Output the first part of files. * tail invocation:: Output the last part of files. * split invocation:: Split a file into fixed-size pieces. * csplit invocation:: Split a file into context-determined pieces.  File: coreutils.info, Node: head invocation, Next: tail invocation, Up: Output of parts of files 5.1 `head': Output the first part of files ========================================== `head' prints the first part (10 lines by default) of each FILE; it reads from standard input if no files are given or when given a FILE of `-'. Synopsis: head [OPTION]... [FILE]... If more than one FILE is specified, `head' prints a one-line header consisting of: ==> FILE NAME <== before the output for each FILE. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-c K' `--bytes=K' Print the first K bytes, instead of initial lines. However, if K starts with a `-', print all but the last K bytes of each file. K may be, or may be an integer optionally followed by, one of the following multiplicative suffixes: `b' => 512 ("blocks") `KB' => 1000 (KiloBytes) `K' => 1024 (KibiBytes) `MB' => 1000*1000 (MegaBytes) `M' => 1024*1024 (MebiBytes) `GB' => 1000*1000*1000 (GigaBytes) `G' => 1024*1024*1024 (GibiBytes) and so on for `T', `P', `E', `Z', and `Y'. `-n K' `--lines=K' Output the first K lines. However, if K starts with a `-', print all but the last K lines of each file. Size multiplier suffixes are the same as with the `-c' option. `-q' `--quiet' `--silent' Never print file name headers. `-v' `--verbose' Always print file name headers. For compatibility `head' also supports an obsolete option syntax `-COUNTOPTIONS', which is recognized only if it is specified first. COUNT is a decimal number optionally followed by a size letter (`b', `k', `m') as in `-c', or `l' to mean count by lines, or other option letters (`cqv'). Scripts intended for standard hosts should use `-c COUNT' or `-n COUNT' instead. If your script must also run on hosts that support only the obsolete syntax, it is usually simpler to avoid `head', e.g., by using `sed 5q' instead of `head -5'. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: tail invocation, Next: split invocation, Prev: head invocation, Up: Output of parts of files 5.2 `tail': Output the last part of files ========================================= `tail' prints the last part (10 lines by default) of each FILE; it reads from standard input if no files are given or when given a FILE of `-'. Synopsis: tail [OPTION]... [FILE]... If more than one FILE is specified, `tail' prints a one-line header consisting of: ==> FILE NAME <== before the output for each FILE. GNU `tail' can output any amount of data (some other versions of `tail' cannot). It also has no `-r' option (print in reverse), since reversing a file is really a different job from printing the end of a file; BSD `tail' (which is the one with `-r') can only reverse files that are at most as large as its buffer, which is typically 32 KiB. A more reliable and versatile way to reverse files is the GNU `tac' command. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-c K' `--bytes=K' Output the last K bytes, instead of final lines. However, if K starts with a `+', start printing with the Kth byte from the start of each file, instead of from the end. K may be, or may be an integer optionally followed by, one of the following multiplicative suffixes: `b' => 512 ("blocks") `KB' => 1000 (KiloBytes) `K' => 1024 (KibiBytes) `MB' => 1000*1000 (MegaBytes) `M' => 1024*1024 (MebiBytes) `GB' => 1000*1000*1000 (GigaBytes) `G' => 1024*1024*1024 (GibiBytes) and so on for `T', `P', `E', `Z', and `Y'. `-f' `--follow[=HOW]' Loop forever trying to read more characters at the end of the file, presumably because the file is growing. If more than one file is given, `tail' prints a header whenever it gets output from a different file, to indicate which file that output is from. There are two ways to specify how you'd like to track files with this option, but that difference is noticeable only when a followed file is removed or renamed. If you'd like to continue to track the end of a growing file even after it has been unlinked, use `--follow=descriptor'. This is the default behavior, but it is not useful if you're tracking a log file that may be rotated (removed or renamed, then reopened). In that case, use `--follow=name' to track the named file, perhaps by reopening it periodically to see if it has been removed and recreated by some other program. Note that the inotify-based implementation handles this case without the need for any periodic reopening. No matter which method you use, if the tracked file is determined to have shrunk, `tail' prints a message saying the file has been truncated and resumes tracking the end of the file from the newly-determined endpoint. When a file is removed, `tail''s behavior depends on whether it is following the name or the descriptor. When following by name, tail can detect that a file has been removed and gives a message to that effect, and if `--retry' has been specified it will continue checking periodically to see if the file reappears. When following a descriptor, tail does not detect that the file has been unlinked or renamed and issues no message; even though the file may no longer be accessible via its original name, it may still be growing. The option values `descriptor' and `name' may be specified only with the long form of the option, not with `-f'. The `-f' option is ignored if no FILE operand is specified and standard input is a FIFO or a pipe. Likewise, the `-f' option has no effect for any operand specified as `-', when standard input is a FIFO or a pipe. `-F' This option is the same as `--follow=name --retry'. That is, tail will attempt to reopen a file when it is removed. Should this fail, tail will keep trying until it becomes accessible again. `--retry' This option is useful mainly when following by name (i.e., with `--follow=name'). Without this option, when tail encounters a file that doesn't exist or is otherwise inaccessible, it reports that fact and never checks it again. `--sleep-interval=NUMBER' Change the number of seconds to wait between iterations (the default is 1.0). During one iteration, every specified file is checked to see if it has changed size. Historical implementations of `tail' have required that NUMBER be an integer. However, GNU `tail' accepts an arbitrary floating point number (using a period before any fractional digits). `--pid=PID' When following by name or by descriptor, you may specify the process ID, PID, of the sole writer of all FILE arguments. Then, shortly after that process terminates, tail will also terminate. This will work properly only if the writer and the tailing process are running on the same machine. For example, to save the output of a build in a file and to watch the file grow, if you invoke `make' and `tail' like this then the tail process will stop when your build completes. Without this option, you would have had to kill the `tail -f' process yourself. $ make >& makerr & tail --pid=$! -f makerr If you specify a PID that is not in use or that does not correspond to the process that is writing to the tailed files, then `tail' may terminate long before any FILEs stop growing or it may not terminate until long after the real writer has terminated. Note that `--pid' cannot be supported on some systems; `tail' will print a warning if this is the case. `--max-unchanged-stats=N' When tailing a file by name, if there have been N (default n=5) consecutive iterations for which the file has not changed, then `open'/`fstat' the file to determine if that file name is still associated with the same device/inode-number pair as before. When following a log file that is rotated, this is approximately the number of seconds between when tail prints the last pre-rotation lines and when it prints the lines that have accumulated in the new log file. This option is meaningful only when following by name. `-n K' `--lines=K' Output the last K lines. However, if K starts with a `+', start printing with the Kth line from the start of each file, instead of from the end. Size multiplier suffixes are the same as with the `-c' option. `-q' `--quiet' `--silent' Never print file name headers. `-v' `--verbose' Always print file name headers. For compatibility `tail' also supports an obsolete usage `tail -[COUNT][bcl][f] [FILE]', which is recognized only if it does not conflict with the usage described above. This obsolete form uses exactly one option and at most one file. In the option, COUNT is an optional decimal number optionally followed by a size letter (`b', `c', `l') to mean count by 512-byte blocks, bytes, or lines, optionally followed by `f' which has the same meaning as `-f'. On older systems, the leading `-' can be replaced by `+' in the obsolete option syntax with the same meaning as in counts, and obsolete usage overrides normal usage when the two conflict. This obsolete behavior can be enabled or disabled with the `_POSIX2_VERSION' environment variable (*note Standards conformance::). Scripts intended for use on standard hosts should avoid obsolete syntax and should use `-c COUNT[b]', `-n COUNT', and/or `-f' instead. If your script must also run on hosts that support only the obsolete syntax, you can often rewrite it to avoid problematic usages, e.g., by using `sed -n '$p'' rather than `tail -1'. If that's not possible, the script can use a test like `if tail -c +1 /dev/null 2>&1; then ...' to decide which syntax to use. Even if your script assumes the standard behavior, you should still beware usages whose behaviors differ depending on the POSIX version. For example, avoid `tail - main.c', since it might be interpreted as either `tail main.c' or as `tail -- - main.c'; avoid `tail -c 4', since it might mean either `tail -c4' or `tail -c 10 4'; and avoid `tail +4', since it might mean either `tail ./+4' or `tail -n +4'. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: split invocation, Next: csplit invocation, Prev: tail invocation, Up: Output of parts of files 5.3 `split': Split a file into fixed-size pieces ================================================ `split' creates output files containing consecutive sections of INPUT (standard input if none is given or INPUT is `-'). Synopsis: split [OPTION] [INPUT [PREFIX]] By default, `split' puts 1000 lines of INPUT (or whatever is left over for the last section), into each output file. The output files' names consist of PREFIX (`x' by default) followed by a group of characters (`aa', `ab', ... by default), such that concatenating the output files in traditional sorted order by file name produces the original input file. If the output file names are exhausted, `split' reports an error without deleting the output files that it did create. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-l LINES' `--lines=LINES' Put LINES lines of INPUT into each output file. For compatibility `split' also supports an obsolete option syntax `-LINES'. New scripts should use `-l LINES' instead. `-b SIZE' `--bytes=SIZE' Put SIZE bytes of INPUT into each output file. SIZE may be, or may be an integer optionally followed by, one of the following multiplicative suffixes: `b' => 512 ("blocks") `KB' => 1000 (KiloBytes) `K' => 1024 (KibiBytes) `MB' => 1000*1000 (MegaBytes) `M' => 1024*1024 (MebiBytes) `GB' => 1000*1000*1000 (GigaBytes) `G' => 1024*1024*1024 (GibiBytes) and so on for `T', `P', `E', `Z', and `Y'. `-C SIZE' `--line-bytes=SIZE' Put into each output file as many complete lines of INPUT as possible without exceeding SIZE bytes. Individual lines longer than SIZE bytes are broken into multiple files. SIZE has the same format as for the `--bytes' option. `-a LENGTH' `--suffix-length=LENGTH' Use suffixes of length LENGTH. The default LENGTH is 2. `-d' `--numeric-suffixes' Use digits in suffixes rather than lower-case letters. `--verbose' Write a diagnostic just before each output file is opened. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: csplit invocation, Prev: split invocation, Up: Output of parts of files 5.4 `csplit': Split a file into context-determined pieces ========================================================= `csplit' creates zero or more output files containing sections of INPUT (standard input if INPUT is `-'). Synopsis: csplit [OPTION]... INPUT PATTERN... The contents of the output files are determined by the PATTERN arguments, as detailed below. An error occurs if a PATTERN argument refers to a nonexistent line of the input file (e.g., if no remaining line matches a given regular expression). After every PATTERN has been matched, any remaining input is copied into one last output file. By default, `csplit' prints the number of bytes written to each output file after it has been created. The types of pattern arguments are: `N' Create an output file containing the input up to but not including line N (a positive integer). If followed by a repeat count, also create an output file containing the next N lines of the input file once for each repeat. `/REGEXP/[OFFSET]' Create an output file containing the current line up to (but not including) the next line of the input file that contains a match for REGEXP. The optional OFFSET is an integer. If it is given, the input up to (but not including) the matching line plus or minus OFFSET is put into the output file, and the line after that begins the next section of input. `%REGEXP%[OFFSET]' Like the previous type, except that it does not create an output file, so that section of the input file is effectively ignored. `{REPEAT-COUNT}' Repeat the previous pattern REPEAT-COUNT additional times. The REPEAT-COUNT can either be a positive integer or an asterisk, meaning repeat as many times as necessary until the input is exhausted. The output files' names consist of a prefix (`xx' by default) followed by a suffix. By default, the suffix is an ascending sequence of two-digit decimal numbers from `00' to `99'. In any case, concatenating the output files in sorted order by file name produces the original input file. By default, if `csplit' encounters an error or receives a hangup, interrupt, quit, or terminate signal, it removes any output files that it has created so far before it exits. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-f PREFIX' `--prefix=PREFIX' Use PREFIX as the output file name prefix. `-b SUFFIX' `--suffix=SUFFIX' Use SUFFIX as the output file name suffix. When this option is specified, the suffix string must include exactly one `printf(3)'-style conversion specification, possibly including format specification flags, a field width, a precision specifications, or all of these kinds of modifiers. The format letter must convert a binary integer argument to readable form; thus, only `d', `i', `u', `o', `x', and `X' conversions are allowed. The entire SUFFIX is given (with the current output file number) to `sprintf(3)' to form the file name suffixes for each of the individual output files in turn. If this option is used, the `--digits' option is ignored. `-n DIGITS' `--digits=DIGITS' Use output file names containing numbers that are DIGITS digits long instead of the default 2. `-k' `--keep-files' Do not remove output files when errors are encountered. `-z' `--elide-empty-files' Suppress the generation of zero-length output files. (In cases where the section delimiters of the input file are supposed to mark the first lines of each of the sections, the first output file will generally be a zero-length file unless you use this option.) The output file sequence numbers always run consecutively starting from 0, even when this option is specified. `-s' `-q' `--silent' `--quiet' Do not print counts of output file sizes. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure. Here is an example of its usage. First, create an empty directory for the exercise, and cd into it: $ mkdir d && cd d Now, split the sequence of 1..14 on lines that end with 0 or 5: $ seq 14 | csplit - '/[05]$/' '{*}' 8 10 15 Each number printed above is the size of an output file that csplit has just created. List the names of those output files: $ ls xx00 xx01 xx02 Use `head' to show their contents: $ head xx* ==> xx00 <== 1 2 3 4 ==> xx01 <== 5 6 7 8 9 ==> xx02 <== 10 11 12 13 14  File: coreutils.info, Node: Summarizing files, Next: Operating on sorted files, Prev: Output of parts of files, Up: Top 6 Summarizing files ******************* These commands generate just a few numbers representing entire contents of files. * Menu: * wc invocation:: Print newline, word, and byte counts. * sum invocation:: Print checksum and block counts. * cksum invocation:: Print CRC checksum and byte counts. * md5sum invocation:: Print or check MD5 digests. * sha1sum invocation:: Print or check SHA-1 digests. * sha2 utilities:: Print or check SHA-2 digests.  File: coreutils.info, Node: wc invocation, Next: sum invocation, Up: Summarizing files 6.1 `wc': Print newline, word, and byte counts ============================================== `wc' counts the number of bytes, characters, whitespace-separated words, and newlines in each given FILE, or standard input if none are given or for a FILE of `-'. Synopsis: wc [OPTION]... [FILE]... `wc' prints one line of counts for each file, and if the file was given as an argument, it prints the file name following the counts. If more than one FILE is given, `wc' prints a final line containing the cumulative counts, with the file name `total'. The counts are printed in this order: newlines, words, characters, bytes, maximum line length. Each count is printed right-justified in a field with at least one space between fields so that the numbers and file names normally line up nicely in columns. The width of the count fields varies depending on the inputs, so you should not depend on a particular field width. However, as a GNU extension, if only one count is printed, it is guaranteed to be printed without leading spaces. By default, `wc' prints three counts: the newline, words, and byte counts. Options can specify that only certain counts be printed. Options do not undo others previously given, so wc --bytes --words prints both the byte counts and the word counts. With the `--max-line-length' option, `wc' prints the length of the longest line per file, and if there is more than one file it prints the maximum (not the sum) of those lengths. The line lengths here are measured in screen columns, according to the current locale and assuming tab positions in every 8th column. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-c' `--bytes' Print only the byte counts. `-m' `--chars' Print only the character counts. `-w' `--words' Print only the word counts. `-l' `--lines' Print only the newline counts. `-L' `--max-line-length' Print only the maximum line lengths. `--files0-from=FILE' Disallow processing files named on the command line, and instead process those named in file FILE; each name being terminated by a zero byte (ASCII NUL). This is useful when the list of file names is so long that it may exceed a command line length limitation. In such cases, running `wc' via `xargs' is undesirable because it splits the list into pieces and makes `wc' print a total for each sublist rather than for the entire list. One way to produce a list of ASCII NUL terminated file names is with GNU `find', using its `-print0' predicate. If FILE is `-' then the ASCII NUL terminated file names are read from standard input. For example, to find the length of the longest line in any `.c' or `.h' file in the current hierarchy, do this: find . -name '*.[ch]' -print0 | wc -L --files0-from=- | tail -n1 An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: sum invocation, Next: cksum invocation, Prev: wc invocation, Up: Summarizing files 6.2 `sum': Print checksum and block counts ========================================== `sum' computes a 16-bit checksum for each given FILE, or standard input if none are given or for a FILE of `-'. Synopsis: sum [OPTION]... [FILE]... `sum' prints the checksum for each FILE followed by the number of blocks in the file (rounded up). If more than one FILE is given, file names are also printed (by default). (With the `--sysv' option, corresponding file names are printed when there is at least one file argument.) By default, GNU `sum' computes checksums using an algorithm compatible with BSD `sum' and prints file sizes in units of 1024-byte blocks. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-r' Use the default (BSD compatible) algorithm. This option is included for compatibility with the System V `sum'. Unless `-s' was also given, it has no effect. `-s' `--sysv' Compute checksums using an algorithm compatible with System V `sum''s default, and print file sizes in units of 512-byte blocks. `sum' is provided for compatibility; the `cksum' program (see next section) is preferable in new applications. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: cksum invocation, Next: md5sum invocation, Prev: sum invocation, Up: Summarizing files 6.3 `cksum': Print CRC checksum and byte counts =============================================== `cksum' computes a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) checksum for each given FILE, or standard input if none are given or for a FILE of `-'. Synopsis: cksum [OPTION]... [FILE]... `cksum' prints the CRC checksum for each file along with the number of bytes in the file, and the file name unless no arguments were given. `cksum' is typically used to ensure that files transferred by unreliable means (e.g., netnews) have not been corrupted, by comparing the `cksum' output for the received files with the `cksum' output for the original files (typically given in the distribution). The CRC algorithm is specified by the POSIX standard. It is not compatible with the BSD or System V `sum' algorithms (see the previous section); it is more robust. The only options are `--help' and `--version'. *Note Common options::. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: md5sum invocation, Next: sha1sum invocation, Prev: cksum invocation, Up: Summarizing files 6.4 `md5sum': Print or check MD5 digests ======================================== `md5sum' computes a 128-bit checksum (or "fingerprint" or "message-digest") for each specified FILE. Note: The MD5 digest is more reliable than a simple CRC (provided by the `cksum' command) for detecting accidental file corruption, as the chances of accidentally having two files with identical MD5 are vanishingly small. However, it should not be considered truly secure against malicious tampering: although finding a file with a given MD5 fingerprint, or modifying a file so as to retain its MD5 are considered infeasible at the moment, it is known how to produce different files with identical MD5 (a "collision"), something which can be a security issue in certain contexts. For more secure hashes, consider using SHA-1 or SHA-2. *Note sha1sum invocation::, and *note sha2 utilities::. If a FILE is specified as `-' or if no files are given `md5sum' computes the checksum for the standard input. `md5sum' can also determine whether a file and checksum are consistent. Synopsis: md5sum [OPTION]... [FILE]... For each FILE, `md5sum' outputs the MD5 checksum, a flag indicating a binary or text input file, and the file name. If FILE contains a backslash or newline, the line is started with a backslash, and each problematic character in the file name is escaped with a backslash, making the output unambiguous even in the presence of arbitrary file names. If FILE is omitted or specified as `-', standard input is read. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-b' `--binary' Treat each input file as binary, by reading it in binary mode and outputting a `*' flag. This is the inverse of `--text'. On systems like GNU that do not distinguish between binary and text files, this option merely flags each input file as binary: the MD5 checksum is unaffected. This option is the default on systems like MS-DOS that distinguish between binary and text files, except for reading standard input when standard input is a terminal. `-c' `--check' Read file names and checksum information (not data) from each FILE (or from stdin if no FILE was specified) and report whether the checksums match the contents of the named files. The input to this mode of `md5sum' is usually the output of a prior, checksum-generating run of `md5sum'. Each valid line of input consists of an MD5 checksum, a binary/text flag, and then a file name. Binary files are marked with `*', text with ` '. For each such line, `md5sum' reads the named file and computes its MD5 checksum. Then, if the computed message digest does not match the one on the line with the file name, the file is noted as having failed the test. Otherwise, the file passes the test. By default, for each valid line, one line is written to standard output indicating whether the named file passed the test. After all checks have been performed, if there were any failures, a warning is issued to standard error. Use the `--status' option to inhibit that output. If any listed file cannot be opened or read, if any valid line has an MD5 checksum inconsistent with the associated file, or if no valid line is found, `md5sum' exits with nonzero status. Otherwise, it exits successfully. `--quiet' This option is useful only when verifying checksums. When verifying checksums, don't generate an 'OK' message per successfully checked file. Files that fail the verification are reported in the default one-line-per-file format. If there is any checksum mismatch, print a warning summarizing the failures to standard error. `--status' This option is useful only when verifying checksums. When verifying checksums, don't generate the default one-line-per-file diagnostic and don't output the warning summarizing any failures. Failures to open or read a file still evoke individual diagnostics to standard error. If all listed files are readable and are consistent with the associated MD5 checksums, exit successfully. Otherwise exit with a status code indicating there was a failure. `-t' `--text' Treat each input file as text, by reading it in text mode and outputting a ` ' flag. This is the inverse of `--binary'. This option is the default on systems like GNU that do not distinguish between binary and text files. On other systems, it is the default for reading standard input when standard input is a terminal. `-w' `--warn' When verifying checksums, warn about improperly formatted MD5 checksum lines. This option is useful only if all but a few lines in the checked input are valid. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: sha1sum invocation, Next: sha2 utilities, Prev: md5sum invocation, Up: Summarizing files 6.5 `sha1sum': Print or check SHA-1 digests =========================================== `sha1sum' computes a 160-bit checksum for each specified FILE. The usage and options of this command are precisely the same as for `md5sum'. *Note md5sum invocation::. Note: The SHA-1 digest is more secure than MD5, and no collisions of it are known (different files having the same fingerprint). However, it is known that they can be produced with considerable, but not unreasonable, resources. For this reason, it is generally considered that SHA-1 should be gradually phased out in favor of the more secure SHA-2 hash algorithms. *Note sha2 utilities::.  File: coreutils.info, Node: sha2 utilities, Prev: sha1sum invocation, Up: Summarizing files 6.6 sha2 utilities: Print or check SHA-2 digests ================================================ The commands `sha224sum', `sha256sum', `sha384sum' and `sha512sum' compute checksums of various lengths (respectively 224, 256, 384 and 512 bits), collectively known as the SHA-2 hashes. The usage and options of these commands are precisely the same as for `md5sum'. *Note md5sum invocation::. Note: The SHA384 and SHA512 digests are considerably slower to compute, especially on 32-bit computers, than SHA224 or SHA256.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Operating on sorted files, Next: Operating on fields, Prev: Summarizing files, Up: Top 7 Operating on sorted files *************************** These commands work with (or produce) sorted files. * Menu: * sort invocation:: Sort text files. * shuf invocation:: Shuffle text files. * uniq invocation:: Uniquify files. * comm invocation:: Compare two sorted files line by line. * ptx invocation:: Produce a permuted index of file contents. * tsort invocation:: Topological sort.  File: coreutils.info, Node: sort invocation, Next: shuf invocation, Up: Operating on sorted files 7.1 `sort': Sort text files =========================== `sort' sorts, merges, or compares all the lines from the given files, or standard input if none are given or for a FILE of `-'. By default, `sort' writes the results to standard output. Synopsis: sort [OPTION]... [FILE]... `sort' has three modes of operation: sort (the default), merge, and check for sortedness. The following options change the operation mode: `-c' `--check' `--check=diagnose-first' Check whether the given file is already sorted: if it is not all sorted, print a diagnostic containing the first out-of-order line and exit with a status of 1. Otherwise, exit successfully. At most one input file can be given. `-C' `--check=quiet' `--check=silent' Exit successfully if the given file is already sorted, and exit with status 1 otherwise. At most one input file can be given. This is like `-c', except it does not print a diagnostic. `-m' `--merge' Merge the given files by sorting them as a group. Each input file must always be individually sorted. It always works to sort instead of merge; merging is provided because it is faster, in the case where it works. A pair of lines is compared as follows: `sort' compares each pair of fields, in the order specified on the command line, according to the associated ordering options, until a difference is found or no fields are left. If no key fields are specified, `sort' uses a default key of the entire line. Finally, as a last resort when all keys compare equal, `sort' compares entire lines as if no ordering options other than `--reverse' (`-r') were specified. The `--stable' (`-s') option disables this "last-resort comparison" so that lines in which all fields compare equal are left in their original relative order. The `--unique' (`-u') option also disables the last-resort comparison. Unless otherwise specified, all comparisons use the character collating sequence specified by the `LC_COLLATE' locale.(1) GNU `sort' (as specified for all GNU utilities) has no limit on input line length or restrictions on bytes allowed within lines. In addition, if the final byte of an input file is not a newline, GNU `sort' silently supplies one. A line's trailing newline is not part of the line for comparison purposes. Exit status: 0 if no error occurred 1 if invoked with `-c' or `-C' and the input is not sorted 2 if an error occurred If the environment variable `TMPDIR' is set, `sort' uses its value as the directory for temporary files instead of `/tmp'. The `--temporary-directory' (`-T') option in turn overrides the environment variable. The following options affect the ordering of output lines. They may be specified globally or as part of a specific key field. If no key fields are specified, global options apply to comparison of entire lines; otherwise the global options are inherited by key fields that do not specify any special options of their own. In pre-POSIX versions of `sort', global options affect only later key fields, so portable shell scripts should specify global options first. `-b' `--ignore-leading-blanks' Ignore leading blanks when finding sort keys in each line. By default a blank is a space or a tab, but the `LC_CTYPE' locale can change this. Note blanks may be ignored by your locale's collating rules, but without this option they will be significant for character positions specified in keys with the `-k' option. `-d' `--dictionary-order' Sort in "phone directory" order: ignore all characters except letters, digits and blanks when sorting. By default letters and digits are those of ASCII and a blank is a space or a tab, but the `LC_CTYPE' locale can change this. `-f' `--ignore-case' Fold lowercase characters into the equivalent uppercase characters when comparing so that, for example, `b' and `B' sort as equal. The `LC_CTYPE' locale determines character types. When used with `--unique' those lower case equivalent lines are thrown away. (There is currently no way to throw away the upper case equivalent instead. (Any `--reverse' given would only affect the final result, after the throwing away.)) `-g' `--general-numeric-sort' `--sort=general-numeric' Sort numerically, using the standard C function `strtod' to convert a prefix of each line to a double-precision floating point number. This allows floating point numbers to be specified in scientific notation, like `1.0e-34' and `10e100'. The `LC_NUMERIC' locale determines the decimal-point character. Do not report overflow, underflow, or conversion errors. Use the following collating sequence: * Lines that do not start with numbers (all considered to be equal). * NaNs ("Not a Number" values, in IEEE floating point arithmetic) in a consistent but machine-dependent order. * Minus infinity. * Finite numbers in ascending numeric order (with -0 and +0 equal). * Plus infinity. Use this option only if there is no alternative; it is much slower than `--numeric-sort' (`-n') and it can lose information when converting to floating point. `-h' `--human-numeric-sort' `--sort=human-numeric' Sort numerically, as per the `--numeric-sort' option below, and in addition handle IEC or SI suffixes like MiB, MB etc (*note Block size::). Note a mixture of IEC and SI suffixes is not supported and will be flagged as an error. Also the numbers must be abbreviated uniformly. I.E. values with different precisions like 6000K and 5M will be sorted incorrectly. `-i' `--ignore-nonprinting' Ignore nonprinting characters. The `LC_CTYPE' locale determines character types. This option has no effect if the stronger `--dictionary-order' (`-d') option is also given. `-M' `--month-sort' `--sort=month' An initial string, consisting of any amount of blanks, followed by a month name abbreviation, is folded to UPPER case and compared in the order `JAN' < `FEB' < ... < `DEC'. Invalid names compare low to valid names. The `LC_TIME' locale category determines the month spellings. By default a blank is a space or a tab, but the `LC_CTYPE' locale can change this. `-n' `--numeric-sort' `--sort=numeric' Sort numerically. The number begins each line and consists of optional blanks, an optional `-' sign, and zero or more digits possibly separated by thousands separators, optionally followed by a decimal-point character and zero or more digits. An empty number is treated as `0'. The `LC_NUMERIC' locale specifies the decimal-point character and thousands separator. By default a blank is a space or a tab, but the `LC_CTYPE' locale can change this. Comparison is exact; there is no rounding error. Neither a leading `+' nor exponential notation is recognized. To compare such strings numerically, use the `--general-numeric-sort' (`-g') option. `-V' `--version-sort' Sort by version name and number. It behaves like a standard sort, except that each sequence of decimal digits is treated numerically as an index/version number. (*Note Details about version sort::.) `-r' `--reverse' Reverse the result of comparison, so that lines with greater key values appear earlier in the output instead of later. `-R' `--random-sort' `--sort=random' Sort by hashing the input keys and then sorting the hash values. Choose the hash function at random, ensuring that it is free of collisions so that differing keys have differing hash values. This is like a random permutation of the inputs (*note shuf invocation::), except that keys with the same value sort together. If multiple random sort fields are specified, the same random hash function is used for all fields. To use different random hash functions for different fields, you can invoke `sort' more than once. The choice of hash function is affected by the `--random-source' option. Other options are: `--compress-program=PROG' Compress any temporary files with the program PROG. With no arguments, PROG must compress standard input to standard output, and when given the `-d' option it must decompress standard input to standard output. Terminate with an error if PROG exits with nonzero status. White space and the backslash character should not appear in PROG; they are reserved for future use. `--files0-from=FILE' Disallow processing files named on the command line, and instead process those named in file FILE; each name being terminated by a zero byte (ASCII NUL). This is useful when the list of file names is so long that it may exceed a command line length limitation. In such cases, running `sort' via `xargs' is undesirable because it splits the list into pieces and makes `sort' print sorted output for each sublist rather than for the entire list. One way to produce a list of ASCII NUL terminated file names is with GNU `find', using its `-print0' predicate. If FILE is `-' then the ASCII NUL terminated file names are read from standard input. `-k POS1[,POS2]' `--key=POS1[,POS2]' Specify a sort field that consists of the part of the line between POS1 and POS2 (or the end of the line, if POS2 is omitted), _inclusive_. Each POS has the form `F[.C][OPTS]', where F is the number of the field to use, and C is the number of the first character from the beginning of the field. Fields and character positions are numbered starting with 1; a character position of zero in POS2 indicates the field's last character. If `.C' is omitted from POS1, it defaults to 1 (the beginning of the field); if omitted from POS2, it defaults to 0 (the end of the field). OPTS are ordering options, allowing individual keys to be sorted according to different rules; see below for details. Keys can span multiple fields. Example: To sort on the second field, use `--key=2,2' (`-k 2,2'). See below for more notes on keys and more examples. `--batch-size=NMERGE' Merge at most NMERGE inputs at once. When `sort' has to merge more than NMERGE inputs, it merges them in groups of NMERGE, saving the result in a temporary file, which is then used as an input in a subsequent merge. A large value of NMERGE may improve merge performance and decrease temporary storage utilization at the expense of increased memory usage and I/0. Conversely a small value of NMERGE may reduce memory requirements and I/0 at the expense of temporary storage consumption and merge performance. The value of NMERGE must be at least 2. The default value is currently 16, but this is implementation-dependent and may change in the future. The value of NMERGE may be bounded by a resource limit for open file descriptors. The commands `ulimit -n' or `getconf OPEN_MAX' may display limits for your systems; these limits may be modified further if your program already has some files open, or if the operating system has other limits on the number of open files. If the value of NMERGE exceeds the resource limit, `sort' silently uses a smaller value. `-o OUTPUT-FILE' `--output=OUTPUT-FILE' Write output to OUTPUT-FILE instead of standard output. Normally, `sort' reads all input before opening OUTPUT-FILE, so you can safely sort a file in place by using commands like `sort -o F F' and `cat F | sort -o F'. However, `sort' with `--merge' (`-m') can open the output file before reading all input, so a command like `cat F | sort -m -o F - G' is not safe as `sort' might start writing `F' before `cat' is done reading it. On newer systems, `-o' cannot appear after an input file if `POSIXLY_CORRECT' is set, e.g., `sort F -o F'. Portable scripts should specify `-o OUTPUT-FILE' before any input files. `--random-source=FILE' Use FILE as a source of random data used to determine which random hash function to use with the `-R' option. *Note Random sources::. `-s' `--stable' Make `sort' stable by disabling its last-resort comparison. This option has no effect if no fields or global ordering options other than `--reverse' (`-r') are specified. `-S SIZE' `--buffer-size=SIZE' Use a main-memory sort buffer of the given SIZE. By default, SIZE is in units of 1024 bytes. Appending `%' causes SIZE to be interpreted as a percentage of physical memory. Appending `K' multiplies SIZE by 1024 (the default), `M' by 1,048,576, `G' by 1,073,741,824, and so on for `T', `P', `E', `Z', and `Y'. Appending `b' causes SIZE to be interpreted as a byte count, with no multiplication. This option can improve the performance of `sort' by causing it to start with a larger or smaller sort buffer than the default. However, this option affects only the initial buffer size. The buffer grows beyond SIZE if `sort' encounters input lines larger than SIZE. `-t SEPARATOR' `--field-separator=SEPARATOR' Use character SEPARATOR as the field separator when finding the sort keys in each line. By default, fields are separated by the empty string between a non-blank character and a blank character. By default a blank is a space or a tab, but the `LC_CTYPE' locale can change this. That is, given the input line ` foo bar', `sort' breaks it into fields ` foo' and ` bar'. The field separator is not considered to be part of either the field preceding or the field following, so with `sort -t " "' the same input line has three fields: an empty field, `foo', and `bar'. However, fields that extend to the end of the line, as `-k 2', or fields consisting of a range, as `-k 2,3', retain the field separators present between the endpoints of the range. To specify ASCII NUL as the field separator, use the two-character string `\0', e.g., `sort -t '\0''. `-T TEMPDIR' `--temporary-directory=TEMPDIR' Use directory TEMPDIR to store temporary files, overriding the `TMPDIR' environment variable. If this option is given more than once, temporary files are stored in all the directories given. If you have a large sort or merge that is I/O-bound, you can often improve performance by using this option to specify directories on different disks and controllers. `-u' `--unique' Normally, output only the first of a sequence of lines that compare equal. For the `--check' (`-c' or `-C') option, check that no pair of consecutive lines compares equal. This option also disables the default last-resort comparison. The commands `sort -u' and `sort | uniq' are equivalent, but this equivalence does not extend to arbitrary `sort' options. For example, `sort -n -u' inspects only the value of the initial numeric string when checking for uniqueness, whereas `sort -n | uniq' inspects the entire line. *Note uniq invocation::. `-z' `--zero-terminated' Delimit items with a zero byte rather than a newline (ASCII LF). I.E. treat input as items separated by ASCII NUL and terminate output items with ASCII NUL. This option can be useful in conjunction with `perl -0' or `find -print0' and `xargs -0' which do the same in order to reliably handle arbitrary file names (even those containing blanks or other special characters). Historical (BSD and System V) implementations of `sort' have differed in their interpretation of some options, particularly `-b', `-f', and `-n'. GNU sort follows the POSIX behavior, which is usually (but not always!) like the System V behavior. According to POSIX, `-n' no longer implies `-b'. For consistency, `-M' has been changed in the same way. This may affect the meaning of character positions in field specifications in obscure cases. The only fix is to add an explicit `-b'. A position in a sort field specified with `-k' may have any of the option letters `MbdfghinRrV' appended to it, in which case no global ordering options are inherited by that particular field. The `-b' option may be independently attached to either or both of the start and end positions of a field specification, and if it is inherited from the global options it will be attached to both. If input lines can contain leading or adjacent blanks and `-t' is not used, then `-k' is typically combined with `-b' or an option that implicitly ignores leading blanks (`MghnV') as otherwise the varying numbers of leading blanks in fields can cause confusing results. If the start position in a sort field specifier falls after the end of the line or after the end field, the field is empty. If the `-b' option was specified, the `.C' part of a field specification is counted from the first nonblank character of the field. On older systems, `sort' supports an obsolete origin-zero syntax `+POS1 [-POS2]' for specifying sort keys. The obsolete sequence `sort +A.X -B.Y' is equivalent to `sort -k A+1.X+1,B' if Y is `0' or absent, otherwise it is equivalent to `sort -k A+1.X+1,B+1.Y'. This obsolete behavior can be enabled or disabled with the `_POSIX2_VERSION' environment variable (*note Standards conformance::); it can also be enabled when `POSIXLY_CORRECT' is not set by using the obsolete syntax with `-POS2' present. Scripts intended for use on standard hosts should avoid obsolete syntax and should use `-k' instead. For example, avoid `sort +2', since it might be interpreted as either `sort ./+2' or `sort -k 3'. If your script must also run on hosts that support only the obsolete syntax, it can use a test like `if sort -k 1 /dev/null 2>&1; then ...' to decide which syntax to use. Here are some examples to illustrate various combinations of options. * Sort in descending (reverse) numeric order. sort -n -r * Sort alphabetically, omitting the first and second fields and the blanks at the start of the third field. This uses a single key composed of the characters beginning at the start of the first nonblank character in field three and extending to the end of each line. sort -k 3b * Sort numerically on the second field and resolve ties by sorting alphabetically on the third and fourth characters of field five. Use `:' as the field delimiter. sort -t : -k 2,2n -k 5.3,5.4 Note that if you had written `-k 2n' instead of `-k 2,2n' `sort' would have used all characters beginning in the second field and extending to the end of the line as the primary _numeric_ key. For the large majority of applications, treating keys spanning more than one field as numeric will not do what you expect. Also note that the `n' modifier was applied to the field-end specifier for the first key. It would have been equivalent to specify `-k 2n,2' or `-k 2n,2n'. All modifiers except `b' apply to the associated _field_, regardless of whether the modifier character is attached to the field-start and/or the field-end part of the key specifier. * Sort the password file on the fifth field and ignore any leading blanks. Sort lines with equal values in field five on the numeric user ID in field three. Fields are separated by `:'. sort -t : -k 5b,5 -k 3,3n /etc/passwd sort -t : -n -k 5b,5 -k 3,3 /etc/passwd sort -t : -b -k 5,5 -k 3,3n /etc/passwd These three commands have equivalent effect. The first specifies that the first key's start position ignores leading blanks and the second key is sorted numerically. The other two commands rely on global options being inherited by sort keys that lack modifiers. The inheritance works in this case because `-k 5b,5b' and `-k 5b,5' are equivalent, as the location of a field-end lacking a `.C' character position is not affected by whether initial blanks are skipped. * Sort a set of log files, primarily by IPv4 address and secondarily by time stamp. If two lines' primary and secondary keys are identical, output the lines in the same order that they were input. The log files contain lines that look like this: 4.150.156.3 - - [01/Apr/2004:06:31:51 +0000] message 1 211.24.3.231 - - [24/Apr/2004:20:17:39 +0000] message 2 Fields are separated by exactly one space. Sort IPv4 addresses lexicographically, e.g., 212.61.52.2 sorts before 212.129.233.201 because 61 is less than 129. sort -s -t ' ' -k 4.9n -k 4.5M -k 4.2n -k 4.14,4.21 file*.log | sort -s -t '.' -k 1,1n -k 2,2n -k 3,3n -k 4,4n This example cannot be done with a single `sort' invocation, since IPv4 address components are separated by `.' while dates come just after a space. So it is broken down into two invocations of `sort': the first sorts by time stamp and the second by IPv4 address. The time stamp is sorted by year, then month, then day, and finally by hour-minute-second field, using `-k' to isolate each field. Except for hour-minute-second there's no need to specify the end of each key field, since the `n' and `M' modifiers sort based on leading prefixes that cannot cross field boundaries. The IPv4 addresses are sorted lexicographically. The second sort uses `-s' so that ties in the primary key are broken by the secondary key; the first sort uses `-s' so that the combination of the two sorts is stable. * Generate a tags file in case-insensitive sorted order. find src -type f -print0 | sort -z -f | xargs -0 etags --append The use of `-print0', `-z', and `-0' in this case means that file names that contain blanks or other special characters are not broken up by the sort operation. * Use the common DSU (Decorate Sort Undecorate) idiom to sort lines according to their length. awk '{print length, $0}' /etc/passwd | sort -n | cut -f2- -d' ' In general this technique can be used to sort data that the `sort' command does not support, or is inefficient at, sorting directly. * Shuffle a list of directories, but preserve the order of files within each directory. For instance, one could use this to generate a music playlist in which albums are shuffled but the songs of each album are played in order. ls */* | sort -t / -k 1,1R -k 2,2 ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) If you use a non-POSIX locale (e.g., by setting `LC_ALL' to `en_US'), then `sort' may produce output that is sorted differently than you're accustomed to. In that case, set the `LC_ALL' environment variable to `C'. Note that setting only `LC_COLLATE' has two problems. First, it is ineffective if `LC_ALL' is also set. Second, it has undefined behavior if `LC_CTYPE' (or `LANG', if `LC_CTYPE' is unset) is set to an incompatible value. For example, you get undefined behavior if `LC_CTYPE' is `ja_JP.PCK' but `LC_COLLATE' is `en_US.UTF-8'.  File: coreutils.info, Node: shuf invocation, Next: uniq invocation, Prev: sort invocation, Up: Operating on sorted files 7.2 `shuf': Shuffling text ========================== `shuf' shuffles its input by outputting a random permutation of its input lines. Each output permutation is equally likely. Synopses: shuf [OPTION]... [FILE] shuf -e [OPTION]... [ARG]... shuf -i LO-HI [OPTION]... `shuf' has three modes of operation that affect where it obtains its input lines. By default, it reads lines from standard input. The following options change the operation mode: `-e' `--echo' Treat each command-line operand as an input line. `-i LO-HI' `--input-range=LO-HI' Act as if input came from a file containing the range of unsigned decimal integers LO...HI, one per line. `shuf''s other options can affect its behavior in all operation modes: `-n LINES' `--head-count=COUNT' Output at most COUNT lines. By default, all input lines are output. `-o OUTPUT-FILE' `--output=OUTPUT-FILE' Write output to OUTPUT-FILE instead of standard output. `shuf' reads all input before opening OUTPUT-FILE, so you can safely shuffle a file in place by using commands like `shuf -o F out $ dd bs=1 skip=222 count=6 < out 2>/dev/null; echo deeper Note that although the listing above includes a trailing slash for the `deeper' entry, the offsets select the name without the trailing slash. However, if you invoke `ls' with `--dired' along with an option like `--escape' (aka `-b') and operate on a file whose name contains special characters, notice that the backslash _is_ included: $ touch 'a b' $ ls -blog --dired 'a b' -rw-r--r-- 1 0 Jun 10 12:28 a\ b //DIRED// 30 34 //DIRED-OPTIONS// --quoting-style=escape If you use a quoting style that adds quote marks (e.g., `--quoting-style=c'), then the offsets include the quote marks. So beware that the user may select the quoting style via the environment variable `QUOTING_STYLE'. Hence, applications using `--dired' should either specify an explicit `--quoting-style=literal' option (aka `-N' or `--literal') on the command line, or else be prepared to parse the escaped names. `--full-time' Produce long format directory listings, and list times in full. It is equivalent to using `--format=long' with `--time-style=full-iso' (*note Formatting file timestamps::). `-g' Produce long format directory listings, but don't display owner information. `-G' `--no-group' Inhibit display of group information in a long format directory listing. (This is the default in some non-GNU versions of `ls', so we provide this option for compatibility.) `-h' `--human-readable' Append a size letter to each size, such as `M' for mebibytes. Powers of 1024 are used, not 1000; `M' stands for 1,048,576 bytes. This option is equivalent to `--block-size=human-readable'. Use the `--si' option if you prefer powers of 1000. `-i' `--inode' Print the inode number (also called the file serial number and index number) of each file to the left of the file name. (This number uniquely identifies each file within a particular file system.) `-l' `--format=long' `--format=verbose' In addition to the name of each file, print the file type, file mode bits, number of hard links, owner name, group name, size, and timestamp (*note Formatting file timestamps::), normally the modification time. Print question marks for information that cannot be determined. Normally the size is printed as a byte count without punctuation, but this can be overridden (*note Block size::). For example, `-h' prints an abbreviated, human-readable count, and `--block-size="'1"' prints a byte count with the thousands separator of the current locale. For each directory that is listed, preface the files with a line `total BLOCKS', where BLOCKS is the total disk allocation for all files in that directory. The block size currently defaults to 1024 bytes, but this can be overridden (*note Block size::). The BLOCKS computed counts each hard link separately; this is arguably a deficiency. The file type is one of the following characters: `-' regular file `b' block special file `c' character special file `C' high performance ("contiguous data") file `d' directory `D' door (Solaris 2.5 and up) `l' symbolic link `M' off-line ("migrated") file (Cray DMF) `n' network special file (HP-UX) `p' FIFO (named pipe) `P' port (Solaris 10 and up) `s' socket `?' some other file type The file mode bits listed are similar to symbolic mode specifications (*note Symbolic Modes::). But `ls' combines multiple bits into the third character of each set of permissions as follows: `s' If the set-user-ID or set-group-ID bit and the corresponding executable bit are both set. `S' If the set-user-ID or set-group-ID bit is set but the corresponding executable bit is not set. `t' If the restricted deletion flag or sticky bit, and the other-executable bit, are both set. The restricted deletion flag is another name for the sticky bit. *Note Mode Structure::. `T' If the restricted deletion flag or sticky bit is set but the other-executable bit is not set. `x' If the executable bit is set and none of the above apply. `-' Otherwise. Following the file mode bits is a single character that specifies whether an alternate access method such as an access control list applies to the file. When the character following the file mode bits is a space, there is no alternate access method. When it is a printing character, then there is such a method. GNU `ls' uses a `.' character to indicate a file with an SELinux security context, but no other alternate access method. A file with any other combination of alternate access methods is marked with a `+' character. `-n' `--numeric-uid-gid' Produce long format directory listings, but display numeric user and group IDs instead of the owner and group names. `-o' Produce long format directory listings, but don't display group information. It is equivalent to using `--format=long' with `--no-group' . `-s' `--size' Print the disk allocation of each file to the left of the file name. This is the amount of disk space used by the file, which is usually a bit more than the file's size, but it can be less if the file has holes. Normally the disk allocation is printed in units of 1024 bytes, but this can be overridden (*note Block size::). For files that are NFS-mounted from an HP-UX system to a BSD system, this option reports sizes that are half the correct values. On HP-UX systems, it reports sizes that are twice the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted from BSD systems. This is due to a flaw in HP-UX; it also affects the HP-UX `ls' program. `--si' Append an SI-style abbreviation to each size, such as `M' for megabytes. Powers of 1000 are used, not 1024; `M' stands for 1,000,000 bytes. This option is equivalent to `--block-size=si'. Use the `-h' or `--human-readable' option if you prefer powers of 1024. `-Z' `--context' Display the SELinux security context or `?' if none is found. When used with the `-l' option, print the security context to the left of the size column.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Sorting the output, Next: Details about version sort, Prev: What information is listed, Up: ls invocation 10.1.3 Sorting the output ------------------------- These options change the order in which `ls' sorts the information it outputs. By default, sorting is done by character code (e.g., ASCII order). `-c' `--time=ctime' `--time=status' If the long listing format (e.g., `-l', `-o') is being used, print the status change time (the `ctime' in the inode) instead of the modification time. When explicitly sorting by time (`--sort=time' or `-t') or when not using a long listing format, sort according to the status change time. `-f' Primarily, like `-U'--do not sort; list the files in whatever order they are stored in the directory. But also enable `-a' (list all files) and disable `-l', `--color', and `-s' (if they were specified before the `-f'). `-r' `--reverse' Reverse whatever the sorting method is--e.g., list files in reverse alphabetical order, youngest first, smallest first, or whatever. `-S' `--sort=size' Sort by file size, largest first. `-t' `--sort=time' Sort by modification time (the `mtime' in the inode), newest first. `-u' `--time=atime' `--time=access' `--time=use' If the long listing format (e.g., `--format=long') is being used, print the last access time (the `atime' in the inode). When explicitly sorting by time (`--sort=time' or `-t') or when not using a long listing format, sort according to the access time. `-U' `--sort=none' Do not sort; list the files in whatever order they are stored in the directory. (Do not do any of the other unrelated things that `-f' does.) This is especially useful when listing very large directories, since not doing any sorting can be noticeably faster. `-v' `--sort=version' Sort by version name and number, lowest first. It behaves like a default sort, except that each sequence of decimal digits is treated numerically as an index/version number. (*Note Details about version sort::.) `-X' `--sort=extension' Sort directory contents alphabetically by file extension (characters after the last `.'); files with no extension are sorted first.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Details about version sort, Next: General output formatting, Prev: Sorting the output, Up: ls invocation 10.1.4 Details about version sort --------------------------------- Version sorting handles the fact that file names frequently include indices or version numbers. Standard sorting usually does not produce the order that one expects because comparisons are made on a character-by-character basis. Version sorting is especially useful when browsing directories that contain many files with indices/version numbers in their names: $ ls -1 $ ls -1v abc.zml-1.gz abc.zml-1.gz abc.zml-12.gz abc.zml-2.gz abc.zml-2.gz abc.zml-12.gz Version-sorted strings are compared such that if VER1 and VER2 are version numbers and PREFIX and SUFFIX (SUFFIX matching the regular expression `(\.[A-Za-z~][A-Za-z0-9~]*)*') are strings then VER1 < VER2 implies that the name composed of "PREFIX VER1 SUFFIX" sorts before "PREFIX VER2 SUFFIX". Note also that leading zeros of numeric parts are ignored: $ ls -1 $ ls -1v abc-1.007.tgz abc-1.01a.tgz abc-1.012b.tgz abc-1.007.tgz abc-1.01a.tgz abc-1.012b.tgz This functionality is implemented using gnulib's `filevercmp' function, which has some caveats worth noting. * `LC_COLLATE' is ignored, which means `ls -v' and `sort -V' will sort non-numeric prefixes as if the `LC_COLLATE' locale category was set to `C'. * Some suffixes will not be matched by the regular expression mentioned above. Consequently these examples may not sort as you expect: abc-1.2.3.4.7z abc-1.2.3.7z abc-1.2.3.4.x86_64.rpm abc-1.2.3.x86_64.rpm  File: coreutils.info, Node: General output formatting, Next: Formatting file timestamps, Prev: Details about version sort, Up: ls invocation 10.1.5 General output formatting -------------------------------- These options affect the appearance of the overall output. `-1' `--format=single-column' List one file per line. This is the default for `ls' when standard output is not a terminal. `-C' `--format=vertical' List files in columns, sorted vertically. This is the default for `ls' if standard output is a terminal. It is always the default for the `dir' program. GNU `ls' uses variable width columns to display as many files as possible in the fewest lines. `--color [=WHEN]' Specify whether to use color for distinguishing file types. WHEN may be omitted, or one of: * none - Do not use color at all. This is the default. * auto - Only use color if standard output is a terminal. * always - Always use color. Specifying `--color' and no WHEN is equivalent to `--color=always'. Piping a colorized listing through a pager like `more' or `less' usually produces unreadable results. However, using `more -f' does seem to work. `-F' `--classify' `--indicator-style=classify' Append a character to each file name indicating the file type. Also, for regular files that are executable, append `*'. The file type indicators are `/' for directories, `@' for symbolic links, `|' for FIFOs, `=' for sockets, `>' for doors, and nothing for regular files. Do not follow symbolic links listed on the command line unless the `--dereference-command-line' (`-H'), `--dereference' (`-L'), or `--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir' options are specified. `--file-type' `--indicator-style=file-type' Append a character to each file name indicating the file type. This is like `-F', except that executables are not marked. `--indicator-style=WORD' Append a character indicator with style WORD to entry names, as follows: `none' Do not append any character indicator; this is the default. `slash' Append `/' for directories. This is the same as the `-p' option. `file-type' Append `/' for directories, `@' for symbolic links, `|' for FIFOs, `=' for sockets, and nothing for regular files. This is the same as the `--file-type' option. `classify' Append `*' for executable regular files, otherwise behave as for `file-type'. This is the same as the `-F' or `--classify' option. `-k' Print file sizes in 1024-byte blocks, overriding the default block size (*note Block size::). This option is equivalent to `--block-size=1K'. `-m' `--format=commas' List files horizontally, with as many as will fit on each line, separated by `, ' (a comma and a space). `-p' `--indicator-style=slash' Append a `/' to directory names. `-x' `--format=across' `--format=horizontal' List the files in columns, sorted horizontally. `-T COLS' `--tabsize=COLS' Assume that each tab stop is COLS columns wide. The default is 8. `ls' uses tabs where possible in the output, for efficiency. If COLS is zero, do not use tabs at all. Some terminal emulators (at least Apple Terminal 1.5 (133) from Mac OS X 10.4.8) do not properly align columns to the right of a TAB following a non-ASCII byte. If you use such a terminal emulator, use the `-T0' option or put `TABSIZE=0' in your environment to tell `ls' to align using spaces, not tabs. `-w' `--width=COLS' Assume the screen is COLS columns wide. The default is taken from the terminal settings if possible; otherwise the environment variable `COLUMNS' is used if it is set; otherwise the default is 80.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Formatting file timestamps, Next: Formatting the file names, Prev: General output formatting, Up: ls invocation 10.1.6 Formatting file timestamps --------------------------------- By default, file timestamps are listed in abbreviated form. Most locales use a timestamp like `2002-03-30 23:45'. However, the default POSIX locale uses a date like `Mar 30 2002' for non-recent timestamps, and a date-without-year and time like `Mar 30 23:45' for recent timestamps. A timestamp is considered to be "recent" if it is less than six months old, and is not dated in the future. If a timestamp dated today is not listed in recent form, the timestamp is in the future, which means you probably have clock skew problems which may break programs like `make' that rely on file timestamps. Time stamps are listed according to the time zone rules specified by the `TZ' environment variable, or by the system default rules if `TZ' is not set. *Note Specifying the Time Zone with `TZ': (libc)TZ Variable. The following option changes how file timestamps are printed. `--time-style=STYLE' List timestamps in style STYLE. The STYLE should be one of the following: `+FORMAT' List timestamps using FORMAT, where FORMAT is interpreted like the format argument of `date' (*note date invocation::). For example, `--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"' causes `ls' to list timestamps like `2002-03-30 23:45:56'. As with `date', FORMAT's interpretation is affected by the `LC_TIME' locale category. If FORMAT contains two format strings separated by a newline, the former is used for non-recent files and the latter for recent files; if you want output columns to line up, you may need to insert spaces in one of the two formats. `full-iso' List timestamps in full using ISO 8601 date, time, and time zone format with nanosecond precision, e.g., `2002-03-30 23:45:56.477817180 -0700'. This style is equivalent to `+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%N %z'. This is useful because the time output includes all the information that is available from the operating system. For example, this can help explain `make''s behavior, since GNU `make' uses the full timestamp to determine whether a file is out of date. `long-iso' List ISO 8601 date and time in minutes, e.g., `2002-03-30 23:45'. These timestamps are shorter than `full-iso' timestamps, and are usually good enough for everyday work. This style is equivalent to `+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M'. `iso' List ISO 8601 dates for non-recent timestamps (e.g., `2002-03-30 '), and ISO 8601 month, day, hour, and minute for recent timestamps (e.g., `03-30 23:45'). These timestamps are uglier than `long-iso' timestamps, but they carry nearly the same information in a smaller space and their brevity helps `ls' output fit within traditional 80-column output lines. The following two `ls' invocations are equivalent: newline=' ' ls -l --time-style="+%Y-%m-%d $newline%m-%d %H:%M" ls -l --time-style="iso" `locale' List timestamps in a locale-dependent form. For example, a Finnish locale might list non-recent timestamps like `maalis 30 2002' and recent timestamps like `maalis 30 23:45'. Locale-dependent timestamps typically consume more space than `iso' timestamps and are harder for programs to parse because locale conventions vary so widely, but they are easier for many people to read. The `LC_TIME' locale category specifies the timestamp format. The default POSIX locale uses timestamps like `Mar 30 2002' and `Mar 30 23:45'; in this locale, the following two `ls' invocations are equivalent: newline=' ' ls -l --time-style="+%b %e %Y$newline%b %e %H:%M" ls -l --time-style="locale" Other locales behave differently. For example, in a German locale, `--time-style="locale"' might be equivalent to `--time-style="+%e. %b %Y $newline%e. %b %H:%M"' and might generate timestamps like `30. Ma"r 2002 ' and `30. Ma"r 23:45'. `posix-STYLE' List POSIX-locale timestamps if the `LC_TIME' locale category is POSIX, STYLE timestamps otherwise. For example, the `posix-long-iso' style lists timestamps like `Mar 30 2002' and `Mar 30 23:45' when in the POSIX locale, and like `2002-03-30 23:45' otherwise. You can specify the default value of the `--time-style' option with the environment variable `TIME_STYLE'; if `TIME_STYLE' is not set the default style is `locale'. GNU Emacs 21.3 and later use the `--dired' option and therefore can parse any date format, but if you are using Emacs 21.1 or 21.2 and specify a non-POSIX locale you may need to set `TIME_STYLE="posix-long-iso"'. To avoid certain denial-of-service attacks, timestamps that would be longer than 1000 bytes may be treated as errors.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Formatting the file names, Prev: Formatting file timestamps, Up: ls invocation 10.1.7 Formatting the file names -------------------------------- These options change how file names themselves are printed. `-b' `--escape' `--quoting-style=escape' Quote nongraphic characters in file names using alphabetic and octal backslash sequences like those used in C. `-N' `--literal' `--quoting-style=literal' Do not quote file names. However, with `ls' nongraphic characters are still printed as question marks if the output is a terminal and you do not specify the `--show-control-chars' option. `-q' `--hide-control-chars' Print question marks instead of nongraphic characters in file names. This is the default if the output is a terminal and the program is `ls'. `-Q' `--quote-name' `--quoting-style=c' Enclose file names in double quotes and quote nongraphic characters as in C. `--quoting-style=WORD' Use style WORD to quote file names and other strings that may contain arbitrary characters. The WORD should be one of the following: `literal' Output strings as-is; this is the same as the `-N' or `--literal' option. `shell' Quote strings for the shell if they contain shell metacharacters or would cause ambiguous output. The quoting is suitable for POSIX-compatible shells like `bash', but it does not always work for incompatible shells like `csh'. `shell-always' Quote strings for the shell, even if they would normally not require quoting. `c' Quote strings as for C character string literals, including the surrounding double-quote characters; this is the same as the `-Q' or `--quote-name' option. `escape' Quote strings as for C character string literals, except omit the surrounding double-quote characters; this is the same as the `-b' or `--escape' option. `clocale' Quote strings as for C character string literals, except use surrounding quotation marks appropriate for the locale. `locale' Quote strings as for C character string literals, except use surrounding quotation marks appropriate for the locale, and quote `like this' instead of "like this" in the default C locale. This looks nicer on many displays. You can specify the default value of the `--quoting-style' option with the environment variable `QUOTING_STYLE'. If that environment variable is not set, the default value is `literal', but this default may change to `shell' in a future version of this package. `--show-control-chars' Print nongraphic characters as-is in file names. This is the default unless the output is a terminal and the program is `ls'.  File: coreutils.info, Node: dir invocation, Next: vdir invocation, Prev: ls invocation, Up: Directory listing 10.2 `dir': Briefly list directory contents =========================================== `dir' is equivalent to `ls -C -b'; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically, and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences. *Note `ls': ls invocation.  File: coreutils.info, Node: vdir invocation, Next: dircolors invocation, Prev: dir invocation, Up: Directory listing 10.3 `vdir': Verbosely list directory contents ============================================== `vdir' is equivalent to `ls -l -b'; that is, by default files are listed in long format and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences.  File: coreutils.info, Node: dircolors invocation, Prev: vdir invocation, Up: Directory listing 10.4 `dircolors': Color setup for `ls' ====================================== `dircolors' outputs a sequence of shell commands to set up the terminal for color output from `ls' (and `dir', etc.). Typical usage: eval "`dircolors [OPTION]... [FILE]`" If FILE is specified, `dircolors' reads it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. To make `dircolors' read a `~/.dircolors' file if it exists, you can put the following lines in your `~/.bashrc' (or adapt them to your favorite shell): d=.dircolors test -r $d && eval "$(dircolors $d)" The output is a shell command to set the `LS_COLORS' environment variable. You can specify the shell syntax to use on the command line, or `dircolors' will guess it from the value of the `SHELL' environment variable. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-b' `--sh' `--bourne-shell' Output Bourne shell commands. This is the default if the `SHELL' environment variable is set and does not end with `csh' or `tcsh'. `-c' `--csh' `--c-shell' Output C shell commands. This is the default if `SHELL' ends with `csh' or `tcsh'. `-p' `--print-database' Print the (compiled-in) default color configuration database. This output is itself a valid configuration file, and is fairly descriptive of the possibilities. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Basic operations, Next: Special file types, Prev: Directory listing, Up: Top 11 Basic operations ******************* This chapter describes the commands for basic file manipulation: copying, moving (renaming), and deleting (removing). * Menu: * cp invocation:: Copy files. * dd invocation:: Convert and copy a file. * install invocation:: Copy files and set attributes. * mv invocation:: Move (rename) files. * rm invocation:: Remove files or directories. * shred invocation:: Remove files more securely.  File: coreutils.info, Node: cp invocation, Next: dd invocation, Up: Basic operations 11.1 `cp': Copy files and directories ===================================== `cp' copies files (or, optionally, directories). The copy is completely independent of the original. You can either copy one file to another, or copy arbitrarily many files to a destination directory. Synopses: cp [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY cp [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... * If two file names are given, `cp' copies the first file to the second. * If the `--target-directory' (`-t') option is given, or failing that if the last file is a directory and the `--no-target-directory' (`-T') option is not given, `cp' copies each SOURCE file to the specified directory, using the SOURCEs' names. Generally, files are written just as they are read. For exceptions, see the `--sparse' option below. By default, `cp' does not copy directories. However, the `-R', `-a', and `-r' options cause `cp' to copy recursively by descending into source directories and copying files to corresponding destination directories. When copying from a symbolic link, `cp' normally follows the link only when not copying recursively. This default can be overridden with the `--archive' (`-a'), `-d', `--dereference' (`-L'), `--no-dereference' (`-P'), and `-H' options. If more than one of these options is specified, the last one silently overrides the others. When copying to a symbolic link, `cp' follows the link only when it refers to an existing regular file. However, when copying to a dangling symbolic link, `cp' refuses by default, and fails with a diagnostic, since the operation is inherently dangerous. This behavior is contrary to historical practice and to POSIX. Set `POSIXLY_CORRECT' to make `cp' attempt to create the target of a dangling destination symlink, in spite of the possible risk. Also, when an option like `--backup' or `--link' acts to rename or remove the destination before copying, `cp' renames or removes the symbolic link rather than the file it points to. By default, `cp' copies the contents of special files only when not copying recursively. This default can be overridden with the `--copy-contents' option. `cp' generally refuses to copy a file onto itself, with the following exception: if `--force --backup' is specified with SOURCE and DEST identical, and referring to a regular file, `cp' will make a backup file, either regular or numbered, as specified in the usual ways (*note Backup options::). This is useful when you simply want to make a backup of an existing file before changing it. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-a' `--archive' Preserve as much as possible of the structure and attributes of the original files in the copy (but do not attempt to preserve internal directory structure; i.e., `ls -U' may list the entries in a copied directory in a different order). Try to preserve SELinux security context and extended attributes (xattr), but ignore any failure to do that and print no corresponding diagnostic. Equivalent to `-dR --preserve=all' with the reduced diagnostics. `-b' `--backup[=METHOD]' *Note Backup options::. Make a backup of each file that would otherwise be overwritten or removed. As a special case, `cp' makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. One useful application of this combination of options is this tiny Bourne shell script: #!/bin/sh # Usage: backup FILE... # Create a GNU-style backup of each listed FILE. for i; do cp --backup --force -- "$i" "$i" done `--copy-contents' If copying recursively, copy the contents of any special files (e.g., FIFOs and device files) as if they were regular files. This means trying to read the data in each source file and writing it to the destination. It is usually a mistake to use this option, as it normally has undesirable effects on special files like FIFOs and the ones typically found in the `/dev' directory. In most cases, `cp -R --copy-contents' will hang indefinitely trying to read from FIFOs and special files like `/dev/console', and it will fill up your destination disk if you use it to copy `/dev/zero'. This option has no effect unless copying recursively, and it does not affect the copying of symbolic links. `-d' Copy symbolic links as symbolic links rather than copying the files that they point to, and preserve hard links between source files in the copies. Equivalent to `--no-dereference --preserve=links'. `-f' `--force' When copying without this option and an existing destination file cannot be opened for writing, the copy fails. However, with `--force'), when a destination file cannot be opened, `cp' then removes it and tries to open it again. Contrast this behavior with that enabled by `--link' and `--symbolic-link', whereby the destination file is never opened but rather is removed unconditionally. Also see the description of `--remove-destination'. This option is independent of the `--interactive' or `-i' option: neither cancels the effect of the other. This option is redundant if the `--no-clobber' or `-n' option is used. `-H' If a command line argument specifies a symbolic link, then copy the file it points to rather than the symbolic link itself. However, copy (preserving its nature) any symbolic link that is encountered via recursive traversal. `-i' `--interactive' When copying a file other than a directory, prompt whether to overwrite an existing destination file. The `-i' option overrides a previous `-n' option. `-l' `--link' Make hard links instead of copies of non-directories. `-L' `--dereference' Follow symbolic links when copying from them. With this option, `cp' cannot create a symbolic link. For example, a symlink (to regular file) in the source tree will be copied to a regular file in the destination tree. `-n' `--no-clobber' Do not overwrite an existing file. The `-n' option overrides a previous `-i' option. This option is mutually exclusive with `-b' or `--backup' option. `-P' `--no-dereference' Copy symbolic links as symbolic links rather than copying the files that they point to. This option affects only symbolic links in the source; symbolic links in the destination are always followed if possible. `-p' `--preserve[=ATTRIBUTE_LIST]' Preserve the specified attributes of the original files. If specified, the ATTRIBUTE_LIST must be a comma-separated list of one or more of the following strings: `mode' Preserve the file mode bits and access control lists. `ownership' Preserve the owner and group. On most modern systems, only users with appropriate privileges may change the owner of a file, and ordinary users may preserve the group ownership of a file only if they happen to be a member of the desired group. `timestamps' Preserve the times of last access and last modification, when possible. On older systems, it is not possible to preserve these attributes when the affected file is a symbolic link. However, many systems now provide the `utimensat' function, which makes it possible even for symbolic links. `links' Preserve in the destination files any links between corresponding source files. Note that with `-L' or `-H', this option can convert symbolic links to hard links. For example, $ mkdir c; : > a; ln -s a b; cp -aH a b c; ls -i1 c 74161745 a 74161745 b Note the inputs: `b' is a symlink to regular file `a', yet the files in destination directory, `c/', are hard-linked. Since `-a' implies `--preserve=links', and since `-H' tells `cp' to dereference command line arguments, it sees two files with the same inode number, and preserves the perceived hard link. Here is a similar example that exercises `cp''s `-L' option: $ mkdir b c; (cd b; : > a; ln -s a b); cp -aL b c; ls -i1 c/b 74163295 a 74163295 b `context' Preserve SELinux security context of the file, or fail with full diagnostics. `xattr' Preserve extended attributes of the file, or fail with full diagnostics. If `cp' is built without xattr support, ignore this option. If SELinux context, ACLs or Capabilities are implemented using xattrs, they are preserved by this option as well. `all' Preserve all file attributes. Equivalent to specifying all of the above, but with the difference that failure to preserve SELinux security context or extended attributes does not change `cp''s exit status. In contrast to `-a', all but `Operation not supported' warnings are output. Using `--preserve' with no ATTRIBUTE_LIST is equivalent to `--preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps'. In the absence of this option, each destination file is created with the mode bits of the corresponding source file, minus the bits set in the umask and minus the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits. *Note File permissions::. `--no-preserve=ATTRIBUTE_LIST' Do not preserve the specified attributes. The ATTRIBUTE_LIST has the same form as for `--preserve'. `--parents' Form the name of each destination file by appending to the target directory a slash and the specified name of the source file. The last argument given to `cp' must be the name of an existing directory. For example, the command: cp --parents a/b/c existing_dir copies the file `a/b/c' to `existing_dir/a/b/c', creating any missing intermediate directories. `-R' `-r' `--recursive' Copy directories recursively. By default, do not follow symbolic links in the source; see the `--archive' (`-a'), `-d', `--dereference' (`-L'), `--no-dereference' (`-P'), and `-H' options. Special files are copied by creating a destination file of the same type as the source; see the `--copy-contents' option. It is not portable to use `-r' to copy symbolic links or special files. On some non-GNU systems, `-r' implies the equivalent of `-L' and `--copy-contents' for historical reasons. Also, it is not portable to use `-R' to copy symbolic links unless you also specify `-P', as POSIX allows implementations that dereference symbolic links by default. `--reflink[=WHEN]' Perform a lightweight, copy-on-write (COW) copy. Copying with this option can succeed only on some file systems. Once it has succeeded, beware that the source and destination files share the same disk data blocks as long as they remain unmodified. Thus, if a disk I/O error affects data blocks of one of the files, the other suffers the exact same fate. The WHEN value can be one of the following: `always' The default behavior: if the copy-on-write operation is not supported then report the failure for each file and exit with a failure status. `auto' If the copy-on-write operation is not supported then fall back to the standard copy behaviour. `--remove-destination' Remove each existing destination file before attempting to open it (contrast with `-f' above). `--sparse=WHEN' A "sparse file" contains "holes"--a sequence of zero bytes that does not occupy any physical disk blocks; the `read' system call reads these as zeros. This can both save considerable disk space and increase speed, since many binary files contain lots of consecutive zero bytes. By default, `cp' detects holes in input source files via a crude heuristic and makes the corresponding output file sparse as well. Only regular files may be sparse. The WHEN value can be one of the following: `auto' The default behavior: if the input file is sparse, attempt to make the output file sparse, too. However, if an output file exists but refers to a non-regular file, then do not attempt to make it sparse. `always' For each sufficiently long sequence of zero bytes in the input file, attempt to create a corresponding hole in the output file, even if the input file does not appear to be sparse. This is useful when the input file resides on a file system that does not support sparse files (for example, `efs' file systems in SGI IRIX 5.3 and earlier), but the output file is on a type of file system that does support them. Holes may be created only in regular files, so if the destination file is of some other type, `cp' does not even try to make it sparse. `never' Never make the output file sparse. This is useful in creating a file for use with the `mkswap' command, since such a file must not have any holes. `--strip-trailing-slashes' Remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument. *Note Trailing slashes::. `-s' `--symbolic-link' Make symbolic links instead of copies of non-directories. All source file names must be absolute (starting with `/') unless the destination files are in the current directory. This option merely results in an error message on systems that do not support symbolic links. `-S SUFFIX' `--suffix=SUFFIX' Append SUFFIX to each backup file made with `-b'. *Note Backup options::. `-t DIRECTORY' `--target-directory=DIRECTORY' Specify the destination DIRECTORY. *Note Target directory::. `-T' `--no-target-directory' Do not treat the last operand specially when it is a directory or a symbolic link to a directory. *Note Target directory::. `-u' `--update' Do not copy a non-directory that has an existing destination with the same or newer modification time. If time stamps are being preserved, the comparison is to the source time stamp truncated to the resolutions of the destination file system and of the system calls used to update time stamps; this avoids duplicate work if several `cp -pu' commands are executed with the same source and destination. `-v' `--verbose' Print the name of each file before copying it. `-x' `--one-file-system' Skip subdirectories that are on different file systems from the one that the copy started on. However, mount point directories _are_ copied. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: dd invocation, Next: install invocation, Prev: cp invocation, Up: Basic operations 11.2 `dd': Convert and copy a file ================================== `dd' copies a file (from standard input to standard output, by default) with a changeable I/O block size, while optionally performing conversions on it. Synopses: dd [OPERAND]... dd OPTION The only options are `--help' and `--version'. *Note Common options::. `dd' accepts the following operands. `if=FILE' Read from FILE instead of standard input. `of=FILE' Write to FILE instead of standard output. Unless `conv=notrunc' is given, `dd' truncates FILE to zero bytes (or the size specified with `seek='). `ibs=BYTES' Set the input block size to BYTES. This makes `dd' read BYTES per block. The default is 512 bytes. `obs=BYTES' Set the output block size to BYTES. This makes `dd' write BYTES per block. The default is 512 bytes. `bs=BYTES' Set both input and output block sizes to BYTES. This makes `dd' read and write BYTES per block, overriding any `ibs' and `obs' settings. In addition, if no data-transforming `conv' option is specified, each input block is copied to the output as a single block, without aggregating short reads. `cbs=BYTES' Set the conversion block size to BYTES. When converting variable-length records to fixed-length ones (`conv=block') or the reverse (`conv=unblock'), use BYTES as the fixed record length. `skip=BLOCKS' Skip BLOCKS `ibs'-byte blocks in the input file before copying. `seek=BLOCKS' Skip BLOCKS `obs'-byte blocks in the output file before copying. `count=BLOCKS' Copy BLOCKS `ibs'-byte blocks from the input file, instead of everything until the end of the file. `status=noxfer' Do not print the overall transfer rate and volume statistics that normally make up the third status line when `dd' exits. `conv=CONVERSION[,CONVERSION]...' Convert the file as specified by the CONVERSION argument(s). (No spaces around any comma(s).) Conversions: `ascii' Convert EBCDIC to ASCII, using the conversion table specified by POSIX. This provides a 1:1 translation for all 256 bytes. `ebcdic' Convert ASCII to EBCDIC. This is the inverse of the `ascii' conversion. `ibm' Convert ASCII to alternate EBCDIC, using the alternate conversion table specified by POSIX. This is not a 1:1 translation, but reflects common historical practice for `~', `[', and `]'. The `ascii', `ebcdic', and `ibm' conversions are mutually exclusive. `block' For each line in the input, output `cbs' bytes, replacing the input newline with a space and padding with spaces as necessary. `unblock' Remove any trailing spaces in each `cbs'-sized input block, and append a newline. The `block' and `unblock' conversions are mutually exclusive. `lcase' Change uppercase letters to lowercase. `ucase' Change lowercase letters to uppercase. The `lcase' and `ucase' conversions are mutually exclusive. `swab' Swap every pair of input bytes. GNU `dd', unlike others, works when an odd number of bytes are read--the last byte is simply copied (since there is nothing to swap it with). `noerror' Continue after read errors. `nocreat' Do not create the output file; the output file must already exist. `excl' Fail if the output file already exists; `dd' must create the output file itself. The `excl' and `nocreat' conversions are mutually exclusive. `notrunc' Do not truncate the output file. `sync' Pad every input block to size of `ibs' with trailing zero bytes. When used with `block' or `unblock', pad with spaces instead of zero bytes. `fdatasync' Synchronize output data just before finishing. This forces a physical write of output data. `fsync' Synchronize output data and metadata just before finishing. This forces a physical write of output data and metadata. `iflag=FLAG[,FLAG]...' Access the input file using the flags specified by the FLAG argument(s). (No spaces around any comma(s).) `oflag=FLAG[,FLAG]...' Access the output file using the flags specified by the FLAG argument(s). (No spaces around any comma(s).) Here are the flags. Not every flag is supported on every operating system. `append' Write in append mode, so that even if some other process is writing to this file, every `dd' write will append to the current contents of the file. This flag makes sense only for output. If you combine this flag with the `of=FILE' operand, you should also specify `conv=notrunc' unless you want the output file to be truncated before being appended to. `cio' Use concurrent I/O mode for data. This mode performs direct I/O and drops the POSIX requirement to serialize all I/O to the same file. A file cannot be opened in CIO mode and with a standard open at the same time. `direct' Use direct I/O for data, avoiding the buffer cache. Note that the kernel may impose restrictions on read or write buffer sizes. For example, with an ext4 destination file system and a linux-based kernel, using `oflag=direct' will cause writes to fail with `EINVAL' if the output buffer size is not a multiple of 512. `directory' Fail unless the file is a directory. Most operating systems do not allow I/O to a directory, so this flag has limited utility. `dsync' Use synchronized I/O for data. For the output file, this forces a physical write of output data on each write. For the input file, this flag can matter when reading from a remote file that has been written to synchronously by some other process. Metadata (e.g., last-access and last-modified time) is not necessarily synchronized. `sync' Use synchronized I/O for both data and metadata. `nonblock' Use non-blocking I/O. `noatime' Do not update the file's access time. Some older file systems silently ignore this flag, so it is a good idea to test it on your files before relying on it. `noctty' Do not assign the file to be a controlling terminal for `dd'. This has no effect when the file is not a terminal. On many hosts (e.g., GNU/Linux hosts), this option has no effect at all. `nofollow' Do not follow symbolic links. `nolinks' Fail if the file has multiple hard links. `binary' Use binary I/O. This option has an effect only on nonstandard platforms that distinguish binary from text I/O. `text' Use text I/O. Like `binary', this option has no effect on standard platforms. `fullblock' Accumulate full blocks from input. The `read' system call may return early if a full block is not available. When that happens, continue calling `read' to fill the remainder of the block. This flag can be used only with `iflag'. These flags are not supported on all systems, and `dd' rejects attempts to use them when they are not supported. When reading from standard input or writing to standard output, the `nofollow' and `noctty' flags should not be specified, and the other flags (e.g., `nonblock') can affect how other processes behave with the affected file descriptors, even after `dd' exits. The numeric-valued strings above (BYTES and BLOCKS) can be followed by a multiplier: `b'=512, `c'=1, `w'=2, `xM'=M, or any of the standard block size suffixes like `k'=1024 (*note Block size::). Use different `dd' invocations to use different block sizes for skipping and I/O. For example, the following shell commands copy data in 512 KiB blocks between a disk and a tape, but do not save or restore a 4 KiB label at the start of the disk: disk=/dev/rdsk/c0t1d0s2 tape=/dev/rmt/0 # Copy all but the label from disk to tape. (dd bs=4k skip=1 count=0 && dd bs=512k) <$disk >$tape # Copy from tape back to disk, but leave the disk label alone. (dd bs=4k seek=1 count=0 && dd bs=512k) <$tape >$disk Sending an `INFO' signal to a running `dd' process makes it print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying. In the example below, `dd' is run in the background to copy 10 million blocks. The `kill' command makes it output intermediate I/O statistics, and when `dd' completes normally or is killed by the `SIGINT' signal, it outputs the final statistics. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null count=10MB & pid=$! $ kill -s INFO $pid; wait $pid 3385223+0 records in 3385223+0 records out 1733234176 bytes (1.7 GB) copied, 6.42173 seconds, 270 MB/s 10000000+0 records in 10000000+0 records out 5120000000 bytes (5.1 GB) copied, 18.913 seconds, 271 MB/s On systems lacking the `INFO' signal `dd' responds to the `USR1' signal instead, unless the `POSIXLY_CORRECT' environment variable is set. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: install invocation, Next: mv invocation, Prev: dd invocation, Up: Basic operations 11.3 `install': Copy files and set attributes ============================================= `install' copies files while setting their file mode bits and, if possible, their owner and group. Synopses: install [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST install [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY install [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... install [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORY... * If two file names are given, `install' copies the first file to the second. * If the `--target-directory' (`-t') option is given, or failing that if the last file is a directory and the `--no-target-directory' (`-T') option is not given, `install' copies each SOURCE file to the specified directory, using the SOURCEs' names. * If the `--directory' (`-d') option is given, `install' creates each DIRECTORY and any missing parent directories. Parent directories are created with mode `u=rwx,go=rx' (755), regardless of the `-m' option or the current umask. *Note Directory Setuid and Setgid::, for how the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits of parent directories are inherited. `install' is similar to `cp', but allows you to control the attributes of destination files. It is typically used in Makefiles to copy programs into their destination directories. It refuses to copy files onto themselves. `install' never preserves extended attributes (xattr). The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-b' `--backup[=METHOD]' *Note Backup options::. Make a backup of each file that would otherwise be overwritten or removed. `-C' `--compare' Compare each pair of source and destination files, and if the destination has identical content and any specified owner, group, permissions, and possibly SELinux context, then do not modify the destination at all. `-c' Ignored; for compatibility with old Unix versions of `install'. `-D' Create any missing parent directories of DEST, then copy SOURCE to DEST. This option is ignored if a destination directory is specified via `--target-directory=DIR'. `-d' `--directory' Create any missing parent directories, giving them the default attributes. Then create each given directory, setting their owner, group and mode as given on the command line or to the defaults. `-g GROUP' `--group=GROUP' Set the group ownership of installed files or directories to GROUP. The default is the process's current group. GROUP may be either a group name or a numeric group ID. `-m MODE' `--mode=MODE' Set the file mode bits for the installed file or directory to MODE, which can be either an octal number, or a symbolic mode as in `chmod', with `a=' (no access allowed to anyone) as the point of departure (*note File permissions::). The default mode is `u=rwx,go=rx,a-s'--read, write, and execute for the owner, read and execute for group and other, and with set-user-ID and set-group-ID disabled. This default is not quite the same as `755', since it disables instead of preserving set-user-ID and set-group-ID on directories. *Note Directory Setuid and Setgid::. `-o OWNER' `--owner=OWNER' If `install' has appropriate privileges (is run as root), set the ownership of installed files or directories to OWNER. The default is `root'. OWNER may be either a user name or a numeric user ID. `--preserve-context' Preserve the SELinux security context of files and directories. Failure to preserve the context in all of the files or directories will result in an exit status of 1. If SELinux is disabled then print a warning and ignore the option. `-p' `--preserve-timestamps' Set the time of last access and the time of last modification of each installed file to match those of each corresponding original file. When a file is installed without this option, its last access and last modification times are both set to the time of installation. This option is useful if you want to use the last modification times of installed files to keep track of when they were last built as opposed to when they were last installed. `-s' `--strip' Strip the symbol tables from installed binary executables. `--strip-program=PROGRAM' Program used to strip binaries. `-S SUFFIX' `--suffix=SUFFIX' Append SUFFIX to each backup file made with `-b'. *Note Backup options::. `-t DIRECTORY' `--target-directory=DIRECTORY' Specify the destination DIRECTORY. *Note Target directory::. `-T' `--no-target-directory' Do not treat the last operand specially when it is a directory or a symbolic link to a directory. *Note Target directory::. `-v' `--verbose' Print the name of each file before copying it. `-Z CONTEXT' `--context=CONTEXT' Set the default SELinux security context to be used for any created files and directories. If SELinux is disabled then print a warning and ignore the option. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: mv invocation, Next: rm invocation, Prev: install invocation, Up: Basic operations 11.4 `mv': Move (rename) files ============================== `mv' moves or renames files (or directories). Synopses: mv [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST mv [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY mv [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... * If two file names are given, `mv' moves the first file to the second. * If the `--target-directory' (`-t') option is given, or failing that if the last file is a directory and the `--no-target-directory' (`-T') option is not given, `mv' moves each SOURCE file to the specified directory, using the SOURCEs' names. `mv' can move any type of file from one file system to another. Prior to version `4.0' of the fileutils, `mv' could move only regular files between file systems. For example, now `mv' can move an entire directory hierarchy including special device files from one partition to another. It first uses some of the same code that's used by `cp -a' to copy the requested directories and files, then (assuming the copy succeeded) it removes the originals. If the copy fails, then the part that was copied to the destination partition is removed. If you were to copy three directories from one partition to another and the copy of the first directory succeeded, but the second didn't, the first would be left on the destination partition and the second and third would be left on the original partition. `mv' always tries to copy extended attributes (xattr), which may include SELinux context, ACLs or Capabilities. Upon failure all but `Operation not supported' warnings are output. If a destination file exists but is normally unwritable, standard input is a terminal, and the `-f' or `--force' option is not given, `mv' prompts the user for whether to replace the file. (You might own the file, or have write permission on its directory.) If the response is not affirmative, the file is skipped. _Warning_: Avoid specifying a source name with a trailing slash, when it might be a symlink to a directory. Otherwise, `mv' may do something very surprising, since its behavior depends on the underlying rename system call. On a system with a modern Linux-based kernel, it fails with `errno=ENOTDIR'. However, on other systems (at least FreeBSD 6.1 and Solaris 10) it silently renames not the symlink but rather the directory referenced by the symlink. *Note Trailing slashes::. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-b' `--backup[=METHOD]' *Note Backup options::. Make a backup of each file that would otherwise be overwritten or removed. `-f' `--force' Do not prompt the user before removing a destination file. If you specify more than one of the `-i', `-f', `-n' options, only the final one takes effect. `-i' `--interactive' Prompt whether to overwrite each existing destination file, regardless of its permissions. If the response is not affirmative, the file is skipped. If you specify more than one of the `-i', `-f', `-n' options, only the final one takes effect. `-n' `--no-clobber' Do not overwrite an existing file. If you specify more than one of the `-i', `-f', `-n' options, only the final one takes effect. This option is mutually exclusive with `-b' or `--backup' option. `-u' `--update' Do not move a non-directory that has an existing destination with the same or newer modification time. If the move is across file system boundaries, the comparison is to the source time stamp truncated to the resolutions of the destination file system and of the system calls used to update time stamps; this avoids duplicate work if several `mv -u' commands are executed with the same source and destination. `-v' `--verbose' Print the name of each file before moving it. `--strip-trailing-slashes' Remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument. *Note Trailing slashes::. `-S SUFFIX' `--suffix=SUFFIX' Append SUFFIX to each backup file made with `-b'. *Note Backup options::. `-t DIRECTORY' `--target-directory=DIRECTORY' Specify the destination DIRECTORY. *Note Target directory::. `-T' `--no-target-directory' Do not treat the last operand specially when it is a directory or a symbolic link to a directory. *Note Target directory::. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: rm invocation, Next: shred invocation, Prev: mv invocation, Up: Basic operations 11.5 `rm': Remove files or directories ====================================== `rm' removes each given FILE. By default, it does not remove directories. Synopsis: rm [OPTION]... [FILE]... If the `-I' or `--interactive=once' option is given, and there are more than three files or the `-r', `-R', or `--recursive' are given, then `rm' prompts the user for whether to proceed with the entire operation. If the response is not affirmative, the entire command is aborted. Otherwise, if a file is unwritable, standard input is a terminal, and the `-f' or `--force' option is not given, or the `-i' or `--interactive=always' option _is_ given, `rm' prompts the user for whether to remove the file. If the response is not affirmative, the file is skipped. Any attempt to remove a file whose last file name component is `.' or `..' is rejected without any prompting. _Warning_: If you use `rm' to remove a file, it is usually possible to recover the contents of that file. If you want more assurance that the contents are truly unrecoverable, consider using `shred'. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-f' `--force' Ignore nonexistent files and never prompt the user. Ignore any previous `--interactive' (`-i') option. `-i' Prompt whether to remove each file. If the response is not affirmative, the file is skipped. Ignore any previous `--force' (`-f') option. Equivalent to `--interactive=always'. `-I' Prompt once whether to proceed with the command, if more than three files are named or if a recursive removal is requested. Ignore any previous `--force' (`-f') option. Equivalent to `--interactive=once'. `--interactive [=WHEN]' Specify when to issue an interactive prompt. WHEN may be omitted, or one of: * never - Do not prompt at all. * once - Prompt once if more than three files are named or if a recursive removal is requested. Equivalent to `-I'. * always - Prompt for every file being removed. Equivalent to `-i'. `--interactive' with no WHEN is equivalent to `--interactive=always'. `--one-file-system' When removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any directory that is on a file system different from that of the corresponding command line argument. This option is useful when removing a build "chroot" hierarchy, which normally contains no valuable data. However, it is not uncommon to bind-mount `/home' into such a hierarchy, to make it easier to use one's start-up file. The catch is that it's easy to forget to unmount `/home'. Then, when you use `rm -rf' to remove your normally throw-away chroot, that command will remove everything under `/home', too. Use the `--one-file-system' option, and it will warn about and skip directories on other file systems. Of course, this will not save your `/home' if it and your chroot happen to be on the same file system. `--preserve-root' Fail upon any attempt to remove the root directory, `/', when used with the `--recursive' option. This is the default behavior. *Note Treating / specially::. `--no-preserve-root' Do not treat `/' specially when removing recursively. This option is not recommended unless you really want to remove all the files on your computer. *Note Treating / specially::. `-r' `-R' `--recursive' Remove the listed directories and their contents recursively. `-v' `--verbose' Print the name of each file before removing it. One common question is how to remove files whose names begin with a `-'. GNU `rm', like every program that uses the `getopt' function to parse its arguments, lets you use the `--' option to indicate that all following arguments are non-options. To remove a file called `-f' in the current directory, you could type either: rm -- -f or: rm ./-f The Unix `rm' program's use of a single `-' for this purpose predates the development of the getopt standard syntax. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: shred invocation, Prev: rm invocation, Up: Basic operations 11.6 `shred': Remove files more securely ======================================== `shred' overwrites devices or files, to help prevent even very expensive hardware from recovering the data. Ordinarily when you remove a file (*note rm invocation::), the data is not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse. There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index and can bring the file back if the parts were not reused. On a busy system with a nearly-full drive, space can get reused in a few seconds. But there is no way to know for sure. If you have sensitive data, you may want to be sure that recovery is not possible by actually overwriting the file with non-sensitive data. However, even after doing that, it is possible to take the disk back to a laboratory and use a lot of sensitive (and expensive) equipment to look for the faint "echoes" of the original data underneath the overwritten data. If the data has only been overwritten once, it's not even that hard. The best way to remove something irretrievably is to destroy the media it's on with acid, melt it down, or the like. For cheap removable media like floppy disks, this is the preferred method. However, hard drives are expensive and hard to melt, so the `shred' utility tries to achieve a similar effect non-destructively. This uses many overwrite passes, with the data patterns chosen to maximize the damage they do to the old data. While this will work on floppies, the patterns are designed for best effect on hard drives. For more details, see the source code and Peter Gutmann's paper `Secure Deletion of Data from Magnetic and Solid-State Memory' (http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~pgut001/pubs/secure_del.html), from the proceedings of the Sixth USENIX Security Symposium (San Jose, California, July 22-25, 1996). *Please note* that `shred' relies on a very important assumption: that the file system overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern file system designs do not satisfy this assumption. Exceptions include: * Log-structured or journaled file systems, such as those supplied with AIX and Solaris, and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3 (in `data=journal' mode), BFS, NTFS, etc. when they are configured to journal _data_. * File systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes fail, such as RAID-based file systems. * File systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server. * File systems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS version 3 clients. * Compressed file systems. In the particular case of ext3 file systems, the above disclaimer applies (and `shred' is thus of limited effectiveness) only in `data=journal' mode, which journals file data in addition to just metadata. In both the `data=ordered' (default) and `data=writeback' modes, `shred' works as usual. Ext3 journaling modes can be changed by adding the `data=something' option to the mount options for a particular file system in the `/etc/fstab' file, as documented in the mount man page (man mount). If you are not sure how your file system operates, then you should assume that it does not overwrite data in place, which means that shred cannot reliably operate on regular files in your file system. Generally speaking, it is more reliable to shred a device than a file, since this bypasses the problem of file system design mentioned above. However, even shredding devices is not always completely reliable. For example, most disks map out bad sectors invisibly to the application; if the bad sectors contain sensitive data, `shred' won't be able to destroy it. `shred' makes no attempt to detect or report this problem, just as it makes no attempt to do anything about backups. However, since it is more reliable to shred devices than files, `shred' by default does not truncate or remove the output file. This default is more suitable for devices, which typically cannot be truncated and should not be removed. Finally, consider the risk of backups and mirrors. File system backups and remote mirrors may contain copies of the file that cannot be removed, and that will allow a shredded file to be recovered later. So if you keep any data you may later want to destroy using `shred', be sure that it is not backed up or mirrored. shred [OPTION]... FILE[...] The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-f' `--force' Override file permissions if necessary to allow overwriting. `-NUMBER' `-n NUMBER' `--iterations=NUMBER' By default, `shred' uses 3 passes of overwrite. You can reduce this to save time, or increase it if you think it's appropriate. After 25 passes all of the internal overwrite patterns will have been used at least once. `--random-source=FILE' Use FILE as a source of random data used to overwrite and to choose pass ordering. *Note Random sources::. `-s BYTES' `--size=BYTES' Shred the first BYTES bytes of the file. The default is to shred the whole file. BYTES can be followed by a size specification like `K', `M', or `G' to specify a multiple. *Note Block size::. `-u' `--remove' After shredding a file, truncate it (if possible) and then remove it. If a file has multiple links, only the named links will be removed. `-v' `--verbose' Display to standard error all status updates as sterilization proceeds. `-x' `--exact' By default, `shred' rounds the size of a regular file up to the next multiple of the file system block size to fully erase the last block of the file. Use `--exact' to suppress that behavior. Thus, by default if you shred a 10-byte regular file on a system with 512-byte blocks, the resulting file will be 512 bytes long. With this option, shred does not increase the apparent size of the file. `-z' `--zero' Normally, the last pass that `shred' writes is made up of random data. If this would be conspicuous on your hard drive (for example, because it looks like encrypted data), or you just think it's tidier, the `--zero' option adds an additional overwrite pass with all zero bits. This is in addition to the number of passes specified by the `--iterations' option. You might use the following command to erase all trace of the file system you'd created on the floppy disk in your first drive. That command takes about 20 minutes to erase a "1.44MB" (actually 1440 KiB) floppy. shred --verbose /dev/fd0 Similarly, to erase all data on a selected partition of your hard disk, you could give a command like this: shred --verbose /dev/sda5 A FILE of `-' denotes standard output. The intended use of this is to shred a removed temporary file. For example: i=`mktemp` exec 3<>"$i" rm -- "$i" echo "Hello, world" >&3 shred - >&3 exec 3>- However, the command `shred - >file' does not shred the contents of FILE, since the shell truncates FILE before invoking `shred'. Use the command `shred file' or (if using a Bourne-compatible shell) the command `shred - 1<>file' instead. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Special file types, Next: Changing file attributes, Prev: Basic operations, Up: Top 12 Special file types ********************* This chapter describes commands which create special types of files (and `rmdir', which removes directories, one special file type). Although Unix-like operating systems have markedly fewer special file types than others, not _everything_ can be treated only as the undifferentiated byte stream of "normal files". For example, when a file is created or removed, the system must record this information, which it does in a "directory"--a special type of file. Although you can read directories as normal files, if you're curious, in order for the system to do its job it must impose a structure, a certain order, on the bytes of the file. Thus it is a "special" type of file. Besides directories, other special file types include named pipes (FIFOs), symbolic links, sockets, and so-called "special files". * Menu: * link invocation:: Make a hard link via the link syscall * ln invocation:: Make links between files. * mkdir invocation:: Make directories. * mkfifo invocation:: Make FIFOs (named pipes). * mknod invocation:: Make block or character special files. * readlink invocation:: Print value of a symlink or canonical file name. * rmdir invocation:: Remove empty directories. * unlink invocation:: Remove files via the unlink syscall  File: coreutils.info, Node: link invocation, Next: ln invocation, Up: Special file types 12.1 `link': Make a hard link via the link syscall ================================================== `link' creates a single hard link at a time. It is a minimalist interface to the system-provided `link' function. *Note Hard Links: (libc)Hard Links. It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used `ln' command (*note ln invocation::). Synopsis: link FILENAME LINKNAME FILENAME must specify an existing file, and LINKNAME must specify a nonexistent entry in an existing directory. `link' simply calls `link (FILENAME, LINKNAME)' to create the link. On a GNU system, this command acts like `ln --directory --no-target-directory FILENAME LINKNAME'. However, the `--directory' and `--no-target-directory' options are not specified by POSIX, and the `link' command is more portable in practice. If FILENAME is a symbolic link, it is unspecified whether LINKNAME will be a hard link to the symbolic link or to the target of the symbolic link. Use `ln -P' or `ln -L' to specify which behavior is desired. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: ln invocation, Next: mkdir invocation, Prev: link invocation, Up: Special file types 12.2 `ln': Make links between files =================================== `ln' makes links between files. By default, it makes hard links; with the `-s' option, it makes symbolic (or "soft") links. Synopses: ln [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINKNAME ln [OPTION]... TARGET ln [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY ln [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... * If two file names are given, `ln' creates a link to the first file from the second. * If one TARGET is given, `ln' creates a link to that file in the current directory. * If the `--target-directory' (`-t') option is given, or failing that if the last file is a directory and the `--no-target-directory' (`-T') option is not given, `ln' creates a link to each TARGET file in the specified directory, using the TARGETs' names. Normally `ln' does not remove existing files. Use the `--force' (`-f') option to remove them unconditionally, the `--interactive' (`-i') option to remove them conditionally, and the `--backup' (`-b') option to rename them. A "hard link" is another name for an existing file; the link and the original are indistinguishable. Technically speaking, they share the same inode, and the inode contains all the information about a file--indeed, it is not incorrect to say that the inode _is_ the file. Most systems prohibit making a hard link to a directory; on those where it is allowed, only the super-user can do so (and with caution, since creating a cycle will cause problems to many other utilities). Hard links cannot cross file system boundaries. (These restrictions are not mandated by POSIX, however.) "Symbolic links" ("symlinks" for short), on the other hand, are a special file type (which not all kernels support: System V release 3 (and older) systems lack symlinks) in which the link file actually refers to a different file, by name. When most operations (opening, reading, writing, and so on) are passed the symbolic link file, the kernel automatically "dereferences" the link and operates on the target of the link. But some operations (e.g., removing) work on the link file itself, rather than on its target. The owner and group of a symlink are not significant to file access performed through the link, but do have implications on deleting a symbolic link from a directory with the restricted deletion bit set. On the GNU system, the mode of a symlink has no significance and cannot be changed, but on some BSD systems, the mode can be changed and will affect whether the symlink will be traversed in file name resolution. *Note Symbolic Links: (libc)Symbolic Links. Symbolic links can contain arbitrary strings; a "dangling symlink" occurs when the string in the symlink does not resolve to a file. There are no restrictions against creating dangling symbolic links. There are trade-offs to using absolute or relative symlinks. An absolute symlink always points to the same file, even if the directory containing the link is moved. However, if the symlink is visible from more than one machine (such as on a networked file system), the file pointed to might not always be the same. A relative symbolic link is resolved in relation to the directory that contains the link, and is often useful in referring to files on the same device without regards to what name that device is mounted on when accessed via networked machines. When creating a relative symlink in a different location than the current directory, the resolution of the symlink will be different than the resolution of the same string from the current directory. Therefore, many users prefer to first change directories to the location where the relative symlink will be created, so that tab-completion or other file resolution will find the same target as what will be placed in the symlink. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-b' `--backup[=METHOD]' *Note Backup options::. Make a backup of each file that would otherwise be overwritten or removed. `-d' `-F' `--directory' Allow users with appropriate privileges to attempt to make hard links to directories. However, note that this will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the super-user. `-f' `--force' Remove existing destination files. `-i' `--interactive' Prompt whether to remove existing destination files. `-L' `--logical' If `-s' is not in effect, and the source file is a symbolic link, create the hard link to the file referred to by the symbolic link, rather than the symbolic link itself. `-n' `--no-dereference' Do not treat the last operand specially when it is a symbolic link to a directory. Instead, treat it as if it were a normal file. When the destination is an actual directory (not a symlink to one), there is no ambiguity. The link is created in that directory. But when the specified destination is a symlink to a directory, there are two ways to treat the user's request. `ln' can treat the destination just as it would a normal directory and create the link in it. On the other hand, the destination can be viewed as a non-directory--as the symlink itself. In that case, `ln' must delete or backup that symlink before creating the new link. The default is to treat a destination that is a symlink to a directory just like a directory. This option is weaker than the `--no-target-directory' (`-T') option, so it has no effect if both options are given. `-P' `--physical' If `-s' is not in effect, and the source file is a symbolic link, create the hard link to the symbolic link itself. On platforms where this is not supported by the kernel, this option creates a symbolic link with identical contents; since symbolic link contents cannot be edited, any file name resolution performed through either link will be the same as if a hard link had been created. `-s' `--symbolic' Make symbolic links instead of hard links. This option merely produces an error message on systems that do not support symbolic links. `-S SUFFIX' `--suffix=SUFFIX' Append SUFFIX to each backup file made with `-b'. *Note Backup options::. `-t DIRECTORY' `--target-directory=DIRECTORY' Specify the destination DIRECTORY. *Note Target directory::. `-T' `--no-target-directory' Do not treat the last operand specially when it is a directory or a symbolic link to a directory. *Note Target directory::. `-v' `--verbose' Print the name of each file after linking it successfully. If `-L' and `-P' are both given, the last one takes precedence. If `-s' is also given, `-L' and `-P' are silently ignored. If neither option is given, then this implementation defaults to `-P' if the system `link' supports hard links to symbolic links (such as the GNU system), and `-L' if `link' follows symbolic links (such as on BSD). An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure. Examples: Bad Example: # Create link ../a pointing to a in that directory. # Not really useful because it points to itself. ln -s a .. Better Example: # Change to the target before creating symlinks to avoid being confused. cd .. ln -s adir/a . Bad Example: # Hard coded file names don't move well. ln -s $(pwd)/a /some/dir/ Better Example: # Relative file names survive directory moves and also # work across networked file systems. ln -s afile anotherfile ln -s ../adir/afile yetanotherfile  File: coreutils.info, Node: mkdir invocation, Next: mkfifo invocation, Prev: ln invocation, Up: Special file types 12.3 `mkdir': Make directories ============================== `mkdir' creates directories with the specified names. Synopsis: mkdir [OPTION]... NAME... `mkdir' creates each directory NAME in the order given. It reports an error if NAME already exists, unless the `-p' option is given and NAME is a directory. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-m MODE' `--mode=MODE' Set the file permission bits of created directories to MODE, which uses the same syntax as in `chmod' and uses `a=rwx' (read, write and execute allowed for everyone) for the point of the departure. *Note File permissions::. Normally the directory has the desired file mode bits at the moment it is created. As a GNU extension, MODE may also mention special mode bits, but in this case there may be a temporary window during which the directory exists but its special mode bits are incorrect. *Note Directory Setuid and Setgid::, for how the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits of directories are inherited unless overridden in this way. `-p' `--parents' Make any missing parent directories for each argument, setting their file permission bits to the umask modified by `u+wx'. Ignore existing parent directories, and do not change their file permission bits. To set the file permission bits of any newly-created parent directories to a value that includes `u+wx', you can set the umask before invoking `mkdir'. For example, if the shell command `(umask u=rwx,go=rx; mkdir -p P/Q)' creates the parent `P' it sets the parent's permission bits to `u=rwx,go=rx'. To set a parent's special mode bits as well, you can invoke `chmod' after `mkdir'. *Note Directory Setuid and Setgid::, for how the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits of newly-created parent directories are inherited. `-v' `--verbose' Print a message for each created directory. This is most useful with `--parents'. `-Z CONTEXT' `--context=CONTEXT' Set the default SELinux security context to be used for created directories. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: mkfifo invocation, Next: mknod invocation, Prev: mkdir invocation, Up: Special file types 12.4 `mkfifo': Make FIFOs (named pipes) ======================================= `mkfifo' creates FIFOs (also called "named pipes") with the specified names. Synopsis: mkfifo [OPTION] NAME... A "FIFO" is a special file type that permits independent processes to communicate. One process opens the FIFO file for writing, and another for reading, after which data can flow as with the usual anonymous pipe in shells or elsewhere. The program accepts the following option. Also see *note Common options::. `-m MODE' `--mode=MODE' Set the mode of created FIFOs to MODE, which is symbolic as in `chmod' and uses `a=rw' (read and write allowed for everyone) for the point of departure. MODE should specify only file permission bits. *Note File permissions::. `-Z CONTEXT' `--context=CONTEXT' Set the default SELinux security context to be used for created FIFOs. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: mknod invocation, Next: readlink invocation, Prev: mkfifo invocation, Up: Special file types 12.5 `mknod': Make block or character special files =================================================== `mknod' creates a FIFO, character special file, or block special file with the specified name. Synopsis: mknod [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Unlike the phrase "special file type" above, the term "special file" has a technical meaning on Unix: something that can generate or receive data. Usually this corresponds to a physical piece of hardware, e.g., a printer or a disk. (These files are typically created at system-configuration time.) The `mknod' command is what creates files of this type. Such devices can be read either a character at a time or a "block" (many characters) at a time, hence we say there are "block special" files and "character special" files. Due to shell aliases and built-in `mknod' command, using an unadorned `mknod' interactively or in a script may get you different functionality than that described here. Invoke it via `env' (i.e., `env mknod ...') to avoid interference from the shell. The arguments after NAME specify the type of file to make: `p' for a FIFO `b' for a block special file `c' for a character special file When making a block or character special file, the major and minor device numbers must be given after the file type. If a major or minor device number begins with `0x' or `0X', it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with `0', as octal; otherwise, as decimal. The program accepts the following option. Also see *note Common options::. `-m MODE' `--mode=MODE' Set the mode of created files to MODE, which is symbolic as in `chmod' and uses `a=rw' as the point of departure. MODE should specify only file permission bits. *Note File permissions::. `-Z CONTEXT' `--context=CONTEXT' Set the default SELinux security context to be used for created files. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: readlink invocation, Next: rmdir invocation, Prev: mknod invocation, Up: Special file types 12.6 `readlink': Print value of a symlink or canonical file name ================================================================ `readlink' may work in one of two supported modes: `Readlink mode' `readlink' outputs the value of the given symbolic link. If `readlink' is invoked with an argument other than the name of a symbolic link, it produces no output and exits with a nonzero exit code. `Canonicalize mode' `readlink' outputs the absolute name of the given file which contains no `.', `..' components nor any repeated separators (`/') or symbolic links. readlink [OPTION] FILE By default, `readlink' operates in readlink mode. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-f' `--canonicalize' Activate canonicalize mode. If any component of the file name except the last one is missing or unavailable, `readlink' produces no output and exits with a nonzero exit code. A trailing slash is ignored. `-e' `--canonicalize-existing' Activate canonicalize mode. If any component is missing or unavailable, `readlink' produces no output and exits with a nonzero exit code. A trailing slash requires that the name resolve to a directory. `-m' `--canonicalize-missing' Activate canonicalize mode. If any component is missing or unavailable, `readlink' treats it as a directory. `-n' `--no-newline' Do not output the trailing newline. `-s' `-q' `--silent' `--quiet' Suppress most error messages. `-v' `--verbose' Report error messages. The `readlink' utility first appeared in OpenBSD 2.1. There is a `realpath' command on some systems which operates like `readlink' in canonicalize mode. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: rmdir invocation, Next: unlink invocation, Prev: readlink invocation, Up: Special file types 12.7 `rmdir': Remove empty directories ====================================== `rmdir' removes empty directories. Synopsis: rmdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... If any DIRECTORY argument does not refer to an existing empty directory, it is an error. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `--ignore-fail-on-non-empty' Ignore each failure to remove a directory that is solely because the directory is non-empty. `-p' `--parents' Remove DIRECTORY, then try to remove each component of DIRECTORY. So, for example, `rmdir -p a/b/c' is similar to `rmdir a/b/c a/b a'. As such, it fails if any of those directories turns out not to be empty. Use the `--ignore-fail-on-non-empty' option to make it so such a failure does not evoke a diagnostic and does not cause `rmdir' to exit unsuccessfully. `-v' `--verbose' Give a diagnostic for each successful removal. DIRECTORY is removed. *Note rm invocation::, for how to remove non-empty directories (recursively). An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: unlink invocation, Prev: rmdir invocation, Up: Special file types 12.8 `unlink': Remove files via the unlink syscall ================================================== `unlink' deletes a single specified file name. It is a minimalist interface to the system-provided `unlink' function. *Note Deleting Files: (libc)Deleting Files. Synopsis: It avoids the bells and whistles of the more commonly-used `rm' command (*note rm invocation::). unlink FILENAME On some systems `unlink' can be used to delete the name of a directory. On others, it can be used that way only by a privileged user. In the GNU system `unlink' can never delete the name of a directory. The `unlink' command honors the `--help' and `--version' options. To remove a file whose name begins with `-', prefix the name with `./', e.g., `unlink ./--help'. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Changing file attributes, Next: Disk usage, Prev: Special file types, Up: Top 13 Changing file attributes *************************** A file is not merely its contents, a name, and a file type (*note Special file types::). A file also has an owner (a user ID), a group (a group ID), permissions (what the owner can do with the file, what people in the group can do, and what everyone else can do), various timestamps, and other information. Collectively, we call these a file's "attributes". These commands change file attributes. * Menu: * chgrp invocation:: Change file groups. * chmod invocation:: Change access permissions. * chown invocation:: Change file owners and groups. * touch invocation:: Change file timestamps.  File: coreutils.info, Node: chown invocation, Next: touch invocation, Prev: chmod invocation, Up: Changing file attributes 13.1 `chown': Change file owner and group ========================================= `chown' changes the user and/or group ownership of each given FILE to NEW-OWNER or to the user and group of an existing reference file. Synopsis: chown [OPTION]... {NEW-OWNER | --reference=REF_FILE} FILE... If used, NEW-OWNER specifies the new owner and/or group as follows (with no embedded white space): [OWNER] [ : [GROUP] ] Specifically: OWNER If only an OWNER (a user name or numeric user ID) is given, that user is made the owner of each given file, and the files' group is not changed. OWNER`:'GROUP If the OWNER is followed by a colon and a GROUP (a group name or numeric group ID), with no spaces between them, the group ownership of the files is changed as well (to GROUP). OWNER`:' If a colon but no group name follows OWNER, that user is made the owner of the files and the group of the files is changed to OWNER's login group. `:'GROUP If the colon and following GROUP are given, but the owner is omitted, only the group of the files is changed; in this case, `chown' performs the same function as `chgrp'. `:' If only a colon is given, or if NEW-OWNER is empty, neither the owner nor the group is changed. If OWNER or GROUP is intended to represent a numeric user or group ID, then you may specify it with a leading `+'. *Note Disambiguating names and IDs::. Some older scripts may still use `.' in place of the `:' separator. POSIX 1003.1-2001 (*note Standards conformance::) does not require support for that, but for backward compatibility GNU `chown' supports `.' so long as no ambiguity results. New scripts should avoid the use of `.' because it is not portable, and because it has undesirable results if the entire OWNER`.'GROUP happens to identify a user whose name contains `.'. The `chown' command sometimes clears the set-user-ID or set-group-ID permission bits. This behavior depends on the policy and functionality of the underlying `chown' system call, which may make system-dependent file mode modifications outside the control of the `chown' command. For example, the `chown' command might not affect those bits when invoked by a user with appropriate privileges, or when the bits signify some function other than executable permission (e.g., mandatory locking). When in doubt, check the underlying system behavior. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-c' `--changes' Verbosely describe the action for each FILE whose ownership actually changes. `-f' `--silent' `--quiet' Do not print error messages about files whose ownership cannot be changed. `--from=OLD-OWNER' Change a FILE's ownership only if it has current attributes specified by OLD-OWNER. OLD-OWNER has the same form as NEW-OWNER described above. This option is useful primarily from a security standpoint in that it narrows considerably the window of potential abuse. For example, to reflect a user ID numbering change for one user's files without an option like this, `root' might run find / -owner OLDUSER -print0 | xargs -0 chown -h NEWUSER But that is dangerous because the interval between when the `find' tests the existing file's owner and when the `chown' is actually run may be quite large. One way to narrow the gap would be to invoke chown for each file as it is found: find / -owner OLDUSER -exec chown -h NEWUSER {} \; But that is very slow if there are many affected files. With this option, it is safer (the gap is narrower still) though still not perfect: chown -h -R --from=OLDUSER NEWUSER / `--dereference' Do not act on symbolic links themselves but rather on what they point to. This is the default. `-h' `--no-dereference' Act on symbolic links themselves instead of what they point to. This mode relies on the `lchown' system call. On systems that do not provide the `lchown' system call, `chown' fails when a file specified on the command line is a symbolic link. By default, no diagnostic is issued for symbolic links encountered during a recursive traversal, but see `--verbose'. `--preserve-root' Fail upon any attempt to recursively change the root directory, `/'. Without `--recursive', this option has no effect. *Note Treating / specially::. `--no-preserve-root' Cancel the effect of any preceding `--preserve-root' option. *Note Treating / specially::. `--reference=REF_FILE' Change the user and group of each FILE to be the same as those of REF_FILE. If REF_FILE is a symbolic link, do not use the user and group of the symbolic link, but rather those of the file it refers to. `-v' `--verbose' Output a diagnostic for every file processed. If a symbolic link is encountered during a recursive traversal on a system without the `lchown' system call, and `--no-dereference' is in effect, then issue a diagnostic saying neither the symbolic link nor its referent is being changed. `-R' `--recursive' Recursively change ownership of directories and their contents. `-H' If `--recursive' (`-R') is specified and a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it. *Note Traversing symlinks::. `-L' In a recursive traversal, traverse every symbolic link to a directory that is encountered. *Note Traversing symlinks::. `-P' Do not traverse any symbolic links. This is the default if none of `-H', `-L', or `-P' is specified. *Note Traversing symlinks::. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure. Examples: # Change the owner of /u to "root". chown root /u # Likewise, but also change its group to "staff". chown root:staff /u # Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root". chown -hR root /u  File: coreutils.info, Node: chgrp invocation, Next: chmod invocation, Up: Changing file attributes 13.2 `chgrp': Change group ownership ==================================== `chgrp' changes the group ownership of each given FILE to GROUP (which can be either a group name or a numeric group ID) or to the group of an existing reference file. Synopsis: chgrp [OPTION]... {GROUP | --reference=REF_FILE} FILE... If GROUP is intended to represent a numeric group ID, then you may specify it with a leading `+'. *Note Disambiguating names and IDs::. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-c' `--changes' Verbosely describe the action for each FILE whose group actually changes. `-f' `--silent' `--quiet' Do not print error messages about files whose group cannot be changed. `--dereference' Do not act on symbolic links themselves but rather on what they point to. This is the default. `-h' `--no-dereference' Act on symbolic links themselves instead of what they point to. This mode relies on the `lchown' system call. On systems that do not provide the `lchown' system call, `chgrp' fails when a file specified on the command line is a symbolic link. By default, no diagnostic is issued for symbolic links encountered during a recursive traversal, but see `--verbose'. `--preserve-root' Fail upon any attempt to recursively change the root directory, `/'. Without `--recursive', this option has no effect. *Note Treating / specially::. `--no-preserve-root' Cancel the effect of any preceding `--preserve-root' option. *Note Treating / specially::. `--reference=REF_FILE' Change the group of each FILE to be the same as that of REF_FILE. If REF_FILE is a symbolic link, do not use the group of the symbolic link, but rather that of the file it refers to. `-v' `--verbose' Output a diagnostic for every file processed. If a symbolic link is encountered during a recursive traversal on a system without the `lchown' system call, and `--no-dereference' is in effect, then issue a diagnostic saying neither the symbolic link nor its referent is being changed. `-R' `--recursive' Recursively change the group ownership of directories and their contents. `-H' If `--recursive' (`-R') is specified and a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it. *Note Traversing symlinks::. `-L' In a recursive traversal, traverse every symbolic link to a directory that is encountered. *Note Traversing symlinks::. `-P' Do not traverse any symbolic links. This is the default if none of `-H', `-L', or `-P' is specified. *Note Traversing symlinks::. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure. Examples: # Change the group of /u to "staff". chgrp staff /u # Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff". chgrp -hR staff /u  File: coreutils.info, Node: chmod invocation, Next: chown invocation, Prev: chgrp invocation, Up: Changing file attributes 13.3 `chmod': Change access permissions ======================================= `chmod' changes the access permissions of the named files. Synopsis: chmod [OPTION]... {MODE | --reference=REF_FILE} FILE... `chmod' never changes the permissions of symbolic links, since the `chmod' system call cannot change their permissions. This is not a problem since the permissions of symbolic links are never used. However, for each symbolic link listed on the command line, `chmod' changes the permissions of the pointed-to file. In contrast, `chmod' ignores symbolic links encountered during recursive directory traversals. A successful use of `chmod' clears the set-group-ID bit of a regular file if the file's group ID does not match the user's effective group ID or one of the user's supplementary group IDs, unless the user has appropriate privileges. Additional restrictions may cause the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits of MODE or REF_FILE to be ignored. This behavior depends on the policy and functionality of the underlying `chmod' system call. When in doubt, check the underlying system behavior. If used, MODE specifies the new file mode bits. For details, see the section on *note File permissions::. If you really want MODE to have a leading `-', you should use `--' first, e.g., `chmod -- -w file'. Typically, though, `chmod a-w file' is preferable, and `chmod -w file' (without the `--') complains if it behaves differently from what `chmod a-w file' would do. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-c' `--changes' Verbosely describe the action for each FILE whose permissions actually changes. `-f' `--silent' `--quiet' Do not print error messages about files whose permissions cannot be changed. `--preserve-root' Fail upon any attempt to recursively change the root directory, `/'. Without `--recursive', this option has no effect. *Note Treating / specially::. `--no-preserve-root' Cancel the effect of any preceding `--preserve-root' option. *Note Treating / specially::. `-v' `--verbose' Verbosely describe the action or non-action taken for every FILE. `--reference=REF_FILE' Change the mode of each FILE to be the same as that of REF_FILE. *Note File permissions::. If REF_FILE is a symbolic link, do not use the mode of the symbolic link, but rather that of the file it refers to. `-R' `--recursive' Recursively change permissions of directories and their contents. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: touch invocation, Prev: chown invocation, Up: Changing file attributes 13.4 `touch': Change file timestamps ==================================== `touch' changes the access and/or modification times of the specified files. Synopsis: touch [OPTION]... FILE... Any FILE argument that does not exist is created empty, unless option `--no-create' (`-c') or `--no-dereference' (`-h') was in effect. A FILE argument string of `-' is handled specially and causes `touch' to change the times of the file associated with standard output. If changing both the access and modification times to the current time, `touch' can change the timestamps for files that the user running it does not own but has write permission for. Otherwise, the user must own the files. Although `touch' provides options for changing two of the times--the times of last access and modification--of a file, there is actually a standard third one as well: the inode change time. This is often referred to as a file's `ctime'. The inode change time represents the time when the file's meta-information last changed. One common example of this is when the permissions of a file change. Changing the permissions doesn't access the file, so the atime doesn't change, nor does it modify the file, so the mtime doesn't change. Yet, something about the file itself has changed, and this must be noted somewhere. This is the job of the ctime field. This is necessary, so that, for example, a backup program can make a fresh copy of the file, including the new permissions value. Another operation that modifies a file's ctime without affecting the others is renaming. In any case, it is not possible, in normal operations, for a user to change the ctime field to a user-specified value. Some operating systems and file systems support a fourth time: the birth time, when the file was first created; by definition, this timestamp never changes. Time stamps assume the time zone rules specified by the `TZ' environment variable, or by the system default rules if `TZ' is not set. *Note Specifying the Time Zone with `TZ': (libc)TZ Variable. You can avoid ambiguities during daylight saving transitions by using UTC time stamps. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-a' `--time=atime' `--time=access' `--time=use' Change the access time only. `-c' `--no-create' Do not warn about or create files that do not exist. `-d' `--date=TIME' Use TIME instead of the current time. It can contain month names, time zones, `am' and `pm', `yesterday', etc. For example, `--date="2004-02-27 14:19:13.489392193 +0530"' specifies the instant of time that is 489,392,193 nanoseconds after February 27, 2004 at 2:19:13 PM in a time zone that is 5 hours and 30 minutes east of UTC. *Note Date input formats::. File systems that do not support high-resolution time stamps silently ignore any excess precision here. `-f' Ignored; for compatibility with BSD versions of `touch'. `-h' `--no-dereference' Attempt to change the timestamps of a symbolic link, rather than what the link refers to. When using this option, empty files are not created, but option `-c' must also be used to avoid warning about files that do not exist. Not all systems support changing the timestamps of symlinks, since underlying system support for this action was not required until POSIX 2008. Also, on some systems, the mere act of examining a symbolic link changes the access time, such that only changes to the modification time will persist long enough to be observable. When coupled with option `-r', a reference timestamp is taken from a symbolic link rather than the file it refers to. `-m' `--time=mtime' `--time=modify' Change the modification time only. `-r FILE' `--reference=FILE' Use the times of the reference FILE instead of the current time. If this option is combined with the `--date=TIME' (`-d TIME') option, the reference FILE's time is the origin for any relative TIMEs given, but is otherwise ignored. For example, `-r foo -d '-5 seconds'' specifies a time stamp equal to five seconds before the corresponding time stamp for `foo'. If FILE is a symbolic link, the reference timestamp is taken from the target of the symlink, unless `-h' was also in effect. `-t [[CC]YY]MMDDHHMM[.SS]' Use the argument (optional four-digit or two-digit years, months, days, hours, minutes, optional seconds) instead of the current time. If the year is specified with only two digits, then CC is 20 for years in the range 0 ... 68, and 19 for years in 69 ... 99. If no digits of the year are specified, the argument is interpreted as a date in the current year. Note that SS may be `60', to accommodate leap seconds. On older systems, `touch' supports an obsolete syntax, as follows. If no timestamp is given with any of the `-d', `-r', or `-t' options, and if there are two or more FILEs and the first FILE is of the form `MMDDHHMM[YY]' and this would be a valid argument to the `-t' option (if the YY, if any, were moved to the front), and if the represented year is in the range 1969-1999, that argument is interpreted as the time for the other files instead of as a file name. This obsolete behavior can be enabled or disabled with the `_POSIX2_VERSION' environment variable (*note Standards conformance::), but portable scripts should avoid commands whose behavior depends on this variable. For example, use `touch ./12312359 main.c' or `touch -t 12312359 main.c' rather than the ambiguous `touch 12312359 main.c'. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Disk usage, Next: Printing text, Prev: Changing file attributes, Up: Top 14 Disk usage ************* No disk can hold an infinite amount of data. These commands report how much disk storage is in use or available, report other file and file status information, and write buffers to disk. * Menu: * df invocation:: Report file system disk space usage. * du invocation:: Estimate file space usage. * stat invocation:: Report file or file system status. * sync invocation:: Synchronize memory and disk. * truncate invocation:: Shrink or extend the size of a file.  File: coreutils.info, Node: df invocation, Next: du invocation, Up: Disk usage 14.1 `df': Report file system disk space usage ============================================== `df' reports the amount of disk space used and available on file systems. Synopsis: df [OPTION]... [FILE]... With no arguments, `df' reports the space used and available on all currently mounted file systems (of all types). Otherwise, `df' reports on the file system containing each argument FILE. Normally the disk space is printed in units of 1024 bytes, but this can be overridden (*note Block size::). Non-integer quantities are rounded up to the next higher unit. If an argument FILE is a disk device file containing a mounted file system, `df' shows the space available on that file system rather than on the file system containing the device node (i.e., the root file system). GNU `df' does not attempt to determine the disk usage on unmounted file systems, because on most kinds of systems doing so requires extremely nonportable intimate knowledge of file system structures. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-a' `--all' Include in the listing dummy file systems, which are omitted by default. Such file systems are typically special-purpose pseudo-file-systems, such as automounter entries. `-B SIZE' `--block-size=SIZE' Scale sizes by SIZE before printing them (*note Block size::). For example, `-BG' prints sizes in units of 1,073,741,824 bytes. `--total' Print a grand total of all arguments after all arguments have been processed. This can be used to find out the total disk size, usage and available space of all listed devices. `-h' `--human-readable' Append a size letter to each size, such as `M' for mebibytes. Powers of 1024 are used, not 1000; `M' stands for 1,048,576 bytes. This option is equivalent to `--block-size=human-readable'. Use the `--si' option if you prefer powers of 1000. `-H' Equivalent to `--si'. `-i' `--inodes' List inode usage information instead of block usage. An inode (short for index node) contains information about a file such as its owner, permissions, timestamps, and location on the disk. `-k' Print sizes in 1024-byte blocks, overriding the default block size (*note Block size::). This option is equivalent to `--block-size=1K'. `-l' `--local' Limit the listing to local file systems. By default, remote file systems are also listed. `--no-sync' Do not invoke the `sync' system call before getting any usage data. This may make `df' run significantly faster on systems with many disks, but on some systems (notably SunOS) the results may be slightly out of date. This is the default. `-P' `--portability' Use the POSIX output format. This is like the default format except for the following: 1. The information about each file system is always printed on exactly one line; a mount device is never put on a line by itself. This means that if the mount device name is more than 20 characters long (e.g., for some network mounts), the columns are misaligned. 2. The labels in the header output line are changed to conform to POSIX. 3. The default block size and output format are unaffected by the `DF_BLOCK_SIZE', `BLOCK_SIZE' and `BLOCKSIZE' environment variables. However, the default block size is still affected by `POSIXLY_CORRECT': it is 512 if `POSIXLY_CORRECT' is set, 1024 otherwise. *Note Block size::. `--si' Append an SI-style abbreviation to each size, such as `M' for megabytes. Powers of 1000 are used, not 1024; `M' stands for 1,000,000 bytes. This option is equivalent to `--block-size=si'. Use the `-h' or `--human-readable' option if you prefer powers of 1024. `--sync' Invoke the `sync' system call before getting any usage data. On some systems (notably SunOS), doing this yields more up to date results, but in general this option makes `df' much slower, especially when there are many or very busy file systems. `-t FSTYPE' `--type=FSTYPE' Limit the listing to file systems of type FSTYPE. Multiple file system types can be specified by giving multiple `-t' options. By default, nothing is omitted. `-T' `--print-type' Print each file system's type. The types printed here are the same ones you can include or exclude with `-t' and `-x'. The particular types printed are whatever is supported by the system. Here are some of the common names (this list is certainly not exhaustive): `nfs' An NFS file system, i.e., one mounted over a network from another machine. This is the one type name which seems to be used uniformly by all systems. `4.2, ufs, efs...' A file system on a locally-mounted hard disk. (The system might even support more than one type here; Linux does.) `hsfs, cdfs' A file system on a CD-ROM drive. HP-UX uses `cdfs', most other systems use `hsfs' (`hs' for "High Sierra"). `pcfs' An MS-DOS file system, usually on a diskette. `-x FSTYPE' `--exclude-type=FSTYPE' Limit the listing to file systems not of type FSTYPE. Multiple file system types can be eliminated by giving multiple `-x' options. By default, no file system types are omitted. `-v' Ignored; for compatibility with System V versions of `df'. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure. Failure includes the case where no output is generated, so you can inspect the exit status of a command like `df -t ext3 -t reiserfs DIR' to test whether DIR is on a file system of type `ext3' or `reiserfs'.  File: coreutils.info, Node: du invocation, Next: stat invocation, Prev: df invocation, Up: Disk usage 14.2 `du': Estimate file space usage ==================================== `du' reports the amount of disk space used by the specified files and for each subdirectory (of directory arguments). Synopsis: du [OPTION]... [FILE]... With no arguments, `du' reports the disk space for the current directory. Normally the disk space is printed in units of 1024 bytes, but this can be overridden (*note Block size::). Non-integer quantities are rounded up to the next higher unit. If two or more hard links point to the same file, only one of the hard links is counted. The FILE argument order affects which links are counted, and changing the argument order may change the numbers that `du' outputs. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-a' `--all' Show counts for all files, not just directories. `--apparent-size' Print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage. The apparent size of a file is the number of bytes reported by `wc -c' on regular files, or more generally, `ls -l --block-size=1' or `stat --format=%s'. For example, a file containing the word `zoo' with no newline would, of course, have an apparent size of 3. Such a small file may require anywhere from 0 to 16 KiB or more of disk space, depending on the type and configuration of the file system on which the file resides. However, a sparse file created with this command: dd bs=1 seek=2GiB if=/dev/null of=big has an apparent size of 2 GiB, yet on most modern systems, it actually uses almost no disk space. `-b' `--bytes' Equivalent to `--apparent-size --block-size=1'. `-B SIZE' `--block-size=SIZE' Scale sizes by SIZE before printing them (*note Block size::). For example, `-BG' prints sizes in units of 1,073,741,824 bytes. `-c' `--total' Print a grand total of all arguments after all arguments have been processed. This can be used to find out the total disk usage of a given set of files or directories. `-D' `--dereference-args' Dereference symbolic links that are command line arguments. Does not affect other symbolic links. This is helpful for finding out the disk usage of directories, such as `/usr/tmp', which are often symbolic links. `--files0-from=FILE' Disallow processing files named on the command line, and instead process those named in file FILE; each name being terminated by a zero byte (ASCII NUL). This is useful when the list of file names is so long that it may exceed a command line length limitation. In such cases, running `du' via `xargs' is undesirable because it splits the list into pieces and makes `du' print with the `--total' (`-c') option for each sublist rather than for the entire list. One way to produce a list of ASCII NUL terminated file names is with GNU `find', using its `-print0' predicate. If FILE is `-' then the ASCII NUL terminated file names are read from standard input. `-h' `--human-readable' Append a size letter to each size, such as `M' for mebibytes. Powers of 1024 are used, not 1000; `M' stands for 1,048,576 bytes. This option is equivalent to `--block-size=human-readable'. Use the `--si' option if you prefer powers of 1000. `-H' Equivalent to `--dereference-args' (`-D'). `-k' Print sizes in 1024-byte blocks, overriding the default block size (*note Block size::). This option is equivalent to `--block-size=1K'. `-l' `--count-links' Count the size of all files, even if they have appeared already (as a hard link). `-L' `--dereference' Dereference symbolic links (show the disk space used by the file or directory that the link points to instead of the space used by the link). `-m' Print sizes in 1,048,576-byte blocks, overriding the default block size (*note Block size::). This option is equivalent to `--block-size=1M'. `-P' `--no-dereference' For each symbolic links encountered by `du', consider the disk space used by the symbolic link. `--max-depth=DEPTH' Show the total for each directory (and file if -all) that is at most MAX_DEPTH levels down from the root of the hierarchy. The root is at level 0, so `du --max-depth=0' is equivalent to `du -s'. `-0' `--null' Output a zero byte (ASCII NUL) at the end of each line, rather than a newline. This option enables other programs to parse the output of `du' even when that output would contain data with embedded newlines. `--si' Append an SI-style abbreviation to each size, such as `M' for megabytes. Powers of 1000 are used, not 1024; `M' stands for 1,000,000 bytes. This option is equivalent to `--block-size=si'. Use the `-h' or `--human-readable' option if you prefer powers of 1024. `-s' `--summarize' Display only a total for each argument. `-S' `--separate-dirs' Normally, in the output of `du' (when not using `--summarize'), the size listed next to a directory name, D, represents the sum of sizes of all entries beneath D as well as the size of D itself. With `--separate-dirs', the size reported for a directory name, D, is merely the `stat.st_size'-derived size of the directory entry, D. `--time' Show time of the most recent modification of any file in the directory, or any of its subdirectories. `--time=ctime' `--time=status' `--time=use' Show the most recent status change time (the `ctime' in the inode) of any file in the directory, instead of the modification time. `--time=atime' `--time=access' Show the most recent access time (the `atime' in the inode) of any file in the directory, instead of the modification time. `--time-style=STYLE' List timestamps in style STYLE. This option has an effect only if the `--time' option is also specified. The STYLE should be one of the following: `+FORMAT' List timestamps using FORMAT, where FORMAT is interpreted like the format argument of `date' (*note date invocation::). For example, `--time-style="+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"' causes `du' to list timestamps like `2002-03-30 23:45:56'. As with `date', FORMAT's interpretation is affected by the `LC_TIME' locale category. `full-iso' List timestamps in full using ISO 8601 date, time, and time zone format with nanosecond precision, e.g., `2002-03-30 23:45:56.477817180 -0700'. This style is equivalent to `+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%N %z'. `long-iso' List ISO 8601 date and time in minutes, e.g., `2002-03-30 23:45'. These timestamps are shorter than `full-iso' timestamps, and are usually good enough for everyday work. This style is equivalent to `+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M'. `iso' List ISO 8601 dates for timestamps, e.g., `2002-03-30'. This style is equivalent to `+%Y-%m-%d'. You can specify the default value of the `--time-style' option with the environment variable `TIME_STYLE'; if `TIME_STYLE' is not set the default style is `long-iso'. For compatibility with `ls', if `TIME_STYLE' begins with `+' and contains a newline, the newline and any later characters are ignored; if `TIME_STYLE' begins with `posix-' the `posix-' is ignored; and if `TIME_STYLE' is `locale' it is ignored. `-x' `--one-file-system' Skip directories that are on different file systems from the one that the argument being processed is on. `--exclude=PATTERN' When recursing, skip subdirectories or files matching PATTERN. For example, `du --exclude='*.o'' excludes files whose names end in `.o'. `-X FILE' `--exclude-from=FILE' Like `--exclude', except take the patterns to exclude from FILE, one per line. If FILE is `-', take the patterns from standard input. On BSD systems, `du' reports sizes that are half the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted from HP-UX systems. On HP-UX systems, it reports sizes that are twice the correct values for files that are NFS-mounted from BSD systems. This is due to a flaw in HP-UX; it also affects the HP-UX `du' program. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: stat invocation, Next: sync invocation, Prev: du invocation, Up: Disk usage 14.3 `stat': Report file or file system status ============================================== `stat' displays information about the specified file(s). Synopsis: stat [OPTION]... [FILE]... With no option, `stat' reports all information about the given files. But it also can be used to report the information of the file systems the given files are located on. If the files are links, `stat' can also give information about the files the links point to. Due to shell aliases and built-in `stat' command, using an unadorned `stat' interactively or in a script may get you different functionality than that described here. Invoke it via `env' (i.e., `env stat ...') to avoid interference from the shell. `-L' `--dereference' Change how `stat' treats symbolic links. With this option, `stat' acts on the file referenced by each symbolic link argument. Without it, `stat' acts on any symbolic link argument directly. `-f' `--file-system' Report information about the file systems where the given files are located instead of information about the files themselves. `-c' `--format=FORMAT' Use FORMAT rather than the default format. FORMAT is automatically newline-terminated, so running a command like the following with two or more FILE operands produces a line of output for each operand: $ stat --format=%d:%i / /usr 2050:2 2057:2 `--printf=FORMAT' Use FORMAT rather than the default format. Like `--format', but interpret backslash escapes, and do not output a mandatory trailing newline. If you want a newline, include `\n' in the FORMAT. Here's how you would use `--printf' to print the device and inode numbers of `/' and `/usr': $ stat --printf='%d:%i\n' / /usr 2050:2 2057:2 `-t' `--terse' Print the information in terse form, suitable for parsing by other programs. The valid FORMAT directives for files with `--format' and `--printf' are: * %a - Access rights in octal * %A - Access rights in human readable form * %b - Number of blocks allocated (see `%B') * %B - The size in bytes of each block reported by `%b' * %d - Device number in decimal * %D - Device number in hex * %f - Raw mode in hex * %F - File type * %g - Group ID of owner * %G - Group name of owner * %h - Number of hard links * %i - Inode number * %n - File name * %N - Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link * %o - I/O block size * %s - Total size, in bytes * %t - Major device type in hex * %T - Minor device type in hex * %u - User ID of owner * %U - User name of owner * %x - Time of last access * %X - Time of last access as seconds since Epoch * %y - Time of last modification * %Y - Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch * %z - Time of last change * %Z - Time of last change as seconds since Epoch When listing file system information (`--file-system' (`-f')), you must use a different set of FORMAT directives: * %a - Free blocks available to non-super-user * %b - Total data blocks in file system * %c - Total file nodes in file system * %d - Free file nodes in file system * %f - Free blocks in file system * %i - File System ID in hex * %l - Maximum length of file names * %n - File name * %s - Block size (for faster transfers) * %S - Fundamental block size (for block counts) * %t - Type in hex * %T - Type in human readable form Time stamps are listed according to the time zone rules specified by the `TZ' environment variable, or by the system default rules if `TZ' is not set. *Note Specifying the Time Zone with `TZ': (libc)TZ Variable. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: sync invocation, Next: truncate invocation, Prev: stat invocation, Up: Disk usage 14.4 `sync': Synchronize data on disk with memory ================================================= `sync' writes any data buffered in memory out to disk. This can include (but is not limited to) modified superblocks, modified inodes, and delayed reads and writes. This must be implemented by the kernel; The `sync' program does nothing but exercise the `sync' system call. The kernel keeps data in memory to avoid doing (relatively slow) disk reads and writes. This improves performance, but if the computer crashes, data may be lost or the file system corrupted as a result. The `sync' command ensures everything in memory is written to disk. Any arguments are ignored, except for a lone `--help' or `--version' (*note Common options::). An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: truncate invocation, Prev: sync invocation, Up: Disk usage 14.5 `truncate': Shrink or extend the size of a file ==================================================== `truncate' shrinks or extends the size of each FILE to the specified size. Synopsis: truncate OPTION... FILE... Any FILE that does not exist is created. If a FILE is larger than the specified size, the extra data is lost. If a FILE is shorter, it is extended and the extended part (or hole) reads as zero bytes. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-c' `--no-create' Do not create files that do not exist. `-o' `--io-blocks' Treat SIZE as number of I/O blocks of the FILE rather than bytes. `-r RFILE' `--reference=RFILE' Set the size of each FILE to the same size as RFILE. `-s SIZE' `--size=SIZE' Set the size of each FILE to this SIZE. SIZE may be, or may be an integer optionally followed by, one of the following multiplicative suffixes: `KB' => 1000 (KiloBytes) `K' => 1024 (KibiBytes) `MB' => 1000*1000 (MegaBytes) `M' => 1024*1024 (MebiBytes) `GB' => 1000*1000*1000 (GigaBytes) `G' => 1024*1024*1024 (GibiBytes) and so on for `T', `P', `E', `Z', and `Y'. SIZE may also be prefixed by one of the following to adjust the size of each FILE based on their current size: `+' => extend by `-' => reduce by `<' => at most `>' => at least `/' => round down to multiple of `%' => round up to multiple of An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Printing text, Next: Conditions, Prev: Disk usage, Up: Top 15 Printing text **************** This section describes commands that display text strings. * Menu: * echo invocation:: Print a line of text. * printf invocation:: Format and print data. * yes invocation:: Print a string until interrupted.  File: coreutils.info, Node: echo invocation, Next: printf invocation, Up: Printing text 15.1 `echo': Print a line of text ================================= `echo' writes each given STRING to standard output, with a space between each and a newline after the last one. Synopsis: echo [OPTION]... [STRING]... Due to shell aliases and built-in `echo' command, using an unadorned `echo' interactively or in a script may get you different functionality than that described here. Invoke it via `env' (i.e., `env echo ...') to avoid interference from the shell. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. Options must precede operands, and the normally-special argument `--' has no special meaning and is treated like any other STRING. `-n' Do not output the trailing newline. `-e' Enable interpretation of the following backslash-escaped characters in each STRING: `\a' alert (bell) `\b' backspace `\c' produce no further output `\e' escape `\f' form feed `\n' newline `\r' carriage return `\t' horizontal tab `\v' vertical tab `\\' backslash `\0NNN' the eight-bit value that is the octal number NNN (zero to three octal digits) `\NNN' the eight-bit value that is the octal number NNN (one to three octal digits) `\xHH' the eight-bit value that is the hexadecimal number HH (one or two hexadecimal digits) `-E' Disable interpretation of backslash escapes in each STRING. This is the default. If `-e' and `-E' are both specified, the last one given takes effect. If the `POSIXLY_CORRECT' environment variable is set, then when `echo''s first argument is not `-n' it outputs option-like arguments instead of treating them as options. For example, `echo -ne hello' outputs `-ne hello' instead of plain `hello'. POSIX does not require support for any options, and says that the behavior of `echo' is implementation-defined if any STRING contains a backslash or if the first argument is `-n'. Portable programs can use the `printf' command if they need to omit trailing newlines or output control characters or backslashes. *Note printf invocation::. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: printf invocation, Next: yes invocation, Prev: echo invocation, Up: Printing text 15.2 `printf': Format and print data ==================================== `printf' does formatted printing of text. Synopsis: printf FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... `printf' prints the FORMAT string, interpreting `%' directives and `\' escapes to format numeric and string arguments in a way that is mostly similar to the C `printf' function. *Note `printf' format directives: (libc)Output Conversion Syntax, for details. The differences are listed below. Due to shell aliases and built-in `printf' command, using an unadorned `printf' interactively or in a script may get you different functionality than that described here. Invoke it via `env' (i.e., `env printf ...') to avoid interference from the shell. * The FORMAT argument is reused as necessary to convert all the given ARGUMENTs. For example, the command `printf %s a b' outputs `ab'. * Missing ARGUMENTs are treated as null strings or as zeros, depending on whether the context expects a string or a number. For example, the command `printf %sx%d' prints `x0'. * An additional escape, `\c', causes `printf' to produce no further output. For example, the command `printf 'A%sC\cD%sF' B E' prints `ABC'. * The hexadecimal escape sequence `\xHH' has at most two digits, as opposed to C where it can have an unlimited number of digits. For example, the command `printf '\x07e'' prints two bytes, whereas the C statement `printf ("\x07e")' prints just one. * `printf' has an additional directive, `%b', which prints its argument string with `\' escapes interpreted in the same way as in the FORMAT string, except that octal escapes are of the form `\0OOO' where OOO is 0 to 3 octal digits. If a precision is also given, it limits the number of bytes printed from the converted string. * Numeric arguments must be single C constants, possibly with leading `+' or `-'. For example, `printf %.4d -3' outputs `-0003'. * If the leading character of a numeric argument is `"' or `'' then its value is the numeric value of the immediately following character. Any remaining characters are silently ignored if the `POSIXLY_CORRECT' environment variable is set; otherwise, a warning is printed. For example, `printf "%d" "'a"' outputs `97' on hosts that use the ASCII character set, since `a' has the numeric value 97 in ASCII. A floating-point argument must use a period before any fractional digits, but is printed according to the `LC_NUMERIC' category of the current locale. For example, in a locale whose radix character is a comma, the command `printf %g 3.14' outputs `3,14' whereas the command `printf %g 3,14' is an error. `printf' interprets `\OOO' in FORMAT as an octal number (if OOO is 1 to 3 octal digits) specifying a character to print, and `\xHH' as a hexadecimal number (if HH is 1 to 2 hex digits) specifying a character to print. `printf' interprets two character syntaxes introduced in ISO C 99: `\u' for 16-bit Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) characters, specified as four hexadecimal digits HHHH, and `\U' for 32-bit Unicode characters, specified as eight hexadecimal digits HHHHHHHH. `printf' outputs the Unicode characters according to the `LC_CTYPE' locale. Unicode characters in the ranges U+0000...U+009F, U+D800...U+DFFF cannot be specified by this syntax, except for U+0024 ($), U+0040 (@), and U+0060 ()`. The processing of `\u' and `\U' requires a full-featured `iconv' facility. It is activated on systems with glibc 2.2 (or newer), or when `libiconv' is installed prior to this package. Otherwise `\u' and `\U' will print as-is. The only options are a lone `--help' or `--version'. *Note Common options::. Options must precede operands. The Unicode character syntaxes are useful for writing strings in a locale independent way. For example, a string containing the Euro currency symbol $ env printf '\u20AC 14.95' will be output correctly in all locales supporting the Euro symbol (ISO-8859-15, UTF-8, and others). Similarly, a Chinese string $ env printf '\u4e2d\u6587' will be output correctly in all Chinese locales (GB2312, BIG5, UTF-8, etc). Note that in these examples, the `printf' command has been invoked via `env' to ensure that we run the program found via your shell's search path, and not a shell alias or a built-in function. For larger strings, you don't need to look up the hexadecimal code values of each character one by one. ASCII characters mixed with \u escape sequences is also known as the JAVA source file encoding. You can use GNU recode 3.5c (or newer) to convert strings to this encoding. Here is how to convert a piece of text into a shell script which will output this text in a locale-independent way: $ LC_CTYPE=zh_CN.big5 /usr/local/bin/printf \ '\u4e2d\u6587\n' > sample.txt $ recode BIG5..JAVA < sample.txt \ | sed -e "s|^|/usr/local/bin/printf '|" -e "s|$|\\\\n'|" \ > sample.sh An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: yes invocation, Prev: printf invocation, Up: Printing text 15.3 `yes': Print a string until interrupted ============================================ `yes' prints the command line arguments, separated by spaces and followed by a newline, forever until it is killed. If no arguments are given, it prints `y' followed by a newline forever until killed. Upon a write error, `yes' exits with status `1'. The only options are a lone `--help' or `--version'. To output an argument that begins with `-', precede it with `--', e.g., `yes -- --help'. *Note Common options::.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Conditions, Next: Redirection, Prev: Printing text, Up: Top 16 Conditions ************* This section describes commands that are primarily useful for their exit status, rather than their output. Thus, they are often used as the condition of shell `if' statements, or as the last command in a pipeline. * Menu: * false invocation:: Do nothing, unsuccessfully. * true invocation:: Do nothing, successfully. * test invocation:: Check file types and compare values. * expr invocation:: Evaluate expressions.  File: coreutils.info, Node: false invocation, Next: true invocation, Up: Conditions 16.1 `false': Do nothing, unsuccessfully ======================================== `false' does nothing except return an exit status of 1, meaning "failure". It can be used as a place holder in shell scripts where an unsuccessful command is needed. In most modern shells, `false' is a built-in command, so when you use `false' in a script, you're probably using the built-in command, not the one documented here. `false' honors the `--help' and `--version' options. This version of `false' is implemented as a C program, and is thus more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts. Note that `false' (unlike all other programs documented herein) exits unsuccessfully, even when invoked with `--help' or `--version'. Portable programs should not assume that the exit status of `false' is 1, as it is greater than 1 on some non-GNU hosts.  File: coreutils.info, Node: true invocation, Next: test invocation, Prev: false invocation, Up: Conditions 16.2 `true': Do nothing, successfully ===================================== `true' does nothing except return an exit status of 0, meaning "success". It can be used as a place holder in shell scripts where a successful command is needed, although the shell built-in command `:' (colon) may do the same thing faster. In most modern shells, `true' is a built-in command, so when you use `true' in a script, you're probably using the built-in command, not the one documented here. `true' honors the `--help' and `--version' options. Note, however, that it is possible to cause `true' to exit with nonzero status: with the `--help' or `--version' option, and with standard output already closed or redirected to a file that evokes an I/O error. For example, using a Bourne-compatible shell: $ ./true --version >&- ./true: write error: Bad file number $ ./true --version > /dev/full ./true: write error: No space left on device This version of `true' is implemented as a C program, and is thus more secure and faster than a shell script implementation, and may safely be used as a dummy shell for the purpose of disabling accounts.  File: coreutils.info, Node: test invocation, Next: expr invocation, Prev: true invocation, Up: Conditions 16.3 `test': Check file types and compare values ================================================ `test' returns a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evaluation of the conditional expression EXPR. Each part of the expression must be a separate argument. `test' has file status checks, string operators, and numeric comparison operators. `test' has an alternate form that uses opening and closing square brackets instead a leading `test'. For example, instead of `test -d /', you can write `[ -d / ]'. The square brackets must be separate arguments; for example, `[-d /]' does not have the desired effect. Since `test EXPR' and `[ EXPR ]' have the same meaning, only the former form is discussed below. Synopses: test EXPRESSION test [ EXPRESSION ] [ ] [ OPTION Due to shell aliases and built-in `test' command, using an unadorned `test' interactively or in a script may get you different functionality than that described here. Invoke it via `env' (i.e., `env test ...') to avoid interference from the shell. If EXPRESSION is omitted, `test' returns false. If EXPRESSION is a single argument, `test' returns false if the argument is null and true otherwise. The argument can be any string, including strings like `-d', `-1', `--', `--help', and `--version' that most other programs would treat as options. To get help and version information, invoke the commands `[ --help' and `[ --version', without the usual closing brackets. *Note Common options::. Exit status: 0 if the expression is true, 1 if the expression is false, 2 if an error occurred. * Menu: * File type tests:: -[bcdfhLpSt] * Access permission tests:: -[gkruwxOG] * File characteristic tests:: -e -s -nt -ot -ef * String tests:: -z -n = != * Numeric tests:: -eq -ne -lt -le -gt -ge * Connectives for test:: ! -a -o  File: coreutils.info, Node: File type tests, Next: Access permission tests, Up: test invocation 16.3.1 File type tests ---------------------- These options test for particular types of files. (Everything's a file, but not all files are the same!) `-b FILE' True if FILE exists and is a block special device. `-c FILE' True if FILE exists and is a character special device. `-d FILE' True if FILE exists and is a directory. `-f FILE' True if FILE exists and is a regular file. `-h FILE' `-L FILE' True if FILE exists and is a symbolic link. Unlike all other file-related tests, this test does not dereference FILE if it is a symbolic link. `-p FILE' True if FILE exists and is a named pipe. `-S FILE' True if FILE exists and is a socket. `-t FD' True if FD is a file descriptor that is associated with a terminal.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Access permission tests, Next: File characteristic tests, Prev: File type tests, Up: test invocation 16.3.2 Access permission tests ------------------------------ These options test for particular access permissions. `-g FILE' True if FILE exists and has its set-group-ID bit set. `-k FILE' True if FILE exists and has its "sticky" bit set. `-r FILE' True if FILE exists and read permission is granted. `-u FILE' True if FILE exists and has its set-user-ID bit set. `-w FILE' True if FILE exists and write permission is granted. `-x FILE' True if FILE exists and execute permission is granted (or search permission, if it is a directory). `-O FILE' True if FILE exists and is owned by the current effective user ID. `-G FILE' True if FILE exists and is owned by the current effective group ID.  File: coreutils.info, Node: File characteristic tests, Next: String tests, Prev: Access permission tests, Up: test invocation 16.3.3 File characteristic tests -------------------------------- These options test other file characteristics. `-e FILE' True if FILE exists. `-s FILE' True if FILE exists and has a size greater than zero. `FILE1 -nt FILE2' True if FILE1 is newer (according to modification date) than FILE2, or if FILE1 exists and FILE2 does not. `FILE1 -ot FILE2' True if FILE1 is older (according to modification date) than FILE2, or if FILE2 exists and FILE1 does not. `FILE1 -ef FILE2' True if FILE1 and FILE2 have the same device and inode numbers, i.e., if they are hard links to each other.  File: coreutils.info, Node: String tests, Next: Numeric tests, Prev: File characteristic tests, Up: test invocation 16.3.4 String tests ------------------- These options test string characteristics. You may need to quote STRING arguments for the shell. For example: test -n "$V" The quotes here prevent the wrong arguments from being passed to `test' if `$V' is empty or contains special characters. `-z STRING' True if the length of STRING is zero. `-n STRING' `STRING' True if the length of STRING is nonzero. `STRING1 = STRING2' True if the strings are equal. `STRING1 != STRING2' True if the strings are not equal.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Numeric tests, Next: Connectives for test, Prev: String tests, Up: test invocation 16.3.5 Numeric tests -------------------- Numeric relational operators. The arguments must be entirely numeric (possibly negative), or the special expression `-l STRING', which evaluates to the length of STRING. `ARG1 -eq ARG2' `ARG1 -ne ARG2' `ARG1 -lt ARG2' `ARG1 -le ARG2' `ARG1 -gt ARG2' `ARG1 -ge ARG2' These arithmetic binary operators return true if ARG1 is equal, not-equal, less-than, less-than-or-equal, greater-than, or greater-than-or-equal than ARG2, respectively. For example: test -1 -gt -2 && echo yes => yes test -l abc -gt 1 && echo yes => yes test 0x100 -eq 1 error--> test: integer expression expected before -eq  File: coreutils.info, Node: Connectives for test, Prev: Numeric tests, Up: test invocation 16.3.6 Connectives for `test' ----------------------------- The usual logical connectives. `! EXPR' True if EXPR is false. `EXPR1 -a EXPR2' True if both EXPR1 and EXPR2 are true. `EXPR1 -o EXPR2' True if either EXPR1 or EXPR2 is true.  File: coreutils.info, Node: expr invocation, Prev: test invocation, Up: Conditions 16.4 `expr': Evaluate expressions ================================= `expr' evaluates an expression and writes the result on standard output. Each token of the expression must be a separate argument. Operands are either integers or strings. Integers consist of one or more decimal digits, with an optional leading `-'. `expr' converts anything appearing in an operand position to an integer or a string depending on the operation being applied to it. Strings are not quoted for `expr' itself, though you may need to quote them to protect characters with special meaning to the shell, e.g., spaces. However, regardless of whether it is quoted, a string operand should not be a parenthesis or any of `expr''s operators like `+', so you cannot safely pass an arbitrary string `$str' to expr merely by quoting it to the shell. One way to work around this is to use the GNU extension `+', (e.g., `+ "$str" = foo'); a more portable way is to use `" $str"' and to adjust the rest of the expression to take the leading space into account (e.g., `" $str" = " foo"'). You should not pass a negative integer or a string with leading `-' as `expr''s first argument, as it might be misinterpreted as an option; this can be avoided by parenthesization. Also, portable scripts should not use a string operand that happens to take the form of an integer; this can be worked around by inserting leading spaces as mentioned above. Operators may be given as infix symbols or prefix keywords. Parentheses may be used for grouping in the usual manner. You must quote parentheses and many operators to avoid the shell evaluating them, however. When built with support for the GNU MP library, `expr' uses arbitrary-precision arithmetic; otherwise, it uses native arithmetic types and may fail due to arithmetic overflow. The only options are `--help' and `--version'. *Note Common options::. Options must precede operands. Exit status: 0 if the expression is neither null nor 0, 1 if the expression is null or 0, 2 if the expression is invalid, 3 if an internal error occurred (e.g., arithmetic overflow). * Menu: * String expressions:: + : match substr index length * Numeric expressions:: + - * / % * Relations for expr:: | & < <= = == != >= > * Examples of expr:: Examples.  File: coreutils.info, Node: String expressions, Next: Numeric expressions, Up: expr invocation 16.4.1 String expressions ------------------------- `expr' supports pattern matching and other string operators. These have higher precedence than both the numeric and relational operators (in the next sections). `STRING : REGEX' Perform pattern matching. The arguments are converted to strings and the second is considered to be a (basic, a la GNU `grep') regular expression, with a `^' implicitly prepended. The first argument is then matched against this regular expression. If the match succeeds and REGEX uses `\(' and `\)', the `:' expression returns the part of STRING that matched the subexpression; otherwise, it returns the number of characters matched. If the match fails, the `:' operator returns the null string if `\(' and `\)' are used in REGEX, otherwise 0. Only the first `\( ... \)' pair is relevant to the return value; additional pairs are meaningful only for grouping the regular expression operators. In the regular expression, `\+', `\?', and `\|' are operators which respectively match one or more, zero or one, or separate alternatives. SunOS and other `expr''s treat these as regular characters. (POSIX allows either behavior.) *Note Regular Expression Library: (regex)Top, for details of regular expression syntax. Some examples are in *note Examples of expr::. `match STRING REGEX' An alternative way to do pattern matching. This is the same as `STRING : REGEX'. `substr STRING POSITION LENGTH' Returns the substring of STRING beginning at POSITION with length at most LENGTH. If either POSITION or LENGTH is negative, zero, or non-numeric, returns the null string. `index STRING CHARSET' Returns the first position in STRING where the first character in CHARSET was found. If no character in CHARSET is found in STRING, return 0. `length STRING' Returns the length of STRING. `+ TOKEN' Interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like MATCH or an operator like `/'. This makes it possible to test `expr length + "$x"' or `expr + "$x" : '.*/\(.\)'' and have it do the right thing even if the value of $X happens to be (for example) `/' or `index'. This operator is a GNU extension. Portable shell scripts should use `" $token" : ' \(.*\)'' instead of `+ "$token"'. To make `expr' interpret keywords as strings, you must use the `quote' operator.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Numeric expressions, Next: Relations for expr, Prev: String expressions, Up: expr invocation 16.4.2 Numeric expressions -------------------------- `expr' supports the usual numeric operators, in order of increasing precedence. These numeric operators have lower precedence than the string operators described in the previous section, and higher precedence than the connectives (next section). `+ -' Addition and subtraction. Both arguments are converted to integers; an error occurs if this cannot be done. `* / %' Multiplication, division, remainder. Both arguments are converted to integers; an error occurs if this cannot be done.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Relations for expr, Next: Examples of expr, Prev: Numeric expressions, Up: expr invocation 16.4.3 Relations for `expr' --------------------------- `expr' supports the usual logical connectives and relations. These have lower precedence than the string and numeric operators (previous sections). Here is the list, lowest-precedence operator first. `|' Returns its first argument if that is neither null nor zero, otherwise its second argument if it is neither null nor zero, otherwise 0. It does not evaluate its second argument if its first argument is neither null nor zero. `&' Return its first argument if neither argument is null or zero, otherwise 0. It does not evaluate its second argument if its first argument is null or zero. `< <= = == != >= >' Compare the arguments and return 1 if the relation is true, 0 otherwise. `==' is a synonym for `='. `expr' first tries to convert both arguments to integers and do a numeric comparison; if either conversion fails, it does a lexicographic comparison using the character collating sequence specified by the `LC_COLLATE' locale.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Examples of expr, Prev: Relations for expr, Up: expr invocation 16.4.4 Examples of using `expr' ------------------------------- Here are a few examples, including quoting for shell metacharacters. To add 1 to the shell variable `foo', in Bourne-compatible shells: foo=`expr $foo + 1` To print the non-directory part of the file name stored in `$fname', which need not contain a `/': expr $fname : '.*/\(.*\)' '|' $fname An example showing that `\+' is an operator: expr aaa : 'a\+' => 3 expr abc : 'a\(.\)c' => b expr index abcdef cz => 3 expr index index a error--> expr: syntax error expr index + index a => 0  File: coreutils.info, Node: Redirection, Next: File name manipulation, Prev: Conditions, Up: Top 17 Redirection ************** Unix shells commonly provide several forms of "redirection"--ways to change the input source or output destination of a command. But one useful redirection is performed by a separate command, not by the shell; it's described here. * Menu: * tee invocation:: Redirect output to multiple files or processes.  File: coreutils.info, Node: tee invocation, Up: Redirection 17.1 `tee': Redirect output to multiple files or processes ========================================================== The `tee' command copies standard input to standard output and also to any files given as arguments. This is useful when you want not only to send some data down a pipe, but also to save a copy. Synopsis: tee [OPTION]... [FILE]... If a file being written to does not already exist, it is created. If a file being written to already exists, the data it previously contained is overwritten unless the `-a' option is used. A FILE of `-' causes `tee' to send another copy of input to standard output, but this is typically not that useful as the copies are interleaved. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-a' `--append' Append standard input to the given files rather than overwriting them. `-i' `--ignore-interrupts' Ignore interrupt signals. The `tee' command is useful when you happen to be transferring a large amount of data and also want to summarize that data without reading it a second time. For example, when you are downloading a DVD image, you often want to verify its signature or checksum right away. The inefficient way to do it is simply: wget http://example.com/some.iso && sha1sum some.iso One problem with the above is that it makes you wait for the download to complete before starting the time-consuming SHA1 computation. Perhaps even more importantly, the above requires reading the DVD image a second time (the first was from the network). The efficient way to do it is to interleave the download and SHA1 computation. Then, you'll get the checksum for free, because the entire process parallelizes so well: # slightly contrived, to demonstrate process substitution wget -O - http://example.com/dvd.iso \ | tee >(sha1sum > dvd.sha1) > dvd.iso That makes `tee' write not just to the expected output file, but also to a pipe running `sha1sum' and saving the final checksum in a file named `dvd.sha1'. Note, however, that this example relies on a feature of modern shells called "process substitution" (the `>(command)' syntax, above; *Note Process Substitution: (bashref)Process Substitution.), so it works with `zsh', `bash', and `ksh', but not with `/bin/sh'. So if you write code like this in a shell script, be sure to start the script with `#!/bin/bash'. Since the above example writes to one file and one process, a more conventional and portable use of `tee' is even better: wget -O - http://example.com/dvd.iso \ | tee dvd.iso | sha1sum > dvd.sha1 You can extend this example to make `tee' write to two processes, computing MD5 and SHA1 checksums in parallel. In this case, process substitution is required: wget -O - http://example.com/dvd.iso \ | tee >(sha1sum > dvd.sha1) \ >(md5sum > dvd.md5) \ > dvd.iso This technique is also useful when you want to make a _compressed_ copy of the contents of a pipe. Consider a tool to graphically summarize disk usage data from `du -ak'. For a large hierarchy, `du -ak' can run for a long time, and can easily produce terabytes of data, so you won't want to rerun the command unnecessarily. Nor will you want to save the uncompressed output. Doing it the inefficient way, you can't even start the GUI until after you've compressed all of the `du' output: du -ak | gzip -9 > /tmp/du.gz gzip -d /tmp/du.gz | xdiskusage -a With `tee' and process substitution, you start the GUI right away and eliminate the decompression completely: du -ak | tee >(gzip -9 > /tmp/du.gz) | xdiskusage -a Finally, if you regularly create more than one type of compressed tarball at once, for example when `make dist' creates both `gzip'-compressed and `bzip2'-compressed tarballs, there may be a better way. Typical `automake'-generated `Makefile' rules create the two compressed tar archives with commands in sequence, like this (slightly simplified): tardir=your-pkg-M.N tar chof - "$tardir" | gzip -9 -c > your-pkg-M.N.tar.gz tar chof - "$tardir" | bzip2 -9 -c > your-pkg-M.N.tar.bz2 However, if the hierarchy you are archiving and compressing is larger than a couple megabytes, and especially if you are using a multi-processor system with plenty of memory, then you can do much better by reading the directory contents only once and running the compression programs in parallel: tardir=your-pkg-M.N tar chof - "$tardir" \ | tee >(gzip -9 -c > your-pkg-M.N.tar.gz) \ | bzip2 -9 -c > your-pkg-M.N.tar.bz2 An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: File name manipulation, Next: Working context, Prev: Redirection, Up: Top 18 File name manipulation ************************* This section describes commands that manipulate file names. * Menu: * basename invocation:: Strip directory and suffix from a file name. * dirname invocation:: Strip last file name component. * pathchk invocation:: Check file name validity and portability. * mktemp invocation:: Create temporary file or directory.  File: coreutils.info, Node: basename invocation, Next: dirname invocation, Up: File name manipulation 18.1 `basename': Strip directory and suffix from a file name ============================================================ `basename' removes any leading directory components from NAME. Synopsis: basename NAME [SUFFIX] If SUFFIX is specified and is identical to the end of NAME, it is removed from NAME as well. Note that since trailing slashes are removed prior to suffix matching, SUFFIX will do nothing if it contains slashes. `basename' prints the result on standard output. Together, `basename' and `dirname' are designed such that if `ls "$name"' succeeds, then the command sequence `cd "$(dirname "$name")"; ls "$(basename "$name")"' will, too. This works for everything except file names containing a trailing newline. POSIX allows the implementation to define the results if NAME is empty or `//'. In the former case, GNU `basename' returns the empty string. In the latter case, the result is `//' on platforms where // is distinct from /, and `/' on platforms where there is no difference. The only options are `--help' and `--version'. *Note Common options::. Options must precede operands. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure. Examples: # Output "sort". basename /usr/bin/sort # Output "stdio". basename include/stdio.h .h  File: coreutils.info, Node: dirname invocation, Next: pathchk invocation, Prev: basename invocation, Up: File name manipulation 18.2 `dirname': Strip last file name component ============================================== `dirname' prints all but the final slash-delimited component of a string (presumably a file name, but also works on directories). Synopsis: dirname NAME If NAME is a single component, `dirname' prints `.' (meaning the current directory). Together, `basename' and `dirname' are designed such that if `ls "$name"' succeeds, then the command sequence `cd "$(dirname "$name")"; ls "$(basename "$name")"' will, too. This works for everything except file names containing a trailing newline. POSIX allows the implementation to define the results if NAME is `//'. With GNU `dirname', the result is `//' on platforms where // is distinct from /, and `/' on platforms where there is no difference. The only options are `--help' and `--version'. *Note Common options::. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure. Examples: # Output "/usr/bin". dirname /usr/bin/sort # Output ".". dirname stdio.h  File: coreutils.info, Node: pathchk invocation, Next: mktemp invocation, Prev: dirname invocation, Up: File name manipulation 18.3 `pathchk': Check file name validity and portability ======================================================== `pathchk' checks validity and portability of file names. Synopsis: pathchk [OPTION]... NAME... For each NAME, `pathchk' prints an error message if any of these conditions is true: 1. One of the existing directories in NAME does not have search (execute) permission, 2. The length of NAME is larger than the maximum supported by the operating system. 3. The length of one component of NAME is longer than its file system's maximum. A nonexistent NAME is not an error, so long a file with that name could be created under the above conditions. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. Options must precede operands. `-p' Instead of performing checks based on the underlying file system, print an error message if any of these conditions is true: 1. A file name is empty. 2. A file name contains a character outside the POSIX portable file name character set, namely, the ASCII letters and digits, `.', `_', `-', and `/'. 3. The length of a file name or one of its components exceeds the POSIX minimum limits for portability. `-P' Print an error message if a file name is empty, or if it contains a component that begins with `-'. `--portability' Print an error message if a file name is not portable to all POSIX hosts. This option is equivalent to `-p -P'. Exit status: 0 if all specified file names passed all checks, 1 otherwise.  File: coreutils.info, Node: mktemp invocation, Prev: pathchk invocation, Up: File name manipulation 18.4 `mktemp': Create temporary file or directory ================================================= `mktemp' manages the creation of temporary files and directories. Synopsis: mktemp [OPTION]... [TEMPLATE] Safely create a temporary file or directory based on TEMPLATE, and print its name. If given, TEMPLATE must include at least three consecutive `X's in the last component. If omitted, the template `tmp.XXXXXXXXXX' is used, and option `--tmpdir' is implied. The final run of `X's in the TEMPLATE will be replaced by alpha-numeric characters; thus, on a case-sensitive file system, and with a TEMPLATE including a run of N instances of `X', there are `62**N' potential file names. Older scripts used to create temporary files by simply joining the name of the program with the process id (`$$') as a suffix. However, that naming scheme is easily predictable, and suffers from a race condition where the attacker can create an appropriately named symbolic link, such that when the script then opens a handle to what it thought was an unused file, it is instead modifying an existing file. Using the same scheme to create a directory is slightly safer, since the `mkdir' will fail if the target already exists, but it is still inferior because it allows for denial of service attacks. Therefore, modern scripts should use the `mktemp' command to guarantee that the generated name will be unpredictable, and that knowledge of the temporary file name implies that the file was created by the current script and cannot be modified by other users. When creating a file, the resulting file has read and write permissions for the current user, but no permissions for the group or others; these permissions are reduced if the current umask is more restrictive. Here are some examples (although note that if you repeat them, you will most likely get different file names): * Create a temporary file in the current directory. $ mktemp file.XXXX file.H47c * Create a temporary file with a known suffix. $ mktemp --suffix=.txt file-XXXX file-H08W.txt $ mktemp file-XXXX-XXXX.txt file-XXXX-eI9L.txt * Create a secure fifo relative to the user's choice of `TMPDIR', but falling back to the current directory rather than `/tmp'. Note that `mktemp' does not create fifos, but can create a secure directory in which the fifo can live. Exit the shell if the directory or fifo could not be created. $ dir=$(mktemp -p "${TMPDIR:-.}" -d dir-XXXX) || exit 1 $ fifo=$dir/fifo $ mkfifo "$fifo" || { rmdir "$dir"; exit 1; } * Create and use a temporary file if possible, but ignore failure. The file will reside in the directory named by `TMPDIR', if specified, or else in `/tmp'. $ file=$(mktemp -q) && { > # Safe to use $file only within this block. Use quotes, > # since $TMPDIR, and thus $file, may contain whitespace. > echo ... > "$file" > rm "$file" > } * Act as a semi-random character generator (it is not fully random, since it is impacted by the contents of the current directory). To avoid security holes, do not use the resulting names to create a file. $ mktemp -u XXX Gb9 $ mktemp -u XXX nzC The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-d' `--directory' Create a directory rather than a file. The directory will have read, write, and search permissions for the current user, but no permissions for the group or others; these permissions are reduced if the current umask is more restrictive. `-q' `--quiet' Suppress diagnostics about failure to create a file or directory. The exit status will still reflect whether a file was created. `-u' `--dry-run' Generate a temporary name that does not name an existing file, without changing the file system contents. Using the output of this command to create a new file is inherently unsafe, as there is a window of time between generating the name and using it where another process can create an object by the same name. `-p DIR' `--tmpdir[=DIR]' Treat TEMPLATE relative to the directory DIR. If DIR is not specified (only possible with the long option `--tmpdir') or is the empty string, use the value of `TMPDIR' if available, otherwise use `/tmp'. If this is specified, TEMPLATE must not be absolute. However, TEMPLATE can still contain slashes, although intermediate directories must already exist. `--suffix=SUFFIX' Append SUFFIX to the TEMPLATE. SUFFIX must not contain slash. If `--suffix' is specified, TEMPLATE must end in `X'; if it is not specified, then an appropriate `--suffix' is inferred by finding the last `X' in TEMPLATE. This option exists for use with the default TEMPLATE and for the creation of a SUFFIX that starts with `X'. `-t' Treat TEMPLATE as a single file relative to the value of `TMPDIR' if available, or to the directory specified by `-p', otherwise to `/tmp'. TEMPLATE must not contain slashes. This option is deprecated; the use of `-p' without `-t' offers better defaults (by favoring the command line over `TMPDIR') and more flexibility (by allowing intermediate directories). Exit status: 0 if the file was created, 1 otherwise.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Working context, Next: User information, Prev: File name manipulation, Up: Top 19 Working context ****************** This section describes commands that display or alter the context in which you are working: the current directory, the terminal settings, and so forth. See also the user-related commands in the next section. * Menu: * pwd invocation:: Print working directory. * stty invocation:: Print or change terminal characteristics. * printenv invocation:: Print environment variables. * tty invocation:: Print file name of terminal on standard input.  File: coreutils.info, Node: pwd invocation, Next: stty invocation, Up: Working context 19.1 `pwd': Print working directory =================================== `pwd' prints the name of the current directory. Synopsis: pwd [OPTION]... The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-L' `--logical' If the contents of the environment variable `PWD' provide an absolute name of the current directory with no `.' or `..' components, but possibly with symbolic links, then output those contents. Otherwise, fall back to default `-P' handling. `-P' `--physical' Print a fully resolved name for the current directory. That is, all components of the printed name will be actual directory names--none will be symbolic links. If `-L' and `-P' are both given, the last one takes precedence. If neither option is given, then this implementation uses `-P' as the default unless the `POSIXLY_CORRECT' environment variable is set. Due to shell aliases and built-in `pwd' command, using an unadorned `pwd' interactively or in a script may get you different functionality than that described here. Invoke it via `env' (i.e., `env pwd ...') to avoid interference from the shell. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: stty invocation, Next: printenv invocation, Prev: pwd invocation, Up: Working context 19.2 `stty': Print or change terminal characteristics ===================================================== `stty' prints or changes terminal characteristics, such as baud rate. Synopses: stty [OPTION] [SETTING]... stty [OPTION] If given no line settings, `stty' prints the baud rate, line discipline number (on systems that support it), and line settings that have been changed from the values set by `stty sane'. By default, mode reading and setting are performed on the tty line connected to standard input, although this can be modified by the `--file' option. `stty' accepts many non-option arguments that change aspects of the terminal line operation, as described below. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-a' `--all' Print all current settings in human-readable form. This option may not be used in combination with any line settings. `-F DEVICE' `--file=DEVICE' Set the line opened by the file name specified in DEVICE instead of the tty line connected to standard input. This option is necessary because opening a POSIX tty requires use of the `O_NONDELAY' flag to prevent a POSIX tty from blocking until the carrier detect line is high if the `clocal' flag is not set. Hence, it is not always possible to allow the shell to open the device in the traditional manner. `-g' `--save' Print all current settings in a form that can be used as an argument to another `stty' command to restore the current settings. This option may not be used in combination with any line settings. Many settings can be turned off by preceding them with a `-'. Such arguments are marked below with "May be negated" in their description. The descriptions themselves refer to the positive case, that is, when _not_ negated (unless stated otherwise, of course). Some settings are not available on all POSIX systems, since they use extensions. Such arguments are marked below with "Non-POSIX" in their description. On non-POSIX systems, those or other settings also may not be available, but it's not feasible to document all the variations: just try it and see. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure. * Menu: * Control:: Control settings * Input:: Input settings * Output:: Output settings * Local:: Local settings * Combination:: Combination settings * Characters:: Special characters * Special:: Special settings  File: coreutils.info, Node: Control, Next: Input, Up: stty invocation 19.2.1 Control settings ----------------------- Control settings: `parenb' Generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input. May be negated. `parodd' Set odd parity (even if negated). May be negated. `cs5' `cs6' `cs7' `cs8' Set character size to 5, 6, 7, or 8 bits. `hup' `hupcl' Send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty. May be negated. `cstopb' Use two stop bits per character (one if negated). May be negated. `cread' Allow input to be received. May be negated. `clocal' Disable modem control signals. May be negated. `crtscts' Enable RTS/CTS flow control. Non-POSIX. May be negated.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Input, Next: Output, Prev: Control, Up: stty invocation 19.2.2 Input settings --------------------- These settings control operations on data received from the terminal. `ignbrk' Ignore break characters. May be negated. `brkint' Make breaks cause an interrupt signal. May be negated. `ignpar' Ignore characters with parity errors. May be negated. `parmrk' Mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence). May be negated. `inpck' Enable input parity checking. May be negated. `istrip' Clear high (8th) bit of input characters. May be negated. `inlcr' Translate newline to carriage return. May be negated. `igncr' Ignore carriage return. May be negated. `icrnl' Translate carriage return to newline. May be negated. `iutf8' Assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded. May be negated. `ixon' Enable XON/XOFF flow control (that is, `CTRL-S'/`CTRL-Q'). May be negated. `ixoff' `tandem' Enable sending of `stop' character when the system input buffer is almost full, and `start' character when it becomes almost empty again. May be negated. `iuclc' Translate uppercase characters to lowercase. Non-POSIX. May be negated. Note ilcuc is not implemented, as one would not be able to issue almost any (lowercase) Unix command, after invoking it. `ixany' Allow any character to restart output (only the start character if negated). Non-POSIX. May be negated. `imaxbel' Enable beeping and not flushing input buffer if a character arrives when the input buffer is full. Non-POSIX. May be negated.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Output, Next: Local, Prev: Input, Up: stty invocation 19.2.3 Output settings ---------------------- These settings control operations on data sent to the terminal. `opost' Postprocess output. May be negated. `olcuc' Translate lowercase characters to uppercase. Non-POSIX. May be negated. (Note ouclc is not currently implemented.) `ocrnl' Translate carriage return to newline. Non-POSIX. May be negated. `onlcr' Translate newline to carriage return-newline. Non-POSIX. May be negated. `onocr' Do not print carriage returns in the first column. Non-POSIX. May be negated. `onlret' Newline performs a carriage return. Non-POSIX. May be negated. `ofill' Use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays. Non-POSIX. May be negated. `ofdel' Use ASCII DEL characters for fill instead of ASCII NUL characters. Non-POSIX. May be negated. `nl1' `nl0' Newline delay style. Non-POSIX. `cr3' `cr2' `cr1' `cr0' Carriage return delay style. Non-POSIX. `tab3' `tab2' `tab1' `tab0' Horizontal tab delay style. Non-POSIX. `bs1' `bs0' Backspace delay style. Non-POSIX. `vt1' `vt0' Vertical tab delay style. Non-POSIX. `ff1' `ff0' Form feed delay style. Non-POSIX.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Local, Next: Combination, Prev: Output, Up: stty invocation 19.2.4 Local settings --------------------- `isig' Enable `interrupt', `quit', and `suspend' special characters. May be negated. `icanon' Enable `erase', `kill', `werase', and `rprnt' special characters. May be negated. `iexten' Enable non-POSIX special characters. May be negated. `echo' Echo input characters. May be negated. `echoe' `crterase' Echo `erase' characters as backspace-space-backspace. May be negated. `echok' Echo a newline after a `kill' character. May be negated. `echonl' Echo newline even if not echoing other characters. May be negated. `noflsh' Disable flushing after `interrupt' and `quit' special characters. May be negated. `xcase' Enable input and output of uppercase characters by preceding their lowercase equivalents with `\', when `icanon' is set. Non-POSIX. May be negated. `tostop' Stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal. Non-POSIX. May be negated. `echoprt' `prterase' Echo erased characters backward, between `\' and `/'. Non-POSIX. May be negated. `echoctl' `ctlecho' Echo control characters in hat notation (`^C') instead of literally. Non-POSIX. May be negated. `echoke' `crtkill' Echo the `kill' special character by erasing each character on the line as indicated by the `echoprt' and `echoe' settings, instead of by the `echoctl' and `echok' settings. Non-POSIX. May be negated.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Combination, Next: Characters, Prev: Local, Up: stty invocation 19.2.5 Combination settings --------------------------- Combination settings: `evenp' `parity' Same as `parenb -parodd cs7'. May be negated. If negated, same as `-parenb cs8'. `oddp' Same as `parenb parodd cs7'. May be negated. If negated, same as `-parenb cs8'. `nl' Same as `-icrnl -onlcr'. May be negated. If negated, same as `icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret'. `ek' Reset the `erase' and `kill' special characters to their default values. `sane' Same as: cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke and also sets all special characters to their default values. `cooked' Same as `brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon', plus sets the `eof' and `eol' characters to their default values if they are the same as the `min' and `time' characters. May be negated. If negated, same as `raw'. `raw' Same as: -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 May be negated. If negated, same as `cooked'. `cbreak' Same as `-icanon'. May be negated. If negated, same as `icanon'. `pass8' Same as `-parenb -istrip cs8'. May be negated. If negated, same as `parenb istrip cs7'. `litout' Same as `-parenb -istrip -opost cs8'. May be negated. If negated, same as `parenb istrip opost cs7'. `decctlq' Same as `-ixany'. Non-POSIX. May be negated. `tabs' Same as `tab0'. Non-POSIX. May be negated. If negated, same as `tab3'. `lcase' `LCASE' Same as `xcase iuclc olcuc'. Non-POSIX. May be negated. (Used for terminals with uppercase characters only.) `crt' Same as `echoe echoctl echoke'. `dec' Same as `echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^C erase ^? kill C-u'.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Characters, Next: Special, Prev: Combination, Up: stty invocation 19.2.6 Special characters ------------------------- The special characters' default values vary from system to system. They are set with the syntax `name value', where the names are listed below and the value can be given either literally, in hat notation (`^C'), or as an integer which may start with `0x' to indicate hexadecimal, `0' to indicate octal, or any other digit to indicate decimal. For GNU stty, giving a value of `^-' or `undef' disables that special character. (This is incompatible with Ultrix `stty', which uses a value of `u' to disable a special character. GNU `stty' treats a value `u' like any other, namely to set that special character to .) `intr' Send an interrupt signal. `quit' Send a quit signal. `erase' Erase the last character typed. `kill' Erase the current line. `eof' Send an end of file (terminate the input). `eol' End the line. `eol2' Alternate character to end the line. Non-POSIX. `swtch' Switch to a different shell layer. Non-POSIX. `start' Restart the output after stopping it. `stop' Stop the output. `susp' Send a terminal stop signal. `dsusp' Send a terminal stop signal after flushing the input. Non-POSIX. `rprnt' Redraw the current line. Non-POSIX. `werase' Erase the last word typed. Non-POSIX. `lnext' Enter the next character typed literally, even if it is a special character. Non-POSIX.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Special, Prev: Characters, Up: stty invocation 19.2.7 Special settings ----------------------- `min N' Set the minimum number of characters that will satisfy a read until the time value has expired, when `-icanon' is set. `time N' Set the number of tenths of a second before reads time out if the minimum number of characters have not been read, when `-icanon' is set. `ispeed N' Set the input speed to N. `ospeed N' Set the output speed to N. `rows N' Tell the tty kernel driver that the terminal has N rows. Non-POSIX. `cols N' `columns N' Tell the kernel that the terminal has N columns. Non-POSIX. `size' Print the number of rows and columns that the kernel thinks the terminal has. (Systems that don't support rows and columns in the kernel typically use the environment variables `LINES' and `COLUMNS' instead; however, GNU `stty' does not know anything about them.) Non-POSIX. `line N' Use line discipline N. Non-POSIX. `speed' Print the terminal speed. `N' Set the input and output speeds to N. N can be one of: 0 50 75 110 134 134.5 150 200 300 600 1200 1800 2400 4800 9600 19200 38400 `exta' `extb'. `exta' is the same as 19200; `extb' is the same as 38400. Many systems, including GNU/Linux, support higher speeds. The `stty' command includes support for speeds of 57600, 115200, 230400, 460800, 500000, 576000, 921600, 1000000, 1152000, 1500000, 2000000, 2500000, 3000000, 3500000, or 4000000 where the system supports these. 0 hangs up the line if `-clocal' is set.  File: coreutils.info, Node: printenv invocation, Next: tty invocation, Prev: stty invocation, Up: Working context 19.3 `printenv': Print all or some environment variables ======================================================== `printenv' prints environment variable values. Synopsis: printenv [OPTION] [VARIABLE]... If no VARIABLEs are specified, `printenv' prints the value of every environment variable. Otherwise, it prints the value of each VARIABLE that is set, and nothing for those that are not set. The program accepts the following option. Also see *note Common options::. `-0' `--null' Output a zero byte (ASCII NUL) at the end of each line, rather than a newline. This option enables other programs to parse the output of `printenv' even when that output would contain data with embedded newlines. Exit status: 0 if all variables specified were found 1 if at least one specified variable was not found 2 if a write error occurred  File: coreutils.info, Node: tty invocation, Prev: printenv invocation, Up: Working context 19.4 `tty': Print file name of terminal on standard input ========================================================= `tty' prints the file name of the terminal connected to its standard input. It prints `not a tty' if standard input is not a terminal. Synopsis: tty [OPTION]... The program accepts the following option. Also see *note Common options::. `-s' `--silent' `--quiet' Print nothing; only return an exit status. Exit status: 0 if standard input is a terminal 1 if standard input is not a terminal 2 if given incorrect arguments 3 if a write error occurs  File: coreutils.info, Node: User information, Next: System context, Prev: Working context, Up: Top 20 User information ******************* This section describes commands that print user-related information: logins, groups, and so forth. * Menu: * id invocation:: Print user identity. * logname invocation:: Print current login name. * whoami invocation:: Print effective user ID. * groups invocation:: Print group names a user is in. * users invocation:: Print login names of users currently logged in. * who invocation:: Print who is currently logged in.  File: coreutils.info, Node: id invocation, Next: logname invocation, Up: User information 20.1 `id': Print user identity ============================== `id' prints information about the given user, or the process running it if no user is specified. Synopsis: id [OPTION]... [USERNAME] By default, it prints the real user ID, real group ID, effective user ID if different from the real user ID, effective group ID if different from the real group ID, and supplemental group IDs. In addition, if SELinux is enabled and the `POSIXLY_CORRECT' environment variable is not set, then print `context=C', where C is the security context. Each of these numeric values is preceded by an identifying string and followed by the corresponding user or group name in parentheses. The options cause `id' to print only part of the above information. Also see *note Common options::. `-g' `--group' Print only the group ID. `-G' `--groups' Print only the group ID and the supplementary groups. `-n' `--name' Print the user or group name instead of the ID number. Requires `-u', `-g', or `-G'. `-r' `--real' Print the real, instead of effective, user or group ID. Requires `-u', `-g', or `-G'. `-u' `--user' Print only the user ID. `-Z' `--context' Print only the security context of the current user. If SELinux is disabled then print a warning and set the exit status to 1. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure. Primary and supplementary groups for a process are normally inherited from its parent and are usually unchanged since login. This means that if you change the group database after logging in, `id' will not reflect your changes within your existing login session. Running `id' with a user argument causes the user and group database to be consulted afresh, and so will give a different result.  File: coreutils.info, Node: logname invocation, Next: whoami invocation, Prev: id invocation, Up: User information 20.2 `logname': Print current login name ======================================== `logname' prints the calling user's name, as found in a system-maintained file (often `/var/run/utmp' or `/etc/utmp'), and exits with a status of 0. If there is no entry for the calling process, `logname' prints an error message and exits with a status of 1. The only options are `--help' and `--version'. *Note Common options::. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: whoami invocation, Next: groups invocation, Prev: logname invocation, Up: User information 20.3 `whoami': Print effective user ID ====================================== `whoami' prints the user name associated with the current effective user ID. It is equivalent to the command `id -un'. The only options are `--help' and `--version'. *Note Common options::. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: groups invocation, Next: users invocation, Prev: whoami invocation, Up: User information 20.4 `groups': Print group names a user is in ============================================= `groups' prints the names of the primary and any supplementary groups for each given USERNAME, or the current process if no names are given. If more than one name is given, the name of each user is printed before the list of that user's groups and the user name is separated from the group list by a colon. Synopsis: groups [USERNAME]... The group lists are equivalent to the output of the command `id -Gn'. Primary and supplementary groups for a process are normally inherited from its parent and are usually unchanged since login. This means that if you change the group database after logging in, `groups' will not reflect your changes within your existing login session. Running `groups' with a list of users causes the user and group database to be consulted afresh, and so will give a different result. The only options are `--help' and `--version'. *Note Common options::. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: users invocation, Next: who invocation, Prev: groups invocation, Up: User information 20.5 `users': Print login names of users currently logged in ============================================================ `users' prints on a single line a blank-separated list of user names of users currently logged in to the current host. Each user name corresponds to a login session, so if a user has more than one login session, that user's name will appear the same number of times in the output. Synopsis: users [FILE] With no FILE argument, `users' extracts its information from a system-maintained file (often `/var/run/utmp' or `/etc/utmp'). If a file argument is given, `users' uses that file instead. A common choice is `/var/log/wtmp'. The only options are `--help' and `--version'. *Note Common options::. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: who invocation, Prev: users invocation, Up: User information 20.6 `who': Print who is currently logged in ============================================ `who' prints information about users who are currently logged on. Synopsis: `who' [OPTION] [FILE] [am i] If given no non-option arguments, `who' prints the following information for each user currently logged on: login name, terminal line, login time, and remote hostname or X display. If given one non-option argument, `who' uses that instead of a default system-maintained file (often `/var/run/utmp' or `/etc/utmp') as the name of the file containing the record of users logged on. `/var/log/wtmp' is commonly given as an argument to `who' to look at who has previously logged on. If given two non-option arguments, `who' prints only the entry for the user running it (determined from its standard input), preceded by the hostname. Traditionally, the two arguments given are `am i', as in `who am i'. Time stamps are listed according to the time zone rules specified by the `TZ' environment variable, or by the system default rules if `TZ' is not set. *Note Specifying the Time Zone with `TZ': (libc)TZ Variable. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-a' `--all' Same as `-b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u'. `-b' `--boot' Print the date and time of last system boot. `-d' `--dead' Print information corresponding to dead processes. `-H' `--heading' Print a line of column headings. `-l' `--login' List only the entries that correspond to processes via which the system is waiting for a user to login. The user name is always `LOGIN'. `--lookup' Attempt to canonicalize hostnames found in utmp through a DNS lookup. This is not the default because it can cause significant delays on systems with automatic dial-up internet access. `-m' Same as `who am i'. `-p' `--process' List active processes spawned by init. `-q' `--count' Print only the login names and the number of users logged on. Overrides all other options. `-r' `--runlevel' Print the current (and maybe previous) run-level of the init process. `-s' Ignored; for compatibility with other versions of `who'. `-t' `--time' Print last system clock change. `-u' After the login time, print the number of hours and minutes that the user has been idle. `.' means the user was active in the last minute. `old' means the user has been idle for more than 24 hours. `-w' `-T' `--mesg' `--message' `--writable' After each login name print a character indicating the user's message status: `+' allowing `write' messages `-' disallowing `write' messages `?' cannot find terminal device An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: System context, Next: SELinux context, Prev: User information, Up: Top 21 System context ***************** This section describes commands that print or change system-wide information. * Menu: * date invocation:: Print or set system date and time. * arch invocation:: Print machine hardware name. * nproc invocation:: Print the number of processors. * uname invocation:: Print system information. * hostname invocation:: Print or set system name. * hostid invocation:: Print numeric host identifier. * uptime invocation:: Print system uptime and load.  File: coreutils.info, Node: date invocation, Next: arch invocation, Up: System context 21.1 `date': Print or set system date and time ============================================== Synopses: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] date [-u|--utc|--universal] [ MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss] ] Invoking `date' with no FORMAT argument is equivalent to invoking it with a default format that depends on the `LC_TIME' locale category. In the default C locale, this format is `'+%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y'', so the output looks like `Thu Mar 3 13:47:51 PST 2005'. Normally, `date' uses the time zone rules indicated by the `TZ' environment variable, or the system default rules if `TZ' is not set. *Note Specifying the Time Zone with `TZ': (libc)TZ Variable. If given an argument that starts with a `+', `date' prints the current date and time (or the date and time specified by the `--date' option, see below) in the format defined by that argument, which is similar to that of the `strftime' function. Except for conversion specifiers, which start with `%', characters in the format string are printed unchanged. The conversion specifiers are described below. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure. * Menu: * Time conversion specifiers:: %[HIklMNpPrRsSTXzZ] * Date conversion specifiers:: %[aAbBcCdDeFgGhjmuUVwWxyY] * Literal conversion specifiers:: %[%nt] * Padding and other flags:: Pad with zeros, spaces, etc. * Setting the time:: Changing the system clock. * Options for date:: Instead of the current time. * Date input formats:: Specifying date strings. * Examples of date:: Examples.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Time conversion specifiers, Next: Date conversion specifiers, Up: date invocation 21.1.1 Time conversion specifiers --------------------------------- `date' conversion specifiers related to times. `%H' hour (`00'...`23') `%I' hour (`01'...`12') `%k' hour (` 0'...`23'). This is a GNU extension. `%l' hour (` 1'...`12'). This is a GNU extension. `%M' minute (`00'...`59') `%N' nanoseconds (`000000000'...`999999999'). This is a GNU extension. `%p' locale's equivalent of either `AM' or `PM'; blank in many locales. Noon is treated as `PM' and midnight as `AM'. `%P' like `%p', except lower case. This is a GNU extension. `%r' locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., `11:11:04 PM') `%R' 24-hour hour and minute. Same as `%H:%M'. This is a GNU extension. `%s' seconds since the epoch, i.e., since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC. Leap seconds are not counted unless leap second support is available. *Note %s-examples::, for examples. This is a GNU extension. `%S' second (`00'...`60'). This may be `60' if leap seconds are supported. `%T' 24-hour hour, minute, and second. Same as `%H:%M:%S'. `%X' locale's time representation (e.g., `23:13:48') `%z' RFC 2822/ISO 8601 style numeric time zone (e.g., `-0600' or `+0530'), or nothing if no time zone is determinable. This value reflects the numeric time zone appropriate for the current time, using the time zone rules specified by the `TZ' environment variable. The time (and optionally, the time zone rules) can be overridden by the `--date' option. This is a GNU extension. `%:z' RFC 3339/ISO 8601 style numeric time zone with `:' (e.g., `-06:00' or `+05:30'), or nothing if no time zone is determinable. This is a GNU extension. `%::z' Numeric time zone to the nearest second with `:' (e.g., `-06:00:00' or `+05:30:00'), or nothing if no time zone is determinable. This is a GNU extension. `%:::z' Numeric time zone with `:' using the minimum necessary precision (e.g., `-06', `+05:30', or `-04:56:02'), or nothing if no time zone is determinable. This is a GNU extension. `%Z' alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., `EDT'), or nothing if no time zone is determinable. See `%z' for how it is determined.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Date conversion specifiers, Next: Literal conversion specifiers, Prev: Time conversion specifiers, Up: date invocation 21.1.2 Date conversion specifiers --------------------------------- `date' conversion specifiers related to dates. `%a' locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., `Sun') `%A' locale's full weekday name, variable length (e.g., `Sunday') `%b' locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., `Jan') `%B' locale's full month name, variable length (e.g., `January') `%c' locale's date and time (e.g., `Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005') `%C' century. This is like `%Y', except the last two digits are omitted. For example, it is `20' if `%Y' is `2000', and is `-0' if `%Y' is `-001'. It is normally at least two characters, but it may be more. `%d' day of month (e.g., `01') `%D' date; same as `%m/%d/%y' `%e' day of month, space padded; same as `%_d' `%F' full date in ISO 8601 format; same as `%Y-%m-%d'. This is a good choice for a date format, as it is standard and is easy to sort in the usual case where years are in the range 0000...9999. This is a GNU extension. `%g' year corresponding to the ISO week number, but without the century (range `00' through `99'). This has the same format and value as `%y', except that if the ISO week number (see `%V') belongs to the previous or next year, that year is used instead. This is a GNU extension. `%G' year corresponding to the ISO week number. This has the same format and value as `%Y', except that if the ISO week number (see `%V') belongs to the previous or next year, that year is used instead. It is normally useful only if `%V' is also used; for example, the format `%G-%m-%d' is probably a mistake, since it combines the ISO week number year with the conventional month and day. This is a GNU extension. `%h' same as `%b' `%j' day of year (`001'...`366') `%m' month (`01'...`12') `%u' day of week (`1'...`7') with `1' corresponding to Monday `%U' week number of year, with Sunday as the first day of the week (`00'...`53'). Days in a new year preceding the first Sunday are in week zero. `%V' ISO week number, that is, the week number of year, with Monday as the first day of the week (`01'...`53'). If the week containing January 1 has four or more days in the new year, then it is considered week 1; otherwise, it is week 53 of the previous year, and the next week is week 1. (See the ISO 8601 standard.) `%w' day of week (`0'...`6') with 0 corresponding to Sunday `%W' week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (`00'...`53'). Days in a new year preceding the first Monday are in week zero. `%x' locale's date representation (e.g., `12/31/99') `%y' last two digits of year (`00'...`99') `%Y' year. This is normally at least four characters, but it may be more. Year `0000' precedes year `0001', and year `-001' precedes year `0000'.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Literal conversion specifiers, Next: Padding and other flags, Prev: Date conversion specifiers, Up: date invocation 21.1.3 Literal conversion specifiers ------------------------------------ `date' conversion specifiers that produce literal strings. `%%' a literal % `%n' a newline `%t' a horizontal tab  File: coreutils.info, Node: Padding and other flags, Next: Setting the time, Prev: Literal conversion specifiers, Up: date invocation 21.1.4 Padding and other flags ------------------------------ Unless otherwise specified, `date' normally pads numeric fields with zeros, so that, for example, numeric months are always output as two digits. Seconds since the epoch are not padded, though, since there is no natural width for them. As a GNU extension, `date' recognizes any of the following optional flags after the `%': `-' (hyphen) Do not pad the field; useful if the output is intended for human consumption. `_' (underscore) Pad with spaces; useful if you need a fixed number of characters in the output, but zeros are too distracting. `0' (zero) Pad with zeros even if the conversion specifier would normally pad with spaces. `^' Use upper case characters if possible. `#' Use opposite case characters if possible. A field that is normally upper case becomes lower case, and vice versa. Here are some examples of padding: date +%d/%m -d "Feb 1" => 01/02 date +%-d/%-m -d "Feb 1" => 1/2 date +%_d/%_m -d "Feb 1" => 1/ 2 As a GNU extension, you can specify the field width (after any flag, if present) as a decimal number. If the natural size of the output of the field has less than the specified number of characters, the result is written right adjusted and padded to the given size. For example, `%9B' prints the right adjusted month name in a field of width 9. An optional modifier can follow the optional flag and width specification. The modifiers are: `E' Use the locale's alternate representation for date and time. This modifier applies to the `%c', `%C', `%x', `%X', `%y' and `%Y' conversion specifiers. In a Japanese locale, for example, `%Ex' might yield a date format based on the Japanese Emperors' reigns. `O' Use the locale's alternate numeric symbols for numbers. This modifier applies only to numeric conversion specifiers. If the format supports the modifier but no alternate representation is available, it is ignored.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Setting the time, Next: Options for date, Prev: Padding and other flags, Up: date invocation 21.1.5 Setting the time ----------------------- If given an argument that does not start with `+', `date' sets the system clock to the date and time specified by that argument (as described below). You must have appropriate privileges to set the system clock. The `--date' and `--set' options may not be used with such an argument. The `--universal' option may be used with such an argument to indicate that the specified date and time are relative to Coordinated Universal Time rather than to the local time zone. The argument must consist entirely of digits, which have the following meaning: `MM' month `DD' day within month `hh' hour `mm' minute `CC' first two digits of year (optional) `YY' last two digits of year (optional) `ss' second (optional) The `--set' option also sets the system clock; see the next section.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Options for date, Prev: Setting the time, Up: date invocation 21.1.6 Options for `date' ------------------------- The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-d DATESTR' `--date=DATESTR' Display the date and time specified in DATESTR instead of the current date and time. DATESTR can be in almost any common format. It can contain month names, time zones, `am' and `pm', `yesterday', etc. For example, `--date="2004-02-27 14:19:13.489392193 +0530"' specifies the instant of time that is 489,392,193 nanoseconds after February 27, 2004 at 2:19:13 PM in a time zone that is 5 hours and 30 minutes east of UTC. Note: input currently must be in locale independent format. E.g., the LC_TIME=C below is needed to print back the correct date in many locales: date -d "$(LC_TIME=C date)" *Note Date input formats::. `-f DATEFILE' `--file=DATEFILE' Parse each line in DATEFILE as with `-d' and display the resulting date and time. If DATEFILE is `-', use standard input. This is useful when you have many dates to process, because the system overhead of starting up the `date' executable many times can be considerable. `-r FILE' `--reference=FILE' Display the date and time of the last modification of FILE, instead of the current date and time. `-R' `--rfc-822' `--rfc-2822' Display the date and time using the format `%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S %z', evaluated in the C locale so abbreviations are always in English. For example: Fri, 09 Sep 2005 13:51:39 -0700 This format conforms to Internet RFCs 2822 (ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc2822.txt) and 822 (ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc822.txt), the current and previous standards for Internet email. `--rfc-3339=TIMESPEC' Display the date using a format specified by Internet RFC 3339 (ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc3339.txt). This is a subset of the ISO 8601 format, except that it also permits applications to use a space rather than a `T' to separate dates from times. Unlike the other standard formats, RFC 3339 format is always suitable as input for the `--date' (`-d') and `--file' (`-f') options, regardless of the current locale. The argument TIMESPEC specifies how much of the time to include. It can be one of the following: `date' Print just the full-date, e.g., `2005-09-14'. This is equivalent to the format `%Y-%m-%d'. `seconds' Print the full-date and full-time separated by a space, e.g., `2005-09-14 00:56:06+05:30'. The output ends with a numeric time-offset; here the `+05:30' means that local time is five hours and thirty minutes east of UTC. This is equivalent to the format `%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S%:z'. `ns' Like `seconds', but also print nanoseconds, e.g., `2005-09-14 00:56:06.998458565+05:30'. This is equivalent to the format `%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%N%:z'. `-s DATESTR' `--set=DATESTR' Set the date and time to DATESTR. See `-d' above. `-u' `--utc' `--universal' Use Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) by operating as if the `TZ' environment variable were set to the string `UTC0'. Coordinated Universal Time is often called "Greenwich Mean Time" (GMT) for historical reasons.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Examples of date, Up: date invocation 21.1.7 Examples of `date' ------------------------- Here are a few examples. Also see the documentation for the `-d' option in the previous section. * To print the date of the day before yesterday: date --date='2 days ago' * To print the date of the day three months and one day hence: date --date='3 months 1 day' * To print the day of year of Christmas in the current year: date --date='25 Dec' +%j * To print the current full month name and the day of the month: date '+%B %d' But this may not be what you want because for the first nine days of the month, the `%d' expands to a zero-padded two-digit field, for example `date -d 1may '+%B %d'' will print `May 01'. * To print a date without the leading zero for one-digit days of the month, you can use the (GNU extension) `-' flag to suppress the padding altogether: date -d 1may '+%B %-d * To print the current date and time in the format required by many non-GNU versions of `date' when setting the system clock: date +%m%d%H%M%Y.%S * To set the system clock forward by two minutes: date --set='+2 minutes' * To print the date in RFC 2822 format, use `date --rfc-2822'. Here is some example output: Fri, 09 Sep 2005 13:51:39 -0700 * To convert a date string to the number of seconds since the epoch (which is 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC), use the `--date' option with the `%s' format. That can be useful in sorting and/or graphing and/or comparing data by date. The following command outputs the number of the seconds since the epoch for the time two minutes after the epoch: date --date='1970-01-01 00:02:00 +0000' +%s 120 If you do not specify time zone information in the date string, `date' uses your computer's idea of the time zone when interpreting the string. For example, if your computer's time zone is that of Cambridge, Massachusetts, which was then 5 hours (i.e., 18,000 seconds) behind UTC: # local time zone used date --date='1970-01-01 00:02:00' +%s 18120 * If you're sorting or graphing dated data, your raw date values may be represented as seconds since the epoch. But few people can look at the date `946684800' and casually note "Oh, that's the first second of the year 2000 in Greenwich, England." date --date='2000-01-01 UTC' +%s 946684800 An alternative is to use the `--utc' (`-u') option. Then you may omit `UTC' from the date string. Although this produces the same result for `%s' and many other format sequences, with a time zone offset different from zero, it would give a different result for zone-dependent formats like `%z'. date -u --date=2000-01-01 +%s 946684800 To convert such an unwieldy number of seconds back to a more readable form, use a command like this: # local time zone used date -d '1970-01-01 UTC 946684800 seconds' +"%Y-%m-%d %T %z" 1999-12-31 19:00:00 -0500 Or if you do not mind depending on the `@' feature present since coreutils 5.3.0, you could shorten this to: date -d @946684800 +"%F %T %z" 1999-12-31 19:00:00 -0500 Often it is better to output UTC-relative date and time: date -u -d '1970-01-01 946684800 seconds' +"%Y-%m-%d %T %z" 2000-01-01 00:00:00 +0000  File: coreutils.info, Node: arch invocation, Next: nproc invocation, Prev: date invocation, Up: System context 21.2 `arch': Print machine hardware name ======================================== `arch' prints the machine hardware name, and is equivalent to `uname -m'. Synopsis: arch [OPTION] The program accepts the *note Common options:: only. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: nproc invocation, Next: uname invocation, Prev: arch invocation, Up: System context 21.3 `nproc': Print the number of available processors ====================================================== Print the number of processing units available to the current process, which may be less than the number of online processors. If this information is not accessible, then print the number of processors installed. If the `OMP_NUM_THREADS' environment variable is set, then it will determine the returned value. The result is guaranteed to be greater than zero. Synopsis: nproc [OPTION] The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `--all' Print the number of installed processors on the system, which may be greater than the number online or available to the current process. The `OMP_NUM_THREADS' environment variable is not honored in this case. `--ignore=NUMBER' If possible, exclude this NUMBER of processing units. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: uname invocation, Next: hostname invocation, Prev: nproc invocation, Up: System context 21.4 `uname': Print system information ====================================== `uname' prints information about the machine and operating system it is run on. If no options are given, `uname' acts as if the `-s' option were given. Synopsis: uname [OPTION]... If multiple options or `-a' are given, the selected information is printed in this order: KERNEL-NAME NODENAME KERNEL-RELEASE KERNEL-VERSION MACHINE PROCESSOR HARDWARE-PLATFORM OPERATING-SYSTEM The information may contain internal spaces, so such output cannot be parsed reliably. In the following example, RELEASE is `2.2.18ss.e820-bda652a #4 SMP Tue Jun 5 11:24:08 PDT 2001': uname -a => Linux dum 2.2.18 #4 SMP Tue Jun 5 11:24:08 PDT 2001 i686 unknown unknown GNU/Linux The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-a' `--all' Print all of the below information, except omit the processor type and the hardware platform name if they are unknown. `-i' `--hardware-platform' Print the hardware platform name (sometimes called the hardware implementation). Print `unknown' if the kernel does not make this information easily available, as is the case with Linux kernels. `-m' `--machine' Print the machine hardware name (sometimes called the hardware class or hardware type). `-n' `--nodename' Print the network node hostname. `-p' `--processor' Print the processor type (sometimes called the instruction set architecture or ISA). Print `unknown' if the kernel does not make this information easily available, as is the case with Linux kernels. `-o' `--operating-system' Print the name of the operating system. `-r' `--kernel-release' Print the kernel release. `-s' `--kernel-name' Print the kernel name. POSIX 1003.1-2001 (*note Standards conformance::) calls this "the implementation of the operating system", because the POSIX specification itself has no notion of "kernel". The kernel name might be the same as the operating system name printed by the `-o' or `--operating-system' option, but it might differ. Some operating systems (e.g., FreeBSD, HP-UX) have the same name as their underlying kernels; others (e.g., GNU/Linux, Solaris) do not. `-v' `--kernel-version' Print the kernel version. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: hostname invocation, Next: hostid invocation, Prev: uname invocation, Up: System context 21.5 `hostname': Print or set system name ========================================= With no arguments, `hostname' prints the name of the current host system. With one argument, it sets the current host name to the specified string. You must have appropriate privileges to set the host name. Synopsis: hostname [NAME] The only options are `--help' and `--version'. *Note Common options::. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: hostid invocation, Next: uptime invocation, Prev: hostname invocation, Up: System context 21.6 `hostid': Print numeric host identifier ============================================ `hostid' prints the numeric identifier of the current host in hexadecimal. This command accepts no arguments. The only options are `--help' and `--version'. *Note Common options::. For example, here's what it prints on one system I use: $ hostid 1bac013d On that system, the 32-bit quantity happens to be closely related to the system's Internet address, but that isn't always the case. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: uptime invocation, Prev: hostid invocation, Up: System context 21.7 `uptime': Print system uptime and load =========================================== `uptime' prints the current time, the system's uptime, the number of logged-in users and the current load average. If an argument is specified, it is used as the file to be read to discover how many users are logged in. If no argument is specified, a system default is used (`uptime --help' indicates the default setting). The only options are `--help' and `--version'. *Note Common options::. For example, here's what it prints right now on one system I use: $ uptime 14:07 up 3:35, 3 users, load average: 1.39, 1.15, 1.04 The precise method of calculation of load average varies somewhat between systems. Some systems calculate it as the average number of runnable processes over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes, but some systems also include processes in the uninterruptible sleep state (that is, those processes which are waiting for disk I/O). The Linux kernel includes uninterruptible processes.  File: coreutils.info, Node: SELinux context, Next: Modified command invocation, Prev: System context, Up: Top 22 SELinux context ****************** This section describes commands for operations with SELinux contexts. * Menu: * chcon invocation:: Change SELinux context of file * runcon invocation:: Run a command in specified SELinux context  File: coreutils.info, Node: chcon invocation, Next: runcon invocation, Up: SELinux context 22.1 `chcon': Change SELinux context of file ============================================ `chcon' changes the SELinux security context of the selected files. Synopses: chcon [OPTION]... CONTEXT FILE... chcon [OPTION]... [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-l RANGE] [-t TYPE] FILE... chcon [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Change the SELinux security context of each FILE to CONTEXT. With `--reference', change the security context of each FILE to that of RFILE. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-h' `--no-dereference' Affect symbolic links instead of any referenced file. `--reference=RFILE' Use RFILE's security context rather than specifying a CONTEXT value. `-R' `--recursive' Operate on files and directories recursively. `-H' If `--recursive' (`-R') is specified and a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it. *Note Traversing symlinks::. `-L' In a recursive traversal, traverse every symbolic link to a directory that is encountered. *Note Traversing symlinks::. `-P' Do not traverse any symbolic links. This is the default if none of `-H', `-L', or `-P' is specified. *Note Traversing symlinks::. `-v' `--verbose' Output a diagnostic for every file processed. `-u USER' `--user=USER' Set user USER in the target security context. `-r ROLE' `--role=ROLE' Set role ROLE in the target security context. `-t TYPE' `--type=TYPE' Set type TYPE in the target security context. `-l RANGE' `--range=RANGE' Set range RANGE in the target security context. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: runcon invocation, Prev: chcon invocation, Up: SELinux context 22.2 `runcon': Run a command in specified SELinux context ========================================================= `runcon' runs file in specified SELinux security context. Synopses: runcon CONTEXT COMMAND [ARGS] runcon [ -c ] [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-t TYPE] [-l RANGE] COMMAND [ARGS] Run COMMAND with completely-specified CONTEXT, or with current or transitioned security context modified by one or more of LEVEL, ROLE, TYPE and USER. If none of `-c', `-t', `-u', `-r', or `-l' is specified, the first argument is used as the complete context. Any additional arguments after COMMAND are interpreted as arguments to the command. With neither CONTEXT nor COMMAND, print the current security context. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-c' `--compute' Compute process transition context before modifying. `-u USER' `--user=USER' Set user USER in the target security context. `-r ROLE' `--role=ROLE' Set role ROLE in the target security context. `-t TYPE' `--type=TYPE' Set type TYPE in the target security context. `-l RANGE' `--range=RANGE' Set range RANGE in the target security context. Exit status: 126 if COMMAND is found but cannot be invoked 127 if `runcon' itself fails or if COMMAND cannot be found the exit status of COMMAND otherwise  File: coreutils.info, Node: Modified command invocation, Next: Process control, Prev: SELinux context, Up: Top 23 Modified command invocation ****************************** This section describes commands that run other commands in some context different than the current one: a modified environment, as a different user, etc. * Menu: * chroot invocation:: Modify the root directory. * env invocation:: Modify environment variables. * nice invocation:: Modify niceness. * nohup invocation:: Immunize to hangups. * stdbuf invocation:: Modify buffering of standard streams. * su invocation:: Modify user and group ID. * timeout invocation:: Run with time limit.  File: coreutils.info, Node: chroot invocation, Next: env invocation, Up: Modified command invocation 23.1 `chroot': Run a command with a different root directory ============================================================ `chroot' runs a command with a specified root directory. On many systems, only the super-user can do this.(1) Synopses: chroot OPTION NEWROOT [COMMAND [ARGS]...] chroot OPTION Ordinarily, file names are looked up starting at the root of the directory structure, i.e., `/'. `chroot' changes the root to the directory NEWROOT (which must exist) and then runs COMMAND with optional ARGS. If COMMAND is not specified, the default is the value of the `SHELL' environment variable or `/bin/sh' if not set, invoked with the `-i' option. COMMAND must not be a special built-in utility (*note Special built-in utilities::). The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. Options must precede operands. `--userspec=USER[:GROUP]' By default, COMMAND is run with the same credentials as the invoking process. Use this option to run it as a different USER and/or with a different primary GROUP. `--groups=GROUPS' Use this option to specify the supplementary GROUPS to be used by the new process. The items in the list (names or numeric IDs) must be separated by commas. Here are a few tips to help avoid common problems in using chroot. To start with a simple example, make COMMAND refer to a statically linked binary. If you were to use a dynamically linked executable, then you'd have to arrange to have the shared libraries in the right place under your new root directory. For example, if you create a statically linked `ls' executable, and put it in `/tmp/empty', you can run this command as root: $ chroot /tmp/empty /ls -Rl / Then you'll see output like this: /: total 1023 -rwxr-xr-x 1 0 0 1041745 Aug 16 11:17 ls If you want to use a dynamically linked executable, say `bash', then first run `ldd bash' to see what shared objects it needs. Then, in addition to copying the actual binary, also copy the listed files to the required positions under your intended new root directory. Finally, if the executable requires any other files (e.g., data, state, device files), copy them into place, too. Exit status: 125 if `chroot' itself fails 126 if COMMAND is found but cannot be invoked 127 if COMMAND cannot be found the exit status of COMMAND otherwise ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) However, some systems (e.g., FreeBSD) can be configured to allow certain regular users to use the `chroot' system call, and hence to run this program. Also, on Cygwin, anyone can run the `chroot' command, because the underlying function is non-privileged due to lack of support in MS-Windows.  File: coreutils.info, Node: env invocation, Next: nice invocation, Prev: chroot invocation, Up: Modified command invocation 23.2 `env': Run a command in a modified environment =================================================== `env' runs a command with a modified environment. Synopses: env [OPTION]... [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARGS]...] env Operands of the form `VARIABLE=VALUE' set the environment variable VARIABLE to value VALUE. VALUE may be empty (`VARIABLE='). Setting a variable to an empty value is different from unsetting it. These operands are evaluated left-to-right, so if two operands mention the same variable the earlier is ignored. Environment variable names can be empty, and can contain any characters other than `=' and ASCII NUL. However, it is wise to limit yourself to names that consist solely of underscores, digits, and ASCII letters, and that begin with a non-digit, as applications like the shell do not work well with other names. The first operand that does not contain the character `=' specifies the program to invoke; it is searched for according to the `PATH' environment variable. Any remaining arguments are passed as arguments to that program. The program should not be a special built-in utility (*note Special built-in utilities::). Modifications to `PATH' take effect prior to searching for COMMAND. Use caution when reducing `PATH'; behavior is not portable when `PATH' is undefined or omits key directories such as `/bin'. In the rare case that a utility contains a `=' in the name, the only way to disambiguate it from a variable assignment is to use an intermediate command for COMMAND, and pass the problematic program name via ARGS. For example, if `./prog=' is an executable in the current `PATH': env prog= true # runs 'true', with prog= in environment env ./prog= true # runs 'true', with ./prog= in environment env -- prog= true # runs 'true', with prog= in environment env sh -c '\prog= true' # runs 'prog=' with argument 'true' env sh -c 'exec "$@"' sh prog= true # also runs 'prog=' If no command name is specified following the environment specifications, the resulting environment is printed. This is like specifying the `printenv' program. For some examples, suppose the environment passed to `env' contains `LOGNAME=rms', `EDITOR=emacs', and `PATH=.:/gnubin:/hacks': * Output the current environment. $ env | LC_ALL=C sort EDITOR=emacs LOGNAME=rms PATH=.:/gnubin:/hacks * Run `foo' with a reduced environment, preserving only the original `PATH' to avoid problems in locating `foo'. env - PATH="$PATH" foo * Run `foo' with the environment containing `LOGNAME=rms', `EDITOR=emacs', and `PATH=.:/gnubin:/hacks', and guarantees that `foo' was found in the file system rather than as a shell built-in. env foo * Run `nemacs' with the environment containing `LOGNAME=foo', `EDITOR=emacs', `PATH=.:/gnubin:/hacks', and `DISPLAY=gnu:0'. env DISPLAY=gnu:0 LOGNAME=foo nemacs * Attempt to run the program `/energy/--' (as that is the only possible path search result); if the command exists, the environment will contain `LOGNAME=rms' and `PATH=/energy', and the arguments will be `e=mc2', `bar', and `baz'. env -u EDITOR PATH=/energy -- e=mc2 bar baz The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. Options must precede operands. `-0' `--null' Output a zero byte (ASCII NUL) at the end of each line, rather than a newline. This option enables other programs to parse the output of `env' even when that output would contain data with embedded newlines. `-u NAME' `--unset=NAME' Remove variable NAME from the environment, if it was in the environment. `-' `-i' `--ignore-environment' Start with an empty environment, ignoring the inherited environment. Exit status: 0 if no COMMAND is specified and the environment is output 125 if `env' itself fails 126 if COMMAND is found but cannot be invoked 127 if COMMAND cannot be found the exit status of COMMAND otherwise  File: coreutils.info, Node: nice invocation, Next: nohup invocation, Prev: env invocation, Up: Modified command invocation 23.3 `nice': Run a command with modified niceness ================================================= `nice' prints or modifies a process's "niceness", a parameter that affects whether the process is scheduled favorably. Synopsis: nice [OPTION]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] If no arguments are given, `nice' prints the current niceness. Otherwise, `nice' runs the given COMMAND with its niceness adjusted. By default, its niceness is incremented by 10. Niceness values range at least from -20 (process has high priority and gets more resources, thus slowing down other processes) through 19 (process has lower priority and runs slowly itself, but has less impact on the speed of other running processes). Some systems may have a wider range of nicenesses; conversely, other systems may enforce more restrictive limits. An attempt to set the niceness outside the supported range is treated as an attempt to use the minimum or maximum supported value. A niceness should not be confused with a scheduling priority, which lets applications determine the order in which threads are scheduled to run. Unlike a priority, a niceness is merely advice to the scheduler, which the scheduler is free to ignore. Also, as a point of terminology, POSIX defines the behavior of `nice' in terms of a "nice value", which is the nonnegative difference between a niceness and the minimum niceness. Though `nice' conforms to POSIX, its documentation and diagnostics use the term "niceness" for compatibility with historical practice. COMMAND must not be a special built-in utility (*note Special built-in utilities::). Due to shell aliases and built-in `nice' command, using an unadorned `nice' interactively or in a script may get you different functionality than that described here. Invoke it via `env' (i.e., `env nice ...') to avoid interference from the shell. The program accepts the following option. Also see *note Common options::. Options must precede operands. `-n ADJUSTMENT' `--adjustment=ADJUSTMENT' Add ADJUSTMENT instead of 10 to the command's niceness. If ADJUSTMENT is negative and you lack appropriate privileges, `nice' issues a warning but otherwise acts as if you specified a zero adjustment. For compatibility `nice' also supports an obsolete option syntax `-ADJUSTMENT'. New scripts should use `-n ADJUSTMENT' instead. Exit status: 0 if no COMMAND is specified and the niceness is output 125 if `nice' itself fails 126 if COMMAND is found but cannot be invoked 127 if COMMAND cannot be found the exit status of COMMAND otherwise It is sometimes useful to run a non-interactive program with reduced niceness. $ nice factor 4611686018427387903 Since `nice' prints the current niceness, you can invoke it through itself to demonstrate how it works. The default behavior is to increase the niceness by `10': $ nice 0 $ nice nice 10 $ nice -n 10 nice 10 The ADJUSTMENT is relative to the current niceness. In the next example, the first `nice' invocation runs the second one with niceness 10, and it in turn runs the final one with a niceness that is 3 more: $ nice nice -n 3 nice 13 Specifying a niceness larger than the supported range is the same as specifying the maximum supported value: $ nice -n 10000000000 nice 19 Only a privileged user may run a process with lower niceness: $ nice -n -1 nice nice: cannot set niceness: Permission denied 0 $ sudo nice -n -1 nice -1  File: coreutils.info, Node: nohup invocation, Next: stdbuf invocation, Prev: nice invocation, Up: Modified command invocation 23.4 `nohup': Run a command immune to hangups ============================================= `nohup' runs the given COMMAND with hangup signals ignored, so that the command can continue running in the background after you log out. Synopsis: nohup COMMAND [ARG]... If standard input is a terminal, it is redirected from `/dev/null' so that terminal sessions do not mistakenly consider the terminal to be used by the command. This is a GNU extension; programs intended to be portable to non-GNU hosts should use `nohup COMMAND [ARG]... make.log `nohup' does not automatically put the command it runs in the background; you must do that explicitly, by ending the command line with an `&'. Also, `nohup' does not alter the niceness of COMMAND; use `nice' for that, e.g., `nohup nice COMMAND'. COMMAND must not be a special built-in utility (*note Special built-in utilities::). The only options are `--help' and `--version'. *Note Common options::. Options must precede operands. Exit status: 125 if `nohup' itself fails, and `POSIXLY_CORRECT' is not set 126 if COMMAND is found but cannot be invoked 127 if COMMAND cannot be found the exit status of COMMAND otherwise If `POSIXLY_CORRECT' is set, internal failures give status 127 instead of 125.  File: coreutils.info, Node: stdbuf invocation, Next: su invocation, Prev: nohup invocation, Up: Modified command invocation 23.5 `stdbuf': Run a command with modified I/O stream buffering =============================================================== `stdbuf' allows one to modify the buffering operations of the three standard I/O streams associated with a program. Synopsis: stdbuf OPTION... COMMAND Any additional ARGs are passed as additional arguments to the COMMAND. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-i MODE' `--input=MODE' Adjust the standard input stream buffering. `-o MODE' `--output=MODE' Adjust the standard output stream buffering. `-e MODE' `--error=MODE' Adjust the standard error stream buffering. The MODE can be specified as follows: `L' Set the stream to line buffered mode. In this mode data is coalesced until a newline is output or input is read from any stream attached to a terminal device. This option is invalid with standard input. `0' Disable buffering of the selected stream. In this mode data is output immediately and only the amount of data requested is read from input. `SIZE' Specify the size of the buffer to use in fully buffered mode. SIZE may be, or may be an integer optionally followed by, one of the following multiplicative suffixes: `KB' => 1000 (KiloBytes) `K' => 1024 (KibiBytes) `MB' => 1000*1000 (MegaBytes) `M' => 1024*1024 (MebiBytes) `GB' => 1000*1000*1000 (GigaBytes) `G' => 1024*1024*1024 (GibiBytes) and so on for `T', `P', `E', `Z', and `Y'. NOTE: If COMMAND adjusts the buffering of its standard streams (`tee' does for e.g.) then that will override corresponding settings changed by `stdbuf'. Also some filters (like `dd' and `cat' etc.) don't use streams for I/O, and are thus unaffected by `stdbuf' settings. Exit status: 125 if `stdbuf' itself fails 126 if COMMAND is found but cannot be invoked 127 if COMMAND cannot be found the exit status of COMMAND otherwise  File: coreutils.info, Node: su invocation, Next: timeout invocation, Prev: stdbuf invocation, Up: Modified command invocation 23.6 `su': Run a command with substitute user and group ID ========================================================== `su' allows one user to temporarily become another user. It runs a command (often an interactive shell) with the real and effective user ID, group ID, and supplemental groups of a given USER. Synopsis: su [OPTION]... [USER [ARG]...] If no USER is given, the default is `root', the super-user. The shell to use is taken from USER's `passwd' entry, or `/bin/sh' if none is specified there. If USER has a password, `su' prompts for the password unless run by a user with effective user ID of zero (the super-user). By default, `su' does not change the current directory. It sets the environment variables `HOME' and `SHELL' from the password entry for USER, and if USER is not the super-user, sets `USER' and `LOGNAME' to USER. By default, the shell is not a login shell. Any additional ARGs are passed as additional arguments to the shell. GNU `su' does not treat `/bin/sh' or any other shells specially (e.g., by setting `argv[0]' to `-su', passing `-c' only to certain shells, etc.). `su' can optionally be compiled to use `syslog' to report failed, and optionally successful, `su' attempts. (If the system supports `syslog'.) However, GNU `su' does not check if the user is a member of the `wheel' group; see below. The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. `-c COMMAND' `--command=COMMAND' Pass COMMAND, a single command line to run, to the shell with a `-c' option instead of starting an interactive shell. `-f' `--fast' Pass the `-f' option to the shell. This probably only makes sense if the shell run is `csh' or `tcsh', for which the `-f' option prevents reading the startup file (`.cshrc'). With Bourne-like shells, the `-f' option disables file name pattern expansion (globbing), which is not likely to be useful. `-' `-l' `--login' Make the shell a login shell. This means the following. Unset all environment variables except `TERM', `HOME', and `SHELL' (which are set as described above), and `USER' and `LOGNAME' (which are set, even for the super-user, as described above), and set `PATH' to a compiled-in default value. Change to USER's home directory. Prepend `-' to the shell's name, intended to make it read its login startup file(s). `-m' `-p' `--preserve-environment' Do not change the environment variables `HOME', `USER', `LOGNAME', or `SHELL'. Run the shell given in the environment variable `SHELL' instead of the shell from USER's passwd entry, unless the user running `su' is not the super-user and USER's shell is restricted. A "restricted shell" is one that is not listed in the file `/etc/shells', or in a compiled-in list if that file does not exist. Parts of what this option does can be overridden by `--login' and `--shell'. `-s SHELL' `--shell=SHELL' Run SHELL instead of the shell from USER's passwd entry, unless the user running `su' is not the super-user and USER's shell is restricted (see `-m' just above). Exit status: 125 if `su' itself fails 126 if subshell is found but cannot be invoked 127 if subshell cannot be found the exit status of the subshell otherwise 23.6.1 Why GNU `su' does not support the `wheel' group ------------------------------------------------------ (This section is by Richard Stallman.) Sometimes a few of the users try to hold total power over all the rest. For example, in 1984, a few users at the MIT AI lab decided to seize power by changing the operator password on the Twenex system and keeping it secret from everyone else. (I was able to thwart this coup and give power back to the users by patching the kernel, but I wouldn't know how to do that in Unix.) However, occasionally the rulers do tell someone. Under the usual `su' mechanism, once someone learns the root password who sympathizes with the ordinary users, he or she can tell the rest. The "wheel group" feature would make this impossible, and thus cement the power of the rulers. I'm on the side of the masses, not that of the rulers. If you are used to supporting the bosses and sysadmins in whatever they do, you might find this idea strange at first.  File: coreutils.info, Node: timeout invocation, Prev: su invocation, Up: Modified command invocation 23.7 `timeout': Run a command with a time limit =============================================== `timeout' runs the given COMMAND and kills it if it is still running after the specified time interval. Synopsis: timeout [OPTION] DURATION COMMAND [ARG]... COMMAND must not be a special built-in utility (*note Special built-in utilities::). The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. Options must precede operands. `-k DURATION' `--kill-after=DURATION' Ensure the monitored COMMAND is killed by also sending a `KILL' signal, after the specified DURATION. Without this option, if the selected signal proves not to be fatal, `timeout' does not kill the COMMAND. `-s SIGNAL' `--signal=SIGNAL' Send this SIGNAL to COMMAND on timeout, rather than the default `TERM' signal. SIGNAL may be a name like `HUP' or a number. Also see *Note Signal specifications::. DURATION is an integer followed by an optional unit: `s' for seconds (the default) `m' for minutes `h' for hours `d' for days A duration of 0 disables the associated timeout. Exit status: 124 if COMMAND times out 125 if `timeout' itself fails 126 if COMMAND is found but cannot be invoked 127 if COMMAND cannot be found the exit status of COMMAND otherwise  File: coreutils.info, Node: Process control, Next: Delaying, Prev: Modified command invocation, Up: Top 24 Process control ****************** * Menu: * kill invocation:: Sending a signal to processes.  File: coreutils.info, Node: kill invocation, Up: Process control 24.1 `kill': Send a signal to processes ======================================= The `kill' command sends a signal to processes, causing them to terminate or otherwise act upon receiving the signal in some way. Alternatively, it lists information about signals. Synopses: kill [-s SIGNAL | --signal SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... kill [-l | --list | -t | --table] [SIGNAL]... Due to shell aliases and built-in `kill' command, using an unadorned `kill' interactively or in a script may get you different functionality than that described here. Invoke it via `env' (i.e., `env kill ...') to avoid interference from the shell. The first form of the `kill' command sends a signal to all PID arguments. The default signal to send if none is specified is `TERM'. The special signal number `0' does not denote a valid signal, but can be used to test whether the PID arguments specify processes to which a signal could be sent. If PID is positive, the signal is sent to the process with the process ID PID. If PID is zero, the signal is sent to all processes in the process group of the current process. If PID is -1, the signal is sent to all processes for which the user has permission to send a signal. If PID is less than -1, the signal is sent to all processes in the process group that equals the absolute value of PID. If PID is not positive, a system-dependent set of system processes is excluded from the list of processes to which the signal is sent. If a negative PID argument is desired as the first one, it should be preceded by `--'. However, as a common extension to POSIX, `--' is not required with `kill -SIGNAL -PID'. The following commands are equivalent: kill -15 -1 kill -TERM -1 kill -s TERM -- -1 kill -- -1 The first form of the `kill' command succeeds if every PID argument specifies at least one process that the signal was sent to. The second form of the `kill' command lists signal information. Either the `-l' or `--list' option, or the `-t' or `--table' option must be specified. Without any SIGNAL argument, all supported signals are listed. The output of `-l' or `--list' is a list of the signal names, one per line; if SIGNAL is already a name, the signal number is printed instead. The output of `-t' or `--table' is a table of signal numbers, names, and descriptions. This form of the `kill' command succeeds if all SIGNAL arguments are valid and if there is no output error. The `kill' command also supports the `--help' and `--version' options. *Note Common options::. A SIGNAL may be a signal name like `HUP', or a signal number like `1', or an exit status of a process terminated by the signal. A signal name can be given in canonical form or prefixed by `SIG'. The case of the letters is ignored, except for the `-SIGNAL' option which must use upper case to avoid ambiguity with lower case option letters. For a list of supported signal names and numbers see *Note Signal specifications::.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Delaying, Next: Numeric operations, Prev: Process control, Up: Top 25 Delaying *********** * Menu: * sleep invocation:: Delay for a specified time.  File: coreutils.info, Node: sleep invocation, Up: Delaying 25.1 `sleep': Delay for a specified time ======================================== `sleep' pauses for an amount of time specified by the sum of the values of the command line arguments. Synopsis: sleep NUMBER[smhd]... Each argument is a number followed by an optional unit; the default is seconds. The units are: `s' seconds `m' minutes `h' hours `d' days Historical implementations of `sleep' have required that NUMBER be an integer, and only accepted a single argument without a suffix. However, GNU `sleep' accepts arbitrary floating point numbers (using a period before any fractional digits). The only options are `--help' and `--version'. *Note Common options::. Due to shell aliases and built-in `sleep' command, using an unadorned `sleep' interactively or in a script may get you different functionality than that described here. Invoke it via `env' (i.e., `env sleep ...') to avoid interference from the shell. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Numeric operations, Next: File permissions, Prev: Delaying, Up: Top 26 Numeric operations ********************* These programs do numerically-related operations. * Menu: * factor invocation:: Show factors of numbers. * seq invocation:: Print sequences of numbers.  File: coreutils.info, Node: factor invocation, Next: seq invocation, Up: Numeric operations 26.1 `factor': Print prime factors ================================== `factor' prints prime factors. Synopses: factor [NUMBER]... factor OPTION If no NUMBER is specified on the command line, `factor' reads numbers from standard input, delimited by newlines, tabs, or spaces. The `factor' command supports only a small number of options: `--help' Print a short help on standard output, then exit without further processing. `--version' Print the program version on standard output, then exit without further processing. Factoring the product of the eighth and ninth Mersenne primes takes about 30 milliseconds of CPU time on a 2.2 GHz Athlon. M8=`echo 2^31-1|bc` ; M9=`echo 2^61-1|bc` /usr/bin/time -f '%U' factor $(echo "$M8 * $M9" | bc) 4951760154835678088235319297: 2147483647 2305843009213693951 0.03 Similarly, factoring the eighth Fermat number 2^256+1 takes about 20 seconds on the same machine. Factoring large prime numbers is, in general, hard. The Pollard Rho algorithm used by `factor' is particularly effective for numbers with relatively small factors. If you wish to factor large numbers which do not have small factors (for example, numbers which are the product of two large primes), other methods are far better. If `factor' is built without using GNU MP, only single-precision arithmetic is available, and so large numbers (typically 2^64 and above) will not be supported. The single-precision code uses an algorithm which is designed for factoring smaller numbers. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: seq invocation, Prev: factor invocation, Up: Numeric operations 26.2 `seq': Print numeric sequences =================================== `seq' prints a sequence of numbers to standard output. Synopses: seq [OPTION]... LAST seq [OPTION]... FIRST LAST seq [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST `seq' prints the numbers from FIRST to LAST by INCREMENT. By default, each number is printed on a separate line. When INCREMENT is not specified, it defaults to `1', even when FIRST is larger than LAST. FIRST also defaults to `1'. So `seq 1' prints `1', but `seq 0' and `seq 10 5' produce no output. Floating-point numbers may be specified (using a period before any fractional digits). The program accepts the following options. Also see *note Common options::. Options must precede operands. `-f FORMAT' `--format=FORMAT' Print all numbers using FORMAT. FORMAT must contain exactly one of the `printf'-style floating point conversion specifications `%a', `%e', `%f', `%g', `%A', `%E', `%F', `%G'. The `%' may be followed by zero or more flags taken from the set `-+#0 '', then an optional width containing one or more digits, then an optional precision consisting of a `.' followed by zero or more digits. FORMAT may also contain any number of `%%' conversion specifications. All conversion specifications have the same meaning as with `printf'. The default format is derived from FIRST, STEP, and LAST. If these all use a fixed point decimal representation, the default format is `%.Pf', where P is the minimum precision that can represent the output numbers exactly. Otherwise, the default format is `%g'. `-s STRING' `--separator=STRING' Separate numbers with STRING; default is a newline. The output always terminates with a newline. `-w' `--equal-width' Print all numbers with the same width, by padding with leading zeros. FIRST, STEP, and LAST should all use a fixed point decimal representation. (To have other kinds of padding, use `--format'). You can get finer-grained control over output with `-f': $ seq -f '(%9.2E)' -9e5 1.1e6 1.3e6 (-9.00E+05) ( 2.00E+05) ( 1.30E+06) If you want hexadecimal integer output, you can use `printf' to perform the conversion: $ printf '%x\n' `seq 1048575 1024 1050623` fffff 1003ff 1007ff For very long lists of numbers, use xargs to avoid system limitations on the length of an argument list: $ seq 1000000 | xargs printf '%x\n' | tail -n 3 f423e f423f f4240 To generate octal output, use the printf `%o' format instead of `%x'. On most systems, seq can produce whole-number output for values up to at least 2^53. Larger integers are approximated. The details differ depending on your floating-point implementation, but a common case is that `seq' works with integers through 2^64, and larger integers may not be numerically correct: $ seq 18446744073709551616 1 18446744073709551618 18446744073709551616 18446744073709551616 18446744073709551618 Be careful when using `seq' with outlandish values: otherwise you may see surprising results, as `seq' uses floating point internally. For example, on the x86 platform, where the internal representation uses a 64-bit fraction, the command: seq 1 0.0000000000000000001 1.0000000000000000009 outputs 1.0000000000000000007 twice and skips 1.0000000000000000008. An exit status of zero indicates success, and a nonzero value indicates failure.  File: coreutils.info, Node: File permissions, Next: Date input formats, Prev: Numeric operations, Up: Top 27 File permissions ******************* Each file has a set of "file mode bits" that control the kinds of access that users have to that file. They can be represented either in symbolic form or as an octal number. * Menu: * Mode Structure:: Structure of file mode bits. * Symbolic Modes:: Mnemonic representation of file mode bits. * Numeric Modes:: File mode bits as octal numbers. * Directory Setuid and Setgid:: Set-user-ID and set-group-ID on directories.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Mode Structure, Next: Symbolic Modes, Up: File permissions 27.1 Structure of File Mode Bits ================================ The file mode bits have two parts: the "file permission bits", which control ordinary access to the file, and "special mode bits", which affect only some files. There are three kinds of permissions that a user can have for a file: 1. permission to read the file. For directories, this means permission to list the contents of the directory. 2. permission to write to (change) the file. For directories, this means permission to create and remove files in the directory. 3. permission to execute the file (run it as a program). For directories, this means permission to access files in the directory. There are three categories of users who may have different permissions to perform any of the above operations on a file: 1. the file's owner; 2. other users who are in the file's group; 3. everyone else. Files are given an owner and group when they are created. Usually the owner is the current user and the group is the group of the directory the file is in, but this varies with the operating system, the file system the file is created on, and the way the file is created. You can change the owner and group of a file by using the `chown' and `chgrp' commands. In addition to the three sets of three permissions listed above, the file mode bits have three special components, which affect only executable files (programs) and, on most systems, directories: 1. Set the process's effective user ID to that of the file upon execution (called the "set-user-ID bit", or sometimes the "setuid bit"). For directories on a few systems, give files created in the directory the same owner as the directory, no matter who creates them, and set the set-user-ID bit of newly-created subdirectories. 2. Set the process's effective group ID to that of the file upon execution (called the "set-group-ID bit", or sometimes the "setgid bit"). For directories on most systems, give files created in the directory the same group as the directory, no matter what group the user who creates them is in, and set the set-group-ID bit of newly-created subdirectories. 3. Prevent unprivileged users from removing or renaming a file in a directory unless they own the file or the directory; this is called the "restricted deletion flag" for the directory, and is commonly found on world-writable directories like `/tmp'. For regular files on some older systems, save the program's text image on the swap device so it will load more quickly when run; this is called the "sticky bit". In addition to the file mode bits listed above, there may be file attributes specific to the file system, e.g., access control lists (ACLs), whether a file is compressed, whether a file can be modified (immutability), and whether a file can be dumped. These are usually set using programs specific to the file system. For example: ext2 On GNU and GNU/Linux the file attributes specific to the ext2 file system are set using `chattr'. FFS On FreeBSD the file flags specific to the FFS file system are set using `chflags'. Even if a file's mode bits allow an operation on that file, that operation may still fail, because: * the file-system-specific attributes or flags do not permit it; or * the file system is mounted as read-only. For example, if the immutable attribute is set on a file, it cannot be modified, regardless of the fact that you may have just run `chmod a+w FILE'.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Symbolic Modes, Next: Numeric Modes, Prev: Mode Structure, Up: File permissions 27.2 Symbolic Modes =================== "Symbolic modes" represent changes to files' mode bits as operations on single-character symbols. They allow you to modify either all or selected parts of files' mode bits, optionally based on their previous values, and perhaps on the current `umask' as well (*note Umask and Protection::). The format of symbolic modes is: [ugoa...][+-=]PERMS...[,...] where PERMS is either zero or more letters from the set `rwxXst', or a single letter from the set `ugo'. The following sections describe the operators and other details of symbolic modes. * Menu: * Setting Permissions:: Basic operations on permissions. * Copying Permissions:: Copying existing permissions. * Changing Special Mode Bits:: Special mode bits. * Conditional Executability:: Conditionally affecting executability. * Multiple Changes:: Making multiple changes. * Umask and Protection:: The effect of the umask.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Setting Permissions, Next: Copying Permissions, Up: Symbolic Modes 27.2.1 Setting Permissions -------------------------- The basic symbolic operations on a file's permissions are adding, removing, and setting the permission that certain users have to read, write, and execute or search the file. These operations have the following format: USERS OPERATION PERMISSIONS The spaces between the three parts above are shown for readability only; symbolic modes cannot contain spaces. The USERS part tells which users' access to the file is changed. It consists of one or more of the following letters (or it can be empty; *note Umask and Protection::, for a description of what happens then). When more than one of these letters is given, the order that they are in does not matter. `u' the user who owns the file; `g' other users who are in the file's group; `o' all other users; `a' all users; the same as `ugo'. The OPERATION part tells how to change the affected users' access to the file, and is one of the following symbols: `+' to add the PERMISSIONS to whatever permissions the USERS already have for the file; `-' to remove the PERMISSIONS from whatever permissions the USERS already have for the file; `=' to make the PERMISSIONS the only permissions that the USERS have for the file. The PERMISSIONS part tells what kind of access to the file should be changed; it is normally zero or more of the following letters. As with the USERS part, the order does not matter when more than one letter is given. Omitting the PERMISSIONS part is useful only with the `=' operation, where it gives the specified USERS no access at all to the file. `r' the permission the USERS have to read the file; `w' the permission the USERS have to write to the file; `x' the permission the USERS have to execute the file, or search it if it is a directory. For example, to give everyone permission to read and write a regular file, but not to execute it, use: a=rw To remove write permission for all users other than the file's owner, use: go-w The above command does not affect the access that the owner of the file has to it, nor does it affect whether other users can read or execute the file. To give everyone except a file's owner no permission to do anything with that file, use the mode below. Other users could still remove the file, if they have write permission on the directory it is in. go= Another way to specify the same thing is: og-rwx  File: coreutils.info, Node: Copying Permissions, Next: Changing Special Mode Bits, Prev: Setting Permissions, Up: Symbolic Modes 27.2.2 Copying Existing Permissions ----------------------------------- You can base a file's permissions on its existing permissions. To do this, instead of using a series of `r', `w', or `x' letters after the operator, you use the letter `u', `g', or `o'. For example, the mode o+g adds the permissions for users who are in a file's group to the permissions that other users have for the file. Thus, if the file started out as mode 664 (`rw-rw-r--'), the above mode would change it to mode 666 (`rw-rw-rw-'). If the file had started out as mode 741 (`rwxr----x'), the above mode would change it to mode 745 (`rwxr--r-x'). The `-' and `=' operations work analogously.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Changing Special Mode Bits, Next: Conditional Executability, Prev: Copying Permissions, Up: Symbolic Modes 27.2.3 Changing Special Mode Bits --------------------------------- In addition to changing a file's read, write, and execute/search permissions, you can change its special mode bits. *Note Mode Structure::, for a summary of these special mode bits. To change the file mode bits to set the user ID on execution, use `u' in the USERS part of the symbolic mode and `s' in the PERMISSIONS part. To change the file mode bits to set the group ID on execution, use `g' in the USERS part of the symbolic mode and `s' in the PERMISSIONS part. To set both user and group ID on execution, omit the USERS part of the symbolic mode (or use `a') and use `s' in the PERMISSIONS part. To change the file mode bits to set the restricted deletion flag or sticky bit, omit the USERS part of the symbolic mode (or use `a') and use `t' in the PERMISSIONS part. For example, to set the set-user-ID mode bit of a program, you can use the mode: u+s To remove both set-user-ID and set-group-ID mode bits from it, you can use the mode: a-s To set the restricted deletion flag or sticky bit, you can use the mode: +t The combination `o+s' has no effect. On GNU systems the combinations `u+t' and `g+t' have no effect, and `o+t' acts like plain `+t'. The `=' operator is not very useful with special mode bits. For example, the mode: o=t does set the restricted deletion flag or sticky bit, but it also removes all read, write, and execute/search permissions that users not in the file's group might have had for it. *Note Directory Setuid and Setgid::, for additional rules concerning set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits and directories.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Conditional Executability, Next: Multiple Changes, Prev: Changing Special Mode Bits, Up: Symbolic Modes 27.2.4 Conditional Executability -------------------------------- There is one more special type of symbolic permission: if you use `X' instead of `x', execute/search permission is affected only if the file is a directory or already had execute permission. For example, this mode: a+X gives all users permission to search directories, or to execute files if anyone could execute them before.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Multiple Changes, Next: Umask and Protection, Prev: Conditional Executability, Up: Symbolic Modes 27.2.5 Making Multiple Changes ------------------------------ The format of symbolic modes is actually more complex than described above (*note Setting Permissions::). It provides two ways to make multiple changes to files' mode bits. The first way is to specify multiple OPERATION and PERMISSIONS parts after a USERS part in the symbolic mode. For example, the mode: og+rX-w gives users other than the owner of the file read permission and, if it is a directory or if someone already had execute permission to it, gives them execute/search permission; and it also denies them write permission to the file. It does not affect the permission that the owner of the file has for it. The above mode is equivalent to the two modes: og+rX og-w The second way to make multiple changes is to specify more than one simple symbolic mode, separated by commas. For example, the mode: a+r,go-w gives everyone permission to read the file and removes write permission on it for all users except its owner. Another example: u=rwx,g=rx,o= sets all of the permission bits for the file explicitly. (It gives users who are not in the file's group no permission at all for it.) The two methods can be combined. The mode: a+r,g+x-w gives all users permission to read the file, and gives users who are in the file's group permission to execute/search it as well, but not permission to write to it. The above mode could be written in several different ways; another is: u+r,g+rx,o+r,g-w  File: coreutils.info, Node: Umask and Protection, Prev: Multiple Changes, Up: Symbolic Modes 27.2.6 The Umask and Protection ------------------------------- If the USERS part of a symbolic mode is omitted, it defaults to `a' (affect all users), except that any permissions that are _set_ in the system variable `umask' are _not affected_. The value of `umask' can be set using the `umask' command. Its default value varies from system to system. Omitting the USERS part of a symbolic mode is generally not useful with operations other than `+'. It is useful with `+' because it allows you to use `umask' as an easily customizable protection against giving away more permission to files than you intended to. As an example, if `umask' has the value 2, which removes write permission for users who are not in the file's group, then the mode: +w adds permission to write to the file to its owner and to other users who are in the file's group, but _not_ to other users. In contrast, the mode: a+w ignores `umask', and _does_ give write permission for the file to all users.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Numeric Modes, Next: Directory Setuid and Setgid, Prev: Symbolic Modes, Up: File permissions 27.3 Numeric Modes ================== As an alternative to giving a symbolic mode, you can give an octal (base 8) number that represents the mode. This number is always interpreted in octal; you do not have to add a leading `0', as you do in C. Mode `0055' is the same as mode `55'. A numeric mode is usually shorter than the corresponding symbolic mode, but it is limited in that normally it cannot take into account the previous file mode bits; it can only set them absolutely. (As discussed in the next section, the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits of directories are an exception to this general limitation.) The permissions granted to the user, to other users in the file's group, and to other users not in the file's group each require three bits, which are represented as one octal digit. The three special mode bits also require one bit each, and they are as a group represented as another octal digit. Here is how the bits are arranged, starting with the lowest valued bit: Value in Corresponding Mode Mode Bit Other users not in the file's group: 1 Execute/search 2 Write 4 Read Other users in the file's group: 10 Execute/search 20 Write 40 Read The file's owner: 100 Execute/search 200 Write 400 Read Special mode bits: 1000 Restricted deletion flag or sticky bit 2000 Set group ID on execution 4000 Set user ID on execution For example, numeric mode `4755' corresponds to symbolic mode `u=rwxs,go=rx', and numeric mode `664' corresponds to symbolic mode `ug=rw,o=r'. Numeric mode `0' corresponds to symbolic mode `a='.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Directory Setuid and Setgid, Prev: Numeric Modes, Up: File permissions 27.4 Directories and the Set-User-ID and Set-Group-ID Bits ========================================================== On most systems, if a directory's set-group-ID bit is set, newly created subfiles inherit the same group as the directory, and newly created subdirectories inherit the set-group-ID bit of the parent directory. On a few systems, a directory's set-user-ID bit has a similar effect on the ownership of new subfiles and the set-user-ID bits of new subdirectories. These mechanisms let users share files more easily, by lessening the need to use `chmod' or `chown' to share new files. These convenience mechanisms rely on the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits of directories. If commands like `chmod' and `mkdir' routinely cleared these bits on directories, the mechanisms would be less convenient and it would be harder to share files. Therefore, a command like `chmod' does not affect the set-user-ID or set-group-ID bits of a directory unless the user specifically mentions them in a symbolic mode, or sets them in a numeric mode. For example, on systems that support set-group-ID inheritance: # These commands leave the set-user-ID and # set-group-ID bits of the subdirectories alone, # so that they retain their default values. mkdir A B C chmod 755 A chmod 0755 B chmod u=rwx,go=rx C mkdir -m 755 D mkdir -m 0755 E mkdir -m u=rwx,go=rx F If you want to try to set these bits, you must mention them explicitly in the symbolic or numeric modes, e.g.: # These commands try to set the set-user-ID # and set-group-ID bits of the subdirectories. mkdir G H chmod 6755 G chmod u=rwx,go=rx,a+s H mkdir -m 6755 I mkdir -m u=rwx,go=rx,a+s J If you want to try to clear these bits, you must mention them explicitly in a symbolic mode, e.g.: # This command tries to clear the set-user-ID # and set-group-ID bits of the directory D. chmod a-s D This behavior is a GNU extension. Portable scripts should not rely on requests to set or clear these bits on directories, as POSIX allows implementations to ignore these requests.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Date input formats, Next: Opening the software toolbox, Prev: File permissions, Up: Top 28 Date input formats ********************* First, a quote: Our units of temporal measurement, from seconds on up to months, are so complicated, asymmetrical and disjunctive so as to make coherent mental reckoning in time all but impossible. Indeed, had some tyrannical god contrived to enslave our minds to time, to make it all but impossible for us to escape subjection to sodden routines and unpleasant surprises, he could hardly have done better than handing down our present system. It is like a set of trapezoidal building blocks, with no vertical or horizontal surfaces, like a language in which the simplest thought demands ornate constructions, useless particles and lengthy circumlocutions. Unlike the more successful patterns of language and science, which enable us to face experience boldly or at least level-headedly, our system of temporal calculation silently and persistently encourages our terror of time. ... It is as though architects had to measure length in feet, width in meters and height in ells; as though basic instruction manuals demanded a knowledge of five different languages. It is no wonder then that we often look into our own immediate past or future, last Tuesday or a week from Sunday, with feelings of helpless confusion. ... -- Robert Grudin, `Time and the Art of Living'. This section describes the textual date representations that GNU programs accept. These are the strings you, as a user, can supply as arguments to the various programs. The C interface (via the `get_date' function) is not described here. * Menu: * General date syntax:: Common rules. * Calendar date items:: 19 Dec 1994. * Time of day items:: 9:20pm. * Time zone items:: EST, PDT, GMT. * Day of week items:: Monday and others. * Relative items in date strings:: next tuesday, 2 years ago. * Pure numbers in date strings:: 19931219, 1440. * Seconds since the Epoch:: @1078100502. * Specifying time zone rules:: TZ="America/New_York", TZ="UTC0". * Authors of get_date:: Bellovin, Eggert, Salz, Berets, et al.  File: coreutils.info, Node: General date syntax, Next: Calendar date items, Up: Date input formats 28.1 General date syntax ======================== A "date" is a string, possibly empty, containing many items separated by whitespace. The whitespace may be omitted when no ambiguity arises. The empty string means the beginning of today (i.e., midnight). Order of the items is immaterial. A date string may contain many flavors of items: * calendar date items * time of day items * time zone items * day of the week items * relative items * pure numbers. We describe each of these item types in turn, below. A few ordinal numbers may be written out in words in some contexts. This is most useful for specifying day of the week items or relative items (see below). Among the most commonly used ordinal numbers, the word `last' stands for -1, `this' stands for 0, and `first' and `next' both stand for 1. Because the word `second' stands for the unit of time there is no way to write the ordinal number 2, but for convenience `third' stands for 3, `fourth' for 4, `fifth' for 5, `sixth' for 6, `seventh' for 7, `eighth' for 8, `ninth' for 9, `tenth' for 10, `eleventh' for 11 and `twelfth' for 12. When a month is written this way, it is still considered to be written numerically, instead of being "spelled in full"; this changes the allowed strings. In the current implementation, only English is supported for words and abbreviations like `AM', `DST', `EST', `first', `January', `Sunday', `tomorrow', and `year'. The output of the `date' command is not always acceptable as a date string, not only because of the language problem, but also because there is no standard meaning for time zone items like `IST'. When using `date' to generate a date string intended to be parsed later, specify a date format that is independent of language and that does not use time zone items other than `UTC' and `Z'. Here are some ways to do this: $ LC_ALL=C TZ=UTC0 date Mon Mar 1 00:21:42 UTC 2004 $ TZ=UTC0 date +'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%SZ' 2004-03-01 00:21:42Z $ date --iso-8601=ns | tr T ' ' # --iso-8601 is a GNU extension. 2004-02-29 16:21:42,692722128-0800 $ date --rfc-2822 # a GNU extension Sun, 29 Feb 2004 16:21:42 -0800 $ date +'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %z' # %z is a GNU extension. 2004-02-29 16:21:42 -0800 $ date +'@%s.%N' # %s and %N are GNU extensions. @1078100502.692722128 Alphabetic case is completely ignored in dates. Comments may be introduced between round parentheses, as long as included parentheses are properly nested. Hyphens not followed by a digit are currently ignored. Leading zeros on numbers are ignored. Invalid dates like `2005-02-29' or times like `24:00' are rejected. In the typical case of a host that does not support leap seconds, a time like `23:59:60' is rejected even if it corresponds to a valid leap second.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Calendar date items, Next: Time of day items, Prev: General date syntax, Up: Date input formats 28.2 Calendar date items ======================== A "calendar date item" specifies a day of the year. It is specified differently, depending on whether the month is specified numerically or literally. All these strings specify the same calendar date: 1972-09-24 # ISO 8601. 72-9-24 # Assume 19xx for 69 through 99, # 20xx for 00 through 68. 72-09-24 # Leading zeros are ignored. 9/24/72 # Common U.S. writing. 24 September 1972 24 Sept 72 # September has a special abbreviation. 24 Sep 72 # Three-letter abbreviations always allowed. Sep 24, 1972 24-sep-72 24sep72 The year can also be omitted. In this case, the last specified year is used, or the current year if none. For example: 9/24 sep 24 Here are the rules. For numeric months, the ISO 8601 format `YEAR-MONTH-DAY' is allowed, where YEAR is any positive number, MONTH is a number between 01 and 12, and DAY is a number between 01 and 31. A leading zero must be present if a number is less than ten. If YEAR is 68 or smaller, then 2000 is added to it; otherwise, if YEAR is less than 100, then 1900 is added to it. The construct `MONTH/DAY/YEAR', popular in the United States, is accepted. Also `MONTH/DAY', omitting the year. Literal months may be spelled out in full: `January', `February', `March', `April', `May', `June', `July', `August', `September', `October', `November' or `December'. Literal months may be abbreviated to their first three letters, possibly followed by an abbreviating dot. It is also permitted to write `Sept' instead of `September'. When months are written literally, the calendar date may be given as any of the following: DAY MONTH YEAR DAY MONTH MONTH DAY YEAR DAY-MONTH-YEAR Or, omitting the year: MONTH DAY  File: coreutils.info, Node: Time of day items, Next: Time zone items, Prev: Calendar date items, Up: Date input formats 28.3 Time of day items ====================== A "time of day item" in date strings specifies the time on a given day. Here are some examples, all of which represent the same time: 20:02:00.000000 20:02 8:02pm 20:02-0500 # In EST (U.S. Eastern Standard Time). More generally, the time of day may be given as `HOUR:MINUTE:SECOND', where HOUR is a number between 0 and 23, MINUTE is a number between 0 and 59, and SECOND is a number between 0 and 59 possibly followed by `.' or `,' and a fraction containing one or more digits. Alternatively, `:SECOND' can be omitted, in which case it is taken to be zero. On the rare hosts that support leap seconds, SECOND may be 60. If the time is followed by `am' or `pm' (or `a.m.' or `p.m.'), HOUR is restricted to run from 1 to 12, and `:MINUTE' may be omitted (taken to be zero). `am' indicates the first half of the day, `pm' indicates the second half of the day. In this notation, 12 is the predecessor of 1: midnight is `12am' while noon is `12pm'. (This is the zero-oriented interpretation of `12am' and `12pm', as opposed to the old tradition derived from Latin which uses `12m' for noon and `12pm' for midnight.) The time may alternatively be followed by a time zone correction, expressed as `SHHMM', where S is `+' or `-', HH is a number of zone hours and MM is a number of zone minutes. The zone minutes term, MM, may be omitted, in which case the one- or two-digit correction is interpreted as a number of hours. You can also separate HH from MM with a colon. When a time zone correction is given this way, it forces interpretation of the time relative to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), overriding any previous specification for the time zone or the local time zone. For example, `+0530' and `+05:30' both stand for the time zone 5.5 hours ahead of UTC (e.g., India). This is the best way to specify a time zone correction by fractional parts of an hour. The maximum zone correction is 24 hours. Either `am'/`pm' or a time zone correction may be specified, but not both.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Time zone items, Next: Day of week items, Prev: Time of day items, Up: Date input formats 28.4 Time zone items ==================== A "time zone item" specifies an international time zone, indicated by a small set of letters, e.g., `UTC' or `Z' for Coordinated Universal Time. Any included periods are ignored. By following a non-daylight-saving time zone by the string `DST' in a separate word (that is, separated by some white space), the corresponding daylight saving time zone may be specified. Alternatively, a non-daylight-saving time zone can be followed by a time zone correction, to add the two values. This is normally done only for `UTC'; for example, `UTC+05:30' is equivalent to `+05:30'. Time zone items other than `UTC' and `Z' are obsolescent and are not recommended, because they are ambiguous; for example, `EST' has a different meaning in Australia than in the United States. Instead, it's better to use unambiguous numeric time zone corrections like `-0500', as described in the previous section. If neither a time zone item nor a time zone correction is supplied, time stamps are interpreted using the rules of the default time zone (*note Specifying time zone rules::).  File: coreutils.info, Node: Day of week items, Next: Relative items in date strings, Prev: Time zone items, Up: Date input formats 28.5 Day of week items ====================== The explicit mention of a day of the week will forward the date (only if necessary) to reach that day of the week in the future. Days of the week may be spelled out in full: `Sunday', `Monday', `Tuesday', `Wednesday', `Thursday', `Friday' or `Saturday'. Days may be abbreviated to their first three letters, optionally followed by a period. The special abbreviations `Tues' for `Tuesday', `Wednes' for `Wednesday' and `Thur' or `Thurs' for `Thursday' are also allowed. A number may precede a day of the week item to move forward supplementary weeks. It is best used in expression like `third monday'. In this context, `last DAY' or `next DAY' is also acceptable; they move one week before or after the day that DAY by itself would represent. A comma following a day of the week item is ignored.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Relative items in date strings, Next: Pure numbers in date strings, Prev: Day of week items, Up: Date input formats 28.6 Relative items in date strings =================================== "Relative items" adjust a date (or the current date if none) forward or backward. The effects of relative items accumulate. Here are some examples: 1 year 1 year ago 3 years 2 days The unit of time displacement may be selected by the string `year' or `month' for moving by whole years or months. These are fuzzy units, as years and months are not all of equal duration. More precise units are `fortnight' which is worth 14 days, `week' worth 7 days, `day' worth 24 hours, `hour' worth 60 minutes, `minute' or `min' worth 60 seconds, and `second' or `sec' worth one second. An `s' suffix on these units is accepted and ignored. The unit of time may be preceded by a multiplier, given as an optionally signed number. Unsigned numbers are taken as positively signed. No number at all implies 1 for a multiplier. Following a relative item by the string `ago' is equivalent to preceding the unit by a multiplier with value -1. The string `tomorrow' is worth one day in the future (equivalent to `day'), the string `yesterday' is worth one day in the past (equivalent to `day ago'). The strings `now' or `today' are relative items corresponding to zero-valued time displacement, these strings come from the fact a zero-valued time displacement represents the current time when not otherwise changed by previous items. They may be used to stress other items, like in `12:00 today'. The string `this' also has the meaning of a zero-valued time displacement, but is preferred in date strings like `this thursday'. When a relative item causes the resulting date to cross a boundary where the clocks were adjusted, typically for daylight saving time, the resulting date and time are adjusted accordingly. The fuzz in units can cause problems with relative items. For example, `2003-07-31 -1 month' might evaluate to 2003-07-01, because 2003-06-31 is an invalid date. To determine the previous month more reliably, you can ask for the month before the 15th of the current month. For example: $ date -R Thu, 31 Jul 2003 13:02:39 -0700 $ date --date='-1 month' +'Last month was %B?' Last month was July? $ date --date="$(date +%Y-%m-15) -1 month" +'Last month was %B!' Last month was June! Also, take care when manipulating dates around clock changes such as daylight saving leaps. In a few cases these have added or subtracted as much as 24 hours from the clock, so it is often wise to adopt universal time by setting the `TZ' environment variable to `UTC0' before embarking on calendrical calculations.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Pure numbers in date strings, Next: Seconds since the Epoch, Prev: Relative items in date strings, Up: Date input formats 28.7 Pure numbers in date strings ================================= The precise interpretation of a pure decimal number depends on the context in the date string. If the decimal number is of the form YYYYMMDD and no other calendar date item (*note Calendar date items::) appears before it in the date string, then YYYY is read as the year, MM as the month number and DD as the day of the month, for the specified calendar date. If the decimal number is of the form HHMM and no other time of day item appears before it in the date string, then HH is read as the hour of the day and MM as the minute of the hour, for the specified time of day. MM can also be omitted. If both a calendar date and a time of day appear to the left of a number in the date string, but no relative item, then the number overrides the year.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Seconds since the Epoch, Next: Specifying time zone rules, Prev: Pure numbers in date strings, Up: Date input formats 28.8 Seconds since the Epoch ============================ If you precede a number with `@', it represents an internal time stamp as a count of seconds. The number can contain an internal decimal point (either `.' or `,'); any excess precision not supported by the internal representation is truncated toward minus infinity. Such a number cannot be combined with any other date item, as it specifies a complete time stamp. Internally, computer times are represented as a count of seconds since an epoch--a well-defined point of time. On GNU and POSIX systems, the epoch is 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC, so `@0' represents this time, `@1' represents 1970-01-01 00:00:01 UTC, and so forth. GNU and most other POSIX-compliant systems support such times as an extension to POSIX, using negative counts, so that `@-1' represents 1969-12-31 23:59:59 UTC. Traditional Unix systems count seconds with 32-bit two's-complement integers and can represent times from 1901-12-13 20:45:52 through 2038-01-19 03:14:07 UTC. More modern systems use 64-bit counts of seconds with nanosecond subcounts, and can represent all the times in the known lifetime of the universe to a resolution of 1 nanosecond. On most hosts, these counts ignore the presence of leap seconds. For example, on most hosts `@915148799' represents 1998-12-31 23:59:59 UTC, `@915148800' represents 1999-01-01 00:00:00 UTC, and there is no way to represent the intervening leap second 1998-12-31 23:59:60 UTC.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Specifying time zone rules, Next: Authors of get_date, Prev: Seconds since the Epoch, Up: Date input formats 28.9 Specifying time zone rules =============================== Normally, dates are interpreted using the rules of the current time zone, which in turn are specified by the `TZ' environment variable, or by a system default if `TZ' is not set. To specify a different set of default time zone rules that apply just to one date, start the date with a string of the form `TZ="RULE"'. The two quote characters (`"') must be present in the date, and any quotes or backslashes within RULE must be escaped by a backslash. For example, with the GNU `date' command you can answer the question "What time is it in New York when a Paris clock shows 6:30am on October 31, 2004?" by using a date beginning with `TZ="Europe/Paris"' as shown in the following shell transcript: $ export TZ="America/New_York" $ date --date='TZ="Europe/Paris" 2004-10-31 06:30' Sun Oct 31 01:30:00 EDT 2004 In this example, the `--date' operand begins with its own `TZ' setting, so the rest of that operand is processed according to `Europe/Paris' rules, treating the string `2004-10-31 06:30' as if it were in Paris. However, since the output of the `date' command is processed according to the overall time zone rules, it uses New York time. (Paris was normally six hours ahead of New York in 2004, but this example refers to a brief Halloween period when the gap was five hours.) A `TZ' value is a rule that typically names a location in the `tz' database (http://www.twinsun.com/tz/tz-link.htm). A recent catalog of location names appears in the TWiki Date and Time Gateway (http://twiki.org/cgi-bin/xtra/tzdate). A few non-GNU hosts require a colon before a location name in a `TZ' setting, e.g., `TZ=":America/New_York"'. The `tz' database includes a wide variety of locations ranging from `Arctic/Longyearbyen' to `Antarctica/South_Pole', but if you are at sea and have your own private time zone, or if you are using a non-GNU host that does not support the `tz' database, you may need to use a POSIX rule instead. Simple POSIX rules like `UTC0' specify a time zone without daylight saving time; other rules can specify simple daylight saving regimes. *Note Specifying the Time Zone with `TZ': (libc)TZ Variable.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Authors of get_date, Prev: Specifying time zone rules, Up: Date input formats 28.10 Authors of `get_date' =========================== `get_date' was originally implemented by Steven M. Bellovin () while at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The code was later tweaked by a couple of people on Usenet, then completely overhauled by Rich $alz () and Jim Berets () in August, 1990. Various revisions for the GNU system were made by David MacKenzie, Jim Meyering, Paul Eggert and others. This chapter was originally produced by Franc,ois Pinard () from the `getdate.y' source code, and then edited by K. Berry ().  File: coreutils.info, Node: Opening the software toolbox, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Date input formats, Up: Top 29 Opening the Software Toolbox ******************************* An earlier version of this chapter appeared in 2 (June 1994). It was written by Arnold Robbins. * Menu: * Toolbox introduction:: Toolbox introduction * I/O redirection:: I/O redirection * The who command:: The `who' command * The cut command:: The `cut' command * The sort command:: The `sort' command * The uniq command:: The `uniq' command * Putting the tools together:: Putting the tools together  File: coreutils.info, Node: Toolbox introduction, Next: I/O redirection, Up: Opening the software toolbox Toolbox Introduction ==================== This month's column is only peripherally related to the GNU Project, in that it describes a number of the GNU tools on your GNU/Linux system and how they might be used. What it's really about is the "Software Tools" philosophy of program development and usage. The software tools philosophy was an important and integral concept in the initial design and development of Unix (of which Linux and GNU are essentially clones). Unfortunately, in the modern day press of Internetworking and flashy GUIs, it seems to have fallen by the wayside. This is a shame, since it provides a powerful mental model for solving many kinds of problems. Many people carry a Swiss Army knife around in their pants pockets (or purse). A Swiss Army knife is a handy tool to have: it has several knife blades, a screwdriver, tweezers, toothpick, nail file, corkscrew, and perhaps a number of other things on it. For the everyday, small miscellaneous jobs where you need a simple, general purpose tool, it's just the thing. On the other hand, an experienced carpenter doesn't build a house using a Swiss Army knife. Instead, he has a toolbox chock full of specialized tools--a saw, a hammer, a screwdriver, a plane, and so on. And he knows exactly when and where to use each tool; you won't catch him hammering nails with the handle of his screwdriver. The Unix developers at Bell Labs were all professional programmers and trained computer scientists. They had found that while a one-size-fits-all program might appeal to a user because there's only one program to use, in practice such programs are a. difficult to write, b. difficult to maintain and debug, and c. difficult to extend to meet new situations. Instead, they felt that programs should be specialized tools. In short, each program "should do one thing well." No more and no less. Such programs are simpler to design, write, and get right--they only do one thing. Furthermore, they found that with the right machinery for hooking programs together, that the whole was greater than the sum of the parts. By combining several special purpose programs, you could accomplish a specific task that none of the programs was designed for, and accomplish it much more quickly and easily than if you had to write a special purpose program. We will see some (classic) examples of this further on in the column. (An important additional point was that, if necessary, take a detour and build any software tools you may need first, if you don't already have something appropriate in the toolbox.)  File: coreutils.info, Node: I/O redirection, Next: The who command, Prev: Toolbox introduction, Up: Opening the software toolbox I/O Redirection =============== Hopefully, you are familiar with the basics of I/O redirection in the shell, in particular the concepts of "standard input," "standard output," and "standard error". Briefly, "standard input" is a data source, where data comes from. A program should not need to either know or care if the data source is a disk file, a keyboard, a magnetic tape, or even a punched card reader. Similarly, "standard output" is a data sink, where data goes to. The program should neither know nor care where this might be. Programs that only read their standard input, do something to the data, and then send it on, are called "filters", by analogy to filters in a water pipeline. With the Unix shell, it's very easy to set up data pipelines: program_to_create_data | filter1 | ... | filterN > final.pretty.data We start out by creating the raw data; each filter applies some successive transformation to the data, until by the time it comes out of the pipeline, it is in the desired form. This is fine and good for standard input and standard output. Where does the standard error come in to play? Well, think about `filter1' in the pipeline above. What happens if it encounters an error in the data it sees? If it writes an error message to standard output, it will just disappear down the pipeline into `filter2''s input, and the user will probably never see it. So programs need a place where they can send error messages so that the user will notice them. This is standard error, and it is usually connected to your console or window, even if you have redirected standard output of your program away from your screen. For filter programs to work together, the format of the data has to be agreed upon. The most straightforward and easiest format to use is simply lines of text. Unix data files are generally just streams of bytes, with lines delimited by the ASCII LF (Line Feed) character, conventionally called a "newline" in the Unix literature. (This is `'\n'' if you're a C programmer.) This is the format used by all the traditional filtering programs. (Many earlier operating systems had elaborate facilities and special purpose programs for managing binary data. Unix has always shied away from such things, under the philosophy that it's easiest to simply be able to view and edit your data with a text editor.) OK, enough introduction. Let's take a look at some of the tools, and then we'll see how to hook them together in interesting ways. In the following discussion, we will only present those command line options that interest us. As you should always do, double check your system documentation for the full story.  File: coreutils.info, Node: The who command, Next: The cut command, Prev: I/O redirection, Up: Opening the software toolbox The `who' Command ================= The first program is the `who' command. By itself, it generates a list of the users who are currently logged in. Although I'm writing this on a single-user system, we'll pretend that several people are logged in: $ who -| arnold console Jan 22 19:57 -| miriam ttyp0 Jan 23 14:19(:0.0) -| bill ttyp1 Jan 21 09:32(:0.0) -| arnold ttyp2 Jan 23 20:48(:0.0) Here, the `$' is the usual shell prompt, at which I typed `who'. There are three people logged in, and I am logged in twice. On traditional Unix systems, user names are never more than eight characters long. This little bit of trivia will be useful later. The output of `who' is nice, but the data is not all that exciting.  File: coreutils.info, Node: The cut command, Next: The sort command, Prev: The who command, Up: Opening the software toolbox The `cut' Command ================= The next program we'll look at is the `cut' command. This program cuts out columns or fields of input data. For example, we can tell it to print just the login name and full name from the `/etc/passwd' file. The `/etc/passwd' file has seven fields, separated by colons: arnold:xyzzy:2076:10:Arnold D. Robbins:/home/arnold:/bin/bash To get the first and fifth fields, we would use `cut' like this: $ cut -d: -f1,5 /etc/passwd -| root:Operator ... -| arnold:Arnold D. Robbins -| miriam:Miriam A. Robbins ... With the `-c' option, `cut' will cut out specific characters (i.e., columns) in the input lines. This is useful for input data that has fixed width fields, and does not have a field separator. For example, list the Monday dates for the current month: $ cal | cut -c 3-5 -|Mo -| -| 6 -| 13 -| 20 -| 27  File: coreutils.info, Node: The sort command, Next: The uniq command, Prev: The cut command, Up: Opening the software toolbox The `sort' Command ================== Next we'll look at the `sort' command. This is one of the most powerful commands on a Unix-style system; one that you will often find yourself using when setting up fancy data plumbing. The `sort' command reads and sorts each file named on the command line. It then merges the sorted data and writes it to standard output. It will read standard input if no files are given on the command line (thus making it into a filter). The sort is based on the character collating sequence or based on user-supplied ordering criteria.  File: coreutils.info, Node: The uniq command, Next: Putting the tools together, Prev: The sort command, Up: Opening the software toolbox The `uniq' Command ================== Finally (at least for now), we'll look at the `uniq' program. When sorting data, you will often end up with duplicate lines, lines that are identical. Usually, all you need is one instance of each line. This is where `uniq' comes in. The `uniq' program reads its standard input. It prints only one copy of each repeated line. It does have several options. Later on, we'll use the `-c' option, which prints each unique line, preceded by a count of the number of times that line occurred in the input.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Putting the tools together, Prev: The uniq command, Up: Opening the software toolbox Putting the Tools Together ========================== Now, let's suppose this is a large ISP server system with dozens of users logged in. The management wants the system administrator to write a program that will generate a sorted list of logged in users. Furthermore, even if a user is logged in multiple times, his or her name should only show up in the output once. The administrator could sit down with the system documentation and write a C program that did this. It would take perhaps a couple of hundred lines of code and about two hours to write it, test it, and debug it. However, knowing the software toolbox, the administrator can instead start out by generating just a list of logged on users: $ who | cut -c1-8 -| arnold -| miriam -| bill -| arnold Next, sort the list: $ who | cut -c1-8 | sort -| arnold -| arnold -| bill -| miriam Finally, run the sorted list through `uniq', to weed out duplicates: $ who | cut -c1-8 | sort | uniq -| arnold -| bill -| miriam The `sort' command actually has a `-u' option that does what `uniq' does. However, `uniq' has other uses for which one cannot substitute `sort -u'. The administrator puts this pipeline into a shell script, and makes it available for all the users on the system (`#' is the system administrator, or `root', prompt): # cat > /usr/local/bin/listusers who | cut -c1-8 | sort | uniq ^D # chmod +x /usr/local/bin/listusers There are four major points to note here. First, with just four programs, on one command line, the administrator was able to save about two hours worth of work. Furthermore, the shell pipeline is just about as efficient as the C program would be, and it is much more efficient in terms of programmer time. People time is much more expensive than computer time, and in our modern "there's never enough time to do everything" society, saving two hours of programmer time is no mean feat. Second, it is also important to emphasize that with the _combination_ of the tools, it is possible to do a special purpose job never imagined by the authors of the individual programs. Third, it is also valuable to build up your pipeline in stages, as we did here. This allows you to view the data at each stage in the pipeline, which helps you acquire the confidence that you are indeed using these tools correctly. Finally, by bundling the pipeline in a shell script, other users can use your command, without having to remember the fancy plumbing you set up for them. In terms of how you run them, shell scripts and compiled programs are indistinguishable. After the previous warm-up exercise, we'll look at two additional, more complicated pipelines. For them, we need to introduce two more tools. The first is the `tr' command, which stands for "transliterate." The `tr' command works on a character-by-character basis, changing characters. Normally it is used for things like mapping upper case to lower case: $ echo ThIs ExAmPlE HaS MIXED case! | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' -| this example has mixed case! There are several options of interest: `-c' work on the complement of the listed characters, i.e., operations apply to characters not in the given set `-d' delete characters in the first set from the output `-s' squeeze repeated characters in the output into just one character. We will be using all three options in a moment. The other command we'll look at is `comm'. The `comm' command takes two sorted input files as input data, and prints out the files' lines in three columns. The output columns are the data lines unique to the first file, the data lines unique to the second file, and the data lines that are common to both. The `-1', `-2', and `-3' command line options _omit_ the respective columns. (This is non-intuitive and takes a little getting used to.) For example: $ cat f1 -| 11111 -| 22222 -| 33333 -| 44444 $ cat f2 -| 00000 -| 22222 -| 33333 -| 55555 $ comm f1 f2 -| 00000 -| 11111 -| 22222 -| 33333 -| 44444 -| 55555 The file name `-' tells `comm' to read standard input instead of a regular file. Now we're ready to build a fancy pipeline. The first application is a word frequency counter. This helps an author determine if he or she is over-using certain words. The first step is to change the case of all the letters in our input file to one case. "The" and "the" are the same word when doing counting. $ tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' < whats.gnu | ... The next step is to get rid of punctuation. Quoted words and unquoted words should be treated identically; it's easiest to just get the punctuation out of the way. $ tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' < whats.gnu | tr -cd '[:alnum:]_ \n' | ... The second `tr' command operates on the complement of the listed characters, which are all the letters, the digits, the underscore, and the blank. The `\n' represents the newline character; it has to be left alone. (The ASCII tab character should also be included for good measure in a production script.) At this point, we have data consisting of words separated by blank space. The words only contain alphanumeric characters (and the underscore). The next step is break the data apart so that we have one word per line. This makes the counting operation much easier, as we will see shortly. $ tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' < whats.gnu | tr -cd '[:alnum:]_ \n' | > tr -s ' ' '\n' | ... This command turns blanks into newlines. The `-s' option squeezes multiple newline characters in the output into just one. This helps us avoid blank lines. (The `>' is the shell's "secondary prompt." This is what the shell prints when it notices you haven't finished typing in all of a command.) We now have data consisting of one word per line, no punctuation, all one case. We're ready to count each word: $ tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' < whats.gnu | tr -cd '[:alnum:]_ \n' | > tr -s ' ' '\n' | sort | uniq -c | ... At this point, the data might look something like this: 60 a 2 able 6 about 1 above 2 accomplish 1 acquire 1 actually 2 additional The output is sorted by word, not by count! What we want is the most frequently used words first. Fortunately, this is easy to accomplish, with the help of two more `sort' options: `-n' do a numeric sort, not a textual one `-r' reverse the order of the sort The final pipeline looks like this: $ tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' < whats.gnu | tr -cd '[:alnum:]_ \n' | > tr -s ' ' '\n' | sort | uniq -c | sort -n -r -| 156 the -| 60 a -| 58 to -| 51 of -| 51 and ... Whew! That's a lot to digest. Yet, the same principles apply. With six commands, on two lines (really one long one split for convenience), we've created a program that does something interesting and useful, in much less time than we could have written a C program to do the same thing. A minor modification to the above pipeline can give us a simple spelling checker! To determine if you've spelled a word correctly, all you have to do is look it up in a dictionary. If it is not there, then chances are that your spelling is incorrect. So, we need a dictionary. The conventional location for a dictionary is `/usr/dict/words'. On my GNU/Linux system,(1) this is a sorted, 45,402 word dictionary. Now, how to compare our file with the dictionary? As before, we generate a sorted list of words, one per line: $ tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' < whats.gnu | tr -cd '[:alnum:]_ \n' | > tr -s ' ' '\n' | sort -u | ... Now, all we need is a list of words that are _not_ in the dictionary. Here is where the `comm' command comes in. $ tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]' < whats.gnu | tr -cd '[:alnum:]_ \n' | > tr -s ' ' '\n' | sort -u | > comm -23 - /usr/dict/words The `-2' and `-3' options eliminate lines that are only in the dictionary (the second file), and lines that are in both files. Lines only in the first file (standard input, our stream of words), are words that are not in the dictionary. These are likely candidates for spelling errors. This pipeline was the first cut at a production spelling checker on Unix. There are some other tools that deserve brief mention. `grep' search files for text that matches a regular expression `wc' count lines, words, characters `tee' a T-fitting for data pipes, copies data to files and to standard output `sed' the stream editor, an advanced tool `awk' a data manipulation language, another advanced tool The software tools philosophy also espoused the following bit of advice: "Let someone else do the hard part." This means, take something that gives you most of what you need, and then massage it the rest of the way until it's in the form that you want. To summarize: 1. Each program should do one thing well. No more, no less. 2. Combining programs with appropriate plumbing leads to results where the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. It also leads to novel uses of programs that the authors might never have imagined. 3. Programs should never print extraneous header or trailer data, since these could get sent on down a pipeline. (A point we didn't mention earlier.) 4. Let someone else do the hard part. 5. Know your toolbox! Use each program appropriately. If you don't have an appropriate tool, build one. As of this writing, all the programs we've discussed are available via anonymous `ftp' from: `ftp://gnudist.gnu.org/textutils/textutils-1.22.tar.gz'. (There may be more recent versions available now.) None of what I have presented in this column is new. The Software Tools philosophy was first introduced in the book `Software Tools', by Brian Kernighan and P.J. Plauger (Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-03669-X). This book showed how to write and use software tools. It was written in 1976, using a preprocessor for FORTRAN named `ratfor' (RATional FORtran). At the time, C was not as ubiquitous as it is now; FORTRAN was. The last chapter presented a `ratfor' to FORTRAN processor, written in `ratfor'. `ratfor' looks an awful lot like C; if you know C, you won't have any problem following the code. In 1981, the book was updated and made available as `Software Tools in Pascal' (Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-10342-7). Both books are still in print and are well worth reading if you're a programmer. They certainly made a major change in how I view programming. The programs in both books are available from Brian Kernighan's home page (http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/bwk). For a number of years, there was an active Software Tools Users Group, whose members had ported the original `ratfor' programs to essentially every computer system with a FORTRAN compiler. The popularity of the group waned in the middle 1980s as Unix began to spread beyond universities. With the current proliferation of GNU code and other clones of Unix programs, these programs now receive little attention; modern C versions are much more efficient and do more than these programs do. Nevertheless, as exposition of good programming style, and evangelism for a still-valuable philosophy, these books are unparalleled, and I recommend them highly. Acknowledgment: I would like to express my gratitude to Brian Kernighan of Bell Labs, the original Software Toolsmith, for reviewing this column. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) Redhat Linux 6.1, for the November 2000 revision of this article.  File: coreutils.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Concept index, Prev: Opening the software toolbox, Up: Top Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License ***************************************** Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. `http://fsf.org/' Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 0. PREAMBLE The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others. 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The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents ==================================================== To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page: Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''. If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this: with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation. If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.  File: coreutils.info, Node: Concept index, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top Index ***** [index] * Menu: * !: Connectives for test. (line 9) * !=: String tests. (line 25) * %: Numeric expressions. (line 16) * %b: printf invocation. (line 38) * &: Relations for expr. (line 17) * *: Numeric expressions. (line 16) * + <1>: Numeric expressions. (line 12) * +: String expressions. (line 53) * +PAGE_RANGE: pr invocation. (line 58) * - <1>: su invocation. (line 53) * - <2>: env invocation. (line 96) * -: Numeric expressions. (line 12) * - and Unix rm: rm invocation. (line 110) * -, removing files beginning with: rm invocation. (line 98) * --: Common options. (line 44) * --across: pr invocation. (line 82) * --address-radix: od invocation. (line 36) * --adjustment: nice invocation. (line 47) * --all <1>: uname invocation. (line 30) * --all <2>: nproc invocation. (line 19) * --all <3>: who invocation. (line 36) * --all <4>: stty invocation. (line 26) * --all <5>: du invocation. (line 26) * --all <6>: df invocation. (line 32) * --all <7>: Which files are listed. (line 13) * --all: unexpand invocation. (line 37) * --all-repeated: uniq invocation. (line 69) * --almost-all: Which files are listed. (line 17) * --apparent-size: du invocation. (line 29) * --append: tee invocation. (line 25) * --archive: cp invocation. (line 65) * --author: What information is listed. (line 10) * --backup <1>: ln invocation. (line 84) * --backup <2>: mv invocation. (line 58) * --backup <3>: install invocation. (line 42) * --backup <4>: cp invocation. (line 75) * --backup: Backup options. (line 13) * --batch-size: sort invocation. (line 250) * --before: tac invocation. (line 21) * --binary: md5sum invocation. (line 38) * --block-size <1>: du invocation. (line 50) * --block-size <2>: df invocation. (line 38) * --block-size: Block size. (line 138) * --block-size=SIZE: Block size. (line 12) * --body-numbering: nl invocation. (line 47) * --boot: who invocation. (line 40) * --bourne-shell: dircolors invocation. (line 34) * --buffer-size: sort invocation. (line 300) * --bytes <1>: du invocation. (line 46) * --bytes <2>: cut invocation. (line 26) * --bytes <3>: wc invocation. (line 43) * --bytes <4>: split invocation. (line 33) * --bytes <5>: tail invocation. (line 32) * --bytes <6>: head invocation. (line 24) * --bytes: fold invocation. (line 23) * --c-shell: dircolors invocation. (line 40) * --canonicalize: readlink invocation. (line 29) * --canonicalize-existing: readlink invocation. (line 36) * --canonicalize-missing: readlink invocation. (line 43) * --changes <1>: chmod invocation. (line 39) * --changes <2>: chgrp invocation. (line 20) * --changes: chown invocation. (line 70) * --characters: cut invocation. (line 34) * --chars: wc invocation. (line 47) * --check: sort invocation. (line 18) * --check-chars: uniq invocation. (line 106) * --classify: General output formatting. (line 36) * --color: General output formatting. (line 21) * --columns: pr invocation. (line 68) * --command: su invocation. (line 39) * --compare: install invocation. (line 47) * --complement: cut invocation. (line 75) * --compute: runcon invocation. (line 27) * --context <1>: id invocation. (line 48) * --context <2>: mknod invocation. (line 54) * --context <3>: mkfifo invocation. (line 28) * --context <4>: mkdir invocation. (line 56) * --context <5>: install invocation. (line 133) * --context: What information is listed. (line 268) * --count <1>: who invocation. (line 70) * --count: uniq invocation. (line 55) * --count-links: du invocation. (line 96) * --crown-margin: fmt invocation. (line 34) * --csh: dircolors invocation. (line 40) * --date <1>: Options for date. (line 11) * --date: touch invocation. (line 61) * --dead: who invocation. (line 44) * --decode: base64 invocation. (line 30) * --delimiter: cut invocation. (line 55) * --delimiters: paste invocation. (line 43) * --dereference <1>: stat invocation. (line 22) * --dereference <2>: du invocation. (line 101) * --dereference <3>: chgrp invocation. (line 30) * --dereference <4>: chown invocation. (line 103) * --dereference <5>: cp invocation. (line 143) * --dereference: Which files are listed. (line 84) * --dereference-args: du invocation. (line 61) * --dereference-command-line: Which files are listed. (line 36) * --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir: Which files are listed. (line 41) * --dictionary-order: sort invocation. (line 87) * --digits: csplit invocation. (line 80) * --directory <1>: mktemp invocation. (line 86) * --directory <2>: ln invocation. (line 90) * --directory <3>: install invocation. (line 62) * --directory: Which files are listed. (line 28) * --dired: What information is listed. (line 16) * --double-space: pr invocation. (line 94) * --dry-run: mktemp invocation. (line 98) * --echo: shuf invocation. (line 19) * --elide-empty-files: csplit invocation. (line 89) * --error: stdbuf invocation. (line 27) * --escape: Formatting the file names. (line 11) * --exact: shred invocation. (line 134) * --exclude-from=FILE: du invocation. (line 211) * --exclude-type: df invocation. (line 144) * --exclude=PATTERN: du invocation. (line 205) * --expand-tabs: pr invocation. (line 118) * --fast: su invocation. (line 44) * --field-separator: sort invocation. (line 316) * --fields: cut invocation. (line 44) * --file <1>: Options for date. (line 26) * --file: stty invocation. (line 31) * --file-system: stat invocation. (line 28) * --file-type: General output formatting. (line 47) * --files0-from=FILE <1>: du invocation. (line 67) * --files0-from=FILE <2>: sort invocation. (line 218) * --files0-from=FILE: wc invocation. (line 62) * --first-line-number: pr invocation. (line 194) * --follow: tail invocation. (line 48) * --footer-numbering: nl invocation. (line 75) * --force <1>: ln invocation. (line 96) * --force <2>: shred invocation. (line 101) * --force <3>: rm invocation. (line 35) * --force <4>: mv invocation. (line 63) * --force: cp invocation. (line 110) * --form-feed: pr invocation. (line 126) * --format <1>: General output formatting. (line 10) * --format <2>: What information is listed. (line 131) * --format: od invocation. (line 85) * --format=FORMAT <1>: seq invocation. (line 24) * --format=FORMAT: stat invocation. (line 33) * --from: chown invocation. (line 80) * --full-time: What information is listed. (line 100) * --general-numeric-sort: sort invocation. (line 105) * --group <1>: id invocation. (line 26) * --group: install invocation. (line 68) * --group-directories-first: Which files are listed. (line 50) * --groups <1>: chroot invocation. (line 29) * --groups: id invocation. (line 30) * --hardware-platform: uname invocation. (line 35) * --head-count: shuf invocation. (line 32) * --header <1>: join invocation. (line 89) * --header: pr invocation. (line 131) * --header-numbering: nl invocation. (line 79) * --heading: who invocation. (line 48) * --help: Common options. (line 37) * --hide-control-chars: Formatting the file names. (line 23) * --hide=PATTERN: Which files are listed. (line 57) * --human-numeric-sort: sort invocation. (line 133) * --human-readable <1>: du invocation. (line 81) * --human-readable <2>: df invocation. (line 48) * --human-readable <3>: What information is listed. (line 116) * --human-readable: Block size. (line 138) * --ignore: nproc invocation. (line 25) * --ignore-backups: Which files are listed. (line 23) * --ignore-case <1>: join invocation. (line 99) * --ignore-case <2>: uniq invocation. (line 59) * --ignore-case: sort invocation. (line 94) * --ignore-environment: env invocation. (line 96) * --ignore-fail-on-non-empty: rmdir invocation. (line 17) * --ignore-garbage: base64 invocation. (line 36) * --ignore-interrupts: tee invocation. (line 30) * --ignore-leading-blanks: sort invocation. (line 79) * --ignore-nonprinting: sort invocation. (line 142) * --ignore=PATTERN: Which files are listed. (line 70) * --indent: pr invocation. (line 200) * --indicator-style: General output formatting. (line 36) * --initial: expand invocation. (line 34) * --inode: What information is listed. (line 123) * --inodes: df invocation. (line 58) * --input: stdbuf invocation. (line 19) * --input-range: shuf invocation. (line 23) * --interactive <1>: ln invocation. (line 100) * --interactive <2>: rm invocation. (line 50) * --interactive <3>: mv invocation. (line 69) * --interactive: cp invocation. (line 133) * --io-blocks: truncate invocation. (line 26) * --iterations=NUMBER: shred invocation. (line 106) * --join-blank-lines: nl invocation. (line 87) * --join-lines: pr invocation. (line 144) * --keep-files: csplit invocation. (line 85) * --kernel-name: uname invocation. (line 65) * --kernel-release: uname invocation. (line 61) * --kernel-version: uname invocation. (line 76) * --key: sort invocation. (line 231) * --kill-after: timeout invocation. (line 19) * --length: pr invocation. (line 153) * --line-bytes: split invocation. (line 47) * --line-increment: nl invocation. (line 83) * --lines <1>: wc invocation. (line 55) * --lines <2>: split invocation. (line 26) * --lines <3>: tail invocation. (line 140) * --lines: head invocation. (line 39) * --link: cp invocation. (line 139) * --literal: Formatting the file names. (line 17) * --local: df invocation. (line 69) * --logical <1>: pwd invocation. (line 15) * --logical: ln invocation. (line 104) * --login <1>: su invocation. (line 53) * --login: who invocation. (line 52) * --lookup: who invocation. (line 57) * --machine: uname invocation. (line 41) * --max-depth=DEPTH: du invocation. (line 116) * --max-line-length: wc invocation. (line 59) * --max-unchanged-stats: tail invocation. (line 128) * --merge <1>: sort invocation. (line 32) * --merge: pr invocation. (line 160) * --mesg: who invocation. (line 95) * --message: who invocation. (line 95) * --mode <1>: mknod invocation. (line 48) * --mode <2>: mkfifo invocation. (line 21) * --mode <3>: mkdir invocation. (line 19) * --mode: install invocation. (line 74) * --month-sort: sort invocation. (line 149) * --name: id invocation. (line 34) * --no-clobber <1>: mv invocation. (line 76) * --no-clobber: cp invocation. (line 150) * --no-create <1>: truncate invocation. (line 22) * --no-create: touch invocation. (line 57) * --no-dereference <1>: chcon invocation. (line 22) * --no-dereference <2>: du invocation. (line 112) * --no-dereference <3>: touch invocation. (line 75) * --no-dereference <4>: chgrp invocation. (line 35) * --no-dereference <5>: chown invocation. (line 108) * --no-dereference <6>: ln invocation. (line 110) * --no-dereference: cp invocation. (line 156) * --no-file-warnings: pr invocation. (line 207) * --no-group: What information is listed. (line 110) * --no-newline: readlink invocation. (line 48) * --no-preserve-root <1>: chmod invocation. (line 54) * --no-preserve-root <2>: chgrp invocation. (line 48) * --no-preserve-root <3>: chown invocation. (line 121) * --no-preserve-root: rm invocation. (line 84) * --no-renumber: nl invocation. (line 108) * --no-sync: df invocation. (line 73) * --no-target-directory <1>: ln invocation. (line 153) * --no-target-directory <2>: mv invocation. (line 109) * --no-target-directory <3>: install invocation. (line 124) * --no-target-directory <4>: cp invocation. (line 340) * --no-target-directory: Target directory. (line 15) * --nodename: uname invocation. (line 46) * --null <1>: env invocation. (line 83) * --null <2>: printenv invocation. (line 19) * --null: du invocation. (line 122) * --number: cat invocation. (line 31) * --number-format: nl invocation. (line 95) * --number-lines: pr invocation. (line 173) * --number-nonblank: cat invocation. (line 20) * --number-separator: nl invocation. (line 112) * --number-width: nl invocation. (line 122) * --numeric-sort: sort invocation. (line 159) * --numeric-suffixes: split invocation. (line 58) * --numeric-uid-gid: What information is listed. (line 234) * --omit-header: pr invocation. (line 231) * --omit-pagination: pr invocation. (line 242) * --one-file-system <1>: du invocation. (line 201) * --one-file-system <2>: rm invocation. (line 63) * --one-file-system: cp invocation. (line 359) * --only-delimited: cut invocation. (line 63) * --operating-system: uname invocation. (line 57) * --output <1>: stdbuf invocation. (line 23) * --output <2>: shuf invocation. (line 37) * --output: sort invocation. (line 276) * --output-delimiter: cut invocation. (line 68) * --output-duplicates: od invocation. (line 155) * --output-tabs: pr invocation. (line 137) * --owner: install invocation. (line 86) * --page_width: pr invocation. (line 260) * --pages=PAGE_RANGE: pr invocation. (line 58) * --parents <1>: rmdir invocation. (line 22) * --parents <2>: mkdir invocation. (line 34) * --parents: cp invocation. (line 235) * --physical <1>: pwd invocation. (line 22) * --physical: ln invocation. (line 129) * --pid: tail invocation. (line 108) * --portability <1>: pathchk invocation. (line 46) * --portability: df invocation. (line 80) * --prefix: csplit invocation. (line 62) * --preserve: cp invocation. (line 163) * --preserve-context: install invocation. (line 91) * --preserve-environment: su invocation. (line 64) * --preserve-root <1>: chmod invocation. (line 49) * --preserve-root <2>: chgrp invocation. (line 43) * --preserve-root <3>: chown invocation. (line 116) * --preserve-root: rm invocation. (line 79) * --preserve-timestamps: install invocation. (line 98) * --print-database: dircolors invocation. (line 45) * --print-type: df invocation. (line 119) * --printf=FORMAT: stat invocation. (line 42) * --process: who invocation. (line 66) * --processor: uname invocation. (line 50) * --quiet <1>: tty invocation. (line 18) * --quiet <2>: mktemp invocation. (line 93) * --quiet <3>: chmod invocation. (line 45) * --quiet <4>: chgrp invocation. (line 26) * --quiet <5>: chown invocation. (line 76) * --quiet <6>: readlink invocation. (line 54) * --quiet <7>: md5sum invocation. (line 69) * --quiet <8>: csplit invocation. (line 100) * --quiet <9>: tail invocation. (line 148) * --quiet: head invocation. (line 46) * --quote-name: Formatting the file names. (line 30) * --quoting-style: Formatting the file names. (line 11) * --random-sort: sort invocation. (line 188) * --random-source <1>: shred invocation. (line 112) * --random-source <2>: shuf invocation. (line 43) * --random-source: sort invocation. (line 289) * --range <1>: runcon invocation. (line 43) * --range: chcon invocation. (line 63) * --read-bytes: od invocation. (line 71) * --real: id invocation. (line 39) * --recursive <1>: chcon invocation. (line 30) * --recursive <2>: chmod invocation. (line 69) * --recursive <3>: chgrp invocation. (line 66) * --recursive <4>: chown invocation. (line 140) * --recursive <5>: rm invocation. (line 91) * --recursive <6>: cp invocation. (line 248) * --recursive: Which files are listed. (line 91) * --reference <1>: chcon invocation. (line 25) * --reference <2>: Options for date. (line 34) * --reference <3>: truncate invocation. (line 30) * --reference <4>: touch invocation. (line 94) * --reference <5>: chmod invocation. (line 62) * --reference <6>: chgrp invocation. (line 52) * --reference: chown invocation. (line 125) * --reflink[=WHEN]: cp invocation. (line 261) * --regex: tac invocation. (line 26) * --remove: shred invocation. (line 123) * --remove-destination: cp invocation. (line 280) * --repeated: uniq invocation. (line 63) * --retry: tail invocation. (line 94) * --reverse <1>: Sorting the output. (line 27) * --reverse: sort invocation. (line 182) * --rfc-2822: Options for date. (line 40) * --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC: Options for date. (line 52) * --rfc-822: Options for date. (line 40) * --role <1>: runcon invocation. (line 35) * --role: chcon invocation. (line 55) * --runlevel: who invocation. (line 75) * --save: stty invocation. (line 41) * --section-delimiter: nl invocation. (line 68) * --sep-string: pr invocation. (line 221) * --separate-dirs: du invocation. (line 140) * --separator <1>: pr invocation. (line 212) * --separator: tac invocation. (line 33) * --serial: paste invocation. (line 34) * --set: Options for date. (line 82) * --sh: dircolors invocation. (line 34) * --shell: su invocation. (line 75) * --show-all: cat invocation. (line 16) * --show-control-chars <1>: Formatting the file names. (line 78) * --show-control-chars: pr invocation. (line 88) * --show-ends: cat invocation. (line 27) * --show-nonprinting <1>: pr invocation. (line 247) * --show-nonprinting: cat invocation. (line 50) * --show-tabs: cat invocation. (line 43) * --si <1>: du invocation. (line 128) * --si <2>: df invocation. (line 99) * --si <3>: What information is listed. (line 260) * --si: Block size. (line 138) * --signal: timeout invocation. (line 26) * --silent <1>: tty invocation. (line 18) * --silent <2>: chmod invocation. (line 45) * --silent <3>: chgrp invocation. (line 26) * --silent <4>: chown invocation. (line 76) * --silent <5>: readlink invocation. (line 54) * --silent <6>: csplit invocation. (line 100) * --silent <7>: tail invocation. (line 148) * --silent: head invocation. (line 46) * --size <1>: truncate invocation. (line 34) * --size: What information is listed. (line 244) * --size=BYTES: shred invocation. (line 117) * --skip-bytes: od invocation. (line 55) * --skip-chars: uniq invocation. (line 41) * --skip-fields: uniq invocation. (line 31) * --sleep-interval: tail invocation. (line 100) * --sort <1>: Sorting the output. (line 32) * --sort: sort invocation. (line 105) * --spaces: fold invocation. (line 29) * --sparse=WHEN: cp invocation. (line 284) * --split-only: fmt invocation. (line 47) * --squeeze-blank: cat invocation. (line 35) * --stable: sort invocation. (line 294) * --starting-line-number: nl invocation. (line 117) * --status: md5sum invocation. (line 77) * --strings: od invocation. (line 76) * --strip: install invocation. (line 108) * --strip-program: install invocation. (line 111) * --strip-trailing-slashes <1>: mv invocation. (line 95) * --strip-trailing-slashes: cp invocation. (line 318) * --suffix <1>: mktemp invocation. (line 114) * --suffix <2>: ln invocation. (line 144) * --suffix <3>: mv invocation. (line 100) * --suffix <4>: install invocation. (line 115) * --suffix <5>: cp invocation. (line 331) * --suffix <6>: csplit invocation. (line 66) * --suffix: Backup options. (line 50) * --suffix-length: split invocation. (line 54) * --summarize: du invocation. (line 136) * --symbolic: ln invocation. (line 138) * --symbolic-link: cp invocation. (line 323) * --sync: df invocation. (line 106) * --sysv: sum invocation. (line 31) * --tabs <1>: unexpand invocation. (line 24) * --tabs: expand invocation. (line 22) * --tabsize: General output formatting. (line 92) * --tagged-paragraph: fmt invocation. (line 40) * --target-directory <1>: ln invocation. (line 149) * --target-directory <2>: mv invocation. (line 105) * --target-directory <3>: install invocation. (line 120) * --target-directory <4>: cp invocation. (line 336) * --target-directory: Target directory. (line 31) * --temporary-directory: sort invocation. (line 336) * --terse: stat invocation. (line 53) * --text: md5sum invocation. (line 87) * --time <1>: who invocation. (line 83) * --time <2>: du invocation. (line 148) * --time <3>: touch invocation. (line 53) * --time: Sorting the output. (line 13) * --time-style <1>: du invocation. (line 163) * --time-style: Formatting file timestamps. (line 26) * --tmpdir: mktemp invocation. (line 106) * --total <1>: du invocation. (line 55) * --total: df invocation. (line 42) * --traditional: od invocation. (line 206) * --type <1>: runcon invocation. (line 39) * --type <2>: chcon invocation. (line 59) * --type: df invocation. (line 113) * --uniform-spacing: fmt invocation. (line 53) * --unique <1>: uniq invocation. (line 101) * --unique: sort invocation. (line 345) * --universal: Options for date. (line 87) * --unset: env invocation. (line 90) * --update <1>: mv invocation. (line 82) * --update: cp invocation. (line 345) * --user <1>: runcon invocation. (line 31) * --user <2>: chcon invocation. (line 51) * --user: id invocation. (line 44) * --userspec: chroot invocation. (line 24) * --utc: Options for date. (line 87) * --verbose <1>: chcon invocation. (line 47) * --verbose <2>: chmod invocation. (line 59) * --verbose <3>: chgrp invocation. (line 58) * --verbose <4>: chown invocation. (line 132) * --verbose <5>: rmdir invocation. (line 31) * --verbose <6>: readlink invocation. (line 58) * --verbose <7>: mkdir invocation. (line 51) * --verbose <8>: ln invocation. (line 158) * --verbose <9>: shred invocation. (line 129) * --verbose <10>: rm invocation. (line 95) * --verbose <11>: mv invocation. (line 92) * --verbose <12>: install invocation. (line 129) * --verbose <13>: cp invocation. (line 355) * --verbose <14>: split invocation. (line 61) * --verbose <15>: tail invocation. (line 152) * --verbose: head invocation. (line 50) * --version: Common options. (line 41) * --version-sort: sort invocation. (line 176) * --warn: md5sum invocation. (line 96) * --width <1>: General output formatting. (line 104) * --width <2>: fold invocation. (line 35) * --width <3>: pr invocation. (line 251) * --width <4>: fmt invocation. (line 59) * --width: od invocation. (line 162) * --words: wc invocation. (line 51) * --wrap: base64 invocation. (line 22) * --writable: who invocation. (line 95) * --zero: shred invocation. (line 144) * --zero-terminated <1>: uniq invocation. (line 112) * --zero-terminated <2>: shuf invocation. (line 48) * --zero-terminated: sort invocation. (line 359) * -0 <1>: env invocation. (line 82) * -0 <2>: printenv invocation. (line 18) * -0: du invocation. (line 121) * -1 <1>: General output formatting. (line 10) * -1 <2>: join invocation. (line 104) * -1: comm invocation. (line 23) * -2 <1>: join invocation. (line 107) * -2: comm invocation. (line 23) * -3: comm invocation. (line 23) * -a <1>: uname invocation. (line 30) * -a <2>: who invocation. (line 36) * -a <3>: stty invocation. (line 26) * -a <4>: tee invocation. (line 25) * -a <5>: Connectives for test. (line 12) * -a <6>: du invocation. (line 26) * -a <7>: df invocation. (line 32) * -a <8>: touch invocation. (line 53) * -a: cp invocation. (line 65) * -A: Which files are listed. (line 17) * -a <1>: Which files are listed. (line 13) * -a <2>: unexpand invocation. (line 37) * -a <3>: join invocation. (line 74) * -a <4>: split invocation. (line 54) * -a <5>: pr invocation. (line 82) * -a: od invocation. (line 175) * -A <1>: od invocation. (line 36) * -A: cat invocation. (line 16) * -b <1>: who invocation. (line 40) * -b: File type tests. (line 10) * -B: du invocation. (line 50) * -b: du invocation. (line 46) * -B: df invocation. (line 38) * -b <1>: ln invocation. (line 84) * -b <2>: mv invocation. (line 58) * -b <3>: install invocation. (line 42) * -b <4>: cp invocation. (line 75) * -b <5>: dircolors invocation. (line 34) * -b: Formatting the file names. (line 11) * -B: Which files are listed. (line 23) * -b <1>: cut invocation. (line 26) * -b <2>: sort invocation. (line 79) * -b <3>: md5sum invocation. (line 38) * -b <4>: csplit invocation. (line 66) * -b <5>: split invocation. (line 33) * -b <6>: fold invocation. (line 23) * -b <7>: od invocation. (line 178) * -b <8>: nl invocation. (line 47) * -b <9>: tac invocation. (line 21) * -b <10>: cat invocation. (line 20) * -b: Backup options. (line 13) * -c <1>: su invocation. (line 39) * -c <2>: runcon invocation. (line 27) * -c <3>: File type tests. (line 13) * -c <4>: truncate invocation. (line 22) * -c <5>: stat invocation. (line 33) * -c <6>: du invocation. (line 55) * -c <7>: touch invocation. (line 57) * -c <8>: chmod invocation. (line 39) * -c <9>: chgrp invocation. (line 20) * -c <10>: chown invocation. (line 70) * -c: install invocation. (line 53) * -C: install invocation. (line 47) * -c: dircolors invocation. (line 40) * -C: General output formatting. (line 15) * -c <1>: Sorting the output. (line 13) * -c <2>: cut invocation. (line 34) * -c <3>: uniq invocation. (line 55) * -c <4>: shuf invocation. (line 19) * -c <5>: sort invocation. (line 18) * -c: wc invocation. (line 43) * -C: split invocation. (line 47) * -c <1>: tail invocation. (line 32) * -c <2>: head invocation. (line 24) * -c <3>: pr invocation. (line 88) * -c <4>: fmt invocation. (line 34) * -c: od invocation. (line 181) * -COLUMN: pr invocation. (line 68) * -d <1>: Options for date. (line 11) * -d <2>: who invocation. (line 44) * -d <3>: mktemp invocation. (line 86) * -d: File type tests. (line 16) * -D: du invocation. (line 61) * -d <1>: touch invocation. (line 61) * -d <2>: ln invocation. (line 90) * -d: install invocation. (line 62) * -D: install invocation. (line 56) * -d: cp invocation. (line 103) * -D: What information is listed. (line 16) * -d <1>: Which files are listed. (line 28) * -d <2>: paste invocation. (line 43) * -d: cut invocation. (line 55) * -D: uniq invocation. (line 69) * -d <1>: uniq invocation. (line 63) * -d <2>: sort invocation. (line 87) * -d <3>: split invocation. (line 58) * -d <4>: pr invocation. (line 94) * -d <5>: base64 invocation. (line 30) * -d <6>: od invocation. (line 185) * -d: nl invocation. (line 68) * -e <1>: stdbuf invocation. (line 27) * -e: File characteristic tests. (line 9) * -E: echo invocation. (line 71) * -e <1>: echo invocation. (line 25) * -e <2>: readlink invocation. (line 36) * -e <3>: join invocation. (line 85) * -e: pr invocation. (line 118) * -E: cat invocation. (line 27) * -e: cat invocation. (line 23) * -ef: File characteristic tests. (line 23) * -eq: Numeric tests. (line 16) * -f <1>: su invocation. (line 44) * -f: Options for date. (line 26) * -F: stty invocation. (line 31) * -f <1>: File type tests. (line 19) * -f <2>: stat invocation. (line 28) * -f <3>: touch invocation. (line 71) * -f <4>: chmod invocation. (line 45) * -f <5>: chgrp invocation. (line 26) * -f <6>: chown invocation. (line 76) * -f <7>: readlink invocation. (line 29) * -f: ln invocation. (line 96) * -F: ln invocation. (line 90) * -f <1>: shred invocation. (line 101) * -f <2>: rm invocation. (line 35) * -f <3>: mv invocation. (line 63) * -f: cp invocation. (line 110) * -F: General output formatting. (line 36) * -f <1>: Sorting the output. (line 20) * -f <2>: cut invocation. (line 44) * -f <3>: uniq invocation. (line 31) * -f <4>: sort invocation. (line 94) * -f: csplit invocation. (line 62) * -F: tail invocation. (line 89) * -f <1>: tail invocation. (line 48) * -f: pr invocation. (line 126) * -F: pr invocation. (line 126) * -f <1>: od invocation. (line 188) * -f: nl invocation. (line 75) * -f FORMAT: seq invocation. (line 24) * -G: id invocation. (line 30) * -g <1>: id invocation. (line 26) * -g: stty invocation. (line 41) * -G: Access permission tests. (line 31) * -g <1>: Access permission tests. (line 9) * -g: install invocation. (line 68) * -G: What information is listed. (line 110) * -g <1>: What information is listed. (line 105) * -g: sort invocation. (line 105) * -ge: Numeric tests. (line 16) * -gt: Numeric tests. (line 16) * -H: chcon invocation. (line 33) * -h: chcon invocation. (line 22) * -H: who invocation. (line 48) * -h: File type tests. (line 23) * -H: du invocation. (line 87) * -h: du invocation. (line 81) * -H: df invocation. (line 54) * -h <1>: df invocation. (line 48) * -h: touch invocation. (line 75) * -H: chgrp invocation. (line 70) * -h: chgrp invocation. (line 35) * -H: chown invocation. (line 143) * -h: chown invocation. (line 108) * -H: cp invocation. (line 126) * -h: What information is listed. (line 116) * -H: Which files are listed. (line 36) * -h <1>: sort invocation. (line 133) * -h <2>: pr invocation. (line 131) * -h: nl invocation. (line 79) * -H: Traversing symlinks. (line 18) * -h: Block size. (line 138) * -i <1>: stdbuf invocation. (line 19) * -i <2>: env invocation. (line 96) * -i <3>: uname invocation. (line 35) * -i <4>: tee invocation. (line 30) * -i <5>: df invocation. (line 58) * -i: ln invocation. (line 100) * -I: rm invocation. (line 44) * -i <1>: rm invocation. (line 39) * -i <2>: mv invocation. (line 69) * -i <3>: cp invocation. (line 133) * -i: What information is listed. (line 123) * -I: Which files are listed. (line 70) * -i <1>: expand invocation. (line 34) * -i <2>: join invocation. (line 99) * -i <3>: uniq invocation. (line 59) * -i <4>: shuf invocation. (line 23) * -i <5>: sort invocation. (line 142) * -i <6>: pr invocation. (line 137) * -i <7>: base64 invocation. (line 36) * -i <8>: od invocation. (line 191) * -i: nl invocation. (line 83) * -J: pr invocation. (line 144) * -j: od invocation. (line 55) * -k <1>: timeout invocation. (line 19) * -k <2>: Access permission tests. (line 12) * -k <3>: du invocation. (line 90) * -k <4>: df invocation. (line 63) * -k <5>: General output formatting. (line 72) * -k <6>: sort invocation. (line 231) * -k <7>: csplit invocation. (line 85) * -k: Block size. (line 138) * -l <1>: su invocation. (line 53) * -l <2>: runcon invocation. (line 43) * -l: chcon invocation. (line 63) * -L: chcon invocation. (line 38) * -l: who invocation. (line 52) * -L <1>: pwd invocation. (line 15) * -L <2>: File type tests. (line 23) * -L <3>: stat invocation. (line 22) * -L: du invocation. (line 101) * -l <1>: du invocation. (line 96) * -l: df invocation. (line 69) * -L <1>: chgrp invocation. (line 75) * -L <2>: chown invocation. (line 148) * -L <3>: ln invocation. (line 104) * -L: cp invocation. (line 143) * -l <1>: cp invocation. (line 139) * -l: What information is listed. (line 131) * -L <1>: Which files are listed. (line 84) * -L: wc invocation. (line 59) * -l <1>: wc invocation. (line 55) * -l <2>: split invocation. (line 26) * -l <3>: pr invocation. (line 153) * -l <4>: od invocation. (line 194) * -l: nl invocation. (line 87) * -L: Traversing symlinks. (line 22) * -le: Numeric tests. (line 16) * -lt: Numeric tests. (line 16) * -m <1>: su invocation. (line 64) * -m <2>: uname invocation. (line 41) * -m <3>: who invocation. (line 62) * -m <4>: du invocation. (line 106) * -m <5>: touch invocation. (line 90) * -m <6>: readlink invocation. (line 43) * -m <7>: mknod invocation. (line 48) * -m <8>: mkfifo invocation. (line 21) * -m <9>: mkdir invocation. (line 19) * -m <10>: install invocation. (line 74) * -m: General output formatting. (line 78) * -M: sort invocation. (line 149) * -m <1>: sort invocation. (line 32) * -m <2>: wc invocation. (line 47) * -m: pr invocation. (line 160) * -n <1>: nice invocation. (line 47) * -n <2>: uname invocation. (line 46) * -n <3>: id invocation. (line 34) * -n <4>: String tests. (line 19) * -n <5>: echo invocation. (line 22) * -n <6>: readlink invocation. (line 48) * -n <7>: ln invocation. (line 110) * -n <8>: mv invocation. (line 76) * -n: cp invocation. (line 150) * -N: Formatting the file names. (line 17) * -n <1>: What information is listed. (line 234) * -n <2>: cut invocation. (line 59) * -n <3>: shuf invocation. (line 32) * -n <4>: sort invocation. (line 159) * -n <5>: csplit invocation. (line 80) * -n <6>: tail invocation. (line 140) * -n: head invocation. (line 39) * -N: pr invocation. (line 194) * -n: pr invocation. (line 173) * -N: od invocation. (line 71) * -n <1>: nl invocation. (line 95) * -n: cat invocation. (line 31) * -n NUMBER: shred invocation. (line 106) * -ne: Numeric tests. (line 16) * -nt: File characteristic tests. (line 15) * -o <1>: stdbuf invocation. (line 23) * -o <2>: uname invocation. (line 57) * -o: Connectives for test. (line 15) * -O: Access permission tests. (line 28) * -o <1>: truncate invocation. (line 26) * -o <2>: install invocation. (line 86) * -o <3>: What information is listed. (line 238) * -o <4>: shuf invocation. (line 37) * -o <5>: sort invocation. (line 276) * -o <6>: pr invocation. (line 200) * -o: od invocation. (line 197) * -ot: File characteristic tests. (line 19) * -p: su invocation. (line 64) * -P: chcon invocation. (line 42) * -p <1>: uname invocation. (line 50) * -p: who invocation. (line 66) * -P: pwd invocation. (line 22) * -p: mktemp invocation. (line 106) * -P: pathchk invocation. (line 42) * -p <1>: pathchk invocation. (line 29) * -p: File type tests. (line 28) * -P <1>: du invocation. (line 112) * -P <2>: df invocation. (line 80) * -P <3>: chgrp invocation. (line 79) * -P: chown invocation. (line 152) * -p <1>: rmdir invocation. (line 22) * -p: mkdir invocation. (line 34) * -P: ln invocation. (line 129) * -p <1>: install invocation. (line 98) * -p: cp invocation. (line 163) * -P: cp invocation. (line 156) * -p <1>: dircolors invocation. (line 45) * -p <2>: General output formatting. (line 83) * -p: nl invocation. (line 108) * -P: Traversing symlinks. (line 26) * -q <1>: who invocation. (line 70) * -q <2>: mktemp invocation. (line 93) * -q: readlink invocation. (line 54) * -Q: Formatting the file names. (line 30) * -q <1>: Formatting the file names. (line 23) * -q <2>: csplit invocation. (line 100) * -q <3>: tail invocation. (line 148) * -q: head invocation. (line 46) * -r <1>: runcon invocation. (line 35) * -r: chcon invocation. (line 55) * -R: chcon invocation. (line 30) * -r: uname invocation. (line 61) * -R: Options for date. (line 40) * -r <1>: Options for date. (line 34) * -r <2>: who invocation. (line 75) * -r <3>: id invocation. (line 39) * -r <4>: Access permission tests. (line 15) * -r <5>: truncate invocation. (line 30) * -r: touch invocation. (line 94) * -R <1>: chmod invocation. (line 69) * -R <2>: chgrp invocation. (line 66) * -R <3>: chown invocation. (line 140) * -R: rm invocation. (line 91) * -r <1>: rm invocation. (line 91) * -r: cp invocation. (line 248) * -R: cp invocation. (line 248) * -r: Sorting the output. (line 27) * -R <1>: Which files are listed. (line 91) * -R: sort invocation. (line 188) * -r <1>: sort invocation. (line 182) * -r <2>: sum invocation. (line 25) * -r <3>: pr invocation. (line 207) * -r: tac invocation. (line 26) * -s <1>: timeout invocation. (line 26) * -s <2>: su invocation. (line 75) * -s <3>: uname invocation. (line 65) * -s <4>: Options for date. (line 82) * -s <5>: who invocation. (line 79) * -s <6>: tty invocation. (line 18) * -s: File characteristic tests. (line 12) * -S: File type tests. (line 31) * -s: truncate invocation. (line 34) * -S: du invocation. (line 140) * -s <1>: du invocation. (line 136) * -s: readlink invocation. (line 54) * -S: ln invocation. (line 144) * -s: ln invocation. (line 138) * -S <1>: mv invocation. (line 100) * -S: install invocation. (line 115) * -s: install invocation. (line 108) * -S: cp invocation. (line 331) * -s: cp invocation. (line 323) * -S: Sorting the output. (line 32) * -s <1>: What information is listed. (line 244) * -s <2>: paste invocation. (line 34) * -s <3>: cut invocation. (line 63) * -s: uniq invocation. (line 41) * -S: sort invocation. (line 300) * -s <1>: sort invocation. (line 294) * -s <2>: sum invocation. (line 31) * -s <3>: csplit invocation. (line 100) * -s: fold invocation. (line 29) * -S: pr invocation. (line 221) * -s <1>: pr invocation. (line 212) * -s <2>: fmt invocation. (line 47) * -s: od invocation. (line 200) * -S: od invocation. (line 76) * -s <1>: nl invocation. (line 112) * -s <2>: tac invocation. (line 33) * -s: cat invocation. (line 35) * -S: Backup options. (line 50) * -s BYTES: shred invocation. (line 117) * -su: su invocation. (line 25) * -t <1>: runcon invocation. (line 39) * -t: chcon invocation. (line 59) * -T: who invocation. (line 95) * -t <1>: who invocation. (line 83) * -t <2>: mktemp invocation. (line 122) * -t <3>: File type tests. (line 34) * -t: stat invocation. (line 53) * -T: df invocation. (line 119) * -t: df invocation. (line 113) * -T: ln invocation. (line 153) * -t: ln invocation. (line 149) * -T: mv invocation. (line 109) * -t: mv invocation. (line 105) * -T: install invocation. (line 124) * -t: install invocation. (line 120) * -T: cp invocation. (line 340) * -t: cp invocation. (line 336) * -T: General output formatting. (line 92) * -t <1>: Sorting the output. (line 36) * -t <2>: unexpand invocation. (line 24) * -t: expand invocation. (line 22) * -T: sort invocation. (line 336) * -t <1>: sort invocation. (line 316) * -t: md5sum invocation. (line 87) * -T: pr invocation. (line 242) * -t <1>: pr invocation. (line 231) * -t <2>: fmt invocation. (line 40) * -t: od invocation. (line 85) * -T: cat invocation. (line 43) * -t: cat invocation. (line 39) * -u <1>: env invocation. (line 90) * -u <2>: runcon invocation. (line 31) * -u <3>: chcon invocation. (line 51) * -u <4>: Options for date. (line 87) * -u <5>: who invocation. (line 86) * -u <6>: id invocation. (line 44) * -u <7>: mktemp invocation. (line 98) * -u <8>: Access permission tests. (line 18) * -u <9>: shred invocation. (line 123) * -u <10>: mv invocation. (line 82) * -u: cp invocation. (line 345) * -U: Sorting the output. (line 49) * -u <1>: Sorting the output. (line 42) * -u <2>: uniq invocation. (line 101) * -u <3>: sort invocation. (line 345) * -u <4>: fmt invocation. (line 53) * -u: cat invocation. (line 46) * -v <1>: chcon invocation. (line 47) * -v <2>: uname invocation. (line 76) * -v <3>: chmod invocation. (line 59) * -v <4>: chgrp invocation. (line 58) * -v <5>: chown invocation. (line 132) * -v <6>: rmdir invocation. (line 31) * -v <7>: readlink invocation. (line 58) * -v <8>: mkdir invocation. (line 51) * -v <9>: ln invocation. (line 158) * -v <10>: shred invocation. (line 129) * -v <11>: rm invocation. (line 95) * -v <12>: mv invocation. (line 92) * -v <13>: install invocation. (line 129) * -v <14>: cp invocation. (line 355) * -v: Sorting the output. (line 56) * -V: sort invocation. (line 176) * -v <1>: tail invocation. (line 152) * -v <2>: head invocation. (line 50) * -v <3>: pr invocation. (line 247) * -v <4>: od invocation. (line 155) * -v <5>: nl invocation. (line 117) * -v: cat invocation. (line 50) * -w <1>: who invocation. (line 95) * -w <2>: Access permission tests. (line 21) * -w <3>: General output formatting. (line 104) * -w <4>: uniq invocation. (line 106) * -w <5>: md5sum invocation. (line 96) * -w <6>: wc invocation. (line 51) * -w: fold invocation. (line 35) * -W: pr invocation. (line 260) * -w <1>: pr invocation. (line 251) * -w <2>: fmt invocation. (line 59) * -w <3>: base64 invocation. (line 22) * -w <4>: od invocation. (line 162) * -w: nl invocation. (line 122) * -WIDTH: fmt invocation. (line 59) * -x <1>: Access permission tests. (line 24) * -x <2>: du invocation. (line 201) * -x <3>: df invocation. (line 144) * -x <4>: shred invocation. (line 134) * -x <5>: cp invocation. (line 359) * -x: General output formatting. (line 88) * -X: Sorting the output. (line 63) * -x: od invocation. (line 203) * -X FILE: du invocation. (line 211) * -Z: id invocation. (line 48) * -z: String tests. (line 15) * -Z <1>: mknod invocation. (line 54) * -Z <2>: mkfifo invocation. (line 28) * -Z: mkdir invocation. (line 56) * -z: shred invocation. (line 144) * -Z <1>: install invocation. (line 133) * -Z: What information is listed. (line 268) * -z <1>: uniq invocation. (line 112) * -z <2>: shuf invocation. (line 48) * -z <3>: sort invocation. (line 359) * -z: csplit invocation. (line 89) * .cshrc: su invocation. (line 44) * /: Numeric expressions. (line 16) * /bin/sh: su invocation. (line 12) * /etc/passwd: su invocation. (line 12) * /etc/shells: su invocation. (line 64) * 128-bit checksum: md5sum invocation. (line 6) * 16-bit checksum: sum invocation. (line 6) * 160-bit checksum: sha1sum invocation. (line 6) * 224-bit checksum: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * 256-bit checksum: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * 384-bit checksum: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * 4.2 file system type: df invocation. (line 131) * 512-bit checksum: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * <: Relations for expr. (line 22) * <=: Relations for expr. (line 22) * = <1>: Relations for expr. (line 22) * =: String tests. (line 22) * ==: Relations for expr. (line 22) * >: Relations for expr. (line 22) * >=: Relations for expr. (line 22) * \( regexp operator: String expressions. (line 24) * \+ regexp operator: String expressions. (line 28) * \? regexp operator: String expressions. (line 28) * \c: printf invocation. (line 29) * \OOO: printf invocation. (line 63) * \uhhhh: printf invocation. (line 68) * \Uhhhhhhhh: printf invocation. (line 68) * \xHH: printf invocation. (line 63) * \| regexp operator: String expressions. (line 28) * _POSIX2_VERSION <1>: touch invocation. (line 113) * _POSIX2_VERSION <2>: uniq invocation. (line 46) * _POSIX2_VERSION <3>: sort invocation. (line 392) * _POSIX2_VERSION <4>: tail invocation. (line 163) * _POSIX2_VERSION: Standards conformance. (line 19) * abbreviations for months: Calendar date items. (line 38) * access permission tests: Access permission tests. (line 6) * access permissions, changing: chmod invocation. (line 6) * access time: dd invocation. (line 188) * access time, changing: touch invocation. (line 53) * access time, printing or sorting files by: Sorting the output. (line 42) * access time, show the most recent: du invocation. (line 159) * across columns: pr invocation. (line 82) * across, listing files: General output formatting. (line 88) * adding permissions: Setting Permissions. (line 38) * addition: Numeric expressions. (line 12) * ago in date strings: Relative items in date strings. (line 23) * all repeated lines, outputting: uniq invocation. (line 69) * alnum: Character sets. (line 91) * alpha: Character sets. (line 94) * alternate ebcdic, converting to: dd invocation. (line 73) * always color option: General output formatting. (line 27) * always interactive option: rm invocation. (line 57) * am i: who invocation. (line 21) * am in date strings: Time of day items. (line 22) * and operator <1>: Relations for expr. (line 17) * and operator: Connectives for test. (line 12) * append: dd invocation. (line 147) * appending to the output file: dd invocation. (line 147) * appropriate privileges <1>: nice invocation. (line 6) * appropriate privileges <2>: hostname invocation. (line 6) * appropriate privileges <3>: Setting the time. (line 6) * appropriate privileges: install invocation. (line 86) * arbitrary date strings, parsing: Options for date. (line 11) * arbitrary text, displaying: echo invocation. (line 6) * arch: arch invocation. (line 6) * arithmetic tests: Numeric tests. (line 6) * ASCII dump of files: od invocation. (line 6) * ascii, converting to: dd invocation. (line 65) * atime, changing: touch invocation. (line 53) * atime, printing or sorting files by: Sorting the output. (line 42) * atime, show the most recent: du invocation. (line 159) * attributes, file: Changing file attributes. (line 6) * authors of get_date: Authors of get_date. (line 6) * auto color option: General output formatting. (line 25) * automounter file systems: df invocation. (line 32) * b for block special file: mknod invocation. (line 31) * background jobs, stopping at terminal write: Local. (line 41) * backslash escapes <1>: echo invocation. (line 25) * backslash escapes: Character sets. (line 14) * backslash sequences for file names: Formatting the file names. (line 11) * backup files, ignoring: Which files are listed. (line 23) * backup options: Backup options. (line 6) * backup suffix: Backup options. (line 50) * backups, making <1>: ln invocation. (line 84) * backups, making <2>: mv invocation. (line 58) * backups, making <3>: install invocation. (line 42) * backups, making <4>: cp invocation. (line 75) * backups, making: Backup options. (line 13) * backups, making only: cp invocation. (line 53) * base64: base64 invocation. (line 6) * Base64 decoding: base64 invocation. (line 30) * base64 encoding: base64 invocation. (line 6) * basename: basename invocation. (line 6) * baud rate, setting: Special. (line 43) * beeping at input buffer full: Input. (line 59) * beginning of time: Time conversion specifiers. (line 41) * beginning of time, for POSIX: Seconds since the Epoch. (line 13) * Bellovin, Steven M.: Authors of get_date. (line 6) * Berets, Jim: Authors of get_date. (line 6) * Berry, K. <1>: Authors of get_date. (line 14) * Berry, K.: Introduction. (line 19) * binary: dd invocation. (line 205) * binary I/O: dd invocation. (line 205) * binary input files: md5sum invocation. (line 38) * blank: Character sets. (line 97) * blank lines, numbering: nl invocation. (line 87) * blanks, ignoring leading: sort invocation. (line 79) * block (space-padding): dd invocation. (line 82) * block size <1>: dd invocation. (line 33) * block size: Block size. (line 6) * block size of conversion: dd invocation. (line 40) * block size of input: dd invocation. (line 25) * block size of output: dd invocation. (line 29) * block special check: File type tests. (line 10) * block special files: mknod invocation. (line 11) * block special files, creating: mknod invocation. (line 6) * BLOCK_SIZE: Block size. (line 12) * BLOCKSIZE: Block size. (line 12) * body, numbering: nl invocation. (line 17) * Bourne shell syntax for color setup: dircolors invocation. (line 34) * breaks, cause interrupts: Input. (line 12) * breaks, ignoring: Input. (line 9) * brkint: Input. (line 12) * bs: dd invocation. (line 33) * BSD sum: sum invocation. (line 25) * BSD tail: tail invocation. (line 19) * BSD touch compatibility: touch invocation. (line 71) * bsN: Output. (line 55) * bugs, reporting: Introduction. (line 12) * built-in shell commands, conflicts with <1>: sleep invocation. (line 34) * built-in shell commands, conflicts with <2>: kill invocation. (line 13) * built-in shell commands, conflicts with <3>: nice invocation. (line 37) * built-in shell commands, conflicts with <4>: pwd invocation. (line 30) * built-in shell commands, conflicts with <5>: test invocation. (line 28) * built-in shell commands, conflicts with <6>: printf invocation. (line 16) * built-in shell commands, conflicts with <7>: echo invocation. (line 11) * built-in shell commands, conflicts with <8>: stat invocation. (line 15) * built-in shell commands, conflicts with: mknod invocation. (line 20) * byte count: wc invocation. (line 6) * byte-swapping: dd invocation. (line 101) * c for character special file: mknod invocation. (line 34) * C shell syntax for color setup: dircolors invocation. (line 40) * C-s/C-q flow control: Input. (line 40) * calendar date item: Calendar date items. (line 6) * canonical file name: readlink invocation. (line 6) * canonicalize a file name: readlink invocation. (line 6) * case folding: sort invocation. (line 94) * case translation: Local. (line 36) * case, ignored in dates: General date syntax. (line 64) * cat: cat invocation. (line 6) * cbreak: Combination. (line 52) * cbs: dd invocation. (line 40) * CD-ROM file system type: df invocation. (line 135) * cdfs file system type: df invocation. (line 135) * change or print terminal settings: stty invocation. (line 6) * change SELinux context: chcon invocation. (line 6) * changed files, verbosely describing: chgrp invocation. (line 20) * changed owners, verbosely describing: chown invocation. (line 70) * changing access permissions: chmod invocation. (line 6) * changing file attributes: Changing file attributes. (line 6) * changing file ownership: chown invocation. (line 6) * changing file timestamps: touch invocation. (line 6) * changing group ownership <1>: chgrp invocation. (line 6) * changing group ownership: chown invocation. (line 6) * changing security context: chcon invocation. (line 6) * changing special mode bits: Changing Special Mode Bits. (line 6) * character classes: Character sets. (line 78) * character count: wc invocation. (line 6) * character size: Control. (line 19) * character special check: File type tests. (line 13) * character special files: mknod invocation. (line 11) * character special files, creating: mknod invocation. (line 6) * characters, special: Characters. (line 6) * chcon: chcon invocation. (line 6) * check file types: test invocation. (line 6) * checking for sortedness: sort invocation. (line 18) * checksum, 128-bit: md5sum invocation. (line 6) * checksum, 16-bit: sum invocation. (line 6) * checksum, 160-bit: sha1sum invocation. (line 6) * checksum, 224-bit: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * checksum, 256-bit: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * checksum, 384-bit: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * checksum, 512-bit: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * chgrp: chgrp invocation. (line 6) * chmod: chmod invocation. (line 6) * chown: chown invocation. (line 6) * chroot: chroot invocation. (line 6) * cio: dd invocation. (line 155) * cksum: cksum invocation. (line 6) * clocal: Control. (line 33) * clone: cp invocation. (line 261) * cntrl: Character sets. (line 100) * color database, printing: dircolors invocation. (line 45) * color setup: dircolors invocation. (line 6) * color, distinguishing file types with: General output formatting. (line 21) * cols: Special. (line 27) * column to wrap data after: base64 invocation. (line 22) * COLUMNS: Special. (line 30) * columns: Special. (line 27) * COLUMNS: General output formatting. (line 104) * combination settings: Combination. (line 6) * comm: comm invocation. (line 6) * command-line operands to shuffle: shuf invocation. (line 19) * commands for controlling processes: Process control. (line 6) * commands for delaying: Delaying. (line 6) * commands for exit status: Conditions. (line 6) * commands for file name manipulation: File name manipulation. (line 6) * commands for invoking other commands: Modified command invocation. (line 6) * commands for printing text: Printing text. (line 6) * commands for printing the working context: Working context. (line 6) * commands for printing user information: User information. (line 6) * commands for redirection: Redirection. (line 6) * commands for SELinux context: SELinux context. (line 6) * commands for system context: System context. (line 6) * commas, outputting between files: General output formatting. (line 78) * comments, in dates: General date syntax. (line 64) * common field, joining on: join invocation. (line 6) * common lines: comm invocation. (line 18) * common options: Common options. (line 6) * compare values: test invocation. (line 6) * comparing sorted files: comm invocation. (line 6) * comparison operators: Relations for expr. (line 22) * concatenate and write files: cat invocation. (line 6) * concurrent I/O: dd invocation. (line 155) * conditional executability: Conditional Executability. (line 6) * conditions: Conditions. (line 6) * conflicts with shell built-ins <1>: sleep invocation. (line 34) * conflicts with shell built-ins <2>: kill invocation. (line 13) * conflicts with shell built-ins <3>: nice invocation. (line 37) * conflicts with shell built-ins <4>: pwd invocation. (line 30) * conflicts with shell built-ins <5>: test invocation. (line 28) * conflicts with shell built-ins <6>: printf invocation. (line 16) * conflicts with shell built-ins <7>: echo invocation. (line 11) * conflicts with shell built-ins <8>: stat invocation. (line 15) * conflicts with shell built-ins: mknod invocation. (line 20) * connectives, logical <1>: Relations for expr. (line 6) * connectives, logical: Connectives for test. (line 6) * context splitting: csplit invocation. (line 6) * context, system: System context. (line 6) * control characters, using ^C: Local. (line 51) * control settings: Control. (line 6) * controlling terminal: dd invocation. (line 193) * conv: dd invocation. (line 59) * conversion block size: dd invocation. (line 40) * conversion specifiers, date: Date conversion specifiers. (line 6) * conversion specifiers, literal: Literal conversion specifiers. (line 6) * conversion specifiers, time: Time conversion specifiers. (line 6) * converting tabs to spaces: expand invocation. (line 6) * converting while copying a file: dd invocation. (line 6) * cooked: Combination. (line 37) * Coordinated Universal Time: Options for date. (line 87) * copy on write: cp invocation. (line 261) * copying directories recursively: cp invocation. (line 90) * copying existing permissions: Copying Permissions. (line 6) * copying files: cat invocation. (line 6) * copying files and directories: cp invocation. (line 6) * copying files and setting attributes: install invocation. (line 6) * core utilities: Top. (line 18) * count: dd invocation. (line 51) * COW: cp invocation. (line 261) * cp: cp invocation. (line 6) * crashes and corruption: sync invocation. (line 11) * CRC checksum: cksum invocation. (line 6) * cread: Control. (line 30) * creating directories: mkdir invocation. (line 6) * creating FIFOs (named pipes): mkfifo invocation. (line 6) * creating links (hard only): link invocation. (line 6) * creating links (hard or soft): ln invocation. (line 6) * creating output file, avoiding: dd invocation. (line 109) * creating output file, requiring: dd invocation. (line 113) * crN: Output. (line 45) * crown margin: fmt invocation. (line 34) * crt: Combination. (line 75) * crterase: Local. (line 22) * crtkill: Local. (line 56) * crtscts: Control. (line 36) * csh syntax for color setup: dircolors invocation. (line 40) * csN: Control. (line 19) * csplit: csplit invocation. (line 6) * cstopb: Control. (line 27) * ctime, printing or sorting by: Sorting the output. (line 13) * ctime, show the most recent: du invocation. (line 154) * ctlecho: Local. (line 51) * current working directory, printing: pwd invocation. (line 6) * cut: cut invocation. (line 6) * cyclic redundancy check: cksum invocation. (line 6) * data, erasing: shred invocation. (line 6) * database for color setup, printing: dircolors invocation. (line 45) * date: date invocation. (line 6) * date conversion specifiers: Date conversion specifiers. (line 6) * date format, ISO 8601: Calendar date items. (line 30) * date input formats: Date input formats. (line 6) * date options: Options for date. (line 6) * date strings, parsing: Options for date. (line 11) * day in date strings: Relative items in date strings. (line 15) * day of week item: Day of week items. (line 6) * dd: dd invocation. (line 6) * dec: Combination. (line 78) * decctlq: Combination. (line 63) * Decode base64 data: base64 invocation. (line 30) * delay for a specified time: sleep invocation. (line 6) * delaying commands: Delaying. (line 6) * deleting characters: Squeezing. (line 6) * dereferencing symbolic links: ln invocation. (line 42) * descriptor follow option: tail invocation. (line 48) * destination directory <1>: ln invocation. (line 149) * destination directory <2>: mv invocation. (line 105) * destination directory <3>: install invocation. (line 120) * destination directory <4>: cp invocation. (line 336) * destination directory: Target directory. (line 15) * destinations, multiple output: tee invocation. (line 6) * device file, disk: df invocation. (line 19) * df: df invocation. (line 6) * DF_BLOCK_SIZE: Block size. (line 12) * diagnostic: chcon invocation. (line 47) * dictionary order: sort invocation. (line 87) * differing lines: comm invocation. (line 18) * digit: Character sets. (line 103) * dir: dir invocation. (line 6) * dircolors: dircolors invocation. (line 6) * direct: dd invocation. (line 161) * direct I/O: dd invocation. (line 161) * directories, copying: cp invocation. (line 6) * directories, copying recursively: cp invocation. (line 90) * directories, creating: mkdir invocation. (line 6) * directories, creating with given attributes: install invocation. (line 62) * directories, removing (recursively): rm invocation. (line 91) * directories, removing empty: rmdir invocation. (line 6) * directory: dd invocation. (line 169) * directory check: File type tests. (line 16) * directory components, printing: dirname invocation. (line 6) * directory deletion, ignoring failures: rmdir invocation. (line 17) * directory deletion, reporting: rmdir invocation. (line 31) * directory I/O: dd invocation. (line 169) * directory listing: ls invocation. (line 6) * directory listing, brief: dir invocation. (line 6) * directory listing, recursive: Which files are listed. (line 91) * directory listing, verbose: vdir invocation. (line 6) * directory order, listing by: Sorting the output. (line 20) * directory, creating temporary: mktemp invocation. (line 6) * directory, stripping from file names: basename invocation. (line 6) * dired Emacs mode support: What information is listed. (line 16) * dirname: dirname invocation. (line 6) * disabling special characters: Characters. (line 13) * disambiguating group names and IDs: Disambiguating names and IDs. (line 6) * disk allocation: What information is listed. (line 244) * disk device file: df invocation. (line 19) * disk usage: Disk usage. (line 6) * disk usage by file system: df invocation. (line 6) * disk usage for files: du invocation. (line 6) * diskette file system: df invocation. (line 139) * displacement of dates: Relative items in date strings. (line 6) * displaying text: echo invocation. (line 6) * displaying value of a symbolic link: readlink invocation. (line 6) * division: Numeric expressions. (line 16) * do nothing, successfully: true invocation. (line 6) * do nothing, unsuccessfully: false invocation. (line 6) * DOS file system: df invocation. (line 139) * double spacing: pr invocation. (line 94) * down columns: pr invocation. (line 68) * dsusp: Characters. (line 53) * dsync: dd invocation. (line 174) * du: du invocation. (line 6) * DU_BLOCK_SIZE: Block size. (line 12) * ebcdic, converting to: dd invocation. (line 69) * echo <1>: Local. (line 18) * echo: echo invocation. (line 6) * echoctl: Local. (line 51) * echoe: Local. (line 22) * echok: Local. (line 26) * echoke: Local. (line 56) * echonl: Local. (line 29) * echoprt: Local. (line 46) * effective user and group IDs, printing: id invocation. (line 6) * effective user ID, printing: whoami invocation. (line 6) * efs file system type: df invocation. (line 131) * Eggert, Paul: Authors of get_date. (line 6) * eight-bit characters <1>: Combination. (line 55) * eight-bit characters: Control. (line 19) * eight-bit input: Input. (line 25) * ek: Combination. (line 22) * empty files, creating: touch invocation. (line 11) * empty lines, numbering: nl invocation. (line 87) * entire files, output of: Output of entire files. (line 6) * env: env invocation. (line 6) * environment variables, printing: printenv invocation. (line 6) * environment, preserving: su invocation. (line 64) * environment, printing: env invocation. (line 45) * environment, running a program in a modified: env invocation. (line 6) * eof: Characters. (line 32) * eol: Characters. (line 35) * eol2: Characters. (line 38) * epoch, for POSIX: Seconds since the Epoch. (line 13) * epoch, seconds since: Time conversion specifiers. (line 41) * equal string check: String tests. (line 22) * equivalence classes: Character sets. (line 127) * erase: Characters. (line 26) * erasing data: shred invocation. (line 6) * error messages, omitting <1>: chmod invocation. (line 45) * error messages, omitting <2>: chgrp invocation. (line 26) * error messages, omitting: chown invocation. (line 76) * evaluation of expressions: expr invocation. (line 6) * even parity: Control. (line 13) * evenp: Combination. (line 9) * exabyte, definition of: Block size. (line 116) * examples of date: Examples of date. (line 6) * examples of expr: Examples of expr. (line 6) * exbibyte, definition of: Block size. (line 120) * excl: dd invocation. (line 113) * excluding files from du: du invocation. (line 205) * executable file check: Access permission tests. (line 24) * executables and file type, marking: General output formatting. (line 36) * execute/search permission: Mode Structure. (line 18) * execute/search permission, symbolic: Setting Permissions. (line 63) * existence-of-file check: File characteristic tests. (line 9) * existing backup method: Backup options. (line 39) * exit status commands: Conditions. (line 6) * exit status of chroot: chroot invocation. (line 58) * exit status of env: env invocation. (line 100) * exit status of expr: expr invocation. (line 43) * exit status of false: false invocation. (line 6) * exit status of ls: ls invocation. (line 29) * exit status of mktemp: mktemp invocation. (line 130) * exit status of nice: nice invocation. (line 56) * exit status of nohup: nohup invocation. (line 47) * exit status of pathchk: pathchk invocation. (line 50) * exit status of printenv: printenv invocation. (line 25) * exit status of runcon: runcon invocation. (line 46) * exit status of sort: sort invocation. (line 58) * exit status of stdbuf: stdbuf invocation. (line 61) * exit status of su: su invocation. (line 80) * exit status of test: test invocation. (line 41) * exit status of timeout: timeout invocation. (line 37) * exit status of true: true invocation. (line 6) * exit status of tty: tty invocation. (line 21) * expand: expand invocation. (line 6) * expr: expr invocation. (line 6) * expression evaluation <1>: expr invocation. (line 6) * expression evaluation: test invocation. (line 6) * expressions, numeric: Numeric expressions. (line 6) * expressions, string: String expressions. (line 6) * extended attributes, xattr <1>: mv invocation. (line 34) * extended attributes, xattr: install invocation. (line 35) * extension, sorting files by: Sorting the output. (line 63) * factor: factor invocation. (line 6) * failure exit status: false invocation. (line 6) * false: false invocation. (line 6) * fascism: su invocation. (line 87) * fdatasync: dd invocation. (line 127) * ffN: Output. (line 63) * field separator character: sort invocation. (line 316) * fields, padding numeric: Padding and other flags. (line 6) * FIFOs, creating: mkfifo invocation. (line 6) * file attributes, changing: Changing file attributes. (line 6) * file characteristic tests: File characteristic tests. (line 6) * file contents, dumping unambiguously: od invocation. (line 6) * file information, preserving: cp invocation. (line 231) * file information, preserving, extended attributes, xattr: cp invocation. (line 163) * file mode bits, numeric: Numeric Modes. (line 6) * file name manipulation: File name manipulation. (line 6) * file name pattern expansion, disabled: su invocation. (line 44) * file names, checking validity and portability: pathchk invocation. (line 6) * file names, creating temporary: mktemp invocation. (line 6) * file names, stripping directory and suffix: basename invocation. (line 6) * file offset radix: od invocation. (line 36) * file ownership, changing: chown invocation. (line 6) * file sizes: du invocation. (line 50) * file space usage: du invocation. (line 6) * file status: stat invocation. (line 6) * file system disk usage: df invocation. (line 6) * file system sizes: df invocation. (line 38) * file system space, retrieving current data more slowly: df invocation. (line 106) * file system space, retrieving old data more quickly: df invocation. (line 73) * file system status: stat invocation. (line 6) * file system types, limiting output to certain: df invocation. (line 69) * file system types, printing: df invocation. (line 119) * file systems: stat invocation. (line 28) * file systems and hard links: ln invocation. (line 6) * file systems, omitting copying to different: cp invocation. (line 359) * file timestamps, changing: touch invocation. (line 6) * file type and executables, marking: General output formatting. (line 36) * file type tests: File type tests. (line 6) * file type, marking: General output formatting. (line 47) * file types: Special file types. (line 9) * file types, special: Special file types. (line 6) * file utilities: Top. (line 18) * files beginning with -, removing: rm invocation. (line 98) * files, copying: cp invocation. (line 6) * files, creating: truncate invocation. (line 11) * fingerprint, 128-bit: md5sum invocation. (line 6) * fingerprint, 160-bit: sha1sum invocation. (line 6) * fingerprint, 224-bit: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * fingerprint, 256-bit: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * fingerprint, 384-bit: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * fingerprint, 512-bit: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * first in date strings: General date syntax. (line 26) * first part of files, outputting: head invocation. (line 6) * fixed-length records, converting to variable-length: dd invocation. (line 40) * flow control, hardware: Control. (line 36) * flow control, software: Input. (line 45) * flushing, disabling: Local. (line 32) * fmt: fmt invocation. (line 6) * fold: fold invocation. (line 6) * folding long input lines: fold invocation. (line 6) * footers, numbering: nl invocation. (line 17) * force deletion: shred invocation. (line 101) * formatting file contents: Formatting file contents. (line 6) * formatting of numbers in seq: seq invocation. (line 24) * formatting times <1>: date invocation. (line 20) * formatting times: pr invocation. (line 98) * fortnight in date strings: Relative items in date strings. (line 15) * fsync: dd invocation. (line 131) * fullblock: dd invocation. (line 213) * general date syntax: General date syntax. (line 6) * general numeric sort: sort invocation. (line 105) * get_date: Date input formats. (line 6) * gibibyte, definition of: Block size. (line 99) * gigabyte, definition of: Block size. (line 95) * giving away permissions: Umask and Protection. (line 12) * globbing, disabled: su invocation. (line 44) * GMT: Options for date. (line 87) * grand total of disk size, usage and available space: df invocation. (line 42) * grand total of disk space: du invocation. (line 55) * graph: Character sets. (line 106) * Greenwich Mean Time: Options for date. (line 87) * group IDs, disambiguating: Disambiguating names and IDs. (line 6) * group names, disambiguating: Disambiguating names and IDs. (line 6) * group owner, default: Mode Structure. (line 31) * group ownership of installed files, setting: install invocation. (line 68) * group ownership, changing <1>: chgrp invocation. (line 6) * group ownership, changing: chown invocation. (line 6) * group wheel, not supported: su invocation. (line 87) * group, permissions for: Setting Permissions. (line 26) * groups: groups invocation. (line 6) * growing files: tail invocation. (line 48) * hangups, immunity to: nohup invocation. (line 6) * hard link check: File characteristic tests. (line 23) * hard link, defined: ln invocation. (line 32) * hard links: dd invocation. (line 202) * hard links to directories: ln invocation. (line 90) * hard links to symbolic links: ln invocation. (line 161) * hard links, counting in du: du invocation. (line 96) * hard links, creating <1>: ln invocation. (line 6) * hard links, creating: link invocation. (line 6) * hard links, preserving: cp invocation. (line 103) * hardware class: uname invocation. (line 41) * hardware flow control: Control. (line 36) * hardware platform: uname invocation. (line 35) * hardware type: uname invocation. (line 41) * hat notation for control characters: Local. (line 51) * head: head invocation. (line 6) * head of output: shuf invocation. (line 32) * headers, numbering: nl invocation. (line 17) * help, online: Common options. (line 37) * hex dump of files: od invocation. (line 6) * High Sierra file system: df invocation. (line 135) * holes, copying files with: cp invocation. (line 284) * holes, creating files with: truncate invocation. (line 13) * HOME: su invocation. (line 18) * horizontal, listing files: General output formatting. (line 88) * host processor type: uname invocation. (line 50) * hostid: hostid invocation. (line 6) * hostname <1>: hostname invocation. (line 6) * hostname: uname invocation. (line 46) * hour in date strings: Relative items in date strings. (line 15) * hsfs file system type: df invocation. (line 135) * human numeric sort: sort invocation. (line 133) * human-readable output <1>: du invocation. (line 81) * human-readable output <2>: df invocation. (line 48) * human-readable output <3>: What information is listed. (line 116) * human-readable output: Block size. (line 43) * hup[cl]: Control. (line 23) * hurd, author, printing: What information is listed. (line 10) * ibs: dd invocation. (line 25) * icanon: Local. (line 11) * icrnl: Input. (line 34) * id: id invocation. (line 6) * idle time: who invocation. (line 86) * iexten: Local. (line 15) * if: dd invocation. (line 17) * iflag: dd invocation. (line 136) * ignbrk: Input. (line 9) * igncr: Input. (line 31) * ignore file systems: df invocation. (line 32) * Ignore garbage in base64 stream: base64 invocation. (line 36) * ignoring case: sort invocation. (line 94) * ignpar: Input. (line 15) * imaxbel: Input. (line 59) * immunity to hangups: nohup invocation. (line 6) * implementation, hardware: uname invocation. (line 35) * indenting lines: pr invocation. (line 200) * index: String expressions. (line 45) * information, about current users: who invocation. (line 6) * initial part of files, outputting: head invocation. (line 6) * initial tabs, converting: expand invocation. (line 34) * inlcr: Input. (line 28) * inode number, printing: What information is listed. (line 123) * inode usage: df invocation. (line 58) * inode, and hard links: ln invocation. (line 32) * inodes, written buffered: sync invocation. (line 6) * inpck: Input. (line 22) * input block size: dd invocation. (line 25) * input encoding, UTF-8: Input. (line 37) * input range to shuffle: shuf invocation. (line 23) * input settings: Input. (line 6) * input tabs: pr invocation. (line 118) * install: install invocation. (line 6) * intr: Characters. (line 20) * invocation of commands, modified: Modified command invocation. (line 6) * isig: Local. (line 7) * ISO 8601 date format: Calendar date items. (line 30) * ISO/IEC 10646: printf invocation. (line 68) * ispeed: Special. (line 16) * istrip: Input. (line 25) * items in date strings: General date syntax. (line 6) * iterations, selecting the number of: shred invocation. (line 106) * iuclc: Input. (line 50) * iutf8: Input. (line 37) * ixany: Input. (line 55) * ixoff: Input. (line 45) * ixon: Input. (line 40) * join: join invocation. (line 6) * kernel name: uname invocation. (line 65) * kernel release: uname invocation. (line 61) * kernel version: uname invocation. (line 76) * kibibyte, definition of: Block size. (line 83) * kibibytes for file sizes: du invocation. (line 90) * kibibytes for file system sizes: df invocation. (line 63) * kill <1>: kill invocation. (line 6) * kill: Characters. (line 29) * kilobyte, definition of: Block size. (line 78) * Knuth, Donald E.: fmt invocation. (line 19) * language, in dates: General date syntax. (line 40) * last DAY <1>: Day of week items. (line 15) * last DAY: Options for date. (line 11) * last in date strings: General date syntax. (line 26) * last modified dates, displaying in du: du invocation. (line 148) * last part of files, outputting: tail invocation. (line 6) * LC_ALL <1>: ls invocation. (line 17) * LC_ALL: sort invocation. (line 49) * LC_COLLATE <1>: Relations for expr. (line 22) * LC_COLLATE <2>: join invocation. (line 14) * LC_COLLATE <3>: comm invocation. (line 12) * LC_COLLATE <4>: uniq invocation. (line 21) * LC_COLLATE: sort invocation. (line 49) * LC_CTYPE <1>: printf invocation. (line 68) * LC_CTYPE: sort invocation. (line 79) * LC_MESSAGES: pr invocation. (line 13) * LC_NUMERIC <1>: printf invocation. (line 57) * LC_NUMERIC <2>: sort invocation. (line 105) * LC_NUMERIC: Block size. (line 57) * LC_TIME <1>: date invocation. (line 11) * LC_TIME <2>: du invocation. (line 168) * LC_TIME <3>: Formatting file timestamps. (line 30) * LC_TIME <4>: sort invocation. (line 149) * LC_TIME: pr invocation. (line 105) * LCASE: Combination. (line 71) * lcase: Combination. (line 71) * lcase, converting to: dd invocation. (line 93) * lchown <1>: chgrp invocation. (line 30) * lchown: chown invocation. (line 103) * leading directories, creating missing: install invocation. (line 62) * leading directory components, stripping: basename invocation. (line 6) * left margin: pr invocation. (line 200) * length: String expressions. (line 50) * limiting output of du: du invocation. (line 116) * line: Special. (line 37) * line buffered: stdbuf invocation. (line 6) * line count: wc invocation. (line 6) * line numbering: nl invocation. (line 6) * line settings of terminal: stty invocation. (line 6) * line-breaking: fmt invocation. (line 19) * line-by-line comparison: comm invocation. (line 6) * LINES: Special. (line 30) * link: link invocation. (line 6) * links, creating <1>: ln invocation. (line 6) * links, creating: link invocation. (line 6) * Linux file system types: df invocation. (line 131) * literal conversion specifiers: Literal conversion specifiers. (line 6) * litout: Combination. (line 59) * ln: ln invocation. (line 6) * ln format for nl: nl invocation. (line 98) * lnext: Characters. (line 62) * local file system types: df invocation. (line 131) * local settings: Local. (line 6) * logging out and continuing to run: nohup invocation. (line 6) * logical and operator <1>: Relations for expr. (line 17) * logical and operator: Connectives for test. (line 12) * logical connectives <1>: Relations for expr. (line 6) * logical connectives: Connectives for test. (line 6) * logical or operator <1>: Relations for expr. (line 11) * logical or operator: Connectives for test. (line 15) * logical pages, numbering on: nl invocation. (line 12) * login name, printing: logname invocation. (line 6) * login sessions, printing users with: users invocation. (line 6) * login shell: su invocation. (line 18) * login shell, creating: su invocation. (line 53) * login time: who invocation. (line 11) * LOGNAME: su invocation. (line 18) * logname: logname invocation. (line 6) * long ls format: What information is listed. (line 131) * lower: Character sets. (line 109) * lowercase, translating to output: Output. (line 12) * ls: ls invocation. (line 6) * LS_BLOCK_SIZE: Block size. (line 12) * LS_COLORS: dircolors invocation. (line 23) * lutimes: touch invocation. (line 75) * machine type: uname invocation. (line 41) * machine-readable stty output: stty invocation. (line 41) * MacKenzie, D.: Introduction. (line 19) * MacKenzie, David: Authors of get_date. (line 6) * Makefiles, installing programs in: install invocation. (line 30) * manipulating files: Basic operations. (line 6) * manipulation of file names: File name manipulation. (line 6) * match: String expressions. (line 36) * matching patterns: String expressions. (line 11) * MD5: md5sum invocation. (line 6) * md5sum: md5sum invocation. (line 6) * mebibyte, definition of: Block size. (line 92) * mebibytes for file sizes: du invocation. (line 106) * megabyte, definition of: Block size. (line 88) * merging files: paste invocation. (line 6) * merging files in parallel: pr invocation. (line 6) * merging sorted files: sort invocation. (line 32) * message status: who invocation. (line 95) * message-digest, 128-bit: md5sum invocation. (line 6) * message-digest, 160-bit: sha1sum invocation. (line 6) * message-digest, 224-bit: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * message-digest, 256-bit: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * message-digest, 384-bit: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * message-digest, 512-bit: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * Meyering, J.: Introduction. (line 19) * Meyering, Jim: Authors of get_date. (line 6) * midnight in date strings: Time of day items. (line 22) * min: Special. (line 7) * minute in date strings: Relative items in date strings. (line 15) * minutes, time zone correction by: Time of day items. (line 30) * MIT AI lab: su invocation. (line 92) * mkdir: mkdir invocation. (line 6) * mkfifo: mkfifo invocation. (line 6) * mknod: mknod invocation. (line 6) * mktemp: mktemp invocation. (line 6) * modem control: Control. (line 33) * modes and umask: Umask and Protection. (line 6) * modes of created directories, setting: mkdir invocation. (line 19) * modes of created FIFOs, setting: mkfifo invocation. (line 21) * modification time, sorting files by: Sorting the output. (line 36) * modified command invocation: Modified command invocation. (line 6) * modified environment, running a program in a: env invocation. (line 6) * modify time, changing: touch invocation. (line 90) * month in date strings: Relative items in date strings. (line 15) * month names in date strings: Calendar date items. (line 38) * months, sorting by: sort invocation. (line 149) * months, written-out: General date syntax. (line 36) * MS-DOS file system: df invocation. (line 139) * mtime, changing: touch invocation. (line 90) * multicolumn output, generating: pr invocation. (line 6) * multiple changes to permissions: Multiple Changes. (line 6) * multiplication: Numeric expressions. (line 16) * multipliers after numbers: dd invocation. (line 227) * mv: mv invocation. (line 6) * name follow option: tail invocation. (line 48) * name of kernel: uname invocation. (line 65) * named pipe check: File type tests. (line 28) * named pipes, creating: mkfifo invocation. (line 6) * network node name: uname invocation. (line 46) * never interactive option: rm invocation. (line 52) * newer files, copying only: cp invocation. (line 345) * newer files, moving only: mv invocation. (line 82) * newer-than file check: File characteristic tests. (line 15) * newline echoing after kill: Local. (line 26) * newline, echoing: Local. (line 29) * newline, translating to crlf: Output. (line 19) * newline, translating to return: Input. (line 28) * next DAY <1>: Day of week items. (line 15) * next DAY: Options for date. (line 11) * next in date strings: General date syntax. (line 26) * NFS file system type: df invocation. (line 126) * NFS mounts from BSD to HP-UX <1>: du invocation. (line 216) * NFS mounts from BSD to HP-UX: What information is listed. (line 252) * nice: nice invocation. (line 6) * niceness: nice invocation. (line 6) * nl <1>: Combination. (line 18) * nl: nl invocation. (line 6) * nlN: Output. (line 39) * no dereference: chcon invocation. (line 22) * no-op: true invocation. (line 6) * noatime: dd invocation. (line 188) * nocreat: dd invocation. (line 109) * noctty: dd invocation. (line 193) * node name: uname invocation. (line 46) * noerror: dd invocation. (line 106) * noflsh: Local. (line 32) * nofollow: dd invocation. (line 199) * nohup: nohup invocation. (line 6) * nohup.out: nohup invocation. (line 6) * nolinks: dd invocation. (line 202) * non-directories, copying as special files: cp invocation. (line 90) * non-directory suffix, stripping: dirname invocation. (line 6) * nonblock: dd invocation. (line 185) * nonblocking I/O: dd invocation. (line 185) * none backup method: Backup options. (line 31) * none color option: General output formatting. (line 23) * none, sorting option for ls: Sorting the output. (line 49) * nonempty file check: File characteristic tests. (line 12) * nonprinting characters, ignoring: sort invocation. (line 142) * nonzero-length string check: String tests. (line 19) * noon in date strings: Time of day items. (line 22) * not-equal string check: String tests. (line 25) * notrunc: dd invocation. (line 119) * now in date strings: Relative items in date strings. (line 33) * nproc: nproc invocation. (line 6) * number of inputs to merge, nmerge: sort invocation. (line 250) * numbered backup method: Backup options. (line 35) * numbering lines: nl invocation. (line 6) * numbers, written-out: General date syntax. (line 26) * numeric expressions: Numeric expressions. (line 6) * numeric field padding: Padding and other flags. (line 6) * numeric modes: Numeric Modes. (line 6) * numeric operations: Numeric operations. (line 6) * numeric sequences: seq invocation. (line 6) * numeric sort: sort invocation. (line 159) * numeric tests: Numeric tests. (line 6) * numeric uid and gid: What information is listed. (line 234) * numeric user and group IDs: What information is listed. (line 234) * obs: dd invocation. (line 29) * ocrnl: Output. (line 16) * octal dump of files: od invocation. (line 6) * octal numbers for file modes: Numeric Modes. (line 6) * od: od invocation. (line 6) * odd parity: Control. (line 13) * oddp: Combination. (line 14) * of: dd invocation. (line 20) * ofdel: Output. (line 34) * ofill: Output. (line 30) * oflag: dd invocation. (line 140) * olcuc: Output. (line 12) * older-than file check: File characteristic tests. (line 19) * once interactive option: rm invocation. (line 54) * one file system, restricting du to: du invocation. (line 201) * one file system, restricting rm to: rm invocation. (line 63) * one-line output format: df invocation. (line 80) * onlcr: Output. (line 19) * onlret: Output. (line 27) * onocr: Output. (line 23) * operating on characters: Operating on characters. (line 6) * operating on sorted files: Operating on sorted files. (line 6) * operating system name: uname invocation. (line 57) * opost: Output. (line 9) * option delimiter: Common options. (line 44) * options for date: Options for date. (line 6) * or operator <1>: Relations for expr. (line 11) * or operator: Connectives for test. (line 15) * ordinal numbers: General date syntax. (line 26) * ospeed: Special. (line 19) * other permissions: Setting Permissions. (line 29) * output block size: dd invocation. (line 29) * output file name prefix <1>: csplit invocation. (line 62) * output file name prefix: split invocation. (line 14) * output file name suffix: csplit invocation. (line 66) * output format: stat invocation. (line 33) * output format, portable: df invocation. (line 80) * output NUL-byte-terminated lines <1>: env invocation. (line 83) * output NUL-byte-terminated lines <2>: printenv invocation. (line 19) * output NUL-byte-terminated lines: du invocation. (line 122) * output of entire files: Output of entire files. (line 6) * output of parts of files: Output of parts of files. (line 6) * output settings: Output. (line 6) * output tabs: pr invocation. (line 137) * overwriting of input, allowed <1>: shuf invocation. (line 37) * overwriting of input, allowed: sort invocation. (line 276) * owned by effective group ID check: Access permission tests. (line 31) * owned by effective user ID check: Access permission tests. (line 28) * owner of file, permissions for: Setting Permissions. (line 23) * owner, default: Mode Structure. (line 31) * ownership of installed files, setting: install invocation. (line 86) * p for FIFO file: mknod invocation. (line 28) * pad character: Output. (line 34) * pad instead of timing for delaying: Output. (line 30) * padding of numeric fields: Padding and other flags. (line 6) * paragraphs, reformatting: fmt invocation. (line 6) * parenb: Control. (line 9) * parent directories and cp: cp invocation. (line 235) * parent directories, creating: mkdir invocation. (line 34) * parent directories, creating missing: install invocation. (line 62) * parent directories, removing: rmdir invocation. (line 22) * parentheses for grouping: expr invocation. (line 31) * parity: Combination. (line 10) * parity errors, marking: Input. (line 18) * parity, ignoring: Input. (line 15) * parmrk: Input. (line 18) * parodd: Control. (line 13) * parsing date strings: Options for date. (line 11) * parts of files, output of: Output of parts of files. (line 6) * pass8: Combination. (line 55) * passwd entry, and su shell: su invocation. (line 12) * paste: paste invocation. (line 6) * Paterson, R.: Introduction. (line 19) * PATH <1>: su invocation. (line 53) * PATH: env invocation. (line 23) * pathchk: pathchk invocation. (line 6) * pattern matching: String expressions. (line 11) * PC file system: df invocation. (line 139) * pcfs: df invocation. (line 139) * pebibyte, definition of: Block size. (line 113) * permission tests: Access permission tests. (line 6) * permissions of installed files, setting: install invocation. (line 74) * permissions, changing access: chmod invocation. (line 6) * permissions, copying existing: Copying Permissions. (line 6) * permissions, for changing file timestamps: touch invocation. (line 17) * permissions, output by ls: What information is listed. (line 191) * petabyte, definition of: Block size. (line 109) * phone directory order: sort invocation. (line 87) * pieces, splitting a file into: split invocation. (line 6) * Pinard, F. <1>: Authors of get_date. (line 14) * Pinard, F.: Introduction. (line 19) * pipe fitting: tee invocation. (line 6) * Plass, Michael F.: fmt invocation. (line 19) * platform, hardware: uname invocation. (line 35) * pm in date strings: Time of day items. (line 22) * portable file names, checking for: pathchk invocation. (line 6) * portable output format: df invocation. (line 80) * POSIX: Introduction. (line 11) * POSIX output format: df invocation. (line 80) * POSIXLY_CORRECT <1>: id invocation. (line 11) * POSIXLY_CORRECT <2>: printf invocation. (line 48) * POSIXLY_CORRECT <3>: echo invocation. (line 76) * POSIXLY_CORRECT <4>: dd invocation. (line 261) * POSIXLY_CORRECT <5>: sort invocation. (line 284) * POSIXLY_CORRECT <6>: pr invocation. (line 105) * POSIXLY_CORRECT <7>: Standards conformance. (line 6) * POSIXLY_CORRECT: Common options. (line 11) * POSIXLY_CORRECT, and block size: Block size. (line 12) * pr: pr invocation. (line 6) * prime factors: factor invocation. (line 6) * print: Character sets. (line 112) * print machine hardware name: arch invocation. (line 6) * print name of current directory: pwd invocation. (line 6) * print system information: uname invocation. (line 6) * print terminal file name: tty invocation. (line 6) * Print the number of processors: nproc invocation. (line 6) * printenv: printenv invocation. (line 6) * printf: printf invocation. (line 6) * printing all or some environment variables: printenv invocation. (line 6) * printing color database: dircolors invocation. (line 45) * printing current user information: who invocation. (line 6) * printing current usernames: users invocation. (line 6) * printing groups a user is in: groups invocation. (line 6) * printing real and effective user and group IDs: id invocation. (line 6) * printing text: echo invocation. (line 6) * printing text, commands for: Printing text. (line 6) * printing the current time: date invocation. (line 6) * printing the effective user ID: whoami invocation. (line 6) * printing the host identifier: hostid invocation. (line 6) * printing the hostname: hostname invocation. (line 6) * printing the system uptime and load: uptime invocation. (line 6) * printing user's login name: logname invocation. (line 6) * printing, preparing files for: pr invocation. (line 6) * process zero-terminated items <1>: uniq invocation. (line 112) * process zero-terminated items <2>: shuf invocation. (line 48) * process zero-terminated items: sort invocation. (line 359) * processes, commands for controlling: Process control. (line 6) * prompting, and ln: ln invocation. (line 100) * prompting, and mv: mv invocation. (line 38) * prompting, and rm: rm invocation. (line 11) * prompts, forcing: mv invocation. (line 69) * prompts, omitting: mv invocation. (line 63) * prterase: Local. (line 46) * ptx: ptx invocation. (line 6) * punct: Character sets. (line 115) * pure numbers in date strings: Pure numbers in date strings. (line 6) * pwd: pwd invocation. (line 6) * quit: Characters. (line 23) * quoting style: Formatting the file names. (line 34) * radix for file offsets: od invocation. (line 36) * random sort: sort invocation. (line 188) * random source for shredding: shred invocation. (line 112) * random source for shuffling: shuf invocation. (line 43) * random source for sorting: sort invocation. (line 289) * random sources: Random sources. (line 6) * ranges: Character sets. (line 50) * raw: Combination. (line 43) * read errors, ignoring: dd invocation. (line 106) * read from stdin and write to stdout and files: tee invocation. (line 6) * read permission: Mode Structure. (line 12) * read permission, symbolic: Setting Permissions. (line 57) * read system call, and holes: cp invocation. (line 284) * readable file check: Access permission tests. (line 15) * readlink: readlink invocation. (line 6) * real user and group IDs, printing: id invocation. (line 6) * realpath: readlink invocation. (line 6) * recursive directory listing: Which files are listed. (line 91) * recursively changing access permissions: chmod invocation. (line 69) * recursively changing file ownership: chown invocation. (line 140) * recursively changing group ownership: chgrp invocation. (line 66) * recursively copying directories: cp invocation. (line 90) * redirection: Redirection. (line 6) * reference file: chcon invocation. (line 25) * reformatting paragraph text: fmt invocation. (line 6) * regular expression matching: String expressions. (line 11) * regular file check: File type tests. (line 19) * relations, numeric or string: Relations for expr. (line 6) * relative items in date strings: Relative items in date strings. (line 6) * release of kernel: uname invocation. (line 61) * remainder: Numeric expressions. (line 16) * remote hostname: who invocation. (line 11) * removing empty directories: rmdir invocation. (line 6) * removing files after shredding: shred invocation. (line 123) * removing files or directories: rm invocation. (line 6) * removing files or directories (via the unlink syscall): unlink invocation. (line 6) * removing permissions: Setting Permissions. (line 42) * repeated characters: Character sets. (line 71) * repeated lines, outputting: uniq invocation. (line 63) * repeated output of a string: yes invocation. (line 6) * restricted deletion flag: Mode Structure. (line 56) * restricted shell: su invocation. (line 64) * return, ignoring: Input. (line 31) * return, translating to newline <1>: Output. (line 16) * return, translating to newline: Input. (line 34) * reverse sorting <1>: Sorting the output. (line 27) * reverse sorting: sort invocation. (line 182) * reversing files: tac invocation. (line 6) * rm: rm invocation. (line 6) * rmdir: rmdir invocation. (line 6) * rn format for nl: nl invocation. (line 101) * root as default owner: install invocation. (line 86) * root directory, allow recursive destruction: rm invocation. (line 84) * root directory, allow recursive modification <1>: chmod invocation. (line 54) * root directory, allow recursive modification <2>: chgrp invocation. (line 48) * root directory, allow recursive modification: chown invocation. (line 121) * root directory, disallow recursive destruction: rm invocation. (line 79) * root directory, disallow recursive modification <1>: chmod invocation. (line 49) * root directory, disallow recursive modification <2>: chgrp invocation. (line 43) * root directory, disallow recursive modification: chown invocation. (line 116) * root directory, running a program in a specified: chroot invocation. (line 6) * root, becoming: su invocation. (line 6) * rows: Special. (line 22) * rprnt: Characters. (line 56) * RTS/CTS flow control: Control. (line 36) * run commands with bounded time: timeout invocation. (line 6) * run with security context: runcon invocation. (line 6) * runcon: runcon invocation. (line 6) * running a program in a modified environment: env invocation. (line 6) * running a program in a specified root directory: chroot invocation. (line 6) * rz format for nl: nl invocation. (line 104) * Salz, Rich: Authors of get_date. (line 6) * same file check: File characteristic tests. (line 23) * sane: Combination. (line 26) * scheduling, affecting: nice invocation. (line 6) * screen columns: fold invocation. (line 14) * seconds since the epoch: Time conversion specifiers. (line 41) * section delimiters of pages: nl invocation. (line 68) * security context <1>: id invocation. (line 48) * security context <2>: mknod invocation. (line 54) * security context <3>: mkfifo invocation. (line 28) * security context <4>: mkdir invocation. (line 56) * security context <5>: install invocation. (line 91) * security context: What information is listed. (line 268) * seek: dd invocation. (line 48) * self-backups: cp invocation. (line 53) * SELinux <1>: id invocation. (line 48) * SELinux <2>: mknod invocation. (line 54) * SELinux <3>: mkfifo invocation. (line 28) * SELinux <4>: mkdir invocation. (line 56) * SELinux <5>: install invocation. (line 91) * SELinux: What information is listed. (line 268) * SELinux context: SELinux context. (line 6) * SELinux, context: SELinux context. (line 6) * send a signal to processes: kill invocation. (line 6) * sentences and line-breaking: fmt invocation. (line 19) * separator for numbers in seq: seq invocation. (line 42) * seq: seq invocation. (line 6) * sequence of numbers: seq invocation. (line 6) * set-group-ID: Mode Structure. (line 49) * set-group-ID check: Access permission tests. (line 9) * set-user-ID: Mode Structure. (line 42) * set-user-ID check: Access permission tests. (line 18) * setgid: Mode Structure. (line 49) * setting permissions: Setting Permissions. (line 46) * setting the hostname: hostname invocation. (line 6) * setting the time: Setting the time. (line 6) * setuid: Mode Structure. (line 42) * setup for color: dircolors invocation. (line 6) * sh syntax for color setup: dircolors invocation. (line 34) * SHA-1: sha1sum invocation. (line 6) * SHA-2: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * sha1sum: sha1sum invocation. (line 6) * sha224sum: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * sha256sum: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * sha384sum: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * sha512sum: sha2 utilities. (line 6) * SHELL: su invocation. (line 18) * SHELL environment variable, and color: dircolors invocation. (line 23) * shell utilities: Top. (line 18) * shred: shred invocation. (line 6) * shuf: shuf invocation. (line 6) * shuffling files: shuf invocation. (line 6) * SI output <1>: du invocation. (line 128) * SI output <2>: df invocation. (line 99) * SI output <3>: What information is listed. (line 260) * SI output: Block size. (line 43) * signals, specifying: Signal specifications. (line 6) * simple backup method: Backup options. (line 44) * SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX: Backup options. (line 50) * single-column output of files: General output formatting. (line 10) * size: Special. (line 30) * size for main memory sorting: sort invocation. (line 300) * size of file to shred: shred invocation. (line 117) * size of files, reporting: What information is listed. (line 244) * size of files, sorting files by: Sorting the output. (line 32) * skip: dd invocation. (line 45) * sleep: sleep invocation. (line 6) * socket check: File type tests. (line 31) * software flow control: Input. (line 45) * sort: sort invocation. (line 6) * sort field: sort invocation. (line 231) * sort stability: sort invocation. (line 38) * sort's last-resort comparison: sort invocation. (line 38) * sorted files, operations on: Operating on sorted files. (line 6) * sorting files: sort invocation. (line 6) * sorting ls output: Sorting the output. (line 6) * space: Character sets. (line 118) * sparse files, copying: cp invocation. (line 284) * sparse files, creating: truncate invocation. (line 13) * special characters: Characters. (line 6) * special file types: Special file types. (line 6) * special files: mknod invocation. (line 11) * special settings: Special. (line 6) * specifying sets of characters: Character sets. (line 6) * speed: Special. (line 40) * split: split invocation. (line 6) * splitting a file into pieces: split invocation. (line 6) * splitting a file into pieces by context: csplit invocation. (line 6) * squeezing empty lines: cat invocation. (line 35) * squeezing repeat characters: Squeezing. (line 6) * Stallman, R.: Introduction. (line 19) * standard input: Common options. (line 49) * standard output: Common options. (line 49) * standard streams, buffering: stdbuf invocation. (line 6) * start: Characters. (line 44) * stat: stat invocation. (line 6) * status: dd invocation. (line 55) * status time, printing or sorting by: Sorting the output. (line 13) * status time, show the most recent: du invocation. (line 154) * stdbuf: stdbuf invocation. (line 6) * sticky: Mode Structure. (line 56) * sticky bit check: Access permission tests. (line 12) * stop: Characters. (line 47) * stop bits: Control. (line 27) * strftime and date: date invocation. (line 20) * string constants, outputting: od invocation. (line 76) * string expressions: String expressions. (line 6) * string tests: String tests. (line 6) * strip directory and suffix from file names: basename invocation. (line 6) * stripping non-directory suffix: dirname invocation. (line 6) * stripping symbol table information: install invocation. (line 108) * stripping trailing slashes <1>: mv invocation. (line 95) * stripping trailing slashes: cp invocation. (line 318) * stty: stty invocation. (line 6) * su: su invocation. (line 6) * substitute user and group IDs: su invocation. (line 6) * substr: String expressions. (line 40) * subtracting permissions: Setting Permissions. (line 42) * subtraction: Numeric expressions. (line 12) * successful exit: true invocation. (line 6) * suffix, stripping from file names: basename invocation. (line 6) * sum: sum invocation. (line 6) * summarizing files: Summarizing files. (line 6) * super-user, becoming: su invocation. (line 6) * superblock, writing: sync invocation. (line 6) * supplementary groups, printing: groups invocation. (line 6) * susp: Characters. (line 50) * swab (byte-swapping): dd invocation. (line 101) * swap space, saving text image in: Mode Structure. (line 56) * swtch: Characters. (line 41) * symbol table information, stripping: install invocation. (line 108) * symbol table information, stripping, program: install invocation. (line 111) * symbolic (soft) links, creating: ln invocation. (line 6) * symbolic link check: File type tests. (line 23) * symbolic link to directory, controlling traversal of: Traversing symlinks. (line 6) * symbolic link to directory, never traverse <1>: chcon invocation. (line 42) * symbolic link to directory, never traverse <2>: chgrp invocation. (line 79) * symbolic link to directory, never traverse <3>: chown invocation. (line 152) * symbolic link to directory, never traverse: Traversing symlinks. (line 26) * symbolic link to directory, traverse each that is encountered <1>: chcon invocation. (line 38) * symbolic link to directory, traverse each that is encountered <2>: chgrp invocation. (line 75) * symbolic link to directory, traverse each that is encountered <3>: chown invocation. (line 148) * symbolic link to directory, traverse each that is encountered: Traversing symlinks. (line 22) * symbolic link to directory, traverse each that is specified on the command line <1>: chcon invocation. (line 33) * symbolic link to directory, traverse each that is specified on the command line <2>: chgrp invocation. (line 70) * symbolic link to directory, traverse each that is specified on the command line <3>: chown invocation. (line 143) * symbolic link to directory, traverse each that is specified on the command line: Traversing symlinks. (line 18) * symbolic link, defined: ln invocation. (line 42) * symbolic links and ln: ln invocation. (line 161) * symbolic links and pwd: pwd invocation. (line 26) * symbolic links, changing group: chgrp invocation. (line 35) * symbolic links, changing owner <1>: chgrp invocation. (line 30) * symbolic links, changing owner: chown invocation. (line 80) * symbolic links, changing time: touch invocation. (line 75) * symbolic links, copying: cp invocation. (line 103) * symbolic links, copying with: cp invocation. (line 323) * symbolic links, dereferencing: Which files are listed. (line 36) * symbolic links, dereferencing in du: du invocation. (line 101) * symbolic links, dereferencing in stat: stat invocation. (line 22) * symbolic links, following: dd invocation. (line 199) * symbolic links, permissions of: chmod invocation. (line 10) * symbolic modes: Symbolic Modes. (line 6) * sync <1>: sync invocation. (line 6) * sync: dd invocation. (line 182) * sync (padding with ASCII NULs): dd invocation. (line 122) * synchronize disk and memory: sync invocation. (line 6) * synchronized data and metadata I/O: dd invocation. (line 182) * synchronized data and metadata writes, before finishing: dd invocation. (line 131) * synchronized data reads: dd invocation. (line 174) * synchronized data writes, before finishing: dd invocation. (line 127) * syslog: su invocation. (line 29) * system context: System context. (line 6) * system information, printing <1>: uname invocation. (line 6) * system information, printing <2>: nproc invocation. (line 6) * system information, printing: arch invocation. (line 6) * system name, printing: hostname invocation. (line 6) * System V sum: sum invocation. (line 31) * tab stops, setting: expand invocation. (line 22) * tabN: Output. (line 51) * tabs: Combination. (line 66) * tabs to spaces, converting: expand invocation. (line 6) * tac: tac invocation. (line 6) * tagged paragraphs: fmt invocation. (line 40) * tail: tail invocation. (line 6) * tandem: Input. (line 45) * target directory <1>: ln invocation. (line 149) * target directory <2>: mv invocation. (line 105) * target directory <3>: install invocation. (line 120) * target directory <4>: cp invocation. (line 336) * target directory: Target directory. (line 6) * tebibyte, definition of: Block size. (line 106) * tee: tee invocation. (line 6) * telephone directory order: sort invocation. (line 87) * temporary directory: sort invocation. (line 336) * temporary files and directories: mktemp invocation. (line 6) * terabyte, definition of: Block size. (line 102) * TERM: su invocation. (line 53) * terminal check: File type tests. (line 34) * terminal file name, printing: tty invocation. (line 6) * terminal lines, currently used: who invocation. (line 11) * terminal settings: stty invocation. (line 6) * terminal, using color iff: General output formatting. (line 25) * terse output: stat invocation. (line 53) * test: test invocation. (line 6) * text: dd invocation. (line 209) * text I/O: dd invocation. (line 209) * text image, saving in swap space: Mode Structure. (line 56) * text input files: md5sum invocation. (line 87) * text utilities: Top. (line 18) * text, displaying: echo invocation. (line 6) * text, reformatting: fmt invocation. (line 6) * this in date strings: Relative items in date strings. (line 33) * time <1>: Special. (line 11) * time: touch invocation. (line 61) * time conversion specifiers: Time conversion specifiers. (line 6) * time formats <1>: date invocation. (line 20) * time formats: pr invocation. (line 98) * time limit: timeout invocation. (line 6) * time of day item: Time of day items. (line 6) * time setting: Setting the time. (line 6) * time style <1>: du invocation. (line 163) * time style: Formatting file timestamps. (line 26) * time units <1>: sleep invocation. (line 11) * time units: timeout invocation. (line 30) * time zone correction: Time of day items. (line 30) * time zone item <1>: Time zone items. (line 6) * time zone item: General date syntax. (line 44) * time, printing or setting: date invocation. (line 6) * TIME_STYLE <1>: du invocation. (line 191) * TIME_STYLE: Formatting file timestamps. (line 106) * timeout: timeout invocation. (line 6) * timestamps of installed files, preserving: install invocation. (line 98) * timestamps, changing file: touch invocation. (line 6) * TMPDIR: sort invocation. (line 64) * today in date strings: Relative items in date strings. (line 33) * tomorrow: Options for date. (line 11) * tomorrow in date strings: Relative items in date strings. (line 29) * topological sort: tsort invocation. (line 6) * tostop: Local. (line 41) * total counts: wc invocation. (line 12) * touch: touch invocation. (line 6) * tr: tr invocation. (line 6) * trailing slashes: Trailing slashes. (line 6) * translating characters: Translating. (line 6) * true: true invocation. (line 6) * truncate: truncate invocation. (line 6) * truncating output file, avoiding: dd invocation. (line 119) * truncating, file sizes: truncate invocation. (line 6) * tsort: tsort invocation. (line 6) * tty: tty invocation. (line 6) * Twenex: su invocation. (line 92) * two-way parity: Control. (line 9) * type size: od invocation. (line 122) * TZ <1>: Specifying time zone rules. (line 6) * TZ <2>: Options for date. (line 87) * TZ <3>: date invocation. (line 16) * TZ <4>: who invocation. (line 26) * TZ <5>: stat invocation. (line 139) * TZ <6>: touch invocation. (line 40) * TZ <7>: Formatting file timestamps. (line 18) * TZ: pr invocation. (line 111) * u, and disabling special characters: Characters. (line 13) * ucase, converting to: dd invocation. (line 96) * ufs file system type: df invocation. (line 131) * umask and modes: Umask and Protection. (line 6) * uname: uname invocation. (line 6) * unblock: dd invocation. (line 87) * unexpand: unexpand invocation. (line 6) * Unicode: printf invocation. (line 68) * uniq: uniq invocation. (line 6) * unique lines, outputting: uniq invocation. (line 101) * uniquify files: uniq invocation. (line 6) * uniquifying output: sort invocation. (line 345) * unlink: unlink invocation. (line 6) * unprintable characters, ignoring: sort invocation. (line 142) * unsorted directory listing: Sorting the output. (line 20) * upper: Character sets. (line 121) * uppercase, translating to lowercase: Input. (line 50) * uptime: uptime invocation. (line 6) * use time, changing: touch invocation. (line 53) * use time, printing or sorting files by: Sorting the output. (line 13) * use time, show the most recent: du invocation. (line 154) * USER: su invocation. (line 18) * user ID, switching: su invocation. (line 6) * user IDs, disambiguating: Disambiguating names and IDs. (line 6) * user information, commands for: User information. (line 6) * user name, printing: logname invocation. (line 6) * user names, disambiguating: Disambiguating names and IDs. (line 6) * usernames, printing current: users invocation. (line 6) * users: users invocation. (line 6) * UTC: Options for date. (line 87) * utmp <1>: who invocation. (line 15) * utmp <2>: users invocation. (line 14) * utmp: logname invocation. (line 6) * valid file names, checking for: pathchk invocation. (line 6) * variable-length records, converting to fixed-length: dd invocation. (line 40) * vdir: vdir invocation. (line 6) * verbose ls format: What information is listed. (line 131) * verifying MD5 checksums: md5sum invocation. (line 69) * version number sort: sort invocation. (line 176) * version number, finding: Common options. (line 41) * version of kernel: uname invocation. (line 76) * version, sorting option for ls: Sorting the output. (line 56) * version-control Emacs variable: Backup options. (line 24) * VERSION_CONTROL <1>: ln invocation. (line 84) * VERSION_CONTROL <2>: mv invocation. (line 58) * VERSION_CONTROL <3>: install invocation. (line 42) * VERSION_CONTROL <4>: cp invocation. (line 75) * VERSION_CONTROL: Backup options. (line 13) * vertical sorted files in columns: General output formatting. (line 15) * vtN: Output. (line 59) * wc: wc invocation. (line 6) * week in date strings: Relative items in date strings. (line 15) * werase: Characters. (line 59) * wheel group, not supported: su invocation. (line 87) * who: who invocation. (line 6) * who am i: who invocation. (line 21) * whoami: whoami invocation. (line 6) * word count: wc invocation. (line 6) * working context: Working context. (line 6) * working directory, printing: pwd invocation. (line 6) * wrap data: base64 invocation. (line 22) * wrapping long input lines: fold invocation. (line 6) * writable file check: Access permission tests. (line 21) * write permission: Mode Structure. (line 15) * write permission, symbolic: Setting Permissions. (line 60) * write, allowed: who invocation. (line 95) * wtmp <1>: who invocation. (line 15) * wtmp: users invocation. (line 14) * xcase: Local. (line 36) * xdigit: Character sets. (line 124) * XON/XOFF flow control: Input. (line 40) * year in date strings: Relative items in date strings. (line 15) * yes: yes invocation. (line 6) * yesterday: Options for date. (line 11) * yesterday in date strings: Relative items in date strings. (line 29) * yottabyte, definition of: Block size. (line 131) * Youmans, B.: Introduction. (line 19) * zero-length string check: String tests. (line 15) * zettabyte, definition of: Block size. (line 123) * |: Relations for expr. (line 11)  Tag Table: Node: Top8359 Node: Introduction22126 Node: Common options23685 Node: Exit status26899 Node: Backup options27650 Node: Block size29574 Node: Signal specifications34483 Node: Disambiguating names and IDs36533 Ref: Disambiguating names and IDs-Footnote-138102 Node: Random sources38172 Node: Target directory39789 Node: Trailing slashes43274 Node: Traversing symlinks44295 Node: Treating / specially45366 Node: Special built-in utilities46913 Node: Standards conformance48048 Node: Output of entire files49564 Node: cat invocation50165 Node: tac invocation51921 Node: nl invocation53183 Node: od invocation57062 Node: base64 invocation63910 Node: Formatting file contents65289 Node: fmt invocation65740 Node: pr invocation68553 Node: fold invocation81010 Node: Output of parts of files82470 Node: head invocation82978 Node: tail invocation85163 Node: split invocation93762 Node: csplit invocation96123 Node: Summarizing files100874 Node: wc invocation101522 Node: sum invocation104596 Node: cksum invocation106001 Node: md5sum invocation107141 Node: sha1sum invocation112202 Node: sha2 utilities112982 Node: Operating on sorted files113606 Node: sort invocation114193 Ref: sort invocation-Footnote-1137245 Node: shuf invocation137797 Node: uniq invocation140376 Node: comm invocation145068 Node: ptx invocation147489 Node: General options in ptx150293 Node: Charset selection in ptx150874 Node: Input processing in ptx151776 Node: Output formatting in ptx157197 Node: Compatibility in ptx163763 Node: tsort invocation166996 Node: tsort background170155 Node: Operating on fields171803 Node: cut invocation172165 Node: paste invocation175680 Node: join invocation176994 Node: Operating on characters182907 Node: tr invocation183329 Node: Character sets185047 Node: Translating189478 Node: Squeezing191569 Node: expand invocation194636 Node: unexpand invocation196118 Node: Directory listing197936 Node: ls invocation198422 Ref: ls invocation-Footnote-1200518 Node: Which files are listed200740 Node: What information is listed204480 Node: Sorting the output213727 Node: Details about version sort216037 Node: General output formatting217805 Node: Formatting file timestamps221708 Node: Formatting the file names227049 Node: dir invocation229965 Node: vdir invocation230376 Node: dircolors invocation230754 Node: Basic operations232452 Node: cp invocation233072 Node: dd invocation248364 Node: install invocation258082 Node: mv invocation263357 Node: rm invocation267919 Node: shred invocation272223 Node: Special file types279726 Node: link invocation281232 Node: ln invocation282451 Node: mkdir invocation290243 Node: mkfifo invocation292614 Node: mknod invocation293734 Node: readlink invocation295864 Node: rmdir invocation297835 Node: unlink invocation299109 Node: Changing file attributes300068 Node: chown invocation300882 Node: chgrp invocation307068 Node: chmod invocation310118 Node: touch invocation312873 Node: Disk usage318727 Node: df invocation319388 Node: du invocation325330 Node: stat invocation333850 Node: sync invocation337832 Node: truncate invocation338787 Node: Printing text340546 Node: echo invocation340920 Node: printf invocation343376 Node: yes invocation348612 Node: Conditions349224 Node: false invocation349815 Node: true invocation350850 Node: test invocation352129 Node: File type tests354169 Node: Access permission tests355051 Node: File characteristic tests355936 Node: String tests356701 Node: Numeric tests357366 Node: Connectives for test358172 Node: expr invocation358525 Node: String expressions360966 Node: Numeric expressions363550 Node: Relations for expr364247 Node: Examples of expr365441 Node: Redirection366165 Node: tee invocation366623 Node: File name manipulation371413 Node: basename invocation371929 Node: dirname invocation373376 Node: pathchk invocation374586 Node: mktemp invocation376350 Node: Working context381970 Node: pwd invocation382614 Node: stty invocation383958 Node: Control386718 Node: Input387478 Node: Output389151 Node: Local390471 Node: Combination392053 Node: Characters394274 Node: Special395828 Node: printenv invocation397485 Node: tty invocation398495 Node: User information399201 Node: id invocation399836 Node: logname invocation401759 Node: whoami invocation402386 Node: groups invocation402873 Node: users invocation404078 Node: who invocation405025 Node: System context407961 Node: date invocation408626 Node: Time conversion specifiers410343 Node: Date conversion specifiers412743 Node: Literal conversion specifiers415867 Node: Padding and other flags416225 Node: Setting the time418416 Node: Options for date419422 Node: Examples of date422898 Ref: %s-examples424316 Node: arch invocation426501 Node: nproc invocation426950 Node: uname invocation428060 Node: hostname invocation430634 Node: hostid invocation431247 Node: uptime invocation431958 Node: SELinux context433081 Node: chcon invocation433456 Node: runcon invocation435278 Node: Modified command invocation436744 Node: chroot invocation437494 Ref: chroot invocation-Footnote-1440062 Node: env invocation440364 Node: nice invocation444608 Node: nohup invocation448322 Node: stdbuf invocation450605 Node: su invocation452806 Node: timeout invocation457307 Node: Process control458769 Node: kill invocation458992 Node: Delaying462063 Node: sleep invocation462260 Node: Numeric operations463380 Node: factor invocation463712 Node: seq invocation465463 Node: File permissions469083 Node: Mode Structure469701 Node: Symbolic Modes473396 Node: Setting Permissions474494 Node: Copying Permissions477107 Node: Changing Special Mode Bits477926 Node: Conditional Executability479748 Node: Multiple Changes480292 Node: Umask and Protection481959 Node: Numeric Modes483064 Node: Directory Setuid and Setgid484964 Node: Date input formats487226 Node: General date syntax489579 Node: Calendar date items492538 Node: Time of day items494543 Node: Time zone items496747 Node: Day of week items497989 Node: Relative items in date strings498986 Node: Pure numbers in date strings501796 Node: Seconds since the Epoch502785 Node: Specifying time zone rules504414 Node: Authors of get_date506786 Node: Opening the software toolbox507546 Node: Toolbox introduction508218 Node: I/O redirection510941 Node: The who command513775 Node: The cut command514672 Node: The sort command515735 Node: The uniq command516439 Node: Putting the tools together517129 Ref: Putting the tools together-Footnote-1529081 Node: GNU Free Documentation License529155 Node: Concept index554348  End Tag Table 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>>>>>??2? H?R? c?"m????#?*?'@/@N@g@$y@#@%@@!A-*AXAuAAAAAAAB+BEBIB`B~BBB;BB C-C*HC-sCCCCCC#D"9D\DuD DD"D#D!D!E4EKEjEE EEEEEFF!:F\F"tFF FFF G G 6GWGlG(G GGG,G9HHH'NHvH H-H#H&H*I$9I^IuI!I"I#IIJ +J9J QJ[JkJ{J J&J J JJK&K >K IK UK`KuK K KKK K KKKL,L7ALyLLLLL LLLJ M UM cMpMMM?M=M("N>KN@NN/NOO-O0EOvOO&O0O O, P*7P bP nP {P P7PVP#RFRMSCRS*SS0TTTYYUU UUUUU U UV V#V'?VgVVVV&VJV!;W]W)wW%W"WW.X!5XWXwXXX6XX+Y--Y[YmYYYYYY Z'Z=Z)UZZZ'ZZ&Z@[[[w[[["[ [[ \"\2\K\]\m\)\!\-\\\]] $]C/]qs]>]8$^ ]^h^ p^z^ ^^^^^^^ ^W^3_8_=_y@__ __4_s`Kx`*``J`9Ba*|aaa)a(ab.b-Hb'vb-b5b$c.'cYVc.c,c d(%dNd$jd#d+d%d)eZ/e$e(e0e3 f%=f&cf-f%f*f- g 7g Xgfgngsg:g4g0g,,h(Yh$h hhhhhii!iO;iiJiIi ;jHj+[jj j j'j)k)9k,ck+k8k<k42l8glll&lm !m#Bm"fm%m+m#mmn o=Ko!o!o1o5o5p'Np,vpp0ppq%q=q)[qqqqq#q%r7r Rr"srrrr/rs's:s Rssss$s"ss t t(t8t+Jtvttt-t2t4u#Fujuu(u)u(u&v&Av-hvvvvvv%v!w?w#\wwww1ww xxX3xx#xx/x2yLyfy~yyy"y$yz/zKz\z#pz(z(z#z {#{B{_{}{{{{{{"{ |=|%T|&z|&||||}(}G}a})}}}}+}9~O~+W~~~.~ ~+~(+Gs#$,) Jbv (݀*1C"UxՁ  9 Uaj Ă@ق3D`q'eȃ. @Lh?=Ƅ&I+@u+ͅE5{5; #.13` Ƈ7އ.Uuf;Hk_{c3ZbVYGw=Na-[QJBn v9I $+XDi2jG0C>63s1.!a%\4O ymT~ u=DpY XC BKP+otM/}o? @<g<AS[1#-5*zP,\k qqEfR?:W7l5sF*'Axyt 7LU6":~S/e@;HvLW9Ej(i`N!)# drh^K0]|T8^I"z2O]Qn'|(e`>wVrhd)Zbgx_J %l$&,{pFc4R&8mM} If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual. If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. --help display this help and exit --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --version output version information and exit -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline (backup: %s) Mounted on TTY groups= old on repetition %s %b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%s%s -> %s (unbackup) %s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has unknown file type%s is too large%s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot rewind%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: descend into directory %s? %s: error truncating%s: error writing at offset %s%s: expected a numeric value%s: file has negative size%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of passes%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: multiple signals specified%s: no size information for this device%s: number of bytes is too large%s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s: seek failed%s: value not completely converted%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}'', load average: %.2f??? COMMENTCall the unlink function to remove the specified FILE. Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made Compare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Directory: EXITF. PinardFAILEDFilesystem Filesystem TypeIDLEIdleIn real life: LINELoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. NAMENameOKOutput who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. PIDPassword:Plan: Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the name of the current user. Project: Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Set LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Shell: TIMEThe strings compared were %s and %s.Try `%s --help' for more information. Unknown system errorUsage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Valid arguments are:Warning: WhenWhereWritten by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. ^[nN]^[yY]`accessing %sambiguous argument %s for %san input delimiter may be specified only when operating on fieldsappending output to %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileblock special files not supportedbyte offset %s is too largecannot access %scannot backup %scannot change ownership of %scannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot chdir to root directorycannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot determine hostnamecannot follow %s by namecannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open directory %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot read directory %scannot read realtime clockcannot read symbolic link %scannot remove %scannot reposition file pointer for %scannot set datecannot set group idcannot set groupscannot set user idcannot split in more than one waycannot stat %scannot touch %scannot un-backup %scannot unlink %schanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %scharacter offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special filecharacter special files not supportedclock changeclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputcouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %sdirectorydivision by zeroempty taberror in regular expression searcherror reading %serror writing %sexit=failed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to get attributes of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to open %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to redirect standard errorfailed to return to initial working directoryfield number %s is too largefield number is zerofifofork system call failedfts_read failedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsignoring non-option argumentsincompatible tabsincorrect passwordinput disappearedinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid body numbering style: %sinvalid byte or field listinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid date format %sinvalid device %s %sinvalid device type %sinvalid field number: %sinvalid field width: %sinvalid floating point argument: %sinvalid footer numbering style: %sinvalid format precisioninvalid format widthinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid header numbering style: %sinvalid line number field width: %sinvalid line number increment: %sinvalid line numbering format: %sinvalid line width: %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid maximum depth %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid modeinvalid mode %sinvalid number %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of blank lines: %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid number of lines: 0invalid option -- %cinvalid precision: %sinvalid starting line number: %sinvalid tab size: %sinvalid time style format %sinvalid universal character name \%c%0*xinvalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)last=line count option -%s%c... is too largememory exhaustedmessage queuemissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multiple -l or -t options specifiedmultiple output files specifiedno files remainingno login nameno process ID specifiednot a ttynumber of bytesnumber of linesomitting directory %sonly one device may be specifiedonly one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %sownership of %s retained as %s page width too narrowpreserving times for %sread errorread failedreading %sreading directory %sregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %srun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptysetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstray character in field specstring comparison failedsuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errortab size cannot be 0tab stop is too large %sterm=the --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe delimiter must be a single characterthe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivetime %s is out of rangetoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtotalunknown user-ID: %sunrecognized prefix: %suse --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeuser %s does not existusing restricted shell %swarning: cannot change directory to %swarning: source file %s specified more than onceweird filewill not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swrite errorwrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsProject-Id-Version: coreutils 5.2.1 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2004-03-17 11:58+0200 Last-Translator: Petri Jooste Language-Team: Afrikaans MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit As LÊER nie gespesifiseer is nie, gebruik %s. %s vir LÊER is algemeen. As ARG1 ARG2 gegee is, word -n veronderstel: `am i'of `mom likes' is normaal. As geen bevel gegee is nie, loop ``${SHELL} -i'' (verstek: /bin/sh). Lees vanaf standaardtoevoer as LÊER gegee is as -. Elke PATROON kan wees: Met geen LÊER, of wanneer die LÊER - is, lees standaardtoevoer. --help wys hierdie teks en stop --no-preserve-root moenie `/' spesiaal anders hanteer nie (by verstek) --preserve-root moenie rekursief te werk gaan met `/' nie --version wys weergawe-inligting en stop -t ekwivalent aan -vT -T, --show-tabs wys keepkarakters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting gebruik ^ and M- notasie, behalwe vir LFD and TAB -z, --zero-terminated beëindig reëls met 'n 0-greep, i.p.v. 'n nuwereëlkarakter (rugsteun: %s) geheg aan TTYgroepe= oudby herhaling %s %b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%s%s -> %s (ont-rugsteun) %s en %s is dieselfde lêer%s bestaan maar is nie 'n lêergids nie%s het 'n onbekende lêertipe%s is te groot%s: MISLUKTE open of lees %s: gebruiker bestaan nie%s: `}' word benodig in herhaaltelling%s: relatiewe simboliese skakels kan slegs in die huidige gids gemaak word%s: kan nie die gids oorskryf nie%s: kan nie teruggaan nie%s: kan nie skuif tot by uitwyking %s nie%s: afsluit-skeisimbool `%c' ontbreek%s: wil jy ingaan in lêergids %s?%s: fout tydens afeindiging%s: fout tydens skryfbewerking by uitwyking %s%s: 'n numeriese waarde is verwag%s: lêer het negatiewe grootte%s: lêer te groot%s: lêer te lank%s: lêer is afgekap%s: 'n vaste skakel word nie toegelaat vir 'n gids nie%s: toevoer bevat 'n lus%s: Die toevoerlêernaam is 'n afvoerlêer.%s: 'n heelgetal is verwag na die skeisimbool%s: ongeldige PID%s: ongeldige lêergrootte.%s: ongeldige lêertipe:%s: ongeldige getal%s: ongeldige aantal grepe%s: ongeldige aantal reëls%s: ongeldige aantal lopies%s: ongeldige aantal sekondes%s: ongeldige patroon%s: ongeldige proses-id%s: ongeldige reëlmatige uitdrukking: %s%s: ongeldige sein%s: ongeldige suffikslengte%s: reëlnommer moet groter as nul wees%s: reëlnommer buite bereik%s: veelvuldige seine is gespesifiseer%s: geen grootte-inligting is beskikbaar vir hierdie toestel nie%s: aantal grepe is te veel%s: oorskryf %s?%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: leesfout%s: verwyder %s %s? %s: verwyder lees-alleen %s %s? %s: is verwyder%s: besig om te verwyder%s: hernoem as %s%s: vervang %s?%s: seek het misluk%s: waarde is nie volledig omgeskakel nie%s:%lu: onbekende sleutelwoord %s%s}: tussen `{' en `}' moet 'n heelgetal wees', ladinggemiddeld: %.2f??? KOMMENTAARRoep die unlink-funksie om die gespesifiseerde LÊER te verwyder. Verander die modus vir elke LÊER na MODUS. -c, --changes soos verbose maar meld slegs veranderinge Vergelyk gesorteerde lêers LÊER1 en LÊER2 reël-vir-reël. Skep die LÊERGIDS(e), as hulle nie reeds bestaan nie. Lêergids:VERLAATF. PinardGEFAALLêerstelselLêerstelseltipe: LUIERLuierIn die regte lewe:LYNAantekenAantekennaam:Verpligte parameters vir langformaat opsies is ook verpligtend vir kortformaat opsies. NAAMNaamOKVertoon wie tans aangeteken is volgens LÊER. As LÊER nie gespesifiseer is nie, gebruik %s. %s vir LÊER is algemeen. PIDWagwoord:Plan: Druk CRC-toetssom en greeptellings van elke LÊER. Druk NAAM sonder enige voorafgaande gidsaanduiding. Indien gespesifiseer, word die SUFFIKS agteraan ook verwyder. Druk die geselekteerde dele van reëls uit elke LÊER na standaardafvoer. Druk die naam van die huidige gebruiker. Projek:Skryf voortdurend 'n reël met al die gespesifiseerde STRING(e), of `y'. Loop BEVEL met wortelgids gestel volgens NUWEBEGINPUNT. Stel LC_ALL='C' om die probleem te systapDop:TYDDie stringe wat vergelyk is, is %s en %s.Probeer `%s --help' vir meer inligting. Onbekende stelselfoutGebruik so: %s BEVEL [ARG]... of: %s OPSIE Gebruik so: %s UITDRUKKING of: %s OPSIE Gebruik so: %s LÊER of: %s OPSIE Gebruik so: %s LÊER1 LÊER2 of: %s OPSIE Gebruik so: %s FORMAAT [ARGUMENT]... of: %s OPSIE Gebruik so: %s NAAM of: %s OPSIE Gebruik so: %s NAAM [SUFFIKS] of: %s OPSIE Gebruik so: %s [-s SEIN | -SEIN] PID... of: %s -l [SEIN]... of: %s -t [SEIN]... Gebruik so: %s [LÊER]... of: %s [OPSIE] Gebruik so: %s [GETAL]... of: %s OPSIE Gebruik so: %s [OPSIE] Gebruik so: %s [OPSIE] [BEVEL [ARG]...] Gebruik so: %s [OPSIE]... Gebruik so: %s [OPSIE]... GIDS... Gebruik so: %s [OPSIE]... LÊER Gebruik so: %s [OPSIE]... LÊER PATROON... Gebruik so: %s [OPSIE]... LÊER... Gebruik so: %s [OPSIE]... LÊER1 LÊER2 Gebruik so: %s [OPSIE]... GROEP LÊER... of: %s [OPSIE]... --reference=RLÊER LÊER... Gebruik so: %s [OPSIE]... NAAM... Gebruik so: %s [OPSIE]... STEL1 [STEL2] Gebruik so: %s [OPSIE]... [ LÊER | ARG1 ARG2 ] Gebruik so: %s [OPSIE]... [-] [GEBRUIKER [ARG]...] Gebruik so: %s [OPSIE]... [ LÊER ] Gebruik so: %s [OPSIE]... [LÊER]... Gebruik so: %s [OPSIE]... [TOEVOER [AFVOER]] Gebruik so: %s [OPSIE]... [ LÊER ] Gebruik so: %s [OPSIE]... [GEBRUIKER]... Gebruik so: %s [STRING]... of: %s OPSIE Geldige parameters is soos volg:Waarskuwing: WanneerWaarGeskryf deur %s en %s. Geskryf deur %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s %s, %s en ander. Geskryf deur %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s en %s. Geskryf deur %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s en %s. Geskryf deur %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s en %s. Geskryf deur %s, %s, %s, %s, %s en %s. Geskryf deur %s, %s, %s, %s en %s. Geskryf deur %s, %s, %s en %s. Geskryf deur %s, %s en %s. Geskryf deur %s. ^[nN]^[jJ]`verkry toegang na %sdubbelsinnige parameter %s vir %sslegs wanneer velde gebruik word mag 'n toevoer-skeikarakter gespesifiseer wordafvoer word bygevoeg by %som rugsteun te neem van %s sal die bron vernietig; %s is nie gekopieer nieom rugsteun te neem van %s sal die bron vernietig; %s is nie verskuif nierugsteuntipespesiale bloklêerspesiale bloklêers word nie ondersteun niegreepuitwyking %s is te grootkan nie toegang verkry na %s niekan nie rugsteun neem van %s niekan nie eienaarskap van %s verander niekan nie toegangsregte van %s verander niekan nie wortelgids verander na %s toe niekan nie chdir doen om na gids %s te gaan niekan nie chdir uitvoer na wortelgids toe niekan nie U+%04X omskakel na 'n plaaslike karakterstel niekan nie U+%04X omskakel na 'n plaaslike karakterstel nie: %skan nie 'n lêergids, %s, na homself kopieer nie, %ssikliese simboliese skakel %s kan nie gekopieer word nieKan nie lêergids %s skep nie.kan nie die pyp %s skep niekon nie vaste skakel %s na %s skep niekan nie die skakel %s skep niekon nie skakel %s na %s skep niekan nie 'n gewone lêer %s skep niekan nie spesiale lêer %s skep niekon nie simboliese skakel %s skep niekon nie simboliese skakel %s na %s skep niekan die masjiennaam nie vasstel niekan nie %s per naam volg niekan nie fstat op %s uitvoer niekan nie huidige gids verkry niekan nie die stelselnaam vasstel niekan nie lseek op %s doen niekan nie sowel vaste skakels as simboliese skakels maak niekan nie gids %s maak niekan nie %s skuif na %s niekan nie 'n gids %s skuif na 'n kind van dieselfde gids nie, %s'n gids kan nie geskuif word bo-oor 'n nie-gids nie: %s -> %skan nie %s oopmaak om te lees nieKan nie lêergids %s oopmaak nie.gids %s kan nie oorskryf word met 'n nie-gids niedie nie-gids %s kan nie met gids %s oorskryf word niekan nie gids %s lees niekan nie die reëletyd-horlosie lees niesimboliese skakel %s kan nie gelees word niekan nie %s verwyder niekan nie die lêerwyser herposisioneer vir %s niekon nie die datum stel niekan nie die groep-id stel niekan nie groepe stel niekan nie gebruiker-id stel niekan nie verdeel op meer as een manier niekan nie stat %s uitvoer niekan nie %s aanraak niekan nie %s ont-rugsteun niekan nie %s ontkoppel niedie groep is verander van %s na %s eienaarskap is vernader van %s na %s groep van %s word verandereienaarskap van %s word verandertoegangsregte van %s word veranderkarakteruitwyking is nulkarakter is buite die grensespesiale karakterlêerspesiale karakterlêers word nie ondersteun niehorlosieverandering'close' het gefaalbesig om %s toe te maaklêer word toegemaak: %s (fd=%d)toevoerlêer %s word toegemaakafvoerlêer %s word toegemaakstandaard-toevoer word nou toegemaakkon nie die herlaaityd vasstel niegids %s is geskepgids %s word geskeplêergidsdeling deur nulleë keepkarakterfout in soektog met reëlmatige uitdrukkingfout met die les van %sfout met die skryf na %sverlaat=groep kon nie van %s na %s verander word nie modus %s kon nie na %04lo (%s) verander word nie groep kon nie eienaarskap van %s na %s verander nie kon nie attribute van %s verkry niekon nie lêer %s opspoor niekon nie %s oopmaak nieouteurskap van %s kon nie behou word nieeienaarskap van %s kon nie behou word niemagtigings vir %s kon nie behou word nielêertye van %s kon nie behou word niekon nie standaardfoutafvoer herlei niekon nie na aanvanklike werkgids terugkeer nieveldnommer %s is te grootveldnommer is nulfifofork-stelselroep het gefaalfts_read het mislukgetpass: kan nie /dev/tty oopmaak nienuwe attribute van %s word verkrygroep van %s is behou as %s iconv-funksie is nie beskikbaar nieiconv-funksie onbruikbaarid=all parameters word geïgnoreerparameters wat nie opsies is nie word geïgnoreeronversoenbare keepkaraktersverkeerde wagwoordtoevoer het verdwyninter-toestel verskuiwing het misluk: %s na %s; die bestemming kan nie verwyder word nieongeldige parameter %s vir %songeldige styl vir lyfnommering: %songeldige greep of veldlysontbrekende omskakelingaanduider in suffiks: %contbrekende omskakelingaanduider in suffiks: \%.3oongeldige datumformaat %songeldige toestel %s %songeldige toesteltipe %songeldige veldnommer: %songeldige veldwydte: %songeldige wisselpunt parameter: %songeldige styl vir voetnommering: %songeldige presisie vir formaatongeldige wydte vir formaatongeldige groep ongeldige groep %songeldige styl vir kopnommering: %songeldige wydte vir reëlnommer veld: %songeldige inkrement vir reëlnommers: %songeldige reëlnommeringformaat: %songeldige reëlwydte: %songeldige hooftoestelnommer %songeldige maksimum diepte %songeldige subtoestelnommer %songeldige modusongeldige modus %songeldige nommer %songeldige getal na `,'ongeldige getal na `-'ongeldige getal na `.'ongeldige nommer by begin van veldongeldige aantal leë reëls: %songeldige aantal grepeongeldige aantal grepe om te vergelykongeldige aantal grepe om oor te slaanongeldige aantal velde om oor te slaanongeldige aantal reëlsongeldige aantal reëls: 0ongeldige opsie -- %congeldige presisie: %songeldige beginreëlnommer: %songeldige keepgrootte: %songeldige tydformaatstring: %songeldige universele karakternaam \%c%0*xongeldige gebruikerongeldige gebruiker %songeldige wydte: %sdit is gevaarlik om rekursief te werk op %sdit is gevaarlik om rekursief te werk op %s (net soos %s)laaste=opsie om reëls te tel -%s%c... is te grootgeheue uitgeputboodskapwagtouontbrekende %% omskakelingaanduider in suffikskarakterklasnaam ontbreek `[::]'ontbrekende omskakelingaanduider in suffiksekwivalensieklaskarakter ontbreek `[==]'heksadesimale getal ontbreek in ontsnapkodeontbrekende lys van veldeontbrekende lys van posisiesmodus %s is verander na %04lo (%s) modus van %s is behou as %04lo (%s) veelvuldige -l of -t opsies is gespesifiseerveelvuldige afvoerlêers is gespesifiseergeen oorblywende lêersgeen gebruikersnaamgeen proses-id is gespesifiseernie 'n tty nieaantal grepeaantal reëlslêergids %s word oorgeslaanslegs een toestel mag gespesifiseer wordslegs een soort lys mag gespesifiseer word'open' het gefaal%s word oopgemaakeienaarskap van %s is behou as %s Bladsywydte te noulêertye van %s word behouleesfout'read' het gefaalbesig om %s te leeslêergids %s word geleesgewone leë lêergewone lêer%s is verwyder. lêergids is verwyder: %s lêergids word verwyder, %suitvoervlaksemafoorverdeler mag nie leeg wees nietoegangsregte vir %s word gesteldie tyd van %s is verstelgedeeldegeheue-objeklêer %s word oorgeslaan, want dit is vervang tydens kopieëringsokstandaardfout-afvoerstandaardtoevoerstandaardtoevoer is gesluitstandaard-afvoer'stat' het gefaalverdwaalde karakter in veldspesifikasiestringvergelyking het gefaalom nie-afgeslote reëls te onderdruk, maak slegs sin wanneer dit op velde van toepassing gemaak wordsimboliese skakelsintaksfoutinkeping mag nie 0 wees nieinkeping is te groot %sterm=die --status opsie is slegs sinvol by die nagaan van toetssommedie --warn opsie is slegs sinvol by die nagaan van toetssommedie verdeler mag net een karakter weesdie opsies om die tyd te vertoon en te stel kan nie saam gebruik word niedie opsies om drukdatums te spesifiseer is onderling uitsluitendtyd %s is buite bereikte veel %% omskakelingaanduiders in suffikstotaalonbekende gebruiker-id: %sonbekende voorvoegsel: %sgebruik --no-preserve-root om hierdie veiligheidsnet ter syde te stelgebruiker %s bestaan niegebruik tans beperkte dop %swaarskuwing: kan nie chdir uitvoer na gids %s toe niewaarskuwing: bronlêer %s is meer as een keer gespesifiseervreemde lêersal nie 'n vaste skakel %s skep na gids %s niedie pasgeskepte %s sal nie met %s oorskryf word nieskryffout'write' het gefaalbesig om %s te skryfbesig om te skryf na %su moet 'n lys van grepe, karakters of velde spesifiseer070701000091df000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001600000000reloc/share/locale/be070701000091e0000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000002200000000reloc/share/locale/be/LC_MESSAGES070701000091e1000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000135c2000000660000000300000000000000000000002f00000000reloc/share/locale/be/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.moD0Pp$0004252 2T3[3>3\<4R44u5|>606A6.797y'878,89599Z:W:.O; ~<=B>1F?x??@AA=B*D?-EmE"KF%nF F FFFFF F FFFGG*G FGgGGDGG"GH/,H \H}HHHH#H>H"8I%[I*IIII%I"JAJVJuJJJJJJKK.K@KSKdK'uKK*KK$L&L 6L"WLzLLLLLLM,M@M"WMzM)MMMM"N''N ONpNNNNN"N N OO'O8OHO"dOO+OO)O PPP))PSP ePpP)uP?PPPQ8Q:IQQ2BR:uR1R RR0R$S+S>S7QSSSS SSSSNT TTIaTTTTT#T* U8U;UOUU-U VV2VhLViVBXbX;Y%ZYTY Y8Y@ZYZjZ1s['[-[*[&\A.\ p\}\$\$\&\ \],]&C] j]']0] ])^Y/^'^T^'_(._W_&k__#__&_`"/`TR`g`a.aa"a+bY3b=b*bb cF5c'|cZc`c!`d d'd<dTe]e re|eelete?iff;f3f/0g+`g'g#gggh$h*h0h*2h ]hjhhhAhh2i1Ei wii!i#iii j*jEjcj"jjj+j#k,3k0`k,k#kkk l4lJlflll$lllm,mEmUmrmmm(mmm.n23nfnnn0n3no3o*Ro}oooooop8pPpfpzppp.pp&q*q:qNq'_qqqqqq r!r%8r ^r kr xrrrrrrrss1s CsMs^s ns#xs"ssssss# t*.t!Yt'{ttttt$u#(u%Luru!u-uuu vv7v.T l w  ǂ Ԃ  "<Ql7̓ԃ 'J@ *7T Z=h(>υ@O/gʆІ*#;Sj2J&)4D,y<0" 7,B*o3 Ήډ 7K $"1TSَ|-f!P>fw"v<a<Iۘ%vxۜQáh.QnEr`'8#׭  ' H R\^*(..Ap x,'4THK6=t35ȱEvDMT i^:ȳBDFWK'/8W8'ɵ;'-Uh-((ֶ0OC-ZILf<и= .K*z#<ɹ<BC@'Ǻ02 +SOFϻ4).^RC!$ F"g#A˽  $9^xF?ѾW1A:˿) ;6rfh $t/gp9JaPW` m!`et8|0 3IS> 2^ 3 A_LU\z}-ESE tTLOc[Rbt!#X(>^!4AQvA? JJSAR+~F PBT74Q7>K8C;KCY=Q=^z}if:NEeO5IMFR tkVG4#0X,'$ $ARZbmd-/0Ev)r$r" ,-QZV286Boe=1VI6F TPF\`IP[1W+L3?6@v@DL=C;1 9<,v=?=!*_]14WOS<:81sKN3@Ct`VFp&058E2~}5/CeIEJ9[)V /aK;'61^&$:(2S[!,+L/x8=">#a  -N@N"  (:'Bb>F+7@/x&AK;]7^Y02g h  5 5 ' )' KQ  ?  ~f Z @ ^ &| v , "G ,j E 6 >5Sbe"R-u+-280Ki@48+!d$O#9NYfK4[@?@R"r#"222BQu>V@]>A-3ME8/:01kQ-0-N3| Y<U'u_/)-\WF.(*4S%3//6B9yASI5T-""! !? !a O  I P//T 0Va0l0%1%A1g111\1H7q95K/gDy"_(dRPS'4GC-ElioC.' ;$1mH, l:2xQ*zcB`$aX9-]p<P8)7BLM  -?tUg@A_=\!CW"3Lc>}K=&/V* ^2w,Os+. *b59\ r [+aWJ~>Dj#[zM|2b.F uGh)0jA #<ROUs|6 ZeNwST{(; 6xBh={}?k+~/I4T8VJ nopA3 ve^&EiIt16 k(@FYy1%]fv 3&d5<:!Yq>D4m!)8N07%,;:un?`0#'f$QX  @Z%r"201,1@1T1p11111 2 +21]2/2(2 `)3j3#$3%'(F4`4 XXK -a, --all same as -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot time of last system boot -d, --dead print dead processes -H, --heading print line of column headings # users=%lu A lightweight `finger' program; print user information. The utmp file will be %s. As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Output "stdio". Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Output ".". Examples: %s f - g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. %s Copy standard input to standard output. Examples: %s root /u Change the owner of /u to "root". %s root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to "staff". %s -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root". If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual. If a FILE is -, copy again to standard output. If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). NOTE: your shell may have its own version of %s, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo', use one of these commands: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. --help display this help and exit --lookup attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS -m only hostname and user associated with stdin -p, --process print active processes spawned by init --version output version information and exit %F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d %g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G) %G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V %h same as %b %H hour (00..23) %I hour (01..12) %j day of year (001..366) %k hour ( 0..23) %l hour ( 1..12) %m month (01..12) %M minute (00..59) %n a newline %N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) %p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known %P like %p, but lower case %r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM) %R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M %s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC -L FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h) -O FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID -p FILE FILE exists and is a named pipe -r FILE FILE exists and read permission is granted -s FILE FILE exists and has a size greater than zero -T, -w, --mesg add user's message status as +, - or ? -u, --users list users logged in --message same as -T --writable same as -T -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --reference=RFILE use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values -R, --recursive change files and directories recursively -l, --login print system login processes -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -q, --count all login names and number of users logged on -r, --runlevel print current runlevel -s, --short print only name, line, and time (default) -t, --time print last system clock change -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system -v, --kernel-version print the kernel version -m, --machine print the machine hardware name -p, --processor print the processor type or "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform print the hardware platform or "unknown" -o, --operating-system print the operating system -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups text use text I/O for data %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% (backup: %s) Mounted on TTY groups= old on repetition %s %b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu user%lu users%s%s (for regexp %s)%s -> %s (unbackup) %s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has become accessible%s has become inaccessible%s has been replaced with an untailable file; giving up on this name%s has unknown file type%s is not a valid positive integer%s is too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s: line number out of range%s: %s: match not found%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot change nonblocking mode%s: cannot find name for user ID %lu %s: cannot lseek back to original position%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot seek%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: cannot seek to relative offset %s%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: error truncating%s: error writing at offset %s%s: expected a numeric value%s: failed to close%s: failed to open for writing%s: failed to remove%s: fcntl failed%s: fdatasync failed%s: file has negative size%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: fstat failed%s: fsync failed%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input contains an odd number of tokens%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid count at start of %s%s: invalid field specification %s%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of passes%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: lseek failed%s: multiple signals specified%s: new permissions are %s, not %s%s: no size information for this device%s: number of bytes is too large%s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s: seek failed%s: too many checksum lines%s: value not completely converted%s: write error%s:%lu: invalid line; missing second token%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}''(C), load average: %.2f-R --dereference requires either -H or -L-R -h requires -P??? Address family for hostname not supportedAll arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. All requests doneBad value for ai_flagsCOMMENTCall the unlink function to remove the specified FILE. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. -a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. Directory: EXITExit with the status determined by EXPRESSION. FAILEDFilesystem Filesystem TypeForce changed blocks to disk, update the super block. IDLEIdleIn real life: Infinity BInterrupted by a signalLINEList information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort. LoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Memory allocation failureNAMENameName or service not knownNo address associated with hostnameNon-recoverable failure in name resolutionOKOrdering options: Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files `xx00', `xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output. PIDPaginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Password:Plan: Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s. -a, --all print all information, in the following order, except omit -p and -i if unknown: -s, --kernel-name print the kernel name -n, --nodename print the network node hostname -r, --kernel-release print the kernel release Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the full filename of the current working directory. Print the name of the current user. Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID. Same as id -un. Project: Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Request canceledRun COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling. With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Nicenesses range from %d (most favorable scheduling) to %d (least favorable). -n, --adjustment=N add integer N to the niceness (default 10) Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals. Send signals to processes, or list signals. Set LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Shell: Summarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. System errorTIMETemporary failure in name resolutionThe strings compared were %s and %s.Try `%s --help' for more information. Unknown errorUnknown system errorUsage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NAME] or: %s OPTION Print or set the hostname of the current system. Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPERAND]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [ignored command line arguments] or: %s OPTION Usage: test EXPRESSION or: test or: [ EXPRESSION ] or: [ ] or: [ OPTION Valid arguments are:Warning: WhenWhereWrite each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to standard output. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. ^[nN]^[yY]`a command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sai_family not supportedai_socktype not supportedambiguous argument %s for %san input delimiter may be specified only when operating on fieldsappending output to %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileblock special files not supportedboth files cannot be standard inputbyte offset %s is too largecannot access %scannot backup %scannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change ownership of %scannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot chdir to root directorycannot combine mode and --reference optionscannot compare file names %s and %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot dereference %scannot determine hostnamecannot do ioctl on %scannot follow %s by namecannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot get nicenesscannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open %s for writingcannot open directory %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot read directory %scannot read file names from %scannot read file system information for %scannot read realtime clockcannot read symbolic link %scannot remove %scannot set datecannot set group idcannot set group-ID to %lucannot set groupscannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot set name to %scannot set nicenesscannot set time stamps for %scannot set user idcannot set user-ID to %lucannot specify times from more than one sourcecannot stat %scannot stat current directory (now %s)cannot touch %scannot un-backup %scannot unlink %scannot work around kernel bug after allchanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %scharacter out of rangecharacter special filecharacter special files not supportedclock changeclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing directory %sclosing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputcouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %screating file %s directorydivision by zeroempty file nameempty taberror in regular expression matchererror in regular expression searcherror reading %serror writing %sexit=extra argument %sextra operand %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to chdir to %sfailed to get attributes of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to open %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to redirect standard errorfailed to return to initial working directoryfailed to stat %sfdatasync failed for %sfflush failedfield number %s is too largefifofile system type %s both selected and excludedfsync failed for %sfts_read failedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring non-option argumentsincorrect passwordinput disappearedinput line is too longinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid adjustment %sinvalid argument %sinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid body numbering style: %sinvalid byte or field listinvalid character `%c' in type string %sinvalid character class %sinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid date %sinvalid date format %sinvalid device %s %sinvalid device type %sinvalid field number: %sinvalid field width: %sinvalid footer numbering style: %sinvalid format precisioninvalid format widthinvalid gap width: %sinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid header numbering style: %sinvalid integer argument %sinvalid line discipline %sinvalid line number field width: %sinvalid line number increment: %sinvalid line numbering format: %sinvalid line width: %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid maximum depth %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid modeinvalid mode %sinvalid mode: %sinvalid number %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number of blank lines: %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of columns: %sinvalid number of linesinvalid number of lines: 0invalid option -- %cinvalid precision: %sinvalid starting line number: %sinvalid tab size: %sinvalid time interval %sinvalid time style format %sinvalid type string %sinvalid universal character name \%c%0*xinvalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sinvalid zero-length file namelast=line number %s is smaller than preceding line number, %sline number overflowmemory exhaustedmessage queuemissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing argument after %smissing argument to %smissing conversion specifier in suffixmissing destination file operand after %smissing file operandmissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operandmissing operand after %smode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multi-character tab %smultiple output files specifiedmultiple output formats specifiedmultiple target directories specifiedneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno change to ownership of %s no files remainingno login nameno process ID specifiednot a ttynumber in %s is too largenumber of bytesnumber of linesoffset overflow while reading file %somitting directory %sonly one device may be specifiedonly one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %sownership of %s retained ownership of %s retained as %s page width too narrowpreserving times for %sread errorread failedreading %sreading directory %srecord too largeregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %srun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptysetting flags for %ssetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstring comparison failedsuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errortab size cannot be 0tab size contains invalid character(s): %stab sizes must be ascendingtab stop is too large %stab stop value is too largetarget %s is not a directoryterm=test and/or [the --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe delimiter must be a single characterthe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivetime %s is out of rangetoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtoo many characters in settoo many repeated linestotaltyped memory objectunable to record current working directoryunknown user-ID: %sunrecognized operand %sunrecognized prefix: %suser %s does not existusing restricted shell %swarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: `touch %s' is obsolete; use `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'warning: cannot change directory to %swarning: cannot remove: %swarning: ignoring excess arguments, starting with %swarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: line number %s is the same as preceding line numberwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: unrecognized escape `\%c'weird filewill not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swith --parents, the destination must be a directorywrite errorwrite error for %swrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsProject-Id-Version: coreutils 5.97 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2006-08-16 03:27+0300 Last-Translator: Alexander Nyakhaychyk Language-Team: Belarusian MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n%10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2); -a, --all тое, што й -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot час загрузкі сыстэмы -d, --dead друкуе мёртвыя прцэсы -H, --heading друкуе радок загалоўкаў слупкоў # карыстальнікі=%lu Спрошчаная праграма "finger"; друкуе зьвесткі пра карыстальніка. Файлам utmp будзе %s. Загад cp запасіць КРЫНІЦы калі зададзены выбары -f і -b, і калі КРЫНІЦА й ПРЫЗНАЧЭНЬНЕ адна й тая ж назва існуючага звычанага файлу. Кожны РЭЖЫМ складаецца з "[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+". Прыклады: %s /usr/bin/sort Выводзіць "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Выводзіць "stdio". Прыклады: %s /usr/bin/sort друкуе "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h друкуе ".". Прыклады: %s f - g Выводзіць зьмест f, затым стандартны ўвод, затым зьмест файла g. %s Капіюе стандартны ўвод на стандартны вывад. Прыклады: %s root /u Зьмяняе ўладальніка /u на "root". %s root:staff /u Тое сама, але яшчэ зьмяняе групу на "staff". %s -hR root /u Зьмяняе ўладальніка /u і субфайлаў на "root". Калі ФАЙЛ ня вызначаны, выкарыстоўвае фай %s. Файл %s зьяўляецца агульным ФАЙЛам. Калі ДОВАД1 ДОВАД2 зададзены, прадугледжваецца -m: "am i" альбо "mom likes" як звычайна. Калі ФАЙЛ -, капіюе зноў на стандартны ўвод. Калі не атрыман загад, выконвае ``${SHELL} -i'' (дапомна: /bin/sh). ЗАЎВАГА! Ваш інтэрпрэтатар загадаў можа мець уласную вэрсію %s, якая, звычайна, замяняе вэрсію, што апісана тутака. Калі ласка, зьвярніцеся да дакумэнтацыі вашага інтэрпрэтатара загадаў, каб даведацца аб парамэтрах, якія ён падтрымлівае. Чытае стандартны ўвод, калі замест ФАЙЛа -. Кожны ЎЗОР можа быць: Выдаляе файлы, якія пачынаюцца з `-', напраклад `-foo', выкарыстоўвайце адзін з наступных загадаў: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Калі ФАЙЛ не зададзены альбо зададзены -, чытае стандартны ўвод. --help паказвае гэтую даведку --lookup паспрабаваць вызначыць назвы вузлоў праз DNS -m толькі назву вузла й імя карыстальніка, зьвязанае са stdin -p, --process друкуе актыўныя працэсы, народжаныя init --version выводзіць зьвесткі пра вэрсію %F поўная дата; тое, што й %Y-%m-%d. %g дзвюх лічбавы год нумара тыдня ў ISO (гл. %G). %G год нумара тыдня ў ISO (гл. %V); звычайна ідзе разам з %V. %h як і %b %H гадзіна (00..23) %I гадзіна (01..12) %j дзень году (001..366) %k гадзіна ( 0..23) %l гадзіна ( 1..12) %m месяц (01..12) %M хвіліна (00..59) %n новы радок %N нанасэкунды (000000000..999999999) %p мясцовы эквівалент паказчык AM ці PM; нічога калі яго няма %P як %p, але малымі літарамі %r мясцовы час у 12-гадзінным фармаце (напрыклад 11:11:04 PM) %R 24-гадзінны час; як і %H:%M %s колькасьць сэкундаў з 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC -L ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ існуе, зьяўляецца сымбалічнай спасылкай (тое, што й -h) -O ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ існуе, і ім валодае карыстальнік з эфэктыўным ID карыстальніка -p ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ існуе, зьяўляецца найменным канвэерам -r ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ існуе, маюцца правы на яго чытаньне -s ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ існуе, яго памер большы за нуль -T, -w, --mesg дадае статус карыстальніка як +, - альбо ? -u, --users друкуе сьпіс увайшоўшых карыстальнікаў --message тое, што й -T --writable тое, што й -T -f, --silent, --quiet затрымлівае большасьць паведамленьняў пра памылкі -v, --verbose друкуе дыягностыку для кожнага апрацаванага файла --reference=RFILE выкарыстоўвае рэжым RFILE'а замест РЭЖЫМу -R, --recursive апрацоўвае файлы й дырэкторыі рэкурсіўна -l, --login друкуе працэсы ўваходу ў сыстэму -n, --digits=РАЗРАДЫ Выкарыстоўваць зададзеную колькасьць разрадаў, замест звычайных двух. -s, --quiet, --silent Не друкаваць падлікі памераў файлаў вываду. -z, --elide-empty-files Выдаляць парожнія файлы вываду. -q, --count усе карыстальнікі й колькасьць увайшоўшых -r, --runlevel друкуе бягучы ўзровень працы (run-level) -s, --short друкуе толькі імя, лінію й час (прадвызначаны вывад) -t, --time друкуе апошнюю зьмену сыстэмнага часу -s, --only-delimited Не друкуе радкі без падзяляльніка. --output-delimiter=РАДОК Выкарыстоўвае радок як падзяляльнік вываду; дапомна выкарыстоўваецца падзяляльнік уводу. -t раўназначна -vT -T, --show-tabs адлюстроўвае знак TAB як ^I -u (адхілена) -v, --show-nonprinting выарыстоўвае ^ і M- запіс, за выключэньнем LFD і TAB -u, --update капуе толькі калі файл КРЫНІЦА навешы за файл прызначэньня, ці файл прызначэньне прапушчаны -v, --verbose пведамляе што ўжо зроблена -x, --one-file-system не пакідаць межы гэтае файлавае сыстэмы -v, --kernel-version друкуе вэрсію ядра -m, --machine друкуе апаратную назву кампутара -p, --processor друкуе тып працэсара альбо "невядома" -i, --hardware-platform друкуе назву плятформы альбо "невядома" -o, --operating-system друкуе назву апэрацыйнае сыстэмы -z, --zero-terminated Завяршаць радкі байтам 0, а ня новым радком. none, off ніколі не запасіць (нават калі зададзены --backup) numbered, t ствараць нумараваныя запасы existing, nil нумараваць, калі йснуе нумараваны, інакш не нумараваць simple, never заўсёды ствараць ненумараваныя text выкарыстоўваць тэкставы ўвод/вывад для даных %4s-блёкаў Ужыта Вольна У-а%% (запасны: %s) Пункт мантаваньня Тэрмінал групы= стары на паўтарэньні %s %b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu карыстальнік%lu карыстальніка%lu карыстальнікаў%s%s (для сталага выразу %s)%s -> %s (вастанаўленьне) %s і %s адзін і той жа ж файл%s існуе, але гэта ня тэчка%s стаў даступны%s стаў недаступны%s быў заменены на небясконцы файл; апрацоўка гэтага файла спынена%s мае невядомы від файлу%s - гэта не станоўчы цэлы лік%s занадта вялікі%s: %s такі вялікі, што немагчыма паказаць%s: %s: нумар радка па-за дазволенымі межамі%s: %s: супадзеньне ня знойдзена%s: %s:%s: бязладдзе: %s: немагчыма прачытаць файл %s: такі карыстальнік ня йснуе%s: `}' патрабуецца для падліку паўтораў%s: можа стварыць адноснае знакавае лучыва толькі ў бягучае тэчцы%s: немагчыма зьмяніць незаблякаваны рэжым%s: немагчыма адшукаць імя карыстальніка з ID %lu %s: немагчыма перамясьціцца назад да зыходнага становішча%s: немагчыма перазапісаць тэчку%s: немагчыма перасунуць паказальнік%s: немагчыма перамясьціцца да зруха %s%s: немагчыма перамясьціцца да адноснага зруху %s%s: прапушчаны падзяляльнік зачыненьня `%c'%s: памылка абрэзаньня%s: памылка запісу ля водступа %s%s: чакаецца лічбавае значэньне%s: немагчыма зачыніць%s: немагчыма адчыніць для запісу%s: немагчыма выдаліць%s: збой fcntl%s: збой fdatasync%s: файл мае адмоўны памер%s: файл занадта вялікі%s: файл занадта вялікі%s: файл абрэзаны%s: збой fstat%s: збой fsync%s: жорсткія спасылкі для тэчак не дазволены%s: увод утрымлівае цыкал:%s: увод утрымлівае няцотную колькасьць элемэнтаў%s: файл уводу зьяўляецца й файлам вываду%s: пасьля падзяляльніка чакаецца цэлы лік%s: нерэчаісны PID%s: нерэчаісны падлік на пачатку %s%s: нерэчаіснае вызначэньне поля %s%s: нерэчаісны памер файла%s: нерэчаісны від файла%s: нерэчаісны нумар%s: нерэчаісная колькасьць байтаў%s: нерэчаісная колькасьць радкоў%s: незразумелая колькасьць праходаў%s: нерэчаісная колькасьць сэкундаў%s: нерэчаісны прыклад%s: недзеяздольны id-працэсу%s: нерэчаісны сталы выраз: %s%s: недзеяздольны сыгнал%s: нумар радку павінен быць большым за нуль.%s: нумар радку за дапушчальнымі межамі%s: збой lseek%s: заданыя некалькі сыгналаў%s: новыя правы: %s, замест %s%s: няма зьвестак пра памеры для гэтае прылады%s: колькасьць байтаў занадта вялікая%s: перазапісаць %s? %s: праход %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: праход %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: памылка чытаньня%s: выдаліць %s %s? %s: выдаліць абаронены ад запісу %s %s? %s: выдален%s: выдаленьне%s: перайменаваны ў %s%s: замяніць %s? %s: збой seek%s: зашмат радкоў з кантрольнымі сумамі%s: значэньне цалка не пераўтворана%s: памылка запісу%s:%lu: нерэчаісны радок; прапушчана другая частка%s:%lu: нераспазнанае ключавое слова %s%s}: цэлы патрабуецца паміж `{' і `}''(C), сярэдняя нагрузка: %.2f-R --dereference патрабуе альо -H альбо -L-R -h патрабуе -P<унутраны>??? Гэта адрасная сям'я для гэтага вузла не падтрымліваеццаУсе довады для доўгіх выбараў абавязковы й для кароткіх. Усе запыты выкананыКепскае значэнне для ai_flagsCOMMENTВыклікае функцыю unlink для выдаленьня пазначанага ФАЙЛа. Капуе КРЫНІЦу ў ПРЫЗНАЧЭНЬНЕ; ці шматлікія КРЫНІЦ(ы) у ТЭЧКу. Перапісвае стандартны ўвод у кожны ФАЙЛ, а таксама ў стандартны вывад. -a, --append Дадае да ФАЙЛаў (не перазапісвае іх). -i, --ignore-interrupts Не зьвяртае ўвагі на сыгнал спыненьня. Стварае найменны канвэер (fifo) з зададзенымі НАЗВАмі. Стварае тэчку(і), калі яны шчэ не йснуюць. Стварае адмысловы файз з заданымі назвай і відам. Тэчка: EXITЗавяршае працу з кодам вяртаньня, які вызначаецца ВЫРАЗАМ. ПАМЫЛКАФайлавая сыстэма Ф-я сыстэма Тып Вымагае запісу ўсіх зьмененых блёкаў на дыск і абнаўленьне супэрблёка. IDLEДарэмнаУ сапраўднасьці:БясконцасьцьСпынена з-за атрымання сігналуLINEВыводзіць зьвесткі пра файл(ы) (зь бягучае дырэкторыі, калі не зададзена іншае). Упарадкоўвае запісы па алфавіту, калі няма -cftuSUX ці --sort. ІмяУліковае ймя:Довады, абавязковыя для доўгіх выбараў, абавязковыя й для кароткіх. Збой размеркавання памяціNAMEНазваНевядомая назва або паслугаАдсутнічае звязаны з назвай вузла адрасНевыпрвімая памылка ў вызначэнні назвы вузлаДОБРАПарамэтры ўпарадкаваньня: Выводзіць кавалкі ФАЙЛа падзеленыя па ЎЗОРу ў файлы `xx01', `xx02', ..., таксама выводзіць на стандартны вывад колькасьць байтаў у кожным кавалку. PID Падзяляе файл(ы) на старонкі ці слупкі для друку. Пароль:Плян: Друкуе CRC падлік і колькасьць байтаў кожнага ФАЙЛу. Друкуе НАЗВу без усялякіх папярэдніх частак(тэчак). Калі пазначака, так сама вікідае й УСТАЎКу. Друкуе пэўныя зьвесткі пра сыстэму. Выклік без ПАРАМЭТРа раўназначны выкліку з парамэтрам -s. -a, --all друкуе ўсе зьвесткі ў наступным парадку, за выключэньнем пропуску -p і -i, калі невядома: -s, --kernel-name друкуе назву ядра -n, --nodename друкуе назву вузла сеткі -r, --kernel-release друкуе назву выпуску ядра Друкуе абраныя часкі радкоў з кожнага ФАЙЛу ў стандартны вывад. Друкуе першыя 10 радкоў кожнага файла ў стандартны вывад. Калі заданы больш чым адзін файл, дадаткова друкуе загаловак з назвай файла. Калі файл незаданы, ці калі замест яго працяжнік, чытае стандартны ўвод. Друкуе поўную назву бягучае тэчкі. Друкуе ўліковае імя бягучага карыстальніка. Друкуе ўліковае імя карыстальніка, зьвязанае зь бягучым эфэктыўным ID карыстальніка. Тое самае, што й "id -un". Пражэкт: Пераназывае крыніцу ў мэту, ці перамяшчае крыніцу(ы) ў тэчку. Бесперапынна выводзіць РАДОК(і), ці літару "y". Запыт скасаваныВыконвае ЗАГАД са зьмененым значэньнем niceness, што ўзьдзейнічае на расклад выкананьня (прыярытэт) працэсу. Калі ЗАГАД адсутнічае, друкуе бягучае значэньне niceness. Значэньні niceness вагаюцца ад %d (найбольш прыярытэтны) да %d (найменш прыярытэтны). -n, --adjustment=N дадаць цэлы N да niceness (прадвызначана 10) Запускае ЗАГАД з новай каранёвай тэчкай. Выконвае загад, незаўважаючы сыгналы HUP. Дасылае сыгналы працэсам альбо сьпіс сыгналаў. Усталюйце LC_ALL='C' каб працаваць без пытаньняў.Абалонка:Падсумоўвае ўжываньне дыска кожным файлам; дзейнічае рэкурсіўна для тэчак. Сістэмная памылкаTIMEЧасовы збой у вызначэнні назвы вузла вфаыв выфа Радкі былі параўнаны тут %s і тут %s.Паспрабуйце "%s --help" для больш падрабязных зьвестак. Невядомая памылкаНевядомая сістэмная памылкаВыкарыстаньне: %s ЗАГАД [ДОВАД]... ці: %s ВЫБАР Выкарыстаньне: %s ВЫРАЗ ці: %s ВЫБАР Выкарыстаньне: %s ФАЙЛ ці: %s ВЫБАР Выкарыстаньне: %s ФАЙЛ1 ФАЙЛ2 ці: %s ВЫБАР Выкарыстаньне: %s ФАРМАТ [ДОВАД]... ці: %s ВЫБАР Выкарыстаньне: %s НАЗВА ці: %s ВЫБАР Выкарыстаньне: %s НАЗВА [УСТАЎКА] ці: %s ВЫБАР Выкарыстаньне: %s [-s СЫГНАЛ | -СЫГНАЛ] PID... ці: %s -l [СЫГНАЛ]... ці: %s -t [СЫГНАЛ]... Выкарыстаньне: %s [ФАЙЛ]... ці: %s [ВЫБАР] Выкарыстаньне: %s [НАЗВА] ці: %s ВЫБАР Друкуе ці ўсталёўвае назву бягучага вузла(сыстэмы). Выкарыстаньне: %s [ЛІК]... ці: %s ВЫБАР Выкарыстаньне: %s [АПЭРАНД]... або: %s ПАРАМЭТАР Выкарыстаньне: %s [ПАРАМЭТАР] Выкарыстаньне: %s [ПАРАМЭТАР] [ЗАГАД [ДОВАД]...] Выкарыстаньне: %s [ПАРАМЭТАР]... Выкарыстаньне: %s [ВЫБАР]... ТЭЧКА ... Выкарыстаньне: %s [ВЫБАР]... ФАЙЛ Выкарыстаньне: %s [ВЫБАР]... ФАЙЛ УЗОР.. Выкарыстаньне: %s [ВЫБАР]... ФАЙЛ... Выкарыстаньне: %s [ПАРАМЭТАР]... ФАЙЛ1 ФАЙЛ2 Выкарыстаньне: %s [ВЫБАР]... ГРУПА ФАЙЛ... or: %s [ВЫБАР]... --reference=RФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ... Выкарыстаньне: %s [ВЫБАР]... АПОШНІ ці: %s [ВЫБАР]... ПЕРШЫ АПОШНІ ці: %s [ВЫБАР]... ПЕРШЫ ПРЫРОСТ АПОШНІ Выкарыстаньне: %s [ВЫБАР]... РЭЖЫМ[,РЭЖЫМ]... ФАЙЛ... ці: %s [ВЫБАР]... ВАСЬМЯРЫЧНЫ_РЭЖЫМ ФАЙЛ... ці: %s [ВЫБАР]... --reference=RФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ... Выкарыстаньне: %s [ВЫБАР]... НАЗВА ТЫП [МАЖОР МІНОР] Выкарыстаньне: %s [ВЫБАР]... НАЗВА... Выкарыстаньне: %s [ВЫБАР]... МНОСТВА1 [МНОСТВА2] Выкарыстаньне: %s [ПАРАМЭТАР]... [ ФАЙЛ | ДОВАД1 ДОВАД2 ] Выкарыстаньне: %s [ВЫБАР]... [+ФАРМАТ] ці: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Выкарыстаньне: %s [ВЫБАР]... [-] [ПЕРАМЕННАЯ=ЗНАЧЭНЬНЕ]... [ЗАГАД [ДОВАД]...] Выкарыстаньне: %s [ПАРАМЭТАР]... [-] [КАРЫСТАЛЬНІК [ДОВАД]...] Выкарыстаньне: %s [ВЫБАР]... [ФАЙЛ] Выкарыстаньне: %s [ПАРАМЭТАР]... [ФАЙЛ]... Выкарыстаньне: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ФАЙЛ]... ці: %s [КЛЮЧ]... --files0-from=F Выкарыстаньне: %s [ПАРАМЭТАР]... [УВОД [ВЫВАД]] Выкарыстаньне: %s [ВЫБАР]... [УВОД]... (без -G) ці: %s -G [ВЫБАР]... [УВОД [ВЫВАД]] Выкарыстаньне: %s [ПАРАМЭТАР]... [УЛАДАЛЬНІК][:[ГРУПА]] ФАЙЛ... альбо: %s [ПАРАМЭТАР]... --reference=RFILE ФАЙЛ... Выкарыстаньне: %s [ВЫБАР]... [УЛІКОВАЕ_ЙМЯ] Выкарыстаньне: %s [ВЫБАР]... [КАРЫСТАЛЬНІК]... Выкарыстаньне: %s [РАДОК]... ці: %s ВЫБАР Выкарыстаньне: %s [довады загаднага радка ігнаруюцца] альбо: %s ПАРАМЭТАР Выкарыстаньне: test ВЫРАЗ альбо: test альбо: [ ВЫРАЗ ] альбо: [ ] альбо: [ ПАРАМЭТАР Рэчаісныя довады:Увага: КаліДзеЗапісвае кожны ФАЙЛ ў стандартны вывад з апошняга па першы радок. Калі ФАЙЛ не зададзне альбо зададзены -, чытае стандартны ўвод. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Запісвае зьвяз упарадкаваных ФАЙЛаў на стандартны вывад. Аўтары: %s і %s. Аўтары:·%s,·%s,·%s, %s,·%s,·%s,·%s, %s,·%s і іншыя. Аўатры: %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s і %s. Аўтары: %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s і %s. Аўтары: %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s і %s. Аўтары %s, %s, %s, %s, %s і %s. Аўтары: %s, %s, %s, %s і %s. Аўтары: %s, %s, %s і %s. Аўтары: %s, %s і %s. Аўтар: %s. ^[нН]^[тТ]`загад мусіць быць зададзены разам са значэньнем прыярытэтудоступ да %sai_family не падтрымліваеццаai_socktype не падтрымліваеццанеадназначны довад %s для %sпадзяляльнік уводу можа быць зададзены толькі для дзеяньняў над палямідалучэньне вываду да %sстварэньне запасной копіі %s зьнішчыць крыніцу; %s не скапіяванстварэньне запасной копіі %s зьнішчыць крыніцу; %s не перанесенвід запасной копііасаблівы кавалкавы файладмысловыя блёчныя файлы непадтрымліваюццаабодва файлы ня могуць быць стандартным уводамбайт зруху %s занадта вялікінемагчыма атрымаць доступ да %sнемагчыма стварыць запасную копію %sнемагчыма адначасова й падлічыць і паказаць усе пунктынемагчыма зьмяніць уладальніка %sнемагчыма зьмяніць правы %sнемагчыма зьмяніць каранёвую тэчку на %sнемагчыма перайсьці ў тэчку %sнемачыма перайсьці да каранёвае тэчкінемагчыма сумясьціць рэжым і парамэтры --referenceнемагчыма параўнаць назвы файлаў %s і %sнемагчыма пераўтварыць U+%04X у мясцовы набор знакаўнемагчыма пераўтварыць U+%04X у мясцовы набор знакаў: %sнемагчыма скапіяваць тэчку, %s, саму ў сябе, %sнемагчыма скапіяваць цыклічнае знакавае лучыва %sнемагчыма стварыць тэчку %sнемагчыма стварыць fifo %sнемагчыма стварыць жорсткае лучыва %s на %sнемагчыма стварыць лучыва %sнемагчыма стварыць спасылку %s на %sнемагчыма стварыць звычайны файл %sнемагчыма стварыць асаблівы файл %sнемагчыма стварыць знакавае лучыва %sнемагчыма стварыць знакавае лучыва %s на %sнемагчыма знайсьці аб'ект спасылкі %sнемагчыма вызначыць назву вузланемагчыма выканаць ioctl на %sнемагчыма крочыць за %s па назвенемагчыма выканаць fstat %sнемагчыма атрымаць бягучую тэчкунемагчыма атрымаць значэньне nicenessнемагчыма атрымаць назву сыстэмынемагчыма зрабіць lseek %sнемагчыма стварыць ні жорсткае, ні знакавае лучыванемагчыма стварыць тэчку %sнемагчыма перамясьціць %s у %sнемагчыма перамясьціць %s ва ўласную падтэчку, %sнемагчыма перамясьціць тэчку ў ня тэчку: %s -> %sнемагыма адчыніць %s для чытаньнянемагчыма адчыніць %s для запісунемагчыма адчыніць тэчку %sнемагчыма перазапісаць тэчку %s ня тэчкайнемагчыма перазапісаць ня тэчку %s тэчкай %sнемагчыма прачытаць тэчку %sнемагчыма прачытаць назвы файлаў з %sнемагчыма прачытаць зьвесткі файлавае сыстэмы для %sнемагчыма прачытаць гадзіньнік рэальнага часунемагчыма прачытаць знакавае лучыва %sнемагчыма выдаліць %sнемагчыма ўсталяваць датунемагчыма ўсталяваць id групынемагчыма задаць ID групы для %luнемагчыма ўсталяваць групынемагчыма ўсталяваць назву вузла, сыстэме бракуе функцыянальнасьцінемагчыма ўсталяваць назву %sнемагчыма ўсталяваць значэньне nicenessнемагчыма ўсталяваць адбіткі часу для %sнемагчыма ўсталяваць id карыстальніканемагчыма выставіць ID карыстальніка ў %luнемагчыма вызначыць час больш чым з адной крыніцынемагчыма зрабіць stat %sнемагчыма атрымаць стан бягучае тэчкі (зараз %s)немагчыма дакрануцца да %sнемагчыма вастанавіць %s з запасное копіінемагчыма unlink %sнемагчыма абмінуць памылку ядразьменена група %s на %s зьменены уладальнік %s на %s зьмена групы %sзьмена ўладальніка %sзьмяненьне правоў %sзнак па за дапушчальнымі межаміасаблівы знакавы файладмысловыя знакавыя файлы непадтрымліваюццазьмена часупамылка закрыцьцязачыняецца %sзачыняецца %s (fd=%d)зачыняецца дырэкторыя %sзачыняецца файл уводу %sзакрываецца файл вываду %sзачыненьне стандартнага уводунемагчыма вызначыць час загрузкістворана тэчка %sствараецца тэчка %sстварэньне файла %s тэчкадзяленьне на нульня вызначана назва файлапустая табуляцыяпамылка ў супастаўляльніку сталых выразаўпамылка ў пошуку звычайнага выразупамылка чытаньня %sпамылка запісу %sвыхад=дадатковы довад %sнепатрэбны аргумэнт %sнемагчыма зьмяніць групу %s на %s немагчыма зьмяніць рэжым %s на %04lo (%s) немагчыма зьмяніць уладальніка %s немагчыма зьмяніць уладальніка %s на %s збой chdir у %sнемагчыма атрымаць атрыбуты %sнемагчыма адшукаць файл %sнемагчыма адчыніць %sзбой пры захаваньні аўтарства для %sпамылка пры захаваньні ўладальніку для %sзбой пры захаваньні правоў для %sзбой пры захаваньні часу для %sнемагчыма перанакіраваць стандартны вывад памылакнемагчыма вярнуцца ў пачатковую працоўную тэчкузбой stat %sзбой fdatasync для %sзбой fflushнумар поля %s занадта вялікіfifoфайлавая сыстэма тыпу %s адначасова вылучана й выключаназбой fsync для %sзбой fts_readgetpass: немагчыма адчыніць /dev/ttyатрыманьне новых атрыбутаў %sгрупа %s захавана як %s недаступна функцыя iconvфункцыя iconv непрыгодна для выкарыстаньняid=на ўсе довады не зьвяртаецца ўваганезаўважае незразумелы памер табуляцыі ў пераменнай асяродзьдзя TABSIZE: %sнезаўважаецца нерэчаіснае значэньне зьменнай асяродзьдзя QUOTING_STYLE: %sнезаўважаюцца довады, якія не зьўляюцца выбараміняслушны парольувод недаступнырадок вываду задаўгізбой міжпрыладнага перамяшчэньня: %s у %s; немагчыма выдаліць мэтунерэчаіснае значэньне %sнерэчаісны довад %sнерэчаісны довад %s для %sнерэчаісны стыль нумараваньня цела: %sнерэчаісны байт ці сьпіс полянерэчаісны знак "%c" у радку тыпу "%s"недзеяздольная кляса знака %sнерэчаісны вызначальнік пераўтварэньня ва ўстаўцы: %cнерэчаісны вызначальнік пераўтварэньня ва ўстаўцы: \%.3oнерэчаісная дата %sнерэчаісны фармат даты %sнерэчаісная прылада %s %sнерэчаісны від прылады %sнедзеяздольны нумар поля: %sнедзеяздольная шырыня радка: %sнерэчаісны стыль нумараваньня падвалу: %sнедзеяздольны фармат дакладнасьцінедзеяздольны фармат шырынінерэчаісная шырыня прамежку: %sнерэчаісная групанерэчаісная група %sнерэчаісны стыль нумараваньня загалоўку: %sкепскі цэлы довад %sнерэчаісная дысцыпліна лініі %sнедзеяздольная шырыня поля нумара радка: %sнедзеяздольнае значэньне павелічэньня нумару радка: "%s"нерэчаісны фармат нумараваньня радкоў: %sнезразумелая шырыня радка: %sнерэчаісны мажорны нумар прылады %sнезразумелая найбольшая глыбіня %sнерэчаісны мінорны нумар прылады %sнерэчаісны рэжымнерэчаісны рэжым %sнерэчаісны рэжым: %sнерэчаісны нумар %sнерэчаісная лічба пасьля ","нерэчаісная лічба пасьля "-"нерэчаісная лічба пасьля "."недзеяздольная колькасьць чыстых радокоў: %sнедзеяздольная колькасьць байтаўнерэчаісная колькасьць байтаў для параўнаньнянезразумелая колькасьць слупкоў: %sнедзеяздольная колькасьць радкоўнедзеяздольная колькасьць радкоў: 0нерэчаісны парамэтар -- %cнерэчаісная дакладнасьць: %sнерэчаісны нумар пачатковага радка: %sнезразумелы памер табуляцыі: %sнерэчаісны адрэзак часу %sнезразумелы фармат стылю часу %sнедзеяздольны радок тыпу %sнерэчаісная назва ўнівэрсальнага знаку \%c%0*xнерэчаісны карыстальнікнерэчаісны карыстальнік %sнедзеяздольная шырыня: %sназва файла нулявой даўжыніапошні=нумар радка %s меншы за нумар папярэдняга радка, %sперапаўненьне колькасьці радкоўпамяць вычарпаначарга паведамленьняўва ўстаўцы прапушчан %% вызначальнік пераўтварэньняпрапушчаны довад пасьля %sпрапушчаны довад для %sпрапушчан вызначальнік пераўтварэньня ва ўстаўцыпрапушчаны файл прызначэньня пасьля %sпрапушчаны файлавы довадпрапушчан сьпіс палёўпрапушчан сьпіс становішчаўпрапушчаны аргументпрапушчаны аргумент пасля %sрэжым %s зьменены на %04lo (%s) рэжым %s утрыманы як %04lo (%s) шмат-байтавы знак табуляцыі %sзаданыя шматлікія файлы вывадузададзены некалькі фарматаў вывадузададзены некалькі дырэкторыяў прызначэньняні знакавае лучува %s ні файл, на які яно спасылаецца, не былі зьменены адсутнічае зьменная асяродзьдзя SHELL да таго ж, незаданы выбар віду абалонкізьмены ўладальніка %s не было не засталося больш файланяма ўліковага ймянезаданы ID працэсугэта не тэрміналнумар у %s завялікіколькасьць байтаўколькасьць радкоўперапаўненьне зруху цягам чытаньня файла %sмінаецца тэчка %sтолькі адна прылада можа быць пазначанатолькі адзін від сьпісу можа быць зададзеныпамылка адкрыцьцяадчыняецца %sу %s застаўся ранейшы ўладальнік уладальнік %s захаваны як %s шырыня старонкі занадта вузкаязахоўвае час для %sпамылка чытаньняпамылка чытаньнячытаецца %sчытаецца дырэкторыя %sзапіс завялікізвычайны парожні файлзвычайны файлвыдален %s тэчка выдалена: %s выдаляецца тэчка, %sузровеньсэмафорпадзяляльнік павінен нешта ўтрымлівацьвыстаўленьне сьцягоў для %sусталяваньне правоў для %sусталяваньне часу %sабьект з агульнай памяцьцюфайл %s мінаецца, таму што ён быў заменены пад час капіяваньняsocketстандартны вывад памылакстандартны ўводстандартны вывад зачыненыстандартны вывадзбой пачаткупамылка параўнаньня радкупадаўленьне непадзеленых радкоў мае сэнс толькі для дзеяньняў над палямізнакавае лучывасынтаксічная памылкапамер табуляцыі ня можа быць нулявымпамер табуляцыі зьмяшчае нерэчаісны(я) знак(і): %sпамеры табуляцыі павінны ўзрастацькрок табуляцыі %s занадта вялікікрок табуляцыі завялікізгаданая мэта %s не з'яўляецца тэчкайтэрм.=test і/альбо [выбар --warn мае сэнс толькі тады, калі параўноваюцца праверчыя сумыпадзяляльнік паінен быць адным знакамвыбары для ўсталяваньня й друку часу нельга ўжываць разамвыбары, што вызначаюць дату для друку ўзаема выключныячас %s за дазволенымі межаміза шмат ва ўстаўцы %% вызначальнікаў пераўтварэньнязашмат знакаў у знакавым мноствезашмат аднолькавых радкоўусяготыпізаваны аб'ект памяцінемагчыма запісаць цяперашнюю працоўную тэчкуневядомы ID карыстальніка: %sнераспазнаны апэранд %sнераспазнаная прыстаўка: %sкарыстальнік %s не існуевыкарыстоўваецца абмежаваная абалонка %sувага: --pid=PID не падтрымліваецца на гэтае сыстэмеувага: "touch %s" зьяўляеца ўстарэлым; карыстайцеся"touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d"Увага! Немагчыма перайсьці да тэчкі %sувага: немагчыма выдаліць: %sувага: ігнаруецца лішак довадаў пачынаючы з %sУвага! Нерэчаісная шырыня %lu; выкарыстоўвайце %d замест яеУвага! Нумар радка %s супадае з нумарам папярэдняга радка.увага: зыходны файл %s зададзены больш за адзін разувага!: нераспазнаны парамэтар "\%c"лёсавы файлжорсткае лучыва %s на тэчку %s ня будзе створанатолькі што створаны %s з %s ня будзе перазапісаныкалі зададзены --parents, прызначэньне мусіць быць дырэкторыяйпамылка запісупамылка запісу для %sпамылка запісупішацца %sзапіс у %sвы павінны пазначыць сьпіс байтаў, знакаў ці палёўPRIuMAX%+% records in %+% records out % truncated record % truncated records % byte (%s) copied% bytes (%s) copied%s: %: improperly formatted %s checksum lineWARNING: % of % listed file could not be readWARNING: % of % listed files could not be read%+% запісаў уайшло %+% запісаў выйшла % абрэзаны запіс % абрэзаных запісы % абрэзаных запісаў % байт (%s) скапіяваны% байты (%s) скапіявана% байтаў (%s) скапіявана%s: %: ня правільна складзены радок з кантрольнай сумай %sУВАГА! % з % пералічаных файлаў немагчыма прачытацьУВАГА! % з % пералічаных файлаў немагчыма прачытацьУВАГА! % з % пералічаных файлаў немагчыма прачытаць070701000091e2000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001600000000reloc/share/locale/bg070701000091e3000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000002200000000reloc/share/locale/bg/LC_MESSAGES070701000091e4000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00037270000000660000000300000000000000000000002f00000000reloc/share/locale/bg/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo0P;DO LOpOQQRISGSJf\fRf9gghiij3k|lSm01nAbnnooWpqqrJsu9!vt[vwFx zz{y|5&}H\~7~~F΀,u\݄]Ά5)ۈI$nF9Ώhi wmZOW1.&ߙ~}GśOy| O\gĤQVt2ƫi  &C@.bQIEƵu (04Ӻ- &,*;W<zf1wqpuVPwI7^K68 o=*C?=}!$$*(&S9z#$!,"*%M's ,X;|S & "58K` |+D0Bs"/ (>W#h>"% B1*t) %',M"z$/8"[p5Rew'*$8] m";/B^z")0Zw"1'($ Mn"&!"< _ kx0.'"Cf+v) ;R h)v )?1qkK8ZOJtt3xx1:2:1 CO \ + +I 0u   1    7       ) @ ] y $     l rI#<E*dEN;Mo{-& #2 h<wi Bb;Z%T; 8f@1'A-i&*d5VA $ $!"&"%<"+b" """"" ","&!# H#'i#0# #)#~ $Y%'%T&'c&(&&&&&'#''&'("'(TJ(g().))")+)Y+*~*++=,*,,^- t--F8.'.Z.`/!c/ /'/</T 0`0u0 /191>1XD1C1l1tN22?q33;334/84+h4'4#4455<,5i5o5u5<w515,506,D6#q606*6 66707AM72717 78!8#58Y8u88*888"9#9A9 `9,9 999+:#::#^:,:0:,:# ;1;L; b;;;;;;$<5<'K<s<<!< <<<=,=@=W=(g===.=2= >;>V>0o>3>5> ?#?*B?m???%???@@8-@f@|@@@@&@.A!1ASA&bAAAA'AAB B5BNBiBBB%B B B BBC#C9CPC+gC8CCCCD D6DRDoDD DDD D#D"E%E6EGEME_EpE#E*E!E'EF1FPFiF${F#F%FF! G-,G1ZGGG GGGG.G*HDBHHHHHHII9I=ITI)cI/I=I@I:[B\ Y\ d\ p\{\\\ \ \\\ \ ]])]>]Y]m]$]-]7] ^^#^2^K^ [^g^^^J^ _ _!_*6_a_}____8_` %`H3`?|`=`>`39a(maNafa>Lb@b<b c/!cQclccc*ccc3c)dAd0YdddHd2e87e=peJe#e&fDf=_f4f,f<f0i5Siji_i,Tj*j3j jj j k k7%k]kQl!5n&WoD~pJrt"ueuAw^x={7}*'<Հ]eÁ˃qɊ;PDzp0ba V ^`[:Vٟ0v3~5*_`QJW$|krXL\8U_rg>X>oG  K,xoMCrHg)$NWBs{2,@Z[F 4RS.Fvuz g  o Py@ j#7hQ{&D"u$>%&(0]*Z,K,5./0{2`4_4Y68w:8=>?_AwBD<EAF:IeI&K#M`MFBNyPRfSj=TTJWZy[V\{^^M _`Z_L_a`mj``|b{c=|c<c"cKdfeb[gqi0j mM o[pqss s sssUu $v .v3:vnvqv,v)v4vOw#mw'wwR@x.xFx y@'yChy7y%yC z,Nz[{z9z{B{`{8|e|=%}=c}1}k}U?~l~tAwJ:a?q.0?_5*ՁH,I4v8;9 +Z+$4׃4 PA8W˄8#G\5=څ'B@5/}%g0.20 'Q5y:%9PJ?4ۉ3?DsXIQ3&ϋ$&.B$q'XAQY"Ӎ$HGdn_3{J"K5iN2 ?B,Γ , 6NgW 13̕  {"39cbbŢɣce[TߦO4%w 3>OKETm xq1P&_88932Gf32   43$:"C]!9ô[Y^60ȶ3b@ C Q>\i˾Oÿ>N&huZE9=A<Pwi~$`)Zta{\r Ze" Uo8AOJK^0"F i"[A#=eJY=HTFXFJ=&M);=2yD5='eO3?HU'uD4Cx7Ok,A]@CABu>+_RenwM;_F~:627.j*&"b'  bT C^CGU.CW V5X0uvz"~([R&EyJ}(EMN:9LDVU=<;'ZcRMZ_^YZs8EMM6@EEYGQU9]D:2 Qm [ ? M[ R C @@ L k 8: 1s O x 9n 7 : kZ6gDjPNE'` 3n335 @4E;C==af]KERV4P;/jk!+*$6O>2&,aL3A)T2~47Q~pZ%J%p 06;4[:"K8E($"&A!hF\E.Lt0E08 'i C G S!Eq!V!_"Qn"3"<"11#:c#(##s#QW$$/:%j%6%=%'%0#&7T&&=&(&Y&Q''()Q)=)+7*!c**2**+m+(+0+?+D3,Ax,4,],`M- -2-/.82.1k.9.3.Y /^e/d/5)03_0U0'0"1d41161+152.P2B2S2N3Qe353C3?14Cq414"44 5$?50d50505A5;96:u6B6F64:7Do7*7-7% 8388's9U9-9>:A^:8:8:%;*8;c;;H</<,=%1==W=E=I=_%>>N>r>M?N?Z)@2@$@&@RATVAA)A%A@BQQBDBPB*9CAdC&C(CC)Dm>DMDKD0FE.wE8EKEA+FDmF>FnFw`G:GNH$bHH3HYH{4ITI J/J#AJeJYJ+Jm KHxKIK1 L=LGVL6L?L-MECM:M0MMPyN N N O#O"AO(dOOO&O)OP!PA0P4rPBP$P-Q4=QPrQvQ :R%GR!mR5R#R1RES6aS9SSpT#TJT]Tb[U4U1U=%V$cVVWWv&WsWqXgXSXS?YvY ZZwQ[[Ei\a\8]7J]]/]U]6^)H^or^"^#_h)_1_@_`S`i`IaoagDbOb:bv7crca!dmd_d\QeYefsftPg gjg~QhphAi jYjU kA`kk&kkll^.lsXJVCuI/JH8a#s4 SO}Re.H{W }[7 QgL` UHW?g8'V"Q(w:rSRb1"?iE1y0d 3nelOM2W&yF-@:9 _f@Z>B{Kz<xAbQPSn.D|fY)&&+.N~zxu)ighB ]`!h~,k@GlB>`w6<l[\_/$Ev2+&V;I\3AZ-Kd m*$q)[jKn5@8W 'w}q/uE0 f+t#*(vUPk 3uVrj%=|A4pCes=7hwJ2_Y N~p>5%l*z b18m IkMTDosYa^~m iR6t;!FN3 jGq]"%vcTk$LCAz+;<o TD|v7,*OZ!}'y(GtMX^4?( $C0e`n,^o7 ?6-qBFf,iOT K|!2_[rR<ScFDY.o Hp5#tG)r\I^d'9 a4;0U1y:g5/X6 h]QNd"\E]9mX{=b:xJjc U>-M{cPpaZL=x9#LP%lOOOOOP,PHPdPxPPPPPQ0Q\QxQl l1l/m7am(m `m dpnnn n"(o*zox pUgpYPCqWFr5/fr  ( EXPRESSION ) EXPRESSION is true ! EXPRESSION EXPRESSION is false EXPRESSION1 -a EXPRESSION2 both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true EXPRESSION1 -o EXPRESSION2 either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true -a, --all same as -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot time of last system boot -d, --dead print dead processes -H, --heading print line of column headings -b FILE FILE exists and is block special -c FILE FILE exists and is character special -d FILE FILE exists and is a directory -e FILE FILE exists -l produce long format output for the specified USERs -b omit the user's home directory and shell in long format -h omit the user's project file in long format -p omit the user's plan file in long format -s do short format output, this is the default -n STRING the length of STRING is nonzero STRING equivalent to -n STRING -z STRING the length of STRING is zero STRING1 = STRING2 the strings are equal STRING1 != STRING2 the strings are not equal ARG1 * ARG2 arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 is less than ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 is equal to ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 is unequal to ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2 FILE1 -ef FILE2 FILE1 and FILE2 have the same device and inode numbers FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2 FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 is older than FILE2 INTEGER copy up to but not including specified line number /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copy up to but not including a matching line %REGEXP%[OFFSET] skip to, but not including a matching line {INTEGER} repeat the previous pattern specified number of times {*} repeat the previous pattern as many times as possible A line OFFSET is a required `+' or `-' followed by a positive integer. INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING length of STRING b create a block (buffered) special file c, u create a character (unbuffered) special file p create a FIFO # users=%lu A lightweight `finger' program; print user information. The utmp file will be %s. A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment. A mere - implies -l. If USER not given, assume root. After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number; then an optional modifier, which is either E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available. An omitted EXPRESSION defaults to false. Otherwise, EXPRESSION is true or false and sets exit status. It is one of: As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. Both MAJOR and MINOR must be specified when TYPE is b, c, or u, and they must be omitted when TYPE is p. If MAJOR or MINOR begins with 0x or 0X, it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal; otherwise, as decimal. TYPE may be: By default, rm does not remove directories. Use the --recursive (-r or -R) option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents. By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: Combination settings: * [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase cbreak same as -icanon -cbreak same as icanon Control settings: [-]clocal disable modem control signals [-]cread allow input to be received * [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8] Each FLAG symbol may be: append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc suggested) Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Output "stdio". Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Output ".". Examples: %s f - g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. %s Copy standard input to standard output. Examples: %s root /u Change the owner of /u to "root". %s root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to "staff". %s -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root". Examples: %s staff /u Change the group of /u to "staff". %s -hR staff /u Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff". Except for -h and -L, all FILE-related tests dereference symbolic links. Beware that parentheses need to be escaped (e.g., by backslashes) for shells. INTEGER may also be -l STRING, which evaluates to the length of STRING. Exit status is 0 if EXPRESSION is neither null nor 0, 1 if EXPRESSION is null or 0, 2 if EXPRESSION is syntactically invalid, and 3 if an error occurred. Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. If FILE is -, shred standard output. Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified. The default is not to remove the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda, and those files usually should not be removed. When operating on regular files, most people use the --remove option. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual. If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. If a FILE is -, copy again to standard output. If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). Input settings: [-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal [-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline [-]ignbrk ignore break characters [-]igncr ignore carriage return Local settings: [-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings * -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings NOTE: your shell may have its own version of %s, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available. Output settings: * bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1] * crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3] * ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1] * nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1] Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed to login group if implied by a `:' following a symbolic OWNER. OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic. POS is F[.C][OPTS], where F is the field number and C the character position in the field; both are origin 1. If neither -t nor -b is in effect, characters in a field are counted from the beginning of the preceding whitespace. OPTS is one or more single-letter ordering options, which override global ordering options for that key. If no key is given, use the entire line as the key. SIZE may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). Sending a %s signal to a running `dd' process makes it print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s Options are: Special characters: * dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input) eol CHAR CHAR will end the line The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo', use one of these commands: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Traditional format specifications may be intermixed; they accumulate: -a same as -t a, select named characters, ignoring high-order bit -b same as -t o1, select octal bytes -c same as -t c, select ASCII characters or backslash escapes -d same as -t u2, select unsigned decimal 2-byte units With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. With no options, produce three-column output. Column one contains lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2, and column three contains lines common to both files. Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories (note: will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the superuser) -f, --force remove existing destination files --help display this help and exit --lookup attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS -m only hostname and user associated with stdin -p, --process print active processes spawned by init --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially --preserve-root do not remove `/' (default) -r, -R, --recursive remove directories and their contents recursively -v, --verbose explain what is being done --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST don't preserve the specified attributes --parents use full source file name under DIRECTORY --one-file-system when removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any directory that is on a file system different from that of the corresponding command line argument --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix --version output version information and exit -evenp same as -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7 nl same as -icrnl -onlcr -nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-') [-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty [-]hupcl same as [-]hup [-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input [-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-') [-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors * [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character [-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return [-]inpck enable input parity checking [-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters [-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters [-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters * [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal * [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\' for uppercase characters cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values -cooked same as raw crt same as echoe echoctl echoke dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany ek erase and kill characters to their default values evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N set the input speed to N * line N use line discipline N min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read ospeed N set the output speed to N oddp same as parenb parodd cs7 -oddp same as -parenb cs8 [-]parity same as [-]evenp pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7 raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw same as cooked stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal * swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer * werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed %A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday) %b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan) %B locale's full month name (e.g., January) %c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005) %F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d %g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G) %G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V %S second (00..60) %t a tab %T time; same as %H:%M:%S %u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday %U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) %V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53) %w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday %W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53) %d Device number in decimal %D Device number in hex %f Raw mode in hex %F File type %g Group ID of owner %G Group name of owner %h Number of hard links %i Inode number %n File name %N Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link %o I/O block size %s Total size, in bytes %t Major device type in hex %T Minor device type in hex %h same as %b %H hour (00..23) %I hour (01..12) %j day of year (001..366) %i File System ID in hex %l Maximum length of filenames %n File name %s Block size (for faster transfers) %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) %t Type in hex %T Type in human readable form %k hour ( 0..23) %l hour ( 1..12) %m month (01..12) %M minute (00..59) %n a newline %N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) %p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known %P like %p, but lower case %r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM) %R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M %s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u User ID of owner %U User name of owner %x Time of last access %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch %y Time of last modification %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch %z Time of last change %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch %x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99) %X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48) %y last two digits of year (00..99) %Y year + TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like `match' or an operator like `/' ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -A, --auto-reference output automatically generated references -G, --traditional behave more like System V `ptx' -F, --flag-truncation=STRING use STRING for flagging line truncations -D create all leading components of DEST except the last, then copy SOURCE to DEST -g, --group=GROUP set group ownership, instead of process' current group -m, --mode=MODE set permission mode (as in chmod), instead of rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=OWNER set ownership (super-user only) -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -I prompt once before removing more than three files, or when removing recursively. Less intrusive than -i, while still giving protection against most mistakes --interactive[=WHEN] prompt according to WHEN: never, once (-I), or always (-i). Without WHEN, prompt always -L FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h) -O FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID -p FILE FILE exists and is a named pipe -r FILE FILE exists and read permission is granted -s FILE FILE exists and has a size greater than zero -L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links -P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default) -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -S, --separate-dirs do not include size of subdirectories -s, --summarize display only a total for each argument -M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx' -O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives -R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences -T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives -N, --read-bytes=BYTES limit dump to BYTES input bytes -S, --strings[=BYTES] output strings of at least BYTES graphic chars -t, --format=TYPE select output format or formats -v, --output-duplicates do not use * to mark line suppression -w, --width[=BYTES] output BYTES bytes per output line --traditional accept arguments in traditional form -P, --portability use the POSIX output format --sync invoke sync before getting usage info -t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE -T, --print-type print file system type -x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE -v (ignored) -S sort by file size --sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time -S FILE FILE exists and is a socket -t FD file descriptor FD is opened on a terminal -u FILE FILE exists and its set-user-ID bit is set -w FILE FILE exists and write permission is granted -x FILE FILE exists and execute (or search) permission is granted -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create the links -T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file -v, --verbose print name of each linked file -T, -w, --mesg add user's message status as +, - or ? -u, --users list users logged in --message same as -T --writable same as -T -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword -b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting -g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields -i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE -o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -a, --all convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks --first-only convert only leading sequences of blanks (overrides -a) -t, --tabs=N have tabs N characters apart instead of 8 (enables -a) -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated LIST of tab positions (enables -a) -a, --suffix-length=N use suffixes of length N (default %d) -b, --bytes=SIZE put SIZE bytes per output file -C, --line-bytes=SIZE put at most SIZE bytes of lines per output file -d, --numeric-suffixes use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic -l, --lines=NUMBER put NUMBER lines per output file -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline -b, --binary read in binary mode -b, --binary read in binary mode (default unless reading tty stdin) -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -b, --bytes=LIST select only these bytes -c, --characters=LIST select only these characters -d, --delimiter=DELIM use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignore leading blanks -d, --dictionary-order consider only blanks and alphanumeric characters -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case characters -c, --check read %s sums from the FILEs and check them -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -c, --crown-margin preserve indentation of first two lines -p, --prefix=STRING reformat only lines beginning with STRING, reattaching the prefix to reformatted lines -s, --split-only split long lines, but do not refill -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries --file-type likewise, except do not append `*' --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso -f omit the line of column headings in short format -w omit the user's full name in short format -i omit the user's full name and remote host in short format -q omit the user's full name, remote host and idle time in short format -f same as -t fF, select floats -i same as -t dI, select decimal ints -l same as -t dL, select decimal longs -o same as -t o2, select octal 2-byte units -s same as -t d2, select decimal 2-byte units -x same as -t x2, select hexadecimal 2-byte units -f FILE FILE exists and is a regular file -g FILE FILE exists and is set-group-ID -G FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID -h FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L) -k FILE FILE exists and has its sticky bit set -f, --fields=LIST select only these fields; also print any line that contains no delimiter character, unless the -s option is specified -n (ignored) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --reference=RFILE use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values -R, --recursive change files and directories recursively -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's group rather than specifying a GROUP value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's owner and group rather than specifying OWNER:GROUP values -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -g like -l, but do not list owner -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) -i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing fields -j FIELD equivalent to `-1 FIELD -2 FIELD' -o FORMAT obey FORMAT while constructing output line -t CHAR use CHAR as input and output field separator -i, --initial do not convert tabs after non blanks -t, --tabs=NUMBER have tabs NUMBER characters apart, not 8 -i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage -k like --block-size=1K -l, --local limit listing to local file systems --no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -l, --login print system login processes -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o like -l, but do not list group information -p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories -q, --count all login names and number of users logged on -r, --runlevel print current runlevel -s, --short print only name, line, and time (default) -t, --time print last system clock change -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -r, --reference=FILE use this file's times instead of current time -t STAMP use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time --time=WORD change the specified time: WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent to -a WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to -m -r, --references first field of each line is a reference -t, --typeset-mode - not implemented - -w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL specify the name or number of the signal to be sent -l, --list list signal names, or convert signal names to/from numbers -t, --table print a table of signal information -s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP use SEP instead of non-blank to blank transition -T, --temporary-directory=DIR use DIR for temporaries, not $TMPDIR or %s; multiple options specify multiple directories -u, --unique with -c, check for strict ordering; without -c, output only the first of an equal run -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -t, --tagged-paragraph indentation of first line different from second -u, --uniform-spacing one space between words, two after sentences -w, --width=WIDTH maximum line width (default of 75 columns) -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -u, --update move only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -t, --text read in text mode (default if reading tty stdin) -t, --text read in text mode (default) -u, --remove truncate and remove file after overwriting -v, --verbose show progress -x, --exact do not round file sizes up to the next full block; this is the default for non-regular files -z, --zero add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system -v, --kernel-version print the kernel version -m, --machine print the machine hardware name -p, --processor print the processor type or "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform print the hardware platform or "unknown" -o, --operating-system print the operating system -w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline lcase change upper case to lower case binary use binary I/O for data d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer direct use direct I/O for data dsync use synchronized I/O for data noatime do not update access time noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file nofollow do not follow symlinks nolinks fail if multiply-linked nonblock use non-blocking I/O none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups sync likewise, but also for metadata text use text I/O for data %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% %s-blocks Used Available Capacity (backup: %s) * [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c') [-]echo echo input characters * [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho [-]echoe same as [-]crterase [-]echok echo a newline after a kill character * [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill [-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters * [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\' and '/' [-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters [-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters * [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase * [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character [-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters [-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control [-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence) [-]tandem same as [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded * [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline * [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters * [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays * [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase * [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline * [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return * [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column [-]opost postprocess output * tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3] * tabs same as tab0 * -tabs same as tab3 * vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1] * eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line * lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal * rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it * rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows * size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel speed print the terminal speed time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second Mounted on TTY groups= old on repetition %s % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %.*s: invalid conversion specification%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu user%lu users%s%s (for regexp %s)%s -> %s (unbackup) %s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has appeared; following end of new file%s has become accessible%s has become inaccessible%s has been replaced with an untailable file; giving up on this name%s has been replaced; following end of new file%s has unknown file type%s is not a valid positive integer%s is too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s: line number out of range%s: %s: match not found%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: binary operator expected%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot change nonblocking mode%s: cannot find name for user ID %lu %s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot lseek back to original position%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot rewind%s: cannot seek%s: cannot seek to end-relative offset %s%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: cannot seek to relative offset %s%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: couldn't reset non-blocking mode%s: descend into directory %s? %s: descend into write-protected directory %s? %s: end of file%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: error truncating%s: error writing at offset %s%s: expected a numeric value%s: failed to close%s: failed to open for writing%s: failed to remove%s: fcntl failed%s: fdatasync failed%s: file has negative size%s: file has shrunk too much%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: fstat failed%s: fsync failed%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input contains an odd number of tokens%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid count at start of %s%s: invalid directive%s: invalid field specification %s%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of passes%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: lseek failed%s: multiple signals specified%s: new permissions are %s, not %s%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: no size information for this device%s: not listing already-listed directory%s: number of bytes is too large%s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove all arguments recursively? %s: remove all arguments? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s: seek failed%s: too many checksum lines%s: unable to determine maximum file name length%s: unable to perform all requested operations%s: unary operator expected%s: value not completely converted%s: write error%s:%lu: invalid line; missing second token%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}''')' expected')' expected, found %s(C)* log-structured or journaled file systems, such as those supplied with AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.) * file systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes fail, such as RAID-based file systems * file systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server , load average: %.2f, %g s, %s/s -R --dereference requires either -H or -L-R -h requires -P-ef does not accept -l-nt does not accept -l-ot does not accept -l??? Address family for hostname not supportedAll arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. All requests doneBad value for ai_flagsCAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important assumption: that the file system overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern file system designs do not satisfy this assumption. The following are examples of file systems on which shred is not effective, or is not guaranteed to be effective in all file system modes: COMMENTCall the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1. Call the unlink function to remove the specified FILE. Change the effective user id and group id to that of USER. -, -l, --login make the shell a login shell -c, --command=COMMAND pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c -f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment do not reset environment variables -p same as -m -s, --shell=SHELL run SHELL if /etc/shells allows it Change the group of each FILE to GROUP. With --reference, change the group of each FILE to that of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Compare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. Convert blanks in each FILE to tabs, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. -a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. Directory: Display file or file system status. -L, --dereference follow links -f, --file-system display file system status instead of file status Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date. -d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not `now' -f, --file=DATEFILE like --date once for each line of DATEFILE EXITEcho the STRING(s) to standard output. -n do not output the trailing newline Exit with a status code indicating failure.Exit with a status code indicating success.Exit with the status determined by EXPRESSION. F. PinardFAILEDFifos do not have major and minor device numbers.Filesystem Filesystem TypeFor each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by whitespace. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input. -a FILENUM print unpairable lines coming from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2 -e EMPTY replace missing input fields with EMPTY Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block. IDLEIdleIn real life: Infinity BInterrupted by a signalInvalid back referenceInvalid character class nameInvalid collation characterInvalid content of \{\}Invalid preceding regular expressionInvalid range endInvalid regular expressionLINEList information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort. LoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Memory allocation failureMemory exhaustedNAMENameName or service not knownNo address associated with hostnameNo matchNo previous regular expressionNon-recoverable failure in name resolutionOKOnly one string may be given when deleting without squeezing repeats.Ordering options: Output a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. Determine format of output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output defaults Output fixed-size pieces of INPUT to PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ...; default size is 1000 lines, and default PREFIX is `x'. With no INPUT, or when INPUT is -, read standard input. Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files `xx00', `xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output. Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. PIDPaginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Parameter string not correctly encodedPassword:Plan: Premature end of regular expressionPrint CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print NAME with its trailing /component removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output `.' (meaning the current directory). Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s. -a, --all print all information, in the following order, except omit -p and -i if unknown: -s, --kernel-name print the kernel name -n, --nodename print the network node hostname -r, --kernel-release print the kernel release Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT. -f, --format=FORMAT use printf style floating-point FORMAT -s, --separator=STRING use STRING to separate numbers (default: \n) -w, --equal-width equalize width by padding with leading zeroes Print or change terminal characteristics. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. -s, --silent, --quiet print nothing, only return an exit status Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the full filename of the current working directory. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the name of the current user. Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID. Same as id -un. Processing request in progressProject: Regular expression too bigRemove (unlink) the FILE(s). -f, --force ignore nonexistent files, never prompt -i prompt before every removal Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Request canceledRequest not canceledRun COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling. With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Nicenesses range from %d (most favorable scheduling) to %d (least favorable). -n, --adjustment=N add integer N to the niceness (default 10) Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals. Send signals to processes, or list signals. Servname not supported for ai_socktypeSet LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Shell: Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default. Special files require major and minor device numbers.SuccessSummarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. System errorTIMETemporary failure in name resolutionThe following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. -H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it -L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered -P do not traverse any symbolic links (default) The strings compared were %s and %s.Trailing backslashTry `%s --help' for more information. Try `%s ./%s' to remove the file %s. Two strings must be given when translating.Unknown errorUnknown system errorUnmatched ( or \(Unmatched ) or \)Unmatched [ or [^Unmatched \{Usage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NUMBER[SUFFIX]... or: %s OPTION Pause for NUMBER seconds. SUFFIX may be `s' for seconds (the default), `m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. Unlike most implementations that require NUMBER be an integer, here NUMBER may be an arbitrary floating point number. Given two or more arguments, pause for the amount of time specified by the sum of their values. Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NAME] or: %s OPTION Print or set the hostname of the current system. Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPERAND]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... or: %s [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form) or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form) Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] or: %s -e [OPTION]... [ARG]... or: %s -i LO-HI [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] or: %s --traditional [OPTION]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [ignored command line arguments] or: %s OPTION Usage: test EXPRESSION or: test or: [ EXPRESSION ] or: [ ] or: [ OPTION Valid arguments are:WARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s Warning: WhenWhereWrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write a random permutation of the input lines to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to standard output. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``-%c' extra characters or invalid number in the argument: %s`--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argument`-N NUMBER' invalid starting line number: %s`-W PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %s`-l PAGE_LENGTH' invalid number of lines: %s`-o MARGIN' invalid line offset: %s`-w PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %sa command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sai_family not supportedai_socktype not supportedambiguous argument %s for %san input delimiter may be specified only when operating on fieldsbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileblock special files not supportedboth files cannot be standard inputbyte offset %s is too largecannot access %scannot backup %scannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change ownership of %scannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot chdir to root directorycannot combine -e and -i optionscannot combine any two of {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}cannot combine block and unblockcannot combine excl and nocreatcannot combine lcase and ucasecannot combine mode and --reference optionscannot combine signal with -l or -tcannot compare file names %s and %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot dereference %scannot determine device and inode of %scannot determine hostnamecannot do ioctl on %scannot find name for group ID %lucannot find name for user ID %lucannot follow %s by namecannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot get nicenesscannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open %s for writingcannot open directory %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot read directory %scannot read file names from %scannot read file system information for %scannot read realtime clockcannot read symbolic link %scannot remove %scannot reposition file pointer for %scannot set datecannot set group idcannot set group-ID to %lucannot set groupscannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot set name to %scannot set nicenesscannot set time stamps for %scannot set user idcannot set user-ID to %lucannot skip past end of combined inputcannot specify times from more than one sourcecannot split in more than one waycannot stat %scannot stat current directory (now %s)cannot touch %scannot un-backup %scannot unlink %scannot work around kernel bug after allchanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %scharacter offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special filecharacter special files not supportedclock changeclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing directory %sclosing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputconflicting empty-field replacement stringscouldn't find directory entry in %s with matching i-nodecouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %screating file %s creating hard link %screating hard link %s => %screating hard link to %.0s%screating symbolic link %screating symbolic link %s -> %sdirectorydivision by zeroempty file nameempty taberror in regular expression matchererror in regular expression searcherror reading %serror writing %sexit=extra argument %sextra operand %sextra operand %s failed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to chdir to %sfailed to get attributes of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to open %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to redirect standard errorfailed to return to initial working directoryfailed to set the copy of stderr to close on execfailed to stat %sfdatasync failed for %sfflush failedfield number %s is too largefield number is zerofifofile system type %s both selected and excludedfork system call failedformat string may not be specified when printing equal width stringsfsync failed for %sfts_read failedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsignoring inputignoring input and appending output to %signoring input and redirecting stderr to stdoutignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %signoring non-option argumentsincompatible join fields %lu, %luincompatible tabsincorrect passwordinput disappearedinput line is too longinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid adjustment %sinvalid argument %sinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid body numbering style: %sinvalid byte or field listinvalid character `%c' in type string %sinvalid character class %sinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid date %sinvalid date format %sinvalid device %s %sinvalid device type %sinvalid field number: %sinvalid field specifier: %sinvalid field width: %sinvalid file number in field spec: %sinvalid floating point argument: %sinvalid footer numbering style: %sinvalid format precisioninvalid format widthinvalid gap width: %sinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid header numbering style: %sinvalid inputinvalid input range %sinvalid integer %sinvalid integer argument %sinvalid line count %sinvalid line discipline %sinvalid line number field width: %sinvalid line number increment: %sinvalid line numbering format: %sinvalid line width: %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid maximum depth %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid modeinvalid mode %sinvalid mode: %sinvalid number %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of blank lines: %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of columns: %sinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid number of lines: 0invalid option -- %cinvalid option -- %c; -WIDTH is recognized only when it is the first option; use -w N insteadinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid precision: %sinvalid repeat count %s in [c*n] constructinvalid specinvalid starting line number: %sinvalid tab size: %sinvalid time interval %sinvalid time style format %sinvalid trailing option -- %cinvalid type string %sinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte floating point typeinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte integral typeinvalid universal character name \%c%0*xinvalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sinvalid wrap size: %sinvalid zero-length file nameit is dangerous to operate recursively on %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)last=leading `-' in a component of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name component %sline count option -%s%c... is too largeline number %s is smaller than preceding line number, %sline number overflowmemory exhaustedmessage queuemisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing `]'missing argument after %smissing argument to %smissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing destination file operand after %smissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing file operandmissing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operandmissing operand after %smode must specify only file permission bitsmode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multi-character tab %smultiple -i options specifiedmultiple -l or -t options specifiedmultiple output files specifiedmultiple output formats specifiedmultiple random sources specifiedmultiple target directories specifiedneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno change to ownership of %s no file systems processedno files remainingno login nameno process ID specifiedno type may be specified when dumping stringsno username specified; at least one must be specified when using -lnonportable character %s in file name %snot a ttynumber in %s is too largenumber of bytesnumber of linesoffset overflow while reading file %somitting directory %sonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one device may be specifiedonly one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %soption used in invalid context -- %coptions `-%s' are incompatibleownership of %s retained ownership of %s retained as %s page width too narrowpreserving permissions for %spreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedreading %sreading directory %srecord too largeregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %srun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptysetting flags for %ssetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectskip-bytes + read-bytes is too largeskipping %s, since it's on a different deviceskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstray character in field specstring comparison failedstring transformation failedsuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errortab size cannot be 0tab size contains invalid character(s): %stab sizes must be ascendingtab stop is too large %stab stop value is too largetabs are too far aparttarget %s is not a directorytarget directory not allowed when installing a directoryterm=test and/or [the --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the delimiter must be a single characterthe options for verbose and stty-readable output styles are mutually exclusivethe options to output dircolors' internal database and to select a shell syntax are mutually exclusivethe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivethe strip option may not be used when installing a directorytime %s is out of rangetoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtoo many characters in settoo many repeated linestotaltyped memory objectunable to record current working directoryunknown binary operatorunknown user-ID: %sunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableunrecognized operand %sunrecognized prefix: %suse --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeuser %s does not existusing restricted shell %swarning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredwarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: --retry is useful mainly when following by namewarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: `touch %s' is obsolete; use `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'warning: backslash at end of formatwarning: cannot change directory to %swarning: cannot remove: %swarning: following standard input indefinitely is ineffectivewarning: ignoring excess arguments, starting with %swarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: line number %s is the same as preceding line numberwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: summarizing conflicts with --max-depth=%luwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0warning: the ambiguous octal escape \%c%c%c is being interpreted as the 2-byte sequence \0%c%c, %cwarning: unrecognized escape `\%c'warning: working around lseek kernel bug for file (%s) of mt_type=0x%0lx -- see for the list of typesweird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen reading file names from stdin, no file name of %s allowedwhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'will not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swith --parents, the destination must be a directorywrite errorwrite error for %swrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsProject-Id-Version: coreutils 6.5 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2006-11-23 22:41+0200 Last-Translator: Anton Zinoviev Language-Team: Bulgarian MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1); ( ИЗРАЗ ) ИЗРАЗ е истина ! ИЗРАЗ ИЗРАЗ е лъжа ИЗРАЗ1 -a ИЗРАЗ2 както ИЗРАЗ1, така и ИЗРАЗ2 са истина ИЗРАЗ1 -o ИЗРАЗ2 поне един от ИЗРАЗ1 и ИЗРАЗ2 е истина -a, --all същото като -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot времето на последното начално зареждане -d, --dead извежда броя умрели процеси -H, --heading извежда антетка -b ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ съществува и е специален блоков -c ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ съществува и е символен специален -d ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ съществува и е каталог -e ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ съществува -l извежда в дълъг по-подробен формат за посочените ПОТРЕБИТЕЛи -b изпуска потребителския домашен каталог в дългия формат -h изпуска потребителския файл проект в дългия формат -p изпуска потребителския файл план в дългия формат -s извежда в кратък формат; по подразбиране е така [-n] НИЗ НИЗ е с ненулева дължина НИЗ същото като -n НИЗ -z НИЗ НИЗ е с дължина нула НИЗ1 = НИЗ2 низовете са еднакви НИЗ1 != НИЗ2 низовете не са еднакви ARG1 * ARG2 аритметично произведение на ARG1 и ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 аритметично частно на ARG1 разделен на ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 аритметичен остатък на ARG1 разделен на ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 аритметична сума на ARG1 и ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 аритметична разлика на ARG1 и ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 е по-малък от ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 е по-малък или равен на ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 е равен на ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 е различен от ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 е по-голям или равен на ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 е по-голям от ARG2 ФАЙЛ1 -ef ФАЙЛ2 ФАЙЛ1 и ФАЙЛ2 имат еднакви номера на устройство и i-възел ФАЙЛ1 -nt ФАЙЛ2 ФАЙЛ1 е по-нов (спрямо датата на изменение) от ФАЙЛ2 ФАЙЛ1 -ot ФАЙЛ2 ФАЙЛ1 е по-стар от ФАЙЛ2 ЦЯЛО_ЧИСЛО копира до посочения номер на ред, без да го включва /РЕГИЗРАЗ/[ОТМЕСТ] копира до отговарящ ред, но без да го включва %РЕГИЗРАЗ%[ОТМЕСТ] пропуска до отговарящ ред, но без да го включва {ЦЯЛО_ЧИСЛО} повтаря предходния образец посочения брой пъти {*} повтаря предходния образец колкото пъти е възможно ОТМЕСТ мери брой редове и е положително число, предхождано от „+“ или „-“. ЦЯЛО1 -eq ЦЯЛО2 ЦЯЛО1 е равно на ЦЯЛО2 ЦЯЛО1 -ge ЦЯЛО2 ЦЯЛО1 е по-голямо или равно на ЦЯЛО2 ЦЯЛО1 -gt ЦЯЛО2 ЦЯЛО1 е по-голямо от ЦЯЛО2 ЦЯЛО1 -le ЦЯЛО2 ЦЯЛО1 е по-малко или равно на ЦЯЛО2 ЦЯЛО1 -lt ЦЯЛО2 ЦЯЛО1 е по-малко от ЦЯЛО2 ЦЯЛО1 -ne ЦЯЛО2 ЦЯЛО1 е различно от ЦЯЛО2 НИЗ : РЕГИЗР стриктно (anchored) съпоставяне на образеца РЕГИЗР в НИЗ match НИЗ РЕГИЗР същото като НИЗ : РЕГИЗР substr НИЗ ПОЗИЦ ДЪЛЖ подниз на НИЗ, ПОЗИЦ се брои от 1 index НИЗ ЗНАЦИ място в НИЗ, където се намира някой от ЗНАЦИ, или 0 length НИЗ дължината на НИЗ b създава блоков (буфериран) специален файл c, u създава символен (небуфериран) специален файл p създава именуван канал брой потребители - %lu Олекотена програма „finger“ -- извежда информация за потребител. Файлът utmp ще бъде %s. Просто - означава -i. Ако не е дадена КОМАНДА, отпечатва полученото обкръжение. Само - влече -l. Ако не е посочен ПОТР, приема се root. След кой да е от флаговете може да бъде посочена ширина на полето във вид на десетично число, след което може да е зададен още един от следните модификатори: E за да се използва алтернативното представяне според локала, или O за да се използват алтернативните числови знаци, ако ги има. Ако ИЗРАЗ е изпуснат, се приема лъжа. Иначе ИЗРАЗ е истина и лъжа и определя кода на завършване. Той може да бъде: По изключение ако са зададени опции --force и --backup, а ИЗТОЧНИК и ЦЕЛ са едно и също име на съществуващ обикновен файл, cp прави резервно копие на ИЗТОЧНИК. В командните обвивки трябва да защитавате много от операторите с кавички или \. Сравненията са аритметични, ако и двата ARG са числа, а иначе лексикографски. Съпоставянията с образец връщат низа, паснал между първите \( и \) или празен, а ако не са използвани \( и \) връща броя паснали знаци или 0. Както ГОЛЯМ, така и МАЛЪК трябва да се посочат, ако ТИП е „b“, „c“ или „u“, и трябва да се пропуснат, ако ТИП е „p“. Ако ГОЛЯМ или МАЛЪК започва с 0x или 0X, номерът се интерпретира като шестнадесетичен, иначе ако започва с 0, като осмичен и иначе -- като десетичен. ТИП може да бъде: По подразбиране rm не изтрива каталози. За целта ползвайте опцията --recursive (-r или -R), която ще изтрие всеки изброен каталог, заедно със съдържанието му. По подразбиране се използва -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC са двата символа, използвани за разделяне на логическите страници. Ако липсва, по подразбиране вторият символ е :. Използвайте \\ за \. СТИЛ е едно от: Комбинирани настройки: * [-]LCASE същото като [-]lcase cbreak същото като -icanon -cbreak същото като icanon Управляващи настройки: [-]clocal забранява сигналите управляващите сигнали за модем [-]cread позволява да се получава входа * [-]crtscts позволява диалог (handshaking) RTS/CTS csN посочва размер на знаците до N бита, N е от 5 до 8 Всеки знак за ФЛАГ може да бъде: append режим добавяне (смислено само за изхода, препоръчва се conv=notrunc) Всеки РЕЖИМ е от вида „[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+“. Примери: %s /usr/bin/sort извежда „sort“. %s include/stdio.h .h извежда „stdio“. Примери: %s /usr/bin/sort извежда „/usr/bin“. %s stdio.h извежда „.“. Примери: %s f - g Извежда съдържанието на f, после стандартния изход и g %s Копира стандартния вход на стандартния изход. Примери: %s root /u прави собственика на /u да бъде „root“. %s root:staff /u подобно, но променя и групата на „staff“. %s -hR root /u прави собственика на /u и файловете в /u да е „root“. Примери: %s staff /u прави групата на /u да бъде „staff“. %s -hR staff /u прави групата на /u и файловете в /u да бъде „staff“. Освен -h и -L, всички файлови проверки се отнасят към сочените от символни връзки файлове. Имайте предвид, че при повечето обвивки скобите трябва да бъдат защитени (напр. с \). ЦЯЛО може да бъде също и -l НИЗ и дава дължината на НИЗ. Кодът на завършване е 0, ако ИЗРАЗ не е нито празен, нито 0; 1, ако ИЗРАЗ е празен или 0; 2, ако ИЗРАЗ е синтактично неправилен и 3, ако е станала грешка. Управлява терминалната линия, свързана на стандартния изход. Без аргументи извежда скоростта в бодове (т.е. бит/сек), дисциплината на линията и различията от stty sane. В настройките ЗНАК се задава буквално или кодиран като ^c, 0x37, 0177 или 127; специалните стойности ^- и undef се използват, за да се забранят съответните управляващи знаци. Ако ФАЙЛ е -, заличава стандартния изход. Изтрива ФАЙЛ(овете), ако е посочена опция --remove (-u). По подразбиране файловете не се изтриват, защото е обичайно shred да се използва за устройства като /dev/hda, а обикновено такива файлове не трябва да се изтриват. Когато се действа върху обикновени файлове, повечето хора използват опцията --remove. Ако не е посочен ФАЙЛ, се използва %s. Често ФАЙЛ е %s. Ако са посочени АРГ1 АРГ2, се предполага -m, обичайни са „am i“ и „съм аз“. Ако е посочен, ФАЙЛ определя какви цветове да се използват за различните файлови типове и разширения. В противен случай се използва вградена база данни. За подробности относно формата на ФАЙЛ, изпълнете „dircolors --print-database“. Ако ФАЙЛ е -, копира отново към стандартния изход. Ако не е посочена команда, изпълнява „${SHELL} -i“ (по подразбиране: /bin/sh). Настройки на входа: [-]brkint прекъсванията да довеждат до сигнал за прекъсване [-]icrnl превежда кодовете за връщане на курсора в кодове за нов ред [-]ignbrk пренебрегва знаците за прекъсване [-]igncr пренебрегва знаците за връщане на курсора Локални настройки: [-]crterase ехо на кодовете за изтриване като backspace-интервал-backspace * crtkill убива реда според на настройките echoprt и echoe * -crtkill убива реда според на настройките echoctl и echok ЗАБЕЛЕЖКА: Обвивката ви може да има своя собствена версия на %s. Тя обикновено се предпочита пред версията, описана тук. Моля обърнете се към документацията на използваната от вас обвивка за поддържаните от нея опции. Минус преди НАСТРОЙКА показва отрицание. Знак * означава не POSIX настройка. Кои настройки са допустими зависи от използваната система. Настройки на извеждането: * bsN стил за задържане на backspace, N е 0 или 1 * crN стил за задържане на връщане на курсора, N е от 0 до 3 * ffN стил за задържане на код за нова страница, N е 0 или 1 * nlN стил за задържане на код за нов ред, N е 0 или 1 Ако собственик не е посочен, той остава непроменен. Ако група не е посочена, тя остава непроменена, освен ако има „:“, в който случай се използва входящата група на новия собственик. СОБСТВЕНИК и ГРУПА могат да бъдат както номера, така и имена. ПОЗ е F[.C][ОПЦ], където F е номер на поле, а C - мястото на знака в полето, броейки от 1. Ако нито -t, нито -b е активно, знаците се броят от началото на предхождащото бяло поле. ОПЦ е една или повече еднобуквени опции за наредба на буквите, които има приоритет при това поле пред глобалните опции за наредба. Ако не е посочено поле, като поле се ползва целият ред. РАЗМ може да бъде следван от някой от следните множители: Отпечатва стойността на ИЗРАЗ на стандартния изход. По-долу празни редове отделят групите операции с нарастващ приоритет. ИЗРАЗ може да бъде: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1, ако той не е нито празен, нито 0, а иначе ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1, ако никой от аргументите не е празен или 0, иначе 0 Ако ФАЙЛ е -, се чете от стандартния вход. Всеки ОБРАЗЕЦ може да бъде: МНОЖ се задават като низове от знаци. Повечето представят себе си. Интерпретирани последователности са следните: \NNN знакът с осмичен код NNN (1 до 3 осмични цифри) \\ обратна наклонена черта \a BEL (звуков сигнал) \b backspace \f form feed (край на страницата) \n нов ред (new line) \r връщане на курсора (return) \t хоризонтална табулация РАЗМ е число. Ако ТИП е doux, РАЗМ може да бъде и C за sizeof(char), S за sizeof(short), I за sizeof(int) или L за sizeof(long). Ако ТИП е f, РАЗМ може да бъде и F за sizeof(float), D за sizeof(double) или L за sizeof(long double). Изпращането на сигнал %s към към работещ процес „dd“ го кара да изведе на стандартната грешка статистика за броя прочетени и записани до момента блокове, след което копирането продължава. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 прочетени блока 18335302+0 записани блока изкопирани са 9387674624 байта (9.4 GB) за 34,6279 секунди с 271 MB/s Управляващи кодове: * dsusp ЗНАК ЗНАК ще изпрати сигнал terminal stop, когато входът изпрати eof ЗНАК ЗНАК ще изпрати сигнал край на файл (ще прекрати входа) eol ЗНАК ЗНАК ще завърши реда Суфиксът за резервни копия е „~“, освен при промяна с --suffix или с променлива от обкръжението SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. Методът за управление на версиите може да се посочва с --backup или с променливата VERSION_CONTROL. Ето стойностите: Сумите се изчисляват така, както е посочено в %s. При проверка входът трябва да бъде предишен изход от тази програма. По подразбиране се извежда ред с контролна сума, знак посочващ типа (“*“ за двоичен, „ “ за текстов) и името на всеки ФАЙЛ. За да се изтрие файл, чието име започва с „-“ (напр. „-трънки“), използвайте една от командите: %s -- -трънки %s ./-трънки Спецификациите в традиционен формат може да се смесват и се натрупват: -a е същото като -t a, извеждат се именувани знаци, пренебрегва старшия бит -b е същото като -t o1, извеждат се осмични байтове -c е същото като -t c, извеждат се ASCII знаци или префикси с \ -d е същото като -t u2, извеждат се беззнакови двубайтови десетични числа Без ФАЙЛ или ако ФАЙЛ е -, се чете от стандартния вход. „-F /“ се подразбира. Ако няма ФАЙЛ или ако ФАЙЛ е -, се чете от стандартния вход. Без опции извежда информацията в триколонен формат. Първият стълб съдържа редовете, които са само във ФАЙЛ1. Вторият стълб съдържа редовете, които са само във ФАЙЛ2. Третият стълб съдържа редовете, общи и за двата файла. Без никаква ОПЦИЯ просто отпечатва полезна идентификационна информация. Извежда еднозначно представяне (по подразбиране осмични байтове) на ФАЙЛ на стандартния изход. Ако са посочени повече от един ФАЙЛ, последователно обработва и извежда файловете в посочения ред. Без ФАЙЛ или ако ФАЙЛ е - се чете от стандартния вход. --backup[=МЕТОД] копира резервно всеки съществуващ целеви файл -b като --backup, но не позволява аргумент -d, -F, --directory позволява на root да се опита да направи твърди връзки към каталози (забележка: поради ограни- чения в системата това вероятно ще пропадне) -f, --force изтрива съществуващи целеви файлове --help извежда тази справка и завършва --lookup опитва да канонизира мрежовите имена на компютрите чрез DNS -m само мрежовото име и потребителя, свързан на станд. вход -p, --process извежда активните процеси, породени от init --no-preserve-root да не се обработва „/“ по-особено --preserve-root да не се действа рекурсивно от „/“ (по подразбиране) -r, -R, --recursive изтрива рекурсивно каталозите и съдържанието им -v, --verbose съобщава какво се прави --no-preserve-root да не се обработва „/“ по-особено (по подразбиране) --preserve-root да не се действа рекурсивно от „/“ --no-preserve-root да не се обработва „/“ по-особено (по подразбиране) --preserve-root да не се действа рекурсивно от „/“ --no-preserve=СПИС_АТРИБ да не се запазват посочените атрибути --parents допълва КАТАЛОГ с пътеката в ИЗТОЧНИК --one-file-system при рекурсивно остраняване на файлове, пропуска каталози, които са на файлова система, различна от тази на съответния аргумент на командния ред --strip-trailing-slashes отстранява крайните наклонени черти от всеки аргумент ЦЕЛ -S, --suffix=СУФИКС вместо обичайния суфикс за резервни копия --version извежда информация за версията и завършва -evenp същото като -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase същото като xcase iuclc olcuc litout същото като -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout същото като parenb istrip opost cs7 nl същото като -icrnl -onlcr -nl същото като icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb използва два стоп-бита на знак (един с „-“) [-]hup изпраща сигнал за увисване, ako всички процеси затворят tty [-]hupcl същото като [-]hup [-]parenb генерира на изхода и очаква на входа бит за четност [-]parodd посочва текова четност (четна с „-“) [-]ignpar пренебрегва знаците с грешка на четността * [-]imaxbel звуков сигнал и запазване на препълнен буфер при нов знак [-]inlcr превежда кодовете за нов ред в кодове за връщане на курсора [-]inpck позволява проверка за четността на входа [-]istrip изчиства старшия (8-мия) бит на входните знаци [-]isig позволява управляващите кодове за interrupt, quit и suspend [-]noflsh забранява моменталното извеждане след кодове interrupt и quit * [-]prterase същото като [-]echoprt * [-]tostop спира фоновите задачи, които се опитват да пишат на терминала * [-]xcase с icanon извежда главните букви като предшествани от „\“ малки cooked същото като brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon управляващите символи eof и eol имат стандартното си значение -cooked същото като raw crt същото като echoe echoctl echoke dec същото като echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq същото като [-]ixany ek управляващите символи erase и kill със стандартната си стойност evenp същото като parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N посочва скорост на входа N бода * line N ползва редова дисциплина N min N с -icanon посочва поне N знака за завършено четене ospeed N посочва скорост на изхода N бода oddp същото като parenb parodd cs7 -oddp същото като -parenb cs8 [-]parity същото като [-]evenp pass8 същото като -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 същото като parenb istrip cs7 raw същото като -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw същото като stop ЗНАК ЗНАК ще спре извеждането susp ЗНАК ЗНАК ще изпрати сигнал „спиране на терминала“ * swtch ЗНАК ЗНАК ще превключи на друг слой на обвивката (shell layer) * werase ЗНАК ЗНАК ще изтрие последната въведена дума %A деня от седмицата според локала, променлива дължина (напр. понеделник) %b съкратено име на месеца според локала (яну, фев, мар) %B име на месеца според локала, променлива дължина (напр. януари) %c датата и часът според локала (например сб ное 4 12:02:33 EЕТ 1989) %F пълната дата; същото като %Y-%m-%d %g последните две цифри на годината, съдържаща седмицата с номер %V %G годината, съдържаща седмицата с номер %V %S секундите (00-60); 60 вместо 59, за да се обхване и коригираща секунда %t хоризонтална табулация %T 24 часово време, същото като %H:%M:%S %u денят от седмицата (1-7); 1 означава понеделник %U номерът на седмицата в годината, неделя е пръв седмичен ден (00-53) %V номерът на седмицата в годината, понеделник е пръв седмичен ден (01-53) %w деня от седмицата (0-6); 0 означава неделя %W номерът на седмицата в годината, понеделник е пръв седмичен ден (00-53) %d Десетичен номер на устройство %D Шестнадесетичен номер на устройство %f Шестнадесетичен суров режим (raw mode) %F Тип на файла %g Номер на групата на собственика %G Име на групата на собственика %h Брой твърди връзки %i Номер на i-възел %n Име на файла %N Име на файла в кавички и сочен файл, ако е символна връзка %o размер на входно-изходния блок %s Общ размер в байтове %t Голям шестнадесетичен номер на устройство %T Малък шестнадесетичен номер на устройство %h също като %b %H часът (00-23) %I часът (01-12) %j поредният ден в годината (001-366) %i Шестнадесетичен индекс на файловата система %l Максимална дължина на файловите имена %n Име на файла %s Оптимален размер на блока за бърз трансфер %S Основен размер на блока (при броене на блоковете) %t Типът като шестнадесетично число %T Типът във вид за четене от човек %k часът ( 0-23) %l часът ( 1-12) %m месецът (01-12) %M минутата (00-59) %n нов ред %N наносекунди (000000000-999999999) %p указателят AM или PM с главни букви (празен в българския локал) %P като %p, но с малки букви %r 12 часово време според локала (напр. 11,11,04) %R 24 часово време, същото като %H:%M %s секундите изминали от 1 януари 1970, 00:00:00 по гринуич %u Потребителски номер на собственика %U Потребителско име на собственика %x Време на последен достъп %X Време на последен достъп в секунди от Епохата %y Време на последно изменение (modification) %Y Време на последно изменение в секунди от Епохата %z Време на последна промяна (change) %Z Време на последна промяна в секунди от Епохата %x датата, представена според локала (напр. 31.12.99) %X времето, представено според локала (напр. 23,13,48) %y последните две цифри от годината (00-99) %Y годината + ЛЕКСЕМА разглежда ЛЕКСЕМА като низ дори и ако е ключова дума като „match“ или оператор като „/“ ( ИЗРАЗ ) стойността на ИЗРАЗ -A, --address-radix=БАЗА как да се извежда отместването -j, --skip-bytes=БАЙТОВЕ пропуска БАЙТОВЕ входни байта в началото -A, --auto-reference извежда автоматично генерираните препратки -G, --traditional работи подобно на командата „ptx“ от System V -F, --flag-truncation=НИЗ обозначава с НИЗ при съкращаване на редовете -D създава всички начални компоненти на ЦЕЛ освен последния, а след това копира ИЗТОЧНИК в ЦЕЛ -g, --group=ГРУПА посочва група вместо текущата група на процеса -m, --mode=РЕЖИМ посочва режим за достъп (като при chmod), вместо rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=СОБСТВ посочва собственик (само от привилегирован потребител) -D, --date-format=ФОРМАТ да се ползва ФОРМАТ при датата на колонтитула -e[ЗНАК[ШИР]], --expand-tabs[=ЗНАК[ШИР]] разширява всеки входен ЗНАК като табулация със ШИРина (8) -F, -f, --form-feed разделя страниците с form feed вместо с нови редове (при -F има 3-редов горен колонтитул, а без -F има 5-редови горен и долен колонтитули) -I пита веднъж преди изтриването на повече от три файла или при рекурсивно триене. По-малко досадно от -i, но все пак защитава срещу повечето грешки --interactive[=КОГА] пита според КОГА: never, once (-I) или always (-i). Без КОГА пита винаги -L ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ съществува и е символна връзка (същото като -h) -O ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ съществува и се притежава от действащият потребител -p ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ съществува и е именуван канал -r ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ съществува и е достъпен за четене -s ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ съществува и има ненулев размер -L, --dereference работи върху файловете, сочени от символни връзки -P, --no-dereference да не се следват символни връзки (по подразбиране) -0, --null завършва всеки изведен ред с байт 0 вместо с нов ред -S, --separate-dirs да не се включва размерът на подкаталозите -s, --summarize резюмира -- извежда само общата сума за всеки аргумент -M, --macro-name=НИЗ използва НИЗ вместо „xx“ за макроси -O, --format=roff извежда изход с команди за roff -R, --right-side-refs поставя препратките отдясно, не се броят при -w -S, --sentence-regexp=РЕГИЗР за край на редовете или край на изреченията -T, --format=tex извежда изход с команди за TeX -N, --read-bytes=БАЙТОВЕ обработва до БАЙТОВЕ входни байта -S, --strings[=ДЪЛЖИНА] извежда низове от поне по ДЪЛЖИНА графични знаци -t, --format=ТИП посочва формат или формати за извеждане -v, --output-duplicates да не се ползва * за отбелязване на еднакви редове -w, --width[=БАЙТОВЕ] извежда по БАЙТОВЕ входни байта на един ред --traditional да се приемат аргументи в традиционния формат -P, --portability да се използва изходен формат POSIX --sync изпълнява sync преди получаване на информация -t, --type=ТИП извежда информация само за файлови системи от тип ТИП -T, --print-type извежда типа на файловата система -x, --exclude-type=ТИП не извежда информация за файлови системи от тип ТИП -v (пренебрегва се) -S сортира според размера на файловете --sort=ДУМА сортира според ДУМА: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=ДУМА с -l показва времето ДУМА вместо времето на промя- на. ДУМА може да бъде atime, access, use, ctime, или status; по това време се и сортира -S ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ съществува и е гнездо -t [FD] файловият дескриптор FD е отворен на терминал -u ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ съществува и е със set-user-ID -w ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ съществува и е достъпен за запис -x ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ съществува и е изпълним файл (при каталог: може да се търси) -S, --suffix=СУФИКС вместо обичайният суфикс за резервни копия -t, --target-directory=КАТАЛОГ посочва каталога, в който да се правят връзките -T, --no-target-directory работи с ИМЕ_НА_ВРЪЗКА като с обикновен файл -v, --verbose извежда името на всеки файл преди свързване -T, -w, --mesg добавя състоянието на mesg на потребителите (+, - или ?) -u, --users изрежда потребителите, влезли в системата --message същото като -T --writable същото като -T -W, --word-regexp=РЕГИЗР ползва РЕГИЗР като определящ какво е дума -b, --break-file=ФАЙЛ думите свършват при знак от този ФАЙЛ -f, --ignore-case сортира еднакво главните и малките букви -g, --gap-size=БРОЙ място между полетата в изхода -i, --ignore-file=ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ с думи, които да се пренебрегват -o, --only-file=ФАЙЛ признават се само думи от този ФАЙЛ -a, --across печата стълбовете напреки вместо надолу, използва се заедно с -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars използва запис със шапки (^G) и осмични числа -d, --double-space двойни интервали в изхода -a, --all преобразува всяко бяло поле, а не само в началото на редовете --first-only преобразува само бяло поле в началото на редовете (отменя -a) -t, --tabs=N използва табулации през N знака вместо през 8 (позволява -a) -t, --tabs=СПИС СПИСък от разделени с „,“ позиции за табулации (позволява -a) -a, --suffix-length=N ползва суфикси с дължина N (по подразбиране %d) -b, --bytes=РАЗМ дели на парчета с размер РАЗМ байта -C, --line-bytes=РАЗМ разделя по редове до РАЗМ байта на изходен файл -d, --numeric-suffixes ползва числови суфикси вместо буквени -l, --lines=ЧИСЛО дели на по ЧИСЛО редове на изходен файл -b, --before прикрепя разделителя преди, а не след -r, --regex интерпретира разделителя като регулярен израз -s, --separator=НИЗ вместо кода за нов ред, използва като разделител НИЗ -b, --binary чете в двоичен режим -b, --binary чете в двоичен режим (по подразбиране, при четене от терминал) -b, --body-numbering=СТИЛ ползва СТИЛ при номериране редовете от тялото -d, --section-delimiter=CC CC да е разделител между логическите страници -f, --footer-numbering=СТИЛ ползва СТИЛ при номериране долния колонтитул -b, --bytes брои байтовете, вместо стълбовете -s, --spaces прекъсва при интервали -w, --width=ШИРИНА да се ползват ШИРИНА стълбове, вместо 80 -b, --bytes=СПИСЪК извежда само тези байтове -c, --characters=СПИСЪК извежда само тези знаци -d, --delimiter=РАЗДЕЛ РАЗДЕЛ вместо табулация като разделител между полетата -b, --ignore-leading-blanks не отчита интервалите в началото -d, --dictionary-order отчита само интервалите и буквено-цифровите знаци -f, --ignore-case приравнява малките с главните букви -c, --check прочита %s суми от ФАЙЛовете и ги проверява -c, --count редовете да се предхождат от брой срещания -d, --repeated извежда само повтарящите се редове -c, --crown-margin запазва отстъпа на първите два реда -p, --prefix=НИЗ преформатира само редовете, започващи с НИЗ. Маха НИЗ, форматира, след което добавя пак НИЗ -s, --split-only цепи дългите редове, но не попълва късите -d, --delimiters=СПИС разделя със знаците от СПИС вместо с табулации -s, --serial изкарва файловете един след друг вместо паралелно -e позволява обработката знаци, защитени с \ -E забранява специалната обработка на \ (по подразбиране) -e позволява обработката знаци, защитени с \ (по подразбиране) -E забранява специалната обработка на \ -f да не сортира; позволява -aU, забранява -ls --color -F, --classify добавя знак за типа на файловете (някой от */=>@|) --file-type подобно, но не се добавя „*“ --format=ДУМА across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time като -l --time-style=full-iso -f изпуска реда-антетка при късия формат -w изпуска пълните имена при късия формат -i изпуска пълните имена и отдалечените хостове при късия формат -q изпуска пълните имена, отдалечените хостове и време на неактивност при късия формат -f е същото като -t fF, извеждат се числа с плаваща запетая -i е същото като -t dI, извеждат се десетични цели числа -l е същото като -t dL, извеждат се десетични дълги числа -o е същото като -t o2, извеждат се двубайтови осмични числа -s е същото като -t d2, извеждат се двубайтови десетични числа -x е същото като -t x2, извеждат се двубайтови шестнадесетични числа -f ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ съществува и е обикновен файл -g ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ съществува и е със set-group-ID -h ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ съществува и е символна връзка (същото като -L) -G ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ съществува и се притежава от действащата (effective) група -k ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ съществува и е със sticky bit -f, --fields=СПИС извежда само тези полета; отпечатва и всеки ред, който не съдържа разделители между полетата, освен ако е посочена и опцията -s. -n (пренебрегва се) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] извежда добавяните данни при нарастване на файла; -f, --follow и --follow=descriptor са еквивалентни -F същото като --follow=name --retry -f, --silent, --quiet потиска повечето съобщения за грешки -v, --verbose извежда диагностично съобщение за всеки обработен файл --reference=ЕТФАЙЛ ползва режимa за достъп до ЕТФАЙЛ вместо РЕЖИМ -R, --recursive действа рекурсивно върху файловете и каталозите -f, --silent, --quiet потиска повечето съобщения за грешки --reference=ЕТФАЙЛ ползва групата на ЕТФАЙЛ вместо посочена ГРУПА -R, --recursive действа рекурсивно върху файловете и каталозите -v, --verbose извежда диагностично съобщение за всеки обработен файл -f, --silent, --quiet потиска повечето съобщения за грешка --reference=ЕТФАЙЛ да се ползват собственикът и групата на ЕТФАЙЛ вместо посочени стойности СОБСТВЕНИК:ГРУПА -R, --recursive действа върху файловете и каталозите рекурсивно -v, --verbose извежда диагностично съобщение за всеки обработен файл -g като -l, но не извежда собственика -h, --no-dereference действа върху символните връзки, вместо върху сочените файлове (само при системи, позволяващи промяна на собствеността на символна връзка) -i, --ignore-case не различава големи/малки букви при сравняване на полетата -j ПОЛЕ също като „-1 ПОЛЕ -2 ПОЛЕ“ -o ФОРМАТ следва ФОРМАТ при съставяне на изходните редове -t ЗНАК ползва ЗНАК като разделител на входните и изходни полета -i, --initial не преобразува табулациите след не-интервал -t, --tabs=БРОЙ работи с табулации през БРОЙ интервала вместо през 8 -i, --inodes извежда информация за използваните i-възли, а не блокове -k като --block-size=1K -l, --local извежда информация само за локалните файлови системи --no-sync без sync преди получаване на използването (по подразб.) -l да се ползва формат с подробно изброяване -L, --dereference при показване на информация за символна връзка да показва информация за сочения файл вместо за самата символна връзка -m попълва в широчина с разделени със запетая елементи -l, --login извежда процесите за влизане в системата -n, --digits=ЦИФРИ да се използва посоченият брой цифри вместо 2 -s, --quiet, --silent да не се извеждат размерите на генерираните файлове -z, --elide-empty-files да се изтриват генерираните празни файлове -n, --numeric-uid-gid като -l, но извежда номера за потребител и група -N, --literal извежда „сурови“ имена (напр. управляващите кодове не се обработват по по-различен начин) -o като -l, но не извежда информация за групата -p, --file-type добавя знак за типа (някой от /=@|) към елементите -p, --indicator-style=slash добавя знак / към каталозите -q, --count извежда всички входни имена и броя на влезлите потребители -r, --runlevel извежда текущото ниво на стартиране -s, --short извежда само името, линията и времето (по подразбиране) -t, --time извежда последната промяна на системния часовник -q, --hide-control-chars извежда ? вместо неграфични знаци --show-control-chars извежда неграфичните знаци както са си (стандартно, освен ако програмата е „ls“ и изходът е терминал) -Q, --quote-name огражда имената на елементите с кавички --quoting-style=ДУМА стил ДУМА за извеждане на неграфични знаци: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent да не се извеждат заглавия с файловите имена -v, --verbose винаги да извежда заглавия с файловите имена -r, --reference=ФАЙЛ използва времената на този ФАЙЛ вместо текущото време -t ЩАМПА ползва [[ГГ]ГГ]ММДДччММ[.сс] вместо текущото време --time=ДУМА променя означеното с ДУМА време: access, atime и use: същото като -а modify и mtime: същото като -m -r, --references първото поле на всеки ред е препратка -t, --typeset-mode - не е реализирана - -w, --width=БРОЙ ширина на изхода, препратките не се броят -s, --only-delimited да не се отпечатват редове, несъдържащи разделители --output-delimiter=НИЗ да се ползва НИЗ като разделител на изхода по подразбиране се използва входният разделител -s, --signal=СИГНАЛ, -СИГНАЛ посочва името или номера на сигнала, който да бъде изпратен -l, --list извежда имената на сигналите или ги преобразува в/от номера -t, --table извежда таблица с информация за сигналите -s, --symbolic-link правене на символни връзки, а не копиране -S, --suffix=СУФИКС вместо обичайния префикс за резервни копия --target-directory=КАТАЛОГ копира всички аргументи ИЗТОЧНИК в КАТАЛОГ -T, --no-target-directory работи с ЦЕЛ като с нормален файл -t еквивалентно на -vT -T, --show-tabs изобразява табулациите като ^I -u (пренебрегва се) -v, --show-nonprinting ползва запис с ^ и M-, освен за нов ред и табулация -t, --field-separator=РАЗД ползва РАЗД вместо преход от видим знак към интерв. -T, --temporary-directory=КАТ каталог за временни файлове вместо $TMPDIR или %s; няколко такива опции за няколко каталога -u, --unique с „-c“ проверява за строга наредба; иначе извежда само първия от група еквивалентни редове -t, --tabs=СПИС да се ползва списък от явно зададени табулационни позиции -t, --tagged-paragraph отстъпа на първия ред да се отличава от втория -u, --uniform-spacing един интервал между думите, два между изречения -w, --width=ШИРИНА максимална ширина на реда (по подразбиране 75 знака) --target-directory=КАТАЛОГ премества всички аргументи ИЗТОЧНИК в КАТАЛОГ -T, --no-target-directory работи с DEST като с обикновен файл -u, --update премества само ако ИЗТОЧНИК е по-нов от целевия файл, или ако целевият файл липсва -v, --verbose съобщава какво се прави -t, --text чете в текстов режим (по подразбиране, ako стандартният вход е от терминал) -t, --text чете в текстов режим (по подразбиране) -u, --remove съкращава до нулева дължина и изтрива файла след заличаването -v, --verbose показва информация за напредъка -x, --exact не закръглява размерите на файловете до следващия пълен блок; за специални файлове и каталози това е по подразбиране -z, --zero накрая заличава с нули, за да се скрие използването на shred -u, --update копира само, ако ИЗТОЧНИК е по-нов от целевия файл или ако целевият файл липсва -v, --verbose съобщава какво се прави -x, --one-file-system остава в текущата файлова система -v, --kernel-version извежда версията на ядрото -m, --machine извежда хардуерното име на машината -p, --processor извежда типа на микропроцесора или „unknown“ -i, --hardware-platform извежда хардуерната платформа или „unknown“ -o, --operating-system извежда операционната система -w, --check-chars=N сравнява по не повече от N знака в редовете -z, --zero-terminated завършва редовете с байт 0 вместо с нов ред [:graph:] всички видими знаци с изключение на интервали, табулации и др. [:lower:] всички малки букви [:print:] всички видими знаци, включително интервали, табулации [:punct:] всички препинателни знаци [:space:] хоризонтално или вертикално бяло поле [:upper:] всички главни букви [:xdigit:] всички шестнадесетични цифри [=ЗНАК=] всички знаци, еквивалентни на ЗНАК \v вертикална табулация ЗНАК1-ЗНАК2 всички знаци от ЗНАК1 до ЗНАК2 [ЗНАК*] (само при МНОЖ2) копия на ЗНАК до достигане дължината на МНОЖ1 [ЗНАК*ПОВТ] ПОВТ броя на ЗНАК; ПОВТ е осмично число, ако започва с 0 [:alnum:] всички букви и цифри [:alpha:] всички букви [:blank:] всички празни знаци (интервал, табулации) [:cntrl:] всички управляващи символи [:digit:] всички цифри ascii от EBCDIC към ASCII ebcdic от ASCII към EBCDIC ibm от ASCII към алтернативен EBCDIC block попълва блоковете, завършващи с нов ред, с интервали до размер cbs unblock заменя крайните интервали във всеки блок с размер cbs с нови редове lcase променя от главни в малки букви binary да се използват двоични входно/изходни операции за данните d[РАЗМ] знаково десетично число от РАЗМ байта f[РАЗМ] число с плаваща запетая от РАЗМ байта o[РАЗМ] знаково осмично число от РАЗМ байта u[РАЗМ] беззнаково десетично число от РАЗМ байта x[РАЗМ] шестнадесетично число от РАЗМ байта direct да се използват директни входно/изходни операции за данните dsync да се използват синхронизирани входно/изходни операции за данните noatime да не се обновява времето за достъп noctty да не се определя управляващ терминал от файл nofollow да не се следват символните връзки nolinks отказва да работи при множество твърди връзки nonblock да се използват неблокиращи входно/изходни операции none, off никога да не се правят резервни копия (освен при --backup) numbered, t да се правят номерирани резервни копия existing, nil номерирани, ако вече са правени номерирани, а прости иначе simple, never винаги да се правят прости резервни копия sync подобно, но също и за метаданните (напр. на файловата система) text да се използват текстови входно/изходни операции за данните %3s-блокове Заети Свободни Изп%% %s-блокове Заети Свободни Обем (резервно копие: %s) * [-]ctlecho ехо на управляващите кодове с шапки (“^c“) [-]echo ехо на входните знаци * [-]echoctl същото като [-]ctlecho [-]echoe същото като [-]crterase [-]echok ехо на нов ред след код за убиване * [-]echoke същото като [-]crtkill [-]echonl ехо на нов ред дори ако не е имало ехо на други символи * [-]echoprt ехо на изтритите знаци назад, между „\“ и „/“ [-]icanon позволява управляващите кодове за erase, kill, werase и rprnt [-]iexten позволява управляващите кодове, които не отговарят на POSIX * [-]iuclc превежда знаците от горен регистър в долен регистър * [-]ixany всеки знак да рестартира извеждането (не само знака за старт) [-]ixoff позволява изпращането на знаци за старт/стоп [-]ixon позволява управление на потока XON/XOFF (т.е. Ctrl-S/Ctrl-Q) [-]parmrk маркира грешките по четност (с последователност 255-0) [-]tandem същото като [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 да се предполага, че входните знаци са кодирани в UTF-8 * [-]ocrnl превежда кодовете за връщане на курсора в кодове за нов ред * [-]ofdel използва кодове delete за попълване вместо null * [-]ofill използва попълващи кодове вместо синхронизиране при забавяне * [-]olcuc превежда знаците от долен регистър в знаци от горен регистър * [-]onlcr превежда кодовете нов ред в кодове връщане на курсора и нов ред * [-]onlret кодът за нов ред осъществява връщане на курсора * [-]onocr не извежда знаци за връщане на курсора в първия стълб [-]opost дообработка (postprocess) на изхода * tabN стил за задържане на кодове за хориз. табулация, N е от 0 до 3 * tabs същото като tab0 * -tabs същото като tab3 * vtN стил за задържане на кодове за вертик. табулация, N е 0 или 1 * eol2 ЗНАК алтернативен ЗНАК за край на реда erase ЗНАК ЗНАК ще изтрие последния въведен знак intr ЗНАК ЗНАК ще изпрати сигнал за прекъсване kill ЗНАК ЗНАК ще изтрие текущия ред * lnext ЗНАК ЗНАК ще въведе следващия знак буквално, дори ако е управляващ quit ЗНАК ЗНАК ще изпрати сигнал „изход“ * rprnt ЗНАК ЗНАК ще пречертае текущия ред start ЗНАК ЗНАК ще възобнови извеждането, след като е било прекъснато * rows N казва на ядрото, че терминалът има N реда * size извежда броя редове и стълбове според ядрото speed извежда скоростта на терминала time N с -icanon посочва прекъсване при четене до N десети от секундата Монтирана на TTY групи= стар при повтаряне %s % 1% от паметта, b 1, K 1024 (по подразб.) и т.н. за M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Без ФАЙЛ или ако ФАЙЛ е -, чете от стандартния вход. *** ВНИМАНИЕ *** Локалът, посочен в обкръжението, влияе на наредбата. Използвайте LC_ALL=C, за да получите традиционната наредба, която сравнява според кодовете на знаците. %.*s: неправилна спецификация на преобразувание%e %b %Y%e %b %k,%M%lu потребител%lu потребителя%s%s (за рег. израз %s)%s -> %s (от резервно копие) %s и %s са един и същ файл%s съществува, но не е каталог%s се е появил; следва се краят на новия файл%s е станал достъпен%s е станал недостъпен%s е бил заменен с файл, който е недостъпен за tail; tail повече няма да го следи%s е бил заменен; следва се краят на новия файл%s има непознат файлов тип%s не е правилно положително цяло число%s е твърде дълго%s: %s е толкова голям, че не е изводим%s: %s: номерът на ред е извън диапазона%s: %s: не е открито съответствие%s: %s:%s: разбърканост: %s: НЕ УСПЯ системна функция open или read %s: Няма такъв потребител%s: при означаване брой повторения е необходим „}“%s: очаква се двуместна операция%s: относителни символни връзки може да се правят само в текущия каталог%s: не може да се смени режимът non-blocking%s: не може да се намери името на потребител с номер %lu %s: не може да се следва края на този тип файлове; tail няма да следи този файл%s: не може да се отиде на първоначалното място във файла%s: каталогът не може да се замести%s: битовете не могат да се обръщат%s: неуспешно позициониране%s: не може да се отиде на отместване %s относно края на файла%s: не може да се отиде на отместване %s във файла%s: не може да се отиде на относително отместване %s във файла%s: не може да се заличава файл с режим на достъп само за добавяне%s: липсва затварящ ограничител „%c“%s: не може да се презададе режимът non-blocking%s: да се навлезе ли в каталога %s? %s: да се навлезе ли в защитения срещу запис каталог %s? %s: край на файла%s: класът на еквивалентност трябва да се означи само един знак%s: грешка при съкращаване%s: грешка при запис на отместване %s%s: очаква се числова стойност%s: не може да се затвори%s: не може да се отвори в режим за писане%s: не може да се отстрани%s: неуспешно извикване на fcntl%s: неуспешно извикване на fdatasync%s: файлът има отрицателен размер%s: файлът се е свил твърде много%s: файлът е твърде дълъг%s: файлът е твърде дълъг%s: файлът е съкратен%s: неуспешно извикване на fstat%s: неуспешно извикване на fsync%s: не се позволява твърда връзка към каталог%s: входният файл съдържа цикъл:%s: входните данни съдържат нечетен брой лексеми%s: входният файл е изходен файл%s: след разделител се очаква цяло число%s: неправилен номер на процес%s: неправилен брой в началото на %s%s: неправилна команда%s: неправилна спецификация на поле %s%s: неправилен размер на файла%s: недопустим тип на файла%s: неправилен максимален брой достъпи без промяна между отварянията%s: недопустимо число%s: неправилен брой байтове%s: неправилен брой редове%s: неправилен брой итерации%s: неправилен брой секунди%s: неправилен образец%s: неправилен номер на процес%s: неправилен регулярен израз: %s%s: неправилен сигнал%s: неправилна дължина на суфикс%s: номерът на ред трябва да бъде положителен%s: номерът на ред е извън диапазона%s: неуспешно извикване на lseek%s: посочени са много сигнали%s: новият режим за достъп е %s, а не %s%s: не са открити правилно форматирани %s редове с контролни суми%s: няма информация за размера на това устройство%s: вече изведеният каталог не се извежда%s: твърде голям брой байтове%s: да се замести ли %s? %s: итерация %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: итерация %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: итерация %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: грешка при четене%s: да се изтрие ли %s %s? %s: да се изтрият ли рекурсивно всички аргументи? %s: да се изтрият ли всички аргументи%s: да се изтрие ли %s със защита срещу запис %s? %s: изтрит%s: изтриване%s: преименуван на %s%s: да се замени ли %s? %s: неуспешно позициониране (seek) във файл%s: твърде много редове с контролни суми%s: не може да се определи максималната дължина за име на файл%s: не може да се осъществят всички поискани операции%s: очаква се унарна операция%s: стойността не е напълно преобразувана%s: грешка при запис%s:%lu: неправилен ред; липсва втора лексема%s:%lu: непозната ключова дума %s%s}: между „{“ и „}“ е необходимо цяло число“очаква се „)“очаква се „)“, а е намерен %s©- log-структурираните или журнализирани файлови системи като JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3 (включително файловите системи, разпространявани с AIX и Solaris) - файловите системи, които записват излишни данни и ги пазят, дори когато някой записва върху файла, например файловите системи, използващи RAID - файловите системи, които правят копия, като напр. NFS-сървърът на Network Appliance , средно натоварване: %.2f, %g s, %s/s -R --dereference изисква -H или -L-R -h изисква -P-ef не приема -l-nt не допуска -l-ot не приема -l<интервал>??? Този тип адреси не се поддържа за името на хостаВсички аргументи, задължителни за дългите опции, са задължителни и за късите. Изпълнени са всички заявкиНеправилна стойност за ai_flagsВНИМАНИЕ: Забележете, че shred разчита на следното съществено предположение: файловата система заличава данните на мястото им. Традиционно се прави точно това, но замисълът на много от модерните файлови системи е такъв, че те не отговарят на това предположение. Следват примери на файлови системи, при които shred не е ефективна команда или поне не се гарантира да бъде ефективна при всички режими на работа на файловата система: КОМЕНТАРИзвиква функцията за правене на твърда връзка ФАЙЛ2 към съществуващ ФАЙЛ2. Отстранява посочения ФАЙЛ посредством системната функция „unlink“. Прави действащите (effective) номера на потребител и група да са тези на ПОТР. -, -l, --login прави обвивката да бъде входяща обвивка -c, --command=КОМАНДА подава с -c на обвивката несъставна КОМАНДА -f, --fast подава -f на обвивката (за csh и tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment не преустановява променливите от обкръжението -p същото като -m -s, --shell=ОБВИВКА стартира ОБВИВКА, ако /etc/shells позволява това Прави ГРУПА да бъде групата на всеки ФАЙЛ. При --reference прави групата на всеки ФАЙЛ да бъде същата като тази на ЕТФАЙЛ. -c, --changes подобно на verbose, но съобщава само при промени --dereference действа върху файловете, сочени от символни връзки (по подразбиране), вместо върху самите символни връзки Режимът за достъп до всеки ФАЙЛ става РЕЖИМ. -c, --changes като verbose, но съобщава само за направени промени Собственик и/или група на всеки ФАЙЛ стават СОБСТВЕНИК и/или ГРУПА. При --reference прави собственика и групата на ФАЙЛ да са същите като на ЕТФАЙЛ. -c, --changes като verbose, но съобщава само за направени промени --dereference действа върху файла, сочен от символните връзки (по подразбиране), вместо върху самата символна връзка Сравнява сортираните файлове ФАЙЛ1 и ФАЙЛ2 ред по ред. Преобразува интервалите във всеки от ФАЙЛовете в табулации, извежда на стандартния изход. Без ФАЙЛ или ако ФАЙЛ е - чете от стандартния вход. Замества табулациите във всеки ФАЙЛ с интервали и извежда на стандартния изход. Без ФАЙЛ или ако ФАЙЛ е - чете от стандартния вход. Копира ИЗТОЧНИК в ЦЕЛ или много ИЗТОЧНИЦ(и) в КАТАЛОГ. Копира стандартния изход във всеки от ФАЙЛовете, а също и на стандартния изход. -a, --append добавя към посочените ФАЙЛове, а не ги замества -i, --ignore-interrupts пренебрегва сигналите за прекъсване Създава именувани канали (FIFO) с посочените ИМЕна. Създава КАТАЛОГ(зи), ако вече не са създадени. Създава специален файл ИМЕ от зададен ТИП. Каталог: Извежда състоянието на файл или файлова система. -L, --dereference следва символните връзки -f, --file-system извежда състоянието на файловата система, вместо на файла Извежда текущото време в посочения ФОРМАТ или установява датата на системата. -d, --date=НИЗ извежда времето, посочено от НИЗ, вместо „now“ -f, --file=ФАЙЛДАТИ като --date по веднъж за всеки ред от ФАЙЛДАТИ ИЗХОДИзвежда НИЗовете на стандартния изход. -n не извежда знаци за нов ред след всеки от НИЗовете Завършва с код-състояние, посочващ неуспех.Завършва с код-състояние, посочващ успех.Завършва с код-състояние, определен от ИЗРАЗ. Ф. ПинардНЕУСПЕШНОИменуваните канали нямат малък и голям номер на устройство.Файлова с-ма Файлова с-ма Тип Извежда ред за всяка двойка входни редове с идентични свързващи полета. По подразбиране свързващо поле е първото, ограничава се интервали и табулации. Когато ФАЙЛ1 или ФАЙЛ2 (не едновременно) е -, се чете от стандартния вход. -a ФАЙЛНОМ извежда несъответстващите редове от файла ФАЙЛНОМ, където ФАЙЛНОМ е 1 или 2 съответно за ФАЙЛ1 и ФАЙЛ2 -e ПРАЗНО заменя липсващите входни полета с ПРАЗНО Записва на диска изменените блокове, актуализира суперблока. БЕЗДЕЕННеактивенВ реалния живот: БезбройПрекъснат със сигналНеправилно обратно позоваванеНеправилно име на клас символиНеправилен знак за съпоставянеНеправилно съдържание на \{\}Неправилен предхождащ регулярен изразНеправилен край на диапазонНеправилен регулярен изразЛИНИЯИзвежда информация за ФАЙЛовете (по подразбиране за текущия каталог). Сортира елементите азбучно, освен ако има опция -cftuSUX или --sort. Вход Входящо име: Аргументите, задължителни за дългите опции, са задължителни и за късите. Неуспешно заделяне на паметПаметта е изчерпанаИМЕИме Името или услугата са непознатиНяма IP-адрес с посоченото име на хостНяма съответствиеНяма предходен регулярен изразОкончателен неуспех при намиране IP-адреса на хостОКСамо един низ може да бъде даден, когато се изтрива без отстраняване на повторениятаОпции, определящи наредбата: Извежда подреден азбучен показалец на думите и контекста им във входните файлове Извежда команди за присвояване стойност на променливата LS_COLORS. Опции, определящи формата на изхода: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell извежда код за обвивка на Бурн -c, --csh, --c-shell извежда код за Си-обвивка -p, --print-database извежда стойностите по подразбиране Разделя ВХОД на парчета ПРЕФИКСaa, ПРЕФИКСab,... с фиксиран размер. По подразбиране ПРЕФИКС е „xx“, а размерът - 1000 реда. Без ВХОД или ако ВХОД e -, чете от стандартния вход. Отделя частите на ФАЙЛ, разделени от ОБРАЗЕЦ(и) и ги записва във файлове “xx01“, „xx02“,... Дължината им в байтове се извежда на стандартния изход. Извежда кой в момента е влязъл в системата според ФАЙЛ. Ако не е посочен ФАЙЛ, използва %s. Често ФАЙЛ е %s. Заличава многократно посочените ФАЙЛ(ове) с цел да се затрудни значително възстановяването на данните от тях дори и с използване на специална апаратура. PIDФорматира за печат ФАЙЛовете по страници и стълбове. Неправилно кодиран низ на аргументПарола:План: Неочакван край на регулярен изразОтпечатва контролна сума CRC и броя байтове на всеки ФАЙЛ. Отстранява от ИМЕ каталозите в началото и го отпечатва. Ако е посочено, изтрива също и РАЗШИРЕНИЕ-то в края. Отстранява от ИМЕ крайната /част и го извежда, а в случай, че ИМЕ не съдържа /, извежда „.“ (като по този начин означава текущия каталог). Извежда определена системна информация. Без никаква ОПЦИЯ е същото като с -s. -a, --all извежда всякаква информация в следния ред (но пропуска -p и -i, ако не са известни): -s, --kernel-name извежда името на ядрото -n, --nodename извежда името на компютъра в мрежата -r, --kernel-release извежда изданието на ядрото Извежда числата от ПЪРВО до ПОСЛЕДНО със стъпка СТЪПКА. -f, --format=ФОРМАТ използва ФОРМАТ за плаваща запетая на printf -s, --separator=НИЗ ползва НИЗ, за да разделя числата (по подразб. \n) -w, --equal-width подравнява ширината, попълвайки в началото с нули Извежда или променя характеристиките на терминала -a, --all извежда всички текущи настройки в удобен за четене вид -g, --save извежда всички текущи настройки във формат, четим от stty -F, --file=УСТРОЙСТВО отваря и използва посоченото УСТРОЙСТВО вместо стд.вход Отпечатва избраните части от редовете на всеки ФАЙЛ на стандартния изход. Извежда файловото име на терминала, свързан със стандартния вход. -s, --silent, --quiet не извежда нищо, връща само код на завършване Извежда първите 10 реда от всеки ФАЙЛ на стандартния изход. При повече от един ФАЙЛ, поставя заглавия с файловите имена. При отсъствие на ФАЙЛ или ако ФАЙЛ е -, чете от стандартния вход. Извежда пълното файлово име на текущия работен каталог. Извежда на стандартния изход последните %d реда от всеки ФАЙЛ. Ако има повече от един ФАЙЛ, преди всеки поставя заглавие с файловото име. Без ФАЙЛ или ако ФАЙЛ е -, се чете от стандартния вход. Извежда името на текущия потребител. Извежда името текущия действителен (effective) потребител. Същото като id -un. Заявката е в процес на изпълнениеПроект: Регулярният израз е твърде голямИзтрива (unlink) ФАЙЛовете. -f, --force пренебрегва несъществуващи файлове, не пита -i пита преди всяко триене Преименува ИЗТОЧНИК на ЦЕЛ или премества ИЗТОЧНИК(ци) в КАТАЛОГ. Непрекъснато извежда ред, състоящ се от посочените НИЗ(ове) или „y“. Заявката е отмененаЗаявката не е отмененаИзпълнява КОМАНДА с нагодена стойност на nice, влияеща на диспечера на задачите на операционната система. Без КОМАНДА извежда текущата стойност. Диапазонът на nice е от %d (най-голямо предимство за процеса) до %d (най-малко предимство). -n, --adjustment=N добавя N към стойността на nice (по подразбиране 10) Изпълнява КОМАНДА с коренов каталог НОВКОРЕНОВ. Изпълнява КОМАНДА, пренебрегвайки сигналите за увисване (SIGHUP). Изпраща сигнали на процесите или извежда сигналите. Името на услугата не се поддържа за използваното тип гнездо (ai_socktype)Използвайте LC_ALL='C', за да заобиколите този проблем.Обвивка: Дава информация за файловата система, съдържаща всеки от ФАЙЛ-овете или за всички файлови системи по подразбиране. при създаване на специални файлове трябва да се посочат голям и малък номер на устройствоУспехРезюмира използването на диска от всеки ФАЙЛ, рекурсивно за каталозите. грешка в систематаВРЕМЕВременен проблем при намиране IP-адреса на хостСледните опции влияят на обхождането на йерархията, когато е посочена също и опция -R. Ако е зададена повече от една тях, взема се пред вид само последната зададена. -H ако аргумент от командния ред е символна връзка към каталог, да се обходи и той -L да се обхожда всеки каталог, сочен от срещната символна връзка -P да не се обхождат символните връзки (по подразбиране) Сравняваните низове бяха %s и %s.Завършваща обратно наклонена чертаИзползвайте „%s --help“ за повече информация. Опитайте „%s ./%s“, за да изтриете файла %s. При превод трябва да се посочат два низа (множества)Непозната грешкаНепозната системна грешкаНезатворена ( или \(Неотворена ) или \)Незатворена [ или [^Незатворена \{Използване: %s КОМАНДА [АРГУМЕНТ]... или: %s ОПЦИЯ Използване: %s ИЗРАЗ или: %s ОПЦИЯ Използване: %s ФАЙЛ или: %s ФАЙЛ Използване: %s ФАЙЛ1 ФАЙЛ2 или: %s ОПЦИЯ Използване: %s ФОРМАТ [АРГУМЕНТ]... или: %s ОПЦИЯ Използване: %s ИМЕ или: %s ОПЦИЯ Използване: %s ИМЕ [РАЗШИРЕНИЕ] или: %s ОПЦИЯ Използване: %s ЧИСЛО[СУФИКС]... или: %s ОПЦИЯ Чака ЧИСЛО секунди. СУФИКС може да бъде „s“ за секунди (по подразбиране), “m“ за минути, „h“ за часове или „d“ за дни. За разлика от повечето други реализации, при които ЧИСЛО трябва да бъде цяло число, тук ЧИСЛО може да бъде произволно число с плаваща запетая. При повече от един аргументи чака сумата от посочените времена. Използване: %s [-s СИГНАЛ | -СИГНАЛ] PID... или: %s -l [СИГНАЛ]... или: %s -t [СИГНАЛ]... Използване: %s [ФАЙЛ]... или: %s [ОПЦИЯ] Използване: %s [ИМЕ] или: %s ОПЦИЯ Извежда или задава хост-името на текущата система. Използване: %s [ЧИСЛО]... или: %s ОПЦИЯ Използване: %s [ОПЕРАНД]... или: %s ОПЦИЯ Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ] Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ] [КОМАНДА [АРГУМЕНТ]...] Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ] [ФАЙЛ] Извежда линейно нареден списък, съвместим с частичната наредба във ФАЙЛ. Без ФАЙЛ или ако ФАЙЛ е -, чете от стандартния вход. Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... КАТАЛОГ... Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... ФАЙЛ Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... ФАЙЛ ОБРАЗЕЦ... Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... ФАЙЛ... Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... ФАЙЛ1 ФАЙЛ2 Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... ГРУПА ФАЙЛ... или: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... --reference=ЕТФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ... Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... ПОСЛЕДНО или: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... ПЪРВО ПОСЛЕДНО или: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... ПЪРВО СТЪПКА ПОСЛЕДНО Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... РЕЖИМ[,РЕЖИМ]... ФАЙЛ... или: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... ОСМИЧЕН-РЕЖИМ ФАЙЛ... или: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... --reference=ЕТФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ... Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... ИМЕ ТИП [ГОЛЯМ МАЛЪК] Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... ИМЕ... Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... МНОЖ1 [МНОЖ2] Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... [ ФАЙЛ | АРГ1 АРГ2 ] Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... [+ФОРМАТ] или: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [ММДДччмм[[ГГ]ГГ][.сс]] Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... [-T] ИЗТОЧНИК ЦЕЛ или: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... ИЗТОЧНИК... КАТАЛОГ или: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... -t КАТАЛОГ ИЗТОЧНИК... Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... [-T] ИЗТОЧНИК ЦЕЛ или: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... ИЗТОЧНИК... КАТАЛОГ или: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... -t КАТАЛОГ ЦЕЛ... или: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... -d КАТАЛОГ... Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... [-T] ИЗТОЧНИК ИМЕ_НА_ВРЪЗКА (1-ви формат) или: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... ИЗТОЧНИК (2-ри формат) или: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... ИЗТОЧНИК... КАТАЛОГ (3-ти формат) или: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... -t КАТАЛОГ ЦЕЛ... (4-ти формат) Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... [-] [ПРОМЕНЛИВА=СТОЙНОСТ]... [КОМАНДА [АРГ]...] Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... [-] [ПОТР [АРГ]...] Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... [ФАЙЛ] Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... [ФАЙЛ] или: %s -e [ОПЦИЯ]... [АРГУМЕНТ]... или: %s -i ОТ-ДО [ОПЦИЯ]... Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... [ФАЙЛ]... Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... [ФАЙЛ]... или: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [ФАЙЛ] [[+]ОТМЕСТВАНЕ[.][b]] или: %s --traditional [ФАЙЛ] [[+]ОТМЕСТВАНЕ [[+]ЕТИКЕТ]] Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... [ФАЙЛ]... или: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... --files0-from==Ф Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... [ВХОД [ИЗХОД]] Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... [ВХОД]... (без -G) или: %s -G [ОПЦИЯ]... [ВХОД [ИЗХОД]] Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... [СОБСТВЕНИК][:[ГРУПА]] ФАЙЛ... или: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... --reference=ЕТФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ... Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... [ПОТРЕБИТЕЛ] Използване: %s [ОПЦИЯ]... [ПОТРЕБИТЕЛ]... Използване: %s [НИЗ]... или: %s ОПЦИЯ Използване: %s [аргументи, които се пренебрегват] или: %s ОПЦИЯ Използване: test ИЗРАЗ или: test или: [ ИЗРАЗ ] или: [ ] или: [ ОПЦИЯ Допустими аргументи са:ВНИМАНИЕ: Циклична каталожна структура. Това почти със сигурност означава, че имате повредена файлова система. ИЗВЕСТЕТЕ ВАШИЯ СИСТЕМЕН АДМИНИСТРАТОР. Следващият каталог е част от цикъла: %s Внимание: КогаКъдеРазвива поредово входните редове на всеки ФАЙЛ (или стандартния вход), като извежда резултата на стандартния изход. Извежда на стандартния изход случайни пермутации на входните редове. Извежда на стандартния изход всеки ФАЙЛ, последеният ред е пръв. Без ФАЙЛ или ако ФАЙЛ е -, се чете от стандартния вход. Извежда всеки от ФАЙЛовете на стандартния изход с добавени номера на редовете. Без ФАЙЛ или ако ФАЙЛ е - се чете от стандартния вход. Извежда на стандартния изход редове, състоящи се от поредно съответстващи си редове от всеки ФАЙЛ, разделени с табулации. Без ФАЙЛ или ако ФАЙЛ е - чете от стандартния вход. Извежда на стандартния изход сортирана конкатенация на всички ФАЙЛ(ове). Написан от %s и %s. Написан от %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s и други. Написан от %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s и %s. Написан от %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s и %s. Написан от %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s и %s. Написан от %s, %s, %s, %s, %s и %s. Написан от %s, %s, %s, %s и %s. Написан от %s, %s, %s и %s. Написан от %s, %s и %s. Написан от %s. при превод не може да се срещат конструкции [=c=] в МНОЖ2^[нНkKnN]^[дДoOyY]„“-%c“ излишни знаци или неправилен номер в аргумент: %sна „--pages=ПЪРВА_СТР[:ПОСЛ_СТР]“ липсва аргумент“-N НОМЕР“ неправилен номер на ред: %s“-W СТР_ШИР“ неправилен брой знаци: %s“-l СТР_ДЪЛЖ“ неправилен брой редове: %s“-o ПОЛЕ“ неправилно отместване на редовете: %s“-w СТР_ШИР“ неправилен брой знаци: %sзаедно с корекцията трябва да се посочи командадостъп до %sне се поддържа посочването на тип адреси (ai_family)не се поддържа посочването на тип гнездо (ai_socktype)двусмислен аргумент %s за %sвходен разделител може да се посочва само ако се работи с полетарезервното копиране на %s би разрушило източника; %s не бе копиранрезервното копиране на %s би разрушило източника; %s не бе преместентип резервни копияспециален блоков файлне се поддържа работа с блокови специални файловене може и двата файла да са стандартният входбайтовото отместване %s е твърде дългоняма достъп до %sне може да се направи резервно копие на %sне може едновременно да се резюмира и да се показват всички елементине може да се смени собствеността на %sне може да се сменят правата за достъп до %sкореновият каталог не може да се смени на %sне може да се влезе в каталога %sс chdir не може да се влиза в главния каталогне може да се комбинират опциите -e и -iне може да се комбинират никои две от {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}не може да се комбинират block и unblockне може да се комбинират excl и nocreatне може да се комбинират lcase и ucaseне може да се комбинират опциите за режим и --referenceне може да се задават сигнали заедно с -l или -tне може да се сравнят файловите имена %s и %sне може да се конвертира U+%04X в локалното кодиранене може да се конвертира U+%04X в локалното кодиране: %sне може да се копира каталог (%s) в самия себе си (%s)не може да се копира цикличната символна връзка %sне може да се създаде каталог %sне може да се създаде именуван канал %sне може да се направи твърда връзка %s към %sне може да се създаде връзка %sне може да се направи връзка %s към %sне може да се създаде обикновен файл %sне може да се създаде специален файл %sне може да се създаде символна връзка %sне може да се създаде символна връзка %s към %sсимволната връзка %s не може да бъде последванане може да се установи устройството и i-възлите на %sхост-името не може да бъде определеноне може да се изпълни ioctl за „%s“не може да се намери името на група с номер %luне може да се намери името на потребител с номер %luне може да се следва %s според иметоне може да се получи режимът за достъп до %sне може да се определи кой е текущият каталогне може да се получи стойността на niceне може да се получи системното имене може да се обработи непоследователно %sне може едновременно да се правят твърди и символни връзкине може да се направи каталог %sне може да се премести %s в %sне може да се премести %s в своя подкаталог %sкаталог не може да се премести върху файл, който не е каталог: %s -> %sне може да се отвори %s за четенене може да се отвори %s за записне може да се отвори каталогът %sкаталогът %s не може да се замести с файл, който не е каталог%s не е каталог и не може да се замести с каталога %sне може да се извеждат само имена или номера във формата по подразбиранекаталогът %s не може да се четене може да се четат файлови имена от %sне може да се прочете от файловата система информация за %sне може да се чете часовникът в реално времене може да се чете символната връзка %sне може да се изтрие %sне може да се смени мястото на файловия указател за %sне може да се настрои дататане може да се зададе групатане може да се приеме група %luне може да се зададат групитене може да се задава хост-име, тази система не притежава такава възможностимето не може да се направи %sне може да се настрои стойността на niceне може да се зададе времето на %sне може да се зададе потребителятне може да се приеме потребител %luне може да се пропусне след края на комбинирания входне може да се посочват времена с повече от един източникне може да се цепи по повече от един начинне могат да се получат атрибутите на %sне може да се намери текущият каталог (сега %s)не може да се въздейства на %sне може да се възстанови от резервно копие %sнеуспешно изпълнение на unlink за %sв крайна сметка не може да се компенсира грешката в ядротогрупа на %s става %s собственик на %s става %s променя се групата на %sпроменя се собствеността на %sпроменят се правата за достъп до %sотместването в знаци е нулазнак извън диапазонаспециален символен файлне се поддържа работа със символни специални файловесмяна на часанеуспешно затваряне на файлзатваря се %sЗатваряне на %s (файлов дескриптор=%d)затваря се каталогът %sзатваряне на входния файл %sзатваряне на изходния файл %sзатваряне на стандартния входнесъвместими заменящи низове за празно полене може да се намери елемента на каталога в %s със съответстващ i-възелне може да се получи времето на начално зарежданесъздаден е каталог %sсъздава се каталог %sсъздава се файл %s създава се твърда връзка %sсъздава се твърда връзка %s => %sсъздава се твърда връзка към %.0s%sсъздава се символна връзка %sсъздава се символна връзка %s -> %sкаталогделене на нулапразно файлово имепразна табулациягрешка при пасването на регулярния изразгрешка при търсене на регулярен изразгрешка при четене на %sгрешка при запис в %sexit=излишен аргумент %sизлишен операнд „%s“излишен операнд %s групата на %s не можа да се промени на %s режимът за достъп до %s не може да се смени на %04lo (%s) промяната на собственика на %s не успя собственик на %s не можа да се промени на %s не може отвори каталогът %sне могат да се получат атрибутите на %sне може да се търси файла %sне може да се отвори %sне можа да се запази авторството на %sсобствеността на %s не можа да се запазиправата за достъп до %s не можаха да се запазятвремената на %s не можаха да се запазятнеуспешно пренасочване на стандартната грешканевъзможно връщане в първоначалния работен каталогне успешно затваряне на стандартната грешкане може да се изпълни stat за %sнеуспешно извикване на fdatasync за %sнеуспешно извикване на fflushномерът на поле %s е твърде голямномерът на поле е нулаименуван каналфайловите системи от тип %s са едновременно избрани и изключенисистемната функция за нов процес (fork) не успяне може да се използва форматен низ, когато се извеждат низове с еднаква ширинанеуспешнен запис (fsync) за %sнеуспешен fts_readgetpass: не може да се отвори /dev/ttyполучават се новите атрибути на %sгрупата на %s остана %s функцията iconv е недостъпнафункцията iconv не е използваемаid=всички аргументи се пренебрегватвходът се пренебрегвавходът се пренебрегва, а изходът се насочва към %sвходът се пренебрегва, а стандартната грешка се пренасочва към стандартния изходпренебрегва се неправилният размер на табулациите в променливата от обкръжението TABSIZE: %sпренебрегва се неправилната стойност на променливата от обкръжението QUOTING_STYLE: %sпренебрегва се неправилната ширина в променливата от обкръжението COLUMNS: %sпренебрегват се аргументи, които не са опциинеправилни свързващи полета %lu, %luнесъвместими табулациинеправилна паролавходът изчезнавходният ред е твърде дълъгпреместването между устройства не успя (от %s в %s); целевият файл не можа да се изтриенеправилна настройка: %sнеправилен аргумент %sнедопустим аргумент %s за %sнеправилен формат за номериране: %sнеправилен списък байтове или полетанеправилен знак „%c“ в низа за тип %sнеправилен клас от символи %sнеправилен означител за преобразуване в суфикса: %cнеправилен означител за преобразуване в суфикса: \%.3oнеправилна дата %sнеправилен формат за дата %sнеправилно устройство %s %sнеправилен тип на устройство %sнеправилен номер на поле: %sнеправилен означител за поле: %sнеправилна ширина на поле: %sнеправилен номер на файл при означител на поле: %sнеправилно число с плаваща запетая като аргумент: %sнеправилен формат за номериране на долен колонтитул: %sнеправилна точност на форматнеправилна ширина на форматнеправилна ширина на мястото между полетата: %sнесъществуваща групанеправилна група %sнеправилен формат за номериране на горен колонтитул: %sнедопустим входнеправилен входен диапазон: %sнеправилно цяло число %sнеправилен числов аргумент %sнеправилен брой редове: %sнеправилна дисциплина на редовете %sнеправилна ширина на полето за номер на ред: %sнеправилна разлика между съседни редове: %sнеправилен формат за номериране на редове: %sнеправилна дължина на реда: %sпогрешен голям номер на устройство %sнеправилна максимална дълбочина %sпогрешен малък номер на устройство %sнеправилен режим за достъпнеправилен режим %sнеправилен режим за достъп %sнедопустимо число %sнеправилно число след „,“неправилно число след „-“неправилно число след „.“неправилно число в началото на поленеправилен брой празни редове: %sнедопустимо количество байтовенеправилен брой знаци за сравняваненеправилен брой байтове за пропусканенеправилен номер стълбове: %sнеправилен брой полета за пропусканенедопустим брой редовенедопустим брой редове: 0неправилна опция -- %cнеправилна опция -- %c; -ШИРИНА се разпознава само ако е първа опция; в противен случай ползвайте -w ШИРИНАнеправилна база „%c“ на изходния адрес; трябва да бъде знак измежду [doxn]неправилна точност: %sнеправилен брой повторения %s в конструкция [c*n]неправилна спецификациянеправилен начален номер на ред: %sнеправилен размер на табулациите: %sнеправилен интервал за време %sнеправилен формат за времето %sнеправилна опция -- %cнеправилен низ за тип %sнеправилен низ за тип %s; тази система не поддържа %lu-байтови числа с плаваща запетаянеправилен низ за тип %s; тази система не поддържа %lu-байтови целочислени числанеправилно универсално име на знак \%c%0*xнесъществуващ потребителнеправилен потребител %sнеправилна ширина: %sнеправилен размер за пренасяне: %sнеправилно файлово име с дължина нулаопасно е да се работи рекурсивно върху %sопасно е да се работи рекурсивно върху %s, т.е. върху %slast=начален „-“ в компонент на файловото име %sограничението %lu е задминато от дължината %lu на файловото име %sограничението %lu е надминато от дължината %lu на компонента на файловото име %sопцията за брой редове -%s%c... е твърде голямaномерът на ред %s е по-малък от предходния номер - %sпрепълване на номера на редпаметта е изчерпанаопашка със съобщениялошо подравнена [:upper:] и/или [:lower:] конструкциялипсва означител %% за преобразуване в суфиксалипсва „]“липсва аргумент след %sлипсва аргумент за %sлипсва име на клас от символи „[::]“в суфикса липсва означител за преобразуванелипсващ операнд за целеви файл след %sлипсва знак за клас на еквивалентност „[==]“липсващ файлов операндлипсва шестнадесетично число след \липсва списък полеталипсва списък позициилипсващ операндлипсващ операнд след %sрежимът трябва да определя само битовете за достъп до файларежимът за достъп до %s е променен на %04lo (%s) режимът за достъп до %s е запазен на %04lo (%s) многосимволна табулация %sпосочени са много опции -iпосочени са много опции -l или -tпосочени са твърде много изходни файловепосочени са много формати за изходапосочени са много случайни източниципосочени са много целеви каталозинито символната връзка %s, нито соченият файл бяха променени променливата SHELL няма стойност, а не дадена и опция за тип обвивкабез промяна на собственика на %s нито една файлова система не бе обработенаняма повече файловеняма входящо имене е посочен номер на процеспри извеждане на низове не може да се посочва типпри използване на -l трябва да се посочи поне едно потребителско имеплатформенозависим знак %s във файловото име %sне е ttyномерът в %s е твърде голямколичество байтовеброй на редоветепрепълване на отместването при четене на файла %sкаталогът %s се пропускав МНОЖ2 може да се среща само конструкцията за повторение [c*]може да се посочва само едно устройствотрябва да се посочи само един вид списъкнеуспешно отваряне на файлотваряне на %sопция, използване в грешен контекст -- %cопциите „-%s“ са несъвместимисобственик на %s остана непроменен собственик на %s остана %s ширината на страницата е твърде малкарежимът за достъп до %s е запазенвремената за %s се запазватбезсмислено е да се извеждат всички повтарящи се редове и броя срещанияграници на интервала „%s-%s“ са в обратен редгрешка при четенене може да се четечете се %sчете се каталогът %sтвърде дълъг записобикновен празен файлобикновен файл%s е изтрит каталогът %s е изтрит каталогът %s се изтривастартнивосемафорразделителят не може да бъде празензадействат се флаговете за %sустановява се режимът за достъп до %sзадава се време на %sсподелен обект в паметтаskip-bytes + read-bytes са твърде многопропуска се %s тъй като е на друго устройствофайлът %s се пропуска, тъй като бе заместен по време на копиранетогнездостандартната грешкастандартният входстандартният вход е затворенстандартният изходфайл не може да бъде откритнеочакван знак в спецификация на полесравнението на низове не успянеуспешно преобразуване на низпотискането на редове, несъдържащи разделител, има смисъл само ако се работи с полетасимволна връзкасинтактична грешкаразмерът на табулациите не може да бъде 0размерът на табулациите включва непозволен знак: %sпозициите на табулациите трябва да са в нарастващ редтабулацията е твърде дълга %sтабулацията е твърде дългатабулациите са твърде отдалеченицелта %s не е каталогпри инсталиране на каталог не се позволява посочването на целеви каталогterm=test и/или [опциите --binary и --text са безсмислени при проверка на контролни сумиопцията --status е смислена само при проверяване на контролни сумиопцията --warn е смислена само при проверяване на контролни сумиконструкцията [c*] може да се среща в МНОЖ2 само при преводконструкцията [c*] не може да се появява в МНОЖ1разделителят трябва да се състои от един знакопциите за подробен и stty-четим изходен стил взаимно се изключватопциите за извеждане на вътрешната база данни на dircolors и за избор на обвивка се изключват взаимноне може едновременно да се използват опции за отпечатване и настройка на времетопосочените опции за дати за отпечатване са взаимно изключващи сеопцията махане на символните таблици не може да се използва при инсталиране на каталогвремето %s е извън допустимия диапазонтвърде много означители за преобразуване %% в суфиксамножество с твърде много знацитвърде много повторени редовеобщотипизиран обект в паметтане може да се запомни текущият работен каталогнепозната двуместна операциянепознат потребител: %sнеразбираема стойност на променливата от обкръжението LS_COLORSнепознат операнд %sнепознат префикс: %sползвайте --no-preserve-root, за да отмените тази предпазна мяркане съществува потребител %sизползва се ограничената обвивка %sвнимание: %s: знакът(знаците) следващи знакова константа са пренебрегнативнимание: --pid=PID не се поддържа на тази системавнимание: опцията --retry обикновено е полезна само с --follow=nameвнимание: пренебрегва се номера на процес; --pid=PID е полезно само при следваневнимание: „touch %s“ e архаично; ползвайте „touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'внимание: обратна наклонена черта в края на форматен низвнимание: каталогът не може да се смени на %sвнимание: не може да се изтрие: %sвнимание: безкрайното следване на стандартния вход е безполезновнимание: пренебрегват се излишните аргументи започвайки от %sвнимание: неправилна ширина %lu; вместо нея се ползва %dвнимание: номерът на ред %s съвпада с предходния номер на редвнимание: изходния файл %s е посочен повече от веднъжвнимание: резюмирането влиза в конфликт с --max-depth=%luвнимание: резюмирането е еквивалентно на --max-depth=0внимание: двусмислената осмична последователност \%c%c%c е интерпретирана като двубайтовата последователност \0%c%c, %cвнимание: неразпозната команда с обратна наклонена черта „\%c“warning: working around lseek kernel bug for file (%s) of mt_type=0x%0lx -- see for the list of typesнепознат тип файлкогато не се съкращава МНОЖ1, МНОЖ2 трябва да бъде непразнопри четене на файлови имена от stdin, никое файлово име не може да бъде %sпри посочване на изходен стил не може да се настройват режимипри превод с допълнителни (обратни) класове символи, МНОЖ2 трябва да изобразява всички знаци от областта в единпри превод единствените класове символи, които може да се срещат в МНОЖ2 са „upper“ и „lower“няма да се направи твърда връзка %s към каталога %sтоку що създаденият %s няма да бъде заместен с %sс --parents целта трябва да бъде каталоггрешка при записгрешка при запис за %sнеуспешен записзаписва се %sзапис в %sтрябва да посочите списък байтове, знаци или полетаPRIuMAX%+% records in %+% records out % truncated record % truncated records % byte (%s) copied% bytes (%s) copiedoffset too large: cannot truncate to a length of seek=% (%lu-byte) blocks%s: %: improperly formatted %s checksum lineWARNING: % of % listed file could not be readWARNING: % of % listed files could not be readWARNING: % of % computed checksum did NOT matchWARNING: % of % computed checksums did NOT matchstarting page number % exceeds page count %Page %%+% прочетени блока %+% записани блока % съкратен запис % съкратени записа изкопиран е % байт (%s)изкопирани са % байта (%s)твърде голямо отместване: не може да се отреже до дължината на seek=% (%lu-byte) блокове%s: %: неправилно форматиран ред с контролна сума %sВНИМАНИЕ: % от общо % изброен файл не може да бъде прочетенВНИМАНИЕ: % от общо % изброени файла не могат да бъдат прочетениВНИМАНИЕ: % от % пресметната контролна сума НЕ пасваВНИМАНИЕ: % от % пресметнати контролни суми НЕ пасватначалният номер на страница % надминава броя страници %Стр. %070701000091e5000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001600000000reloc/share/locale/ca070701000091e6000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000002200000000reloc/share/locale/ca/LC_MESSAGES070701000091e7000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00052821000000660000000300000000000000000000002f00000000reloc/share/locale/ca/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo0-@[z 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EXPRESSION EXPRESSION is false EXPRESSION1 -a EXPRESSION2 both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true EXPRESSION1 -o EXPRESSION2 either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true --check-order check that the input is correctly sorted, even if all input lines are pairable --nocheck-order do not check that the input is correctly sorted -1 suppress column 1 (lines unique to FILE1) -2 suppress column 2 (lines unique to FILE2) -3 suppress column 3 (lines that appear in both files) -a, --all same as -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot time of last system boot -d, --dead print dead processes -H, --heading print line of column headings -b FILE FILE exists and is block special -c FILE FILE exists and is character special -d FILE FILE exists and is a directory -e FILE FILE exists -l produce long format output for the specified USERs -b omit the user's home directory and shell in long format -h omit the user's project file in long format -p omit the user's plan file in long format -s do short format output, this is the default -n STRING the length of STRING is nonzero STRING equivalent to -n STRING -z STRING the length of STRING is zero STRING1 = STRING2 the strings are equal STRING1 != STRING2 the strings are not equal ARG1 * ARG2 arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 is less than ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 is equal to ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 is unequal to ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2 FILE1 -ef FILE2 FILE1 and FILE2 have the same device and inode numbers FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2 FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 is older than FILE2 INTEGER copy up to but not including specified line number /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copy up to but not including a matching line %REGEXP%[OFFSET] skip to, but not including a matching line {INTEGER} repeat the previous pattern specified number of times {*} repeat the previous pattern as many times as possible A line OFFSET is a required `+' or `-' followed by a positive integer. INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING length of STRING a number all lines t number only nonempty lines n number no lines pBRE number only lines that contain a match for the basic regular expression, BRE FORMAT is one of: ln left justified, no leading zeros rn right justified, no leading zeros rz right justified, leading zeros b create a block (buffered) special file c, u create a character (unbuffered) special file p create a FIFO # users=%lu -t is implied if PAGE_LENGTH <= 10. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. A field is a run of blanks (usually spaces and/or TABs), then non-blank characters. Fields are skipped before chars. A lightweight `finger' program; print user information. The utmp file will be %s. A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment. A mere - implies -l. If USER not given, assume root. After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number; then an optional modifier, which is either E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available. An omitted EXPRESSION defaults to false. Otherwise, EXPRESSION is true or false and sets exit status. It is one of: As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. BLOCKS and BYTES may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Each CONV symbol may be: Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. Both MAJOR and MINOR must be specified when TYPE is b, c, or u, and they must be omitted when TYPE is p. If MAJOR or MINOR begins with 0x or 0X, it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal; otherwise, as decimal. TYPE may be: By default, rm does not remove directories. Use the --recursive (-r or -R) option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents. By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: By default, sparse SOURCE files are detected by a crude heuristic and the corresponding DEST file is made sparse as well. That is the behavior selected by --sparse=auto. Specify --sparse=always to create a sparse DEST file whenever the SOURCE file contains a long enough sequence of zero bytes. Use --sparse=never to inhibit creation of sparse files. When --reflink[=always] is specified, perform a lightweight copy, where the data blocks are copied only when modified. If this is not possible the copy fails, or if --reflink=auto is specified, fall back to a standard copy. Combination settings: * [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase cbreak same as -icanon -cbreak same as icanon Control settings: [-]clocal disable modem control signals [-]cread allow input to be received * [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8] DURATION is an integer with an optional suffix: `s' for seconds(the default), `m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. Display values are in units of the first available SIZE from --block-size, and the %s_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables. Otherwise, units default to 1024 bytes (or 512 if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set). Each FLAG symbol may be: append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc suggested) Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Examples: %s -12 file1 file2 Print only lines present in both file1 and file2. %s -3 file1 file2 Print lines in file1 not in file2, and vice versa. Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Output "stdio". Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Output ".". Examples: %s f - g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. %s Copy standard input to standard output. Examples: %s root /u Change the owner of /u to "root". %s root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to "staff". %s -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root". Examples: %s staff /u Change the group of /u to "staff". %s -hR staff /u Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff". Except for -h and -L, all FILE-related tests dereference symbolic links. Beware that parentheses need to be escaped (e.g., by backslashes) for shells. INTEGER may also be -l STRING, which evaluates to the length of STRING. Exit status is 0 if EXPRESSION is neither null nor 0, 1 if EXPRESSION is null or 0, 2 if EXPRESSION is syntactically invalid, and 3 if an error occurred. Exit status: 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory), 2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument). FORMAT controls the output as in C printf. Interpreted sequences are: \" double quote FORMAT controls the output. Interpreted sequences are: %% a literal % %a locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun) Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. If -e is in effect, the following sequences are recognized: If FILE is -, shred standard output. Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified. The default is not to remove the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda, and those files usually should not be removed. When operating on regular files, most people use the --remove option. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual. If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. If FIRST or INCREMENT is omitted, it defaults to 1. That is, an omitted INCREMENT defaults to 1 even when LAST is smaller than FIRST. FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are interpreted as floating point values. INCREMENT is usually positive if FIRST is smaller than LAST, and INCREMENT is usually negative if FIRST is greater than LAST. If MODE is `0' the corresponding stream will be unbuffered. If MODE is `L' the corresponding stream will be line buffered. This option is invalid with standard input. If a FILE is -, copy again to standard output. If first and second call formats both apply, the second format is assumed if the last operand begins with + or (if there are 2 operands) a digit. An OFFSET operand means -j OFFSET. LABEL is the pseudo-address at first byte printed, incremented when dump is progressing. For OFFSET and LABEL, a 0x or 0X prefix indicates hexadecimal; suffixes may be . for octal and b for multiply by 512. If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). If standard input is a terminal, redirect it from /dev/null. If standard output is a terminal, append output to `nohup.out' if possible, `$HOME/nohup.out' otherwise. If standard error is a terminal, redirect it to standard output. To save output to FILE, use `%s COMMAND > FILE'. If the command times out, then exit with status 124. Otherwise, exit with the status of COMMAND. If no signal is specified, send the TERM signal upon timeout. The TERM signal kills any process that does not block or catch that signal. For other processes, it may be necessary to use the KILL (9) signal, since this signal cannot be caught. If the first character of K (the number of bytes or lines) is a `+', print beginning with the Kth item from the start of each file, otherwise, print the last K items in the file. K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Input settings: [-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal [-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline [-]ignbrk ignore break characters [-]igncr ignore carriage return K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Local settings: [-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings * -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings NOTE: If COMMAND adjusts the buffering of its standard streams (`tee' does for e.g.) then that will override corresponding settings changed by `stdbuf'. Also some filters (like `dd' and `cat' etc.) don't use streams for I/O, and are thus unaffected by `stdbuf' settings. NOTE: [ honors the --help and --version options, but test does not. test treats each of those as it treats any other nonempty STRING. NOTE: your shell may have its own version of %s, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. Note that if you use rm to remove a file, it might be possible to recover some of its contents, given sufficient expertise and/or time. For greater assurance that the contents are truly unrecoverable, consider using shred. Note that the -d and -t options accept different time-date formats. Note that the -r and -s options are mutually exclusive. Note, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. Note: 'uniq' does not detect repeated lines unless they are adjacent. You may want to sort the input first, or use `sort -u' without `uniq'. Also, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available. Otherwise MODE is a number which may be followed by one of the following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. In this case the corresponding stream will be fully buffered with the buffer size set to MODE bytes. Output settings: * bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1] * crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3] * ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1] * nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1] Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed to login group if implied by a `:' following a symbolic OWNER. OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic. POS is F[.C][OPTS], where F is the field number and C the character position in the field; both are origin 1. If neither -t nor -b is in effect, characters in a field are counted from the beginning of the preceding whitespace. OPTS is one or more single-letter ordering options, which override global ordering options for that key. If no key is given, use the entire line as the key. SIZE may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 RADIX is d for decimal, o for octal, x for hexadecimal or n for none. BYTES is hexadecimal with 0x or 0X prefix, and may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Adding a z suffix to any type displays printable characters at the end of each output line. Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: Report %s bugs to %s Report bugs to: %s SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIGNAL may be a signal name like `HUP', or a signal number like `1', or the exit status of a process terminated by a signal. PID is an integer; if negative it identifies a process group. SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). SIZE may also be prefixed by one of the following modifying characters: `+' extend by, `-' reduce by, `<' at most, `>' at least, `/' round down to multiple of, `%' round up to multiple of. SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Sending a %s signal to a running `dd' process makes it print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s Options are: Special characters: * dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input) eol CHAR CHAR will end the line Special settings: N set the input and output speeds to N bauds * cols N tell the kernel that the terminal has N columns * columns N same as cols N TYPE is made up of one or more of these specifications: a named character, ignoring high-order bit c ASCII character or backslash escape The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: The data are encoded as described for the base64 alphabet in RFC 3548. When decoding, the input may contain newlines in addition to the bytes of the formal base64 alphabet. Use --ignore-garbage to attempt to recover from any other non-alphabet bytes in the encoded stream. The following three options are useful only when verifying checksums: --quiet don't print OK for each successfully verified file --status don't output anything, status code shows success -w, --warn warn about improperly formatted checksum lines The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. The valid format sequences for files (without --file-system): %a Access rights in octal %A Access rights in human readable form %b Number of blocks allocated (see %B) %B The size in bytes of each block reported by %b %C SELinux security context string This install program copies files (often just compiled) into destination locations you choose. If you want to download and install a ready-to-use package on a GNU/Linux system, you should instead be using a package manager like yum(1) or apt-get(1). In the first three forms, copy SOURCE to DEST or multiple SOURCE(s) to the existing DIRECTORY, while setting permission modes and owner/group. In the 4th form, create all components of the given DIRECTORY(ies). To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo', use one of these commands: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Traditional format specifications may be intermixed; they accumulate: -a same as -t a, select named characters, ignoring high-order bit -b same as -t o1, select octal bytes -c same as -t c, select ASCII characters or backslash escapes -d same as -t u2, select unsigned decimal 2-byte units Translation occurs if -d is not given and both SET1 and SET2 appear. -t may be used only when translating. SET2 is extended to length of SET1 by repeating its last character as necessary. Excess characters of SET2 are ignored. Only [:lower:] and [:upper:] are guaranteed to expand in ascending order; used in SET2 while translating, they may only be used in pairs to specify case conversion. -s uses SET1 if not translating nor deleting; else squeezing uses SET2 and occurs after translation or deletion. Unless -t CHAR is given, leading blanks separate fields and are ignored, else fields are separated by CHAR. Any FIELD is a field number counted from 1. FORMAT is one or more comma or blank separated specifications, each being `FILENUM.FIELD' or `0'. Default FORMAT outputs the join field, the remaining fields from FILE1, the remaining fields from FILE2, all separated by CHAR. Important: FILE1 and FILE2 must be sorted on the join fields. E.g., use ` sort -k 1b,1 ' if `join' has no options, or use ` join -t '' ' if `sort' has no options. Note, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. If the input is not sorted and some lines cannot be joined, a warning message will be given. Use one, and only one of -b, -c or -f. Each LIST is made up of one range, or many ranges separated by commas. Selected input is written in the same order that it is read, and is written exactly once. Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it. With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. With no options, produce three-column output. Column one contains lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2, and column three contains lines common to both files. Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. ??? --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -f, --force do not prompt before overwriting -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file If you specify more than one of -i, -f, -n, only the final one takes effect. --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories (note: will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the superuser) -f, --force remove existing destination files --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -c (ignored) -C, --compare compare each pair of source and destination files, and in some cases, do not modify the destination at all -d, --directory treat all arguments as directory names; create all components of the specified directories --batch-size=NMERGE merge at most NMERGE inputs at once; for more use temp files --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks. See SIZE format below -B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~ -c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime --complement complement the set of selected bytes, characters or fields --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -L, --max-line-length print the length of the longest line -w, --words print the word counts --files0-from=F summarize disk usage of the NUL-terminated file names specified in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -H equivalent to --dereference-args (-D) -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si like -h, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 --from=CURRENT_OWNER:CURRENT_GROUP change the owner and/or group of each file only if its current owner and/or group match those specified here. Either may be omitted, in which case a match is not required for the omitted attribute --group-directories-first group directories before files. augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping --help display this help and exit --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode print the index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k like --block-size=1K --lookup attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS -m only hostname and user associated with stdin -p, --process print active processes spawned by init --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially --preserve-root do not remove `/' (default) -r, -R, --recursive remove directories and their contents recursively -v, --verbose explain what is being done --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST don't preserve the specified attributes --parents use full source file name under DIRECTORY --one-file-system when removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any directory that is on a file system different from that of the corresponding command line argument --pid=PID with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies -q, --quiet, --silent never output headers giving file names --retry keep trying to open a file even when it is or becomes inaccessible; useful when following by name, i.e., with --follow=name --preserve-context preserve SELinux security context -Z, --context=CONTEXT set SELinux security context of files and directories --reference=RFILE use RFILE's security context rather than specifying a CONTEXT value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC output date and time in RFC 3339 format. TIMESPEC=`date', `seconds', or `ns' for date and time to the indicated precision. Date and time components are separated by a single space: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=STRING set time described by STRING -u, --utc, --universal print or set Coordinated Universal Time --sort=WORD sort according to WORD: general-numeric -g, human-numeric -h, month -M, numeric -n, random -R, version -V -V, --version-sort natural sort of (version) numbers within text --sparse=WHEN control creation of sparse files. See below --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix --suffix=SUFF append SUFF to TEMPLATE. SUFF must not contain slash. This option is implied if TEMPLATE does not end in X. --time show time of the last modification of any file in the directory, or any of its subdirectories --time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status --time-style=STYLE show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT FORMAT is interpreted like `date' --time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale --tmpdir[=DIR] interpret TEMPLATE relative to DIR. If DIR is not specified, use $TMPDIR if set, else /tmp. With this option, TEMPLATE must not be an absolute name. Unlike with -t, TEMPLATE may contain slashes, but mktemp creates only the final component --verbose print a diagnostic just before each output file is opened --version output version information and exit --all print the number of installed processors --ignore=N if possible, exclude N processing units Size Used Avail Use% Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Size Used Avail Use% -evenp same as -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7 nl same as -icrnl -onlcr -nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-') [-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty [-]hupcl same as [-]hup [-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input [-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-') [-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors * [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character [-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return [-]inpck enable input parity checking [-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters [-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters [-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters * [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal * [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\' for uppercase characters cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values -cooked same as raw crt same as echoe echoctl echoke dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany ek erase and kill characters to their default values evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N set the input speed to N * line N use line discipline N min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read ospeed N set the output speed to N oddp same as parenb parodd cs7 -oddp same as -parenb cs8 [-]parity same as [-]evenp pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7 raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw same as cooked sane same as cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke, all special characters to their default values stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal * swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer * werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed %% a single % %b ARGUMENT as a string with `\' escapes interpreted, except that octal escapes are of the form \0 or \0NNN and all C format specifications ending with one of diouxXfeEgGcs, with ARGUMENTs converted to proper type first. Variable widths are handled. %A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday) %b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan) %B locale's full month name (e.g., January) %c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005) %C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20) %d day of month (e.g, 01) %D date; same as %m/%d/%y %e day of month, space padded; same as %_d %F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d %g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G) %G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V %S second (00..60) %t a tab %T time; same as %H:%M:%S %u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday %U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) %V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53) %w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday %W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53) %d Device number in decimal %D Device number in hex %f Raw mode in hex %F File type %g Group ID of owner %G Group name of owner %h Number of hard links %i Inode number %n File name %N Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link %o I/O block size %s Total size, in bytes %t Major device type in hex %T Minor device type in hex %h same as %b %H hour (00..23) %I hour (01..12) %j day of year (001..366) %i File System ID in hex %l Maximum length of filenames %n File name %s Block size (for faster transfers) %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) %t Type in hex %T Type in human readable form %k hour ( 0..23) %l hour ( 1..12) %m month (01..12) %M minute (00..59) %n a newline %N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) %p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known %P like %p, but lower case %r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM) %R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M %s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u User ID of owner %U User name of owner %x Time of last access %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch %y Time of last modification %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch %z Time of last change %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch %x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99) %X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48) %y last two digits of year (00..99) %Y year %z +hhmm numeric timezone (e.g., -0400) %:z +hh:mm numeric timezone (e.g., -04:00) %::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00) %:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30) %Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT) By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes. + TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like `match' or an operator like `/' ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION +FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE], --pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE] begin [stop] printing with page FIRST_[LAST_]PAGE -COLUMN, --columns=COLUMN output COLUMN columns and print columns down, unless -a is used. Balance number of lines in the columns on each page --output-delimiter=STR separate columns with STR --userspec=USER:GROUP specify user and group (ID or name) to use --groups=G_LIST specify supplementary groups as g1,g2,..,gN -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -A, --auto-reference output automatically generated references -G, --traditional behave more like System V `ptx' -F, --flag-truncation=STRING use STRING for flagging line truncations -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks -b, --bytes equivalent to `--apparent-size --block-size=1' -c, --total produce a grand total -D, --dereference-args dereference only symlinks that are listed on the command line -C list entries by columns --color[=WHEN] colorize the output. WHEN defaults to `always' or can be `never' or `auto'. More info below -d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links -D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode -D create all leading components of DEST except the last, then copy SOURCE to DEST -g, --group=GROUP set group ownership, instead of process' current group -m, --mode=MODE set permission mode (as in chmod), instead of rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=OWNER set ownership (super-user only) -D, --all-repeated[=delimit-method] print all duplicate lines delimit-method={none(default),prepend,separate} Delimiting is done with blank lines -f, --skip-fields=N avoid comparing the first N fields -i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing -s, --skip-chars=N avoid comparing the first N characters -u, --unique only print unique lines -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names -h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line follow symbolic links listed on the command line --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory --hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A) -I prompt once before removing more than three files, or when removing recursively. Less intrusive than -i, while still giving protection against most mistakes --interactive[=WHEN] prompt according to WHEN: never, once (-I), or always (-i). Without WHEN, prompt always -L FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h) -O FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID -p FILE FILE exists and is a named pipe -r FILE FILE exists and read permission is granted -s FILE FILE exists and has a size greater than zero -L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links -P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default) -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -S, --separate-dirs do not include size of subdirectories -s, --summarize display only a total for each argument -L, --logical use PWD from environment, even if it contains symlinks -P, --physical avoid all symlinks -M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx' -O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives -R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences -T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives -N, --read-bytes=BYTES limit dump to BYTES input bytes -S, --strings[=BYTES] output strings of at least BYTES graphic chars -t, --format=TYPE select output format or formats -v, --output-duplicates do not use * to mark line suppression -w, --width[=BYTES] output BYTES bytes per output line --traditional accept arguments in traditional form -P, --portability use the POSIX output format --sync invoke sync before getting usage info -t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE -T, --print-type print file system type -x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE -v (ignored) -R, -r, --recursive copy directories recursively --reflink[=WHEN] control clone/CoW copies. See below --remove-destination remove each existing destination file before attempting to open it (contrast with --force) -S sort by file size --sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time -S FILE FILE exists and is a socket -t FD file descriptor FD is opened on a terminal -u FILE FILE exists and its set-user-ID bit is set -w FILE FILE exists and write permission is granted -x FILE FILE exists and execute (or search) permission is granted -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create the links -T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file -v, --verbose print name of each linked file -SSTRING, --sep-string[=STRING] separate columns by STRING, without -S: Default separator with -J and otherwise (same as -S" "), no effect on column options -t, --omit-header omit page headers and trailers -T, --omit-pagination omit page headers and trailers, eliminate any pagination by form feeds set in input files -v, --show-nonprinting use octal backslash notation -w, --width=PAGE_WIDTH set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters for multiple text-column output only, -s[char] turns off (72) -T, -w, --mesg add user's message status as +, - or ? -u, --users list users logged in --message same as -T --writable same as -T -W, --page-width=PAGE_WIDTH set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters always, truncate lines, except -J option is set, no interference with -S or -s -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword -b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting -g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields -i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE -o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of NAME to CTX -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each NAME to CTX -a change only the access time -c, --no-create do not create any files -d, --date=STRING parse STRING and use it instead of current time -f (ignored) -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -a, --all do not ignore entries starting with . -A, --almost-all do not list implied . and .. --author with -l, print the author of each file -b, --escape print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters -a, --all include dummy file systems -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks --total produce a grand total -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories --apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be larger due to holes in (`sparse') files, internal fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like -a, --all convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks --first-only convert only leading sequences of blanks (overrides -a) -t, --tabs=N have tabs N characters apart instead of 8 (enables -a) -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated LIST of tab positions (enables -a) -a, --archive same as -dR --preserve=all --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument --copy-contents copy contents of special files when recursive -d same as --no-dereference --preserve=links -a, --suffix-length=N use suffixes of length N (default %d) -b, --bytes=SIZE put SIZE bytes per output file -C, --line-bytes=SIZE put at most SIZE bytes of lines per output file -d, --numeric-suffixes use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic -l, --lines=NUMBER put NUMBER lines per output file -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline -b, --binary read in binary mode -b, --binary read in binary mode (default unless reading tty stdin) -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -b, --bytes=LIST select only these bytes -c, --characters=LIST select only these characters -d, --delimiter=DELIM use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignore leading blanks -d, --dictionary-order consider only blanks and alphanumeric characters -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case characters -b, --suffix-format=FORMAT use sprintf FORMAT instead of %02d -f, --prefix=PREFIX use PREFIX instead of `xx' -k, --keep-files do not remove output files on errors -c --format=FORMAT use the specified FORMAT instead of the default; output a newline after each use of FORMAT --printf=FORMAT like --format, but interpret backslash escapes, and do not output a mandatory trailing newline. If you want a newline, include \n in FORMAT -t, --terse print the information in terse form -c, --bytes=K output the last K bytes; alternatively, use -c +K to output bytes starting with the Kth of each file -c, --bytes=[-]K print the first K bytes of each file; with the leading `-', print all but the last K bytes of each file -n, --lines=[-]K print the first K lines instead of the first 10; with the leading `-', print all but the last K lines of each file -c, --check read %s sums from the FILEs and check them -c, --check, --check=diagnose-first check for sorted input; do not sort -C, --check=quiet, --check=silent like -c, but do not report first bad line --compress-program=PROG compress temporaries with PROG; decompress them with PROG -d --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -c, --crown-margin preserve indentation of first two lines -p, --prefix=STRING reformat only lines beginning with STRING, reattaching the prefix to reformatted lines -s, --split-only split long lines, but do not refill -c, --no-create do not create any files -d, --decode decode data -i, --ignore-garbage when decoding, ignore non-alphabet characters -w, --wrap=COLS wrap encoded lines after COLS character (default 76). Use 0 to disable line wrapping -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -d, --directory create a directory, not a file -u, --dry-run do not create anything; merely print a name (unsafe) -q, --quiet suppress diagnostics about file/dir-creation failure -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes -e, --echo treat each ARG as an input line -i, --input-range=LO-HI treat each number LO through HI as an input line -n, --head-count=COUNT output at most COUNT lines -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries --file-type likewise, except do not append `*' --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso -f omit the line of column headings in short format -w omit the user's full name in short format -i omit the user's full name and remote host in short format -q omit the user's full name, remote host and idle time in short format -f same as -t fF, select floats -i same as -t dI, select decimal ints -l same as -t dL, select decimal longs -o same as -t o2, select octal 2-byte units -s same as -t d2, select decimal 2-byte units -x same as -t x2, select hexadecimal 2-byte units -f FILE FILE exists and is a regular file -g FILE FILE exists and is set-group-ID -G FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID -h FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L) -k FILE FILE exists and has its sticky bit set -f, --canonicalize canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively; all but the last component must exist -e, --canonicalize-existing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, all components must exist -f, --fields=LIST select only these fields; also print any line that contains no delimiter character, unless the -s option is specified -n (ignored) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -f, --force if an existing destination file cannot be opened, remove it and try again (redundant if the -n option is used) -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite (overrides a previous -n option) -H follow command-line symbolic links in SOURCE -f, --force change permissions to allow writing if necessary -n, --iterations=N overwrite N times instead of the default (%d) --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -s, --size=N shred this many bytes (suffixes like K, M, G accepted) -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --reference=RFILE use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values -R, --recursive change files and directories recursively -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's group rather than specifying a GROUP value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's owner and group rather than specifying OWNER:GROUP values -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -g like -l, but do not list owner -g GID[,GID1...] also set the primary group-ID to the numeric GID, and (if specified) supplemental group IDs to GID1, ... -g, --general-numeric-sort compare according to general numerical value -i, --ignore-nonprinting consider only printable characters -M, --month-sort compare (unknown) < `JAN' < ... < `DEC' -h, --header-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering header lines -i, --line-increment=NUMBER line number increment at each line -l, --join-blank-lines=NUMBER group of NUMBER empty lines counted as one -n, --number-format=FORMAT insert line numbers according to FORMAT -p, --no-renumber do not reset line numbers at logical pages -s, --number-separator=STRING add STRING after (possible) line number -h, --header=HEADER use a centered HEADER instead of filename in page header, -h "" prints a blank line, don't use -h"" -i[CHAR[WIDTH]], --output-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] replace spaces with CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -J, --join-lines merge full lines, turns off -W line truncation, no column alignment, --sep-string[=STRING] sets separators -h, --human-numeric-sort compare human readable numbers (e.g., 2K 1G) -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the timestamps of a symlink) -m change only the modification time -i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing fields -j FIELD equivalent to `-1 FIELD -2 FIELD' -o FORMAT obey FORMAT while constructing output line -t CHAR use CHAR as input and output field separator -i, --initial do not convert tabs after non blanks -t, --tabs=NUMBER have tabs NUMBER characters apart, not 8 -i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage -k like --block-size=1K -l, --local limit listing to local file systems --no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) -i, --input=MODE adjust standard input stream buffering -o, --output=MODE adjust standard output stream buffering -e, --error=MODE adjust standard error stream buffering -i, --interactive prompt whether to remove destinations -L, --logical make hard links to symbolic link references -n, --no-dereference treat destination that is a symlink to a directory as if it were a normal file -P, --physical make hard links directly to symbolic links -s, --symbolic make symbolic links instead of hard links -k like --block-size=1K -l, --count-links count sizes many times if hard linked -m like --block-size=1M -k, --key=POS1[,POS2] start a key at POS1 (origin 1), end it at POS2 (default end of line) -m, --merge merge already sorted files; do not sort -k, --kill-after=DURATION also send a KILL signal if COMMAND is still running this long after the initial signal was sent. -s, --signal=SIGNAL specify the signal to be sent on timeout. SIGNAL may be a name like `HUP' or a number. See `kill -l` for a list of signals -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -l, --length=PAGE_LENGTH set the page length to PAGE_LENGTH (66) lines (default number of lines of text 56, and with -F 63) -m, --merge print all files in parallel, one in each column, truncate lines, but join lines of full length with -J -l, --link link files instead of copying -L, --dereference always follow symbolic links in SOURCE -l, --login print system login processes -m, --canonicalize-missing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, without requirements on components existence -n, --no-newline do not output the trailing newline -q, --quiet, -s, --silent suppress most error messages -v, --verbose report error messages -m, --mode=MODE set file permission bits to MODE, not a=rw - umask -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each created directory to CTX -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -n, --lines=K output the last K lines, instead of the last %d; or use -n +K to output lines starting with the Kth --max-unchanged-stats=N with --follow=name, reopen a FILE which has not changed size after N (default %d) iterations to see if it has been unlinked or renamed (this is the usual case of rotated log files) -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file (overrides a previous -i option) -P, --no-dereference never follow symbolic links in SOURCE -n, --numeric-sort compare according to string numerical value -R, --random-sort sort by random hash of keys --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -r, --reverse reverse the result of comparisons -n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o like -l, but do not list group information -p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories -n[SEP[DIGITS]], --number-lines[=SEP[DIGITS]] number lines, use DIGITS (5) digits, then SEP (TAB), default counting starts with 1st line of input file -N, --first-line-number=NUMBER start counting with NUMBER at 1st line of first page printed (see +FIRST_PAGE) -o, --indent=MARGIN offset each line with MARGIN (zero) spaces, do not affect -w or -W, MARGIN will be added to PAGE_WIDTH -r, --no-file-warnings omit warning when a file cannot be opened -o, --io-blocks treat SIZE as number of IO blocks instead of bytes -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output -s, --stable stabilize sort by disabling last-resort comparison -S, --buffer-size=SIZE use SIZE for main memory buffer -p same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps --preserve[=ATTR_LIST] preserve the specified attributes (default: mode,ownership,timestamps), if possible additional attributes: context, links, xattr, all -p DIR use DIR as a prefix; implies -t [deprecated] -t interpret TEMPLATE as a single file name component, relative to a directory: $TMPDIR, if set; else the directory specified via -p; else /tmp [deprecated] -p, --parents remove DIRECTORY and its ancestors; e.g., `rmdir -p a/b/c' is similar to `rmdir a/b/c a/b a' -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every directory processed -p, --preserve-timestamps apply access/modification times of SOURCE files to corresponding destination files -s, --strip strip symbol tables --strip-program=PROGRAM program used to strip binaries -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -v, --verbose print the name of each directory as it is created -q, --count all login names and number of users logged on -r, --runlevel print current runlevel -s, --short print only name, line, and time (default) -t, --time print last system clock change -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -r, --reference=FILE display the last modification time of FILE -R, --rfc-2822 output date and time in RFC 2822 format. Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=FILE use this FILE's size -s, --size=SIZE use this SIZE -r, --reference=FILE use this file's times instead of current time -t STAMP use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time --time=WORD change the specified time: WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent to -a WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to -m -r, --references first field of each line is a reference -t, --typeset-mode - not implemented - -w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded -r, --reverse reverse order while sorting -R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively -s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL specify the name or number of the signal to be sent -l, --list list signal names, or convert signal names to/from numbers -t, --table print a table of signal information -s, --sleep-interval=N with -f, sleep for approximately N seconds (default 1.0) between iterations -v, --verbose always output headers giving file names -s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -s[CHAR], --separator[=CHAR] separate columns by a single character, default for CHAR is the character without -w and 'no char' with -w -s[CHAR] turns off line truncation of all 3 column options (-COLUMN|-a -COLUMN|-m) except -w is set -t sort by modification time -T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP use SEP instead of non-blank to blank transition -T, --temporary-directory=DIR use DIR for temporaries, not $TMPDIR or %s; multiple options specify multiple directories -u, --unique with -c, check for strict ordering; without -c, output only the first of an equal run -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -t, --tagged-paragraph indentation of first line different from second -u, --uniform-spacing one space between words, two after sentences -w, --width=WIDTH maximum line width (default of 75 columns) -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -u, --update move only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -t, --text read in text mode (default if reading tty stdin) -t, --text read in text mode (default) -u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time -U do not sort; list entries in directory order -v natural sort of (version) numbers within text -u, --remove truncate and remove file after overwriting -v, --verbose show progress -x, --exact do not round file sizes up to the next full block; this is the default for non-regular files -z, --zero add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system -u, --user=USER set user USER in the target security context -r, --role=ROLE set role ROLE in the target security context -t, --type=TYPE set type TYPE in the target security context -l, --range=RANGE set range RANGE in the target security context -v FILENUM like -a FILENUM, but suppress joined output lines -1 FIELD join on this FIELD of file 1 -2 FIELD join on this FIELD of file 2 --check-order check that the input is correctly sorted, even if all input lines are pairable --nocheck-order do not check that the input is correctly sorted --header treat the first line in each file as field headers, print them without trying to pair them -v, --kernel-version print the kernel version -m, --machine print the machine hardware name -p, --processor print the processor type or "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform print the hardware platform or "unknown" -o, --operating-system print the operating system -v, --starting-line-number=NUMBER first line number on each logical page -w, --number-width=NUMBER use NUMBER columns for line numbers -w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines -w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value -x list entries by lines instead of by columns -X sort alphabetically by entry extension -Z, --context print any SELinux security context of each file -1 list one file per line -x, --one-file-system skip directories on different file systems -X, --exclude-from=FILE exclude files that match any pattern in FILE --exclude=PATTERN exclude files that match PATTERN --max-depth=N print the total for a directory (or file, with --all) only if it is N or fewer levels below the command line argument; --max-depth=0 is the same as --summarize -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline Processes in an uninterruptible sleep state also contribute to the load average. [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \0NNN byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits) \xHH byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits) \NNN byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits) \xHH byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits) \uHHHH Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character with hex value HHHH (4 digits) \UHHHHHHHH Unicode character with hex value HHHHHHHH (8 digits) \\ backslash \a alert (BEL) \b backspace \c produce no further output \e escape \f form feed \n new line \r carriage return \t horizontal tab \v vertical tab \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline lcase change upper case to lower case binary use binary I/O for data cio use concurrent I/O for data d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer direct use direct I/O for data directory fail unless a directory dsync use synchronized I/O for data fullblock accumulate full blocks of input (iflag only) if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin iflag=FLAGS read as per the comma separated symbol list obs=BYTES write BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout oflag=FLAGS write as per the comma separated symbol list seek=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS obs-sized blocks at start of output skip=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS ibs-sized blocks at start of input status=noxfer suppress transfer statistics noatime do not update access time nocreat do not create the output file excl fail if the output file already exists notrunc do not truncate the output file ucase change lower case to upper case swab swap every pair of input bytes noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file noerror continue after read errors sync pad every input block with NULs to ibs-size; when used with block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing fsync likewise, but also write metadata nofollow do not follow symlinks nolinks fail if multiply-linked nonblock use non-blocking I/O none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups sync likewise, but also for metadata text use text I/O for data %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% %H:%M%P %s-blocks Used Available Capacity (backup: %s) * [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c') [-]echo echo input characters * [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho [-]echoe same as [-]crterase [-]echok echo a newline after a kill character * [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill [-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters * [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\' and '/' [-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters [-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters * [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase * [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character [-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters [-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control [-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence) [-]tandem same as [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded * [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline * [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters * [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays * [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase * [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline * [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return * [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column [-]opost postprocess output * tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3] * tabs same as tab0 * -tabs same as tab3 * vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1] * eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line * lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal * rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it * rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows * size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel speed print the terminal speed time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second ??:???? Mounted on TTY context=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu groups= old on repetition %s % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %.*s: invalid conversion specification%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu user%lu users%s%s (for regexp %s)%s -> %s (unbackup) %s [-d] terminated abnormally%s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has appeared; following end of new file%s has become accessible%s has become inaccessible%s has been replaced with a remote file. giving up on this name%s has been replaced with an untailable file; giving up on this name%s has been replaced; following end of new file%s has unknown file type%s has unusable, apparently negative size%s home page: <%s> %s home page: %s is not a valid positive integer%s is too large%s may be used only on a SELinux kernel%s was specified but %s was not%s%s argument `%s' too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s: line number out of range%s: %s: match not found%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: binary operator expected%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot change nonblocking mode%s: cannot find name for user ID %lu %s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot lseek back to original position%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot rewind%s: cannot seek%s: cannot seek to end-relative offset %s%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: cannot seek to relative offset %s%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: cannot skip%s: cannot skip to specified offset%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: couldn't reset non-blocking mode%s: descend into directory %s? %s: descend into write-protected directory %s? %s: end of file%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: error truncating%s: error writing at offset %s%s: expected a numeric value%s: failed to close%s: failed to open for writing%s: failed to remove%s: fcntl failed%s: fdatasync failed%s: file has negative size%s: file has shrunk too much%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: fstat failed%s: fsync failed%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input contains an odd number of tokens%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid count at start of %s%s: invalid directive%s: invalid field specification %s%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of passes%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid number to ignore%s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: lseek failed%s: multiple signals specified%s: new permissions are %s, not %s%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: no size information for this device%s: not listing already-listed directory%s: number of bytes is too large%s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '--%s' requires an argument %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option '-W %s' requires an argument %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove all arguments recursively? %s: remove all arguments? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s: seek failed%s: too many checksum lines%s: try to overwrite %s, overriding mode %04lo (%s)? %s: unable to determine maximum file name length%s: unable to perform all requested operations%s: unary operator expected%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: value not completely converted%s: write error%s:%lu: invalid line; missing second token%s:%lu: invalid zero-length file name%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}''')' expected')' expected, found %s(C)* file systems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS version 3 clients * compressed file systems * log-structured or journaled file systems, such as those supplied with AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.) * file systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes fail, such as RAID-based file systems * file systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server , load average: %.2f, %g s, %s/s --%s argument %s too large--context (-Z) works only on an SELinux-enabled kernel--reflink can be used only with --sparse=auto-R --dereference requires either -H or -L-R -h requires -P-ef does not accept -l-nt does not accept -l-ot does not accept -l??? ?????AbortedAddress family for hostname not supportedAlarm clockAll arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. All requests doneArgument buffer too smallArnold RobbinsBad system callBad value for ai_flagsBrian FoxBroken pipeBus errorCAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important assumption: that the file system overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern file system designs do not satisfy this assumption. The following are examples of file systems on which shred is not effective, or is not guaranteed to be effective in all file system modes: COMMENTCPU time limit exceededCall the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1. Call the unlink function to remove the specified FILE. Change the effective user id and group id to that of USER. -, -l, --login make the shell a login shell -c, --command=COMMAND pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c -f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment do not reset environment variables -p same as -m -s, --shell=SHELL run SHELL if /etc/shells allows it Change the group of each FILE to GROUP. With --reference, change the group of each FILE to that of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the security context of each FILE to CONTEXT. With --reference, change the security context of each FILE to that of RFILE. -h, --no-dereference affect symbolic links instead of any referenced file Chet RameyChild exitedColin PlumbCompare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output. -A, --show-all equivalent to -vET -b, --number-nonblank number nonempty output lines -e equivalent to -vE -E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line -n, --number number all output lines -s, --squeeze-blank suppress repeated empty output lines ContinuedConvert blanks in each FILE to tabs, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Copy a file, converting and formatting according to the operands. bs=BYTES read and write BYTES bytes at a time (also see ibs=,obs=) cbs=BYTES convert BYTES bytes at a time conv=CONVS convert the file as per the comma separated symbol list count=BLOCKS copy only BLOCKS input blocks ibs=BYTES read BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. -a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals Create a temporary file or directory, safely, and print its name. TEMPLATE must contain at least 3 consecutive `X's in last component. If TEMPLATE is not specified, use tmp.XXXXXXXXXX, and --tmpdir is implied. Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDiagnose invalid or unportable file names. -p check for most POSIX systems -P check for empty names and leading "-" --portability check for all POSIX systems (equivalent to -p -P) Directory: Display file or file system status. -L, --dereference follow links -f, --file-system display file system status instead of file status Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date. -d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not `now' -f, --file=DATEFILE like --date once for each line of DATEFILE Dmitry V. LevinDrop any supplemental groups, assume the user-ID and group-ID of the specified USER (numeric ID or user name), and run COMMAND with any specified ARGUMENTs. Exit with status 111 if unable to assume the required user and group ID. Otherwise, exit with the exit status of COMMAND. This program is useful only when run by root (user ID zero). EMT trapEXITEach range is one of: N N'th byte, character or field, counted from 1 N- from N'th byte, character or field, to end of line N-M from N'th to M'th (included) byte, character or field -M from first to M'th (included) byte, character or field With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Echo the STRING(s) to standard output. -n do not output the trailing newline Eric BlakeExit with a status code indicating failure.Exit with a status code indicating success.Exit with the status determined by EXPRESSION. F. PinardFAILEDFIXME: unknownFORMAT must be suitable for printing one argument of type `double'; it defaults to %.PRECf if FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are all fixed point decimal numbers with maximum precision PREC, and to %g otherwise. Fifos do not have major and minor device numbers.File size limit exceededFilesystem Filesystem TypeFilter adjacent matching lines from INPUT (or standard input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output). With no options, matching lines are merged to the first occurrence. Floating point exceptionFor complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' For each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by whitespace. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input. -a FILENUM print unpairable lines coming from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2 -e EMPTY replace missing input fields with EMPTY Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block. General help using GNU software: Giuseppe ScrivanoH. Peter AnvinHangupI/O possibleIDLEIan Lance TaylorIdleIf FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Illegal instructionIn addition, file system backups and remote mirrors may contain copies of the file that cannot be removed, and that will allow a shredded file to be recovered later. In real life: In the 1st form, create a link to TARGET with the name LINK_NAME. In the 2nd form, create a link to TARGET in the current directory. In the 3rd and 4th forms, create links to each TARGET in DIRECTORY. Create hard links by default, symbolic links with --symbolic. When creating hard links, each TARGET must exist. Symbolic links can hold arbitrary text; if later resolved, a relative link is interpreted in relation to its parent directory. In the case of ext3 file systems, the above disclaimer applies (and shred is thus of limited effectiveness) only in data=journal mode, which journals file data in addition to just metadata. In both the data=ordered (default) and data=writeback modes, shred works as usual. Ext3 journaling modes can be changed by adding the data=something option to the mount options for a particular file system in the /etc/fstab file, as documented in the mount man page (man mount). Infinity BInformation requestInterruptInterrupted by a signalInvalid back referenceInvalid character class nameInvalid collation characterInvalid content of \{\}Invalid preceding regular expressionInvalid range endInvalid regular expressionJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfKilledLINELOGINList information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort. LoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnMemory allocation failureMemory exhaustedMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNAMENameName or service not knownNo address associated with hostnameNo matchNo previous regular expressionNon-recoverable failure in name resolutionOKOnly one string may be given when deleting without squeezing repeats.Option --string without a number implies 3; option --width without a number implies 32. By default, od uses -A o -t oS -w16. Ordering options: Other options: Output a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. Determine format of output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output defaults Output fixed-size pieces of INPUT to PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ...; default size is 1000 lines, and default PREFIX is `x'. With no INPUT, or when INPUT is -, read standard input. Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files `xx00', `xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output. Output platform dependent limits in a format useful for shell scripts. Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. PIDPackaged by %s Packaged by %s (%s) Padraig BradyPaginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Parameter string not correctly encodedPassword:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlan: Power failurePremature end of regular expressionPrint ARGUMENT(s) according to FORMAT, or execute according to OPTION: Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print NAME with its trailing /component removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output `.' (meaning the current directory). Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s. -a, --all print all information, in the following order, except omit -p and -i if unknown: -s, --kernel-name print the kernel name -n, --nodename print the network node hostname -r, --kernel-release print the kernel release Print checksum and block counts for each FILE. -r use BSD sum algorithm, use 1K blocks -s, --sysv use System V sum algorithm, use 512 bytes blocks Print group memberships for each USERNAME or, if no USERNAME is specified, for the current process (which may differ if the groups database has changed). Print information about users who are currently logged in. Print machine architecture. Print newline, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a total line if more than one FILE is specified. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. A word is a non-zero-length sequence of characters delimited by white space. -c, --bytes print the byte counts -m, --chars print the character counts -l, --lines print the newline counts Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT. -f, --format=FORMAT use printf style floating-point FORMAT -s, --separator=STRING use STRING to separate numbers (default: \n) -w, --equal-width equalize width by padding with leading zeroes Print or change terminal characteristics. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the current time, the length of time the system has been up, the number of users on the system, and the average number of jobs in the run queue over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes.Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. -s, --silent, --quiet print nothing, only return an exit status Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the full filename of the current working directory. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the name of the current user. Print the number of processing units available to the current process, which may be less than the number of online processors Print the prime factors of each specified integer NUMBER. If none are specified on the command line, read them from standard input. Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID. Same as id -un. Print user and group information for the specified USERNAME, or (when USERNAME omitted) for the current user. -a ignore, for compatibility with other versions -Z, --context print only the security context of the current user -g, --group print only the effective group ID -G, --groups print all group IDs -n, --name print a name instead of a number, for -ugG -r, --real print the real ID instead of the effective ID, with -ugG -u, --user print only the effective user ID Print value of a symbolic link or canonical file name Processing request in progressProfiling timer expiredProject: Q. Frank XiaQuitRandy SmithReal-time signal %dReformat each paragraph in the FILE(s), writing to standard output. The option -WIDTH is an abbreviated form of --width=DIGITS. Regular expression too bigRemove (unlink) the FILE(s). -f, --force ignore nonexistent files, never prompt -i prompt before every removal Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty ignore each failure that is solely because a directory is non-empty Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Report %s bugs to: %s Report %s translation bugs to Request canceledRequest not canceledResource lostRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonRun COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling. With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Nicenesses range from %d (most favorable scheduling) to %d (least favorable). -n, --adjustment=N add integer N to the niceness (default 10) Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals. Run COMMAND, with modified buffering operations for its standard streams. Run a program in a different security context. With neither CONTEXT nor COMMAND, print the current security context. CONTEXT Complete security context -c, --compute compute process transition context before modifying -t, --type=TYPE type (for same role as parent) -u, --user=USER user identity -r, --role=ROLE role -l, --range=RANGE levelrange Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerSegmentation faultSend signals to processes, or list signals. Servname not supported for ai_socktypeSet LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Set each NAME to VALUE in the environment and run COMMAND. -i, --ignore-environment start with an empty environment -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -u, --unset=NAME remove variable from the environment Shell: Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default. Shrink or extend the size of each FILE to the specified size A FILE argument that does not exist is created. If a FILE is larger than the specified size, the extra data is lost. If a FILE is shorter, it is extended and the extended part (hole) reads as zero bytes. Simon JosefssonSpecial files require major and minor device numbers.Stack faultStart COMMAND, and kill it if still running after DURATION. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. StoppedStopped (signal)Stopped (tty input)Stopped (tty output)Stuart KempSuccessSummarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. System errorTIMETemporary failure in name resolutionTerminatedThe following optional flags may follow `%': - (hyphen) do not pad the field _ (underscore) pad with spaces 0 (zero) pad with zeros ^ use upper case if possible # use opposite case if possible The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. -H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it -L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered -P do not traverse any symbolic links (default) The strings compared were %s and %s.Torbjorn GranlundTrace/breakpoint trapTrailing backslashTranslate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing to standard output. -c, -C, --complement use the complement of SET1 -d, --delete delete characters in SET1, do not translate -s, --squeeze-repeats replace each input sequence of a repeated character that is listed in SET1 with a single occurrence of that character -t, --truncate-set1 first truncate SET1 to length of SET2 Try `%s --help' for more information. Try `%s ./%s' to remove the file %s. Two strings must be given when both deleting and squeezing repeats.Two strings must be given when translating.Ulrich DrepperUnknown errorUnknown signal %dUnknown system errorUnmatched ( or \(Unmatched ) or \)Unmatched [ or [^Unmatched \{Update the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time. A FILE argument that does not exist is created empty, unless -c or -h is supplied. A FILE argument string of - is handled specially and causes touch to change the times of the file associated with standard output. Urgent I/O conditionUsage: %s Usage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s CONTEXT COMMAND [args] or: %s [ -c ] [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-t TYPE] [-l RANGE] COMMAND [args] Usage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NUMBER[SUFFIX]... or: %s OPTION Pause for NUMBER seconds. SUFFIX may be `s' for seconds (the default), `m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. Unlike most implementations that require NUMBER be an integer, here NUMBER may be an arbitrary floating point number. Given two or more arguments, pause for the amount of time specified by the sum of their values. Usage: %s OPTION... COMMAND Usage: %s OPTION... FILE... Usage: %s OPTION... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [SETTING]... or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-a|--all] or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-g|--save] Usage: %s [-WIDTH] [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NAME] or: %s OPTION Print or set the hostname of the current system. Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPERAND]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] Print the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) for the current host. Usage: %s [OPTION] DURATION COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] NEWROOT [COMMAND [ARG]...] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... CONTEXT FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-l RANGE] [-t TYPE] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... or: %s [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form) or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form) Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] or: %s -e [OPTION]... [ARG]... or: %s -i LO-HI [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Base64 encode or decode FILE, or standard input, to standard output. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] or: %s --traditional [OPTION]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Print or check %s (%d-bit) checksums. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [PREFIX]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [TEMPLATE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [VARIABLE]... Print the values of the specified environment VARIABLE(s). If no VARIABLE is specified, print name and value pairs for them all. Usage: %s [SHORT-OPTION]... USER COMMAND [ARGUMENT]... or: %s LONG-OPTION Usage: %s [SHORT-OPTION]... [STRING]... or: %s LONG-OPTION Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [ignored command line arguments] or: %s OPTION Usage: test EXPRESSION or: test or: [ EXPRESSION ] or: [ ] or: [ OPTION User defined signal 1User defined signal 2Using -s ignores -L and -P. Otherwise, the last option specified controls behavior when the source is a symbolic link, defaulting to %s. Valid arguments are:Valid format sequences for file systems: %a Free blocks available to non-superuser %b Total data blocks in file system %c Total file nodes in file system %d Free file nodes in file system %f Free blocks in file system %C SELinux security context string Virtual timer expiredWARNING: --page-increment is deprecated; use --line-increment insteadWARNING: --preserve_context is deprecated; use --preserve-context insteadWARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s WARNING: ignoring --context (-Z); this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --preserve-context; this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --strip-program option as -s option was not specifiedWarning: WhenWhereWindow changedWith --follow (-f), tail defaults to following the file descriptor, which means that even if a tail'ed file is renamed, tail will continue to track its end. This default behavior is not desirable when you really want to track the actual name of the file, not the file descriptor (e.g., log rotation). Use --follow=name in that case. That causes tail to track the named file in a way that accommodates renaming, removal and creation. Wrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write a random permutation of the input lines to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to standard output. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``-%c' extra characters or invalid number in the argument: %s`--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argument`-N NUMBER' invalid starting line number: %s`-W PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %s`-l PAGE_LENGTH' invalid number of lines: %s`-o MARGIN' invalid line offset: %s`-w PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %sa command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sai_family not supportedai_socktype not supportedambiguous argument %s for %san input delimiter may be specified only when operating on fieldsappending output to %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileblock special files not supportedboth SI and IEC prefixes present on unitsboth files cannot be standard inputbyte offset %s is too largecan't apply partial context to unlabeled file %scan't get process contextcannot access %scannot backup %scannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change ownership of %scannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot chdir to root directorycannot combine --target-directory (-t) and --no-target-directory (-T)cannot combine --target-directory and --no-target-directorycannot combine -e and -i optionscannot combine any two of {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}cannot combine block and unblockcannot combine excl and nocreatcannot combine lcase and ucasecannot combine mode and --reference optionscannot combine signal with -l or -tcannot compare file names %s and %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot create temporary file in %scannot dereference %scannot determine device and inode of %scannot determine hostnamecannot determine location of %s. reverting to pollingcannot do ioctl on %scannot find name for group ID %lucannot find name for user ID %lucannot follow %s by namecannot force target context to %s and preserve itcannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot get nicenesscannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open %s for writingcannot open directory %scannot operate on dangling symlink %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot perform formatted outputcannot preserve extended attributes, cp is built without xattr supportcannot preserve security context without an SELinux-enabled kernelcannot print "only" of more than one choicecannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot print security context when user specifiedcannot read directory %scannot read file names from %scannot read file system information for %scannot read realtime clockcannot read symbolic link %scannot read table of mounted file systemscannot remove %scannot remove directory: %scannot reposition file pointer for %scannot run %scannot set %scannot set datecannot set group idcannot set group-ID to %lucannot set groupscannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot set name to %scannot set nicenesscannot set time stamps for %scannot set user idcannot set user-ID to %lucannot skip past end of combined inputcannot specify --null (-0) with commandcannot specify both printing across and printing in parallelcannot specify number of columns when printing in parallelcannot specify times from more than one sourcecannot split in more than one waycannot stat %scannot stat current directory (now %s)cannot stat standard inputcannot touch %scannot un-backup %scannot unlink %scannot unset %scannot watch %scannot watch parent directory of %scannot work around kernel bug after allchanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %schanging security context of %s character offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special filecharacter special files not supportedclearing permissions for %sclock changeclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing directory %sclosing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputcompatibility mode supports at most one fileconflicting empty-field replacement stringsconflicting security context specifiers givencould not set buffering of %s to mode %s couldn't create process for %s -dcouldn't create temporary filecouldn't execute %scouldn't execute %s -dcouldn't find directory entry in %s with matching i-nodecouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %screating file %s creating hard link %screating hard link %s => %screating hard link to %.0s%screating symbolic link %screating symbolic link %s -> %sdelimiter list ends with an unescaped backslash: %sdirectorydivision by zerodup2 failedempty %s not allowedempty file nameempty taberror closing fileerror in regular expression matchererror in regular expression searcherror initializing month stringserror monitoring inotify eventerror reading %serror reading inotify eventerror waiting for commanderror writing %sexit=extra argument %sextra operand %sextra operand %s extra operand %s not allowed with -%cfailed to change context of %s to %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to chdir to %sfailed to clone %sfailed to compute a new contextfailed to create directory via template %sfailed to create file via template %sfailed to create security context: %sfailed to get attributes of %sfailed to get current contextfailed to get file system create contextfailed to get groups for the current processfailed to get groups for user %sfailed to get security context of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to open %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to redirect standard errorfailed to redirect stderr to /dev/nullfailed to remove %sfailed to remove directory %sfailed to render standard input unusablefailed to reopen %s with mode %sfailed to restore the default file creation contextfailed to return to initial working directoryfailed to run command %sfailed to set %s security context component to %sfailed to set additional groupsfailed to set default file creation context to %sfailed to set group-IDfailed to set new range %sfailed to set new role %sfailed to set new type %sfailed to set new user %sfailed to set supplemental group(s)failed to set the copy of stderr to close on execfailed to set the security context of %s to %sfailed to set user-IDfailed to stat %sfailed to turn off O_DIRECT: %sfailed to update the environment with %sfdatasync failed for %sfflush failedfield number %s is too largefield number is zerofields and positions are numbered from 1fifofile %d is not in sorted orderfile operands cannot be combined with --files0-fromfile operands cannot be combined with --print-database (-p)file system type %s both selected and excludedfork system call failedformat %s ends in %%format %s has no %% directiveformat %s has too many %% directivesformat %s has unknown %%%c directiveformat string may not be specified when printing equal width stringsfsync failed for %sfts_close failedfts_read failedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsignoring inputignoring input and appending output to %signoring input and redirecting stderr to stdoutignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %signoring non-option argumentsincompatible join fields %lu, %luincompatible tabsincorrect passwordinotify cannot be used, reverting to pollinginput disappearedinput line is too longinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid %s%s argument `%s'invalid --%s argument %sinvalid adjustment %sinvalid argument %sinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid body numbering style: %sinvalid buffering mode %s for %s invalid byte or field listinvalid character `%c' in type string %sinvalid character class %sinvalid context: %sinvalid conversioninvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid date %sinvalid date format %sinvalid decreasing rangeinvalid device %s %sinvalid device type %sinvalid field number: %sinvalid field specifier: %sinvalid field width: %sinvalid file number in field spec: %sinvalid floating point argument: %sinvalid footer numbering style: %sinvalid format precisioninvalid format widthinvalid gap width: %sinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid group list %sinvalid group: %sinvalid header numbering style: %sinvalid inputinvalid input flaginvalid input range %sinvalid integer %sinvalid integer argument %sinvalid line count %sinvalid line discipline %sinvalid line number field width: %sinvalid line number increment: %sinvalid line numbering format: %sinvalid line width: %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid maximum depth %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid modeinvalid mode %sinvalid mode: %sinvalid number %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of blank lines: %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of columns: %sinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid number of lines: 0invalid option -- %cinvalid option -- %c; -WIDTH is recognized only when it is the first option; use -w N insteadinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid output flaginvalid page range %sinvalid precision: %sinvalid range with no endpoint: -invalid repeat count %s in [c*n] constructinvalid specinvalid starting line number: %sinvalid status flaginvalid suffix %s, contains directory separatorinvalid suffix in %s%s argument `%s'invalid tab size: %sinvalid template, %s, contains directory separatorinvalid template, %s; with --tmpdir, it may not be absoluteinvalid time interval %sinvalid time style format %sinvalid trailing option -- %cinvalid type string %sinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte floating point typeinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte integral typeinvalid universal character name \%c%0*xinvalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sinvalid wrap size: %sinvalid zero-length file nameit is dangerous to operate recursively on %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)last=leading `-' in a component of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name component %sline buffering stdin is meaninglessline count option -%s%c... is too largeline number %s is smaller than preceding line number, %sline number overflowmaximum --%s argument with current rlimit is %smemory exhaustedmessage queueminimum --%s argument is %smisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing `]'missing argument after %smissing argument to %smissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing destination file operand after %smissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing file operandmissing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operandmissing operand after %smode must specify only file permission bitsmode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multi-character tab %smultiple -i options specifiedmultiple -l or -t options specifiedmultiple compress programs specifiedmultiple delimiters specifiedmultiple levelrangesmultiple output files specifiedmultiple output formats specifiedmultiple random sources specifiedmultiple relative modifiers specifiedmultiple rolesmultiple target directories specifiedmultiple typesmultiple usersneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno change to ownership of %s no command specifiedno file systems processedno files remainingno input from %sno login nameno process ID specifiedno type may be specified when dumping stringsno username specified; at least one must be specified when using -lnon-integer argumentnonportable character %s in file name %snot a ttynot writing through dangling symlink %snumber in %s is too largenumber of bytesnumber of linesoffset overflow while reading file %somitting directory %sonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one device may be specifiedonly one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %soption used in invalid context -- %coptions --backup and --no-clobber are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --preserve-timestamps are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --strip are mutually exclusiveoptions `-%s' are incompatibleoutput file suffixes exhaustedoverflow extending size of file %soverflow rounding up size of file %sownership of %s retained ownership of %s retained as %s page number overflowpage width too narrowpreserving permissions for %spreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedreading %sreading directory %srecord too largeredirecting stderr to stdoutregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %srun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptyset LC_ALL='C' to work around the problemsetting flags for %ssetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectskip-bytes + read-bytes is too largeskipping %s, since it's on a different deviceskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstderrstdinstdoutstray character in field specstring comparison failedstring transformation failedstrip process terminated abnormallysuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errorsystem boottab size cannot be 0tab size contains invalid character(s): %stab sizes must be ascendingtab stop is too large %stab stop value is too largetabs are too far aparttarget %s is not a directorytarget directory not allowed when installing a directoryterm=test and/or [the --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --compare (-C) option is ignored when you specify a mode with non-permission bitsthe --context (-Z) option is obsolete and will be removed in a future releasethe --quiet option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the argument %s lacks a leading `+'; when using an option to specify date(s), any non-option argument must be a format string beginning with `+'the delimiter must be a single characterthe options for verbose and stty-readable output styles are mutually exclusivethe options to output dircolors' internal database and to select a shell syntax are mutually exclusivethe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivethe strings compared were %s and %sthe strip option may not be used when installing a directorythe untransformed string was %stime %s is out of rangeto use user-ID %s you need to use -g tootoo few X's in template %stoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtoo many characters in settoo many repeated linestoo many templatestotaltraversal failed: %struncating %styped memory objectuid=%luunable to display error messageunable to record current working directoryunable to set security context %sunexpected failure: fts_info=%d: %s please report to %sunknown binary operatorunknown status from command (0x%X)unknown streamunknown user-ID: %sunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableunrecognized operand %sunrecognized prefix: %sup %ld day %2d:%02d, up %ld days %2d:%02d, up ???? days ??:??, use --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeuser %s does not existusing %s to denote standard input does not work in file system modeusing arbitrary-precision arithmeticusing restricted shell %susing single-precision arithmeticwaiting for %s [-d]waiting for stripwarning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredwarning: %s: failed to change context to %swarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: --retry is useful mainly when following by namewarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: `touch %s' is obsolete; use `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'warning: an unescaped backslash at end of string is not portablewarning: backslash at end of formatwarning: cannot change directory to %swarning: cannot remove: %swarning: following standard input indefinitely is ineffectivewarning: ignoring excess arguments, starting with %swarning: invalid file offset after failed readwarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: line number %s is the same as preceding line numberwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: summarizing conflicts with --max-depth=%luwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0warning: the --%s option is obsolete; use --referencewarning: the ambiguous octal escape \%c%c%c is being interpreted as the 2-byte sequence \0%c%c, %cwarning: unrecognized escape `\%c'warning: working around lseek kernel bug for file (%s) of mt_type=0x%0lx -- see for the list of typesweird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen reading file names from stdin, no file name of %s allowedwhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'will not copy %s through just-created symlink %swill not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swith --parents, the destination must be a directorywith --suffix, template %s must end in Xwrite errorwrite error for %swrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify -c, -t, -u, -l, -r, or contextyou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsyou must specify one of %s or %sProject-Id-Version: coreutils 8.4.10081926 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2010-04-22 23:44+0200 Last-Translator: Ivan Vilata i Balaguer Language-Team: Catalan MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1); ( EXPRESSIÓ ) L’EXPRESSIÓ és certa. ! EXPRESSIÓ L’EXPRESSIÓ és falsa. EXPRESSIÓ1 -a EXPRESSIÓ2 L’EXPRESSIÓ1 i l’EXPRESSIÓ2 són certes. EXPRESSIÓ1 -o EXPRESSIÓ2 L’EXPRESSIÓ1 o l’EXPRESSIÓ2 és certa. --check-order Comprova si l’entrada es troba correctament ordenada, fins i tot si se’n poden emparellar totes les línies. --nocheck-order No comprova si l’entrada es troba correctament ordenada. -1 Elimina la columna 1 (línies que només apareixen al FITXER1). -2 Elimina la columna 2 (línies que només apareixen al FITXER2). -3 Elimina la columna 3 (línies que apareixen en ambdós fitxers). -a, --all Equival a «-b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u». -b, --boot Moment de la darrera arrencada del sistema. -d, --dead Mostra els processos morts. -H, --heading Mostra una línia de capçaleres de columna. -b FITXER El FITXER existeix i és un dispositiu de blocs. -c FITXER El FITXER existeix i és un dispositiu de caràcters. -d FITXER El FITXER existeix i és un directori. -e FITXER El FITXER existeix. -l Genera una eixida amb format llarg per cada USUARI. -b Omet el directori personal i intèrpret de l’usuari al format llarg. -h Omet el fitxer de projecte de l’usuari al format llarg. -p Omet el fitxer de pla de l’usuari al format llarg. -s Genera una eixida amb format curt (per defecte). [-n] CADENA La longitud de la CADENA no és zero. CADENA Equival a «-n CADENA». -z CADENA La longitud de la CADENA és zero. CADENA1 = CADENA2 Les cadenes són iguals. CADENA1 != CADENA2 Les cadenes no són iguals. ARG1 * ARG2 Producte aritmètic d’ARG1 i ARG2. ARG1 / ARG2 Quocient aritmètic d’ARG1 entre ARG2. ARG1 % ARG2 Residu aritmètic d’ARG1 entre ARG2. ARG1 + ARG2 Suma aritmètica d’ARG1 i ARG2. ARG1 - ARG2 Resta aritmètica d’ARG1 i ARG2. ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 és menor que ARG2. ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 és menor o igual que ARG2. ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 és igual a ARG2. ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 no és igual a ARG2. ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 és major o igual que ARG2. ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 és major que ARG2. FITXER1 -ef FITXER2 El FITXER1 i el FITXER2 tenen els mateixos números de dispositiu i node índex. FITXER1 -nt FITXER2 El FITXER1 és més nou (data de modificació) que el FITXER2. FITXER1 -ot FITXER2 El FITXER1 és més antic que el FITXER2. ENTER Copia fins a (però sense incloure) la línia especificada. /EXPREG/[DESPL] Copia fins a (però sense incloure) la línia coincident. %EXPREG%[DESPL] Salta fins a (però sense incloure) la línia coincident. {ENTER} Repeteix el patró anterior el nombre de vegades especificat. {*} Repeteix el patró anterior tants cops com sigui possible. Un desplaçament de línia (DESPL) és un «+» o «-» seguit d’un número enter positiu. ENTER1 -eq ENTER2 L’ENTER1 és igual a l’ENTER2. ENTER1 -ge ENTER2 L’ENTER1 és major o igual que l’ENTER2. ENTER1 -gt ENTER2 L’ENTER1 és major que l’ENTER2. ENTER1 -le ENTER2 L’ENTER1 és menor o igual que l’ENTER2. ENTER1 -lt ENTER2 L’ENTER1 és menor que l’ENTER2. ENTER1 -ne ENTER2 L’ENTER1 no és igual que l’ENTER2. CADENA : EXPREG Resultat d’aplicar l’expressió regular EXPREG sobre la CADENA. match CADENA EXPREG Equival a «CADENA : EXPREG». substr CADENA POS LONGITUD Sub‐cadena de CADENA, comptant POS des d’1. index CADENA CARÀCTERS Índex de CADENA on hi ha algun CARÀCTER, o 0. length STRING Longitud de la CADENA. a Numera totes les línies. t Numera totes les línies que no estan en blanc. n No numera cap línia. pEXPREG Només numera les línies que contenen una ocurrència de l’expressió regular bàsica EXPREG. El FORMAT pot ser: ln Alineat a l’esquerra, sense zeros de replé. rn Alineat a la dreta, sense zeros de replé. rz Alineat a la dreta, reomplit amb zeros. b Crea un fitxer especial de blocs (amb memòria intermèdia). c, u Crea un fitxer especial de caràcters (sense memòria intermèdia). p Crea una cua FIFO. nombre d’usuaris=%lu L’opció «-t» és implícita quan LLARG_PÀG és menor o igual que 10. Sense FITXER, o quan FITXER és «-», llegeix l’entrada estàndard. Un camp és una sèrie de caràcters en blanc (normalment espais o caràcters de tabulació) seguits de caràcters no en blanc. En emprar «--skip-fields» o «--skip-chars», primer es salten els camps i després els caràcters. Un programa de «finger» lleuger; mostra informació sobre els usuaris. El fitxer «utmp» serà «%s». Un «-» a soles implica «-i». Si no s’indica l’ORDRE, mostra l’entorn resultant. Un «-» simple implica «-l». Si no s’indica cap USUARI, s’assumeix «root». Després dels senyaladors es pot indicar l’amplada del camp com a un número decimal; després es pot incloure el modificador opcional «E», per a emprar les representacions alternatives del locale (si n’hi ha), o «O», per a emprar els símbols numèrics alternatius del locale (si n’hi ha). Una EXPRESSIÓ omesa és per defecte falsa. Altrament, l’EXPRESSIÓ és certa o falsa i estableix l’estat d’eixida. És una de: Com a cas especial, «cp» fa una còpia de seguretat d’ORIGEN quan les opcions «--force» i «--backup» són actives i ORIGEN i DESTÍ són el mateix nom d’un fitxer ordinari existent. BLOCS i OCTETS poden estar seguits dels sufixos multiplicatius següents: c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M, GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024, i així per a T, P, E, Z, Y. Cada símbol de CONVERSIONS pot ser: Teniu en compte que molts operadors han de ser escapats o entrecometats als intèrprets d’ordres. Les comparacions són aritmètiques entre números, lexicogràfiques en altre cas. Les comparacions amb patrons retornen la cadena coincident entre «\(» i «\)» o la cadena buida; si no s’empra «\(» i «\)», retornen el nombre de caràcters coincidents o 0. Cal que especifiqueu MAJOR i MENOR quan el TIPUS siga «b», «c» o «u»; cal ometre’ls quan aquest siga «p». Si MAJOR o MENOR comença per «0x» o «0X», s’interpreta com a hexadecimal; si comença per «0», com a octal; altrament s’interpreta com a decimal. El TIPUS pot ser: Per defecte, «rm» no elimina els directoris. Empreu l’opció «--recursive» («-r» o «-R») per a eliminar també cadascun dels directoris llistats, juntament amb el seu contingut. Les opcions per defecte són «-v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn». CC són dos caràcters delimitadors per a separar les pàgines lògiques, on l’absència del segon caràcter implica «:». Escriviu «\\» per a «\». ESTIL pot ser: Per defecte, els fitxers ORIGEN dispersos es detecten amb una heurística simple i els fitxers DESTÍ corresponents són creats dispersos. Aquest és el comportament indicat per «--sparse=auto». Amb «--sparse=always» es crearà un fitxer DESTÍ dispers sempre que el fitxer ORIGEN continga una seqüència suficientment llarga d’octets zero. Empreu «--sparse=never» per a evitar la creació de fitxers dispersos. En especificar «--reflink[=always]» es realitzarà una còpia lleugera, on es comparteixen els blocs de dades i només es copien quan són modificats. Si açò no és possible la còpia fallarà; en canvi, si s’especifica «--reflink=auto» es recorrerà a una còpia estàndard. Propietats combinades: * [-]LCASE Equival a «[-]lcase». cbreak Equival a «-icanon». -cbreak Equival a «icanon». Propietats de control: [-]clocal Inhabilita els senyals de control del mòdem. [-]cread Permet rebre entrada. * [-]crtscts Habilita l’establiment de connexió amb RTS/CTS. csN Estableix la mida de caràcter a N bits [5..8]. La DURADA és un enter amb un sufix opcional: «s» per a segons (per defecte), «m» per a minuts, «h» per a hores i «d» per a dies. Els valors mostrats s’expressaran en les unitats de la primera MIDA disponible entre l’argument de l’opció «--block-size» i els valors de les variables d’entorn %s_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE i BLOCKSIZE. Si no n’hi ha cap disponible s’empraran unitats de 1024 octets (o 512 si la variable POSIXLY_CORRECT està establerta). Cada símbol SENYALADOR pot ser: append Mode de només addició (només té sentit per a l’eixida, es suggereix emprar «conv=notrunc»). Cada MODE té la forma «[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+». Exemples: %s -12 FITXER1 FITXER2 Mostra les línies presents tant al FITXER1 com al FITXER2. %s -3 FITXER1 FITXER2 Mostra les línies del FITXER1 que no es troben al FITXER2 (i viceversa). Exemples: «%s /usr/bin/sort» produeix «sort». «%s include/stdio.h .h» produeix «stdio». Exemples: «%s /usr/bin/sort» Mostra «/usr/bin». «%s stdio.h» Mostra «.». Exemples: «%s f - g» Mostra el contingut d’«f», de l’entrada estàndard, i en acabant el contingut de «g». «%s» Còpia l’entrada estàndard a l’eixida estàndard. Exemples: «%s root /u» Canvia el propietari de «/u» a «root». «%s root:staff /u» El mateix, però també canvia el seu grup a «staff». «%s -hR root /u» Canvia el propietari de «/u» i descendents a «root». Exemples: «%s staff /u» Canvia el grup de «/u» a «staff». «%s -hR staff /u» Canvia el grup de «/u» i descendents a «staff». Excepte «-h» i «-L», totes les comprovacions sobre un FITXER segueixen els enllaços simbòlics. Teniu en compte que cal que els parèntesis siguen escapats (per exemple, amb barres invertides) als intèrprets d’ordres. ENTER també pot ser «-l CADENA», que s’avalua a la longitud de la CADENA. L’estat d’eixida és 0 si l’expressió no és nuŀla ni 0; 1 si l’expressió és nuŀla o 0; 2 si l’EXPRESSIÓ no és vàlida sintàcticament; 3 si ocorre un error. Codi d’eixida: 0 si tot va bé. 1 si ocorren errors menors (p.ex. no es pot accedir un subdirectori). 2 si ocorren errors greus (p.ex. no es pot accedir un argument de la línia d’ordres). FORMAT controla l’eixida com fa printf() en C. S’interpreten les seqüències: \" Cometes dobles. FORMAT controla l’eixida. Les seqüències interpretades són: %% Un «%» literal. %a Dia de la setmana abreujat del locale, p. ex. «dg». Controla la línia tty connectada a l’entrada estàndard. Sense arguments, mostra la velocitat en bauds, la disciplina de línia i les diferències amb «stty sane». En indicar propietats, el caràcter CAR ha de ser literal, o codificat com «^c», «0x37», «0177» o «127»; els valors especials «^-» i «undef» s’empren per a inhabilitar caràcters especials. Si s’especifica «-e» es reconeixen les seqüències següents: Si el FITXER és «-», sobreescriu l’eixida estàndard. Si s’especifica «--remove» (-u) s’elimina cada FITXER. Per defecte no s’eliminen aquests perquè és comú operar sobre fitxers dispositiu com «/dev/hda», i normalment aquests fitxers no s’haurien d’eliminar. Quan s’opera sobre fitxers ordinaris la majoria de la gent empra l’opció «--remove». Si no s’indica el FITXER, s’empra «%s». És comú emprar «%s» com a FITXER. Si s’especifiquen ARG1 i ARG2, és com emprar «-m»: és habitual emprar «am i» o «és genial». Si s’especifica un FITXER, aquest es llegeix per a determinar quins colors emprar per a quins tipus de fitxer i extensions. Altrament, s’empra una base de dades precompilada. Proveu «dircolors --print-database» per a obtenir detalls sobre el format d’aquests fitxers. Si s’omet PRIMER o INCREMENT, es pren 1 per defecte. És a dir, un INCREMENT omés pren un valor per defecte d’1, fins i tot quan DARRER és menor que PRIMER. PRIMER, INCREMENT i DARRER s’interpreten com a valors reals en coma flotant. INCREMENT sol ser positiu si PRIMER és menor que DARRER, i sol ser negatiu si PRIMER és major que DARRER. Si el MODE és «0», el flux corresponent no emprarà memòria intermèdia. Si el MODE és «L», el flux corresponent emprarà una memòria intermèdia basada en línies. Aquesta opció no és vàlida per a l’entrada estàndard. Si un dels FITXER és «-», el torna a copiar sobre l’eixida estàndard. Si tant la primera com la segona formes d’ús són aplicables, s’assumeix la segona forma si el darrer operand comença per «+» o (si hi ha dos operands) per un dígit. Un operand DESPLAÇAMENT significa «-j DESPLAÇAMENT». ETIQUETA és la pseudoadreça del primer octet escrit, que s’incrementa a mesura que va progressant la transcripció. En DESPLAÇAMENT i ETIQUETA, un prefix «0x» o «0X» indica hexadecimal. Els sufixs poden ser «.» per a octal i «b» com a multiplicació per 512. Si no s’especifica cap ordre s’executa «${SHELL} -i» (per defecte: /bin/sh). Si l’entrada estàndard és un terminal, la redirigeix des de «/dev/null». Si l’eixida estàndard és un terminal, afegeix l’eixida si pot a «nohup.out», o a «$HOME/nohup.out» altrament. Si l’eixida estàndard d’errors és un terminal, la redirigeix cap a l’eixida estàndard. Per a capturar l’eixida en un FITXER, empreu «%s ORDRE > FITXER». Si l’ORDRE expira l’estat d’eixida serà 124, altrament serà aquell que retorne l’ORDRE. Si no s’indica cap senyal s’enviarà un senyal «TERM» en expirar el temps, que matarà els processos que no bloquen o intercepten el senyal. Per a uns altres processos és possible que calga emprar el senyal «KILL» (9), que no pot ser interceptat. Si el primer caràcter d’N (nombre d’octets o línies) és un «+», escriu cada fitxer començant pel seu N‐èsim element, comptant des de l’inici; en altre cas, escriu els darrers N elements del fitxer. N pot portar un sufix multiplicador: GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, i així per a T, P, E, Z, Y. Propietats de l’entrada: [-]brkint Fa que les interrupcions de teclat generen senyals d’interrupció. [-]icrnl Tradueix els retorns de carro a noves línies. [-]ignbrk Descarta els caràcters d’interrupció. [-]igncr Descarta els retorns de carro. Cada valor d’N pot estar seguit d’un dels sufixos multiplicatius següents (prefix valor): xM M, c 1, w 2, b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, i així per a T, P, E, Z, Y. GPLv3+: llicència GNU GPL ver. 3 o posterior Aquest és programari lliure: podeu modificar‐lo i redistribuir‐lo si voleu. No hi ha CAP GARANTIA, en la mesura que ho permeta la llei. Propietats locals: [-]crterase Mostra els caràcters de retrocés com a retrocés‐espai‐retrocés. * crtkill Esborra totes les línies d’acord amb «echoprt» i «echoe». * -crtkill Esborra totes les línies d’acord amb «echoctl» i «echok». NOTA: Si l’ORDRE ajusta la memòria intermèdia dels seus fluxos estàndard (com fa «tee»), es descartaran els canvis realitzats per «stdbuf». A banda, alguns filtres (com «dd» i «cat») no empren fluxos d’E/S, i no es veuen afectats per «stdbuf». NOTA: «[» té en compte les opcions «--help» i «--version», però «test» no. «test» les tracta com qualsevol altra CADENA no buida. NOTA: Potser el vostre intèrpret d’ordres té la seua pròpia versió de «%s», que preval sobre la descrita ací. Per favor, consulteu a la documentació del vostre intèrpret quines opcions admet. Teniu en compte que si empreu «rm» per a eliminar un fitxer, podria ser possible recuperar‐ne alguns dels continguts, comptant amb l’experiència o el temps suficients. Si voleu estar més segurs de que els continguts esdevinguen realment irrecuperables, considereu emprar «shred». Teniu en compte que les opcions «-d» i «-t» accepten formats de data i hora distints. Teniu en compte que les opcions «-r» i «-s» són mútuament excloents. Tingueu en compte que les comparacions segueixen les regles especificades per LC_COLLATE. NOTA: «uniq» no detecta les línies repetides, a no ser que vagen seguides. Potser desitgeu ordenar primer l’entrada, o emprar «sort -u» sense «uniq». Les comparacions segueixen les regles especificades per LC_COLLATE. Un «-» opcional davant d’una PROPIETAT la nega. Un «*» marca les propietats no‐POSIX. Les propietats disponibles venen determinades pel sistema subjaent. Altrament, MODE és un número que pot anar seguit per un dels sufixos següents: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, i així per a G, T, P, E, Z, Y. En aquest cas el flux corresponent emprarà la mida de memòria intermèdia indicada pel MODE en octets. Propietats de l’eixida: * bsN Estil del retard del retrocés, N en [0..1]. * crN Estil del retard del retorn de carro, N en [0..3]. * ffN Estil del retard del salt de pàgina, N en [0..1]. * nlN Estil del retard de la nova línia, N en [0..1]. El propietari es manté si no s’especifica. El grup també es manté si no s’especifica, però és canviat al grup d’entrada si s’indica un «:» darrere del PROPIETARI simbòlic. El PROPIETARI i el GRUP poden ser tant numèrics com simbòlics. POS és F[.C][OPCS], on F és el número del camp i C la posició del caràcter al camp, ambdues comptant des d’1. Si no s’indica «-t» ni «-b», els caràcters d’un camp es compten des de l’inici de l’espai en blanc que el precedeix. OPCS és una més opcions d’ordenació, d’una única lletra, que tenen preferència sobre les opcions globals d’ordenació per a aquesta clau. Si no s’especifica cap clau, s’empra la línia sencera com a clau. La MIDA pot anar seguida dels següent sufixs multiplicadors: Mostra el valor de l’EXPRESSIÓ a l’eixida estàndard. A sota, una línia en blanc separa grups amb precedència creixent. L’EXPRESSIÓ pot ser: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 si no és nul ni 0, ARG2 altrament. ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 si cap argument és nul ni 0, 0 altrament. BASE és «d» per a decimal, «o» per a octal, «x» per a hexadecimal, o bé «n» per a cap. OCTETS és hexadecimal si té el prefix «0x» o «0X», i pot portar un sufix multiplicador: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, i així per a T, P, E, Z, Y. Afegint el sufix «z» a qualsevol dels tipus, mostra també els caràcters imprimibles al final de cada línia d’eixida. Si FITXER és «-», llegeix l’entrada estàndard. Cada PATRÓ pot ser: Informeu dels errors de «%s» a %s. Informeu dels errors a <%s>. Informeu dels errors de traducció a . Cada JOC s’especifica com a una cadena de caràcters. La majoria d’ells es representen literalment. Les seqüències que s’interpreten són: \NNN Caràcter amb valor octal NNN (d’1 a 3 dígits octals). \\ Barra invertida. \a Alarma (BEL). \b Retrocés. \f Salt de pàgina. \n Nova línia. \r Retorn de carro. \t Tabulació horitzontal. SENYAL pot ser un nom de senyal com «HUP», un número de senyal com «1», o l’estat d’eixida d’un procés finalitzat per un senyal. PID és un número enter; si és negatiu identifica un grup de processos. MIDA és un número. Als TIPUS «doux», MIDA també pot ser «C» per a «sizeof(char)», «S» per a «sizeof(short)», «I» per a «sizeof(int)» o «L» per a «sizeof(long)». Si el TIPUS és «f», la MIDA pot ser també «F» per a «sizeof(float)», «D» per a «sizeof(double)» o bé «L» per a «sizeof(long double)». La MIDA pot anar prefixada per un caràcter modificador relatiu. Així, «+» augmenta en MIDA, «-» redueix en MIDA, «<» marca una MIDA màxima, «>» marca una MIDA mínima, «/» arrodoneix cap avall a un múltiple de MIDA, «%» arrodoneix cap amunt a un múltiple de MIDA. MIDA pot ser una de les següents: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, i així per a G, T, P, E, Z, Y. També poden anar precedides d’un número enter. Enviar un senyal %s a un procés «dd» en marxa fa que mostre una estadística d’entrada/eixida a l’eixida estàndard d’errors, i que després continue copiant. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 registres llegits 18335302+0 registres escrits 9387674624 octets (9,4 GB) copiats, 34,6279 segons, 271 MB/s Les opcions són: Caràcters especials: * dsusp CAR El caràcter CAR enviarà un senyal d’aturada de terminal una volta s’haja buidat l’entrada. eof CAR CAR enviarà un final de fitxer (que acaba l’entrada). eol CAR CAR acabarà la línia. Propietats especials: N Estableix la velocitat d’entrada i eixida a N bauds. * cols N Anuncia al nucli que el terminal té N columnes. * columns N Equival a «cols N». TIPUS està format per una o diverses de les següents especificacions: a Nom del caràcter, sense tenir en compte el bit alt. c Caràcter ASCII o seqüència d’escapada amb barra invertida. El sufix de còpia de seguretat és «~», si no s’estableix amb «--suffix» o amb la variable SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. El mètode de control de versions es pot establir amb l’opció «--backup» o fent servir la variable d’entorn VERSION_CONTROL. Es poden emprar aquests valors: Les dades són codificades seguint l’alfabet base 64 de l’RFC 3548. En descodificar, l’entrada pot contenir caràcters de nova línia a banda dels octets de l’alfabet base 64 formal. Empreu «--ignore-garbage» per a provar de tolerar altres octets no alfabètics en el flux codificat. Les tres opcions següents només són útils per a la comprovació de sumes: --quiet No escriu «CORRECTE» per cadascun dels fitxers verificats amb èxit. --status No escriu res, el codi d’estat indica el resultat. -w, --warn Avisa de les línies de suma amb un format incorrecte. El càlcul de les sumes es realitza com es descriu al document %s. A les comprovacions, l’entrada hauria de ser una sortida anterior d’aquest mateix programa. Per defecte escriu una línia amb la suma de verificació, un caràcter indicant el tipus («*» per a binari, « » per a text), i el nom de cada FITXER. Seqüències de format vàlides per als fitxers (és a dir, sense «--file-system»): %a Permisos d’accés en octal. %A Permisos d’accés en un format llegible per als humans. %b Nombre de blocs reservats (vegeu «%B»). %B Mida en octets de cada bloc mostrat per «%b». %C Cadena de context de seguretat de SELinux. Aquest programa d’instaŀlació còpia fitxers (a sovint tot just compiŀlats) a les ubicacions de destí que escolliu. Si el que voleu és baixar i instaŀlar un paquet llest per al seu ús sota un sistema GNU/Linux, empreu un gestor de paquets com «yum(1)» o «apt-get(1)». Als tres primers formats es còpia un ORIGEN a un DESTÍ o diversos ORIGENs al DIRECTORI existent, i se n’estableixen els permisos i el propietari o grup. Al quart format es creen tots els components de cada DIRECTORI indicat. Per a eliminar un fitxer amb un nom que comence per «-», per exemple «-mec», empreu una d’aquestes ordres: %s -- -mec %s ./-mec Les especificacions en format tradicional poden estar mesclades, acumulant‐se; són les següents: -a Equival a «-t a», nom dels caràcters, descartant el bit alt. -b Equival a «-t o1», octets en octal. -c Equival a «-t c», caràcters ASCII o seqüències d’escapada amb barra invertida. -d Equival a «-t u2», enters de 2 octets sense signe en decimal. La traducció es produeix si no s’indica «-d» i ambdós JOC1 i JOC2 apareixen. Només es pot emprar «-t» quan es tradueix. El JOC2 s’expandeix a la llargada de JOC1 repetint el darrer caràcter tant com sigui necessari. Els caràcters sobrants del JOC2 es descarten. Només s’assegura una expansió ascendent per a les seqüències «[:lower:]» i «[:upper:]»; quan s’empren en JOC2 i s’estiga traduint, només es poden utilitzar en parelles respecte JOC1, especificant conversió de majúscules a minúscules (o a la inversa). «-s» empra el JOC1 si no s’està traduint ni suprimint; a la reducció s’empra el JOC2 i aquesta es produeix després de traduïr o suprimir. Tret que especifiqueu «-t CARÀCTER», els separadors de camp són espais en blanc i no es tenen en compte; si no el separador és el CARÀCTER. Cada CAMP s’identifica amb un número, comptant des d’1. FORMAT és una especifiació, o diverses separades per espais o comes, del tipus «NUMFITXER.CAMP» o «0». El FORMAT per defecte escriu el camp d’unió, els camps restants del FITXER1 i els camps restants del FITXER2, tots separats pel CARÀCTER. Important: FITXER1 i FITXER2 han d’estar ordenats per llurs camps d’unió. Per exemple, empreu «sort -k 1b,1» si «join» no rep cap opció, o «join -t ''» si «sort» no rep cap opció. Tingueu en compte que les comparacions segueixen les regles especificades per LC_COLLATE. Si l’entrada no es troba ordenada i no es poden emparellar algunes línies, es mostrarà un missatge d’avís. Empreu exactament una de les opcions «-b», «-c» o «-f». Cada LLISTA consta d’un interval, o de diversos intervals separats per comes. L’entrada que és seleccionada és escrita en el mateix ordre en què és llegida, i és escrita una sola volta, exactament. Per defecte, i amb «--color=never», no s’empren colors per a distingir els tipus dels fitxers. Amb «--color=auto», «ls» genera codis de color només quan l’eixida estàndard està connectada a un terminal. La variable d’entorn LS_COLORS permet canviar la configuració dels colors. Empreu l’ordre «dircolors» per a establir la variable. Sense cap FITXER o si FITXER és «-», llegeix l’entrada estàndard. Per defecte s’empra «-F /». Sense cap FITXER, o quan FITXER és «-», llegeix l’entrada estàndard. Sense opcions, produeix una eixida amb tres columnes. La primera conté les línies que només es troben al FITXER1, la segona les que només es troben al FITXER2, i la tercera les línies comunes a ambdós fitxers. Sense cap OPCIÓ, mostra un conjunt útil d’informació d’identificació. Escriu una representació inequívoca, d’octets en octal per defecte, del FITXER a la sortida estàndard. Amb diversos arguments FITXER, els concatena en l’ordre especificat per a formar l’entrada. Sense FITXER, o quan FITXER és «-», llegeix l’entrada estàndard. ??? --backup[=CONTROL] Crea una còpia de seguretat de cada fitxer destí existent. -b Com «--backup», però no accepta cap argument. -f, --force No pregunta abans de sobreescriure. -i, --interactive Pregunta abans de sobreescriure. -n, --no-clobber No sobreescriu els fitxers existents. Si especifiqueu més d’una opció de «-i», «-f» o «-n», només la darrera tindrà efecte. --backup[=CONTROL] Crea una còpia de seguretat de cada fitxer destí existent. -b Com «--backup», però no accepta cap argument. -d, -F, --directory Crea enllaços forts cap als directoris (només per al superusuari). -d, -F, --directory Permet al superusuari provar de crear enllaços forts cap a directoris (nota: probablement fallarà fins i tot per al superusuari a causa de restriccions del sistema). -f, --force Elimina els fitxers destí existents. --backup[=CONTROL] Crea una còpia de seguretat de cada fitxer destí existent. -b Com «--backup», però no accepta cap argument. -c (No es té en compte.) -C, --compare Compara cada parell de fitxers d’origen i destí, i en alguns casos no modifica el destí en absolut. -d, --directory Tracta tots els arguments com a noms de directori; crea tots els components de cada directori especificat. --batch-size=NMESCLA Mescla com a molt NMESCLA entrades alhora; per a mesclar‐ne més empra fitxers temporals. --block-size=MIDA Empra blocs de la MIDA indicada. Vegeu a sota el format de la MIDA. -B, --ignore-backups No mostra les entrades implícites acabades en «~». -c Amb «-lt», ordena per (i mostra) la data de canvi (moment de la darrera modificació de la informació d’estat del fitxer). Amb «-l», mostra la data de canvi i ordena pel nom. Altrament, ordena per la data de canvi. --complement Complementa el conjunt d’octets, caràcters o camps escollits. --files0-from=FITXER Llegeix l’entrada dels fitxers els noms dels quals es troben llistats al FITXER, acabats pel caràcter NUL. Si el FITXER és «-», llegeix els noms de l’entrada estàndard. -L, --max-line-length Escriu la longitud de la línia més llarga. -w, --words Escriu el nombre de paraules. --files0-from=FITXER Resumeix l’ús de disc dels fitxers els noms dels quals es troben llistats al FITXER, acabats pel caràcter NUL. Si el FITXER és «-», llegeix els noms de l’entrada estàndard. -H Equival a «--dereference-args» (-D). -h, --human-readable Mostra les mides en un format llegible per als humans (per exemple: 1K 234M 2G). --si Com «-h», però empra potències de 1000, no de 1024. --from=PROPIETARI_ACTUAL:GRUP_ACTUAL Canvia el propietari o grup de cada fitxer només si el seu propietari o grup actual coincideix amb aquests. Es pot ometre qualsevol dels dos; en aqueix cas no caldrà que hi haja coincidència amb l’atribut omés. --group-directories-first Agrupa els directoris abans dels fitxers. Accepta l’opció «--sort», però «--sort=none» (-U) inhabilita l’agrupament. --help Mostra aquesta ajuda i surt. --indicator-style=PARAULA Afegeix un indicador amb l’estil PARAULA als noms de les entrades: none (per defecte), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F). -i, --inode Mostra el número de node índex de cada fitxer. -I, --ignore=PATRÓ No llista les entrades implícites que coincideixen amb el PATRÓ d’intèrpret indicat. -k Equival a «--block-size=1K». -l, --lookup Prova de fer canònics els noms d’estació via DNS. -m Només mostra el nom d’estació i usuari associats amb l’entrada estàndard. -p, --process Mostra els processos actius llançats per «init». --no-preserve-root No tracta «/» de forma especial. --preserve-root No elimina «/» (per defecte). -r, -R, --recursive Elimina recursivament els directoris i llurs continguts. -v, --verbose Explica què s’està fent. --no-preserve-root No tracta «/» de forma especial (per defecte). --preserve-root Falla en operar recursivament sobre «/». --no-preserve-root No tracta «/» de forma especial (per defecte). --preserve-root Falla en operar recursivament sobre «/». --no-preserve=LLISTA_ATRIBUTS No preserva els atributs indicats. --parents Crea el camí complet del fitxer origen sota el directori destí. --one-file-system En eliminar una jerarquia recursivament, evita els directoris que estan en un sistema de fitxers diferent al de l’argument corresponent de la línia d’ordres. --pid=PID Amb «-f», finalitza després que el procés identificat per aquest PID mori. -q, --quiet, --silent Omet les capçaleres amb els noms dels fitxers. --retry Continua intentant obrir un fitxer fins i tot si és o esdevé inaccessible; només és útil en seguir la pista d’un nom, és a dir, amb «--follow=NOM». --preserve-context Preserva el context de seguretat de SELinux. -Z, --context=CONTEXT Estableix el context de seguretat de SELinux dels fitxers i directoris. --reference=FITXREF Empra el context de seguretat del fitxer FITXREF en lloc del valor especificat de CONTEXT. -R, --recursive Opera recursivament sobre fitxers i directoris. -v, --verbose Mostra un missatge per cada fitxer processat. --rfc-3339=PRECISIÓ Mostra la data conforme a l’RFC 3339, fins a la PRECISIÓ indicada: «date» (data), «seconds» (segons) o «ns» (nanosegons). La data i l’hora estan separats per un sol espai: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=CADENA Estableix la data descrita a la CADENA. -u, --utc, --universal Mostra o estableix el Temps Universal Coordinat. --sort=PARAULA Ordena d’acord amb la PARAULA (equival a l’opció entre parèntesis): numèric general amb «general-numeric» (-g), numèric humà amb «human-numeric» (-h), mes amb «month» (-M), numèric amb «numeric» (-n), aleatori amb «random» (-R). -V, --version-sort Ordena pel número (de versió) inclós al nom. --sparse=QUAN Controla la creació de fitxers dispersos. Vegeu a sota. --strip-trailing-slashes Elimina la barra final (si n’hi ha) de cada argument ORIGEN. --strip-trailing-slashes Elimina la barra final (si n’hi ha) de cada argument ORIGEN. -S, --suffix=SUFIX Reemplaça el sufix habitual de les còpies de seguretat. --suffix=SUFIX Afegeix el SUFIX a la PLANTILLA. El SUFIX no ha de contenir cap barra. Aquesta opció és implícita si la PLANTILLA no acaba en «X». --time Mostra la data de modificació més recent de tots els fitxers del directori i subdirectoris. --time=DATA Mostra la DATA indicada en lloc de la de modificació: accés (amb «atime», «access» o «use») o canvi d’estat (amb «ctime» o «status»). --time-style=ESTIL Mostra les dates emprant l’ESTIL indicat: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT; FORMAT s’interpreta com en «date». --time-style=ESTIL Amb «-l», mostra les dates emprant l’ESTIL indicat: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT; FORMAT s’interpreta com en «date»; si FORMAT és «FORMAT1FORMAT2», FORMAT1 s’aplica als fitxers no recents i FORMAT2 als recents; si es prefixa l’ESTIL amb «posix-», només s’empra l’ESTIL si el locale POSIX no es troba actiu. --tmpdir[=DIRECTORI] Interpreta la PLANTILLA com a relativa al DIRECTORI. Si aquest no s’indica, empra $TMPDIR si està establerta, o «/tmp» altrament. Si empreu aquesta opció no cal que la PLANTILLA siga un camí absolut. A diferència de «-t» la PLANTILLA pot contenir barres, però «mktemp» només en crea el component final. --verbose Mostra un missatge abans d’obrir cada fitxer de sortida. --version Mostra informació sobre la versió i surt. --all Mostra el nombre de processados instaŀlats al sistema. --ignore=N Exclou N unitats de processament si és possible. Mida En ús Lliure %Ús Nodes‐i En ús Lliures %Ús Mida En ús Lliure %Ús -evenp Equival a «-parenb cs8». * [-]lcase Equival a «xcase iuclc olcuc». litout Equival a «-parenb -istrip -opost cs8». -litout Equival a «parenb istrip opost cs7». nl Equival a «-icrnl -onlcr». -nl Equival a «icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret». [-]cstopb Empra dos bits d’aturada per caràcter (només un amb «-»). [-]hup S’envia un senyal de penjat quan el darrer procés tanque el terminal. [-]hupcl Equival a «[-]hup». [-]parenb Genera un bit de paritat a l’eixida i n’espera un a l’entrada. [-]parodd Empra paritat senar (parella amb «-»). [-]ignpar Descarta els caràcters amb error de paritat. * [-]imaxbel Xiula i no buida un bloc de memòria intermèdia d’entrada ple quan arriba un caràcter. [-]inlcr Tradueix les noves línies en retorns de carro. [-]inpck Habilita la comprovació de paritat de l’entrada. [-]istrip Posa a zero el bit alt (8é) dels caràcters d’entrada. [-]isig Habilita els caràcters especials d’interrupció, eixida i aturada de terminal. [-]noflsh Inhabilita el buidat després d’haver rebut els caràcters especials d’interrupció i eixida. * [-]prterase Equival a «[-]echoprt». * [-]tostop Para els processos de fons que intenten escriure al terminal. * [-]xcase Amb «icanon», escapa amb «\\» les majúscules. cooked Posa a llurs valors per defecte els caràcters: brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon eof eol. -cooked Equival a «raw». crt Equival a «echoe echoctl echoke». dec Equival a «echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u». * [-]decctlq Equival a «[-]ixany». ek Posa a llurs valors per defecte els caràcters «kill» i «erase». evenp Equival a «parenb -parodd cs7». ispeed N Estableix la velocitat d’entrada a N bauds. * line N Empra la disciplina de línia N. min N Amb «-icanon», caldran almenys N caràcters per a fer una lectura completa. ospeed N Estableix la velocitat d’eixida a N bauds. oddp Equival a «parenb parodd cs7». -oddp Equival a «-parenb cs8». [-]parity Equival a «[-]evenp». pass8 Equival a «-parenb -istrip cs8». -pass8 Equival a «parenb istrip cs7». raw Equival a «-ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0» -raw Equival a «cooked». sane Equival a «cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke», posant tots els caràcters especials a llurs valors per defecte. stop CAR CAR aturarà l’eixida. susp CAR CAR enviarà un senyal d’aturada de terminal. * swtch CAR CAR canviarà a una capa d’intèrpret diferent. * werase CAR CAR esborrarà la darrera paraula escrita. %% Un sol «%». %b L’ARGUMENT com a una cadena on s’interpreten les seqüències d’escapada amb barra invertida; tanmateix, les seqüències d’escapada octals hi tenen la forma «\0» o «\0NNN». i totes les especificacions de format C que acaben en un dels caràcters «diouxXfeEgGcs», on cada ARGUMENT serà convertit al tipus adequat. S’admeten les amplàries variables. %A Dia de la setmana complet del locale, p. ex. «diumenge». %b Dia del mes abreujat del locale, p. ex. «gen». %B Dia del mes complet del locale, p. ex. «gener». %c Data i hora del locale, p. ex. «dj 03 mar 2005 23:05:25 CET». %C Centúria, com «%Y» però sense els dos darrers dígits, p. ex. «20». %d Dia del mes, p. ex. «01». %D Format de data equivalent a «%m/%d/%y». %e Dia del mes reomplit amb blancs, equival a «%_d». %F Data completa, equival a «%Y-%m-%d». %g Darrers dos dígits de l’any, segons el número ISO de la setmana (vegeu «%G»). %G Any, segons el número ISO de la setmana (vegeu «%V»); a sovint només és útil amb «%V». %S Segon (00..60). %t Un caràcter de tabulació. %T Hora, equival a «%H:%M:%S». %u Dia de la setmana (1..7), on 1 és el dilluns. %U Número de la setmana dins l’any, amb el diumenge com a primer dia de la setmana (00..53). %V Número ISO de la setmana, amb el dilluns com a primer dia de la setmana (01..53). %w Dia de la setmana (0..6), on 0 és el diumenge. %W Número de la setmana dins l’any, amb el dilluns com a primer dia de la setmana (00..53). %d Número del dispositiu en decimal. %D Número del dispositiu en hexadecimal. %f Mode en brut, en hexadecimal. %F Tipus del fitxer. %g Identificador del grup del propietari. %G Nom del grup del propietari. %h Nombre d’enllaços forts. %i Número del node índex. %n Nom del fitxer. %N Nom entrecometat del fitxer, o del fitxer apuntat al cas d’un enllaç simbòlic. %o Mida del bloc d’E/S. %s Mida total, en octets. %t Número major de dispositiu, en hexadecimal. %T Número menor de dispositiu, en hexadecimal. %h Equival a «%b». %H Hora (00..23). %I Hora (01..12). %j Dia de l’any (001..366). %i Identificador del sistema de fitxers en hexadecimal. %l Longitud màxima dels noms de fitxer. %n Nom del fitxer. %s Mida del bloc (per a transferències més ràpides). %S Mida del bloc fonamental (per a recomptes de blocs). %t Tipus del sistema de fitxers en hexadecimal. %T Tipus del sistema de fitxers en un format llegible per als humans. %k Hora ( 0..23). %l Hora ( 1..12). %m Mes (01..12). %M Minut (00..59). %n Un caràcter de nova línia. %N Nanosegons (000000000..999999999). %p L’equivalent d’AM o PM del locale, buit si es desconeix. %P Com «%p», però en minúscules. %r Hora del rellotge de 12 hores del locale, p. ex. «11:11:04 PM» al locale C. %R Hora i minuts del rellotge de 24 hores, equival a «%H:%M». %s Segons des de l’1 de gener de 1970 a les 00:00:00 UTC. %u Identificador d’usuari del propietari. %U Nom d’usuari del propietari. %x Data del darrer accés. %X Data del darrer accés, en segons des de l’Època. %y Data de la darrera modificació de les dades. %Y Data de la darrera modificació de les dades, en segons des de l’Època. %z Data del darrer canvi al node índex. %Z Data del darrer canvi al node índex, en segons des de l’Època. %x Representació de la data del locale, p. ex. «31/12/99». %X Representació de l’hora del locale, p. ex. «23:13:48». %y Darrers dos dígits de l’any (00..99). %Y Any. %z Zona horària numèrica «+hhmm», p. ex. «-0400». %:z Zona horària numèrica «+hh:mm», p. ex. «-04:00». %::z Zona horària numèrica «+hh:mm:ss», p. ex. «-04:00:00». %:::z Zona horària numèrica amb els «:» imprescindibles, p.ex. «-04» o «+05:30». %Z Abreviatura alfanumèrica de la zona horària, p. ex. «EDT». Per defecte, «date» reomple els camps numèrics amb zeros. + COMPONENT Interpreta el COMPONENT com a una cadena, encara que siga una paraula clau com «match» o un operador com «/». ( EXPRESSIÓ ) Valor de l’EXPRESSIÓ. +PRIM_PÀG[:ÚLT_PÀG], --pages=PRIM_PÀG[:ÚLT_PÀG] Comença [i acaba] la paginació en PRIM_PÀG [i ÚLT_PÀG]. -COLUMNES, --columns=COLUMNES Disposa el text en les COLUMNES indicades i les escriu en vertical, tret que especifiqueu «-a». Iguala el nombre de línies de les columnes de cada pàgina. --output-delimiter=CADENA Separa les columnes amb la CADENA. --userspec=USUARI:GRUP Usuari i grup a emprar (identificadors o noms). --groups=GRUPS Llista de grups suplementaris, com «g1,g2,…,gN». -0, --null Acaba cada línia d’eixida amb un octet 0 en lloc d’un caràcter de nova línia. -A, --address-radix=BASE Indica la BASE amb què es mostraran els desplaçaments. -j, --skip-bytes=OCTETS Salta aquest nombre d’OCTETS al principi de l’entrada. -A, --auto-reference Escriu les referències generades automàticament. -G, --traditional Es comporta com el «ptx» de System V. -F, --flag-truncation=CADENA Empra la CADENA per a senyalar els truncaments de línia. -B, --block-size=MIDA Empra blocs de MIDA octets. -b, --bytes Equival a «--apparent-size --block-size=1». -c, --total Produeix un recompte total. -D, --dereference-args Segueix els enllaços simbòlics que es troben a la línia d’ordres. -C Llista les entrades en columnes. --color[=QUAN] Empra colors en l’eixida. QUAN pot ser «always» (sempre, per defecte), «never» (mai) o «auto» (automàtic). Més informació a sota. -d, --directory Llista les entrades dels directoris en lloc de llurs continguts, i no segueix els enllaços simbòlics. -D, --dired Genera eixida preparada per al mode «dired» d’Emacs. -D Crea tots els components que porten al DESTÍ excepte el darrer, i còpia ORIGEN a DESTÍ. -g, --group=GRUP Estableix la propietat de grup a GRUP, en comptes d’emprar el grup actual del procés. -m, --mode=MODE Estableix els permisos a MODE (com fa «chmod»), en lloc d’emprar «rwxr-xr-x». -o, --owner=OWNER Estableix el propietari (només per al superusuari). -D, --all-repeated[=MÈTODE_DELIMITACIÓ] Escriu totes les línies duplicades, delimitant els grups segons el MÈTODE: «none» (per defecte) no els separa; «prepend» els prefixa i «separate» els separa amb una línia buida. -f, --skip-fields=N Evita la comparació dels primers N camps. -i, --ignore-case No té en compte les diferències entre majúscules i minúscules. -s, --skip-chars=N Evita la comparació dels primers N caràcters. -u, --unique Només escriu les línies que són úniques. -z, --zero-terminated Escriu un octet 0 en lloc de cada caràcter de nova línia. -D, --date-format=FORMAT Formata la data de la capçalera emprant aquest FORMAT. -e[CARÀCTER[NÚMERO]], --expand-tabs[=CARÀCTER[NÚMERO]] Converteix cada CARÀCTER de l’entrada en NÚMERO espais a l’eixida (per defecte CARÀCTER és la tabulació i NÚMERO és 8). -F, -f, --form-feed Empra un salt de pàgina, en lloc de caràcters de nova línia, per a separar cada pàgina (es separen amb una capçalera de 3 línies amb l’opció «-F»; amb 5 línies de capçalera i 5 de cua sense «-F»). -G, --no-group Amb «-l», no mostra els noms de grup. -h, --human-readable Amb «-l», mostra les mides en un format llegible per als humans (per exemple: 1K 234M 2G). --si El mateix, però empra potències de 1000, no de 1024. -H, --dereference-command-line Segueix els enllaços simbòlics que es troben a la línia d’ordres. --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir Segueix els enllaços simbòlics que es troben a la línia d’ordres i apunten cap a un directori. --hide=PATRÓ No mostra les entrades implícites que coincideixen amb el PATRÓ d’intèrpret indicat (inhabilitada per les opcions «-a» i «A»). -I Pregunta una volta abans d’eliminar més de tres fitxers, en eliminar recursivament. No tan molesta com «-i», continua protegint contra la majoria dels errors. --interactive[=QUAN] Pregunta d’acord amb el QUAN, que pot ser «never», «once» o «always» (mai, una volta com a «-I» o sempre com a «-i»). Si no s’indica, pregunta sempre. -L FITXER El FITXER existeix i és un enllaç simbòlic (equival a «-h»). -O FITXER El FITXER existeix i pertany a l’usuari efectiu. -p FITXER El FITXER existeix i és una canonada amb nom. -r FITXER El FITXER existeix i té permís de lectura. -s FITXER El FITXER existeix i la seua mida és major que zero. -L, --dereference Segueix tots els enllaços simbòlics. -P, --no-dereference No segueix cap enllaç simbòlic (per defecte). -0, --null Acaba cada línia d’eixida amb un octet 0 en lloc d’un caràcter de nova línia. -S, --separate-dirs No inclou la mida dels subdirectoris. -s, --summarize Només mostra un total per cada argument. -L, --logical Empra la variable d’entorn PWD, encara que continga enllaços simbòlics. -P, --physical Evita els enllaços simbòlics. -M, --macro-name=CADENA Nom del macro a emprar en lloc de «xx». -O, --format=roff Genera la sortida com a directives de «roff». -R, --right-side-refs Posa les referències a la dreta, i «-w» no les té en compte. -S, --sentence-regexp=EXPREG Identifica els finals de línia o de frase fent servir l’expressió regular indicada. -T, --format=tex Genera la sortida com a directives de TeX. -N, --read-bytes=OCTETS Limita la transcripció a aquest nombre d’OCTETS d’entrada. -S, --strings[=OCTETS] Escriu cadenes d’almenys OCTETS caràcters gràfics. -t, --format=TIPUS Especifica el format (o formats) de sortida. -v, --output-duplicates No empra «*» per a marcar la supressió de línies. -w, --width[=OCTETS] Escriu aquest nombre d’OCTETS per línia. --traditional Accepta arguments en la forma tradicional. -P, --portability Empra el format d’eixida POSIX. --sync Invoca sync() abans d’obtenir la informació sobre l’ús. -t, --type=TIPUS Limita el llistat als sistemes de fitxers del TIPUS especificat. -T, --print-type Mostra el tipus de sistema de fitxers. -x, --exclude-type=TIPUS Limita el llistat als sistemes de fitxers que no siguen del TIPUS especificat. -v (No es té en compte.) -R, -r, --recursive Còpia recursivament els directoris. --reflink[=QUAN] Controla la realització de còpies en escriure (CoW) o clonacions. Vegeu a sota. --remove-destination Elimina cada fitxer destí existent abans d’intentar obrir‐lo (no després, com fa «--force»). -S Ordena les entrades per la seua mida. --sort=CLAU Ordena en base a la CLAU indicada en lloc d’emprar el nom: none (-U), extension (-X), size (-S), time (-t), version (-v). --time=DATA Amb «-l», mostra la DATA indicada en lloc de la de modificació (equival a l’opció entre parèntesis): accés amb «atime», «access» o «use» (-u), canvi amb «ctime» o «status» (-c); amb «--sort=time» s’ordenarà en base a aquesta data. -S FITXER El FITXER existeix i és un connector. -t DF El descriptor de fitxer DF és obert en un terminal. -u FITXER El FITXER existeix i té activat el bit d’establiment de l’ID d’usuari. -w FITXER El FITXER existeix i té permís d’escriptura. -x FITXER El FITXER existeix i té permís d’execució (o de cerca). -S, --suffix=SUFIX Reemplaça el sufix habitual de les còpies de seguretat. -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORI Especifica el DIRECTORI on crear els enllaços. -T, --no-target-directory Tracta NOM_ENLLAÇ com a un fitxer normal. -v, --verbose Mostra el nom de cada fitxer enllaçat. -S[CADENA], --sep-string[=CADENA] Separa les columnes amb aquesta CADENA; si no s’empra «-S» i sí s’empra «-J» el separador per defecte és la tabulació, altrament és l’espai (equival a «-S" "»). Aquesta opció no té efecte sobre les opcions de columna. -t, --omit-header Omet les capçaleres i cues de pàgina. -T, --omit-pagination Omet les capçaleres i cues de pàgina, i elimina tota paginació amb salts de pàgina que es trobe als fitxers de l’entrada. -v, --show-nonprinting Empra la notació de seqüència d’escapada en octal amb barra invertida. -w, --width=AMPLADA_PÀG Defineix l’amplada de pàgina a AMPLADA_PÀG caràcters només per a la paginació per columnes (per defecte AMPLADA_PÀG és 72); l’opció «-s[CARÀCTER]» inhabilita l’amplada de pàgina per defecte. -T, -w, --mesg Inclou l’estat de missatges dels usuaris com a «+», «-» o «?». -u, --users Llista els usuaris connectats. --message Equival a «-T». --writable Equival a «-T». -W, --page-width=AMPLADA_PÀG Defineix l’amplada de pàgina a AMPLADA_PÀG caràcters sempre (per defecte AMPLADA_PÀG és 72), truncant les línies excepte si empreu l’opció «-J»; no interfereix amb les opcions «-S» o «-s». -W, --word-regexp=EXPREG Identifica les paraules clau fent servir l’expressió regular idicada. -b, --break-file=FITXER El FITXER conté els caràcters separadors de les paraules clau. -f, --ignore-case Passa a majúscules per a ordenar. -g, --gap-size=NÚMERO Mida (en columnes) de la separació entre els camps de la sortida. -i, --ignore-file=FITXER El FITXER conté una llista de paraules que mai seran preses com a paraules clau. -o, --only-file=FITXER El FITXER conté una llista de les úniques paraules que seran preses com a paraules clau. -Z, --context=CTX Estableix el context de seguretat de SELinux de cada fitxer NOM a CTX. -Z, --context=CTX Estableix el context de seguretat de SELinux de cada canonada NOM a CTX. -a Només canvia la data d’accés. -c, --no-create No crea cap fitxer. -d, --date=CADENA Interpreta la CADENA i l’empra en lloc de la data actual. -f (No es té en compte.) -a, --across Escriu les columnes de través en lloc de verticalment, emprat juntament amb -COLUMNES. -c, --show-control-chars Empra la notació «^G» i la notació de seqüència d’escapada en octal amb barra invertida. -d, --double-space Escriu el text amb espaiat doble. -a, --all No passa per alt les entrades que comencen amb «.». -A, --almost-all No llista els directoris implícits «.» i «..». --author Amb «-l», mostra l’autor de cada fitxer. -b, --escape Mostra seqüències d’escapada a l’estil de C per als caràcters no gràfics. -a, --all Inclou els sistemes de fitxers virtuals. -B, --block-size=MIDA Empra blocs de MIDA octets. --total Produeix un recompte total. -h, --human-readable Mostra les mides en un format llegible per als humans (per exemple: 1K 234M 2G). -H, --si El mateix, però empra potències de 1000, no de 1024. -a, --all Mostra recomptes per a tots els fitxers, no només per als directoris. --apparent-size Mostra les mides aparents en lloc de l’ús de disc; tot i que la mida aparent sol ser menor, pot ser major pels forats dels fitxers dispersos, per fragmentació interna, blocs indirectes… -a, --all Converteix tots els espais en blanc, no només els que es troben a principi de línia. --first-only Només converteix les seqüències d’espais en blanc que es troben a principi de la línia (inhabilita «-a»). -t, --tabs=NÚMERO Tabula a una distància de NÚMERO caràcters, en lloc de 8 (habilita «-a»). -t, --tabs=LLISTA Especifica una llista de posicions explícites per cada tabulació, separades per comes (habilita «-a»). -a, --archive Equival a «-dR --preserve=all». --backup[=CONTROL] Crea una còpia de seguretat de cada fitxer destí existent. -b Com «--backup», però no accepta cap argument. --copy-contents Còpia el contingut dels fitxers especials quan s’actua recursivament. -d Equival a «--no-dereference --preserve=links». -a, --suffix-length=N Empra sufixs de longitud N (per defecte %d). -b, --bytes=MIDA Escriu MIDA octets per fitxer. -C, --line-bytes=MIDA Escriu com a molt MIDA octets de línies senceres per cada fitxer d’eixida. -d, --numeric-suffixes Empra sufixs numèrics en lloc d’alfabètics. -l, --lines=NOMBRE Escriu aquest NOMBRE de línies per fitxer. -b, --before Posa el separador abans, i no després. -r, --regexp Interpreta el separador com a una expressió regular. -s, --separator=CADENA Empra la CADENA com a separador en lloc del caràcter de nova línia. -b, --binary Llegeix en mode binari. -b, --binary Llegeix en mode binari (per defecte, excepte quan es llegeix l’entrada estàndard d’un terminal). -b, --body-numbering=ESTIL Enumera les línies del cos segons l’ESTIL. -d, --section-delimiter=CC Empra CC per a separar les pàgines lògiques. -f, --footer-numbering=ESTIL Enumera les línies del peu segons ESTIL. -b, --bytes Compta octets, i no columnes. -s, --spaces Només parteix les línies als espais. -w, --width=AMPLADA Indica el nombre de columnes, en lloc de 80. -b, --bytes=LLISTA Només selecciona aquests octets. -c, --characters=LLISTA Només selecciona aquests caràcters. -d, --delimiter=DELIM Empra DELIM en lloc de la tabulació com a delimitador de camp. -b, --ignore-leading-blanks No té en compte els espais en blanc inicials. -d, --dictionary-order Només té en compte els espais en blanc i els caràcters alfanumèrics. -f, --ignore-case Converteix a majúscules. -b, --suffix-format=FORMAT Empra aquest FORMAT d’sprintf() en lloc de «%02d». -f, --prefix=PREFIX Empra aquest PREFIX en lloc de «xx». -k, --keep-files No elimina els fitxer generats, en cas d’error. -c, --format=FORMAT Empra el FORMAT especificat en lloc de l’emprat per defecte, i afegeix un caràcter de nova línia després de cada ús del FORMAT. --printf=FORMAT Com «--format», però interpreta les seqüències d’escapada amb barres invertides, i no afegeix un caràcter de nova línia al final. Si en voleu un, incloeu «\n» al FORMAT. -t, --terse Mostra la informació de forma pelada. -c, --bytes=N Escriu els darrers N octets; també podeu emprar «-c +N» per a mostrar els octets a partir de l’octet N‐èsim de cada fitxer. -c, --bytes=[-]N Escriu els N primers octets de cada fitxer; amb un «-» al davant, escriu tots els octets de cada fitxer exceptuant‐ne els darrers N. -n, --lines=[-]N Escriu les primeres N línies en lloc de les primeres 10; amb un «-» al davant, escriu totes les línies de cada fitxer exceptuant‐ne les darreres N. -c, --check Llegeix i comprova la suma %s de cada FITXER. -c, --check, --check=diagnose-first Comprova si l’entrada està ordenada; no ordena. -C, --check=quiet, --check=silent Com «-c», però no informa de si la primera línia es troba fora d’ordre. --compress-program=PROGRAMA Comprimeix els fitxers temporals amb el PROGRAMA, els descomprimeix amb «PROGRAMA -d». --files0-from=FITXER Llegeix l’entrada dels fitxers els noms dels quals es troben llistats al FITXER, acabats pel caràcter NUL. Si el FITXER és «-», llegeix els noms de l’entrada estàndard. -c, --count Prefixa cada línia amb el nombre d’ocurrències. -d, --repeated Només escriu les línies duplicades. -c, --crown-margin Preserva la indentació de les dues primeres línies. -p, --prefix=CADENA Només combina les línies que tenen la CADENA com a prefix, tornant‐la a posar al principi de les línies reformatades. -s, --split-only Només separa les línies llargues, no combina les línies curtes. -c, --no-create No crea cap fitxer. -d, --decode Descodifica les dades. -i, --ignore-garbage En descodificar, passa per alt els caràcters no alfabètics. -w, --wrap=COLS Ajusta la longitud de les línies codificades al valor indicat (76 per defecte). Empreu 0 per a no ajustar. -d, --delimiters=LLISTA Empra els caràcters de la LLISTA, en lloc de tabulacions. -s, --serial Processa cada fitxer de cop, i no en paraŀlel. -d, --directory Crea un directori en lloc d’un fitxer. -u, --dry-run No crea res, només mostra un nom (insegur). -q, --quiet No mostra els missatges d’error durant la creació del fitxer o directori. -e Habilita la interpretació de seqüències d’escapada amb barra invertida. -E Inhabilita la interpretació de seqüències d’escapada amb barra invertida (per defecte). -e Habilita la interpretació de seqüències d’escapada amb barra invertida (per defecte). -E Inhabilita la interpretació de seqüències d’escapada amb barra invertida. -e, --echo Tracta cada argument com a una línia d’entrada. -i, --input-range=INF-SUP Tracta cada número des d’INF fins a SUP com a una línia d’entrada. -n, --head-count=LÍNIES Escriu com a molt tantes LÍNIES com s’indica. -o, --output=FITXER Escriu el resultat al FITXER en lloc de l’eixida estàndard. --random-source=FITXER Obté octets aleatoris del FITXER. -z, --zero-terminated Escriu un octet 0 en lloc de cada caràcter de nova línia. -f No ordena, activa «-aU» i desactiva «-ls --color». -F, --classify Afegeix un caràcter identificador del tipus d’entrada (un de «*/=>@|»). --file-type Similar a l’anterior, però no afegeix «*». --format=PARAULA Cada PARAULA equival a l’(opció): across (-x), commas (-m), horizontal (-x), long (-l), single-column (-1), verbose (-l), vertical (-C). --full-time Equival a «-l --time-style=full-iso». -f Omet la línia de capçaleres de columna al format curt. -w Omet el nom complet de l’usuari al format curt. -i Omet el nom complet i l’estació remota de l’usuari al format curt. -q Omet el nom complet, l’estació remota i el temps d’inactivitat (ociós) al format curt. -f Equival a «-t fF», números reals en coma flotant. -i Equival a «-t dI», enters en decimal. -l Equival a «-t dL», enters llargs en decimal. -o Equival a «-t o2», enters de 2 octets en octal. -s Equival a «-t d2», enters de 2 octets en decimal. -x Equival a «-t x2», enters de 2 octets en hexadecimal. -f FITXER El FITXER existeix i és un fitxer ordinari. -g FITXER El FITXER existeix i té activat el bit d’establiment de l’ID de grup. -G FITXER El FITXER existeix i pertany al grup efectiu. -h FITXER El FITXER existeix i és un enllaç simbòlic (equival a «-L»). -k FITXER El FITXER existeix i té activat el bit de permanença. -f, --canonicalize Prova de trobar el nom canònic seguint recursivament cada enllaç simbòlic de cada component del camí indicat; cal que existesquen tots els components del camí excepte el darrer. -e, --canonicalize-existing Prova de trobar el nom canònic seguint recursivament cada enllaç simbòlic de cada component del camí indicat; cal que existesquen tots els components del camí. -f, --fields=LLISTA Només selecciona aquests camps; també escriu totes les línies que no continguen el caràcter delimitador, tret que s’especifique l’opció «-s». -n (No es té en compte.) -f, --folow[={name|descriptor}] Escriu les dades a mesura que el fitxer creix; «-f», «--follow», i «--follow=descriptor» són equivalents. -F Equival a «--follow=name --retry». -f, --force Si no es pot obrir un fitxer destí existent, l’elimina i torna a provar (redundant quan s’usa l’opció «-n»). -i, --interactive Pregunta abans de sobreescriure (inhabilita una opció «-n» anterior). -H Segueix els enllaços simbòlics que es troben a l’ORIGEN. -f, --force Canvia, si cal, els permisos per a permetre l’escriptura. -n, --iterations=N Sobreescriu N voltes en lloc del nombre per defecte (%d). --random-source=FITXER Obté octets aleatoris del FITXER. -s, --size=N Sobreescriu aquest nombre d’octets (s’accepten sufixos com «K», «M» i «G»). -f, --silent, --quiet No mostra la majoria dels missatges d’error. -v, --verbose Mostra un missatge per cada fitxer processat. --reference=FITXREF Empra el mode de FITXREF en lloc dels valors de MODE. -R, --recursive Canvia recursivament fitxers i directoris. -f, --silent, --quiet No mostra la majoria de missatges d’error. --reference=FITXREF Empra el grup del fitxer FITXREF en lloc del valor especificat de GRUP. -R, --recursive Opera recursivament sobre fitxers i directoris. -v, --verbose Mostra un missatge per cada fitxer processat. -f, --silent, --quiet No mostra la majoria de missatges d’error. --reference=FITXREF Empra el propietari i grup del fitxer FITXERF en lloc dels valors especificats de PROPIETARI:GRUP. -R, --recursive Opera recursivament sobre fitxers i directoris. -v, --verbose Mostra un missatge per cada fitxer processat. -g Com «-l», però no mostra el propietari. -g GID,[GID1,GID2…] Estableix també el grup primari al GID numèric i, si s’indiquen, els grups suplementaris a GID1, GID2… -g, --general-numeric-sort Ordena segons el valor numèric general. -i, --ignore-nonprinting Només té en compte els caràcters imprimibles. -M, --month-sort Ordena per mesos en anglés: (desconegut) < JAN < … < DEC. -h, --header-numbering=ESTIL Enumera les línies de la capçalera segons l’ESTIL. -i, --line-increment=NÚMERO Increment que es produeix per cada línia al compte de línies. -l, --join-blank-lines=NÚMERO Compta NÚMERO línies en blanc com a una. -n, --number-format=FORMAT Inserta els números de línia segons el FORMAT. -p, --no-renumber No reinicia el compte en cada pàgina lògica. -s, --number-separator=CADENA Escriu la CADENA al darrere del possible número de línia. -h, --header=CAPÇALERA Escriu una CAPÇALERA centrada de pàgina, en lloc del nom del fitxer; «-h ""» escriu una línia en blanc, no empreu «-h""». -i[CARÀCTER[NÚMERO], --output-tabs[=CARÀCTER[NÚMERO]] Converteix cada grup de NÚMERO espais consecutius de l’entrada en un CARÀCTER a l’eixida (per defecte CARÀCTER és la tabulació i NÚMERO és 8). -J, --join-lines Ajunta les línies senceres, inhabilita el truncament de línies de l’opció «-W», no hi ha alineament de columna, i «--sep-string[=CADENA]» defineix els separadors. -h, --human-numeric-sort Compara números en format llegible per als humans (p.ex. «2K» i «1G»). -h, --no-dereference Afecta cadascun dels enllaços simbòlics en lloc dels fitxers apuntats (disponible només en sistemes on es puga canviar el propietari d’un enllaç simbòlic). -h, --no-dereference Afecta cadascun dels enllaços simbòlics en lloc dels fitxers apuntats (disponible només en sistemes on es puguen canviar les dates d’un enllaç simbòlic). -m Només canvia la data de modificació de les dades. -i, --ignore-case No té en compte les majúscules i minúscules en comparar els camps. -j CAMP Equival a «-1 CAMP -2 CAMP». -o FORMAT Empra el FORMAT per a construir la línia de sortida. -t CARÀCTER Empra el CARÀCTER com a separador dels camps d’entrada i de sortida. -i, --initial Només converteix les tabulacions que es troben a prinicipi de línia. -t, --tabs=NÚMERO Tabula a una distància de NÚMERO caràcters, en lloc de 8. -i, --inodes Llista informació sobre els nodes índex en lloc de sobre l’ús de blocs. -k Equival a «--block-size=1K». -l, --local Limita el llistat als sistemes de fitxers locals. --no-sync No invoca sync() abans d’obtenir la informació sobre l’ús (per defecte). -i, --input=MODE Ajusta la memòria intermèdia de l’entrada estàndard. -o, --output=MODE Ajusta la memòria intermèdia de l’eixida estàndard. -e, --error=MODE Ajusta la memòria intermèdia de l’eixida estàndard d’errors. -i, --interactive Pregunta si cal eliminar algun destí. -L, --logical Crea enllaços forts que apunten als destins dels enllaços simbòlics indicats. -n, --no-dereference Tracta un destí que siga un enllaç simbòlic a un directori com si fóra un fitxer normal. -P, --physical Crea enllaços forts que apunten directament als enllaços simbòlics indicats. -s, --symbolic Crea enllaços simbòlics en lloc de forts. -k Equival a «--block-size=1K». -l, --count-links Compta les mides més d’una volta al cas d’enllaços forts. -m Equival a «--block-size=1M». -k, --key=POS1[,POS2] Defineix com a clau d’ordenació allò que es troba entre POS1 (començant per 1) i POS2 (per defecte el final de la línia). -m, --merge Mescla fitxers prèviament ordenats; no ordena. -k, --kill-after=DURADA Envia també un senyal «KILL» si l’ORDRE continua en marxa passat el temps indicat per la DURADA després d’haver enviat el primer senyal. -s, --signal=SENYAL Especifica el senyal a enviar en expirar el temps. SENYAL pot ser un nom com «HUP» o un número. Podeu obtenir una llista de senyals amb «kill -l». -l Empra un format de llistat llarg. -L, --dereference En mostrar la informació de fitxer d’un enllaç simbòlic, mostra la informació del fitxer referit en lloc de la del propi fitxer. -m Plena a l’ample amb una llista d’entrades separades per comes. -l, --length=LLARG_PÀG Defineix la llargada de pàgina en LLARG_PÀG (66) línies (per defecte hi ha 56 línies de text, 63 amb «-F»). -m, --merge Escriu els fitxers en paraŀlel, un en cada columna, amb truncament de línies, però ajuntant les que ocupen una línia sencera si s’empra l’opció «-J». -l, --link Enllaça els fitxers en lloc de copiar‐los. -L, --dereference Segueix sempre els enllaços simbòlics que es troben a l’ORIGEN. -l, --login Mostra els processos d’entrada al sistema. -m, --canonicalize-missing Prova de trobar el nom canònic seguint recursivament cada enllaç simbòlic de cada component del camí indicat; no cal que existesquen els components del camí. -n, --no-newline No escriu un caràcter de nova línia al final. -q, --quiet, -s, --silent No mostra la majoria de missatges d’error. -v, --verbose Mostra els missatges d’error. -m, --mode=MODE Estableix els permisos al MODE (com amb «chmod»), en lloc de «a=rw - umask». -m, --mode=MODE Estableix els permisos al MODE (com amb «chmod»), en lloc de «a=rwx - umask». -p, --parents Crea els directoris pare necessaris, sense mostrar errors si aquests ja existeixen. --verbose Mostra un missatge per cada directori creat. -Z, --context=CTX Estableix el context de seguretat de SELinux de cada directori creat a CTX. -n, --digits=DIGITS Empra el nombre de dígits especificat en lloc de 2. -s, --quiet, --silent No mostra la mida dels fitxers resultants. -z, --elide-empty-files Elimina els fitxers resultants que estan buits. -n, --lines=N Escriu les darreres N línies, i no les darreres %d; també podeu emprar «-n +N» per a mostrar les línies a partir de la línia N‐èsima. --max-unchanged-stats=N Amb «--follow=NOM», reobre el FITXER que no ha canviat de mida després d’N iteracions (per defecte %d), per a veure si ha estat eliminat o reanomenat (com és el cas habitual dels fitxers de registre en ser rotats). -n, --no-clobber No sobreescriu els fitxers existents (inhabilita una opció «-i» anterior). -P, --no-dereference No segueix mai els enllaços simbòlics que es troben a l’ORIGEN. -n, --numeric-sort Ordena segons el valor numèric de la cadena. -R, --random-sort Ordena de forma aleatòria. --random-source=FITXER Obté octets aleatoris del FITXER. -r, --reverse Inverteix el resultat de l’ordenació. -n, --numeric-uid-gid Com «-l», però llista els UID i GID numèricament. -N, --literal Mostra els noms de les entrades en brut (per exemple, sense tractar especialment els caràcters de control). -o Com «-l», però no mostra la informació de grup. -p, --indicator-style=slash Afegeix l’indicador «/» als directoris. -n[SEPARADOR[DÍGITS]], --number-lines[=SEPARADOR[DÍGITS]] Numera les línies emprant DÍGITS dígits i un SEPARADOR a continuació, comptant per defecte des de la 1a línia del text (per defecte SEPARADOR és la tabulació i DÍGITS és 5). -N, --first-line-number=NÚMERO Comença la numeració amb NÚMERO a la 1a línia de la primera pàgina escrita (vegeu «+PRIM_PÀG»). -o, --indent=MARGE Desplaça cada línia MARGE espais, sense afectar les opcions «-w» o «-W» en ús; el MARGE s’afegeix a AMPLADA_PÀG (per defecte MARGE és 0). -r, --no-file-warnings No avisa quan un fitxer no es pot obrir. -o, --io-blocks Interpreta la MIDA com a un nombre de blocs d’E/S en lloc d’un nombre d’octets. -o, --output=FITXER Escriu el resultat al FITXER i no a l’eixida estàndard. -s, --stable Dóna per acabada cada ordenació sense passar per la comparació emprada com a darrer recurs. -S, --buffer-size=MIDA Defineix la MIDA de la memòria intermèdia principal. -p Equival a «--preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps». --preserve[=LLISTA_ATRIBUTS] Preserva els atributs indicats, si és possible (per defecte «mode», «ownership» (propietari) i «timestamps» (dates); atributs addicionals: «context», «links» (enllaços), «all» (tots). -p DIRECTORI Empra el DIRECTORI com a prefix, implica «-t» (opció desaprovada). -t Interpreta la PLANTILLA com a un únic component de nom de fitxer relatiu al directori $TMPDIR, si està establerta, al directori indicat per «-p», o altrament a «/tmp» (opció desaprovada). -p, --parents Elimina el DIRECTORI i els seus ascendents. Per exemple, l’ordre «rmdir -p a/b/c» és similar a l’ordre «rmdir a/b/c a/b a». -v, --verbose Mostra un missatge per cada directori processat. -p, --preserve-timestamps Aplica les dates d’accés i modificació dels fitxers ORIGEN als fitxers destí corresponents. -s, --strip Elimina les taules de símbols. --strip-program=PROGRAMA Programa a emprar per a eliminar els símbols. -S, --suffix=SUFIX Reemplaça el sufix habitual de les còpies de seguretat. -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORI Còpia cada ORIGEN al DIRECTORI. -T, --no-target-directory Tracta el DESTÍ com a un fitxer normal. -v, --verbose Mostra el nom de cada directori segons es van creant. -q, --count Mostra els noms i el nombre total d’usuaris connectats. -r, --runlevel Mostra el nivell d’execució actual. -s, --short Només mostra el nom, línia i hora (per defecte). -t, --time Mostra el moment del darrer canvi del rellotge del sistema. -q, --hide-control-chars Mostra «?» en lloc dels caràcters no gràfics. --show-control-chars Mostra els caràcters no gràfics tal qual (per defecte, a no ser que el programa siga «ls» i l’eixida siga un terminal). -Q, --quote-name Tanca els noms de les entrades entre cometes dobles. --quote-style=ESTIL Empra l’ESTIL indicat per a citar les paraules: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape. -q, --quiet, --silent Omet les capçaleres amb els noms dels fitxers. -v, --verbose Sempre escriu les capçaleres amb els noms dels fitxers. -r, --reference=FITXER Mostra la data de la darrera modificació del FITXER. -R, --rfc-2822 Mostra la data conforme a l’RFC 2822. Per exemple: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=FITXER Empra la mida del FITXER indicat. -s, --size=MIDA Empra aquesta MIDA. -r, --reference=FITXER Empra les dates d’aquest FITXER en lloc de la data actual. -t DATA Empra la data [[CC]AA]MMDDhhmm[.ss] en lloc de la data actual. --time=PARAULA Modifica la data indicada per la PARAULA (equival a l’opció entre parèntesis): la d’accés amb «access», «atime» o «use» (-a); la de modificació amb «modify» o «mtime» (-m). -r, --references Pren el primer camp de cada línia com a una referència. -t, --typeset-mode (No es troba implementada.) -w, --width=NÚMERO Amplada (en columnes) de la sortida (excloent‐ne la referència). -r, --reverse Inverteix l’ordre. -R, --recursive Llista recursivament els subdirectoris. -s, --size Mostra la mida en blocs de cada fitxer. -s, --only-delimited No escriu les línies que no continguen el caràcter delimitador. --output-delimiter=CADENA Empra la CADENA com a delimitador de sortida; per defecte s’utilitza el delimitador d’entrada. -s, --signal=SENYAL, -SENYAL Especifica el nom o número del senyal a enviar. -l, --list Llista els noms dels senyals, o converteix els noms de senyals a números i a la inversa. -t, --table Mostra una taula amb informació sobre els senyals. -s, --sleep-interval=N Amb «-f», cada iteració dura aproximadament N segons (per defecte 1.0). -v, --verbose Sempre escriu els noms dels fitxers. -s, --symbolic-link Crea enllaços simbòlics en lloc de copiar. -S, --suffix=SUFIX Reemplaça el sufix habitual de les còpies de seguretat. -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORI Còpia tots els arguments ORIGEN al DIRECTORI. -T, --no-target-directory Tracta el DESTÍ com a un fitxer normal. -s[CARÀCTER], --separator[=CARÀCTER] Separa les columnes amb un únic CARÀCTER; aquest és per defecte una tabulació si no s’empra «-w» i cap caràcter quan s’empra «-w». «-s[CARÀCTER]» inhabilita el truncament de línia de totes les opcions de columna («-COLUMNES», «-a -COLUMNES» i «-m») tret que especifiqueu «-w». -t Ordena per la data de modificació. -T, --tabsize=COLUMNES Indica les COLUMNES entre tabulacions, en lloc de 8. -t Equival a «-vT». -T, --show-tabs Mostra els caràcters de tabulació com a «^I». -u (No es té en compte.) -v, --show-nonprinting Empra la notació «^» i «M-», excepte per als caràcters de nova línia i per a les tabulacions. -t, --field-separator=SEP Empra SEP com a separador de camp, en lloc de la transició de caràcter no blanc a blanc. -T, --temporary-directory=DIR Empra DIR com a directori temporal, en lloc de $TMPDIR o «%s»; se’n poden indicar més repetint l’opció. -u, --unique Amb «-c», comprova que l’ordenació és estricta; en cas contrari només escriu la primera d’aquelles entrades que resulten iguals. -t, --tabs=LLISTA Especifica una llista de posicions explícites per cada tabulació, separades per comes. -t, --tagged-paragraph La indentació de la primera línia és diferent de la de la segona. -u, --uniform-spacing Un espai entre paraules, dos entre frases. -w, --width=AMPLADA Indica l’AMPLADA màxima de la línia (per defecte 75 columnes). -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORI Mou cada argument ORIGEN al DIRECTORI. -T, --no-target-directory Tracta DESTÍ com a un fitxer normal. -u, --update Només mou quan el fitxer ORIGEN és més nou que el fitxer destí o quan el fitxer destí no hi és. -v, --verbose Explica què s’està fent. -t, --text Llegeix en mode text (per defecte quan es llegeix l’entrada estàndard d’un terminal). -t, --text Llegeix en mode text (per defecte). -u Amb «-lt», ordena per (i mostra) la data d’accés. Amb «-l», mostra la data d’accés i ordena pel nom. Altrament, ordena per la data d’accés. -U No ordena, mostra les entrades en l’ordre en què es troben al directori. -v Ordena pel número (de versió) inclós al nom. -u, --remove Trunca i elimina el fitxer després de sobreescriure’l. -v, --verbose Mostra com progressa el procés. -x, --exact No arrodoneix les mides de fitxer al següent bloc complet; aquest és el comportament per defecte per als fitxers no ordinaris. -z, --zero Afegeix una passada final de sobreescriptura amb zeros per amagar la destrucció de les dades. -u, --update Només còpia quan el fitxer ORIGEN és més nou que el fitxer destí o quan aquest darrer no existeix. -v, --verbose Explica què s’està fent. -x, --one-file-system Es manté dins d’aquest sistema de fitxers. -u, --user=USUARI Estableix l’USUARI del context de seguretat del destí. -r, --role=ROL Estableix el ROL del context de seguretat del destí. -t, --type=TIPUS Estableix el TIPUS del context de seguretat del destí. -l, --range=RANG Estableix el RANG del context de seguretat del destí. -v NUMFITXER Com «-a NUMFITXER», però elimina les línies emparellades. -1 CAMP Uneix respecte aquest CAMP del fitxer 1. -2 CAMP Uneix respecte aquest CAMP del fitxer 2. --check-order Comprova si l’entrada es troba correctament ordenada, fins i tot si se’n poden emparellar totes les línies. --nocheck-order No comprova si l’entrada es troba correctament ordenada. --header Tracta la primera línea de cada fitxer com a capçaleres de camp, i les imprimeix sense provar d’emparellar‐les. -v, --kernel-version Mostra la versió del nucli. -m, --machine Mostra el tipus del maquinari. -p, --processor Mostra el tipus del processador («unknown» si es desconeix). -i, --hardware-platform Mostra la plataforma del maquinari («unknown» si es desconeix). -o, --operating-system Mostra el sistema operatiu. -v, --starting-line-number=NÚMERO Primer NÚMERO de línia de cada pàgina lògica. -w, --number-width=NÚMERO Empra NÚMERO columnes per cada número de línia. -w, --check-chars=N No compara més d’N caràcters per línia. -w, --width=COLS Assumeix un altre ample de pantalla en lloc del valor actual. -x Llista les entrades en línies en lloc d’en columnes. -X Ordena alfabèticament segons l’extensió de cada entrada. -Z, --context Mostra el context de seguretat de SELinux de cada fitxer. -1 Llista un fitxer per línia. -x, --one-file-system Exclou els directoris que es troben en altres sistemes de fitxers diferents. -X, --exclude-from=FITXER Exclou aquells fitxers que coincideixen amb algun dels patrons continguts al FITXER. --exclude=PATRÓ Exclou aquells fitxers que coincideixen amb el PATRÓ. --max-depth=N Només mostra el total d’un directori (o fitxer, amb «--all») si es troba N nivells o menys per sota de l’argument de la línia d’ordres; «--max-depth=0» equival a «--summarize». -z, --zero-terminated Escriu un octet 0 en lloc de cada caràcter de nova línia. Els processos en estat de parada ininterrompible també contribueixen a la càrrega mitjana. [:graph:] Tots els caràcters imprimibles, excepte l’espai. [:lower:] Totes les lletres minúscules. [:print:] Tots els caràcters imprimibles, incloent l’espai. [:punct:] Tots els caràcters de puntuació. [:space:] Tots els espais en blanc verticals o horitzontals. [:upper:] Totes les lletres majúscules. [:xdigit:] Tots els dígits hexadecimals. [=CAR=] Tots els caràcters equivalents a CAR. \0NNN Octet amb valor octal NNN (d’1 a 3 dígits). \xHH Octet amb valor hexadecimal HH (d’1 a 2 dígits). \NNN Octet amb valor octal NNN (d’1 a 3 dígits). \xHH Octet amb valor hexadecimal HH (d’1 a 2 dígits). \uHHHH Caràcter Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) amb valor hexadecimal HHHH (4 dígits). \UHHHHHHHH Caràcter Unicode amb valor hexadecimal HHHHHHHH (8 dígits). \\ Barra invertida. \a Alarma (BEL). \b Retrocés. \c No produeix més eixida. \e Carpacter d’escapada. \f Salt de pàgina. \n Nova línia. \r Retorn de carro. \t Tabulació horitzontal. \v Tabulació vertical. \v Tabulació vertical. CAR1-CAR2 Tots els caràcters en ordre ascendent entre CAR1 i CAR2. [CAR*] Al JOC2, còpies de CAR fins a arribar a la llargada de JOC1. [CAR*REP] REP còpies de CAR; REP és octal si comença amb 0. [:alnum:] Totes les lletres i dígits. [:alpha:] Totes les lletres. [:blank:] Tots els espais en blanc horitzontals. [:cntrl:] Tots els caràcters de control. [:digit:] Tots els dígits. ascii D’EBCDIC a ASCII. ebcdic D’ASCII a EBCDIC. ibm D’ASCII a EBCDIC alternat. block Emplena amb espais cada registre acabat en nova línia fins que tinga la mida «cbs». unblock Substitueix els espais del final de cada registre de mida «cbs» per un caràcter de nova línia. lcase Transforma les majúscules en minúscules. binary Empra E/S binària per a les dades. cio Empra E/S concurrent per a les dades. d[MIDA] Decimal amb signe, de MIDA octets com a enter. f[MIDA] Número real en coma flotant, de MIDA octets com a enter. o[MIDA] Octal, de MIDA octets com a enter. u[MIDA] Decimal sense signe, de MIDA octets com a enter. x[MIDA] Hexadecimal, de MIDA bytes com a enter. direct Empra E/S directa per a les dades. directory Falla si no és un directori. dsync Empra E/S sincronitzada per a les dades. fullblock Acumula blocs d’entrada sencers (símbol per a «iflag»). if=FITXER Llegeix del FITXER en lloc de fer‐ho de l’entrada estàndard. iflag=SENYALADOR Llegeix d’acord amb la llista de símbols separats per comes. obs=OCTETS Escriu aquest nombre d’OCTETS alhora (per defecte 512). of=FITXER Escriu al FITXER en lloc de fer‐ho a l’eixida estàndard. oflag=SENYALADOR Escriu d’acord amb la llista de símbols separats per comes. seek=BLOCS Salta aquest nombre de BLOCS de mida «obs» al principi de l’eixida. skip=BLOCS Salta aquest nombre de BLOCS de mida «ibs» al principi de l’entrada. status=noxfer No mostra l’estadística de la tranferència. noatime No actualitza la data d’accés. nocreat No crea el fitxer d’eixida. excl Falla si el fitxer d’eixida ja existeix. notrunc No trunca el fitxer d’eixida. ucase Transforma les minúscules en majúscules. swab Intercanvia cada parell d’octets de l’entrada. noctty No assigna el fitxer com a terminal de control. noerror Continua després d’un error de lectura. sync Emplena cada bloc d’entrada amb NUL fins a la mida «ibs»; quan s’empra amb «block» o «unblock», emplena els blocs amb espais en lloc de NUL. fdatasync Escriu físicament les dades del fitxer d’eixida abans de finalitzar. fsync El mateix, però també n’escriu les metadades. nofollow No segueix els enllaços simbòlics. nolinks Falla si el fitxer té més d’un enllaç. nonblock Empra E/S no blocadora. none, off Mai fa còpies de seguretat (ni especificant «--backup»). numbered, t Fa còpies de seguretat numerades. existing, nil Fa còpies de seguretat numerades si ja n’existeixen, les fa simples en cas contrari. simple, never Fa còpies de seguretat simples sempre. sync El mateix, però també per a les metadades. text Empra E/S textual per a les dades. Blocs %4s En ús Lliures %%Ús %H:%M Blocs %s En ús Lliures Cabuda (còpia de seguretat: %s) * [-]ctlecho Mostra els caràcters de control amb notació d’accent circumflex («^c»). [-]echo Mostra els caràcters de l’entrada. * [-]echoctl Equival a «[-]ctlecho». [-]echoe Equival a «[-]crterase». [-]echok Mostra una nova línia després del caràcter d’esborrar línia. * [-]echoke Equival a «[-]crtkill». [-]echonl Mostra les noves línies encara que no es mostren la resta dels caràcters. * [-]echoprt Mostra entre «\\» i «/» els caràcters esborrats amb el retrocés. [-]icanon Habilita els caràcters especials d’esborrar, esborrar línia, esborrar paraula i redibuixar. [-]iexten Habilita els caràcters especials no‐POSIX. * [-]iuclc Tradueix els caràcters en majúscula a minúscula. * [-]ixany Permet que qualsevol caràcter reinicie l’eixida, no només el caràcter definit amb «start». [-]ixoff Habilita l’enviament de caràcters d’inici/aturada. [-]ixon Habilita el control de flux amb XON/XOFF. [-]parmrk Marca els errors de paritat (amb la seqüència de caràcters 255‐0‐caràcter). [-]tandem Equival a «[-]ixoff» * [-]iutf8 Assumeix que els caràcters d’entrada estan codificats fent servir UTF‑8. * [-]ocrnl Tradueix els retorns de carro a noves línies. * [-]ofdel Empra per a reomplir caràcters d’esborrat en lloc de nuls. * [-]ofill Reomple amb caràcters en lloc d’esperar durant els retards. * [-]olcuc Tradueix els caràcters en minúscula a majúscula. * [-]onlcr Tradueix les noves línies a retorn de carro i nova línia. * [-]onlret Fa que la nova línia provoque un retorn de carro. * [-]onocr No imprimeix retorns de carro a la primera columna. [-]opost Postprocessa l’eixida. * tabN Estil del retard de la tabulació horitzontal, N en [0..3]. * tabs Equival a «tab0». * -tabs Equival a «tab3». * vtN Estil del retard de la tabulació vertical, N en [0..1]. * eol2 CAR CAR indica un caràcter alternatiu d’acabament de línia. erase CAR CAR esborrarà el darrer caràcter escrit. intr CAR CAR enviarà un senyal d’interrupció. kill CAR CAR esborrarà la línia actual. * lnext CAR CAR entrarà el caràcter següent entrecometat. quit CAR CAR enviarà un senyal d’eixir. * rprnt CAR CAR redibuixarà la línia actual. start CAR CAR reiniciarà l’eixida després d’haver‐la aturat. * rows N Anucia al nucli que el terminal té N files. * size Mostra el nombre de files i columnes d’acord amb el nucli. speed Mostra la velocitat del terminal. time N Amb «-icanon», l’expiració de la lectura esdevé d’N dècimes de segon. ??:?? Muntat a TTY context=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu grups=antic a la %sa repetició % 1% de memòria, b 1, K 1024 (per defecte), i així per a M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Sense FITXER, o quan FITXER és «-», llegeix l’entrada estàndard. *** AVÍS *** El locale especificat a l’entorn afecta l’ordenació. Establiu LC_ALL a «C» per a obtenir l’ordenació tradicional que empra el valor numèric dels caràcters. %.*s: l’especifiació de conversió no és vàlida%e %b %Y%e %b %H:%M%lu usuari%lu usuaris%s%s (a l’expressió regular %s)%s -> %s (recuperació de la còpia de seguretat) «%s [-d]» ha finalitzat de forma anormal%s i %s són el mateix fitxer%s existeix però no és un directori%s ha aparegut; es segueix el final del nou fitxer%s ha esdevingut accessible%s ha esdevingut inaccessible%s ha estat substituït per un fitxer remot; s’abandona la pista d’aquest nom%s ha estat substituït per un fitxer no seguible; s’abandona la pista d’aquest nom%s ha estat substituït; es segueix el final del nou fitxer%s és d’un tipus de fitxer desconegut%s té una mida aparentment negativa que no pot ser tractadaPàgina principal de «%s»: %s Pàgina inicial de «%s»: %s no és un número enter positiu vàlid%s és massa grannomés podeu executar «%s» sota un nucli amb SELinuxheu especificat %s però no %sl’argument «%3$s» de l’opció «%1$s%2$s» és massa gran%s: %s és tan gran que no es pot representar%s: %s: el número de línia està fora de rang%s: %s: no s’ha trobat cap coincidència%s: %s:%s: fora d’ordre: %s: no s’ha pogut obrir o llegir %s: l’usuari no existeix%s: cal «}» al nombre de repeticions%s: cal un operador binari%s: només es poden fer enllaços simbòlics relatius en el directori actual%s: no s’ha pogut desactivar el mode no blocador%s: no s’ha pogut trobar el nom de l’ID d’usuari %lu %s: no es pot seguir el final d’aquest tipus de fitxer; s’abandona la pista d’aquest nom%s: no s’ha pogut desplaçar fins a la posició original%s: no es pot sobreescriure un directori%s: no s’ha pogut rebobinar%s: no s’ha pogut desplaçar%s: no s’ha pogut moure fins al desplaçament relatiu al final %s%s: no s’ha pogut moure fins al desplaçament %s%s: no s’ha pogut moure dins el desplaçament relatiu %s%s: no es pot destruir el fitxer d’un descriptor obert només per afegir%s: no s’ha pogut saltar%s: no s’ha pogut saltar fins al desplaçament indicat%s: manca el delimitador «%c» de tancament%s: no s’ha pogut desactivar el mode no blocador%s: voleu descendir al directori %s? %s: voleu descendir al directori protegit contra escriptura %s? %s: s’ha trobat el final del fitxer%s: l’operand de la classe d’equivalència ha de ser un únic caràcter%s: error en truncar%s: error en escriure al desplaçament %s%s: cal un valor numèric%s: no s’ha pogut tancar%s: no s’ha pogut obrir per a escriure%s: no s’ha pogut eliminar%s: ha fallat fcntl()%s: ha fallat fdatasync()%s: el fitxer té una mida negativa%s: el fitxer ha minvat massa%s: el fitxer és massa gran%s: el fitxer és massa gran%s: el fitxer ha estat truncat%s: ha fallat fstat()%s: ha fallat fsync()%s: no es permet l’enllaç fort cap al directori%s: l’entrada conté un cicle:%s: l’entrada conté un nombre senar de components%s: el fitxer d’entrada i el de sortida són el mateix%s: s’esperava un número enter després del delimitador%s: el PID no és vàlid%s: el comptador a l’inici de %s no és vàlid%s: la directiva no és vàlida%s: l’especifiació de camp no és vàlida: %s%s: la mida del fitxer no és vàlida%s: el tipus del fitxer no és vàlid%s: el nombre màxim d’iteracions sense alteracions entre obertures no és vàlid%s: el número no és vàlid%s: el nombre d’octets no és vàlid%s: el nombre de línies no és vàlid%s: el nombre de passades no és vàlid%s: el nombre de segons no és vàlid%s: el nombre d’unitats de processament a excloure no és vàlid%s: l’opció «%c» no és vàlida %s: el patró no és vàlid%s: l’identificador de procés no és vàlid%s: l’expressió regular no és vàlida: %s%s: el senyal no és vàlid%s: la longitud del sufix no és vàlida%s: el número de línia ha de ser major que zero%s: el número de línia està fora de rang%s: ha fallat lseek()%s: s’han especificat múltiples senyals%s: els nous permisos són %s, no %s%s: no s’ha trobat cap línia de suma %s ben formatada%s: aquest dispositiu no té informació de mida%s: no es llista el directori ja llistat%s: el nombre d’octets és massa gran%s: l’opció «%c%s» no admet arguments %s: l’opció «%s» és ambigua %s: l’opció «--%s» no admet arguments %s: l’opció «--%s» necessita un argument %s: l’opció «-W %s» no admet arguments %s: l’opció «-W %s» és ambigua %s: l’opció «-W %s» necessita un argument %s: l’opció «%c» necessita un argument %s: voleu sobreescriure %s? %s: passada %lu/%lu (%s)…%s: passada %lu/%lu (%s)…%s%s: passada %lu/%lu (%s)…%s/%s %d%%%s: error de lectura%s: voleu eliminar el %s %s? %s: voleu eliminar tots els arguments recursivament? %s: voleu eliminar tots els arguments? %s: voleu eliminar el %s protegit contra escriptura %s? %s: ha estat eliminat%s: inici de l’eliminació%s: s’ha reanomenat a «%s»%s: voleu reemplaçar %s? %s: ha fallat el desplaçament%s: hi ha massa línies de suma%s: voleu sobreescriure %s, reemplaçant el mode %04lo (%s)? %s: no s’ha pogut determinar la longitud màxima dels noms de fitxer%s: no s’han pogut realitzar totes les operacions requerides%s: cal un operador unari%s: l’opció «%c%s» no és reconeguda %s: l’opció «--%s» no és reconeguda %s: no s’ha convertit completament el valor%s: error d’escriptura%s:%lu: la línia no és vàlida; manca el segon component%s:%lu: el nom buit de fitxer no és vàlid%s:%lu: la paraula clau «%s» no és reconeguda%s}: cal especificar un número enter entre «{» i «}»»cal «)»cal «)», s’ha trobat «%s»©* Sistemes de fitxers que empren ubicacions temporals com a memòria cau (cache), com els clients d’NFS versió 3. * Sistemes de fitxers amb compressió. * Sistemes de fitxers transaccionals o que empren diari, com els que es troben en AIX i Solaris (i JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.). * Sistemes de fitxers que escriuen dades redundants i continuen fins i tot en fallar algunes escriptures, com els sistemes de fitxers basats en RAID. * Sistemes de fitxers que creen instantànies, com el servidor NFS de Network Appliances. , càrrega mitjana: %.2f, %g s, %s/s l’argument %2$s de l’opció «--%1$s» és massa gran«--context» (-Z) només funciona sota un nucli amb SELinux«--reflink» només es pot emprar amb «--sparse=auto»«-R --dereference» necessita «-H» o «-L»«-R -h» necessita «-P»«-ef» no admet «-l»«-nt» no admet «-l»«-ot» no admet «-l»??? ?????AvortatLa família d’adreces del nom d’estació no és permesaTemporitzadorEls arguments obligatoris per a les opcions llargues també ho són per a les opcions curtes corresponents. S’han completat totes les peticionsLa memòria intermèdia d’arguments és massa menudaArnold RobbinsLa crida al sistema no és vàlidaEl valor d’«ai_flags» no és vàlidBrian FoxLa canonada s’ha trencatError de busCOMPTE: Teniu en compte que «shred» confia en una assumpció molt important: que el sistema de fitxers sobreescriu les dades al mateix lloc. Aquesta és la foma tradicional de fer les coses, però molts sistemes de fitxers moderns no satisfan aquesta assumpció. Aquests són exemples de sistemes de fitxers sobre els quals «shred» no és efectiu, o no garanteix l’efectivitat a tots els modes del sistema de fitxers: COMENTARIS’ha excedit el temps límit de CPUCrida la funció link() per a crear un enllaç anomenat FITXER2 que apunte cap a un FITXER1 existent. Crida la funció unlink() per a eliminar el FITXER especificat. Canvia els identificadors efectius d’usuari i grup als de l’USUARI. -, -l, --login Fa servir un intèrpret d’entrada. -c, --command=ORDRE Passa una ORDRE a l’intèrpret amb «-c». -f, --fast Passa «-f» a l’intèrpret (per a «csh» o «tcsh»). -m, --preserve-environment No reinicia les variables d’entorn. -p Equival a «-m». -s, --shell=INTÈRPRET Executa l’INTÈRPRET si «/etc/shells» ho permet. Canvia la pertinença de grup de cada FITXER a GRUP. Amb «--reference», canvia el grup de cada FITXER a aquell de FITXREF. -c, --changes Com «--verbose», però només informa quan es fa un canvi. --dereference Afecta el fitxer apuntat per cada enllaç simbòlic (per defecte), en lloc del propi enllaç simbòlic. Canvia el mode de cada FITXER a MODE. -c, --changes Com «--verbose», però només informa quan es produeix un canvi. Canvia el propietari o grup de cada FITXER a PROPIETARI o GRUP. Amb «--reference», canvia el propietari i grup de cada FITXER a aquell de FITXREF. -c, --changes Com «--verbose», però només informa quan es fa un canvi. --dereference Afecta el fitxer apuntat per cada enllaç simbòlic (per defecte), en lloc del propi enllaç simbòlic. Canvia el context de seguretat de cada FITXER a CONTEXT. Amb «--reference», canvia el context de seguretat de cada FITXER a aquell de FITXREF. -h, --no-dereference Afecta cadascun dels enllaços simbòlics en lloc dels fitxers apuntats. Chet RameyUn fill ha eixitColin PlumbCompara els fitxers ordenats FITXER1 i FITXER2 línia per línia. Concatena els FITXERs o l’entrada estàndard, i escriu el resultat a la sortida estàndard. -A, --show-all Equival a «-vET». -b, --number-nonblank Enumera les línies que no estan en blanc. -e, Equival a «-vE». -E, --show-ends Escriu un caràcter «$» al final de cada línia. -n, --number Enumera totes les línies. -s, --squeeze-blank No mostra més d’una línia en blanc seguida. ContinuatConverteix els espais en blanc a tabulacions per cada FITXER, i escriu a la sortida estàndard. Sense FITXER, o quan FITXER és «-», llegeix l’entrada estàndard. Converteix els caràcters de tabulació de cada FITXER a espais, i escriu el resultat a la sortida estàndard. Sense FITXER, o quan FITXER és «-», llegeix l’entrada estàndard. Còpia ORIGEN a DESTÍ, o múltiples ORIGENs a un DIRECTORI. Còpia un fitxer, convertint i formatant les dades d’acord amb els operands. bs=OCTETS Llegeix i escriu aquest nombre d’OCTETS alhora (vegeu també «ibs» i «obs»). cbs=OCTETS Converteix aquest nombre d’OCTETS alhora. conv=CONVERSIONS Converteix el fitxer d’acord amb la llista de símbols separats per comes. count=BLOCS Només còpia aquest nombre de BLOCS de l’entrada. ibs=OCTETS Llegeix aquest nombre d’OCTETS alhora (per defecte 512). Còpia l’entrada estàndard a cada FITXER, i també a l’eixida estàndard. -a, --append Afegeix a cada FITXER indicat, no el sobreescriu. -i, --ignore-interrupts Descarta els senyals d’interrupció. Crea un fitxer o directori temporal de forma segura i en mostra el nom. La PANTILLA ha de contenir almenys tres «X» consecutives al darrer component. Si no s’indica la PLANTILLA s’empra «tmp.XXXXXXXXXX», i implica «--tmpdir». Crea les canonades amb nom (FIFO) indicades pels seus NOMs. Crea cada DIRECTORI indicat, si no existeix ja. Crea el fitxer especial NOM, del TIPUS especificat. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreComprova la validesa o portabilitat de cada NOM de fitxer. -p Prova amb la majoria de sistemes POSIX. -P Comprova els noms buits o que comencen per «-». --portability Prova amb tots els sistemes POSIX (equival a «-p -P»). Directori: Mostra l’estat d’un fitxer o sistema de fitxers. -L, --dereference Segueix els enllaços simbòlics. -f, --file-system Mostra l’estat del sistema de fitxers en lloc de l’estat del fitxer. Mostra la data actual en el FORMAT indicat, o estableix la data del sistema. -d, --date=CADENA Mostra la data descrita a la CADENA en lloc de la data actual («now», ara). -f, --file=FITXER_DATES Com aplicar «--date» una volta per cada línia de FITXER_DATES. Dmitry V. LevinAbandona els grups suplementaris, assumeix els identificadors d’usuari i grup de l’USUARI indicat (per número o per nom), i executa l’ORDRE amb els ARGUMENTs especificats. Ix amb codi 111 si no pot assumir els identificadors d’usuari o grup requerits. En cas contrari ix amb el codi d’eixida de l’ORDRE. Aquest programa només és d’utilitat quan l’executa root (que té identificador d’usuari 0). Trampa EMTEIXIDACada interval pot ser un de: N L’octet, caràcter o camp N, comptant des d’1. N- Des de l’octet, caràcter o camp N fins al final de la línia. N-M Des de l’octet, caràcter o camp N fins a l’M (inclòs). -M Des del principi fins a l’octet, caràcter o camp M (inclòs). Sense FITXER, o quan FITXER és «-», llegeix l’entrada estàndard. Fa eco de cada CADENA a l’eixida estàndard. -n No genera el caràcter final de nova línia. Eric BlakeIx amb un codi d’estat que indica fallada.Ix amb un codi d’estat que indica èxit.Ix amb un estat determinat per l’EXPRESSIÓ. F. PinardINCORRECTEARREGLA’M: desconegutEl FORMAT ha de ser adequat per a imprimir un argument de tipus «double»; per defecte val «%.PRECISIÓf» si el PRIMER, INCREMENT i DARRER valors són tots números decimals de coma fixa amb una PRECISIÓ màxima, «%g» en cas contrari. Les cues FIFO no tenen números major i menor de dispositiu.S’ha excedit la mida màxima de fitxerS. fitxers S. fitxers TipusElimina de l’ENTRADA (o de l’entrada estàndard) les línies repetides que vagen seguides, i escriu el resultat a l’EIXIDA (o a l’eixida estàndard). Sense opcions, les línies repetides es redueixen a la primera ocurrència. Excepció de coma flotantPer a la documentació completa, executeu «info coreutils '%s invocation'». Escriu una línia a la sortida estàndard per cada parell de línies de l’entrada que continguin idèntics camps d’unió. El camp per defecte és el primer, delimitat per espais en blanc. Si o FITXER1 o FITXER2 (no els dos) és «-», llegeix l’entrada estàndard. -a NUMFITXER Escriu les línies desaparellades del fitxer NUMFITXER, «1» per al FITXER1 o «2» per al FITXER2. -e CADENA Reemplaça els camps que manquen amb CADENA. Bolca els blocs modificats al disc i actualitza el superbloc. Ajuda general sobre l’ús de programari GNU: Giuseppe ScrivanoH. Peter AnvinPenjatL’operació d’E/S és possibleOCIÓSIan Lance TaylorOciósSi no s’indica el FITXER, s’empra «%s». És comú emprar «%s» com a FITXER. La instrucció no és permesaA més a més, les còpies de seguretat i les rèpliques remotes dels sistemes de fitxers poden contenir còpies del fitxer que no poden ser eliminades, i que podrien permetre recuperar més endavant el fitxer destruït. A la vida real: A la 1a forma crea un enllaç anomenat NOM_ENLLAÇ que apunta al DESTÍ. A la 2a forma crea un enllaç al directori actual que apunta al DESTÍ. A les formes 3a i 4a crea enllaços al DIRECTORI a cada DESTÍ. Per defecte es creen enllaços forts; es creen simbòlics fent servir «--symbolic». En crear enllaços forts, cal que existesca cadascun dels fitxers DESTÍ. Els enllaços simbòlics poden contenir qualsevol text, i a l’hora de ser resolt, un enllaç relatiu serà interpretat respecte al seu directori pare. La nota anterior també és aplicable (i per tant «shred» hi té una efectivitat limitada) al cas dels sistemes de fitxers Ext3 muntats en mode «data=journal», que no només empra el diari per a les metadades, sinò també per a les dades. Als modes «data=ordered» (mode per defecte) i «data=writeback», «shred» funciona normalment. Podeu canviar el mode de diari d’un sistema de fitxers Ext3 afegint l’opció «data=MODE» a les seues opcions de muntatge al fitxer «/etc/fstab», com s’indica al manual de «mount» (executeu «man mount»). Infinits BPetició d’informacióInterromputInterromput per un senyalLa referència cap enrere no és vàlidaEl nom de la classe de caràcters no és vàlidEl caràcter d’ordenació no és vàlidEl contingut de «\{\}» no és vàlidL’expressió regular precedent és incorrectaEl final del rang no és vàlidL’expressió regular no és vàlidaJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfMatatLÍNIALOGINLlista informació sobre cada FITXER (per defecte sobre el directori actual). Ordena les entrades alfabèticament si no s’indica cap de les opcions «-cftuvSUX» o «--sort». EntradaNom d’entrada: Els arguments obligatoris per a les opcions llargues també ho són per a les opcions curtes corresponents. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnNo s’ha pogut reservar memòriaLa memòria s’ha exhauritMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNOMNomEl nom o servei no és conegutNo hi ha cap adreça associada amb el nom d’estacióNo hi ha cap coincidènciaNo hi ha expressió regular prèviaFallada irrecuperable a la resolució de nomsCORRECTEEn eliminar sense reduir repeticions, només es pot especificar una cadena.L’opció «--string» sense número implica 3; l’opció «--width» sense número implica 32. Per defecte, s’utilitzen les opcions «-A o -t oS -w16». Opcions d’ordenació: Altres opcions: Escriu un índex permutat, incloent el context, amb les paraules dels fitxers que formen l’entrada. Produeix ordres per a establir la variable d’entorn LS_COLORS. Opcions per a determinar el format de l’eixida: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell Produeix codi destinat a l’intèrpret Bourne per establir LS_COLORS. -c, --csh, --c-shell Produeix codi destinat a l’intèrpret C per establir LS_COLORS. -p, --print-database Mostra els valors per defecte. Escriu fragments de mida fixa de l’ENTRADA en fitxers «PREFIXaa», «PREFIXab»… La mida per defecte és de 1000 línies, i el PREFIX per defecte és «x». Sense ENTRADA, o quan ENTRADA és «-», llegeix l’entrada estàndard. Divideix el FITXER en fragments separats pels patrons (PATRÓ) indicats, i escriu els fragments en fitxers anomenats «xx00», «xx01»… indicant a l’eixida estàndard la mida en octets de cadascun d’ells. Mostra els límits dependents de la plataforma en un format adequat per als scripts de l’intèrpret d’ordres. Mostra qui està connectat actualment, d’acord amb el contingut del FITXER. Si no s’indica el FITXER, s’empra «%s». És comú emprar «%s» com a FITXER. Sobreescriu cada FITER repetidament, per tal de fer més difícil recuperar les dades, fins i tot per sondejos de maquinari molt cars. PIDEmpaquetat per %s. Empaquetat per %s (%s). Padraig BradyArranja el(s) FITXER(s) en pàgines o columnes per a imprimir. La codificació del paràmetre cadena no és correctaContrasenya:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPla: Fallada d’alimentacióFi prematura de l’expressió regularMostra cada ARGUMENT seguint el FORMAT indicat, o s’executa d’acord amb l’OPCIÓ indicada. Mostra la suma CRC i la mida en octets de cada FITXER. Mostra NOM eliminant qualsevol component directori que tinga al davant. Si s’especifica, també s’elimina el SUFIX del darrere. Mostra el NOM sense el «/component» final; si el NOM no conté cap «/», mostra «.» (indicant així el directori actual). Mostra alguna informació sobre el sistema. Si no s’indica cap OPCIÓ, fa el mateix que amb «-s». -a, --all Mostra tota la informació (excepte la de «-p» i «-i» si és desconeguda), en l’ordre següent: -s, --kernel-name Mostra el nom del nucli. -n, --nodename Mostra el nom de l’estació a la xarxa. -r, --kernel-release Mostra el llançament del nucli. Mostra la suma de verificació i el nombre de blocs de cada FITXER. -r Empra l’algorisme de suma de BSD, amb blocs d’1 kB. -s, --sysv Empra l’algorisme de suma de System V, amb blocs de 512 octets. Mostra la llista de grups de cada NOM_USUARI o, si no se n’indica cap, del procés actual (la informació pot diferir si la base de dades de grups ha canviat). Mostra informació sobre els usuaris connectats actualment. Mostra l’arquitectura de la màquina. Escriu el nombre de caràcters de nova línia, paraules i octets de cada FITXER, i una línia de totals si especifiqueu més d’un FITXER. Sense FITXER, o quan FITXER és «-», llegeix l’entrada estàndard. Una paraula és una seqüència no buida de caràcters delimitada per espais en blanc. -c, --bytes Escriu el nombre d’octets. -m, --chars Escriu el nombre de caràcters. -l, --lines Escriu el nombre de caràcters de nova línia. Mostra els números del PRIMER al DARRER, amb pas INCREMENT. -f, --format=FORMAT Empra el FORMAT indicat de coma flotat d’estil printf(). -s, --separator=CADENA Empra aquesta CADENA per a separar els números (per defecte «\n»). -w, --equal-width Iguala l’amplària reomplint amb zeros al davant. Mostra o canvia les característiques del terminal. -a, --all Mostra totes les propietats actuals de forma llegible per als humans. -g, --save Mostra totes les propietats actuals de forma llegible per «stty». -F, --file=DISPOSITIU Obre i empra el DISPOSITIU especificat en lloc de l’entrada estàndard. Escriu parts seleccionades de les línies de cada FITXER a la sortida estàndard. Mostra l’hora actual, quant temps ha estat el sistema en marxa, el nombre d’usuaris al sistema i la mitjana de treballs a la cua d’execució durant els darrers 1, 5 i 15 minuts.Mostra el nom de fitxer del terminal connectat a l’entrada estàndard. -s, --silent, --quiet No mostra res, només retorna un estat d’eixida. Escriu les 10 primeres línies de cada FITXER a la sortida estàndard. Amb més d’un fitxer, els precedeix amb una capçalera amb el nom del fitxer. Sense cap FITXER, o quan FITXER és «-», llegeix l’entrada estàndard. Mostra el nom de fitxer complet del directori de treball actual. Escriu les darreres %d línies de cada FITXER a la sortida estàndard. Amb més d’un FITXER, les precedeix amb una capçalera amb el nom del fitxer. Sense cap FITXER, o quan FITXER és «-», llegeix l’entrada estàndard. Mostra el nom de l’usuari actual. Mostra el nombre d’unitats de processament disponibles per al procés actual, que pot ser menor que el nombre de processadors actius. Mostra els factors primers de cada NÚMERO enter especificat. Si no s’indica cap argument a la línia d’ordres, es llegiran de l’entrada estàndard. Mostra el nom d’usuari associat amb l’identificador d’usuari efectiu actualment. Equival a «id -un». Mostra la informació d’usuari i grup per a l’usuari indicat, o per a l’usuari actual si no s’indica. -a No es té en compte, s’accepta per compatibilitat amb altres versions. -Z, --context Només mostra el context de seguretat de l’usuari actual. -g, --group Només mostra l’identificador efectiu de grup. -G, --groups Mostra tots els identificadors de grup. -n, --name Mostra un nom en lloc d’un número, per a «-ugG». -r, --real Mostra l’identificador real en lloc de l’efectiu, per a «-ugG». -u, --user Només mostra l’identificador efectiu d’usuari. Mostra el valor d’un enllaç simbòlic o el nom canònic d’un fitxer. S’està processant la peticióEl temps de perfilat ha expiratProjecte: Q. Frank XiaEixitRandy SmithSenyal de temps real %dReformata els paràgrafs de cada FITXER, i escriu a la sortida estàndard. L’opció «-AMPLADA» és la forma abreujada de «--width=AMPLADA». L’expressió regular és massa llargaElimina (deslliga) cada FITXER. -f, --force Descarta els fitxers inexistents, i mai no pregunta. -i Pregunta abans de cada eliminació. Elimina cada DIRECTORI, si es troba buit. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty No té en compte els errors originats només perquè un directori no es troba buit. Canvia el nom d’ORIGEN a DESTÍ, o mou cada ORIGEN al DIRECTORI. Mostra repetidament una línia amb totes les cadenes indicades, o «y». Informeu dels errors de «%s» a <%s>. Informeu dels errors de traducció de «%s» a . La petició ha estat canceŀladaLa petició no ha estat canceŀladaS’ha perdut el recursRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonExecuta l’ORDRE amb un valor de prioritat ajustat, cosa que afecta la planificació del procés. Sense l’ORDRE, mostra el valor actual de prioritat. Els valors de prioritat van des de %d (planificació més favorable) a %d (planificació menys favorable). -n, --adjustment=N Afegeix l’enter N al valor de prioritat (per defecte 10). Executa l’ORDRE establint‐hi el directori arrel a NOU_ARREL. Executa l’ORDRE descartant els senyals de penjat. Executa l’ORDRE tot ajustant la memòria intermèdia dels seus fluxos estàndard. Executa una ORDRE sota un context de seguretat diferent. Si no s’indica un CONTEXT ni una ORDRE, mostra el context de seguretat actual. CONTEXT El nou context de seguritat complet. -c, --compute Calcula el context de transició entre processos abans de modificar‐lo. -t, --type=TIPUS Nou TIPUS (per al mateix rol que el pare). -u, --user=USUARI Nova identitat d’USUARI. -r, --role=ROL Nou ROL. -l, --range=RANG Nou RANG de nivells. Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerViolació de segmentEnvia senyals als processos, o llista els senyals. El servei per a aquest valor d’«ai_socktype» no és permésEstabliu la variable LC_ALL a «C» per a evitar el problema.Estableix cada NOM a VALOR a l’entorn i executa l’ORDRE. -i, --ignore-environment Parteix d’un entorn buit. -0, --null Acaba cada línia d’eixida amb un octet 0 en lloc d’un caràcter de nova línia. -u, --unset=NOM Elimina la variable NOM de l’entorn. Intèrpret d’ordres: Mostra informació sobre el sistema de fitxers on resideix cada FITXER, o (per defecte) informació sobre tots els sistemes de fitxers. Redueix o augmenta la mida de cada FITXER a la mida indicada. Si un FITXER no existeix, és creat. Si la mida d’un FITXER és major que la indicada, les dades del final es perdran. Si és menor, el fitxer s’estén i el buit del final contindrà octets zero. Simon JosefssonEls fitxers especials requereixen números major i menor de dispositiu.Fallada de pilaLlança l’ORDRE i si encara està en marxa passat el temps indicat per la DURADA, la mata. Els arguments obligatoris per a les opcions llargues també ho són per a les opcions curtes corresponents. AturatAturat (senyal)Aturat (esperant entrada del terminal)Aturat (esperant escriure al terminal)Stuart KempÈxitResumeix l’ús de disc de cada FITXER, de forma recursiva per als directoris. Error del sistemaHORAFallada temporal a la resolució de nomsTerminatEls senyaladors opcionals següents poden ser emprats al darrere de «%»: «-» (menys) No reomple el camp. «_» (subratllat) Reomple el camp amb espais. «0» (zero) Reomple el camp amb zeros. «^» Empra majúscules, si és possible. «#» Intercanvia majúscules i minúscules, si és possible. Les opcions següents modifiquen la forma de recórrer una jerarquia quan s’haja especificat també l’opció «-R». Si se n’especifica més d’una, només la darrera d’elles tindrà efecte. -H Si un argument de la línia d’ordres és un ellaç simbòlic cap a un directori, aquest serà recorregut. -L Es seguirà qualsevol enllaç que es trobe que apunte cap a un directori. -P No es seguirà cap enllaç simbòlic (per defecte). Les cadenes comparades eren %s i %s.Torbjörn GranlundTrampa de traçat/punt d’aturadaHi ha una barra invertida sobrant al finalTradueix, redueix, o suprimeix caràcters de l’entrada estàndard, i escriu el resultat a la sortida estàndard. -c, -C, --complement Empra el complement del JOC1. -d, --delete Suprimeix els caràcters del JOC1, no tradueix. -s, --squeeze-repeats Substitueix cada seqüència de repeticions d’un caràcter de JOC1 per una única ocurrència del caràcter. -t, --truncate-set1 Trunca primer el JOC1 a la llargada del JOC2. Proveu «%s --help» per a obtenir més informació. Proveu amb «%s ./%s» per a eliminar el fitxer %s. En eliminar i reduir repeticions, cal especificar dues cadenes.En traduir, cal especificar dues cadenes.Ulrich DrepperError desconegutSenyal desconegut %dError desconegut del sistema«(» o «\(» desaparellat«)» o «\)» desaparellat«[» o «[^» desaparellat«\{» desaparellatActualitza les dates d’accés i modificació de cada FITXER a la data actual. Si el FITXER no existeix és creat buit, tret que especifiqueu «-c» o «-h». Si el FITXER és «-», «touch» el tracta de forma especial, canviant les dates del fitxer associat amb l’entrada estàndard. Condició urgent d’E/SForma d’ús: %s Forma d’ús: %s ORDRE [ARGUMENT]… o bé: %s OPCIÓ Forma d’ús: %s CONTEXT ORDRE [ARG…] o bé: %s [-c] [-u USUARI] [-r ROL] [-t TIPUS] [-l RANG] ORDRE [ARG…] Forma d’ús: %s EXPRESSIÓ o bé: %s OPCIÓ Forma d’ús: %s FITXER o bé: %s OPCIÓ Forma d’ús: %s FITXER1 FITXER2 o bé: %s OPCIÓ Forma d’ús: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]… o bé: %s OPCIÓ Forma d’ús: %s NOM o bé: %s OPCIÓ Forma d’ús: %s NOM [SUFIX] o bé: %s OPCIÓ Forma d’ús: %s NÚMERO[SUFIX]… o bé: %s OPCIÓ Fa una pausa per NÚMERO segons. SUFIX pot ser «s» per a segons (per defecte), «m» per a minuts, «h» per a hores o «d» per a dies. Al contrari que la majoria de les implementacions, que requereixen que NÚMERO siga un enter, ací NÚMERO pot ser un número real en coma flotant qualsevol. Si s’indiquen diversos arguments, la pausa dura el temps resultant de sumar‐ne els valors. Forma d’ús: %s OPCIÓ… ORDRE Forma d’ús: %s OPCIÓ… FITXER… Forma d’ús: %s OPCIÓ… [FITXER]… Forma d’ús: %s [-F DISPOSITIU | --file=DISPOSITIU] [PROPIETAT]… o bé: %s [-F DISPOSITIU | --file=DISPOSITIU] [-a|--all] o bé: %s [-F DISPOSITIU | --file=DISPOSITIU] [-g|--save] Forma d’ús: %s [-AMPLADA] [OPCIÓ]… [FITXER]… Forma d’ús: %s [-s SENYAL | -SENYAL] PID… o bé: %s -l [SENYAL]… o bé: %s -t [SENYAL]… Forma d’ús: %s [FITXER]… o bé: %s [OPCIÓ] Forma d’ús: %s [NOM] o bé: %s OPCIÓ Mostra o estableix el nom d’estació del sistema actual. Forma d’ús: %s [NÚMERO]… o bé: %s OPCIÓ Forma d’ús: %s [OPERAND]… o bé: %s OPCIÓ Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ] Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ] Mostra l’identificador numèric (en hexadecimal) de l’estació actual. Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ] DURADA ORDRE [ARGUMENT]… o bé: %s [OPCIÓ] Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ] NOU_ARREL [ORDRE [ARGUMENT]…] o bé: %s OPCIÓ Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ] [ORDRE [ARG]…] Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ] [FITXER] Escriu una llista totalment ordenada d’acord amb l’ordenació parcial descrita en FITXER. Sense FITXER, o quan FITXER és «-», llegeix l’entrada estàndard. Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… CONTEXT FITXER… o bé: %s [OPCIÓ]… [-u USUARI] [-r ROL] [-l RANG] [-t TIPUS] FITXER… o bé: %s [OPCIÓ]… --reference=FITXREF FITXER… Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… DIRECTORI… Foma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… FITXER Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… FITXER PATRÓ… Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… FITXER… Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… FITXER1 FITXER2 Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… GRUP FITXER… o bé: %s [OPCIÓ]… --reference=FITXREF FITXER… Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… DARRER o bé: %s [OPCIÓ]… PRIMER DARRER o bé: %s [OPCIÓ]… PRIMER INCREMENT DARRER Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… MODE[,MODE]… FITXER… o bé: %s [OPCIÓ]… MODE_OCTAL FITXER… o bé: %s [OPCIÓ]… --reference=FITXREF FITXER… Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… NOM TIPUS [MAJOR MENOR] Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… NOM… Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… JOC1 [JOC2] Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… [FITXER | ARG1 ARG2] Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… [+FORMAT] o bé: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]AA][.ss]] Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… [-T] ORIGEN DESTÍ o bé: %s [OPCIÓ]… ORIGEN… DIRECTORI o bé: %s [OPCIÓ]… -t DIRECTORI ORIGEN… Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… [-T] ORIGEN DESTÍ o bé: %s [OPCIÓ]… ORIGEN… DIRECTORI o bé: %s [OPCIÓ]… -t DIRECTORI ORIGEN… o bé: %s [OPCIÓ]… -d DIRECTORI… Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… [-T] DESTÍ NOM_ENLLAÇ (1a forma) o bé: %s [OPCIÓ]… DESTÍ (2a forma) o bé: %s [OPCIÓ]… DESTÍ… DIRECTORI (3a forma) o bé: %s [OPCIÓ]… -t DIRECTORI DESTÍ… (4a forma) Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… [-] [NOM=VALOR]… [ORDRE [ARG]…] Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… [-] [USUARI [ARG]…] Foma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… [FITXER] Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… [FITXER] o bé: %s -e [OPCIÓ]… [ARGUMENT]… o bé: %s -i INF-SUP [OPCIÓ]… Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… [FITXER] Codifica o descodifica el FITXER (o l’entrada estàndard) emprant base 64, i escriu el resultat en l’eixida estàndard. Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… [FITXER]… Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… [FITXER]… o bé: %s [-abcdfilosx]… [FITXER] [[+]DESPLAÇAMENT[.][b]] o bé: %s --traditional [OPC]… [FITX] [[+]DESPL[.][b] [+][ETIQ][.][b]] Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… [FITXER]… o bé: %s [OPCIÓ]… --files0-from=FITXER Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… [FITXER]… Escriu o comprova sumes de verificació %s (de %d bits). Sense FITXER, o quan FITXER és «-», llegeix l’entrada estàndard. Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… [ENTRADA [EIXIDA]] Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… [ENTRADA [PREFIX]] Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… [ENTRADA]… (sense «-G») o bé: %s -G [OPCIÓ]… [ENTRADA [SORTIDA]] Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… [PROPIETARI][:[GRUP]] FITXER… o bé: %s [OPCIÓ]… --reference=FITXREF FITXER… Foma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… [PLANTILLA] Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… [NOM_USUARI] Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… [NOM_USUARI]… Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… [USUARI]… Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ]… [VARIABLE]… Mostra els valors de cada VARIABLE d’entorn especificada. Si no se n’especifica cap, mostra totes les variables d’entorn junt als seus valors. Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ_CURTA]… USUARI ORDRE [ARGUMENT]… o bé: %s OPCIÓ_LLARGA Forma d’ús: %s [OPCIÓ_CURTA]… [CADENA]… o bé: %s OPCIÓ_LLARGA Forma d’ús: %s [CADENA]… o bé: %s OPCIÓ Forma d’ús: %s [arguments de la línia d’ordres que seran descartats] o bé: %s OPCIÓ Forma d’ús: test EXPRESSIÓ o bé: test o bé: [ EXPRESSIÓ ] o bé: [ ] o bé: [ OPCIÓ Senyal 1 definit per l’usuariSenyal 2 definit per l’usuariEn emprar l’opció «-s» es descarten «-L» i «-P». Altrament, l’última opció indicada controla el comportament quan l’origen és un enllaç simbòlic, sent l’opció per defecte «%s». Els arguments vàlids són:Seqüències de format vàlides per als sistemes de fitxers: %a Nombre de blocs lliures disponibles per als usuaris normals. %b Nombre total de blocs de dades del sistema de fitxers. %c Nombre total de nodes índex del sistema de fitxers. %d Nombre de nodes índex lliures del sistema de fitxers. %f Nombre de blocs de dades lliures del sistema de fitxers. %C Cadena de context de seguretat de SELinux. Ha expirat el temporitzador virtualavís: l’opció «--page-increment» està desaprovada; empreu «--line-increment» al seu llocavís: l’opció «--preserve_context» està desaprovada; empreu «--preserve-context» al seu llocavís: Estructura de directoris circular. Açò indica quasi amb certesa que el sistema de fitxers és corrupte. AVISEU L’ADMINISTRADOR DEL SISTEMA. El següent directori és part del cicle: %s avís: es descarta «--context» (-Z) sota aquest nucli sense SELinuxavís: es descarta «--preserve-context» sota aquest nucli sense SELinuxavís: es descarta l’opció «--strip-program» ja que no s’ha emprat l’opció «-s»avís: QuanOnHa canviat la mida de la finestraAmb «--follow» (-f) es segueix el descriptor de fitxer, de manera que encara que aquest siga reanomenat, se’n continuarà seguint el final. Aquest comportament no és desitjable si el que realment voleu és seguir el fitxer pel seu nom i no pel seu descriptor (per exemple, durant la rotació d’un registre). Empreu «--follow=name» en aquest cas. Això fa que es seguesca el fitxer indicat encara que siga reanomenat, eliminat o creat. Ajusta les línies de cada FITXER (per defecte l’entrada estàndard), i escriu a la sortida estàndard. Escriu una permutació aleatòria de les línies d’entrada a l’eixida estàndard. Escriu cada FITXER a la sortida estàndard, invertint l’ordre de les línies. Sense cap FITXER, o quan FITXER és «-», llegeix l’entrada estàndard. Escriu cada FITXER a la sortida estàndard, amb les línies numerades. Sense FITXER, o quan fitxer és «-», llegeix l’entrada estàndard. Escriu línies consistents en les línies corresponents seqüencialment de cada FITXER, separades per caràcters de tabulació, a la sortida estàndard. Sense FITXER, o quan FITXER és «-», llegeix l’entrada estàndard. Escriu la concatenació ordenada de tots els FITXERs a la sortida estàndard. Escrit per %s i %s. Escrit per %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s i d’altres. Escrit per %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s i %s. Escrit per %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, i %s. Escrit per %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s i %s. Escrit per %s, %s, %s, %s, %s i %s. Escrit per %s, %s, %s, %s i %s. Escrit per %s, %s, %s i %s. Escrit per %s, %s i %s. Escrit per %s. en traduir, les expressions «[=c=]» no poden aparèixer a la segona cadena^[nN]^[sS]«-%c: sobren caràcters o el número de l’argument no és vàlid: %s--pages=PRIM_PÀG[:ÚLT_PÀG]: manca un argument-N NÚMERO: el número inicial de línia no és vàlid: %s-W AMPLADA_PÀG: el nombre de caràcters no és vàlid: %s-l LLARG_PÀG: el nombre de línies no és vàlid: %s-o MARGE: el desplaçament de línia no és vàlid: %s-w AMPLADA_PÀG: el nombre de caràcters no és vàlid: %scal que especifiqueu una ordre juntament amb l’ajustamenten accedir a %sEl valor d’«ai_family» no és permésEl valor d’«ai_socktype» no és permésl’argument %s és ambigu per a %snomés es pot especificar un delimitador d’entrada quan s’opera amb campss’afegeix l’eixida a %suna còpia de seguretat de %s destruiria el fitxer origen; no es còpia %suna còpia de seguretat de %s destruiria el fitxer origen; no es mou %stipus de còpia de seguretatfitxer especial de blocsaquest sistema no permet fitxers especials de blocsles unitats porten prefixos tant del SI com de l’IECambdós fitxers no poden ser l’entrada estàndardel desplaçament en octets %s és massa granno es pot aplicar un context parcial al fitxer sense context %sno s’ha pogut obtenir el context del procésno s’ha pogut accedir a %sno sha pogut crear una còpia de seguretat de %sno es pot resumir les entrades i mostrar‐ne els continguts alhorano s’ha pogut canviar el propietari de %sno s’han pogut canviar els permisos de %sno s’ha pogut canviar el directori arrel a «%s»no s’ha pogut canviar al directori %sno s’ha pogut canviar al directori arrelno es poden combinar «--target-directory» (-t) i «--no-target-directory» (-T)no es poden combinar «--target-directory» i «--no-target-directory»no es poden combinar les opcions «-e» i «-i»no es poden combinar «ascii», «ebcdic» o «ibm»no es poden combinar «block» i «unblock»no es poden combinar «excl» i «nocreat»no es poden combinar «lcase» i «ucase»no es poden combinar el mode i l’opció «--reference»no es pot combinar un senyal amb «-l» o «-t»no es poden comparar els noms de fitxer %s i %sno s’ha pogut convertir U+%04X al joc de caràcters localno s’ha pogut convertir U+%04X al joc de caràcters local: %sno es pot copiar un directori, %s, dins d’ell mateix, %sno es pot copiar l’enllaç simbòlic cíclic %sno s’ha pogut crear el directori %sno s’ha pogut crear la cua FIFO %sno s’ha pogut crear l’enllaç fort %s cap a %sno s’ha pogut crear l’enllaç %sno s’ha pogut crear l’enllaç %s cap a %sno s’ha pogut crear el fitxer ordinari %sno s’ha pogut crear el fitxer especial %sno s’ha pogut crear l’enllaç simbòlic %sno s’ha pogut crear l’enllaç simbòlic %s cap a %sno s’ha pogut crear un fitxer temporal a %sno s’ha pogut seguir %sno es poden determinar el dispositiu i node índex de %sno s’ha pogut determinar el nom d’estacióno s’ha pogut determinar la ubicació de %s, es recorrerà a l’enquestaha fallat ioctl() sobre %sno s’ha pogut trobar el nom de l’ID de grup %luno s’ha pogut trobar el nom de l’ID d’usuari %luno es pot seguir %s pel nomno es pot canviar a %s el context del destí i preservar‐lo alhoraha fallat fstat() sobre %sno s’ha pogut obtenir el directori actualno s’ha pogut obtenir la prioritatno s’ha pogut obtenir el nom del sistemaha fallat lseek() sobre %sno es poden fer enllaços forts i simbòlics alhorano s’ha pogut crear el directori %sno s’ha pogut moure %s a %sno es pot moure %s a un subdirectori d’ell mateix, %sno es pot moure un directori sobre un no-directori: %s -> %sno s’ha pogut obrir %s per a llegirno s’ha pogut obrir %s per a escriureno s’ha pogut obrir el directori %sno es pot emprar l’enllaç simbòlic trencat %sno es pot sobreescriure el directori %s amb un no‐directorino es pot sobreescriure el no‐directori %s amb el directori %sno s’ha pogut crear l’eixida formatadano es poden preservar els atributs estesos perquè la compatibilitat amb aquests no ha sigut compiŀlada en «cp»no es poden preservar els contexts de seguretat sota un nucli sense SELinuxtan sols es pot emprar una de les opcions que només mostren un valorno es pot mostrar només noms o ID reals al format per defecteno es pot mostrar el context de seguretat quan s’indica un usuarino s’ha pogut llegir el directori %sno s’han pogut llegir els noms de fitxer de %sno s’ha pogut llegir la informació de sistema de fitxers de %sno s’ha pogut llegir el rellotge de temps realno s’ha pogut llegir l’enllaç simbòlic %sno s’ha pogut llegir la taula de sistemes de fitxers muntatsno s’ha pogut eliminar %sno es pot eliminar el directori %sno s’ha pogut recoŀlocar el punter del fitxer de %sno s’ha pogut executar «%s»no s’ha pogut establir la variable %sno s’ha pogut establir la datano s’ha pogut establir l’identificador de grupno s’ha pogut establir l’identificador de grup a %luno s’han pogut establir els grupsno es pot establir el nom d’estació; el sistema no ho admetno s’ha pogut establir el nom a %sno s’ha pogut establir la prioritatno s’han pogut establir les dates de %sno s’ha pogut establir l’identificador d’usuarino s’ha pogut establir l’identificador d’usuari %luno es pot saltar més enllà del final de l’entrada combinadano es pot especificar «--null» (-0) en indicar una ordreno es pot especificar impressió en paraŀlel i de través alhorano es pot especificar el nombre de columnes quan s’imprimeix en paraŀlelno es poden especificar dates de més d’un origennomés es pot partir el fitxer d’una maneraha fallat stat() sobre %sha fallat stat() sobre el directori actual (ara %s)ha fallat stat() sobre l’entrada estàndardno s’han pogut canviar les dates de %sno s’ha pogut recuperar la còpia de seguretat de %sno s’ha pogut deslligar %sno s’ha pogut eliminar la variable %sno es pot fer un seguiment de %sno es pot fer un seguiment del directori pare de %sal final no s’ha pogut evitar l’error del nuclis’ha canviat el grup de %s a «%s» s’ha canviat el propietari de %s a «%s» s’està canviant el grup de %ss’està canviant el propietari de %sen canviar els permisos de %ss’està canviant el context de seguretat de %s el desplaçament de caràcter és zeroel caràcter es troba fora del rangfitxer especial de caràctersaquest sistema no permet fitxers especials de caràctersen assegurar els permisos de %scanvi rlltgeno s’ha pogut tancaren tancar %sen tancar «%s» (fd=%d)en tancar el directori %sen tancar el fitxer d’entrada %sen tancar el fitxer d’eixida %sen tancar l’entrada estàndardEl mode de compatibilitat permet com a màxim un fitxer.s’han indicat dues cadenes distintes per a reemplaçar els camps mancantss’han proporcionat diverses especificacions de context de seguretatno s’ha pogut establir el mode de memòria intermèdia per a «%s» a «%s» no s’ha pogut crear el procés «%s -d»no s’ha pogut crear el fitxer temporalno s’ha pogut executar «%s»no s’ha pogut executar «%s -d»no s’ha pogut trobar una entrada de directori en %s amb un node índex coincidentno s’ha pogut obtenir l’hora d’arrencadas’ha creat el directori %ss’està creant el directori %ss’està creant el fitxer %s en crear l’enllaç fort %sen crear l’enllaç fort %s => %sen crear l’enllaç fort a %.0s%sen crear l’enllaç simbòlic %sen crear l’enllaç simbòlic %s -> %sla llista de delimitadors acaba en una barra invertida sense escapada: %sdirectoridivisió entre zeroha fallat dup2()no es permet un valor buit per a %sel nom de fitxer és buitel separador és buiterror en tancar el fitxererror al cercador d’expressions regularserror a la cerca de l’expressió regularerror en iniciar les cadenes dels mesoserror en fer un seguiment de l’event d’«inotify»error en llegir %serror en llegir l’event d’«inotify»error en esperar l’ordreerror en escriure %seixida=sobra l’argument %ssobra l’operand %ssobra l’operand %s no es permet l’operand extra %s en emprar l’opció «-%c»no s’ha pogut canviar el context de %s a %sno s’ha pogut canviar el grup de %s a «%s» no s’ha pogut canviar el mode de %s a %04lo (%s) no s’ha pogut canviar el propietari de %s no s’ha pogut canviar el propietari de %s a «%s» no s’ha pogut canviar al directori %sno s’ha pogut clonar %sno s’ha pogut calcular un nou contextno s’ha pogut crear el directori emprant la plantilla %sno s’ha pogut crear el fitxer emprant la plantilla %sno s’ha pogut crear el context de seguretat: %sno s’han pogut obtenir els atributs de %sno s’ha pogut obtenir el context actualno s’ha pogut obtenir el context de creació del sistema de fitxersno s’han pogut obtenir els grups del procés actualno s’han pogut obtenir els grups de l’usuari %sno s’ha pogut obtenir el context de seguretat de %sno s’ha pogut cercar el fitxer %sno s’ha pogut obrir %sno s’ha pogut preservar l’autoria de %sno s’ha pogut preservar el propietari de %sno s’han pogut preservar els permisos de %sno s’han pogut preservar les dates de %sno s’ha pogut redirigir l’eixida estàndard d’errorsno s’ha pogut redirigir l’eixida estàndard d’errors a «/dev/null»no s’ha pogut eliminar %sno s’ha pogut eliminar el directori %sno s’ha pogut inhabilitar l’entrada estàndardno s’ha pogut reobrir %s amb el mode %sno s’ha pogut restaurar el context per defecte de creació de fitxersno s’ha pogut tornar al directori inicial de treballno s’ha pogut executar l’ordre %sno s’ha pogut establir el component «%s» del context de seguretat a %sno s’han pogut establir els grups suplementarisno s’ha pogut establir el context per defecte de creació de fitxers a %sno s’ha pogut establir l’identificador de grupno s’ha pogut establir el nou rang «%s»no s’ha pogut establir el nou rol «%s»no s’ha pogut establir el nou tipus «%s»no s’ha pogut establir el nou usuari «%s»no s’han pogut establir els grups suplementarisno s’ha pogut preparar la còpia de l’eixida estàndard d’errors per a que es tanque en fer exec()no s’ha pogut establir el context de seguretat de %s a %sno s’ha pogut establir l’identificador d’usuariha fallat stat() sobre %sno s’ha pogut inhabilitar «O_DIRECT» sobre %sno s’ha pogut modificar l’entorn amb %sha fallat fdatasync() sobre %sha fallat fflush()el número de camp %s és massa granel número de camp és zeroels camps i les posicions compten des d’1cua FIFOel fitxer número %d no està ordenatNo es poden combinar els operands fitxer amb «--files0-from».No es pot combinar un operand fitxer amb «--print-database» (-p).s’ha seleccionat i exclós alhora el tipus de sistema de fitxers %sha fallat la crida al sistema fork()el format %s acaba en «%%»el format %s no té una directiva «%%»el format %s té massa directives «%%»el format %s té una directiva «%%%c» desconegudano s’ha d’indicar una cadena de format quan s’empren amplàries igualadesha fallat fsync() sobre %sha fallat fts_close()ha fallat fts_read()getpass: no s’ha pogut obrir «/dev/tty»en obtenir els nous atributs de %sel grup de %s es manté en «%s» la funció iconv() no es troba disponiblela funció iconv() no és útilid=es descarten tots els argumentses descarta l’entradaes descarta l’entrada i s’afegeix l’eixida a %ses descarta l’entrada i es redirigeixen els errors a l’eixida estàndardes descarta l’amplària no vàlida de tabulació a la variable d’entorn TABSIZE: %ses descarta el valor no vàlid de la variable d’entorn QUOTING_STYLE: %ses descarta l’amplària no vàlida a la variable d’entorn COLUMNS: %ses descarten els arguments no‐opcióels camps d’unió %lu i %lu no són compatiblesels separadors no són compatiblesla contrasenya no és correctano es pot emprar «inotify», es recorrerà a l’enquestal’entrada ha desaparegutla línia d’entrada és massa llargano s’ha pogut moure entre dispositius: %s a %s; no s’ha pogut eliminar el destíl’argument «%3$s» de l’opció «%1$s%2$s» no és vàlidl’argument %2$s de l’opció «--%1$s» no és vàlidl’ajust %s no és vàlidl’argument %s no és vàlidl’argument %s no és vàlid per a %sl’estil de numeració de cos no és vàlid: %sel mode de memòria intermèdia «%s» no és vàlid per a «%s» la llista d’octets o camps no és vàlidael caràcter «%c» de la cadena de tipus %s no és vàlidla classe de caràcters %s no és vàlidael context no és vàlid: %sla conversió no és vàlidal’especificació de conversió al sufix no és vàlida: %cl’especificació de conversió al sufix no és vàlida: \%.3ola data %s no és vàlidael format de data «%s» no és vàlidl’interval decreixent no és vàlidel dispositiu %s %s no és vàlidel tipus de dispositiu %s no és vàlidel número de camp «%s» no és vàlidl’especificació de camp %s no és vàlidal’amplària de camp no és vàlida: %sel número de fitxer a l’especificació de camp no és vàlid: %sl’argument de coma flotant no és vàlid: «%s»l’estil de numeració de peu no és vàlid: «%s»l’especificació de precisió del format no és vàlidal’especificació d’amplada del format no és vàlidala mida de la separació no és vàlida: %sel grup no és vàlidel grup %s no és vàlidla llista de grups %s no és vàlidael grup no és vàlid: %sl’estil de numeració de capçalera no és vàlid: %sl’entrada no és vàlidael senyalador d’entrada no és vàlidel rang d’entrada no és vàlid: %sel número enter %s no és vàlidl’argument enter %s no és vàlidel nombre de línies no és vàlid: %sla disciplina de línia %s no és vàlidal’amplada del camp de números de línia no és vàlida: %sl’increment del número de línia no és vàlid: %sl’estil de numeració de línia no és vàlid: %sl’amplària de línia no és vàlida: %sel número major de dispositiu %s no és vàlidla profunditat màxima %s no és vàlidael número menor de dispositiu %s no és vàlidel mode no és vàlidel mode %s no és vàlidel mode no és vàlid: %sel número %s no és vàlidel número després de «,» no és vàlidel número després de «-» no és vàlidel número després de «.» no és vàlidel número a l’inici del camp no és vàlidel número de línies en blanc no és vàlid: %sel nombre d’octets no és vàlidel nombre d’octets a comparar no és vàlidel nombre d’octets a saltar no és vàlidel nombre de columnes no és vàlid: %sel nombre de camps a saltar no és vàlidel nombre de línies no és vàlidel nombre de línies no és vàlid: 0l’opció «%c» no és vàlidal’opció «%c» no és vàlida; «-AMPLADA» només es reconeix quan és la primera opció; empreu «-w AMPLADA» al seu llocla base «%c» del desplaçament no és vàlida; ha de ser un caràcter de [doxn]el senyalador d’eixida no és vàlidel rang de pàgines no és vàlid: %sla precisió no és vàlida: %sl’interval sense punt final no és vàlid: -el nombre de repeticions %s de la construcció «[c*n]» no és vàlidl’especificació no és vàlidael número inicial de línia no és vàlid: %sel senyalador d’estat no és vàlidel sufix %s no és vàlid perquè conté un separador de directorisel sufix de l’argument «%3$s» de l’opció «%1$s%2$s» no és vàlidl’amplària de tabulació no és vàlida: %sla plantilla %s no és vàlida perquè conté un separador de directorisla plantilla %s no és vàlida perquè és absoluta i esteu emprant «--tmpdir»l’interval de temps %s no és vàlidl’estil de data «%s» no és vàlidl’opció final «%c» no és vàlidala cadena de tipus no és vàlida: %sla cadena de tipus no és vàlida: %s; aquest sistema no proporciona un tipus de coma flotant de %lu octetsla cadena de tipus no és vàlida: %s; aquest sistema no proporciona un tipus enter de %lu octetsel nom de caràcter universal «\%c%0*x» no és vàlidl’usuari no és vàlidl’usuari %s no és vàlidl’amplada no és vàlida: %sla longitud d’ajustament no és vàlida: %sel nom buit de fitxer no és vàlidés perillós operar recursivament sobre %sés perillós operar recursivament sobre %s (com sobre %s)darrer=un dels components del nom de fitxer %s comença per «-»s’ha excedit el límit %lu per la longitud %lu del nom de fitxer %ss’ha excedit el límit %lu per la longitud %lu del component de nom de fitxer %sla memòria intermèdia basada en línies no té sentit per a l’entrada estàndardl’opció de nombre de línies «-%s%c…» és massa granel número de línia %s és menor que el número anterior, %sel comptador de línies s’ha desbordatl’argument màxim de l’opció «--%s» amb els límits actuals de recursos és %sla memòria s’ha exhauritcua de missatgesl’argument mínim de l’opció «--%s» és %sla construcció «[:upper:]» o «[:lower:]» està desalineadamanca l’especificació de conversió «%%» al sufixmanca «]»manca un argument després de %smanca un argument per a %smanca el nom de la classe de caràcters: «[::]»manca l’especificació de conversió al sufixmanca un operand fitxer destí després de %smanca el caràcter de la classe d’equivalència: «[==]»manca un operand fitxermanca un número hexadecimal a la seqüència d’escapadamanca la llista de campsmanca la llista de posicionsmanca un operandmanca un operand després de %sel mode només ha d’especificar bits de permisos de fitxers’ha canviat el mode de %s a %04lo (%s) el mode de %s es manté en %04lo (%s) %s és un separador multicaràcters’han especificat múltiples opcions «-i»s’han especificat múltiples opcions «-l» o «-t»s’han especificat múltiples programes de compressiós’han especificat múltiples delimitadorss’han especificat múltiples rangs de nivellss’han especificat múltiples fitxers d’eixidas’han especificat múltiples formats d’eixidas’han especificat múltiples fonts d’aleatorietats’han especificat múltiples modificadors relatiuss’han especificat múltiples rolss’han especificat múltiples directoris destís’han especificat múltiples tipuss’han especificat múltiples usuarisno s’han canviat ni l’enllaç simbòlic %s ni el fitxer apuntat no hi ha variable d’entorn SHELL ni s’ha indicat cap opció de tipus d’intèrpretno s’ha canviat el propietari de %s no s’ha especificat cap ordreno s’ha processat cap sistema de fitxersno resta cap fitxerel fitxer d’entrada %s no conté dadesno hi ha nom d’entradano s’ha especificat cap identificador de procésno es pot especificar cap tipus quan es transcriuen cadenesno s’ha indicat cap nom d’usuari; n’heu d’indicar almenys un si empreu «-l»l’argument no és enterel nom de fitxer %2$s conté el caràcter no portable %1$sno és un ttyno es copiarà a través de l’enllaç simbòlic trencat %sel número %s és massa granel nombre d’octetsel nombre de líniess’ha desbordat el desplaçament en llegir el fitxer %ses descarta el directori %snomés pot aparèixer una construcció de repetició «[c*]» a la segona cadenanomés es pot especificar un dispositiunomés es pot especificar un únic tipus de llistano s’ha pogut obriren obrir %sl’opció «%c» no és vàlida en aquest contextles opcions «--backup» i «--no-clobber» són mútuament excloentsles opcions «--compare» (-C) i «--preserve-timestamps» són mútuament excloentsles opcions «--compare» (-C) i «--strip» són mútuament excloentsles opcions «%s» no són compatibless’han esgotat els sufixs per als fitxers de sortidadesbordament en augmentar la mida del fitxer %sdesbordament en arrodonir cap amunt la mida del fitxer %sel propietari de %s es manté el propietari de %s es manté en «%s» el comptador de pàgines s’ha desbordatl’amplada de pàgina és insuficienten preservar els permisos de %sen preservar les dates de %sescriure totes les línies duplicades i el nombre de repeticions és absurdels extrems del rang «%s-%s» es troben en ordre inverserror de lecturano s’ha pogut llegirs’està llegint %sen llegir el directori %sel registre és massa granes redirigeixen els errors a l’eixida estàndardfitxer ordinari buitfitxer ordinaris’ha eliminat %s s’ha eliminat el directori: %s s’està eliminant el directori «%s»nivll execsemàforel separador no pot ser buitestabliu la variable LC_ALL a «C» per a evitar el problemaen establir els senyaladors de %sen establir els permisos de %sen establir les dates de %sobjecte de memòria compartida«skip-bytes» + «read-bytes» és massa granes salta %s perquè es troba en un altre dispositiues salta el fitxer %s, que va ser reemplaçat en ser copiatconnectoreixida estàndard d’errorsentrada estàndardl’entrada estàndard està tancadaeixida estàndardha fallat stat()eixida estàndard d’errorsentrada estàndardeixida estàndardl’especificació de camp conté un caràcter extraviatha fallat la comparació de cadenesha fallat la transformació de la cadenael procés «strip» ha finalitzat de forma anormaleliminar les línies no delimitades només té sentit quan s’opera amb campsenllaç simbòlicerror de sintaxiarrenca sistla distància de tabulació no pot ser 0la distància de tabulació conté caràcters no vàlids: %sles distàncies de tabulació han de ser ascendentsla distància de tabulació %s és massa granla distància de tabulació és massa granels tabuladors es troben massa separatsel destí %s no és un directorino es pot especificar el directori destí en instaŀlar un directorifin=test» o «[les opcions «--binary» i «--text» no tenen sentit a la comprovació de sumesl’opció «--compare» (-C) no es té en compte quan especifiqueu un mode amb bits que no corresponen a permisosl’opció «--context» (-Z) és obsoleta i serà eliminada en un llançament futurl’opció «--quiet» només té sentit a la comprovació de sumesl’opció «--status» només té sentit a la comprovació de sumesl’opció «--warn» només té sentit a la comprovació de sumesen traduir, la construcció «[c*]» només pot aparèxier a la segona cadenala construcció de repetició «[c*]» no pot aparèixer a la primera cadenamanca un «+» al davant de l’argument %s; quan empreu una opció per a especificar dates, cal que qualsevol argument no‐opció siga una cadena de format que comence per «+»el delimitador ha de ser un únic caràcterles opcions per a mostrar les propietats de forma llegible per humans i per «stty» són mútuament excloentsl’opció que mostra la base de dades interna de «dircolors» i la que selecciona una sintaxi d’intèrpret són mútuament excloentsno es poden emprar alhora les opcions per a mostrar i per a establir datesles opcions per a especificar dates a mostrar són mútuament excloentsLes cadenes comparades eren %s i %s.no es pot emprar l’opció «--strip» en instaŀlar un directorila cadena sense transformar era %sla data %s està fora de rangper a emprar l’identificador d’usuari %s també heu d’emprar l’opció «-g»la plantilla %s conté massa pocs caràcters «X»sobren especificacions de conversió «%%» al sufixel conjunt conté massa caràctershi ha massa línies repetidess’han indicat massa plantillestotalno s’ha pogut recórrer: %ss’està truncant %sobjecte de memòria amb tipusuid=%luno s’ha pogut mostrar el missatge d’errorno s’ha pogut registrar el directori de treball actualno s’ha pogut establir el context de seguretat «%s»error inesperat: fts_info=%d: %s Per favor, informeu %s.l’operador binari no és conegutl’estat d’eixida de l’ordre és desconegut (0x%X)flux desconegutl’identificador d’usuari no és conegut: %sel valor de la variable d’entorn LS_COLORS no és interpretablel’operand %s no és reconegutel prefix no és reconegut: %sen marxa %ld dia %2d:%02d, en marxa %ld dies %2d:%02d, en marxa ???? dies ??:??, empreu «--no-preserve-root» per a evitar aquesta comprovaciól’usuari «%s» no existeixno es pot indicar l’entrada estàndard (%s) en emprar el mode de sistema de fitxerss’està emprant l’aritmètica de precisió arbitràrias’empra l’intèrpret restringit «%s»s’està emprant l’aritmètica de precisió simpleen esperar la finalització de «%s [-d]»en esperar la finalització d’«strip»avís: %s: s’han descartat els caràcters que segueixen la constant caràcteravís: %s: no s’ha pogut canviar el context a «%s»avís: aquest sistema no permet l’opció «--pid=PID»avís: «--retry» sol ser útil només quan es segueix la pista d’un nomavís: es descarta el PID; «--pid=PID» només és útil en fer seguimentsavís: «touch %s» és obsoleta; empreu «touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d»avís: no és portable emprar una barra invertida sense escapada al final de la líniaavís: hi ha una barra invertida al final de la líniaavís: no s’ha pogut canviar al directori «%s»avís: no s’ha pogut eliminar: %savís: seguir indefinidament l’entrada estàndard no és efectiuavís: es descarten els arguments sobrants, començant per %savís: després de la lectura fallada el desplaçament de fitxer no és vàlidatenció: l’amplada %lu no és vàlida; s’emprarà %davís: el número de línia %s és el mateix que el número anterioravís: s’ha especificat el fitxer origen %s més d’una vegadaavís: resumir no és compatible amb «--max-depth=%lu»avís: resumir equival a utilitzar «--max-depth=0»avís: l’opció «--%s» és obsoleta; empreu «--reference»avís: la seqüència ambígua d’escapada en octal «\%c%c%c» s’interpreta com la seqüència de 2 octets «\0%c%c», «%c»avís: la seqüència d’escapada «\%c» no és reconegudaavís: s’evita un error del nucli en lseek() per al fitxer «%s» de tipus mt_type=0x%0lx —vegeu per a la llista de tipusfitxer estranysi no es trunca el primer joc, la segona cadena no pot ser nuŀlano es permet %s entre els noms de fitxer llegits per l’entrada estàndardno es poden establir modes en especificar un estil d’eixidaen traduir amb classes de caràcters complementàries, la segona cadena ha d’assignar tots els caràcters del domini a un de solen traduir, les úniques classes de caràcters que poden aparèixer a la segona cadena són «upper» i «lower»no es copiarà %s a través de l’enllaç simbòlic tot just creat %sno es crearà l’enllaç fort %s cap al directori %sno es sobreescriurà %s, tot just creat, amb %sen emprar «--parents», el destí ha de ser un directorien indicar «--suffix», cal que la plantilla %s acabe en «X»error d’escripturaerror en escriure %sno s’ha pogut escriureen escriure %sen escriure %scal que empreu les opcions «-c», «-t», «-u», «-l», «-r» o que especifiqueu un contextcal que especifiqueu una llista d’octets, caràcters o campscal que especifiqueu %s o %sPRIuMAXPRIdMAX%+% records in %+% records out % truncated record % truncated records % byte (%s) copied% bytes (%s) copiedoffset too large: cannot truncate to a length of seek=% (%lu-byte) blocksfailed to truncate to % bytes in output file %sfailed to allocate a % byte stdio buffer %s: %: improperly formatted %s checksum lineWARNING: % of % listed file could not be readWARNING: % of % listed files could not be readWARNING: % of % computed checksum did NOT matchWARNING: % of % computed checksums did NOT matchstarting page number % exceeds page count %Page %overflow in % * % byte blocks for file %struncating %s at % bytes%+% registres llegits %+% registres escrits % registre truncat % registres truncats % octet (%s) copiat% octets (%s) copiatsel desplaçament és massa gran: no es pot truncar a una longitud de % blocs de %lu octetsno s’ha pogut truncar a % octets al fitxer d’eixida %sno s’ha pogut reservar una memòria intermèdia de % octets per al flux estàndard %s: %: la línia de suma %s està mal formatadaavís: % de % fitxer llistat no s’ha pogut llegiravís: % de % fitxers llistats no s’han pogut llegiravís: % de % suma calculada NO coincideixavís: % de % sumes calculades NO coincideixenel número de pàgina inicial % excedeix el comptador de pàgines %Pàgina %desbordament en (% blocs * % octets/bloc) per al fitxer %sen truncar %s a % 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EXPRESSION EXPRESSION is false EXPRESSION1 -a EXPRESSION2 both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true EXPRESSION1 -o EXPRESSION2 either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true --check-order check that the input is correctly sorted, even if all input lines are pairable --nocheck-order do not check that the input is correctly sorted -1 suppress column 1 (lines unique to FILE1) -2 suppress column 2 (lines unique to FILE2) -3 suppress column 3 (lines that appear in both files) -a, --all same as -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot time of last system boot -d, --dead print dead processes -H, --heading print line of column headings -b FILE FILE exists and is block special -c FILE FILE exists and is character special -d FILE FILE exists and is a directory -e FILE FILE exists -l produce long format output for the specified USERs -b omit the user's home directory and shell in long format -h omit the user's project file in long format -p omit the user's plan file in long format -s do short format output, this is the default -n STRING the length of STRING is nonzero STRING equivalent to -n STRING -z STRING the length of STRING is zero STRING1 = STRING2 the strings are equal STRING1 != STRING2 the strings are not equal ARG1 * ARG2 arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 is less than ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 is equal to ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 is unequal to ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2 FILE1 -ef FILE2 FILE1 and FILE2 have the same device and inode numbers FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2 FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 is older than FILE2 INTEGER copy up to but not including specified line number /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copy up to but not including a matching line %REGEXP%[OFFSET] skip to, but not including a matching line {INTEGER} repeat the previous pattern specified number of times {*} repeat the previous pattern as many times as possible A line OFFSET is a required `+' or `-' followed by a positive integer. INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING length of STRING a number all lines t number only nonempty lines n number no lines pBRE number only lines that contain a match for the basic regular expression, BRE FORMAT is one of: ln left justified, no leading zeros rn right justified, no leading zeros rz right justified, leading zeros b create a block (buffered) special file c, u create a character (unbuffered) special file p create a FIFO # users=%lu -t is implied if PAGE_LENGTH <= 10. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. A field is a run of blanks (usually spaces and/or TABs), then non-blank characters. Fields are skipped before chars. A lightweight `finger' program; print user information. The utmp file will be %s. A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment. A mere - implies -l. If USER not given, assume root. After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number; then an optional modifier, which is either E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available. An omitted EXPRESSION defaults to false. Otherwise, EXPRESSION is true or false and sets exit status. It is one of: As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. BLOCKS and BYTES may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Each CONV symbol may be: Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. Both MAJOR and MINOR must be specified when TYPE is b, c, or u, and they must be omitted when TYPE is p. If MAJOR or MINOR begins with 0x or 0X, it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal; otherwise, as decimal. TYPE may be: By default, rm does not remove directories. Use the --recursive (-r or -R) option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents. By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: By default, sparse SOURCE files are detected by a crude heuristic and the corresponding DEST file is made sparse as well. That is the behavior selected by --sparse=auto. Specify --sparse=always to create a sparse DEST file whenever the SOURCE file contains a long enough sequence of zero bytes. Use --sparse=never to inhibit creation of sparse files. When --reflink[=always] is specified, perform a lightweight copy, where the data blocks are copied only when modified. If this is not possible the copy fails, or if --reflink=auto is specified, fall back to a standard copy. Combination settings: * [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase cbreak same as -icanon -cbreak same as icanon Control settings: [-]clocal disable modem control signals [-]cread allow input to be received * [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8] DURATION is an integer with an optional suffix: `s' for seconds(the default), `m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. Display values are in units of the first available SIZE from --block-size, and the %s_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables. Otherwise, units default to 1024 bytes (or 512 if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set). Each FLAG symbol may be: append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc suggested) Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Examples: %s -12 file1 file2 Print only lines present in both file1 and file2. %s -3 file1 file2 Print lines in file1 not in file2, and vice versa. Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Output "stdio". Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Output ".". Examples: %s f - g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. %s Copy standard input to standard output. Examples: %s root /u Change the owner of /u to "root". %s root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to "staff". %s -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root". Examples: %s staff /u Change the group of /u to "staff". %s -hR staff /u Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff". Except for -h and -L, all FILE-related tests dereference symbolic links. Beware that parentheses need to be escaped (e.g., by backslashes) for shells. INTEGER may also be -l STRING, which evaluates to the length of STRING. Exit status is 0 if EXPRESSION is neither null nor 0, 1 if EXPRESSION is null or 0, 2 if EXPRESSION is syntactically invalid, and 3 if an error occurred. Exit status: 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory), 2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument). FORMAT controls the output as in C printf. Interpreted sequences are: \" double quote FORMAT controls the output. Interpreted sequences are: %% a literal % %a locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun) Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. If -e is in effect, the following sequences are recognized: If FILE is -, shred standard output. Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified. The default is not to remove the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda, and those files usually should not be removed. When operating on regular files, most people use the --remove option. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual. If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. If FIRST or INCREMENT is omitted, it defaults to 1. That is, an omitted INCREMENT defaults to 1 even when LAST is smaller than FIRST. FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are interpreted as floating point values. INCREMENT is usually positive if FIRST is smaller than LAST, and INCREMENT is usually negative if FIRST is greater than LAST. If MODE is `0' the corresponding stream will be unbuffered. If MODE is `L' the corresponding stream will be line buffered. This option is invalid with standard input. If a FILE is -, copy again to standard output. If first and second call formats both apply, the second format is assumed if the last operand begins with + or (if there are 2 operands) a digit. An OFFSET operand means -j OFFSET. LABEL is the pseudo-address at first byte printed, incremented when dump is progressing. For OFFSET and LABEL, a 0x or 0X prefix indicates hexadecimal; suffixes may be . for octal and b for multiply by 512. If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). If standard input is a terminal, redirect it from /dev/null. If standard output is a terminal, append output to `nohup.out' if possible, `$HOME/nohup.out' otherwise. If standard error is a terminal, redirect it to standard output. To save output to FILE, use `%s COMMAND > FILE'. If the command times out, then exit with status 124. Otherwise, exit with the status of COMMAND. If no signal is specified, send the TERM signal upon timeout. The TERM signal kills any process that does not block or catch that signal. For other processes, it may be necessary to use the KILL (9) signal, since this signal cannot be caught. If the first character of K (the number of bytes or lines) is a `+', print beginning with the Kth item from the start of each file, otherwise, print the last K items in the file. K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Input settings: [-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal [-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline [-]ignbrk ignore break characters [-]igncr ignore carriage return K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Local settings: [-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings * -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings NOTE: If COMMAND adjusts the buffering of its standard streams (`tee' does for e.g.) then that will override corresponding settings changed by `stdbuf'. Also some filters (like `dd' and `cat' etc.) don't use streams for I/O, and are thus unaffected by `stdbuf' settings. NOTE: [ honors the --help and --version options, but test does not. test treats each of those as it treats any other nonempty STRING. NOTE: your shell may have its own version of %s, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. Note that if you use rm to remove a file, it might be possible to recover some of its contents, given sufficient expertise and/or time. For greater assurance that the contents are truly unrecoverable, consider using shred. Note that the -d and -t options accept different time-date formats. Note that the -r and -s options are mutually exclusive. Note, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. Note: 'uniq' does not detect repeated lines unless they are adjacent. You may want to sort the input first, or use `sort -u' without `uniq'. Also, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available. Otherwise MODE is a number which may be followed by one of the following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. In this case the corresponding stream will be fully buffered with the buffer size set to MODE bytes. Output settings: * bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1] * crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3] * ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1] * nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1] Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed to login group if implied by a `:' following a symbolic OWNER. OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic. POS is F[.C][OPTS], where F is the field number and C the character position in the field; both are origin 1. If neither -t nor -b is in effect, characters in a field are counted from the beginning of the preceding whitespace. OPTS is one or more single-letter ordering options, which override global ordering options for that key. If no key is given, use the entire line as the key. SIZE may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 RADIX is d for decimal, o for octal, x for hexadecimal or n for none. BYTES is hexadecimal with 0x or 0X prefix, and may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Adding a z suffix to any type displays printable characters at the end of each output line. Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: Report %s bugs to %s Report bugs to: %s SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIGNAL may be a signal name like `HUP', or a signal number like `1', or the exit status of a process terminated by a signal. PID is an integer; if negative it identifies a process group. SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). SIZE may also be prefixed by one of the following modifying characters: `+' extend by, `-' reduce by, `<' at most, `>' at least, `/' round down to multiple of, `%' round up to multiple of. SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Sending a %s signal to a running `dd' process makes it print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s Options are: Special characters: * dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input) eol CHAR CHAR will end the line Special settings: N set the input and output speeds to N bauds * cols N tell the kernel that the terminal has N columns * columns N same as cols N TYPE is made up of one or more of these specifications: a named character, ignoring high-order bit c ASCII character or backslash escape The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: The data are encoded as described for the base64 alphabet in RFC 3548. When decoding, the input may contain newlines in addition to the bytes of the formal base64 alphabet. Use --ignore-garbage to attempt to recover from any other non-alphabet bytes in the encoded stream. The following three options are useful only when verifying checksums: --quiet don't print OK for each successfully verified file --status don't output anything, status code shows success -w, --warn warn about improperly formatted checksum lines The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. The valid format sequences for files (without --file-system): %a Access rights in octal %A Access rights in human readable form %b Number of blocks allocated (see %B) %B The size in bytes of each block reported by %b %C SELinux security context string This install program copies files (often just compiled) into destination locations you choose. If you want to download and install a ready-to-use package on a GNU/Linux system, you should instead be using a package manager like yum(1) or apt-get(1). In the first three forms, copy SOURCE to DEST or multiple SOURCE(s) to the existing DIRECTORY, while setting permission modes and owner/group. In the 4th form, create all components of the given DIRECTORY(ies). To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo', use one of these commands: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Traditional format specifications may be intermixed; they accumulate: -a same as -t a, select named characters, ignoring high-order bit -b same as -t o1, select octal bytes -c same as -t c, select ASCII characters or backslash escapes -d same as -t u2, select unsigned decimal 2-byte units Translation occurs if -d is not given and both SET1 and SET2 appear. -t may be used only when translating. SET2 is extended to length of SET1 by repeating its last character as necessary. Excess characters of SET2 are ignored. Only [:lower:] and [:upper:] are guaranteed to expand in ascending order; used in SET2 while translating, they may only be used in pairs to specify case conversion. -s uses SET1 if not translating nor deleting; else squeezing uses SET2 and occurs after translation or deletion. Unless -t CHAR is given, leading blanks separate fields and are ignored, else fields are separated by CHAR. Any FIELD is a field number counted from 1. FORMAT is one or more comma or blank separated specifications, each being `FILENUM.FIELD' or `0'. Default FORMAT outputs the join field, the remaining fields from FILE1, the remaining fields from FILE2, all separated by CHAR. Important: FILE1 and FILE2 must be sorted on the join fields. E.g., use ` sort -k 1b,1 ' if `join' has no options, or use ` join -t '' ' if `sort' has no options. Note, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. If the input is not sorted and some lines cannot be joined, a warning message will be given. Use one, and only one of -b, -c or -f. Each LIST is made up of one range, or many ranges separated by commas. Selected input is written in the same order that it is read, and is written exactly once. Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it. With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. With no options, produce three-column output. Column one contains lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2, and column three contains lines common to both files. Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. ??? --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -f, --force do not prompt before overwriting -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file If you specify more than one of -i, -f, -n, only the final one takes effect. --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories (note: will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the superuser) -f, --force remove existing destination files --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -c (ignored) -C, --compare compare each pair of source and destination files, and in some cases, do not modify the destination at all -d, --directory treat all arguments as directory names; create all components of the specified directories --batch-size=NMERGE merge at most NMERGE inputs at once; for more use temp files --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks. See SIZE format below -B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~ -c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime --complement complement the set of selected bytes, characters or fields --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -L, --max-line-length print the length of the longest line -w, --words print the word counts --files0-from=F summarize disk usage of the NUL-terminated file names specified in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -H equivalent to --dereference-args (-D) -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si like -h, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 --from=CURRENT_OWNER:CURRENT_GROUP change the owner and/or group of each file only if its current owner and/or group match those specified here. Either may be omitted, in which case a match is not required for the omitted attribute --group-directories-first group directories before files. augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping --help display this help and exit --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode print the index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k like --block-size=1K --lookup attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS -m only hostname and user associated with stdin -p, --process print active processes spawned by init --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially --preserve-root do not remove `/' (default) -r, -R, --recursive remove directories and their contents recursively -v, --verbose explain what is being done --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST don't preserve the specified attributes --parents use full source file name under DIRECTORY --one-file-system when removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any directory that is on a file system different from that of the corresponding command line argument --pid=PID with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies -q, --quiet, --silent never output headers giving file names --retry keep trying to open a file even when it is or becomes inaccessible; useful when following by name, i.e., with --follow=name --preserve-context preserve SELinux security context -Z, --context=CONTEXT set SELinux security context of files and directories --reference=RFILE use RFILE's security context rather than specifying a CONTEXT value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC output date and time in RFC 3339 format. TIMESPEC=`date', `seconds', or `ns' for date and time to the indicated precision. Date and time components are separated by a single space: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=STRING set time described by STRING -u, --utc, --universal print or set Coordinated Universal Time --sort=WORD sort according to WORD: general-numeric -g, human-numeric -h, month -M, numeric -n, random -R, version -V -V, --version-sort natural sort of (version) numbers within text --sparse=WHEN control creation of sparse files. See below --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix --suffix=SUFF append SUFF to TEMPLATE. SUFF must not contain slash. This option is implied if TEMPLATE does not end in X. --time show time of the last modification of any file in the directory, or any of its subdirectories --time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status --time-style=STYLE show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT FORMAT is interpreted like `date' --time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale --tmpdir[=DIR] interpret TEMPLATE relative to DIR. If DIR is not specified, use $TMPDIR if set, else /tmp. With this option, TEMPLATE must not be an absolute name. Unlike with -t, TEMPLATE may contain slashes, but mktemp creates only the final component --verbose print a diagnostic just before each output file is opened --version output version information and exit --all print the number of installed processors --ignore=N if possible, exclude N processing units Size Used Avail Use% Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Size Used Avail Use% -evenp same as -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7 nl same as -icrnl -onlcr -nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-') [-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty [-]hupcl same as [-]hup [-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input [-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-') [-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors * [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character [-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return [-]inpck enable input parity checking [-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters [-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters [-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters * [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal * [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\' for uppercase characters cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values -cooked same as raw crt same as echoe echoctl echoke dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany ek erase and kill characters to their default values evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N set the input speed to N * line N use line discipline N min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read ospeed N set the output speed to N oddp same as parenb parodd cs7 -oddp same as -parenb cs8 [-]parity same as [-]evenp pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7 raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw same as cooked sane same as cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke, all special characters to their default values stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal * swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer * werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed %% a single % %b ARGUMENT as a string with `\' escapes interpreted, except that octal escapes are of the form \0 or \0NNN and all C format specifications ending with one of diouxXfeEgGcs, with ARGUMENTs converted to proper type first. Variable widths are handled. %A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday) %b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan) %B locale's full month name (e.g., January) %c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005) %C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20) %d day of month (e.g, 01) %D date; same as %m/%d/%y %e day of month, space padded; same as %_d %F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d %g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G) %G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V %S second (00..60) %t a tab %T time; same as %H:%M:%S %u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday %U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) %V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53) %w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday %W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53) %d Device number in decimal %D Device number in hex %f Raw mode in hex %F File type %g Group ID of owner %G Group name of owner %h Number of hard links %i Inode number %n File name %N Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link %o I/O block size %s Total size, in bytes %t Major device type in hex %T Minor device type in hex %h same as %b %H hour (00..23) %I hour (01..12) %j day of year (001..366) %i File System ID in hex %l Maximum length of filenames %n File name %s Block size (for faster transfers) %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) %t Type in hex %T Type in human readable form %k hour ( 0..23) %l hour ( 1..12) %m month (01..12) %M minute (00..59) %n a newline %N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) %p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known %P like %p, but lower case %r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM) %R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M %s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u User ID of owner %U User name of owner %x Time of last access %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch %y Time of last modification %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch %z Time of last change %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch %x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99) %X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48) %y last two digits of year (00..99) %Y year %z +hhmm numeric timezone (e.g., -0400) %:z +hh:mm numeric timezone (e.g., -04:00) %::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00) %:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30) %Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT) By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes. + TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like `match' or an operator like `/' ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION +FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE], --pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE] begin [stop] printing with page FIRST_[LAST_]PAGE -COLUMN, --columns=COLUMN output COLUMN columns and print columns down, unless -a is used. Balance number of lines in the columns on each page --output-delimiter=STR separate columns with STR --userspec=USER:GROUP specify user and group (ID or name) to use --groups=G_LIST specify supplementary groups as g1,g2,..,gN -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -A, --auto-reference output automatically generated references -G, --traditional behave more like System V `ptx' -F, --flag-truncation=STRING use STRING for flagging line truncations -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks -b, --bytes equivalent to `--apparent-size --block-size=1' -c, --total produce a grand total -D, --dereference-args dereference only symlinks that are listed on the command line -C list entries by columns --color[=WHEN] colorize the output. WHEN defaults to `always' or can be `never' or `auto'. More info below -d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links -D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode -D create all leading components of DEST except the last, then copy SOURCE to DEST -g, --group=GROUP set group ownership, instead of process' current group -m, --mode=MODE set permission mode (as in chmod), instead of rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=OWNER set ownership (super-user only) -D, --all-repeated[=delimit-method] print all duplicate lines delimit-method={none(default),prepend,separate} Delimiting is done with blank lines -f, --skip-fields=N avoid comparing the first N fields -i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing -s, --skip-chars=N avoid comparing the first N characters -u, --unique only print unique lines -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names -h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line follow symbolic links listed on the command line --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory --hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A) -I prompt once before removing more than three files, or when removing recursively. Less intrusive than -i, while still giving protection against most mistakes --interactive[=WHEN] prompt according to WHEN: never, once (-I), or always (-i). Without WHEN, prompt always -L FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h) -O FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID -p FILE FILE exists and is a named pipe -r FILE FILE exists and read permission is granted -s FILE FILE exists and has a size greater than zero -L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links -P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default) -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -S, --separate-dirs do not include size of subdirectories -s, --summarize display only a total for each argument -L, --logical use PWD from environment, even if it contains symlinks -P, --physical avoid all symlinks -M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx' -O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives -R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences -T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives -N, --read-bytes=BYTES limit dump to BYTES input bytes -S, --strings[=BYTES] output strings of at least BYTES graphic chars -t, --format=TYPE select output format or formats -v, --output-duplicates do not use * to mark line suppression -w, --width[=BYTES] output BYTES bytes per output line --traditional accept arguments in traditional form -P, --portability use the POSIX output format --sync invoke sync before getting usage info -t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE -T, --print-type print file system type -x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE -v (ignored) -R, -r, --recursive copy directories recursively --reflink[=WHEN] control clone/CoW copies. See below --remove-destination remove each existing destination file before attempting to open it (contrast with --force) -S sort by file size --sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time -S FILE FILE exists and is a socket -t FD file descriptor FD is opened on a terminal -u FILE FILE exists and its set-user-ID bit is set -w FILE FILE exists and write permission is granted -x FILE FILE exists and execute (or search) permission is granted -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create the links -T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file -v, --verbose print name of each linked file -SSTRING, --sep-string[=STRING] separate columns by STRING, without -S: Default separator with -J and otherwise (same as -S" "), no effect on column options -t, --omit-header omit page headers and trailers -T, --omit-pagination omit page headers and trailers, eliminate any pagination by form feeds set in input files -v, --show-nonprinting use octal backslash notation -w, --width=PAGE_WIDTH set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters for multiple text-column output only, -s[char] turns off (72) -T, -w, --mesg add user's message status as +, - or ? -u, --users list users logged in --message same as -T --writable same as -T -W, --page-width=PAGE_WIDTH set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters always, truncate lines, except -J option is set, no interference with -S or -s -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword -b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting -g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields -i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE -o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of NAME to CTX -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each NAME to CTX -a change only the access time -c, --no-create do not create any files -d, --date=STRING parse STRING and use it instead of current time -f (ignored) -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -a, --all do not ignore entries starting with . -A, --almost-all do not list implied . and .. --author with -l, print the author of each file -b, --escape print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters -a, --all include dummy file systems -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks --total produce a grand total -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories --apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be larger due to holes in (`sparse') files, internal fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like -a, --all convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks --first-only convert only leading sequences of blanks (overrides -a) -t, --tabs=N have tabs N characters apart instead of 8 (enables -a) -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated LIST of tab positions (enables -a) -a, --archive same as -dR --preserve=all --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument --copy-contents copy contents of special files when recursive -d same as --no-dereference --preserve=links -a, --suffix-length=N use suffixes of length N (default %d) -b, --bytes=SIZE put SIZE bytes per output file -C, --line-bytes=SIZE put at most SIZE bytes of lines per output file -d, --numeric-suffixes use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic -l, --lines=NUMBER put NUMBER lines per output file -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline -b, --binary read in binary mode -b, --binary read in binary mode (default unless reading tty stdin) -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -b, --bytes=LIST select only these bytes -c, --characters=LIST select only these characters -d, --delimiter=DELIM use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignore leading blanks -d, --dictionary-order consider only blanks and alphanumeric characters -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case characters -b, --suffix-format=FORMAT use sprintf FORMAT instead of %02d -f, --prefix=PREFIX use PREFIX instead of `xx' -k, --keep-files do not remove output files on errors -c --format=FORMAT use the specified FORMAT instead of the default; output a newline after each use of FORMAT --printf=FORMAT like --format, but interpret backslash escapes, and do not output a mandatory trailing newline. If you want a newline, include \n in FORMAT -t, --terse print the information in terse form -c, --bytes=K output the last K bytes; alternatively, use -c +K to output bytes starting with the Kth of each file -c, --bytes=[-]K print the first K bytes of each file; with the leading `-', print all but the last K bytes of each file -n, --lines=[-]K print the first K lines instead of the first 10; with the leading `-', print all but the last K lines of each file -c, --check read %s sums from the FILEs and check them -c, --check, --check=diagnose-first check for sorted input; do not sort -C, --check=quiet, --check=silent like -c, but do not report first bad line --compress-program=PROG compress temporaries with PROG; decompress them with PROG -d --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -c, --crown-margin preserve indentation of first two lines -p, --prefix=STRING reformat only lines beginning with STRING, reattaching the prefix to reformatted lines -s, --split-only split long lines, but do not refill -c, --no-create do not create any files -d, --decode decode data -i, --ignore-garbage when decoding, ignore non-alphabet characters -w, --wrap=COLS wrap encoded lines after COLS character (default 76). Use 0 to disable line wrapping -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -d, --directory create a directory, not a file -u, --dry-run do not create anything; merely print a name (unsafe) -q, --quiet suppress diagnostics about file/dir-creation failure -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes -e, --echo treat each ARG as an input line -i, --input-range=LO-HI treat each number LO through HI as an input line -n, --head-count=COUNT output at most COUNT lines -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries --file-type likewise, except do not append `*' --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso -f omit the line of column headings in short format -w omit the user's full name in short format -i omit the user's full name and remote host in short format -q omit the user's full name, remote host and idle time in short format -f same as -t fF, select floats -i same as -t dI, select decimal ints -l same as -t dL, select decimal longs -o same as -t o2, select octal 2-byte units -s same as -t d2, select decimal 2-byte units -x same as -t x2, select hexadecimal 2-byte units -f FILE FILE exists and is a regular file -g FILE FILE exists and is set-group-ID -G FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID -h FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L) -k FILE FILE exists and has its sticky bit set -f, --canonicalize canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively; all but the last component must exist -e, --canonicalize-existing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, all components must exist -f, --fields=LIST select only these fields; also print any line that contains no delimiter character, unless the -s option is specified -n (ignored) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -f, --force if an existing destination file cannot be opened, remove it and try again (redundant if the -n option is used) -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite (overrides a previous -n option) -H follow command-line symbolic links in SOURCE -f, --force change permissions to allow writing if necessary -n, --iterations=N overwrite N times instead of the default (%d) --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -s, --size=N shred this many bytes (suffixes like K, M, G accepted) -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --reference=RFILE use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values -R, --recursive change files and directories recursively -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's group rather than specifying a GROUP value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's owner and group rather than specifying OWNER:GROUP values -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -g like -l, but do not list owner -g GID[,GID1...] also set the primary group-ID to the numeric GID, and (if specified) supplemental group IDs to GID1, ... -g, --general-numeric-sort compare according to general numerical value -i, --ignore-nonprinting consider only printable characters -M, --month-sort compare (unknown) < `JAN' < ... < `DEC' -h, --header-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering header lines -i, --line-increment=NUMBER line number increment at each line -l, --join-blank-lines=NUMBER group of NUMBER empty lines counted as one -n, --number-format=FORMAT insert line numbers according to FORMAT -p, --no-renumber do not reset line numbers at logical pages -s, --number-separator=STRING add STRING after (possible) line number -h, --header=HEADER use a centered HEADER instead of filename in page header, -h "" prints a blank line, don't use -h"" -i[CHAR[WIDTH]], --output-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] replace spaces with CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -J, --join-lines merge full lines, turns off -W line truncation, no column alignment, --sep-string[=STRING] sets separators -h, --human-numeric-sort compare human readable numbers (e.g., 2K 1G) -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the timestamps of a symlink) -m change only the modification time -i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing fields -j FIELD equivalent to `-1 FIELD -2 FIELD' -o FORMAT obey FORMAT while constructing output line -t CHAR use CHAR as input and output field separator -i, --initial do not convert tabs after non blanks -t, --tabs=NUMBER have tabs NUMBER characters apart, not 8 -i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage -k like --block-size=1K -l, --local limit listing to local file systems --no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) -i, --input=MODE adjust standard input stream buffering -o, --output=MODE adjust standard output stream buffering -e, --error=MODE adjust standard error stream buffering -i, --interactive prompt whether to remove destinations -L, --logical make hard links to symbolic link references -n, --no-dereference treat destination that is a symlink to a directory as if it were a normal file -P, --physical make hard links directly to symbolic links -s, --symbolic make symbolic links instead of hard links -k like --block-size=1K -l, --count-links count sizes many times if hard linked -m like --block-size=1M -k, --key=POS1[,POS2] start a key at POS1 (origin 1), end it at POS2 (default end of line) -m, --merge merge already sorted files; do not sort -k, --kill-after=DURATION also send a KILL signal if COMMAND is still running this long after the initial signal was sent. -s, --signal=SIGNAL specify the signal to be sent on timeout. SIGNAL may be a name like `HUP' or a number. See `kill -l` for a list of signals -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -l, --length=PAGE_LENGTH set the page length to PAGE_LENGTH (66) lines (default number of lines of text 56, and with -F 63) -m, --merge print all files in parallel, one in each column, truncate lines, but join lines of full length with -J -l, --link link files instead of copying -L, --dereference always follow symbolic links in SOURCE -l, --login print system login processes -m, --canonicalize-missing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, without requirements on components existence -n, --no-newline do not output the trailing newline -q, --quiet, -s, --silent suppress most error messages -v, --verbose report error messages -m, --mode=MODE set file permission bits to MODE, not a=rw - umask -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each created directory to CTX -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -n, --lines=K output the last K lines, instead of the last %d; or use -n +K to output lines starting with the Kth --max-unchanged-stats=N with --follow=name, reopen a FILE which has not changed size after N (default %d) iterations to see if it has been unlinked or renamed (this is the usual case of rotated log files) -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file (overrides a previous -i option) -P, --no-dereference never follow symbolic links in SOURCE -n, --numeric-sort compare according to string numerical value -R, --random-sort sort by random hash of keys --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -r, --reverse reverse the result of comparisons -n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o like -l, but do not list group information -p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories -n[SEP[DIGITS]], --number-lines[=SEP[DIGITS]] number lines, use DIGITS (5) digits, then SEP (TAB), default counting starts with 1st line of input file -N, --first-line-number=NUMBER start counting with NUMBER at 1st line of first page printed (see +FIRST_PAGE) -o, --indent=MARGIN offset each line with MARGIN (zero) spaces, do not affect -w or -W, MARGIN will be added to PAGE_WIDTH -r, --no-file-warnings omit warning when a file cannot be opened -o, --io-blocks treat SIZE as number of IO blocks instead of bytes -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output -s, --stable stabilize sort by disabling last-resort comparison -S, --buffer-size=SIZE use SIZE for main memory buffer -p same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps --preserve[=ATTR_LIST] preserve the specified attributes (default: mode,ownership,timestamps), if possible additional attributes: context, links, xattr, all -p DIR use DIR as a prefix; implies -t [deprecated] -t interpret TEMPLATE as a single file name component, relative to a directory: $TMPDIR, if set; else the directory specified via -p; else /tmp [deprecated] -p, --parents remove DIRECTORY and its ancestors; e.g., `rmdir -p a/b/c' is similar to `rmdir a/b/c a/b a' -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every directory processed -p, --preserve-timestamps apply access/modification times of SOURCE files to corresponding destination files -s, --strip strip symbol tables --strip-program=PROGRAM program used to strip binaries -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -v, --verbose print the name of each directory as it is created -q, --count all login names and number of users logged on -r, --runlevel print current runlevel -s, --short print only name, line, and time (default) -t, --time print last system clock change -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -r, --reference=FILE display the last modification time of FILE -R, --rfc-2822 output date and time in RFC 2822 format. Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=FILE use this FILE's size -s, --size=SIZE use this SIZE -r, --reference=FILE use this file's times instead of current time -t STAMP use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time --time=WORD change the specified time: WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent to -a WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to -m -r, --references first field of each line is a reference -t, --typeset-mode - not implemented - -w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded -r, --reverse reverse order while sorting -R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively -s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL specify the name or number of the signal to be sent -l, --list list signal names, or convert signal names to/from numbers -t, --table print a table of signal information -s, --sleep-interval=N with -f, sleep for approximately N seconds (default 1.0) between iterations -v, --verbose always output headers giving file names -s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -s[CHAR], --separator[=CHAR] separate columns by a single character, default for CHAR is the character without -w and 'no char' with -w -s[CHAR] turns off line truncation of all 3 column options (-COLUMN|-a -COLUMN|-m) except -w is set -t sort by modification time -T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP use SEP instead of non-blank to blank transition -T, --temporary-directory=DIR use DIR for temporaries, not $TMPDIR or %s; multiple options specify multiple directories -u, --unique with -c, check for strict ordering; without -c, output only the first of an equal run -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -t, --tagged-paragraph indentation of first line different from second -u, --uniform-spacing one space between words, two after sentences -w, --width=WIDTH maximum line width (default of 75 columns) -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -u, --update move only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -t, --text read in text mode (default if reading tty stdin) -t, --text read in text mode (default) -u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time -U do not sort; list entries in directory order -v natural sort of (version) numbers within text -u, --remove truncate and remove file after overwriting -v, --verbose show progress -x, --exact do not round file sizes up to the next full block; this is the default for non-regular files -z, --zero add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system -u, --user=USER set user USER in the target security context -r, --role=ROLE set role ROLE in the target security context -t, --type=TYPE set type TYPE in the target security context -l, --range=RANGE set range RANGE in the target security context -v FILENUM like -a FILENUM, but suppress joined output lines -1 FIELD join on this FIELD of file 1 -2 FIELD join on this FIELD of file 2 --check-order check that the input is correctly sorted, even if all input lines are pairable --nocheck-order do not check that the input is correctly sorted --header treat the first line in each file as field headers, print them without trying to pair them -v, --kernel-version print the kernel version -m, --machine print the machine hardware name -p, --processor print the processor type or "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform print the hardware platform or "unknown" -o, --operating-system print the operating system -v, --starting-line-number=NUMBER first line number on each logical page -w, --number-width=NUMBER use NUMBER columns for line numbers -w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines -w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value -x list entries by lines instead of by columns -X sort alphabetically by entry extension -Z, --context print any SELinux security context of each file -1 list one file per line -x, --one-file-system skip directories on different file systems -X, --exclude-from=FILE exclude files that match any pattern in FILE --exclude=PATTERN exclude files that match PATTERN --max-depth=N print the total for a directory (or file, with --all) only if it is N or fewer levels below the command line argument; --max-depth=0 is the same as --summarize -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline Processes in an uninterruptible sleep state also contribute to the load average. [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \0NNN byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits) \xHH byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits) \NNN byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits) \xHH byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits) \uHHHH Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character with hex value HHHH (4 digits) \UHHHHHHHH Unicode character with hex value HHHHHHHH (8 digits) \\ backslash \a alert (BEL) \b backspace \c produce no further output \e escape \f form feed \n new line \r carriage return \t horizontal tab \v vertical tab \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline lcase change upper case to lower case binary use binary I/O for data cio use concurrent I/O for data d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer direct use direct I/O for data directory fail unless a directory dsync use synchronized I/O for data fullblock accumulate full blocks of input (iflag only) if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin iflag=FLAGS read as per the comma separated symbol list obs=BYTES write BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout oflag=FLAGS write as per the comma separated symbol list seek=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS obs-sized blocks at start of output skip=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS ibs-sized blocks at start of input status=noxfer suppress transfer statistics noatime do not update access time nocreat do not create the output file excl fail if the output file already exists notrunc do not truncate the output file ucase change lower case to upper case swab swap every pair of input bytes noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file noerror continue after read errors sync pad every input block with NULs to ibs-size; when used with block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing fsync likewise, but also write metadata nofollow do not follow symlinks nolinks fail if multiply-linked nonblock use non-blocking I/O none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups sync likewise, but also for metadata text use text I/O for data %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% %H:%M%P %s-blocks Used Available Capacity (backup: %s) * [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c') [-]echo echo input characters * [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho [-]echoe same as [-]crterase [-]echok echo a newline after a kill character * [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill [-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters * [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\' and '/' [-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters [-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters * [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase * [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character [-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters [-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control [-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence) [-]tandem same as [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded * [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline * [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters * [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays * [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase * [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline * [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return * [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column [-]opost postprocess output * tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3] * tabs same as tab0 * -tabs same as tab3 * vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1] * eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line * lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal * rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it * rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows * size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel speed print the terminal speed time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second ??:???? Mounted on TTY context=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu groups= old on repetition %s % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %.*s: invalid conversion specification%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu user%lu users%s%s (for regexp %s)%s -> %s (unbackup) %s [-d] terminated abnormally%s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has appeared; following end of new file%s has become accessible%s has become inaccessible%s has been replaced with a remote file. giving up on this name%s has been replaced with an untailable file; giving up on this name%s has been replaced; following end of new file%s has unknown file type%s has unusable, apparently negative size%s home page: <%s> %s home page: %s is not a valid positive integer%s is too large%s may be used only on a SELinux kernel%s was specified but %s was not%s%s argument `%s' too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s: line number out of range%s: %s: match not found%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: binary operator expected%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot change nonblocking mode%s: cannot find name for user ID %lu %s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot lseek back to original position%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot rewind%s: cannot seek%s: cannot seek to end-relative offset %s%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: cannot seek to relative offset %s%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: cannot skip%s: cannot skip to specified offset%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: couldn't reset non-blocking mode%s: descend into directory %s? %s: descend into write-protected directory %s? %s: end of file%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: error truncating%s: error writing at offset %s%s: expected a numeric value%s: failed to close%s: failed to open for writing%s: failed to remove%s: fcntl failed%s: fdatasync failed%s: file has negative size%s: file has shrunk too much%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: fstat failed%s: fsync failed%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input contains an odd number of tokens%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid count at start of %s%s: invalid directive%s: invalid field specification %s%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of passes%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid number to ignore%s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: lseek failed%s: multiple signals specified%s: new permissions are %s, not %s%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: no size information for this device%s: not listing already-listed directory%s: number of bytes is too large%s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '--%s' requires an argument %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option '-W %s' requires an argument %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove all arguments recursively? %s: remove all arguments? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s: seek failed%s: too many checksum lines%s: try to overwrite %s, overriding mode %04lo (%s)? %s: unable to determine maximum file name length%s: unable to perform all requested operations%s: unary operator expected%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: value not completely converted%s: write error%s:%lu: invalid line; missing second token%s:%lu: invalid zero-length file name%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}''')' expected')' expected, found %s(C)* file systems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS version 3 clients * compressed file systems * log-structured or journaled file systems, such as those supplied with AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.) * file systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes fail, such as RAID-based file systems * file systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server , load average: %.2f, %g s, %s/s --%s argument %s too large--context (-Z) works only on an SELinux-enabled kernel--reflink can be used only with --sparse=auto-R --dereference requires either -H or -L-R -h requires -P-ef does not accept -l-nt does not accept -l-ot does not accept -l??? ?????AbortedAddress family for hostname not supportedAlarm clockAll arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. All requests doneArgument buffer too smallArnold RobbinsBad system callBad value for ai_flagsBrian FoxBroken pipeBus errorCAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important assumption: that the file system overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern file system designs do not satisfy this assumption. The following are examples of file systems on which shred is not effective, or is not guaranteed to be effective in all file system modes: COMMENTCPU time limit exceededCall the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1. Call the unlink function to remove the specified FILE. Change the effective user id and group id to that of USER. -, -l, --login make the shell a login shell -c, --command=COMMAND pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c -f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment do not reset environment variables -p same as -m -s, --shell=SHELL run SHELL if /etc/shells allows it Change the group of each FILE to GROUP. With --reference, change the group of each FILE to that of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the security context of each FILE to CONTEXT. With --reference, change the security context of each FILE to that of RFILE. -h, --no-dereference affect symbolic links instead of any referenced file Chet RameyChild exitedColin PlumbCompare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output. -A, --show-all equivalent to -vET -b, --number-nonblank number nonempty output lines -e equivalent to -vE -E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line -n, --number number all output lines -s, --squeeze-blank suppress repeated empty output lines ContinuedConvert blanks in each FILE to tabs, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Copy a file, converting and formatting according to the operands. bs=BYTES read and write BYTES bytes at a time (also see ibs=,obs=) cbs=BYTES convert BYTES bytes at a time conv=CONVS convert the file as per the comma separated symbol list count=BLOCKS copy only BLOCKS input blocks ibs=BYTES read BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. -a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals Create a temporary file or directory, safely, and print its name. TEMPLATE must contain at least 3 consecutive `X's in last component. If TEMPLATE is not specified, use tmp.XXXXXXXXXX, and --tmpdir is implied. Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDiagnose invalid or unportable file names. -p check for most POSIX systems -P check for empty names and leading "-" --portability check for all POSIX systems (equivalent to -p -P) Directory: Display file or file system status. -L, --dereference follow links -f, --file-system display file system status instead of file status Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date. -d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not `now' -f, --file=DATEFILE like --date once for each line of DATEFILE Dmitry V. LevinDrop any supplemental groups, assume the user-ID and group-ID of the specified USER (numeric ID or user name), and run COMMAND with any specified ARGUMENTs. Exit with status 111 if unable to assume the required user and group ID. Otherwise, exit with the exit status of COMMAND. This program is useful only when run by root (user ID zero). EMT trapEXITEach range is one of: N N'th byte, character or field, counted from 1 N- from N'th byte, character or field, to end of line N-M from N'th to M'th (included) byte, character or field -M from first to M'th (included) byte, character or field With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Echo the STRING(s) to standard output. -n do not output the trailing newline Eric BlakeExit with a status code indicating failure.Exit with a status code indicating success.Exit with the status determined by EXPRESSION. F. PinardFAILEDFIXME: unknownFORMAT must be suitable for printing one argument of type `double'; it defaults to %.PRECf if FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are all fixed point decimal numbers with maximum precision PREC, and to %g otherwise. Fifos do not have major and minor device numbers.File size limit exceededFilesystem Filesystem TypeFilter adjacent matching lines from INPUT (or standard input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output). With no options, matching lines are merged to the first occurrence. Floating point exceptionFor complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' For each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by whitespace. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input. -a FILENUM print unpairable lines coming from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2 -e EMPTY replace missing input fields with EMPTY Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block. General help using GNU software: Giuseppe ScrivanoH. Peter AnvinHangupI/O possibleIDLEIan Lance TaylorIdleIf FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Illegal instructionIn addition, file system backups and remote mirrors may contain copies of the file that cannot be removed, and that will allow a shredded file to be recovered later. In real life: In the 1st form, create a link to TARGET with the name LINK_NAME. In the 2nd form, create a link to TARGET in the current directory. In the 3rd and 4th forms, create links to each TARGET in DIRECTORY. Create hard links by default, symbolic links with --symbolic. When creating hard links, each TARGET must exist. Symbolic links can hold arbitrary text; if later resolved, a relative link is interpreted in relation to its parent directory. In the case of ext3 file systems, the above disclaimer applies (and shred is thus of limited effectiveness) only in data=journal mode, which journals file data in addition to just metadata. In both the data=ordered (default) and data=writeback modes, shred works as usual. Ext3 journaling modes can be changed by adding the data=something option to the mount options for a particular file system in the /etc/fstab file, as documented in the mount man page (man mount). Infinity BInformation requestInterruptInterrupted by a signalInvalid back referenceInvalid character class nameInvalid collation characterInvalid content of \{\}Invalid preceding regular expressionInvalid range endInvalid regular expressionJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfKilledLINELOGINList information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort. LoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnMemory allocation failureMemory exhaustedMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNAMENameName or service not knownNo address associated with hostnameNo matchNo previous regular expressionNon-recoverable failure in name resolutionOKOnly one string may be given when deleting without squeezing repeats.Option --string without a number implies 3; option --width without a number implies 32. By default, od uses -A o -t oS -w16. Ordering options: Other options: Output a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. Determine format of output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output defaults Output fixed-size pieces of INPUT to PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ...; default size is 1000 lines, and default PREFIX is `x'. With no INPUT, or when INPUT is -, read standard input. Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files `xx00', `xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output. Output platform dependent limits in a format useful for shell scripts. Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. PIDPackaged by %s Packaged by %s (%s) Padraig BradyPaginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Parameter string not correctly encodedPassword:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlan: Power failurePremature end of regular expressionPrint ARGUMENT(s) according to FORMAT, or execute according to OPTION: Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print NAME with its trailing /component removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output `.' (meaning the current directory). Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s. -a, --all print all information, in the following order, except omit -p and -i if unknown: -s, --kernel-name print the kernel name -n, --nodename print the network node hostname -r, --kernel-release print the kernel release Print checksum and block counts for each FILE. -r use BSD sum algorithm, use 1K blocks -s, --sysv use System V sum algorithm, use 512 bytes blocks Print group memberships for each USERNAME or, if no USERNAME is specified, for the current process (which may differ if the groups database has changed). Print information about users who are currently logged in. Print machine architecture. Print newline, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a total line if more than one FILE is specified. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. A word is a non-zero-length sequence of characters delimited by white space. -c, --bytes print the byte counts -m, --chars print the character counts -l, --lines print the newline counts Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT. -f, --format=FORMAT use printf style floating-point FORMAT -s, --separator=STRING use STRING to separate numbers (default: \n) -w, --equal-width equalize width by padding with leading zeroes Print or change terminal characteristics. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the current time, the length of time the system has been up, the number of users on the system, and the average number of jobs in the run queue over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes.Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. -s, --silent, --quiet print nothing, only return an exit status Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the full filename of the current working directory. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the name of the current user. Print the number of processing units available to the current process, which may be less than the number of online processors Print the prime factors of each specified integer NUMBER. If none are specified on the command line, read them from standard input. Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID. Same as id -un. Print user and group information for the specified USERNAME, or (when USERNAME omitted) for the current user. -a ignore, for compatibility with other versions -Z, --context print only the security context of the current user -g, --group print only the effective group ID -G, --groups print all group IDs -n, --name print a name instead of a number, for -ugG -r, --real print the real ID instead of the effective ID, with -ugG -u, --user print only the effective user ID Print value of a symbolic link or canonical file name Processing request in progressProfiling timer expiredProject: Q. Frank XiaQuitRandy SmithReal-time signal %dReformat each paragraph in the FILE(s), writing to standard output. The option -WIDTH is an abbreviated form of --width=DIGITS. Regular expression too bigRemove (unlink) the FILE(s). -f, --force ignore nonexistent files, never prompt -i prompt before every removal Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty ignore each failure that is solely because a directory is non-empty Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Report %s bugs to: %s Report %s translation bugs to Request canceledRequest not canceledResource lostRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonRun COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling. With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Nicenesses range from %d (most favorable scheduling) to %d (least favorable). -n, --adjustment=N add integer N to the niceness (default 10) Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals. Run COMMAND, with modified buffering operations for its standard streams. Run a program in a different security context. With neither CONTEXT nor COMMAND, print the current security context. CONTEXT Complete security context -c, --compute compute process transition context before modifying -t, --type=TYPE type (for same role as parent) -u, --user=USER user identity -r, --role=ROLE role -l, --range=RANGE levelrange Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerSegmentation faultSend signals to processes, or list signals. Servname not supported for ai_socktypeSet LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Set each NAME to VALUE in the environment and run COMMAND. -i, --ignore-environment start with an empty environment -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -u, --unset=NAME remove variable from the environment Shell: Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default. Shrink or extend the size of each FILE to the specified size A FILE argument that does not exist is created. If a FILE is larger than the specified size, the extra data is lost. If a FILE is shorter, it is extended and the extended part (hole) reads as zero bytes. Simon JosefssonSpecial files require major and minor device numbers.Stack faultStart COMMAND, and kill it if still running after DURATION. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. StoppedStopped (signal)Stopped (tty input)Stopped (tty output)Stuart KempSuccessSummarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. System errorTIMETemporary failure in name resolutionTerminatedThe following optional flags may follow `%': - (hyphen) do not pad the field _ (underscore) pad with spaces 0 (zero) pad with zeros ^ use upper case if possible # use opposite case if possible The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. -H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it -L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered -P do not traverse any symbolic links (default) The strings compared were %s and %s.Torbjorn GranlundTrace/breakpoint trapTrailing backslashTranslate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing to standard output. -c, -C, --complement use the complement of SET1 -d, --delete delete characters in SET1, do not translate -s, --squeeze-repeats replace each input sequence of a repeated character that is listed in SET1 with a single occurrence of that character -t, --truncate-set1 first truncate SET1 to length of SET2 Try `%s --help' for more information. Try `%s ./%s' to remove the file %s. Two strings must be given when both deleting and squeezing repeats.Two strings must be given when translating.Ulrich DrepperUnknown errorUnknown signal %dUnknown system errorUnmatched ( or \(Unmatched ) or \)Unmatched [ or [^Unmatched \{Update the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time. A FILE argument that does not exist is created empty, unless -c or -h is supplied. A FILE argument string of - is handled specially and causes touch to change the times of the file associated with standard output. Urgent I/O conditionUsage: %s Usage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s CONTEXT COMMAND [args] or: %s [ -c ] [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-t TYPE] [-l RANGE] COMMAND [args] Usage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NUMBER[SUFFIX]... or: %s OPTION Pause for NUMBER seconds. SUFFIX may be `s' for seconds (the default), `m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. Unlike most implementations that require NUMBER be an integer, here NUMBER may be an arbitrary floating point number. Given two or more arguments, pause for the amount of time specified by the sum of their values. Usage: %s OPTION... COMMAND Usage: %s OPTION... FILE... Usage: %s OPTION... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [SETTING]... or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-a|--all] or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-g|--save] Usage: %s [-WIDTH] [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NAME] or: %s OPTION Print or set the hostname of the current system. Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPERAND]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] Print the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) for the current host. Usage: %s [OPTION] DURATION COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] NEWROOT [COMMAND [ARG]...] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... CONTEXT FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-l RANGE] [-t TYPE] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... or: %s [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form) or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form) Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] or: %s -e [OPTION]... [ARG]... or: %s -i LO-HI [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Base64 encode or decode FILE, or standard input, to standard output. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] or: %s --traditional [OPTION]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Print or check %s (%d-bit) checksums. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [PREFIX]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [TEMPLATE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [VARIABLE]... Print the values of the specified environment VARIABLE(s). If no VARIABLE is specified, print name and value pairs for them all. Usage: %s [SHORT-OPTION]... USER COMMAND [ARGUMENT]... or: %s LONG-OPTION Usage: %s [SHORT-OPTION]... [STRING]... or: %s LONG-OPTION Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [ignored command line arguments] or: %s OPTION Usage: test EXPRESSION or: test or: [ EXPRESSION ] or: [ ] or: [ OPTION User defined signal 1User defined signal 2Using -s ignores -L and -P. Otherwise, the last option specified controls behavior when the source is a symbolic link, defaulting to %s. Valid arguments are:Valid format sequences for file systems: %a Free blocks available to non-superuser %b Total data blocks in file system %c Total file nodes in file system %d Free file nodes in file system %f Free blocks in file system %C SELinux security context string Virtual timer expiredWARNING: --page-increment is deprecated; use --line-increment insteadWARNING: --preserve_context is deprecated; use --preserve-context insteadWARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s WARNING: ignoring --context (-Z); this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --preserve-context; this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --strip-program option as -s option was not specifiedWarning: WhenWhereWindow changedWith --follow (-f), tail defaults to following the file descriptor, which means that even if a tail'ed file is renamed, tail will continue to track its end. This default behavior is not desirable when you really want to track the actual name of the file, not the file descriptor (e.g., log rotation). Use --follow=name in that case. That causes tail to track the named file in a way that accommodates renaming, removal and creation. Wrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write a random permutation of the input lines to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to standard output. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``-%c' extra characters or invalid number in the argument: %s`--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argument`-N NUMBER' invalid starting line number: %s`-W PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %s`-l PAGE_LENGTH' invalid number of lines: %s`-o MARGIN' invalid line offset: %s`-w PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %sa command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sai_family not supportedai_socktype not supportedambiguous argument %s for %san input delimiter may be specified only when operating on fieldsappending output to %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileblock special files not supportedboth SI and IEC prefixes present on unitsboth files cannot be standard inputbyte offset %s is too largecan't apply partial context to unlabeled file %scan't get process contextcannot access %scannot backup %scannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change ownership of %scannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot chdir to root directorycannot combine --target-directory (-t) and --no-target-directory (-T)cannot combine --target-directory and --no-target-directorycannot combine -e and -i optionscannot combine any two of {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}cannot combine block and unblockcannot combine excl and nocreatcannot combine lcase and ucasecannot combine mode and --reference optionscannot combine signal with -l or -tcannot compare file names %s and %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot create temporary file in %scannot dereference %scannot determine device and inode of %scannot determine hostnamecannot determine location of %s. reverting to pollingcannot do ioctl on %scannot find name for group ID %lucannot find name for user ID %lucannot follow %s by namecannot force target context to %s and preserve itcannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot get nicenesscannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open %s for writingcannot open directory %scannot operate on dangling symlink %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot perform formatted outputcannot preserve extended attributes, cp is built without xattr supportcannot preserve security context without an SELinux-enabled kernelcannot print "only" of more than one choicecannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot print security context when user specifiedcannot read directory %scannot read file names from %scannot read file system information for %scannot read realtime clockcannot read symbolic link %scannot read table of mounted file systemscannot remove %scannot remove directory: %scannot reposition file pointer for %scannot run %scannot set %scannot set datecannot set group idcannot set group-ID to %lucannot set groupscannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot set name to %scannot set nicenesscannot set time stamps for %scannot set user idcannot set user-ID to %lucannot skip past end of combined inputcannot specify --null (-0) with commandcannot specify both printing across and printing in parallelcannot specify number of columns when printing in parallelcannot specify times from more than one sourcecannot split in more than one waycannot stat %scannot stat current directory (now %s)cannot stat standard inputcannot touch %scannot un-backup %scannot unlink %scannot unset %scannot watch %scannot watch parent directory of %scannot work around kernel bug after allchanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %schanging security context of %s character offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special filecharacter special files not supportedclearing permissions for %sclock changeclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing directory %sclosing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputcompatibility mode supports at most one fileconflicting empty-field replacement stringsconflicting security context specifiers givencould not set buffering of %s to mode %s couldn't create process for %s -dcouldn't create temporary filecouldn't execute %scouldn't execute %s -dcouldn't find directory entry in %s with matching i-nodecouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %screating file %s creating hard link %screating hard link %s => %screating hard link to %.0s%screating symbolic link %screating symbolic link %s -> %sdelimiter list ends with an unescaped backslash: %sdirectorydivision by zerodup2 failedempty %s not allowedempty file nameempty taberror closing fileerror in regular expression matchererror in regular expression searcherror initializing month stringserror monitoring inotify eventerror reading %serror reading inotify eventerror waiting for commanderror writing %sexit=extra argument %sextra operand %sextra operand %s extra operand %s not allowed with -%cfailed to change context of %s to %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to chdir to %sfailed to clone %sfailed to compute a new contextfailed to create directory via template %sfailed to create file via template %sfailed to create security context: %sfailed to get attributes of %sfailed to get current contextfailed to get file system create contextfailed to get groups for the current processfailed to get groups for user %sfailed to get security context of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to open %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to redirect standard errorfailed to redirect stderr to /dev/nullfailed to remove %sfailed to remove directory %sfailed to render standard input unusablefailed to reopen %s with mode %sfailed to restore the default file creation contextfailed to return to initial working directoryfailed to run command %sfailed to set %s security context component to %sfailed to set additional groupsfailed to set default file creation context to %sfailed to set group-IDfailed to set new range %sfailed to set new role %sfailed to set new type %sfailed to set new user %sfailed to set supplemental group(s)failed to set the copy of stderr to close on execfailed to set the security context of %s to %sfailed to set user-IDfailed to stat %sfailed to turn off O_DIRECT: %sfailed to update the environment with %sfdatasync failed for %sfflush failedfield number %s is too largefield number is zerofields and positions are numbered from 1fifofile %d is not in sorted orderfile operands cannot be combined with --files0-fromfile operands cannot be combined with --print-database (-p)file system type %s both selected and excludedfork system call failedformat %s ends in %%format %s has no %% directiveformat %s has too many %% directivesformat %s has unknown %%%c directiveformat string may not be specified when printing equal width stringsfsync failed for %sfts_close failedfts_read failedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsignoring inputignoring input and appending output to %signoring input and redirecting stderr to stdoutignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %signoring non-option argumentsincompatible join fields %lu, %luincompatible tabsincorrect passwordinotify cannot be used, reverting to pollinginput disappearedinput line is too longinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid %s%s argument `%s'invalid --%s argument %sinvalid adjustment %sinvalid argument %sinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid body numbering style: %sinvalid buffering mode %s for %s invalid byte or field listinvalid character `%c' in type string %sinvalid character class %sinvalid context: %sinvalid conversioninvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid date %sinvalid date format %sinvalid decreasing rangeinvalid device %s %sinvalid device type %sinvalid field number: %sinvalid field specifier: %sinvalid field width: %sinvalid file number in field spec: %sinvalid floating point argument: %sinvalid footer numbering style: %sinvalid format precisioninvalid format widthinvalid gap width: %sinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid group list %sinvalid group: %sinvalid header numbering style: %sinvalid inputinvalid input flaginvalid input range %sinvalid integer %sinvalid integer argument %sinvalid line count %sinvalid line discipline %sinvalid line number field width: %sinvalid line number increment: %sinvalid line numbering format: %sinvalid line width: %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid maximum depth %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid modeinvalid mode %sinvalid mode: %sinvalid number %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of blank lines: %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of columns: %sinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid number of lines: 0invalid option -- %cinvalid option -- %c; -WIDTH is recognized only when it is the first option; use -w N insteadinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid output flaginvalid page range %sinvalid precision: %sinvalid range with no endpoint: -invalid repeat count %s in [c*n] constructinvalid specinvalid starting line number: %sinvalid status flaginvalid suffix %s, contains directory separatorinvalid suffix in %s%s argument `%s'invalid tab size: %sinvalid template, %s, contains directory separatorinvalid template, %s; with --tmpdir, it may not be absoluteinvalid time interval %sinvalid time style format %sinvalid trailing option -- %cinvalid type string %sinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte floating point typeinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte integral typeinvalid universal character name \%c%0*xinvalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sinvalid wrap size: %sinvalid zero-length file nameit is dangerous to operate recursively on %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)last=leading `-' in a component of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name component %sline buffering stdin is meaninglessline count option -%s%c... is too largeline number %s is smaller than preceding line number, %sline number overflowmaximum --%s argument with current rlimit is %smemory exhaustedmessage queueminimum --%s argument is %smisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing `]'missing argument after %smissing argument to %smissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing destination file operand after %smissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing file operandmissing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operandmissing operand after %smode must specify only file permission bitsmode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multi-character tab %smultiple -i options specifiedmultiple -l or -t options specifiedmultiple compress programs specifiedmultiple delimiters specifiedmultiple levelrangesmultiple output files specifiedmultiple output formats specifiedmultiple random sources specifiedmultiple relative modifiers specifiedmultiple rolesmultiple target directories specifiedmultiple typesmultiple usersneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno change to ownership of %s no command specifiedno file systems processedno files remainingno input from %sno login nameno process ID specifiedno type may be specified when dumping stringsno username specified; at least one must be specified when using -lnon-integer argumentnonportable character %s in file name %snot a ttynot writing through dangling symlink %snumber in %s is too largenumber of bytesnumber of linesoffset overflow while reading file %somitting directory %sonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one device may be specifiedonly one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %soption used in invalid context -- %coptions --backup and --no-clobber are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --preserve-timestamps are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --strip are mutually exclusiveoptions `-%s' are incompatibleoutput file suffixes exhaustedoverflow extending size of file %soverflow rounding up size of file %sownership of %s retained ownership of %s retained as %s page number overflowpage width too narrowpreserving permissions for %spreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedreading %sreading directory %srecord too largeredirecting stderr to stdoutregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %srun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptyset LC_ALL='C' to work around the problemsetting flags for %ssetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectskip-bytes + read-bytes is too largeskipping %s, since it's on a different deviceskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstderrstdinstdoutstray character in field specstring comparison failedstring transformation failedstrip process terminated abnormallysuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errorsystem boottab size cannot be 0tab size contains invalid character(s): %stab sizes must be ascendingtab stop is too large %stab stop value is too largetabs are too far aparttarget %s is not a directorytarget directory not allowed when installing a directoryterm=test and/or [the --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --compare (-C) option is ignored when you specify a mode with non-permission bitsthe --context (-Z) option is obsolete and will be removed in a future releasethe --quiet option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the argument %s lacks a leading `+'; when using an option to specify date(s), any non-option argument must be a format string beginning with `+'the delimiter must be a single characterthe options for verbose and stty-readable output styles are mutually exclusivethe options to output dircolors' internal database and to select a shell syntax are mutually exclusivethe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivethe strings compared were %s and %sthe strip option may not be used when installing a directorythe untransformed string was %stime %s is out of rangeto use user-ID %s you need to use -g tootoo few X's in template %stoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtoo many characters in settoo many repeated linestoo many templatestotaltraversal failed: %struncating %styped memory objectuid=%luunable to display error messageunable to record current working directoryunable to set security context %sunexpected failure: fts_info=%d: %s please report to %sunknown binary operatorunknown status from command (0x%X)unknown streamunknown user-ID: %sunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableunrecognized operand %sunrecognized prefix: %sup %ld day %2d:%02d, up %ld days %2d:%02d, up ???? days ??:??, use --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeuser %s does not existusing %s to denote standard input does not work in file system modeusing arbitrary-precision arithmeticusing restricted shell %susing single-precision arithmeticwaiting for %s [-d]waiting for stripwarning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredwarning: %s: failed to change context to %swarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: --retry is useful mainly when following by namewarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: `touch %s' is obsolete; use `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'warning: an unescaped backslash at end of string is not portablewarning: backslash at end of formatwarning: cannot change directory to %swarning: cannot remove: %swarning: following standard input indefinitely is ineffectivewarning: ignoring excess arguments, starting with %swarning: invalid file offset after failed readwarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: line number %s is the same as preceding line numberwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: summarizing conflicts with --max-depth=%luwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0warning: the --%s option is obsolete; use --referencewarning: the ambiguous octal escape \%c%c%c is being interpreted as the 2-byte sequence \0%c%c, %cwarning: unrecognized escape `\%c'warning: working around lseek kernel bug for file (%s) of mt_type=0x%0lx -- see for the list of typesweird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen reading file names from stdin, no file name of %s allowedwhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'will not copy %s through just-created symlink %swill not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swith --parents, the destination must be a directorywith --suffix, template %s must end in Xwrite errorwrite error for %swrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify -c, -t, -u, -l, -r, or contextyou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsyou must specify one of %s or %sProject-Id-Version: coreutils 8.4.10081926 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2010-04-22 22:14+0200 Last-Translator: Petr Pisar Language-Team: Czech MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8-bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n==1) ? 0 : (n>=2 && n<=4) ? 1 : 2; ( VÝRAZ ) VÝRAZ je pravdivý ! VÝRAZ VÝRAZ je nepravdivý VÝRAZ1 -a VÝRAZ2 VÝRAZ1 i VÝRAZ2 jsou pravdivé VÝRAZ1 -o VÝRAZ2 VÝRAZ1 nebo VÝRAZ2 je pravdivý --check-order ověřuje, zda je vstup správně seřazen, i když všechny řádky lze spárovat --nocheck-order neověřuje, zda je vstup správně seřazen -1 neukazuje 1. sloupec (řádky obsažené pouze v SOUBORU1) -2 neukazuje 2. sloupec (řádky obsažené pouze v SOUBORU2) -3 neukazuje 3. sloupec (řádky společné oběma souborům) -a, --all stejné jako -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot čas posledního startu systému -d, --dead vypíše mrtvé procesy -H, --heading vypíše názvy jednotlivých sloupců -b SOUBOR SOUBOR existuje a je speciální blokový -c SOUBOR SOUBOR existuje a je speciální znakový -d SOUBOR SOUBOR existuje a je to adresář -e SOUBOR SOUBOR existuje -l dlouhý výstupní formát pro zadaného UŽIVATELE -b nevypisuje domovský adresář a shell v dlouhém formátu -h nevypisuje projekt v dlouhém formátu -p nevypisuje plán v dlouhém formátu -s krátký výstupní formát (implicitní) -n ŘETĚZEC délka ŘETĚZCE je nenulová ŘETĚZEC stejné jako -n ŘETĚZEC -z ŘETĚZEC délka ŘETĚZCE je nulová ŘETĚZEC1 = ŘETĚZEC2 řetězce jsou shodné ŘETĚZEC1 != ŘETĚZEC2 řetězce se neshodují ARG1 * ARG2 aritmetický součin ARG1 a ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 celočíselný aritmetický podíl ARG1 / ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 zbytek po aritmetickém dělení ARG1 / ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 aritmetický součet ARG1 a ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 aritmetický rozdíl ARG1 a ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 je menší než ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 je menší nebo roven ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 je roven ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 není roven ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 je větší nebo roven ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 je větší než ARG2 SOUBOR1 -ef SOUBOR2 SOUBOR1 a SOUBOR2 jsou na stejném zařízení a mají stejný i-uzel SOUBOR1 -nt SOUBOR2 SOUBOR1 je novější (datum změny obsahu) než SOUBOR2 SOUBOR1 -ot SOUBOR2 SOUBOR1 je starší než SOUBOR2 CELÉ_ČÍSLO kopíruje vše až do řádku tohoto čísla, ale bez něj /REGVÝR/[POSUN] kopíruje vše do řádku odpovídajícího regulárnímu výrazu, ale bez něj %%REGVÝR%%[POSUN] přeskočí vše až do řádku odpovídajícího regulárnímu výrazu, ale bez něj {CELÉ_ČÍSLO} opakuje předešlý vzorek tolikrát, kolikrát je zde uvedeno {*} opakuje předešlý vzorek tolikrát, kolikrát je to možné POSUN musí začínat „+“ nebo „-“ následovaným celým kladným číslem. CELÉ_ČÍSLO1 -eq CELÉ_ČÍSLO2 CELÉ_ČÍSLO1 je rovno CELÉMU_ČÍSLU2 CELÉ_ČÍSLO1 -ge CELÉ_ČÍSLO2 CELÉ_ČÍSLO1 je větší nebo rovno CELÉMU_ČÍSLU2 CELÉ_ČÍSLO1 -gt CELÉ_ČÍSLO2 CELÉ_ČÍSLO1 je větší než CELÉ_ČÍSLO2 CELÉ_ČÍSLO1 -le CELÉ_ČÍSLO2 CELÉ_ČÍSLO1 je menší nebo rovno CELÉMU_ČÍSLU2 CELÉ_ČÍSLO1 -lt CELÉ_ČÍSLO2 CELÉ_ČÍSLO1 je menší než CELÉ_ČÍSLO2 CELÉ_ČÍSLO1 -ne CELÉ_ČÍSLO2 CELÉ_ČÍSLO1 není rovno CELÉMU_ČÍSLU2 ŘETĚZEC : REGVÝR vyhodnocení regulárního výrazu ^REGVÝR v ŘETĚZCI match ŘETĚZEC REGVÝR stejné jako ŘETĚZEC : REGVÝR substr ŘETĚZEC POZICE DÉLKA podřetězec ŘETĚZCE, POZICE je počítána od 1 index ŘETĚZEC ZNAKY pozice prvního výskytu libovolného znaku ze ZNAKŮ v ŘETĚZCI, v případě neúspěchu 0 length ŘETĚZEC délka ŘETĚZCE a čísluje všechny řádky t čísluje pouze neprázdné řádky n řádky nečísluje pZREGVÝR čísluje pouze řádky vyhovující základnímu regulárnímu výrazu ZREGVÝR FORMÁT je jeden z: ln zarovnává vlevo bez úvodních nul rn zarovnává vpravo bez úvodních nul rz zarovnává vpravo s úvodními nulami b blokový (bufferovaný) speciální soubor c, u znakový (nebufferovaný) speciální soubor p roura (FIFO) počet uživatelů=%lu -t je implikováno, pokud DÉLKA_STRÁNKY <= 10. Nebude-li SOUBOR zadán nebo bude-li „-“, pak bude čten standardní vstup. Jako položka je chápán sled bílých znaků (obvykle mezer a/nebo tabulátorů) následovaných nebílými znaky. Položky jsou před znaky přeskakovány. Odlehčený program „finger“; vypisuje informace o uživateli. Utmp soubor bude %s. Samotná - (pomlčka) znamená -i. Pokud není PŘÍKAZ zadán, vypíše výslednou tabulku proměnných prostředí. Je-li zadáno pouze „-“, znamená to „-l“. Pokud uživatel není zadán, předpokládá se uživatel root. Po volitelném příznaku může přijít nepovinné určení délky pole jako desítkové číslo a pak dobrovolný modifikátor, kterým je buď E použije náhradní reprezentaci podle lokalizace, pokud lze; nebo O použije náhradní číselné symboly podle lokalizace, pokud lze. Vynechaný VÝRAZ značí nepravdu. Jinak VÝRAZ je pravda nebo nepravda a nastavuje návratový kód. VÝRAZ je jedním z: Speciálním případem je, když jsou zadány přepínače --force i --backup a ZDROJ a CÍL jsou stejného jména jednoho obyčejného souboru. Pak cp kopii ZDROJE vytvoří. Hodnoty BLOKŮ a BAJTŮ mohou mít následující násobné přípony: c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024 a tak dále pro T, P, E, Z, Y. Každá dílčí konverze v seznamu KONVERZÍ může být: Při vytváření výrazů musí být některé symboly chráněny před shellem (např. uzavřením do uvozovek nebo apostrofů). Porovnání mezi ARGx je aritmetické, pokud se jedná o čísla, jinak je lexikografické. Pokud bylo v REGVÝR použito \( a \), vyhodnocení vrátí řetězec z ŘETĚZCE, který odpovídá výrazu uzavřenému v \( a \) nebo vrátí prázdný řetězec; pokud nebylo v REGVÝR použito \( a \), vrací počet odpovídajících znaků nebo 0. Jak HLAVNÍ, tak i VEDLEJŠÍ čísla musí být uvedena, pokud TYP je „b“, „c“ nebo „u“, a musí být vynechána, jestliže TYP je „p“. Pokud HLAVNÍ a VEDLEJŠÍ čísla začínají na „0x“ nebo „0X“, jsou považována za šestnáctková; pokud začínají na 0, za osmičková, jinak za desítková. TYP smí být: Implicitně rm nemaže adresáře. Pro smazání každého zadaného adresáře včetně jeho obsahu použijte --recursive (-r nebo -R). Implicitní jsou parametry -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC jsou dva znaky, které jsou použity k oddělování logických stránek. Není-li zadán druhý znak, použije se „:“. Pro zadání „\“ je třeba napsat „\\“. STYL je jeden z: Implicitně jsou ZDROJOVÉ soubory s dírami detekovány hrubou heuristikou a odpovídající CÍLOVÝ soubor je vytvořen stejně „děravý“. Toto chovaní je voleno přepínačem --sparse=auto. Přepínačem --sparse=always říkáme, že v CÍLOVÉM souboru se mají tvořit díry, jakmile ZDROJOVÝ soubor obsahuje dostatečně dlouhé sekvence nulových bajtů. Přepínačem --sparse=never tvorbě souborů s dírami zabráníme. Je-li uvedeno --reflink[=always], bude vytvořena lehká kopie, do níž jsou bloky dat nakopírovány až při své změně. Ne-li to možné, kopírování selže. Avšak je-li uvedeno --reflink=auto, kopírování se v případě chyby vrátí k standardnímu způsobu vytváření kopií. Nastavení kombinací: * [-]LCASE jako [-]lcase cbreak jako -icanon -cbreak jako icanon Nastavení řízení: [-]clocal zakáže signály pro řízení modemu [-]cread povolí příjem na vstupu * [-]crtscts umožní „handshake“ (RTS/CTS) csN nastaví velikost znaku na N bitů, N je 5–8 DOBA je celé číslo s možnou příponou: „s“ pro sekundy (implicitní), „m“ pro minuty, „h“ pro hodiny nebo „d“ pro dny. Zobrazené hodnoty jsou v jednotkách první dostupné VELIKOSTI z --block-size, a proměnných prostředí %s_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE a BLOCKSIZE. Jinak se jako jednotka použije 1024 bajtů (nebo 512, je-li nastaveno POSIXLY_CORRECT). Každý dílčí příznak v seznamu PŘÍZNAKŮ může být: append připisuje na konec (má smysl pouze pro výstup; doporučeno s conv=notrunc) Každá PRÁVA jsou zapsána v podobě „[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+“. Příklady: %s -12 soubor1 soubor2 Vypíše řádky existující jak v souboru1, tak v souboru2. %s -3 soubor1 soubor2 Vypíše řádky existující v souboru1, ale ne v souboru2 a obráceně. Příklady: %s /usr/bin/sort Výstup „sort“. %s include/stdio.h .h Výstup „stdio“. Příklady: %s /usr/bin/sort Vypíše „/usr/bin“. %s stdio.h Vypíše „.“. Příklady: %s f - g Vypíše obsah souboru f, pak standardní vstup, poté obsah g. %s Kopíruje standardní vstup na standardní výstup. Příklady: %s root /u Změní vlastníka /u na „root“. %s root:staff /u Nápodobně, navíc změní skupinu na „staff“. %s -hR root /u Změní vlastníka /u a všech podsouborů na „root“. Příklady: %s staff /u Změní skupinu /u na „staff“. %s -hR staff /u Změní skupinu /u a všech podsouborů na „staff“. Vyjma -h a -L všechny souborové testy následují symbolické odkazy. Dejte pozor na závorky, které musí být v shellu označeny (např. zpětnými lomítky). CELÉ_ČÍSLO také může být -l ŘETĚZEC, který je vyhodnocen jako délka řetězce. Návratový kód programu je 0, pokud VÝRAZ není ani prázdný, ani 0. 1, pokud je prázdný nebo 0. 2, pokud VÝRAZ je syntakticky chybný a 3, pokud dojde k chybě. Návratový kód: 0 vše v pořádku, 1 drobné problémy (např. nebylo možné přistoupit k podadresáři), 2 závažné problémy (např. nebylo možné přistoupit k argumentu z příkazové řádky). FORMÁT určuje výstup jako u funkce printf v C. Interpretované sekvence jsou: \" dvojité uvozovky Výstup je určen řetězcem FORMÁT. Rozeznávané sekvence jsou: %% znak % %a zkrácené jméno dne podle lokalizace (např. Ne) Pracuje s linkou tty připojenou ke standardnímu vstupu. Bez argumentů vypíše rychlost, linkovou disciplínu a odchylky od nastavení „sane“. Při nastavování je ZNAK brán doslova nebo kódován jak při ^c, 0x37, 0177 nebo 127; speciální hodnoty ^- nebo „undef“ jsou použity pro zákaz speciálních znaků. Je-li použito -e, budou fungovat následující sekvence: Pokud je SOUBOR „-“, skartuje standardní výstup. Je-li zadáno --remove (-u), SOUBOR(Y) smaže. Výchozí chování je nemazat soubory, protože je běžné zpracovávat zařízení jako /dev/hda a tyto soubory se obvykle nemažou. Pokud se pracuje nad obyčejným souborem, většina lidí volí přepínač --remove. Pokud SOUBOR nebude zadán, použije se %s. Jako SOUBOR je obvyklý %s. Je-li zadán ARG1 ARG2, předpokládá se přepínač -m: obvyklé je „am i“ (kdo „jsem já“) nebo „mom likes“ (koho „maminka miluje“). Pokud je uveden SOUBOR, načtou se z něj pravidla pro přiřazení barev jednotlivým typům souborů a přípon. V opačném případě se použije zakompilovaná databáze. Podrobnosti o formátu tohoto souboru lze získat příkazem „dircolors --print-database“. Bude-li PRVNÍ nebo PŘÍRŮSTEK vynechán, implicitně se nastaví na 1. Což znamená, že vynechaný PŘÍRŮSTEK bude 1, i když POSLEDNÍ je menší než PRVNÍ. PRVNÍ, PŘÍRŮSTEK a POSLEDNÍ jsou údaje v pohyblivé řádové čárce. PŘÍRŮSTEK bývá kladný, když PRVNÍ je menší než POSLEDNÍ, a bývá záporný, když PRVNÍ je větší než POSLEDNÍ. Je-li REŽIM „0“, odpovídající proud nebude bufferován. Je-li REŽIM „L“, bude odpovídající proud bufferován po řádcích. Tato možnost není pro standardní vstup platná. Je-li SOUBOR „-“, kopíruje opět na standardní výstup. Pokud je současně použit první i druhý způsob zápisu formátu, druhý formát má přednost, pokud poslední operand začíná na „+“ nebo (existují-li dva operandy) na číslici. Operand POSUN značí -j POSUN. NÁVĚŠTÍ je pseudoadresa vypsaná u prvního bajtu a zvětšovaná během výpisu. POSUN a NÁVĚŠTÍ jsou brána jako šestnáctková čísla, pokud začínají 0x nebo 0X. Pokud čísla končí tečkou „.“, jsou považována za osmičková čísla a pokud končí znakem „b“, znamená to, že budou násobena 512. Není-li zadán žádný příkaz, spustí „${SHELL} -i“ (výchozí: /bin/sh). Je-li standardním vstupem terminál, přesměruje jej z /dev/null. Je-li standardním výstupem terminál, připojí výstup do „nohup.out“. Není-li to možné, tak do „$HOME/nohup.out“. Je-li standardním chybovým výstupem terminál, přesměruje je na standardní výstup. Výstup do SOUBORU provedete příkazem „%s PŘÍKAZ > SOUBOR“. Pokud příkazu vyprší časový limit, pak skončíme s kódem 124, jinak bude vrácen návratový kód PŘÍKAZU. Nebyl-li zadán signál, bude po vypršení limitu zaslán signál TERM. Signál TERM má za následek zabití procesu, který tento signál nezachytává nebo neblokuje. V opačném případě je nezbytné použít signál KILL (9), neboť takový signál nelze zachytit. Jestliže je první znak K (počet bajtů nebo řádků) „+“, začne vypisovat od K. položky od začátku každého souboru. Jinak vypisuje posledních K položek souboru. K může mít násobnou příponu (přípona – násobek): b – 512, kB – 1000, K – 1024, MB – 1000*1000, M – 1024*1024, GB – 1000*1000*1000, G – 1024*1024*1024 a tak dále pro T, P, E, Z, Y. Nastavení vstupu: [-]brkint znak break způsobí signál interrupt [-]icrnl překládá CR (carriage return) na LF (newline) [-]ignbrk ignoruje znak break [-]igncr ignoruje znak CR (carriage return) Hodnota K může mít následující násobné přípony (přípona činitel): b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024 a tak dále pro T, P, E, Z, Y. Licence GPLv3+: GNU GPL verze 3 nebo novější . Toto je svobodné programové vybavení: máte právo jej měnit a šířit. VEŠKERÉ ZÁRUKY chybí, jak jen zákon dovoluje. Lokální nastavení: [-]crterase vypisuje mazací znak (erase) jako backspace-mezera-backspace * crtkill zruší celý řádek podle nastavení echoprt a echoe * -crtkill zruší celý řádek podle nastavení echoctl a echok POZNÁMKA: Pokud PŘÍKAZ upravuje bufferování svých standardních proudů (např. tak činí „tee“), pak odpovídající nastavení vykonané pomocí „stdbuf“ přijde vniveč. Rovněž některé filtry (jako „dd“ a „cat“) nepoužívají pro zpracování vstupu a výstupu proudy, a tudíž je nastavení „stdbuf“ nijak neovlivní. POZNÁMKA: Na rozdíl od test, [ přepínače --help a --version zpracovává. test je považuje za neprázdný ŘETĚZEC jako jakýkoliv jiný. POZNÁMKA: váš shell může mít vlastní verzi nástroje %s, která má obvykle přednost před verzí popsanou zde. Pro podrobnosti o podpoře jednotlivých přepínačů nahlédněte do dokumentace vašeho shellu. Vezměte na vědomí, že pokud pomocí rm smažete soubor, je, za předpokladu dostatečných znalostí a/nebo času, obvykle možné obnovit části takového souboru. Jestliže chcete větší jistotu, že obsah nepůjde obnovit, zvažte použití nástroje „shred“. Vezměte na vědomí, že formáty časů pro přepínače -d a -t jsou různé. Uvědomte si, že přepínače -r a -s se vzájemně vylučují. Uvědomte si, že porovnávání respektuje pravidla daná „LC_COLLATE“. Poznámka: „uniq“ nepozná opakující se řádky, pokud spolu nesousedí. Možná budete chtít vstup nejprve seřadit nebo použít „sort -u“ bez „uniq“. Rovněž porovnávání respektuje pravidla daná „LC_COLLATE“. Volitelný „-“ před NASTAVENÍM znamená negaci. „*“ označuje nastavení nedefinované normou POSIX. Použitý systém určuje, která nastavení jsou možná. Jinak REŽIM je číslo, které smí být následováno jednou z těchto přípon: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024 a tak dále pro G, T, P, E, Z, Y. V tomto případě bude odpovídající proud plně bufferován do paměti o velikosti REŽIM bajtů. Nastavení výstupu: * bsN způsob čekání na backspace, N je 0–1 * crN způsob čekání na CR (carriage return), N je 0–3 * ffN způsob čekání na FF (form feed), N je 0–1 * nlN způsob čekání na LF (newline), N je 0–1 Vlastník nebude změněn, není-li zadán. Skupina nebude změněna, není-li zadána, ale v případě, že uvedete za vlastníkem dvojtečku, bude skupina změněna na přihlašovací skupinu vlastníka. VLASTNÍKA a SKUPINU lze zadat číselně i symbolicky. POZ je P[.Z][PŘEPÍNAČE], kde P je číslo položky a Z pozice znaku v položce, oboje počítáno od 1. Není-li uvedeno -t ani -b, znaky v položce jsou počítány od začátku předchozího bílého znaku. PŘEPÍNAČE jsou tvořeny z jednoho nebo z více písmen jednopísmenných řadicích přepínačů, které přebijí globální nastavení pro tento klíč. Nebude-li klíč zadán, použije se celý řádek jako klíč. VELIKOST smí být následována těmito násobnými příponami: Vypíše hodnotu VÝRAZU na standardní výstup. Prázdný řádek v následujícím výpise odděluje skupiny operátorů s různou prioritou (v rostoucím pořadí). VÝRAZ může být: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 pokud není prázdný nebo 0, jinak ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 pokud žádný argument není prázdný nebo 0, jinak 0 ZÁKLAD je d pro desítkové, o pro osmičkové, x pro šestnáctkové nebo n pro žádné. POČET je brán jako šestnáctkové číslo, začíná-li 0x nebo 0X, a smí mít násobné přípony: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024 a tak dále pro T, P, E, Z, Y. Přidání přípony „z“ k libovolnému typu způsobí vypsání tisknutelných znaků na konci každého výstupního řádku. Jestliže SOUBOR je „-“, bude čten standardní vstup. Každý VZOREK může být: Chyby v programu %s oznamujte na adrese <%s> (anglicky). Chyby v programu oznamujte (anglicky) na adrese: <%s> Připomínky k překladu zasílejte (česky) na adresu: MNOŽINY jsou zadány jako řetězce znaků. Většina znaků reprezentuje je samé, speciální význam mají tyto sekvence: \NNN znak o hodnotě NNN (1 až 3 osmičkové číslice) \\ zpětné lomítko \a znak BEL (pípnutí) \b backspace \f nová strana (form feed) \n nový řádek (line feed) \r návrat vozíku (return) \t vodorovný tabelátor \v svislý tabelátor SIGNÁL může být jméno signálu jako „HUP“ nebo číslo signálu jako „1“ nebo návratový kód procesu ukončeného signálem. PID (číslo procesu) je celé číslo. Záporná hodnota adresuje skupinu procesu. BAJTŮ je číslo. Pro TYPY d, o, u, x může být BAJTŮ také C jako sizeof(char), S jako sizeof(short), I jako sizeof(int) nebo L jako sizeof(long). Jestliže TYP je f, BAJTŮ může být také F jako sizeof(float), D jako sizeof(double) nebo L jako sizeof(long double). VELIKOST též může mít předponu jako jeden z následujících modifikujících znaků: „+“ prodloužit o, „-“ zkrátit o, „<“ nejvíce, „>“ nejméně, „/“ zaokrouhlit dolů na násobek kolika, „%“ zaokrouhlit nahoru na násobek kolika. VELIKOST může být (nebo může být celé číslo volitelně následované) jedním z následujících (řetězec význam): KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024 a tak dále pro G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Zaslání signálu %s běžícímu procesu „dd“ způsobí vypsání statistických informací o I/O operacích na standardní chybový výstup. Pak se obnoví kopírování. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 vstoupivších záznamů 18335302+0 vystoupivších záznamů 9 387 674 624 bajtů (9,4 GB) zkopírováno, 34,6279 s, 271 MB/s Volby jsou: Speciální znaky: * dsusp ZNAK ZNAK, který posílá terminálu signál stop při vyprázdnění standardního vstupu eof ZNAK ZNAK, který posílá „konec souboru“ (ukončení vstupu) eol ZNAK ZNAK, který ukončuje řádek Speciální nastavení: N nastaví vstupní a výstupní rychlost na N baudů * cols N sdělí jádru, že terminál má N sloupců * columns N stejné jako cols N TYP je tvořen z jedné nebo více těchto možností: a názvy znaků, nejvyšší bit je ignorován c ASCII znaky nebo kódy znaků se zpětným lomítkem Pokud není přípona záložních souborů nastavena přepínačem --suffix nebo proměnnou SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX, je používána přípona „~“. Způsob vytváření záložních souborů lze ovlivnit přepínačem --backup nebo proměnnou prostředí VERSION_CONTROL. Hodnoty mohou být: Data jsou kódována do abecedy base64 podle RFC 3548. Při dekódování může vstup kromě formální abecedy base64 obsahovat také znaky nového řádku. Obsahuje-li proud zakódovaných dat i bajty nepatřící do abecedy, můžete se je pokusit přeskočit volbou --ignore-garbage. Následující tři přepínače jsou užitečné pouze při ověřování kontrolních součtů: --quiet nevypisuje OK u každého úspěšně ověřeného souboru --status nevypisuje nic, návratový kód ukazuje úspěšnost -w, --warn varování o nesprávně formátovaných řádcích součtů Součty jsou počítány podle popisu v %s. Při testování by vstup měl být dřívějším výstupem tohoto programu. Implicitní nastavení je výpis jednoho řádku pro každý SOUBOR. Formát řádku je kontrolní součet, znak značící typ („*“ pro binární, „ “ pro textový) a jméno SOUBORU. Platné formátovací sekvence pro soubory (bez --file-system): %a Přístupová práva osmičkově %A Přístupová práva v podobě vhodné pro člověka %b Počet alokovaných bloků (vizte %B) %B Velikost bloku z %b v bajtech %C Řetězec selinuxového bezpečnostního kontextu Tento program install kopíruje soubory (často čerstvě přeložené) do cílového místa dle výběru. Chcete-li stáhnout a nainstalovat balíček připravený k použití na systému GNU/Linux, měli byste místo něj použít správce balíčků jako je yum(1) nebo apt-get(1). Prvních tři způsoby kopírují ZDROJ do CÍLE nebo více ZDROJŮ do existujícího ADRESÁŘE a nastaví uživatelská práva a vlastníky/skupiny. Čtvrtý způsob vytvoří všechny komponenty zadaného ADRESÁŘE(Ů). Smazání souboru jehož název začíná znakem „-“, například „-foo“, docílíte jedním z následujících příkazů: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Před-POSIXOVÉ formáty mohou být používány spolu s POSIXOVÝMI, to zahrnuje: -a stejné jako -t a, názvy znaků, ignoruje nejvyšší bit -b stejné jako -t o1, bajty osmičkově -c stejné jako -t c, ASCII znaky nebo kódy znaků se zpětným lomítkem -d stejné jako -t u2, desítková bez znaménka (dvoubajtová) Nahrazení nastane, jestliže není zadán přepínač -d a jsou zadány obě množiny. -t může být použito pouze při nahrazování. V případě potřeby je MNOŽINA2 rozšířena na délku MNOŽINY1 opakováním posledního znaku. Přebytečné znaky MNOŽINY2 jsou ignorovány. Pouze u [:lower:] a [:upper:] je zaručeno, že budou rozepsány vzestupně; při použití v MNOŽINĚ2 při nahrazování mohou být používány pouze v párech pro změnu velikosti písmen. -s používá MNOŽINU1, pokud se nenahrazuje, ani nemaže. Jinak srážení používá MNOŽINU2 a je vykonáno až po nahrazení a mazání. Jestliže přepínač -t ZNAK nebude zadán, jako oddělovač budou použity úvodní bílé znaky a tyto samotné budou na začátku ignorovány. Jinak bude oddělovačem položek ZNAK. Libovolná POLOŽKA je pořadí položky počítané od 1. FORMÁT je jeden nebo více čárkami nebo mezerami oddělených popisovačů, každý může být „STRANA.POLOŽKA“ nebo „0“. Implicitní FORMÁT vypisuje propojovací položku, zbytek položek ze SOUBORU1 a zbytek položek ze SOUBORU2. Všechny jsou odděleny znakem ZNAK. Důležité: SOUBOR1 i SOUBOR2 musí být seřazeny podle propojovacích položek. Např. použijte „sort -k 1b,1“, pokud „join“ budete volat bez přepínačů, nebo použijte „join -t ''“, pokud „sort“ nebude mít žádné přepínače. Uvědomte si, že porovnávání respektuje pravidla určená „LC_COLLATE“. Nebude-li vstup seřazen a nebude-li možné některé řádky propojit, bude zobrazeno varování. Použijte právě jeden z přepínačů -b, -c nebo -f. Každý SEZNAM se skládá z jednoho rozsahu, nebo z více rozsahů oddělených čárkami. Vybrané části vstupu jsou vypsány ve stejném pořadí, v jakém byly čteny, a jsou vypsány právě jednou. Odlišování druhů souborů barvami je standardně zakázáno. Zákaz lze nařídit i pomocí --color=never. Při použití --color=auto, bude ls vkládat kódy barev jen, když standardní výstup bude napojen na terminál. Toto nastavení lze ovlivnit proměnnou prostředí LS_COLORS. Nastavit ji lze příkazem dircolors. Jestliže není SOUBOR zadán nebo je „-“, bude čten standardní vstup. Implicitní přepínače: „-F /“ Není-li uveden SOUBOR nebo když je SOUBOR „-“, čte ze standardního vstupu. Bez přepínačů produkuje třísloupcový výstup. První sloupec obsahuje řádky jedinečné pro SOUBOR1, druhý sloupec řádky obsažené jen v SOUBORU2 a sloupec třetí obsahuje řádky společné oběma souborům. Bez jakéhokoli PŘEPÍNAČE jsou vypsány některé užitečné informace. Vypíše SOUBOR jednoznačným způsobem, implicitně v osmičkovém formátu, na standardní výstup. Bude-li zadáno více SOUBORŮ, zřetězí je v pořadí daném na příkazovém řádku. Jestliže SOUBOR nebude zadán nebo bude „-“, bude čten standardní vstup. ??? --backup=[TYP] vytvoří záložní kopii každého existujícího cílového souboru -b jako --backup, ale bez argumentu -f, --force před přepsáním se neptá -i, --interactive před přepsáním se zeptá -n, --no-clobber nepřepíše existující soubor Zadáte-li více jak jeden přepínač z -i, -f, -n, pouze poslední bude účinkovat. --backup[=ZPŮSOB] zálohuje každý existující cílový soubor -b jako --backup, ale bez argumentů -d, -F, --directory povolí superuživateli pokusit se vytvořit pevné odkazy na adresáře (poznámka: pravděpodobně selže kvůli omezením systému, a to i superuživateli) -f, --force odstraní existující cílové soubory --backup=[TYP] vytvoří záložní kopii každého existujícího cílového souboru -b jako --backup, ale bez argumentu -c (ignorován) -C, --compare porovná každou dvojici zdrojový−cílový soubor a, v některých případech, cílový soubor vůbec nezmění -d, --directory všechny argumenty jsou považovány za názvy adresářů. Vytvoří všechny komponenty těchto adresářů --batch-size=PSPOJŮ najednou spojí nejvýše PSPOJŮ vstupů; při více použije dočasné soubory --block-size=VELIKOST použije bloky o VELIKOSTI bajtů. Popis formátu VELIKOST je uveden níže -B, --ignore-backups nevypisuje soubory končící na ~ -c s -lt: řadí podle ctime a vypisuje ctime (čas poslední změny i-uzlových informací); s -l: vypisuje ctime, řadí podle názvu souboru; jinak: řadí podle ctime --complement použije doplněk zadaných bajtů, znaků nebo položek --files0-from=S zpracuje obsah souborů, jejichž jména oddělená znakem NULL jsou uvedena v souboru S; Je-li S „-“, pak načte jména ze standardního vstupu -L, --max-line-length vypíše délku nejdelšího řádku -w, --words vypíše počet slov --files0-from=S ze souboru S získá seznam jmen souborů oddělených nulovým bajtem a výpočet diskového prostoru provede nad těmito soubory -H rovnocenné s --dereference-args (-D) -h, --human-readable vypisuje velikosti ve formátu čitelném pro lidi (např. 1K 234M 2G) --si jako -h, ale používá mocniny 1000 a ne 1024 --from=SOUČASNÝ_VLASTNÍK:SOUČASNÁ_SKUPINA mění vlastníka a/nebo skupinu každého souboru, pouze když jeho aktuální vlastník a/nebo skupina odpovídá zadaným. Jak vlastník tak skupina může být vynechána, a tedy nebude uvažována --group-directories-first seskupí adresáře před soubory Zachová funkci přepínače --sort, avšak --sort=none (-U) seskupování potlačí. --help vypíše tuto nápovědu a skončí --indicator-style=STYL k názvům souborů přidává indikátory ve STYLU: none (implicitně žádný), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode ke každému souboru vypíše číslo jeho i-uzlu -I, --ignore=VZOR nevypisuje implikované soubory vyhovující shellovému VZORU -k, jako --block-size=1K --lookup pokusí se získat kanonická jména počítačů z DNS -m pouze počítače a uživatele připojené ke standardnímu vstupu -p, --process vypíše aktivní procesy obnovené initem --no-preserve-root s „/“ nezachází zvláštně --preserve-root nemazat „/“ (implicitní) -r, -R, --recursive maže adresáře a jejich obsah rekurzívně -v, --verbose vypisuje, co je děláno --no-preserve-root s „/“ se nezachází zvláštně (výchozí chování) --preserve-root odmítne rekurzivní zpracování nad „/“ --no-preserve-root s „/“ se nezachází zvláštně (výchozí chování) --preserve-root odmítne rekurzivní zpracování nad „/“ --no-preserve=SEZNAM_ATRIBUTŮ nezachovává určené atributy --parents přidává zdrojovou cestu do cílového ADRESÁŘE --one-file-system při rekurzivním mazání vynechá adresáře, jež se nachází na jiném souborovém systému než příslušný argument z příkazové řádky --pid=PID s -f se ukončí, když proces s číslem PID skončí -q, --quiet, --silent nikdy nevypisuje názvy souborů --retry bude zkoušet otevřít soubor, i když je nebo bude nedostupný; vhodné při sledování podle jména, tj. s --follow=name --preserve-context zachová selinuxový bezpečnostní kontext -Z, --context=KONTEXT nastaví souborům a adresářům selinuxový bezp. kontext --reference=RSOUBOR místo zadání hodnoty KONTEXT použije bezpečnostní kontext souboru RSOUBOR -R, --recursive vykoná se rekurzivně i v podadresářích -v, --verbose vypíše informaci o každém zpracovávaném souboru --rfc-3339=PŘESNOST vypíše datum a čas podle RFC 3339. PŘESNOST musí být „date“, „seconds“, nebo „ns“ a čas bude vrácen s přesností na dny, sekundy nebo nanosekundy. Datum a čas budou odděleny jednou mezerou. Příklad: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=ŘETĚZEC nastaví datum podle ŘETĚZCE -u, --utc, --universal nastaví nebo vypíše UTC (světový koordinovaný čas) --sort=SLOVO řadí podle SLOVA: general-numeric -g, human-numeric -h, month -M, numeric -n, random -R, version -V -V, --version-sort přirozené řazení (verzovacích) čísel v textu --sparse=KDY řídí tvorbu souborů s dírami. Vizte níže --strip-trailing-slashes odstraňuje lomítka na konci názvů všech ZDROJŮ --strip-trailing-slashes odstraní všechna lomítka z konce ZDROJE(Ů) -S, --suffix=PŘÍPONA přípona záložních souborů --suffix=PŘÍPONA k šabloně připojí PŘÍPONU. PŘÍPONA nesmí obsahovat lomítko. Tento přepínač se aktivuje, pokud ŠABLONA nekončí na X. --time ukáže čas poslední změny obsahu každého souboru včetně souborů v podadresářích --time=TYP vypisuje čas podle TYPU namísto změny obsahu: atime, access, use (poslední přístup); ctime, status (poslední změna i-uzlu) --time-style=STYL čas zobrazí ve STYLU: full-iso (úplný), long-iso (dlouhý), iso, +FORMÁT FORMÁT je stejný jako u příkazu „date“ --time-style=STYL s -l vypisuje čas ve STYLU: full-iso (plný), long-iso (dlouhý), iso, locale (národní), +FORMÁT. FORMÁT má stejný význam jako u „date“; pokud FORMÁT je ve tvaru FORMÁT1FORMÁT2, FORMÁT1 se použije na starší soubory a FORMÁT2 na mladší soubory; pokud STYL začíná na „posix-“, bude STYL uvažován jen mimo POSIXOVÉ locale --tmpdir[=ADR] interpretuje ŠABLONU relativně k adresáři ADR. Není-li ADR zadán, použije $TMPDIR, je-li nastavena, jinak /tmp. S tímto přepínačem ŠABLONA nesmí být absolutním jménem. Na rozdíl od -t ŠABLONA smí obsahovat lomítka, avšak i zde mktemp vytvoří jen závěrečnou složku cesty --verbose před otevřením každého výstupního souboru vypíše oznámení o tomto --version vypíše označení verze a skončí --all vypíše počet nainstalovaných procesorů --ignore=N je-li možno, vynechá N výpočetních jednotek Velikost Užito Volno Uži% I-uzlů IUžito IVolno IUži%Velikost Užito Volno Uži% -evenp jako -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase jako xcase iuclc olcuc litout jako -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout jako parenb istrip opost cs7 nl jako -icrnl -onlcr -nl jako icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb použije dva stop bity (jeden stop bit pomocí „-“) [-]hup pošle signál hangup, když poslední proces uzavře tty [-]hupcl jako [-]hup [-]parenb generuje paritní bit na výstupu a očekává ho na vstupu [-]parodd nastaví lichou paritu (sudou pomocí „-“) [-]ignpar ignoruje znaky s chybnou paritou * [-]imaxbel zvukový signál a nevyprázdnění plného vstupního bufferu při novém příchozím znaku [-]inlcr překládá LF (newline) na CR (carriage return) [-]inpck začne kontrolovat paritu na vstupu [-]istrip nuluje horní (8.) bit vstupních znaků [-]isig povolí speciální znaky interrupt, quit a suspend [-]noflsh zakáže vyprázdnění bufferů po speciálních znacích interrupt a quit * [-]prterase jako [-]echoprt * [-]tostop pozastaví procesy na pozadí, které se pokoušejí o zápis na terminál * [-]xcase spolu s icanon použije escape sekvenci („\“) pro velká písmena cooked jako brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig znaky icanon, eof a eol jsou nastaveny na jejich implicitní hodnoty -cooked jako raw crt jako echoe echoctl echoke dec jako echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq jako [-]ixany ek znaky erase a kill vrátí na jejich implicitní hodnoty evenp jako parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N nastaví vstupní rychlost na N * line N použije linkovou disciplínu N min N spolu s -icanon nastaví N znaků jako minimum pro ukončení čtení ospeed N nastaví rychlost výstupu na N oddp jako parenb parodd cs7 -oddp jako -parenb cs8 [-]parity jako [-]evenp pass8 jako -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 jako parenb istrip cs7 raw jako -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw jako cooked sane jako cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke, všechny speciální znaky vrátí na jejich implicitní hodnoty stop ZNAK ZNAK, který pozastavuje výstup susp ZNAK ZNAK, který posílá signál „terminal stop“ * swtch ZNAK ZNAK, který přepíná na jinou vrstvu shellu * werase ZNAK ZNAK, který maže poslední zapsané slovo %% jeden znak procenta („%“) %%b ARGUMENT jako řetězec, kde jsou interpretovány escape sekvence („\“), až na to, že osmičkové zápisy jsou tvaru \0 nebo \0NNN a všechny specifikace formátu z jazyka C končící jedním znakem z diouxXfeEgGcs s ARGUMENTY převedenými nejprve na odpovídající typ. Šířky proměnných jsou respektovány. %A celé jméno dne podle lokalizace (např. Neděle) %b zkrácené jméno měsíce podle lokalizace (např. led) %B celé jméno měsíce podle lokalizace (např. leden) %c datum a čas podle lokalizace (např. Ne 14. leden 2007, 00:49:20 CET) %C století; jako %Y, ale vynechá poslední dvě číslice (např. 20) %d číslo dne v měsíci (např. 01) %D datum; stejné jako %m/%d/%y %e den v měsíci zarovnaný mezerami; stejné jako %_d %F plné datum; stejné jako %Y-%m-%d %g poslední dvě číslice roku dle ISO číslování týdnů (vizte %G) %G rok dle ISO číslování týdnů (vizte %V); obvykle užitečné jen s %V %S sekundy (00..61) %t vodorovný tabulátor %T čas; stejné jako %H:%M:%S %u den v týdnu (1..7); 1 znamená pondělí %U číslo týdne v daném roce, neděle jako první den v týdnu (00..53) %V číslo týdne v daném roce dle ISO normy, pondělí jako první den v týdnu (01..53) %w den v týdnu (0..6); 0 znamená neděli %W číslo týdne v daném roce, pondělí jako první den v týdnu (00..53) %d Číslo zařízení desítkově %D Číslo zařízení šestnáctkově %f Syrový mód (st_mode; práva a druh) šestnáctkově %F Druh souboru %g ID skupiny vlastníka %G Jméno skupiny vlastníka %h Počet pevných odkazů %i Číslo i-uzlu %n Jméno souboru %N Escapované jméno souboru dereferencované, jde-li se o symbolický odkaz %o Velikost I/O bloku %s Celková velikost v bajtech %t Hlavní číslo zařízení šestnáctkově %T Vedlejší číslo zařízení šestnáctkově %h jako %b %H hodina (00..23) %I hodina (01..12) %j číslo dne v roce (001..366) %i ID systému souborů šestnáctkově %l Největší délka jména souboru %n Jméno souboru %s Velikost bloku (pro rychlejší přenosy) %S Velikost základního bloku (pro počty bloků) %t Druh šestnáctkově %T Druh v podobě vhodné pro člověka %k hodina ( 0..23) %l hodina ( 1..12) %m měsíc (01..12) %M minuta (00..59) %n nový řádek %N nanosekundy (000000000..999999999) %p řetězec odpovídající anglickým AM a PM podle lokalizace; prázdný pokud není známo %P jako %p, ale malými písmeny %r čas, 12-hodinový podle lokalizace (např. 11:11:04) %R hodiny a minuty v 24h cyklu; stejné jako %H:%M %s počet sekund od 00:00:00 1. 1. 1970 UTC %u Uživatelské ID vlastníka %U Uživatelské jméno vlastníka %x Čas posledního přístupu %X Čas posledního přístupu v sekundách od počátku unixové epochy %y Čas poslední změny obsahu %Y Čas poslední změny obsahu v sekundách od počátku unixové epochy %z Čas poslední změny i-uzlu %Z Čas poslední změny i-uzlu v sekundách od počátku unixové epochy %x reprezentace data podle lokalizace (např. 14.01.2007) %X reprezentace času podle lokalizace (např. 23:13:48) %y poslední dvě číslice letopočtu (00..99) %Y rok %z časové pásmo ve formátu +hhmm (např. +0100) %:z časové pásmo ve formátu +hh:mm (např. +01:00) %::z časové pásmo ve formátu +hh:mm:ss (např. +01:00:00) %:::z časové pásmo s postačující nejmenší přesností a dvojtečkou jako oddělovačem (např. „-04“, „+05:30“) %Z časové pásmo vyjádřené zkratkou (např. CET) Implicitně jsou číselné položky data zarovnány nulami. + TOKEN zpracuje TOKEN jako řetězec, i když se jedná o klíčové slovo jako „match“ nebo operátor jako „/“ ( VÝRAZ ) hodnota VÝRAZU +PRVNÍ_STRÁNKA[:POSLEDNÍ_STRÁNKA], --pages=PRVNÍ_STRÁNKA[:POSLEDNÍ_STRÁNKA] začne [skončí] výpis na stránce PRVNÍ_[POSLEDNÍ_]STRÁNKA -SLOUPCŮ, --columns=SLOUPCŮ produkuje SLOUPCŮ-sloupcový výstup. Řádky vypisuje na stránku do sloupců, pokud není použit přepínač -a. Také se snaží vyrovnat počet řádků ve sloupcích --output-delimiter=ŘET odděluje sloupce pomocí ŘET --userspec=UŽIVATEL:SKUPINA určuje uživatele a skupinu (ID nebo jméno), který se použije --groups=SEZNAM_SKUPIN určuje doplňkové skupiny (zápis: S1,S2,…,Sn) -0, --null každý výstupní řádek zakončí nulový bajtem místo znakem nového řádku -A, --address-radix=ZÁKLAD pozici v souboru vypisuje v zadané soustavě -j, --skip-bytes=POČET přeskočí prvních POČET bajtů ze vstupu -A, --auto-reference ve výstupu jsou automaticky generované odkazy -G, --traditional způsobí chování jako „ptx“ ze System V -F, --flag-truncation=ŘETĚZEC použije ŘETĚZEC pro určení zkracování řádků -B --block-size=VELIKOST použije bloky o VELIKOST bajtech -b, --bytes rovnocenné s „--apparent-size --block-size=1“ -c, --total vypíše i celkový součet -D, --dereference-args následuje jen symbolické odkazy, které jsou uvedeny na příkazové řádce -C vypisuje položky ve sloupcích --color[=KDY] obarví výstup. KDY je implicitně „always“ (vždy), další hodnoty jsou „never“ (nikdy) nebo „auto“. Podrobnosti níže -d, --directory vypíše názvy adresářů místo jejich obsahu a nenásleduje symbolické odkazy -D, --dired generuje výstup formátovaný pro Emacsový mód „dired“ -D vytvoří všechny úvodní komponenty CÍLE kromě poslední, pak zkopíruje ZDROJ do CÍLE -g, --group=SKUPINA nastaví skupinu souboru na SKUPINU místo skupiny aktuálního procesu -m, --mode=PRÁVA nastaví přístupová práva souboru na PRÁVA (zadána jako pro chmod) místo rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=VLASTNÍK nastaví vlastníka souboru (pouze superuživatel – root) -D, --all-repeated[=ZPŮSOB_ODDĚLENÍ] vypisuje všechny opakující se řádky; ZPŮSOB_ODDĚLENÍ: „none“ (žádný, implicitní), „prepend“ (uvozující), „separate“ (oddělující); Odděluje se prázdným řádkem -f, --skip-fields=N neporovnává prvních N položek -i, --ignore-case ignoruje rozdíl mezi malými a velkými písmeny -s, --skip-chars=N neporovnává prvních N znaků -u, --unique vypisuje pouze neopakující se řádky -z, --zero-terminated řádky zakončuje nulovým bajtem, ne znakem nového řádku -D, --date-format=FORMÁT použije FORMÁT pro datum v hlavičce -e[ZNAK[ŠÍŘKA]], --expand-tabs[=ZNAK[ŠÍŘKA]] expanduje vstupní ZNAKY (tabelátory) na ŠÍŘKU (8) mezer -F, -f, --form-feed použije znak nové stránky (FF) místo nových řádků (CR) k oddělení stránek (a 3řádkovou hlavičku stránky při -F nebo 5řádkovou hlavičku s patičkou bez -F). -G, --no-group při dlouhém formátu nevypisuje informace o skupinách -h, --human-readable při -l vypisuje velikosti ve formátu pohodlném pro člověka (např. 1K, 234M, 2G) --si jako předchozí, ale jednotky jsou násobky 1000 a ne 1024. -H, --dereference-command-line následuje symbolické odkazy uvedené na příkazové řádce --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir následuje každý symbolický odkaz z příkazové řádky, který ukazuje na adresář --hide=VZOR nevypisuje implikované položky odpovídající shellovému VZORU (lze přebít přepínači -a a -A) -I zeptá se jednou před smazáním více než tří souborů, nebo rekurzivním mazáním. Obtěžuje méně než -i, přesto poskytuje ochranu proti většině chyb. --interactive[=KDY] ptá se podle KDY: „never“ (nikdy), „once“ (jednou, -I) nebo „always“ (vždy, -i). Bez KDY se ptá vždy. -L SOUBOR SOUBOR existuje a je symbolický odkaz (stejné jako -h) -O SOUBOR SOUBOR existuje a je vlastněn aktuálním efektivním UID -p SOUBOR SOUBOR existuje a je pojmenovaná roura -r SOUBOR SOUBOR existuje a je čitelný -s SOUBOR SOUBOR existuje a má délku větší než nula -L, --dereference následuje všechny symbolické odkazy -P, --no-dereference nenásleduje symbolické odkazy (implicitní chování) -0, --null řádky výstupu zakončí nulovým bajtem místo znakem nového řádku -S, --separate-dirs nepočítá do velikosti adresářů velikosti jejich podadresářů -s, --summarize vypíše pouze celkový součet pro každý argument -L, --logical použije PWD z prostředí, i když obsahuje symbolické odkazy -P, --physical vyhne se všem symbolickým odkazům -M, --macro-name=ŘETĚZEC jméno makra, které se má použít místo „xx“ -O, --format=roff generuje výstup pro program roff -R, --right-side-refs vloží odkazy vpravo, nepočítány v -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGVÝR pro konec řádků a konec vět -T, --format=tex generuje výstup pro TeX -N, --read-bytes=POČET vypíše pouze POČET bajtů ze vstupu -S, --strings[=POČET] vypíše pouze řetězce obsahující nejméně POČET grafických znaků -t, --format=TYP vybere výstupní formát nebo formáty -v, --output-duplicates potlačené řádky neoznačuje „*“ -w, --width[=POČET] vypíše POČET bajtů na výstupní řádek --traditional akceptuje argumenty v před-POSIXOVÉM tvaru -P, --portability použije formát definovaný normou POSIX --sync zavolá „sync“ před získáním informací -t, --type=TYP ve výstupu pouze souborové systémy typu TYP -T, --print-type vypisuje typ souborového systému -x, --exclude-type=TYP ve výstupu nebudou souborové systémy typu TYP -v (ignorováno) -R, -r, --recursive kopíruje adresáře rekurzivně --reflink=[KDY] řídí klonované/CoW kopie. Vizte níže --remove-destination odstraní každý cílový soubor dříve, než se jej pokusí otevřít (opak --force) -S výstup seřadí podle délky souborů --sort=SLOVO výstup seřadí podle SLOVA: none (-U), extension (-X), size (-S), time (-t),version (-v) --time=SLOVO s -l vypisuje čas podle SLOVA místo času poslední změny obsahu: atime (-u), access (-u), use (-u), ctime (-c) nebo status (-c); jestliže je zadán přepínač --sort=time, použije se tento čas jako řadicí klíč -S SOUBOR SOUBOR existuje a je socket -t FD SOUBOR s deskriptorem FD je otevřen na terminálu -u SOUBOR SOUBOR existuje a má nastaven suid bit -w SOUBOR SOUBOR existuje a lze do něj zapisovat -x SOUBOR SOUBOR existuje a je spustitelný (nebo vstoupitelný adresář) -S, --suffix=PŘÍPONA změní příponu záloh na PŘÍPONU -t, --target-directory=ADRESÁŘ určí ADRESÁŘ, do kterého se budou vytvářet odkazy -T, --no-target-directory považuje JMÉNO_ODKAZU za běžný soubor -v, --verbose tiskne jména všech odkazů -SŘETĚZEC, --sep-string[=ŘETĚZEC] oddělí sloupce ŘETĚZCEM, bez -S ale s -J: implicitní oddělovač je TAB bez -S a bez -J: mezera (rovnocenné s -S" ") neovlivňuje parametry sloupců. -t, --omit-header nevypisuje hlavičky a patičky stránek -T, --omit-pagination nevypisuje hlavičky a patičky stránek, ignoruje rozvržení stránek vstupního souboru (ignoruje znak nové stránky FF) -v, --show-nonprinting použije osmičkovou notaci se zpětným lomítkem -w, --width=ŠÍŘKA_STRÁNKY nastaví šířku stránky na ŠÍŘKA_STRÁNKY (72) znaků pouze pro vícesloupcový výstup, -s[ZNAK] vypíná (72) -T, -w, --mesg připojí stav možnosti posílat zprávy (+, - nebo ?) -u, --users vypíše seznam přihlášených uživatelů --message jako -T --writable jako -T -W, --page-width=ŠÍŘKA_STRÁNKY nastaví šířku stránky na ŠÍŘKA_STRÁNKY (72) znaků vždy, když není zadán přepínač -J, zkracuje řádky; neovlivňuje -S nebo -s. -W, --word-regexp=REGVÝR použije REGVÝR pro určení každého slova -b, --break-file=SOUBOR znaky přerušující slovo v tomto SOUBORU -f, --ignore-case přepsání malých písmen na velká pro řazení -g, --gap-size=ČÍSLO velikost mezery ve sloupcích mezi výstupními položkami -i, --ignore-file=SOUBOR přečte slova, která se mají ignorovat ze SOUBORU -o, --only-file=SOUBOR přečtení seznamu slov pouze ze SOUBORU -Z, --context=KTX nastaví selinuxový bezpečnostní kontext JMÉNU na KTX -Z, --context=KTX nastaví selinuxový bezpečnostní kontext každému JMÉNU na KTX -a změní pouze čas posledního přístupu -c, --no-create nevytvoří nové soubory -d, --date=ŘETĚZEC analyzuje ŘETĚZEC a použije ho místo aktuálního času -f (ignorován) -a, --across vypisuje řádky přes sloupce. Používá se dohromady s přepínačem -SLOUPCŮ. -c, --show-control-chars použije zobáčkovou notaci (^G) a notaci osmičkovou se zpětným lomítkem -d, --double-space za každý řádek vloží jeden prázdný -a, --all vypíše i soubory začínající tečkou -A, --almost-all vypíše všechny soubory kromě souborů „.“ a „..“ --author spolu s -l vypíše autora každého souboru -b, --escape negrafické znaky escapuje ve stylu jazyka C -a, --all také pseudosouborové systémy -B --block-size=VELIKOST použije VELIKOSTbajtové bloky --total vypíše celkový součet -h, --human-readable velikosti ve formátu čitelném pro člověka (např. 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si podobně jako předchozí, ale násobky 1000 ne 1024 -a, --all vypíše velikost i souborů, ne jen adresářů --apparent-size vypíše velikost obsahu souborů místo zabraného diskového prostoru; ačkoliv velikost obsahu bývá menší, kvůli dírám v řídkých souborech, vnitřní fragmentaci, nepřímým blokům apod. může být i větší. -a, --all převádí všechny mezery místo pouze úvodních --first-only převádí pouze úvodní sekvence mezer (přebije -a) -t, --tabs=POČET nastaví tabelátor na POČET mezer místo 8, (zapne -a) -t, --tabs=SEZNAM použije čárkami oddělený seznam pro pozice tabelátorů (zapne -a) -a, --archive stejné jako -dR --preserve=all --backup=[TYP] vytvoří záložní kopie přepisovaných souborů -b jako --backup, ale bez argumentu --copy-contents v rekurzivním režimu kopíruje obsah speciálních souborů -d, stejné jako --no-dereference --preserve=links -a, --suffix-length=N použije přípony délky N (implicitně %d) -b, --bytes=VELIKOST zapíše VELIKOST bajtů do každého výstupního souboru -C, --line-bytes=VELIKOST zapíše nejvýše VELIKOST bajtů na výstupní řádek do každého souboru -d, --numeric-suffixes použije číselné přípony místo abecedních -l, --lines=POČET zapíše POČET řádků do každého výstupního souboru -b, --before připojí oddělovač řádků před řádky místo za ně -r, --regex interpretuje oddělovač jako regulární výraz -s, --separator=ŘETĚZEC použije ŘETĚZCE jako oddělovače místo nového řádku -b, --binary čte v binárním módu -b, --binary čte soubory v binárním módu (implicitní pokud nečte standardní vstup terminálu) -b, --body-numbering=STYL použije STYL k číslování řádků v těle -d, --section-delimiter=CC použije CC pro oddělení logických stránek -f, --footer-numbering=STYL použije STYL k číslování řádků v patičce -b, --bytes pro zalamování počítá bajty na řádku místo sloupců -s, --spaces zalamuje řádky v mezerách -w, --width=ŠÍŘKA používá ŠÍŘKA sloupců místo 80 -b, --bytes=SEZNAM vypíše pouze tyto bajty -c, --characters=SEZNAM vypíše pouze tyto znaky -d, --delimiter=ODDĚLOVAČ jako oddělovač použije ODDĚLOVAČ (místo tabulátoru) -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignoruje úvodní mezery -d, --dictionary-order uvažuje pouze mezery a alfanumerické znaky -f, --ignore-case převede malá písmena na velká -b, --suffix-format=FORMÁT použije sprintf FORMÁT místo %02d -f, --prefix=PŘEDPONA použije PŘEDPONY místo „xx“ -k, --keep-files nemaže výstupní soubory při chybách -c --format=FORMÁT použije zadaný FORMÁT místo implicitního; za každým FORMÁTEM odřádkuje --printf=FORMAT jako --format, ale rozpozná escape sekvence zpětných lomítek a implicitně neodřádkuje. Pro odřádkování přidejte do FORMÁTU „\n“ -t, --terse vytiskne informace ve stručné podobě -c, --bytes=K vypíše posledních K bajtů; mimo jiné lze použít zápis -c +K k vypsání bajtů počínaje K. z každého souboru -c, --bytes=[-]K vypíše prvních K bajtů z každého souboru; uvedení „-“ způsobí vypsání všech kromě posledních K bajtů každého souboru -n, --lines=[-]K vypíše prvních K řádků místo prvních 10; uvedení „-“ způsobí vypsání všech kromě posledních K řádků z každého souboru -c, --check porovnává %s součty se zadanými v SOUBORECH -c, --check, --check=diagnose-first zkontroluje, zda vstup je seřazen; neřadí -C, --check=quiet, --check=silent jako -c, ale nehlásí první chybnou řádku --compress-program=PROGRAM pomocné soubory komprimuje příkazem PROGRAM, dekomprimuje je pomocí PROGRAM -d --files0-from=S čte vstup ze souborů, jejichž jména zakončená znakem NULL jsou uvedena v souboru S; Je-li S „-“, pak načte jména ze standardního vstupu -c, --count před každý řádek vloží počet výskytů -d, --repeated vypisuje pouze opakující se řádky -c, --crown-margin zachová odsazení prvních dvou řádků -p, --prefix=ŘETĚZEC pracuje pouze s řádky majícími ŘETĚZEC jako prefix -s, --split-only pouze rozdělí dlouhé řádky -c, --no-create nevytváří žádné soubory -d, --decode rozkóduje data -i, --ignore-garbage během dekódování ignoruje neabecední znaky -w, --wrap=SLOUPCŮ zalomí zakódované řádky po SLOUPCŮ znacích (výchozí 76). Zalamování lze zakázat hodnotou 0 -d, --delimiters=SEZNAM použije znaků ze SEZNAMU jako oddělovačů (místo tabelátorů) -s, --serial vypíše soubory za sebou místo vedle sebe -d, --directory vytvoří adresář, ne soubor -u, --dry-run nevytváří nic, jen vytiskne jméno (není bezpečné) -q, --quiet potlačí hlášky o chybě při vytváření souboru/adresáře -e povolí interpretaci escape sekvencí začínajících zpětným lomítkem -E zakáže interpretaci escape sekvencí uvozených zpětným lomítkem (běžné chování) -e povolí interpretaci escape sekvencí začínajících zpětným lomítkem (běžné chování) -E zakáže interpretaci escape sekvencí uvozených zpětným lomítkem -e, --echo každý ARG považuje za vstupní řádek -i, --input-range=DO-HO každé číslo DO až HO považuje za vstupní řádek -n, --head-count=POČET vypíše nejvýše POČET řádků -o, --output=SOUBOR výsledek zapíše do SOUBORU na místo na standardní výstup --random-source=SOUBOR získá náhodné bajty ze SOUBORU -z, --zero-terminated řádky zakončí bajtem 0 místo znakem nového řádku -f neseřadí výstup, povolí -aU, zakáže -ls --color -F, --classify k názvům souborů přidá znak určující jejich typ (jeden z */=>@|) --format=SLOVO across jako -x, commas jako -m, horizontal jako -x, long jako -l, single-column jako -1, verbose jako -l, vertical jako -C --full-time jako -l --time-style=full-iso -f nevypisuje hlavičky sloupců v krátkém formátu -w nevypisuje celé jméno v krátkém formátu -i nevypisuje celé jméno a odkud v krátkém formátu -q nevypisuje celé jméno, odkud a prostoj v krátkém formátu -f stejné jako -t fF, čísla v pohyblivé řádové čárce -i stejné jako -t dI, desítková se znaménkem (dvoubajtová) -l stejné jako -t dL, desítková se znaménkem (čtyřbajtová) -o stejné jako -t o2, osmičková (dvoubajtová) -s stejné jako -t d2, desítková (dvoubajtová) -x stejné jako -t x2, šestnáctková (dvoubajtová) -f SOUBOR SOUBOR existuje a je to obyčejný soubor (ne adresář) -g SOUBOR SOUBOR existuje a má nastaven sgid bit -G SOUBOR SOUBOR existuje a je vlastněn aktuálním efektivním GID -h SOUBOR SOUBOR existuje a je to symbolický odkaz (stejné jako -L) -k SOUBOR SOUBOR existuje a má nastaven „sticky“ bit -f, --canonicalize kanonizuje rekurzivním následováním každého symbolického odkazu v každé části zadaného názvu; všechny části až na poslední musí existovat -e, --canonicalize-existing kanonizuje rekurzivním následováním každého symbolického odkazu v každé části zadaného názvu; všechny části musí existovat -f, --fields=SEZNAM vypíše pouze tyto položky; také vypíše všechny řádky, které neobsahují oddělovač, ale pouze pokud není zadáno -s -n (ignorováno) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] vypisuje pouze data přidávaná do souboru („name“ – sleduje dle jména souboru, „descriptor“ – dle deskriptoru souboru) -f, --follow a --follow=descriptor jsou stejné -F stejné jako --follow=name --retry -f, --force pokud cílový soubor existuje a nelze jej otevřít, smaže jej a zkusí to znovu (nadbytečné, je-li použit přepínač -n) -i, --interactive ptá se před přepsáním (přebije předcházející přepínač -n) -H následuje symbolické odkazy z příkazové řádky ve ZDROJI -f, --force povolí změnu práva pro zápis do souboru, jestliže je to nutné -n, --iterations=N přepíše N krát, místo implicitního počtu (%d) --random-source=SOUBOR získá náhodné bajty ze SOUBORU -s, --size=N aplikuje na toto množství bajtů (přípony jako K, M, G jsou možné) -f, --silent, --quiet potlačí většinu chybových zpráv -v, --verbose vypisuje informaci o každém zpracovaném souboru --reference=RSOUBOR místo hodnoty PRÁVA použije práva souboru RSOUBOR -R, --recursive pracuje i se soubory a adresáři v podadresářích -f, --silent, --quiet potlačí většinu chybových zpráv --reference=RSOUBOR místo hodnoty SKUPINA použije skupinu souboru RSOUBOR -R, --recursive vykoná se i v podadresářích -v, --verbose vypíše informaci o každém zpracovávaném souboru -f, --silent, --quiet potlačí většinu chybových zpráv --reference=RSOUBOR místo hodnot VLASTNÍK:SKUPINA použije vlastníka a skupinu souboru RSOUBOR -R, --recursive pracuje i se soubory a adresáři v podadresářích -v, --verbose vypíše informaci o každém zpracovávaném souboru -g jako -l, ale nevypisuje vlastníka -g GID[,GID1…] taktéž nastaví primární ID skupiny na číslo GID a (je-li zadáno) ID doplňkových skupin na GID1, … -g, --general-numeric-sort porovnává podle obecných číselných hodnot -i, --ignore-nonprinting uvažuje pouze tisknutelné znaky -M, --month-sort porovnává podle měsíců (neznámý) < „LED“ < … < „PRO“ -h, --header-numbering=STYL použije STYL k číslování řádků v hlavičce -i, --page-increment=ČÍSLO o kolik zvyšovat číslo řádku -l, --join-blank-lines=POČET bere POČET prázdných řádků jako jeden -n, --number-format=FORMÁT čísla řádků vypisuje podle FORMÁTU -p, --no-renumber nenuluje číslo řádku na počátku logické stránky -s, --number-separator=ŘETĚZEC přidá ŘETĚZEC za číslo řádku (oddělovač čísla od dalšího řádku) -h, --header=HLAVIČKA použije vystředěnou HLAVIČKU místo jména souboru. -h "" vypíše prázdný řádek, nepoužívejte -h"" -i[ZNAK[ŠÍŘKA]], --output-tabs[=ZNAK[ŠÍŘKA]] nahradí ŠÍŘKA (8) mezer ZNAKEM (tabelátorem) -J, --join-lines slije celé řádky, vypne zkracování řádků pře -W, zruší zarovnání sloupců, --sep-string[=ŘETĚZEC] nastavuje oddělovače -h, --human-numeric-sort porovnává čísla v lidsky čitelné podobě (například 2K 1G) -h, --no-dereference působí na symbolický odkaz místo na soubor, na který odkaz odkazuje (funguje pouze na systémech, které mohou měnit vlastníky symbolických odkazů) -h, --no-dereference působí na symbolický odkaz místo na soubor, na který odkaz odkazuje (funguje pouze na systémech, které mohou měnit časy symbolických odkazů) -m změní pouze čas poslední změny obsahu souboru -i, --ignore-case při porovnávání položek ignoruje rozdíly mezi malými a velkými písmeny -j POLOŽKA rovnocenné s „-1 POLE -2 POLE“ -o FORMÁT řídí se FORMÁTEM při tvorbě výstupního řádku -t ZNAK použije ZNAK jako oddělovač položek na vstupu i výstupu -i, --initial tabelátory následující ne-bílý znak nejsou konvertovány -t, --tabs=POČET tabelátor považuje za POČET (8) mezer -i, --inodes výpis informací o i-uzlech místo o blocích -k jako --block-size=1K -l, --local omezení výpisu na lokální souborové systémy --no-sync nevolá „sync“ před získáním informací (implicitní) -i, --input=REŽIM přizpůsobí bufferování proudu standardního vstupu -o, --output=REŽIM přizpůsobí bufferování proudu standardního výstupu -e, --error=REŽIM přizpůsobí bufferování proudu chybového výstupu -i, --interactive před každým odstraněním cíle se zeptá -L, --logical vytváří pevné odkazy na cíle symbolických odkazů -n, --no-dereference cíl, který je symbolickým odkazem na adresář, považuje za běžný soubor -P, --physical vytváří pevné odkazy přímo na symbolické odkazy -s, --symbolic na místo pevných odkazů vytváří symbolické -k jako --block-size=1K -l, --count-links jestliže jsou jména pevnými odkazy na jeden soubor, započte každý odkaz znovu -m jako --block-size=1M -k, --key=POZ1[,POZ2] začátek klíče na POZ1 (od 1) a konec na POZ2 (implicitně konec řádku) -m, --merge spojí již seřazené soubory, neřadí -k, --kill-after=DOBA rovněž zašle signál KILL, pokud PŘÍKAZ poběží i po DOBU od zaslání původního signálu. -s, --signal=SIGNÁL určuje signál, který bude po vypršení limitu zaslán. SIGNÁL může být jméno jako „HUP“ nebo číslo. Seznam signálů lze získat příkazem „kill -l“. -l vypíše výstup ve dlouhém formátu -L, --dereference u symbolického odkazu vypíše soubor, na který odkaz ukazuje namísto odkazu samotného -m vypíše soubory jako seznam jmen souborů oddělených čárkami vyplňující šířku řádků -l, --length=DÉLKA_STRÁNKY nastaví délku stránky (66). Zadáno v řádcích. (implicitně je 56 řádků textu, s -F 63) -m, --merge vypíše soubory vedle sebe, každý v jednom sloupci, zkracuje řádky, ale spolu s přepínačem -J vypisuje plné řádky celé -l, --link tvoří odkazy místo kopírování -L, --dereference vždy sleduje symbolické odkazy ve ZDROJI -l, --login vypíše procesy zajišťující přihlášení do systému (login) -m, --canonicalize-missing kanonizuje rekurzivním následováním každého symbolického odkazu v každé části zadaného názvu; části názvu nemusí existovat -n, --no-newline bez odřádkování -q, --quiet, -s, --silent potlačí většinu chybových hlášek -v, --verbose hlásí chyby -m, --mode=PRÁVA nastaví bity přístupových práv na PRÁVA, místo toho, aby byla nastavena na a=rw − umask -m, --mode=PRÁVA nastaví přístupová práva (zadány jako příkazu „chmod“), místo toho, aby byla práva nastavena na a=rwx - umask -p, --parents vytvoří neexistující rodičovské adresáře zadaného adresáře -v, --verbose vypíše zprávu o každém vytvořeném adresáři -Z, --context=KONTEXT nastaví selinuxový bezpečnostní kontext na KONTEXT každému vytvářenému adresáři -n, --digits=CIFER použije zadaný počet číslic místo 2 -s, --quiet, --silent nevypisuje velikosti výstupních souborů -z, --elide-empty-files smaže prázdné výstupní soubory -n, --lines=K vypíše posledních K řádků místo posledních %d; nebo použijte -n +K pro výpis od K. řádku --max-unchanged-stats=N dohromady s --follow=name znovu otevře SOUBOR, jestliže se jeho velikost během posledních N (implicitně %d) iterací nezměnila, aby se podíval, zda nebyl soubor smazán, nebo přejmenován (obvyklé při rotaci log souborů). -n, --no-clobber nepřepisuje existující soubory (přebije předcházející přepínač -i) -P, --no-dereference nikdy nenásleduje symbolické odkazy ve ZDROJI -n, --numeric-sort porovnává podle číselné hodnoty řetězce -R, --random-sort řadí podle náhodných hashů klíčů --random-source=SOUBOR získá náhodné bajty ze SOUBORU -r, --reverse obrátí výsledek porovnávání -n, --numeric-uid-gid jako -l, ale místo jména uživatele a skupiny vypisuje čísla -N, --literal vypíše jména souborů tak, jak jsou na disku uložena. Nezpracovává řídící znaky -o jako -l, ale bez informací o skupinách -p, --indicator-style=slash za názvy adresářů připojí „/“ -n [ODDĚL[ČÍSLIC]], --number-lines[=ODDĚL[ČÍSLIC]] čísluje řádky, vypisuje ČÍSLIC (5) číslic a potom ODDĚL (TAB). Implicitně počítání začíná od jedničky prvním vstupním řádkem -N, --first-line-number=ČÍSLO začne počítání číslem ČÍSLO prvního řádku první vypisované stránky (vizte +PRVNÍ_STRÁNKA) -o, --indent=OKRAJ každý řádek odsadí OKRAJ (nula) mezerami, neovlivňuje -w nebo -W, OKRAJ bude přidán k ŠÍŘCE_STRÁNKY) -r, --no-file-warnings potlačí varování, když soubor nemůže být otevřen -o, --io-blocks považuje VELIKOST za počet IO bloků namísto bajtů -o, --output=SOUBOR výsledek zapíše do SOUBORU místo na standardní výstup -s, --stable stabilizuje výsledek zakázáním seřazení stejných položek porovnáváním bajt po bajtu -S, --buffer-size=VELIKOST použije VELIKOST pro hlavní paměťový buffer -p stejné jako --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps --preserve[=SEZNAM_ATRIBUTŮ] zachovává zadané atributy (implicitní: mode,ownership,timestamps [práva, vlastnictví, časy]), je-li to možné, další atributy: context [kontext], links [odkazy], xattr [rozšířené atributy], all [vše] -p ADRESÁŘ požije ADRESÁŘ jako předponu, implikuje -t [zastaralé] -t interpretuje ŠABLONU jako jedinou část jména souboru relativně k adresáři: $TMPDIR, je-li nastavena, jinak je adresář zadán pomocí -p, jinak /tmp [zastaralé] -p, --parents maže ADRESÁŘ a jeho rodiče; např: „rmdir -p a/b/c“ je podobné „rmdir a/b/c a/b a“ -v, --verbose vypisuje oznámení o každém zpracovávaném adresáři -p, --preserve-timestamps čas přístupu a změny obsahu cílových souborů nastaví tak, jak byly nastaveny u zdrojových -s, --strip odstraní tabulky symbolů --strip-program=PROGRAM program na odstraňování symbolů z binárek -S, --suffix=PŘÍPONA nastaví novou příponu záložních souborů -t, --target-directory=ADRESÁŘ kopíruje všechny ZDROJE do ADRESÁŘE -T, --no-target-directory považuje CÍL za běžný soubor -v, --verbose vypisuje jména všech vytvářených adresářů -q, --count všechna přihlašovací jména a počet přihlášených uživatelů -r, --runlevel vypíše současnou úroveň běhu systému (runlevel) -s vypíše pouze jméno, terminál a čas (implicitní) -t, --time vypíše poslední změnu času -q, --hide-control-chars vypíše „?“ místo negrafických znaků --show-control-chars vypíše negrafické znaky tak jak jsou (implicitní, jestliže program není „ls“ a výstup není na terminál) -Q, --quote-name vloží názvy souborů do uvozovek --quoting-style=ZPŮSOB použije způsob citování ZPŮSOB pro jména souborů: literal (doslovný), locale (lokalizovaný), shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent nikdy nevypisuje hlavičky s názvy souborů -v, --verbose vypisuje hlavičky s názvy souborů vždy -r, --reference=SOUBOR vypíše čas poslední změny obsahu SOUBORU -R, --rfc-2822 vypíše datum podle RFC-2822 Příklad: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=SOUBOR použije velikost tohoto SOUBORU -s, --size=VELIKOST použije tuto VELIKOST -r, --reference=SOUBOR použije časy SOUBORU místo aktuálního času -t ČAS použije [[SS]RR]MMDDhhmm[.ss] místo aktuálního času --time=SLOVO nastaví čas zadaný SLOVEM: „access“, „atime“, „use“ (jako -a) „modify“, „mtime“ (jako -m) -r, --references první položka každého řádku je odkaz -t, --typeset-mode – neimplementováno – -w, --width=ČÍSLO šířka výstupu ve sloupcích, bez odkazů -r, --reverse opačné uspořádání při řazení -R, --recursive vypíše podadresáře rekurzivně -s, --size vypíše alokovanou velikost každého souboru v blocích -s, --only-delimited potlačí řádky neobsahující oddělovače --output-delimiter=ŘETĚZEC ŘETĚZEC se použije jako výstupní oddělovač. Implicitně je jako tento oddělovač použit vstupní oddělovač. -s, --signal=SIGNÁL, -SIGNÁL určuje jméno nebo číslo signálu, který bude zaslán -l, --list vypíše seznam jmen signálů nebo převede jméno signálu na/z číslo -t, --table vypíše tabulku s informacemi o signálech -s, --sleep-interval=N spolu s -f čeká asi N sekund (implicitně 1,0) mezi jednotlivými iteracemi -v, --verbose vždy vypisuje záhlaví s názvy souborů -s, --symbolic-link místo kopírování vytváří symbolické odkazy -S, --suffix=PŘÍPONA mění obvyklou příponu pro záložní soubory -t, --target-directory=ADRESÁŘ všechny ZDROJE kopíruje do ADRESÁŘE -T, --no-target-directory CÍL považuje za obyčejný soubor -s[ZNAK], --separator[=ZNAK] oddělí sloupce jedním ZNAKEM. Implicitně je to znak , když není zadán přepínač -w, a „žádný znak“, když je -w zadán. -s[ZNAK] vypne zkracování řádků u všech třech sloupcových přepínačů (-COLUMN|-a -COLUMN|-m), kromě případu, kdy je zadán přepínač -w -t výstup seřadí podle času poslední změny obsahu souboru -T, --tabsize=SLOUPCŮ pozice tabelátoru každých SLOUPCŮ znaků (impl. 8) -t stejné jako -vT -T, --show-tabs vypisuje znak TAB jako ^I -u (ignorováno) -v, --show-nonprinting použije zápisu ^ a M-, kromě znaků LF a TAB -t, --field-separator=ODDĚLOVAČ použije ODDĚLOVAČE místo přechodu nemezera/mezera -T, --temporary-directory=ADRESÁŘ použije ADRESÁŘ pro dočasné soubory, nepoužívá $TMPDIR ani %s. Více přepínačů zadává více adresářů. -u, --unique s -c testuje striktní uspořádání; jinak vypíše pouze první ze stejných sekvencí -t, --tabs=SEZNAM použije čárkami oddělený seznam pozicí tabelátorů -t, --tagged-paragraph odsadí první řádek rozdílně od druhého -u, --uniform-spacing jedna mezera mezi slovy, dvě za větou -w, --width=ŠÍŘKA maximální šířka řádku (implicitně 75) -t, --target-directory=ADRESÁŘ přemístí všechny ZDROJE do ADRESÁŘE -T, --no-target-directory CÍL považuje za běžný soubor -u, --update přemístí pouze starší a úplně nové soubory -v, --verbose vypisuje co se děje -t, --text čte v textovém módu (implicitní, je-li čten standardní vstup terminálu) -t, --text čte v textovém módu (implicitní) -u s -lt seřadí a vypíše podle času posledního přístupu; s -l vypíše tento čas, ale seřadí podle názvů souborů; jinak řadí podle tohoto času -U neřadí, soubory budou vypsány v takovém pořadí, v jakém jsou v adresáři uloženy -v přirozené řazení (verzovacích) čísel v textu -u, --remove zkrátí a smaže soubor po přepsání -v, --verbose výpis informací o průběhu -x, --exact nezaokrouhluje velikost souboru nahoru na celé bloky; implicitní pro ne-obyčejné soubory -z, --zero přidá poslední fázi přepisu nulami, aby zametl stopy -u, --update kopíruje pouze, když zdrojový soubor je novější než cílový, nebo když cílový soubor neexistuje -v, --verbose vypisuje bližší informace o vykonávání příkazu -x, --one-file-system zůstane v jednom souborovém systému -u, --user=UŽIVATEL nastaví uživatele UŽIVATEL v cílovém bezp. kontextu -r, --role=ROLE nastaví roli ROLE v cílovém bezp. kontextu -t, --type=DRUH nastaví druh DRUH v cílovém bezp. kontextu -l, --range=ROZSAH nastaví rozsah ROZSAH v cílovém bezp. kontextu -v STRANA jako -a STRANA, ale bez výpisu spojených řádků. -1 POLOŽKA spojuje přes tuto POLOŽKU souboru 1 -2 POLOŽKA spojuje přes tuto POLOŽKU souboru 2 --check-order ověřuje, zda je vstup správně seřazen, i když všechny řádky lze spárovat --nocheck-order neověřuje, zda je vstup správně seřazen --header považuje první řádek každého souboru za záhlaví položek, vypíše je aniž by se je pokoušet spárovat -v, --kernel-version vypíše verzi jádra (datum kompilace) -m, --machine vypíše typ počítače (hardware) -p, --processor vypíše typ procesoru nebo „unknown“ (neznámý) -i, --hardware-platform vypíše hardwarovou platformu nebo „unknown“ (neznámá) -o, --operating-system vypíše označení operačního systému -v, --starting-line-number=ČÍSLO číslo prvního řádku na každé logické stránce -w, --number-width=POČET čísla řádků vypisuje na POČET míst -w, --check-chars=N porovnává nejvýše N prvních znaků každého řádku -w, --width=SLOUPCŮ použije tuto šířku obrazovky při vypisování -x jména souborů vypíše po řádcích místo po sloupcích -X výstup seřadí abecedně podle přípon souborů -Z, --context vypíše pro každý soubor jakýkoliv selinuxový bezpečnostní kontext -1 vypíše jeden soubor na jeden řádek -x, --one-file-system přeskočí adresáře na jiných souborových systémech -X, --exclude-from=SOUBOR přeskočí soubory, které vyhovují libovolnému výrazu ze souboru SOUBOR --exclude=VZOR přeskočí soubory vyhovující VZORU --max-depth=N vypíše celkové součty pouze pro adresáře (nebo soubory, pokud je uvedeno --all), do N. úrovně vzhledem k cestě na příkazovém řádku. Argument --max-depth=0 je rovnocenný se --summarize. -z, --zero-terminated vstupní řádky jsou ukončeny bajtem 0 místo LF Procesy v nepřerušitelném spánku rovněž přispívají do průměrné zátěže. [:graph:] všechny tisknutelné znaky bez mezer [:lower:] všechna malá písmena [:print:] všechny tisknutelné znaky včetně mezer [:punct:] všechny interpunkční znaky [:space:] všechny vodorovné a svislé mezery [:upper:] všechna velká písmena [:xdigit:] všechny šestnáctkové číslice [=ZNAK=] všechny znaky rovnocenné se ZNAKEM \0NNN bajt s osmičkovou hodnotou NNN (1 až 3 číslice) \xHH bajt s šestnáctkovou hodnotou HH (1 až 2 číslice) \NNN bajt s osmičkovou hodnotou NNN (1 až 3 číslice) \xHH bajt s šestnáctkovou hodnotou HH (1 až 2 číslice) \uHHHH unicodový (ISO/IEC 10646) znak s šestnáctkovou hodnotou HHHH (4 číslice) \UHHHHHHHH unicodový znak s šestnáctkovou hodnotou HHHHHHHH (8 číslic) \\ zpětné lomítko \a zvonek (BEL) \b backspace \c bez dalšího výstupu \e escape \f znak vysunutí formuláře (form feed) \n znak nového řádku \r návrat vozíku (carriage return) \t vodorovný tabelátor \v svislý tabelátor \v svislý tabelátor ZNAK1–ZNAK2 všechny znaky od ZNAKU1 do ZNAKU2 vzestupně [ZNAK*] v MNOŽINĚ2 kopíruje ZNAK tolikrát, aby byla MNOŽINA2 stejně dlouhá jako MNOŽINA1 [ZNAK*KOLIKRÁT] KOLIKRÁT kopií ZNAKU, osmičkově když začíná číslicí 0 [:alnum:] všechna písmena a číslice [:alpha:] všechna písmena [:blank:] všechny vodorovné mezery [:cntrl:] všechny řídící znaky [:digit:] všechny číslice ascii z EBCDIC do ASCII ebcdic z ASCII do EBCDIC ibm z ASCII do pozměněného EBCDIC block záznamy ukončené znakem nového řádku vyplní do velikosti „cbs“ mezerami unblock koncové mezery v záznamech o velikosti „cbs“ nahradí znakem nového řádku lcase převede velká písmena na malá binary použije binární I/O pro práci s daty cio použije souběžné I/O pro práci s daty d[BAJTŮ] desítkové se znaménkem s počtem BAJTŮ na číslo f[BAJTŮ] s plovoucí řádovou čárkou s počtem BAJTŮ na číslo o[BAJTŮ] osmičkové s počtem BAJTŮ na číslo u[BAJTŮ] desítkové bez znaménka s počtem BAJTŮ na číslo x[BAJTŮ] šestnáctkové s počtem BAJTŮ na číslo direct použije přímé vstupně-výstupní operace (I/O) pro práci s daty directory selže, pokud se nejedná o adresář dsync použije synchronní I/O pro práci s daty fullblock sdružuje vstup do celých bloků (pouze iflag) if=SOUBOR čte ze souboru SOUBOR místo ze stdin iflag=PŘÍZNAKY způsob čtení. PŘÍZNAKY je seznam čárkou oddělených příznaků obs=BAJTŮ zapisuje BAJTŮ bajtů najednou (implicitně: 512) of=SOUBOR zapisuje do SOUBOR místo do stdout oflag=PŘÍZNAKY způsob zápisu. PŘÍZNAKY je seznam čárkou oddělených příznaků seek=BLOKŮ přeskočí prvních BLOKŮ výstupních bloků velikosti „obs“ skip=BLOKŮ přeskočí prvních BLOKŮ vstupních bloků velikosti „ibs“ status=noxfer nezobrazí statistické informace o přenosu dat noaime neaktualizuje čas posledního přístupu k souboru nocreat nevytváří výstupní soubor excl selže, pokud výstupní soubor již existuje notrunc nezkracuje výstupní soubor ucase převede malá písmena na velká swab zamění bajty v každém páru vstupních bajtů noctty nepovažuje soubor za řídící terminál noerror pokračuje i při vzniku chyby při čtení sync doplní každý vstupní blok nulovými bajty do velikosti „ibs“. Za současného použití block nebo unblock doplňuje mezerami. fdatasync před ukončením vynutí fyzický zápis dat fsync podobně, ale zapíše i metadata nofollow nesleduje symbolické odkazy nolinks selže, pokud na soubor vede více pevných odkazů nonblock použije neblokující I/O none, off záložní kopie nevytvářet (i když je zadán přepínač --backup) numbered, t číslované záložní kopie existing, nil číslované, jestliže již číslovaná záložní kopie existuje, jinak jednoduché simple, never jednoduché záložní kopie sync podobně, ale také pro metadata text použije textové I/O pro práci s daty %5s bloků Použité Volné Uži%% %X %sB bloků Použité Volné Kapacita (záloha: %s) * [-]ctlecho řídící znaky přepisuje v notaci se stříškou („^c“) [-]echo opisuje vstupní znaky * [-]echoctl jako [-]ctlecho [-]echoe jako [-]crterase [-]echok vypíše znak CR (newline) po znaku „kill“ * [-]echoke jako [-]crtkill [-]echonl pokud není vypsán jiný znak, vypíše LF (newline) * [-]echoprt vypisuje vymazané znaky pozpátku, mezi „\“ a „/“ [-]icanon povolí speciální znaky erase, kill, werase a rprnt [-]iexten povolí speciální znaky, které neodpovídají normě POSIX. * [-]iuclc překládá velká písmena na malá * [-]ixany každý znak restartuje výstup, nikoli jen znak „start“ [-]ixoff povolí posílání znaků start/stop [-]ixon povolí řízení toku dat pomocí XON/XOFF [-]parmrk označí chyby parity (sekvencí 255-0-znak) [-]tandem jako [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 předpokládá vstupní znaky kódované v UTF-8 * [-]ocrnl překládá CR (cariage return) na LF (newline) * [-]ofdel použije znak „delete“ místo znaku „null“ pro výplně * [-]ofill použije vyplňovací znak místo čekání * [-]olcuc překládá malá písmena na velká * [-]onlcr překládá LF (newline) na CRLF (carriage return-newline) * [-]onlret LF (newline) provede CR (carriage return) * [-]onocr v prvním sloupci netiskne CR (carriage return) [-]opost zpracování postprocesorem * tabN způsob čekání na vodorovný tabelátor, N je 0–3 * tabs jako tab0 * -tabs jako tab3 * vtN způsob čekání na svislý tabelátor, N je 0–1 * eol2 ZNAK alternativní ZNAK pro konec řádku erase ZNAK ZNAK, který maže poslední zapsaný znak intr ZNAK ZNAK, který zasílá signál interrupt kill ZNAK ZNAK, který maže aktuální řádek * lnext ZNAK ZNAK, který znemožňuje interpretaci dalšího znaku (quote) quit ZNAK ZNAK, který posílá signál quit * rprnt ZNAK ZNAK, který překresluje aktuální řádek start ZNAK ZNAK, který znovu spustí výstup po jeho pozastavení * rows N pošle jádru OS, že terminál má N řádků * size vypíše počet řádků a sloupců podle jádra OS speed vypíše rychlost terminálu time N spolu s -icanon nastaví časový limit pro čtení na N desetin sekundy ??:???? Připojeno do TTY kontext=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu skupiny=starý v %s. opakování % 1 % z paměti, b 1, K 1024 (implicitní), a tak dále pro M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Není-li zadán SOUBOR nebo je-li „-“, čte standardní vstup. *** VAROVÁNÍ *** Lokalizace vybraná prostředím ovlivňuje pořadí řazení. Tradiční pořadí řazení, které používá hodnoty jednotlivých bajtů, získáte nastavením LC_ALL=C. %.*s: neplatné určení konverze%e. %b %Y%e. %b %H.%M%lu uživatel%lu uživatelé%lu uživatelů%s%s (pro regvýr %s)%s → %s (obnoven ze zálohy) %s [-d] skončil neobvykle%s a %s jsou jeden a tentýž soubor%s existuje, ale není adresářemsoubor %s se objevil, sledování konce nového souboru pokračuje%s se stal znovu dostupným%s se stal nedostupnýmsoubor %s byl nahrazen vzdáleným souborem; s tímto jménem končímsoubor %s byl nahrazen nesledovatelným; s tímto jménem končímsoubor %s byl nahrazen jiným, sledování konce nového souboru pokračuje.%s: neznámý typ souboru%s má nepoužitelnou, zjevně zápornou velikostDomovská stránka %s: <%s> Domovská stránka %s: %s není celé kladné číslo%s je příliš velké%s lze provozovat jen na jádře podporujícím SELinuxbylo zadáno %s, ale nebylo %sargument „%3$s“ přepínače %1$s%2$s je příliš velký%s: %s je příliš velký, proto není reprezentovatelný%s: %s: číslo řádku je mimo rozsah%s: %s: nenalezeno%s: %s:%s: neseřaditelný řádek: %s: SELHALO otevření nebo čtení %s: Uživatel neexistuje%s: '}' je požadována v počítadle opakování%s: očekáván binární operátor%s: relativní symbolický odkaz lze vytvořit pouze v aktuálním adresáři%s: neblokující režim nelze změnit%s: jméno uživatele pro UID %lu nelze najít %s: nelze sledovat konec souboru tohoto typu; sledování ukončeno%s: nelze se vrátit na původní místo v souboru (služba lseek)%s: adresář nelze přepsat%s: nelze převinout%s: výstup nelze převíjet%s nelze se přesunout na pozici %s zadanou vzhledem ke konci souboru%s: nelze se přemístit na pozici %s%s: nelze se přesunout na relativní pozici %s%s: shred nelze použít na deskriptor souboru otevřený pro připojování%s: vstup nelze převíjet%s: nelze se přesunout na zadanou pozici ve vstupu%s: postrádán koncový oddělovač „%c“%s: neblokovací mód souboru nelze zrušit%s: sestoupit do adresáře %s?%s: sestoupit do proti zápisu chráněného adresáře %s?%s: konec souboru%s: operand ve třídě [=c=] musí být jediný znak%s: chyba při zkracování souboru%s: chyba při zápisu na pozici %s%s: očekávána číselná hodnota%s: uzavření selhalo%s: soubor nelze otevřít pro zápis%s: mazání selhalo%s: fcntl selhala%s: fdatasync selhala%s: soubor má zápornou velikost%s: soubor byl příliš zkrácen%s: soubor je příliš dlouhý%s: soubor je příliš dlouhý%s: soubor byl zkrácen%s: fstat selhala%s: fsyns selhala%s: na adresář nelze vytvořit pevný odkaz%s: vstup obsahuje cyklus:%s: vstup obsahuje lichý počet položek%s: vstupní soubor je zároveň výstupním%s: po oddělovači je očekáváno celé číslo%s: neplatný PID%s: neplatné číslo na začátku %s%s: chybná specifikace%s: neplatné určení položky %s%s: chybná velikost souboru%s: chybný typ souboru%s: neplatné číslo maximálního počtu nezměněných výsledků funkce stat mezi otevřeními%s: chybné číslo%s: chybný počet bajtů%s: chybný počet řádků%s: neplatný počet průchodů%s: neplatný počet sekund%s: chybný počet na ignorování%s: neplatný přepínač – %c %s: chybný vzorek%s: neplatné číslo procesu%s: chybný regulární výraz: %s%s: neplatný signál%s: chybná délka přípony%s: číslo řádku musí být větší než nula%s: číslo řádku je mimo rozsah%s: lseek selhala%s: zadáno více signálů%s: nová práva jsou %s, a ne %s%s: nenalezeny správně formátované řádky %s kontrolního součtu%s: pro toto zařízení neexistuje informace o velikosti%s: nevypisuji již dříve vypsaný adresář%s: počet bajtů je příliš velký%s: přepínač „%c%s“ musí být zadán bez argumentu %s: přepínač „%s“ není jednoznačný %s: přepínač „--%s“ musí být zadán bez argumentu %s: přepínač „--%s“ vyžaduje argument %s: přepínač „-W %s“ musí být zadán bez argumentu %s: přepínač „-W %s“ není jednoznačný %s: přepínač „-W %s“ vyžaduje argument %s: přepínač vyžaduje argument – %c %s: přepsat %s? %s: průchod %lu/%lu (%s)…%s: průchod %lu/%lu (%s)…%s%s: průchod %lu/%lu (%s)…%s/%s %d%%%s: chyba při čtení%s: smazat %s %s? %s: smazat všechny argumenty rekurzivně? %s: smazat všechny argumenty? %s: smazat proti zápisu chráněný %s %s? %s: smazán%s: probíhá mazání%s: přejmenováno na %s%s: přepsat %s? %s: pohyb v souboru selhal%s: příliš mnoho řádků s kontrolními součty%s: přepsat %s přebitím přístupových práv %04lo (%s)? %s: není možno zjistit největší přípustnou délku jména souboru%s: všechny požadované operace nelze provést%s: očekáván unární operátor%s: neznámý přepínač „%c%s“ %s: neznámý přepínač „--%s“ %s: hodnota nebyla zcela převedena%s: chyba při zápisu%s:%lu: neplatný řádek; chybí druhý token%s:%lu: neplatný název souboru s nulovou délkou%s:%lu: neznámé klíčové slovo %s%s}: mezi `{' a `}' musí být celé číslo“očekávána „)“očekávána „)“, nalezeno %s©* souborové systémy, které používají dočasná meziúložiště, jako je klient NFS verze 3 * komprimované souborové systémy * záznamově strukturované nebo žurnálovací souborové systémy, zvláště takové, co jsou dodávány s AIXEM a Solarisem (a JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3 atd.) * souborové systémy, které zapisují redundantní data a ustojí i selhání některých zápisů, jako jsou souborové systémy vystavěné nad RAIDem * souborové systémy, které dělají snímky, jako je NFS server od Network Appliance , průměrná zátěž: %.2f, %'g s, %s/s argument %2$s za --%1$s je příliš velký--context (-Z) funguje jen na jádře podporujícím SELinux--reflink lze požít jen s --sparse=auto-R --dereference vyžaduje buď -H, a nebo -L-R -h vyžaduje -Pk přepínači -ef nemůže být uveden přepínač -lk přepínači -nt nemůže být uveden přepínač -lk přepínači -ot nemůže být uveden přepínač -l??? ?????Neúspěšně ukončen (SIGABRT)Pro jméno počítače není rodina adres podporovánaBudík (SIGALRM)Všechny argumenty dlouhých přepínačů jsou povinné i pro jejich krátké varianty. Všechny požadavky vyřízenyVyrovnávací paměť pro argumenty je příliš maláArnold RobbinsChybné volání systému (SIGSYS)Chybná hodnota pro ai_flagsBrian FoxRoura přerušena (SIGPIPE)Chyba na sběrnici (neplatná adresa) (SIGBUS)VAROVÁNÍ: Pamatuje, že shred se spoléhá na jeden velmi důležitý předpoklad: Že souborový systém přepisuje data na stejné místo. Toto je tradiční způsob, jak věci fungují, ale mnoho moderních návrhů souborových systémů nesplňuje tento předpoklad. Následují příklady souborových systémů, na kterých není shred účinný nebo na kterých není zaručena účinnost při všech režimech těchto systémů: KOMENTARPřekročen časový limit pro procesor (SIGXCPU)Na existující soubor SOUBOR1 vytvoří odkaz pojmenovaný SOUBOR2 pomocí služby link(2). Odstraní zadaný SOUBOR voláním služby „unlink“ (odstranit odkaz). Mění efektivní číslo uživatele a skupiny na daného UŽIVATELE. -, -l, --login učiní shell přihlašovacím shellem -c, --command=PŘÍKAZ předá jeden PŘÍKAZ shellu pomocí -c -f, --fast předá shellu -f (pro csh nebo tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment nemaže proměnné prostředí -p jako -m -s, --shell=SHELL použije SHELL (pokud to povoluje /etc/shells) Mění skupinu zadaných SOUBORŮ na SKUPINU. -c, --changes vypíše soubory, jejichž skupina byla změněna --dereference působí na soubor, na nějž se odkazuje symbolický odkaz (toto je výchozí chování), namísto odkazu samotného Změní práva každému SOUBORU na PRÁVA. -c, --changes vypisuje pouze soubory, jejichž práva byla změněna Mění vlastníka a/nebo skupinu zadaných SOUBORŮ na VLASTNÍKA a/nebo SKUPINU. S --reference mění vlastníka a skupinu zadaných SOUBORŮ na vlastníka a skupinu souboru RSOUBOR. -c, --changes vypíše pouze soubory, jejichž vlastnictví bylo změněno --dereference působí na soubory, na něž se odkazují symbolické odkazy, místo na odkazy samotné Změní bezpečnostní kontext každého SOUBORU na KONTEXT. Při použití --reference změní bezpečnostní kontext každého SOUBORU na kontext RSOUBORU. -h, --no-dereference působí na symbolický odkaz místo na odkazovaný soubor Chet RameyPotomek skončil (SIGCHLD)Colin PlumbPorovná seřazené soubory SOUBOR1 a SOUBOR2 řádek po pořádku. Zřetězí obsah SOUBORU(Ů) nebo standardního vstupu a vypíše jej na standardní výstup. -A, --show-all stejné jako -vET -b, --number-nonblank čísluje neprázdné výstupní řádky -e stejné jako -vE -E, --show-ends vypíše $ na konci každého řádku -n, --number čísluje všechny výstupní řádky -s, --squeeze-blank prázdné řádky jdoucí po sobě redukuje na jediný Je pokračováno (SIGCONT)V každém SOUBORU převádí mezery na tabelátory a výsledek vypisuje na standardní výstup. Nebude-li SOUBOR zadán nebo bude-li „-“, bude čten standardní vstup. Konvertuje tabelátory v každém SOUBORU na mezery, výsledek jde na standardní výstup. Nebude-li SOUBOR zadán nebo bude-li „-“, bude čten standardní vstup. Kopíruje ZDROJ do CÍLE nebo více ZDROJŮ do ADRESÁŘE. Kopírování souboru, konverze a formátování podle operandů. bs=BAJTŮ čte a zapisuje BAJTŮ bajtů najednou (vizte též ibs=, obs=) cbs=BAJTŮ konvertuje BAJTŮ bajtů najednou conv=KONVERZE konvertuje soubor podle seznamu čárkami oddělených konverzí count=BLOKŮ zkopíruje pouze BLOKŮ vstupních bloků ibs=BAJTŮ čte BAJTŮ bajtů najednou (implicitně: 512) Kopíruje standardní vstup do každého SOUBORU a také na standardní výstup. -a, --append připojí k daným SOUBORŮM, nepřepisuje je -i, --ignore-interrupts ignoruje signál „interrupt“ Vytvoří dočasný soubor nebo adresář bezpečným způsobem a vypíše jeho jméno. ŠABLONA musí končit na alespoň 3 po sobě následující znaky „X“. Nebude-li zadána ŠABLONA, použije se tmp.XXXXXXXXXX a zapne se --tmpdir. Vytvoří pojmenované roury (FIFO) se zadanými JMÉNY. Vytvoří ADRESÁŘ(E), pokud ještě neexistuje(í). Vytvoří zvláštní soubor pod JMÉNEM a zadaného TYPU. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreRozpoznává neplatné nebo nepřenositelné konstrukce ve jménech souborů. -p kontrola pro většinu POSIXOVÝCH systémů -P kontrola na prázdná jména a uvozující „-“ --portability kontrola pro všechny POSIXOVÉ systémy (stejné jako -p -P) Adresář: Zobrazí informace o souboru nebo souborovém systému. -L, --dereference následuje odkazy -f, --file-system zobrazí informace o souborovém systému místo o souboru Vypíše aktuální čas v daném FORMÁTU, nebo nastaví datum v systému. -d, --date=ŘETĚZEC vypíše čas zadaný jako ŘETĚZEC, nikoli aktuální -f, --file=DATASOUBOR jako --date, ale časy jsou v DATASOUBORU, Dmitry V. LevinZbaví se doplňkových skupin, převezme ID uživatele a ID skupiny určené JMÉNEM_UŽIVATELE (číselným ID nebo jménem) a spustí PŘÍKAZ se zadanými ARGUMENTY. Skončí s výstupním kódem 111, pokud není možné přejmout požadované ID uživatele a skupiny. Jinak vrátí výstupní kód PŘÍKAZU. Tento program má smysl jen, je-li vyvolán rootem (ID uživatele 0). EMT past (SIGEMT)UKONCENIKaždý rozsah může být: N N. bajt, znak nebo položka, počítáno od 1 N- od N. bajtu, znaku nebo položky, do konce řádku N-M od N. do M. (včetně) bajtu, znaku nebo položky -M od prvního do M. (včetně) bajtu, znaku nebo položky Jestliže SOUBOR není zadán, nebo je „-“, bude čten standardní vstup. Vypíše ŘETĚZEC na standardní výstup. -n bez ukončovacího znaku nového řádku Eric BlakeSkončí s návratovým kódem značícím selhání.Skončí s návratovým kódem značícím úspěch.Ukončí se s návratovým kódem určeným VÝRAZEM. François PinardCHYBNÝOPRAVMĚ: neznámýFORMÁT musí být vhodný pro vytištění jednoho argumentu typu „double“; implicitně je „%PŘESf“, pokud PRVNÍ, PŘÍRŮSTEK a POSLEDNÍ jsou všechny desítková čísla s pevnou řádovou čárkou s největší přesností PŘES, jinak „%g“. Roury nemají hlavní a vedlejší číslo zařízení.Překročen limit délky souboru (SIGXFS2)Souborový systém Soub. systém Typ Ze VSTUPU (nebo standardního vstupu) filtruje sousedící shodné řádky a výsledek zapíše na VÝSTUP (nebo standardní výstup). Bez přepínačů zredukuje odpovídající řádky na první výskyt. Výjimka v pohyblivé řádové čárce (SIGFPE)Úplnou dokumentaci lze získat příkazem: info coreutils '%s invocation' Pro každý pár vstupních řádků se stejnými propojovacími položkami zapíše řádek na standardní výstup. Implicitně je propojovací položkou položka první a oddělovač je mezera. Jestliže SOUBOR1, nebo SOUBOR2 bude „-“ (ne oba), pak tento bude čten ze standardního vstupu. -a STRANA vypíše nepárové řádky pocházející ze souboru číslo STRANA, kde STRANA je 1 nebo 2 pro SOUBOR1 nebo SOUBOR2 -e VYPLŇ nahradí chybějící vstupní položky VÝPLNÍ Donutí pozměněné bloky zapsat na disk, aktualizuje superblok. Obecná nápověda, jak používat GNU software: Giuseppe ScrivanoHans Peter AnvinOdpojen terminál (SIGHUP)Vstup/Výstup možný (SIGIO)ZAHALIIan Lance TaylorProstojPokud není SOUBOR zadán, použije se %s. Obvyklý SOUBOR je %s. Nedovolená instrukce (SIGILL)Navíc zálohy a vzdálená zrcadla souborových systémů mohou obsahovat kopie souboru, který nemůže být smazán, a tak umožňují pozdější obnovu skartovaných souborů. Občanské jméno: 1. forma vytvoří odkaz na CÍL se jménem JMÉNO_ODKAZU. 2. forma vytvoří odkaz na CÍL v aktuálním adresáři. 3. a 4. forma vytváří odkazy na každý CÍL v ADRESÁŘI. Implicitně vytváří pevné odkazy, pro symbolické odkazy přidejte --symbolic. Pokud se vytváří pevné odkazy, každý CÍL musí existovat. Symbolické odkazy mohou nést libovolný text; při pozdějším vyhodnocování je relativní odkaz zvažován vzhledem ke svému nadřízenému adresáři. V případě souborového systému ext3 se výše uvedené upozornění (omezená účinnost shredu) vztahuje jen na režim data=journal, ve kterém se žurnálují kromě metadat i samotný obsah souborů. Jak v režimu data=order (implicitní), tak v data=writeback shred pracuje zcela normálně. Režim žurnálování u ext3 lze změnit přidáním volby data=NĚCO k připojovacím volbám daného souborového systému do souboru /etc/fstab, jak je popsáno v manuálu k příkazu mount (man mount). nekonečno BŽádost o informaci (SIGINFO)Přerušení (SIGINT)Přerušeno signálemChybný zpětný odkazChybný název znakové třídyZnak nevhodné třídyChybný obsah mezi \{ a \}Předcházející regulární výraz je chybnýChybný konec rozsahuNeplatný regulární výrazJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfZabit (SIGKILL)TERMINALLOGINVypisuje informace o SOUBORECH (implicitně z aktuálního adresáře). Jestliže není zadán žádný z přepínačů -cftuvSUX nebo --sort, výstup bude seřazen abecedně. LoginPřihlašovací jméno: Povinné argumenty dlouhých přepínačů jsou také povinné u odpovídajících krátkých přepínačů. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnChyba přidělování pamětiPaměť vyčerpánaMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerJMENOJménoNeznámé jméno nebo službaSe jménem počítače není spojena žádná adresaŽádná shodaChybí předcházející regulární výrazZ chyby překladu jména se nelze zotavitV POŘÁDKUPouze jeden řetězec smí být zadán při mazání bez srážení opakujících se znakůPřepínač --string bez zadaného čísla je brán jako 3. Přepínač --width bez čísla je brán jako 32. Implicitní jsou tyto hodnoty: -A o -t oS -w16. Řadicí přepínače: Další přepínače: Vypíše permutovaný rejstřík, včetně kontextu, slov ze vstupních souborů Výstupem jsou příkazy, které zajistí nastavení proměnné prostředí LS_COLORS. Specifikace výstupního formátu: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell výstupem je kód Bourne shellu pro nastavení LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell výstupem je kód C shellu pro nastavení LS_COLORS -p, --print-database výstupem je vnitřní databáze Rozdělí VSTUP do souborů PŘEDPONAaa, PŘEDPONAab, … s pevnou délkou; implicitní délka je 1000 řádků a implicitní PŘEDPONA je „x“. Pokud VSTUP nebude zadán nebo bude „-“, bude čten standardní vstup. Rozděluje SOUBOR v místech VZORKU(Ů) do souborů „xx01“, „xx02“, … a vypisuje velikosti každého výstupního souboru na standardní výstup. Vypíše limity závislé na platformě ve formátu vhodném do shellových skriptů. Vypíše právě přihlášené uživatele. Informace jsou brány ze SOUBORU. Pokud není SOUBOR zadán, použije se %s. Obvyklý SOUBOR je %s. Zadané SOUBORY opakovaně přepíše, čímž ztíží pokusy o obnovení jejich obsahu i za použití velmi drahého vybavení. PIDZabaleno kým: %s Zabaleno kým: %s (%s) Pádraig BradyRozvrhne SOUBOR(Y) pro tisk na stránky nebo sloupce. Řetězec v parametru není správně zakódovánHeslo:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlán: Výpadek napájení (SIGPWR)Nenadálý konec regulárního výrazuVypíše ARGUMENT(Y) v určeném FORMÁTU nebo provede podle PŘEPÍNAČŮ: Vypíše CRC kontrolní součet a počet bajtů v každém SOUBORU. Vypíše JMÉNO bez úvodních adresářů. Pokud je zadáno, odstraní také PŘÍPONU. Vypíše JMÉNO bez koncové /části; pokud JMÉNO neobsahuje „/“, vypíše „.“ (tzn. aktuální adresář). Vypíše některé informace o systému. Není-li zadán žádný přepínač, výpis je stejný jako s přepínačem -s. -a, --all vypíše všechny informace v následujícím pořadí kromě -p a -i, které vynechá, nejsou-li známy: -s, --kernel-name vypíše jméno jádra -n, --nodename vypíše jméno počítače v síti -r, --kernel-release vypíše označení vydání jádra (číslo) [release] Ke každému SOUBORU vypíše kontrolní součet a počet bloků. -r použije BSD algoritmus a bloky po 1 K -s, --sysv použije System V algoritmus a bloky po 512 bajtech Zobrazí příslušnosti skupinám pro každé JMÉNO_UŽIVATELE nebo pro aktuální proces, není-li JMÉNO_UŽIVATELE zadáno (zde se projeví rozdíl po změně v databázi skupin). Vypíše informace o právě přihlášených uživatelích. Vypíše architekturu stroje. Ke každému SOUBORU vypíše počet nových řádků, slov a bajtů. Bude-li zadán více než jeden SOUBOR, vypíše i celkové údaje. Jestliže SOUBOR nebude zadán nebo bude „-“, bude čten standardní vstup. Slovo je neprázdná posloupnost znaků oddělená bílým místem. -c, --bytes vypíše počet bajtů -m, --chars vypíše počet znaků -l, --lines vypíše počet řádků (resp. výskytů znaku nový řádek) Vypíše čísla od PRVNÍHO do POSLEDNÍHO s krokem PŘÍRŮSTEK. -f, --format=FORMÁT použije printf FORMÁT pro výpis reálných čísel -s, --separator=ŘETĚZEC použije ŘETĚZEC k oddělení čísel (implicitně: \n) -w, --equal-width srovná šířku zarovnáním úvodními nulami Vypíše nebo změní nastavení terminálu. -a, --all vypíše všechna nastavení ve formě pro člověka čitelné -g, --save vypíše všechna nastavení ve formě pro stty -F, --file=ZAŘÍZENÍ místo stdin otevře a použije zadané zařízení Vypíše pouze vybrané části řádků z každého SOUBORU na standardní výstup. Vypíše aktuální čas, čas, po který je systém v provozu, počet uživatelů přihlášených v systému a průměrný počet procesů čekajících ve frontě na zpracování během posledních 1, 5 a 15 minut.Vypíše jméno souboru terminálu připojeného na standardní vstup. -s, --silent, --quiet potlačí výstup a vrátí pouze návratový kód. Vypíše prvních 10 řádků každého SOUBORU na standardní výstup. S více jak jedním SOUBOREM bude před vypsáním každého uvedena hlavička obsahující jméno SOUBORU. Jestliže SOUBOR nebude zadán nebo bude „-“, bude čten standardní vstup. Vypíše celý název současného pracovního adresáře. Vypíše posledních %d řádků každého souboru na standardní výstup. S více jak jedním SOUBOREM bude před vypsáním každého uvedena hlavička obsahující jeho jméno. Jestliže SOUBOR nebude zadán nebo bude „-“, bude čten standardní vstup. Vytiskne jméno aktuálního uživatele. Vypíše počet výpočetních jednotek dostupných současnému procesu, což může být méně než počet zapojených procesorů. Vypíše rozklad každého celého ČÍSLA na prvočísla. Pokud ČÍSLA nebudou zadána, budou načtena ze standardního vstupu. Vypíše jméno uživatele příslušející aktuálnímu efektivnímu UID. Stejné jako příkaz id -un. Vypíše informace o uživateli JMÉNO_UŽIVATELE nebo (je-li JMÉNO_UŽIVATELE vynecháno) o aktuálním uživateli. -a ignoruje se, z důvodu kompatibility s jinými verzemi -Z, --context vypíše pouze bezpečnostní kontext současného uživatele -g, --group vypíše pouze efektivní číslo skupiny -G, --groups vypíše čísla všech skupin -n, --name vypíše jména, ne čísla (pro -ugG) -r, --real vypíše reálné ID místo efektivního (pro -ugG) -u, --user vypíše pouze efektivní číslo uživatele Vypíše hodnotu symbolického odkazu nebo kanonický název souboru Požadavek se zpracováváProfilovací časovač vypršel (SIGPROF)Projekt: Q. Frank XiaKonec (SIGQUIT)Randy SmithSignál reálného času %dPřeformátuje všechny odstavce v SOUBORU a výsledek vypíše na standardní výstup. Přepínač -ŠÍŘKA je zkrácená podoba --width=ŠÍŘKA. Regulární výraz je příliš dlouhýMaže (unlink) SOUBOR(Y). -f, --force ignoruje neexistující soubory, nikdy se neptá -i, ptá se před každým smazáním Smaže ADRESÁŘ(E), pokud jsou prázdné. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty ignoruje každé selhání, která je způsobeno jen a pouze tím, že adresář je neprázdný Přejmenuje ZDROJ na CÍL, nebo přesune ZDROJ(E) do ADRESÁŘE. Opakovaně vypisuje řádku se zadanými ŘETĚZCI nebo s „y“. Chyby distribuce %s oznamujte na adrese <%s> (anglicky). Chyby v překladu %s hlaste na (česky). Požadavek zrušenPožadavek nezrušenProstředek byl ztracen (SIGLOST)Richard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonProvede PŘÍKAZ s pozměněnou hodnotou nice, což ovlivní plánování procesů. Bez PŘÍKAZU vypíše aktuální hodnotu. Rozsah hodnoty nice je od %d (nejupřednostňovanější plánovačem) do %d (nejupozaďovanější). -n, --adjustment=N k hodnotě nice přičte celé číslo N (implicitně 10) Spustí PŘÍKAZ s kořenovým adresářem nastaveným na NOVÝ_ROOT. Spustí PŘÍKAZ tak, aby ignoroval signál hangup (zavěšení linky). Spustí PŘÍKAZ s pozměněnými bufferovacími operacemi standardních proudů. Spustí program v jiném bezpečnostním kontextu. Bez KONTEXTU a bez PŘÍKAZU vypíše současný bezpečnostní kontext. KONTEXT Úplný bezpečnostní kontext -c, --compute vypočte přechodový kontext procesu před úpravou -t, --type=DRUH druh (pro stejnou roli jako má rodič) -u, --user=UŽIVATEL identita uživatele -r, --role=ROLE role -l, --range=ROZSAH rozsah úrovní Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerNeoprávněný přístup do paměti (SIGSEGV)Zašle signál procesům nebo vypíše seznam signálů. Servname není podporována daným ai_socktypePro obejití problému nastavte LC_ALL='C'.Nastaví v prostředí každou proměnnou JMÉNO na HODNOTU a spustí PŘÍKAZ. -i, --ignore-environment začne s prázdným prostředím -0, --null každý výstupní řádek zakončí nulovým bajtem místo znakem nového řádku -u, --unset=JMÉNO odstraní z prostředí proměnnou JMÉNO Shell: Vypíše informace o souborových systémech, ve kterých každý SOUBOR leží, nebo implicitně o všech souborových systémech. Zkrátí nebo prodlouží velikost každého SOUBORU na zadanou velikost. Neexistující SOUBOR bude vytvořen. Je-li SOUBOR delší než zadaná velikost, budou nadbytečná data ztracena. Je-li SOUBOR kratší, bude prodloužen a prodloužená část (díra) bude při čtení vypadat jako řada nulových bajtů. Simon JosefssonZvláštní soubory vyžadují hlavní a vedlejší čísla zařízení.Porušen zásobník (SIGSTKFLT)Spustí PŘÍKAZ a zabije jej, pokud poběží i po zadané DOBĚ. Povinné argumenty dlouhých přepínačů jsou také povinné u krátkých přepínačů. Pozastaven (SIGTSTP)Pozastaven (SIGSTOP)Pozastaven (vstup TTY) (SIGTTIN)Pozastaven (výstup TTY) (SIGTTOU)Stuart KempÚspěchSčítá diskový prostor zabraný každým SOUBOREM, pro adresáře i s obsahem podadresářů. Chyba systémuCASDočasné selhání při překladu jménaUkončen (SIGTERM)Formát data umožňuje následující příznaky za „%“: - (spojovník) nezarovnání položky _ (podtržítko) zarovnání položky mezerami 0 (nula) zarovnání nulami ^ pokud lze, použije velká písmena # pokud lze, použije písmena opačné velikosti Následující přepínače ovlivňují, jak se zpracuje hierarchie adresářů, když je současně použit přepínač -R. Pokud se použije více těchto přepínačů, uplatní se pouze poslední z nich. -H pokud je argument na příkazové řádce symbolický odkaz na adresář, projdi jej -L projdi každý symbolický odkaz na adresář -P neprocházej žádné symbolické odkazy (výchozí) Byly porovnávány řetězce %s a %s.Torbjörn GranlundTrasovací/ladící past (SIGTRAP)Přebytečné zpětné lomítkoNahrazuje, sráží a/nebo maže znaky ze standardního vstupu, výsledek zapisuje na standardní výstup. -c, -C, --complement použije doplněk MNOŽINY1 -d, --delete pouze maže znaky z MNOŽINY1, nenahrazuje -s, --squeeze-repeats nahradí každou vstupní posloupnost opakujících se znaků z MNOŽINY1 pouze jedním dotyčným znakem -t, --truncate-set1 napřed zkrátí MNOŽINU1 na délku MNOŽINY2 Více informací získáte příkazem „%s --help“. Pro odstranění %3$s zkuste „%1$s ./%2$s“. Při mazání a kompresi opakujících se znaků musí být zadány dvě množiny.Při nahrazování musí být zadány dva řetězceUlrich DrepperNeznámá chybaNeznámý signál %dNeznámá chyba systémuNepárová ( nebo \(Nepárová ) nebo \)Nepárová [ nebo [^Nepárová \{Nastaví čas posledního přístupu a poslední změny obsahu každého zadaného SOUBORU na aktuální čas. Argument SOUBOR, který neexistuje, bude vytvořen prázdný, nebyl-li zadán přepínač -c nebo -h. Argument SOUBOR s hodnotou „-“ bude ošetřen zvláštně: změna časů se dotkne souboru spojeného se standardním výstupem. Naléhavá V/V situace (SIGURG)Použití: %s Použití: %s PŘÍKAZ [ARGUMENT]… nebo: %s PŘEPÍNAČ Použití: %s KONTEXT PŘÍKAZ [ARGUMENTY] nebo: %s [-c] [-u UŽIVATEL] [-r ROLE] [-t DRUH] [-l ROZSAH] PŘÍKAZ [ARGUMENTY] Použití: %s [VÝRAZ]… nebo: %s PŘEPÍNAČ Použití: %s SOUBOR nebo: %s PŘEPÍNAČ Použití: %s SOUBOR1 SOUBOR2 nebo: %s PŘEPÍNAČ Použití: %s FORMÁT [ARGUMENT]… nebo: %s PŘEPÍNAČ Použití: %s [JMÉNO] nebo: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ] Použití: %s JMÉNO [PŘÍPONA] nebo: %s [VOLBA] Použití: %s ČÍSLO[PŘÍPONA]… nebo: %s PŘEPÍNAČ Čeká POČET sekund. PŘÍPONA může být „s“ (sekundy) – implicitně, „m“ (minuty), „h“ (hodiny) nebo „d“ (dny). V mnoha implementacích musí být ČÍSLO číslo celé, zde může být i číslem desetinným. Dva a více argumentů způsobí, že se bude čekat po dobu danou součtem zadaných hodnot. Použití: %s PŘEPÍNAČ… PŘÍKAZ Použití: %s PŘEPÍNAČ… SOUBOR… Použití: %s PŘEPÍNAČ… [SOUBOR]… Použití: %s [-F ZAŘÍZENÍ] | --file=ZAŘÍZENÍ] [NASTAVENÍ]… nebo: %s [-F ZAŘÍZENÍ] | --file=ZAŘÍZENÍ] [-a|--all] nebo: %s [-F ZAŘÍZENÍ] | --file=ZAŘÍZENÍ] [-g|--save] Použití: %s [-ŠÍŘKA] [PŘEPÍNAČ]… [SOUBOR]… Použití: %s [-s SIGNÁL | -SIGNÁL] PID… nebo: %s -l [SIGNÁL]… nebo: %s -t [SIGNÁL]… Použití: %s [SOUBOR]… nebo: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ] Použití: %s [JMÉNO] nebo: %s PŘEPÍNAČ Vypíše nebo nastaví jméno stroje. Použití: %s [ČÍSLO]… nebo: %s PŘEPÍNAČ Použití: %s [OPERAND]… nebo: %s PŘEPÍNAČ Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ] Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ] Vypíše číselný identifikátor (v šestnáctkové soustavě) pro tento stroj. Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ] DOBA PŘÍKAZ [ARG]… nebo: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ] Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ] NOVÝ_ROOT [PŘÍKAZ [ARG]…] nebo: %s PŘEPÍNAČ Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ] [[PŘÍKAZ] [ARGUMENT]…] Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ] [SOUBOR] Výstupem je úplně uspořádaný seznam v souladu s částečným uspořádáním ze SOUBORU. Jestliže není SOUBOR zadán, nebo je „-“, bude čten standardní vstup. Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… KONTEXT… SOUBOR… nebo: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… [-u UŽIVATEL] [-r ROLE] [-l ROZSAH] [-t DRUH] SOUBOR… nebo: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… --reference=RSOUBOR SOUBOR… Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… ADRESÁŘ… Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… SOUBOR Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… SOUBOR VZOREK… Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… SOUBOR… Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… SOUBOR1 SOUBOR2 Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… SKUPINA SOUBOR… nebo: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… --reference=RSOUBOR SOUBOR… Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… POSLEDNÍ nebo: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… PRVNÍ POSLEDNÍ nebo: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… PRVNÍ PŘÍRŮSTEK POSLEDNÍ Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… PRÁVA[,PRÁVA]… SOUBOR… nebo: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… OSMIČKOVÁ_PRÁVA SOUBOR… nebo: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… --reference=RSOUBOR SOUBOR… Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… JMÉNO TYP [HLAVNÍ VEDLEJŠÍ] Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… [JMÉNO]… Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… MNOŽINA1 [MNOŽINA2] Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… [SOUBOR | ARG1 ARG2] Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… [+FORMÁT] nebo: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]RR][.ss]] Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… [-T] ZDROJ CÍL nebo: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… ZDROJ… ADRESÁŘ nebo: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… -t ADRESÁŘ ZDROJ… Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… [-T] ZDROJ CÍL nebo: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… ZDROJ… ADRESÁŘ nebo: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… -t ADRESÁŘ ZDROJ… nebo: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… -d ADRESÁŘ… Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… [-T] CÍL JMÉNO_ODKAZU (1. forma) nebo: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… CÍL (2. forma) nebo: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… CÍL… ADRESÁŘ (3. forma) nebo: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… -t ADRESÁŘ CÍL… (4. forma) Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… [-] [JMÉNO=HODNOTA]… [PŘÍKAZ [ARGUMENT]…] Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… [-] [UŽIVATEL [ARG]…] Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… [SOUBOR]… Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… [SOUBOR] nebo: %s -e [PŘEPÍNAČ]… [ARG]… nebo: %s -i DO-HO [PŘEPÍNAČ]… Použití: %s [VOLBA]… [SOUBOR] Zakóduje do base64 nebo dekóduje z base64 SOUBOR nebo standardní vstup na standardní výstup. Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… [SOUBOR]… Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… [SOUBOR]… nebo: %s [-abcdfilosx]… [SOUBOR] [[+]POSUN[.][b]] nebo: %s --traditional [PŘEPÍNAČ]… [SOUBOR] [[+]POSUN[.][b] [+][NÁVĚSTÍ][.][b]] Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… [SOUBOR]… nebo: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… --files0-from=S Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… [SOUBOR]… Vypíše nebo zkontroluje %s (%dbitové) kontrolní součty. Jestliže SOUBOR nebude zadán nebo bude „-“, bude čten standardní vstup. Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… [VSTUP [VÝSTUP]] Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… [VSTUP [PŘEDPONA]] Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… [VSTUP]… (bez -G) nebo: %s -G [PŘEPÍNAČ]… [VSTUP [VÝSTUP]] Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… [VLASTNÍK][:[SKUPINA]] SOUBOR… nebo: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… --reference=RSOUBOR SOUBOR… Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… [ŠABLONA] Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… [JMÉNO_UŽIVATELE] Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… [JMÉNO_UŽIVATELE]… Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… [UŽIVATEL]… Použití: %s [PŘEPÍNAČ]… [PROMĚNNÁ]… Vypíše hodnoty zadaných PROMĚNNÝCH prostředí. Pokud žádná PROMĚNNÁ není zadána, vypíše dvojice název hodnota pro všechny proměnné. Použití: %s [KRÁTKÝ_PŘEPÍNAČ]… JMÉNO_UŽIVATELE PŘÍKAZ [ARGUMENT]… nebo: %s DLOUHÝ_PŘEPÍNAČ Použití: %s [KRÁTKÝ_PŘEPÍNAČ]… [ŘETĚZEC]… nebo: %s DLOUHÝ_PŘEPÍNAČ Použití: %s [ŘETĚZEC]… nebo: %s PŘEPÍNAČ Použití: %s [argumenty z příkazové řádky jsou ignorovány] nebo: %s PŘEPÍNAČ Použití: test VÝRAZ nebo: test nebo: [ VÝRAZ ] nebo: [ ] nebo: [ OPTION Uživatelem definovaný signál 1 (SIGUSR1)Uživatelem definovaný signál 2 (SIGUSR2)Při použití přepínač -s bude budou ignorování přepínače -L a -P. V opačném případě, je-li zdrojem symbolický odkaz, se uplatní poslední zadaný přepínač. Implicitní je %s. Platné argumenty jsou:Platné formátovací sekvence pro souborové systémy: %a Volné bloky dostupné ne-superuživateli %b Datových bloků celkem v systému souborů %c I-uzlů celkem v systému souborů %d Volných i-uzlů v systému souborů %f Volných bloků v systému souborů %C Řetězec selinuxového bezpečnostního kontextu Virtuální časovač vypršel (SIGVTALRM)VAROVÁNÍ: přepínač --page-increment je zastaralý, použijte --line-incrementVAROVÁNÍ: přepínač --preserve_context je zastaralý, použijte --preserve-contextVAROVÁNÍ: Zacyklená struktura adresářů. To téměř jistě znamená, že máte porušen souborový systém. INFORMUJTE VAŠEHO SPRÁVCE SYSTÉMU. Následujíc adresář je částí kruhu: %s VAROVÁNÍ: ignoruji --context (-Z), toto jádro nepodporuje SELinuxVAROVÁNÍ: ignoruji --preserve-context, toto jádro nepodporuje SELinuxVAROVÁNÍ: ignoruji přepínač --strip-option, protože přepínač -s nebyl použitVarování: KdyOdkudOkno se změnilo (SIGWINCH)Při --follow (-f) standardně sleduje tail deskriptor souboru, což znamená, že i když bude soubor přejmenován, tail stále bude sledovat jeho konec. Toto implicitní chování není žádoucí, jestliže chcete sledovat aktuální soubor pod daným jménem a ne deskriptor souboru (například rotace logů). V tomto případě použijte --follow=name. To způsobí, že tail bude sledovat soubor daného jména takovým způsobem, aby se vyrovnal s jeho přejmenováním, smazáním a vytvořením. Zalamuje vstupní řádky každého SOUBORU (implicitně standardního vstupu) a výsledek zapisuje na standardní výstup. Vypíše náhodnou permutaci vstupních řádků na standardní výstup. Vypíše každý SOUBOR na standardní výstup. Poslední řádek jako první. Jestliže SOUBOR nebude zadán nebo bude „-“, bude čten standardní vstup. Přepíše každý SOUBOR na standardní výstup a ke každému řádku přidá jeho číslo. Jestliže SOUBOR nebude zadán nebo bude „-“, bude čten standardní vstup. Vypíše řádky skládající se z řádků jednotlivých SOUBORŮ v zadaném pořadí a oddělených tabelátory na standardní výstup. Jestliže SOUBOR nebude zadán nebo bude „-“, bude čten standardní vstup. Vypíše seřazené zřetězení všech SOUBORŮ na standardní výstup. Napsali %s a %s. Napsali %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s a jiní. Napsali %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s a %s. Napsali %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s a %s. Napsali %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s a %s. Napsali %s, %s, %s, %s, %s a %s. Napsali %s, %s, %s, %s a %s. Napsali %s, %s, %s a %s. Napsali %s, %s a %s. Napsal %s. výraz [=c=] nemůže být v MNOŽINĚ2 při nahrazování^[nN]^[aAyY]„„-%c“ nadbytečné znaky nebo špatné číslo v argumentu: %s„--pages=PRVNÍ_STRÁNKA[:POSLEDNÍ_STRÁNKA]“ postrádá argument„-N ČÍSLO“ chybné číslo počátečního řádku: %s„-W ŠÍŘKA_STRÁNKY“ chybný počet znaků: %s„-l DÉLKA_STRÁNKY“ chybný počet řádků: %s„-o OKRAJ“ chybný posun řádku: %s„-w ŠÍŘKA_STRÁNKY“ chybný počet znaků: %spříkaz musí být zadán s číslem upravujícím hodnotu nicepřistupuji k %sai_family není podporovánaai_socktype není podporovánargument %s je pro %s nejednoznačnýoddělovač vstupu může být zadán pouze při práci s položkamivýstup připojuji k %svytvoření zálohy souboru %s může zničit zdroj; %s nekopírovánvytvoření zálohy souboru %s může zničit zdroj; `%s' nepřejmenovántyp zálohyblokové zařízenízvláštní blokové soubory nejsou podporoványv jednotkách se vyskytují předpony jak SI tak i IECoba dva soubory nemohou být standardním vstupemposun bajtů %s je příliš velkýčástečný kontext na neoznačený soubor %s nelze uplatnitkontext procesu nelze zjistitnelze přistoupit k %snelze vytvořit zálohu %snení možné oboje, počítat celkové součty pro každý argument a ukázat všechny položkyvlastnictví %s nelze změnitpráva %s nelze změnitnelze změnit kořenový adresář na %sdo adresáře %s nelze vejítnelze změnit pracovní adresář na kořenový--target-directory (-t) a --no-target-directory (-T) se vzájemně vylučují--target-directory a --no-target-directory nelze kombinovatpřepínače -e a -i nelze kombinovattyto konverze nelze kombinovat: ascii, ebcdic, ibmblock a unblock nelze použít současněexcl a nocreat nelze použít současnělcase a ucase nelze použít současněPRÁVA a --reference nelze použít současněsignál nelze kombinovat s -l nebo -tjména souborů %s a %s nelze porovnatznak U+%04X nelze převést do místní znakové sadyznak U+%04X nelze převést do místní znakové sady: %snelze kopírovat adresář %s na sebe %s%s: zacyklené symbolické odkazy nelze kopírovatadresář %s nelze vytvořitnelze vytvořit rouru %snelze vytvořit pevný odkaz %s na %sodkaz %s nelze vytvořitodkaz %s na %s nelze vytvořitnelze vytvořit obyčejný soubor %snelze vytvořit zvláštní soubor %snelze vytvořit symbolický odkaz %snelze vytvořit symbolický odkaz %s na %sv %s nelze vytvořit dočasný soubornelze dereferencovat %szařízení a i-uzel pro %s nelze určitjméno počítače nelze zjistitumístění %s nelze určit, návrat k aktivnímu dotazováníioctl na „%s“ není možné vykonatjméno skupiny pro GID %lu nelze najítjméno uživatele pro UID %lu nelze najít%s nelze sledovat podle jménanelze zároveň vynutit kontext na %s a zároveň jej zachovatnelze získat informace o souboru %s z deskriptoru nelze zjistit pracovní adresářhodnotu nice nelze získatnelze zjistit název systémunelze nastavit pozici pro %ssymbolický a pevný odkaz nelze vytvořit zároveňadresář %s nelze vytvořitnelze přesunout %s do %snelze přesunout %s do podadresáře sebe sama (%s)adresář nelze přesunout do ne-adresáře: %s → %s%s nelze otevřít pro čtení%s nelze otevřít pro zápisadresář %s nelze otevřítnad slepým symbolickým odkazem %s nelze pracovatadresář %s nelze přepsat ne-adresářemne-adresář %s nelze přepsat adresářem %sformátovaný výstup nelze provéstrozšířené atributy nelze zachovat, cp je sestaveno bez podpory rozšířených atributůbez podpory SELinuxu v jádře nelze zachovat bezpečnostní kontextpři více možnostech vypsat „pouze jednu“ informaci nelzepouze jména nebo skutečné ID nelze v implicitním formátu vypsatbezpečností kontext nelze vypsat, byl-li zadán uživateladresář %s nelze čístz %s nelze načíst jména souborůnelze přečíst informace souborového systému pro %sz hodin reálného času nelze čístsymbolický odkaz %s nelze přečísttabulku připojených souborových systémů nelze přečístnelze odstranit %sadresář nelze smazat: %snelze přemístit ukazatel po souboru %s%s nelze spustit%s nelze nastavitdatum nelze nastavitnelze nastavit ID skupinyID skupiny nelze nastavit na %lunelze nastavit skupinyjméno počítače nelze nastavit; systém tuto funkci neposkytujejméno nelze změnit na %shodnotu nice nelze nastavitnelze nastavit časy %s nelze nastavit ID uživateleID uživatele nelze nastavit na %luvíce bajtů, než kolik obsahují všechny vstupní soubory, nelze přeskočits příkazem nelze použít přepínač --null (-0)není možné zadat výpis souborů po sobě i vedle sebepři výpisu vedle sebe, není možné zadat počet sloupcůčas nelze určit více jak jedním zdrojemsoubor nelze rozdělit více způsobynelze získat informace o %snelze získat informace o pracovním adresáři (nyní %s)o standardním vstupu nelze zjistit podrobnostinelze se dotknout (provést příkaz „touch“) %s%s: nelze obnovit ze zálohynelze odstranit odkaz %s%s nelze odstranit z prostředí%s nelze sledovatrodičovský adresář %s nelze sledovatstejně se nedokážu vyrovnat s chybou v jádřeskupinu souboru %s změněna na %s vlastník souboru %s změněn na %s změnění skupiny souboru %szměnění vlastnictví souboru %správa %s nelze změnitměním bezpečnostní kontext %s posun znaku je nulaznak je mimo rozsahznakové zařízenízvláštní znakové soubory nejsou podporoványodebírám práva k %szměna časuuzavření souboru selhalouzavírání %suzavírání %s (fd=%d)zavítám adresáře %szavírám vstupní soubor %szavírám výstupní soubor %szavírám standardní vstupkompatibilní mód podporuje nejvýše jeden souborřetězce výplně je jsou v konfliktubyly zadány odporující si požadavky na bezpečnostní kontextnastavení bufferování %s na režim %s se nezdařilo pro %s -d nelze založit procesnelze vytvořit dočasný soubornelze provést %snelze provést %s -dv %s nemohu nalézt položku adresáře příslušného i-uzlučas startu OS nelze zjistitadresář %s vytvořenvytvářím adresář %svytvářím soubor %s vytvářím pevný odkaz %svytvářím pevný odkaz %s ⇒ %svytvářím pevný odkaz na %.0s%svytvářím symbolický odkaz %svytvářím symbolický odkaz %s → %sSeznam oddělovačů končí na neošetřené zpětné lomítko: %sadresářdělení nulouvolání dup2 selhaloprázdný %s nedovolenjméno souboru je prázdnézvolený oddělovač položek je prázdnýchyba při zavírání souboruchyba při vyhledávání pomocí regulárního výrazuchyba při vyhledávání pomocí regulárního výrazuchyba při inicializaci řetězců měsícůchyba při sledování události inotifychyba při čtení %schyba při čtení události inotifychyba při čekání na příkazchyba při zápisu %snávkód=nadbytečný argumentů %snadbytečný operand %snadbytečný argument %s další argument %s není s -%c dovolenzměnit kontext %s na %s se nezdařiloskupinu souboru %s se nepodařilo změnit na %s práva souboru %s se nepodařilo změnit na %04lo (%s) vlastnictví %s nelze změnit vlastnictví %s nelze změnit na %s změna pracovního adresáře na %s selhalaklonování %s selhaloselhal výpočet nového kontextuvytvoření adresáře dle šablony %s selhalovytvoření souboru dle šablony %s selhalochyba při výrobě bezpečnostního kontextu: %sselhalo získání vlastností souboru %sselhalo získání současného kontextuzískat kontext pro vytváření na souborovém systému se nezdařilozískání skupin aktuálního procesu selhalozískání skupin uživatele %s selhalozískat bezpečnostní kontext %s se nezdařiloselhalo vyhledání souboru %sotevření %s selhaloselhalo zachování autorství souboru %sselhalo zachování vlastnictví souboru %sselhalo zachování práv souboru %sselhalo zachování časů souboru %spřesměrování standardního chybové výstupu selhalopřesměrování standardního chybové výstupu do /dev/null se nezdařiloodstranění %s selhaloodstranění adresáře %s selhalopřesměrování standardního vstupu do nepoužitelna selhaloznovu otevření %s v režimu %s se nezdařiloobnova výchozího kontextu pro vytvářené soubory selhalanávrat do původního pracovního adresáře selhalspuštění příkazu %s selhalonastavení složky %s bezpečnostního kontextu na %s se nezdařilodoplňkové skupiny nebylo možné nastavitselhalo nastavení výchozího kontextu pro vytvářené soubory na %sselhalo nastavení ID skupinyselhalo nastavení nového rozsahu %sselhalo nastavení nové role %sselhalo nastavení nového druhu %sselhalo nastavení nového uživatele %sdoplňkovou skupinu(y) nelze nastavitkopii stderr se nezdařilo nastavit příznak uzavření při execnastavení bezpečnostního kontextu %s na %s se nezdařiloselhalo nastavení ID uživatelenelze získat informace o %svypnutí O_DIRECT selhalo: %saktualizace prostředí s %s se nezdařilafdatasync na %s selhalovyprázdnění souborového proudu selhaločíslo položky %s je příliš velkéčíslo položky je nulapoložky a pozice se počítají od 1FIFOsoubor %d není seřazenoperandy s názvy souborů nelze kombinovat s --files0-fromoperandy se jmény souborů nelze kombinovat s --print-database (-p).souborový systém typu „%s“ je zároveň vybrán a vyloučensystémové volání fork selhaloformát %s končí na %%formát %s nemá žádnou direktivu %%formát %s má příliš mnoho direktiv %%formát %s má neznámou direktivu %%%cformátovací řetězec nesmí být zadán při požadavku na tisk stejně širokých řetězcůfsync na %s selhalofts_close selhalofts_read selhalogetpass: /dev/tty nelze otevřítzískání nových vlastností %sskupina souboru %s zůstala %s funkce iconv není dostupnáfunkce iconv je nepoužitelnáid=ignoruji všechny argumentyignoruji vstupvstup ignoruji a výstup připojuji k %svstup ignoruji a stderr přesměrovávám na stdoutšpatná velikost tabelátoru (%s) v proměnné prostředí TABSIZE, bude ignorovánaignoruji neplatnou hodnotu proměnné prostření QUOTUNG_STYLE: %sšpatná šířka (%s) v proměnné prostředí COLUMNS, bude ignorovánaignoruji argumenty, které nejsou přepínačineslučitelné propojovací položky %lu, %luneslučitelné oddělovače položekchybné hesloinotify nelze použít, návrat k aktivnímu dotazovánívstup se ztratilřádka na vstupu je příliš dlouhápřesun mezi zařízeními selhal: %s na %s; cíl nelze odstranitargument „%3$s“ přepínače %1$s%2$s je neplatnýargument %2$s za --%1$s je neplatnýneplatná úprava %sargument %s je neplatnýargument %s je pro %s neplatnýchybný styl číslování v těle: %srežim bufferování %s je pro %s neplatný chybný seznam bajtů nebo položekznak „%c“ v řetězci typu „%s“ je chybnýchybná třída znaku %sneplatný kontext: %sneplatná konverzechybně zadaný typ konverze v parametru přepínače: %cchybně zadaný typ konverze v parametru přepínače: \%.3ochybné datum: %sneplatný formát data %sneplatný klesající rozsahneplatné zařízení %s %sneplatný typ zařízení %schybné číslo položky: %schybně zadaná položka: %schybná šířka položky: %schybné číslo souboru v popisu položky: %schybný argument v pohyblivé řádové čárce: %schybný styl číslování v patičce: %sneplatná přesnost formátuneplatná šířka formátuchybné šířka mezery: %sneplatná skupinaneplatná skupina %sneplatný seznam skupin %sneplatná skupina: %schybný styl číslování v hlavičce: %sneplatný vstupneplatný příznak vstupuneplatný vstupní rozsah %sneplatné celé číslo %schybná celočíselný argument %sneplatný počet řádků %schybná linková disciplína %schybná šířka čísla řádku: %schybná hodnota přírůstku čísla řádku: %schybný formát čísla řádku: %schybné délka řádku: %sneplatné hlavní číslo zařízení: %schybné maximální hloubka %sneplatné vedlejší číslo zařízení %sneplatná právaneplatná práva: %sneplatná práva: %sneplatné číslo %sneplatné číslo za „,“neplatné číslo za „-“neplatné číslo za „.“neplatné číslo na začátku položkychybný počet prázdných řádků: %schybný počet bajtůchybný počet bajtů pro porovnáníchybný počet bajtů na přeskočeníneplatný počet sloupců: %schybný počet položek na přeskočeníchybný počet řádkůchybný počet řádků: 0neznámý přepínač – %cneplatný přepínač – %c; -WIDTH je rozpoznán, pouze když je prvním přepínačem; použijte -w ŠÍŘKAchybný základ výstupní adresy `%c'; musí to být jeden ze znaků [doxn]neplatný příznak výstupuchybný rozsah stran %schybná přesnost: %sneplatný rozsah bez konce: -chybný čítač opakování %s v konstrukci [c*n]neplatný argument specchybné počáteční číslo řádku: %sneplatná hodnota operandu statuschybná přípona %s, obsahuje oddělovač adresářůneplatná přípona v argumentu „%3$s“ přepínače %1$s%2$schybná šířka tabelátoru: %schybná šablona %s, obsahuje oddělovač adresářůchybná šablona %s, spolu s --tmpdir nesmí být absolutníchybné časový interval %schybný formát pro výpis času %sneznámý závěrečný přepínač – %cchybný typ řetězce %schybný typ řetězce %s; tento systém nemá %lubajtová čísla s plovoucí řádovou čárkouchybný typ řetězce %s; tento systém nemá %lubajtová celá číslachybný název univerzálního znaku \%c%0*xneplatný uživatelneplatný uživatel %schybné šířka: %sneplatná délka zalomení: %sneplatný název souboru – nulová délkarekurzivní zpracování %s je nebezpečnérekurzivní zpracování na %s (taktéž na %s) je nebezpečnéminulá=část se jménem souboru %s začíná znakem „-“omezení %lu bylo překročeno délkou %lu u jména souboru %somezení %lu bylo překročeno délkou %lu částí jména souboru %sbufferování po řádcích standardního vstupu nemá význampřepínač počtu řádků -%s%c… je příliš velkýčíslo řádku %s je menší než číslo předcházejícího řádku, %sčíslo řádku přeteklomaximální argument pro --%s se současnými běhovými limity je %spaměť vyčerpánafronta zprávminimální argument pro --%s je %snezarovnané(á) konstrukce [:upper:] a/nebo [:lower:]v parametru přepínače chybí zadání typu konverze pomocí %%očekávána „]“za %s postrádám argumentpostrádám argument pro %spostrádám název třídy znaků „[::]“v parametru přepínače chybí určení typu konverzeza %s chybí název cílového souborupostrádám znak třídy ekvivalence „[==]“chybí název souboruv escape sekvenci očekáváno šestnáctkové číslochybí seznam položekchybí seznam pozicíchybí operandpo %s chybí operandpráva mohou určovat jen bity přístupových práv k souborupráva souboru %s změněna na %04lo (%s) práva souboru %s zůstala %04lo (%s) zvolený oddělovač položek %s má více znakůzadáno více přepínačů -izadáno více přepínačů -l nebo -tzadáno více kompresních programůzadáno více oddělovačůvíce rozsahů úrovnízadáno více výstupních souborůzadáno více výstupních formátůzadáno více zdrojů náhodných číselzadáno více relativních modifikátorůvíce rolízadáno více cílových adresářůvíce druhůvíce uživatelůsymbolický odkaz %s ani soubor, na nějž se odkazuje, nebyl změněny proměnná prostředí SHELL neexistuje a není zadán typ shelluzachování vlastnictví souboru %s nebyl zadán žádný příkazžádný souborový systém nebyl zpracovánjiž nezbývají žádné souboryžádný vstup z %schybí přihlašovací jménonebylo zadáno číslo procesupři vypisování řetězců nelze zadat typnezadáno jméno uživatele; při -l musí být uvedeno alespoň jednoneceločíselný argumentnepřenositelný znak %s ve jménu souboru %snení ttynezapisuji skrze slepý symbolický odkaz %spočet v %s je příliš velkýpočet bajtůpočet řádkůběhem čtení ze souboru %s přetekl offsetvynechávám adresář %sopakování znaku [c*] může být v MNOŽINĚ2 pouze jednoupouze jedno zařízení může být zadánopouze jeden typ seznamu může být zadánsoubor se nepodařilo otevřítotevírám %spřepínač použit v chybném kontextu  – %cpřepínače --backup --no-clobber se vzájemně vylučujípřepínače --compare (-C) a --preserve-timestamps se vzájemně vylučujípřepínače --compare (-C) a --strip se vzájemně vylučujípřepínač „-%s“ není slučitelnýpřípony výstupních souborů vyčerpánypřetečení při prodlužování velikosti souboru %spřetečení při zaokrouhlování velikosti souboru %s nahoruvlastník souboru %s zachován vlastníkem souboru %s zůstal %s číslo stránky přeteklošířka stránky je příliš malázachování práv pro %szachování časů souboru %svýpis všech opakujících se řádků a počítadla opakování nemá smyslkonce rozsahu „%s-%s“ jsou v obráceném pořadíchyba při čteníčtení ze souboru se nezdařiločtení %sčtu adresář %száznam je příliš dlouhýstderr přesměrovávám na stdoutběžný prázdný souborběžný souborsmazáno %s smazán adresář: %s mažu adresář, %súroveň běhusemaforoddělovač nemůže být prázdnýpro obejdete, když nastavíte LC_ALL='C'nastavuji příznaky pro %snastavení práv pro %szachování časů souboru %sobjekt sdílené pamětisoučet bajtů na přeskočení a bajtů ke čtení je příliš velkýpřeskakuji %s, protože se nachází na jiném zařízenípřeskakuji soubor %s, protože byl nahrazen během kopírovánísoketstandardní chybový výstupstandardní vstupstandardní vstup je uzavřenstandardní výstupfunkce stat selhalastandardního chybového výstupustandardního vstupustandardního výstupuzbloudilý znak v zadání řadicí položkyporovnání řetězců selhalopřevod řetězce selhalproces strip skončil neobvyklepotlačení řádků neobsahujících oddělovač, má význam pouze při použití přepínače -fsymbolický odkazsyntaktická chybastart systémuvelikost tabelátoru nemůže být 0velikost tabelátoru obsahuje neplatný znak: %sposloupnost pozic tabelátorů musí být rostoucívelikost tabelátoru %s je příliš velkávelikost tabelátoru je příliš velkátabelátory od jsou od sebe příliš vzdálenécíl %s není adresářempři instalaci adresáře není dovolen cílový adresář (-t)signál=test a/nebo [přepínače --binary a --text jsou bezvýznamné při ověřování kontrolních součtůpřepínač --compare (-C) bude ignorován, zadáte-li --mode (-m) s bity ne-právpřepínač --context (-Z) je zbytečný a v budoucím vydání bude odstraněnpřepínač --quiet má význam pouze při ověřování kontrolních součtůpřepínač --status má význam pouze při ověřování kontrolních součtůpřepínač --warn má význam pouze při ověřování kontrolních součtůvýraz [c*] může být v MNOŽINĚ2 pouze při nahrazovánízadání opakování [c*] nemůže být v MNOŽINĚ1argument %s potřebuje úvodní „+“; když je použit přepínač pro zadání data, kterýkoli argument, který není přepínačem, musí být formátovací řetězec uvozený „+“.oddělovač musí být jediný znakpřepínače pro upovídaný a stty čitelný styl výstupu se vzájemně vylučujípřepínače pro výpis vnitřní databáze a výběr syntaxe kódu se vzájemně vylučujípřepínače pro výpis a nastavení času nemohou být užity současněpřepínače určené k zadání data se vzájemně vylučujíbyly porovnávány řetězce %s a %spři instalaci adresáře nesmí být použit přepínač --stripnepřevedený řetězec byl %sčas %s je mimo rozsahabyste mohli použit ID uživatele %s, musíte také použít -gpříliš málo X v šabloně %spříliš mnoho typů konverze %% v parametru přepínačev množině je příliš mnoho znakůpříliš mnoho opakujících se řádkůpříliš mnoho šabloncelkemprůchod se nezdařil: %szkracuje se %stypovaný paměťový objektuid=%luchybové hlášení není možné zobrazitnelze zaznamenat současný pracovní adresářbezpečnostní kontext %s nelze nastavitneočekávané selhání: fts_info=%d: %s prosím, podejte hlášení (anglicky) na %sneznámý binární operátorneznámý návratový kód příkazu (0x%X)neznámého prouduneznámé ID uživatele: %snesrozumitelná hodnota v proměnné prostředí LS_COLORSneznámý operand %sneznámý prefix: %sběží %ld den %2d:%02d, běží %ld dny %2d:%02d, běží %ld dnů %2d:%02d, běží ??? dnů ??:??, tento záchranný režim potlačíte volbou --no-preserve-rootuživatel %s neexistujev režimu práce se systémem souborů není možné označit standardní vstup pomocí %spoužívám aritmetiku s libovolnou přesnostípoužíván omezený (restricted) shell %spoužívám aritmetiku s jednoduchou přesnostíčekám na %s [-d]čekám na stripvarování: %s: znak nebo znaky, které následují za znakovou konstantou budou ignoroványvarování: %s: změna kontextu na %s selhalavarování: --pid=PID není na tomto systému podporovánvarování: --retry je užitečný pouze v případě sledovaní dle jménavarování: PID ignorován; --pid=PID je užitečný pouze v případě sledování koncevarování: „touch %s“ je zastaralý, použijte „touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d“varování: samotné zpětné lomítko na konci řetězce není přenositelnévarování: zpětné lomítko na konci formátovacího řetězcevarování: nelze vejít do adresáře %svarování: nelze smazat: %svarování: sledování standardního vstupu je určitě neefektivnívarování: přebytečné argumenty jsou ignorovány počínaje %svarování: chybný offset souboru poté, co selhalo čtenívarování: chybná šířka %lu; užívám %d místo nívarování: číslo řádku %s je stejné s číslem předcházejícího řádkuvarování: zdrojový soubor %s byl zadán více krátvarování: sumarizace je v rozporu s --max-depth=%luvarování: sumarizace je stejná jako použití --max-depth=0varování: přepínač --%s je překonaný, použijte --referencevarování: nejednoznačný osmičkový zápis \%c%c%c bude interpretován jako 2bajtová sekvence \0%c%c, %cvarování: neznámá escape sekvence „\%c“varování: obcházím chybu služby jádra lseek() nad souborem %s typu mt_type=0x%0lx – seznam typů naleznete v divný souborjestliže MNOŽINA1 není zkracována, pak MNOŽINA2 nesmí být prázdnápři čtení jmen souborů ze standardního vstupu jméno %s není dovolenopři zadávání výstupního stylu, nemohou být nastavovány režimypři nahrazování s doplňkem množiny znaků, MNOŽINA2 musí mapovat všechny znaky z této oblasti do jednohopři nahrazování mohou být v MNOŽINĚ2 pouze třídy znaků [:upper:] a [:lower:]nebudu kopírovat %s skrze právě vytvořený symbolický odkaz %spevný odkaz %s na adresář %s nebude vytvořenprávě vytvořený %s nebude přepsán %sza použití --parents musí být cílem adresářpři --sufix šablona %s musí končit na Xchyba při zápisuchyba při zápisu do %szápis se nezdařilzápis %szapisuji do %smusíte zadat -c, -t, -u, -l, -r nebo kontextmusíte zadat seznam bajtů, znaků nebo položekmusíte zadat bud %s, a nebo %sPRIuMAXPRIdMAX%+% records in %+% records out % truncated record % truncated records % byte (%s) copied% bytes (%s) copiedoffset too large: cannot truncate to a length of seek=% (%lu-byte) blocksfailed to truncate to % bytes in output file %sfailed to allocate a % byte stdio buffer %s: %: improperly formatted %s checksum lineWARNING: % of % listed file could not be readWARNING: % of % listed files could not be readWARNING: % of % computed checksum did NOT matchWARNING: % of % computed checksums did NOT matchstarting page number % exceeds page count %Page %overflow in % * % byte blocks for file %struncating %s at % bytes%+% vstoupivších záznamů %+% vystoupivších záznamů % zkrácený záznam % zkrácené záznamy % zkrácených záznamů % bajt (%s) zkopírován% bajty (%s) zkopírovány%' bajtů (%s) zkopírovánopříliš velký offset: nelze zkrátit na délku seek=% (%lu-bajtových) blokůzkrácení výstupního souboru %2$s na %1$ bajtů selhaloalokace stdio bufferu o velikosti % bajtů se nezdařila %s: %: nesprávně formátovaný řádek %s kontrolního součtuUPOZORNĚNÍ: % z % uvedeného souboru nelze přečístUPOZORNĚNÍ: % z % uvedených souborů nelze přečístUPOZORNĚNÍ: % z % uvedených souborů nelze přečístUPOZORNĚNÍ: % z % spočteného součtu NESOUHLASILUPOZORNĚNÍ: % z % spočtených součtů NESOUHLASILYUPOZORNĚNÍ: % z % spočtených součtů NESOUHLASILYčíslo počáteční stránka % přesahuje počet stránek %Stránka %přetečení v % * % bajt bloků u souboru %szkracuji %s na % bajtů070701000091ed000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001600000000reloc/share/locale/da070701000091ef000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000002200000000reloc/share/locale/da/LC_MESSAGES070701000091f0000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c0003ef2f000000660000000300000000000000000000002f00000000reloc/share/locale/da/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo0() Rm m npppq_rssGtuvpw!wyyw{5|R2~~ wTG߀8'`wPȂj#`$zdi:>\R@jK3|KȑK0#Aї E˚9K؛DeV9 t"TFFLʨlI)]ye5߰H7)aFe R^uq1x?,+X 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EXPRESSION EXPRESSION is false EXPRESSION1 -a EXPRESSION2 both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true EXPRESSION1 -o EXPRESSION2 either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true --check-order check that the input is correctly sorted, even if all input lines are pairable --nocheck-order do not check that the input is correctly sorted -1 suppress column 1 (lines unique to FILE1) -2 suppress column 2 (lines unique to FILE2) -3 suppress column 3 (lines that appear in both files) -a, --all same as -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot time of last system boot -d, --dead print dead processes -H, --heading print line of column headings -b FILE FILE exists and is block special -c FILE FILE exists and is character special -d FILE FILE exists and is a directory -e FILE FILE exists -l produce long format output for the specified USERs -b omit the user's home directory and shell in long format -h omit the user's project file in long format -p omit the user's plan file in long format -s do short format output, this is the default -n STRING the length of STRING is nonzero STRING equivalent to -n STRING -z STRING the length of STRING is zero STRING1 = STRING2 the strings are equal STRING1 != STRING2 the strings are not equal ARG1 * ARG2 arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 is less than ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 is equal to ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 is unequal to ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2 FILE1 -ef FILE2 FILE1 and FILE2 have the same device and inode numbers FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2 FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 is older than FILE2 INTEGER copy up to but not including specified line number /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copy up to but not including a matching line %REGEXP%[OFFSET] skip to, but not including a matching line {INTEGER} repeat the previous pattern specified number of times {*} repeat the previous pattern as many times as possible A line OFFSET is a required `+' or `-' followed by a positive integer. INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING length of STRING a number all lines t number only nonempty lines n number no lines pBRE number only lines that contain a match for the basic regular expression, BRE FORMAT is one of: ln left justified, no leading zeros rn right justified, no leading zeros rz right justified, leading zeros b create a block (buffered) special file c, u create a character (unbuffered) special file p create a FIFO # users=%lu A field is a run of blanks (usually spaces and/or TABs), then non-blank characters. Fields are skipped before chars. A lightweight `finger' program; print user information. The utmp file will be %s. A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment. A mere - implies -l. If USER not given, assume root. After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number; then an optional modifier, which is either E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available. An omitted EXPRESSION defaults to false. Otherwise, EXPRESSION is true or false and sets exit status. It is one of: As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. BLOCKS and BYTES may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Each CONV symbol may be: Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. Both MAJOR and MINOR must be specified when TYPE is b, c, or u, and they must be omitted when TYPE is p. If MAJOR or MINOR begins with 0x or 0X, it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal; otherwise, as decimal. TYPE may be: By default, rm does not remove directories. Use the --recursive (-r or -R) option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents. By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: Combination settings: * [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase cbreak same as -icanon -cbreak same as icanon Control settings: [-]clocal disable modem control signals [-]cread allow input to be received * [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8] Each FLAG symbol may be: append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc suggested) Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Output "stdio". Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Output ".". Examples: %s f - g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. %s Copy standard input to standard output. Examples: %s root /u Change the owner of /u to "root". %s root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to "staff". %s -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root". Examples: %s staff /u Change the group of /u to "staff". %s -hR staff /u Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff". Except for -h and -L, all FILE-related tests dereference symbolic links. Beware that parentheses need to be escaped (e.g., by backslashes) for shells. INTEGER may also be -l STRING, which evaluates to the length of STRING. Exit status is 0 if EXPRESSION is neither null nor 0, 1 if EXPRESSION is null or 0, 2 if EXPRESSION is syntactically invalid, and 3 if an error occurred. Exit status: 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory), 2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument). FORMAT controls the output. Interpreted sequences are: %% a literal % %a locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun) Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. If FILE is -, shred standard output. Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified. The default is not to remove the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda, and those files usually should not be removed. When operating on regular files, most people use the --remove option. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual. If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. If FIRST or INCREMENT is omitted, it defaults to 1. That is, an omitted INCREMENT defaults to 1 even when LAST is smaller than FIRST. FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are interpreted as floating point values. INCREMENT is usually positive if FIRST is smaller than LAST, and INCREMENT is usually negative if FIRST is greater than LAST. If a FILE is -, copy again to standard output. If first and second call formats both apply, the second format is assumed if the last operand begins with + or (if there are 2 operands) a digit. An OFFSET operand means -j OFFSET. LABEL is the pseudo-address at first byte printed, incremented when dump is progressing. For OFFSET and LABEL, a 0x or 0X prefix indicates hexadecimal; suffixes may be . for octal and b for multiply by 512. If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). If standard input is a terminal, redirect it from /dev/null. If standard output is a terminal, append output to `nohup.out' if possible, `$HOME/nohup.out' otherwise. If standard error is a terminal, redirect it to standard output. To save output to FILE, use `%s COMMAND > FILE'. Input settings: [-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal [-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline [-]ignbrk ignore break characters [-]igncr ignore carriage return License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Local settings: [-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings * -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings NOTE: [ honors the --help and --version options, but test does not. test treats each of those as it treats any other nonempty STRING. NOTE: your shell may have its own version of %s, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. Note that the -d and -t options accept different time-date formats. Note that the -r and -s options are mutually exclusive. Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available. Output settings: * bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1] * crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3] * ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1] * nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1] Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed to login group if implied by a `:' following a symbolic OWNER. OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic. POS is F[.C][OPTS], where F is the field number and C the character position in the field; both are origin 1. If neither -t nor -b is in effect, characters in a field are counted from the beginning of the preceding whitespace. OPTS is one or more single-letter ordering options, which override global ordering options for that key. If no key is given, use the entire line as the key. SIZE may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 RADIX is d for decimal, o for octal, x for hexadecimal or n for none. BYTES is hexadecimal with 0x or 0X prefix, and may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Adding a z suffix to any type displays printable characters at the end of each output line. Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: Report %s bugs to %s Report bugs to: %s SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIGNAL may be a signal name like `HUP', or a signal number like `1', or the exit status of a process terminated by a signal. PID is an integer; if negative it identifies a process group. SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). SIZE may also be prefixed by one of the following modifying characters: `+' extend by, `-' reduce by, `<' at most, `>' at least, `/' round down to multiple of, `%' round up to multiple of. Sending a %s signal to a running `dd' process makes it print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s Options are: Special characters: * dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input) eol CHAR CHAR will end the line Special settings: N set the input and output speeds to N bauds * cols N tell the kernel that the terminal has N columns * columns N same as cols N TYPE is made up of one or more of these specifications: a named character, ignoring high-order bit c ASCII character or backslash escape The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: The data are encoded as described for the base64 alphabet in RFC 3548. When decoding, the input may contain newlines in addition to the bytes of the formal base64 alphabet. Use --ignore-garbage to attempt to recover from any other non-alphabet bytes in the encoded stream. The following three options are useful only when verifying checksums: --quiet don't print OK for each successfully verified file --status don't output anything, status code shows success -w, --warn warn about improperly formatted checksum lines The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. The valid format sequences for files (without --file-system): %a Access rights in octal %A Access rights in human readable form %b Number of blocks allocated (see %B) %B The size in bytes of each block reported by %b %C SELinux security context string This install program copies files (often just compiled) into destination locations you choose. If you want to download and install a ready-to-use package on a GNU/Linux system, you should instead be using a package manager like yum(1) or apt-get(1). In the first three forms, copy SOURCE to DEST or multiple SOURCE(s) to the existing DIRECTORY, while setting permission modes and owner/group. In the 4th form, create all components of the given DIRECTORY(ies). To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo', use one of these commands: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Traditional format specifications may be intermixed; they accumulate: -a same as -t a, select named characters, ignoring high-order bit -b same as -t o1, select octal bytes -c same as -t c, select ASCII characters or backslash escapes -d same as -t u2, select unsigned decimal 2-byte units Translation occurs if -d is not given and both SET1 and SET2 appear. -t may be used only when translating. SET2 is extended to length of SET1 by repeating its last character as necessary. Excess characters of SET2 are ignored. Only [:lower:] and [:upper:] are guaranteed to expand in ascending order; used in SET2 while translating, they may only be used in pairs to specify case conversion. -s uses SET1 if not translating nor deleting; else squeezing uses SET2 and occurs after translation or deletion. Use one, and only one of -b, -c or -f. Each LIST is made up of one range, or many ranges separated by commas. Selected input is written in the same order that it is read, and is written exactly once. With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. With no options, produce three-column output. Column one contains lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2, and column three contains lines common to both files. Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. ??? --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -f, --force do not prompt before overwriting -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file If you specify more than one of -i, -f, -n, only the final one takes effect. --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories (note: will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the superuser) -f, --force remove existing destination files --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -c (ignored) -C, --compare compare each pair of source and destination files, and in some cases, do not modify the destination at all -d, --directory treat all arguments as directory names; create all components of the specified directories --batch-size=NMERGE merge at most NMERGE inputs at once; for more use temp files --complement complement the set of selected bytes, characters or fields --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -L, --max-line-length print the length of the longest line -w, --words print the word counts --files0-from=F summarize disk usage of the NUL-terminated file names specified in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -H equivalent to --dereference-args (-D) -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si like -h, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 --group-directories-first group directories before files. augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping --help display this help and exit --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode print the index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k like --block-size=1K --lookup attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS -m only hostname and user associated with stdin -p, --process print active processes spawned by init --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially --preserve-root do not remove `/' (default) -r, -R, --recursive remove directories and their contents recursively -v, --verbose explain what is being done --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST don't preserve the specified attributes --parents use full source file name under DIRECTORY --one-file-system when removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any directory that is on a file system different from that of the corresponding command line argument --pid=PID with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies -q, --quiet, --silent never output headers giving file names --retry keep trying to open a file even when it is or becomes inaccessible; useful when following by name, i.e., with --follow=name --preserve-context preserve SELinux security context -Z, --context=CONTEXT set SELinux security context of files and directories --reference=RFILE use RFILE's security context rather than specifying a CONTEXT value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC output date and time in RFC 3339 format. TIMESPEC=`date', `seconds', or `ns' for date and time to the indicated precision. Date and time components are separated by a single space: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=STRING set time described by STRING -u, --utc, --universal print or set Coordinated Universal Time --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix --time show time of the last modification of any file in the directory, or any of its subdirectories --time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status --time-style=STYLE show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT FORMAT is interpreted like `date' --time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale --verbose print a diagnostic just before each output file is opened --version output version information and exit -evenp same as -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7 nl same as -icrnl -onlcr -nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-') [-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty [-]hupcl same as [-]hup [-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input [-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-') [-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors * [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character [-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return [-]inpck enable input parity checking [-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters [-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters [-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters * [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal * [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\' for uppercase characters cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values -cooked same as raw crt same as echoe echoctl echoke dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany ek erase and kill characters to their default values evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N set the input speed to N * line N use line discipline N min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read ospeed N set the output speed to N oddp same as parenb parodd cs7 -oddp same as -parenb cs8 [-]parity same as [-]evenp pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7 raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw same as cooked sane same as cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke, all special characters to their default values stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal * swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer * werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed %% a single % %b ARGUMENT as a string with `\' escapes interpreted, except that octal escapes are of the form \0 or \0NNN and all C format specifications ending with one of diouxXfeEgGcs, with ARGUMENTs converted to proper type first. Variable widths are handled. %A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday) %b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan) %B locale's full month name (e.g., January) %c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005) %C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20) %d day of month (e.g, 01) %D date; same as %m/%d/%y %e day of month, space padded; same as %_d %F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d %g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G) %G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V %S second (00..60) %t a tab %T time; same as %H:%M:%S %u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday %U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) %V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53) %w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday %W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53) %d Device number in decimal %D Device number in hex %f Raw mode in hex %F File type %g Group ID of owner %G Group name of owner %h Number of hard links %i Inode number %n File name %N Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link %o I/O block size %s Total size, in bytes %t Major device type in hex %T Minor device type in hex %h same as %b %H hour (00..23) %I hour (01..12) %j day of year (001..366) %i File System ID in hex %l Maximum length of filenames %n File name %s Block size (for faster transfers) %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) %t Type in hex %T Type in human readable form %k hour ( 0..23) %l hour ( 1..12) %m month (01..12) %M minute (00..59) %n a newline %N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) %p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known %P like %p, but lower case %r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM) %R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M %s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u User ID of owner %U User name of owner %x Time of last access %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch %y Time of last modification %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch %z Time of last change %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch %x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99) %X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48) %y last two digits of year (00..99) %Y year %z +hhmm numeric timezone (e.g., -0400) %:z +hh:mm numeric timezone (e.g., -04:00) %::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00) %:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30) %Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT) By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes. + TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like `match' or an operator like `/' ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION --output-delimiter=STR separate columns with STR -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -A, --auto-reference output automatically generated references -G, --traditional behave more like System V `ptx' -F, --flag-truncation=STRING use STRING for flagging line truncations -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks -b, --bytes equivalent to `--apparent-size --block-size=1' -c, --total produce a grand total -D, --dereference-args dereference only symlinks that are listed on the command line -D create all leading components of DEST except the last, then copy SOURCE to DEST -g, --group=GROUP set group ownership, instead of process' current group -m, --mode=MODE set permission mode (as in chmod), instead of rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=OWNER set ownership (super-user only) -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names -h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line follow symbolic links listed on the command line --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory --hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A) -I prompt once before removing more than three files, or when removing recursively. Less intrusive than -i, while still giving protection against most mistakes --interactive[=WHEN] prompt according to WHEN: never, once (-I), or always (-i). Without WHEN, prompt always -L FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h) -O FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID -p FILE FILE exists and is a named pipe -r FILE FILE exists and read permission is granted -s FILE FILE exists and has a size greater than zero -L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links -P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default) -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -S, --separate-dirs do not include size of subdirectories -s, --summarize display only a total for each argument -M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx' -O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives -R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences -T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives -N, --read-bytes=BYTES limit dump to BYTES input bytes -S, --strings[=BYTES] output strings of at least BYTES graphic chars -t, --format=TYPE select output format or formats -v, --output-duplicates do not use * to mark line suppression -w, --width[=BYTES] output BYTES bytes per output line --traditional accept arguments in traditional form -P, --portability use the POSIX output format --sync invoke sync before getting usage info -t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE -T, --print-type print file system type -x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE -v (ignored) -S sort by file size --sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time -S FILE FILE exists and is a socket -t FD file descriptor FD is opened on a terminal -u FILE FILE exists and its set-user-ID bit is set -w FILE FILE exists and write permission is granted -x FILE FILE exists and execute (or search) permission is granted -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create the links -T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file -v, --verbose print name of each linked file -SSTRING, --sep-string[=STRING] separate columns by STRING, without -S: Default separator with -J and otherwise (same as -S" "), no effect on column options -t, --omit-header omit page headers and trailers -T, --omit-pagination omit page headers and trailers, eliminate any pagination by form feeds set in input files -v, --show-nonprinting use octal backslash notation -w, --width=PAGE_WIDTH set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters for multiple text-column output only, -s[char] turns off (72) -T, -w, --mesg add user's message status as +, - or ? -u, --users list users logged in --message same as -T --writable same as -T -W, --page-width=PAGE_WIDTH set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters always, truncate lines, except -J option is set, no interference with -S or -s -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword -b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting -g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields -i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE -o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of NAME to CTX -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each NAME to CTX -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -a, --all include dummy file systems -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks --total produce a grand total -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories --apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be larger due to holes in (`sparse') files, internal fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like -a, --all convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks --first-only convert only leading sequences of blanks (overrides -a) -t, --tabs=N have tabs N characters apart instead of 8 (enables -a) -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated LIST of tab positions (enables -a) -a, --archive same as -dR --preserve=all --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument --copy-contents copy contents of special files when recursive -d same as --no-dereference --preserve=links -a, --suffix-length=N use suffixes of length N (default %d) -b, --bytes=SIZE put SIZE bytes per output file -C, --line-bytes=SIZE put at most SIZE bytes of lines per output file -d, --numeric-suffixes use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic -l, --lines=NUMBER put NUMBER lines per output file -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline -b, --binary read in binary mode -b, --binary read in binary mode (default unless reading tty stdin) -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -b, --bytes=LIST select only these bytes -c, --characters=LIST select only these characters -d, --delimiter=DELIM use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignore leading blanks -d, --dictionary-order consider only blanks and alphanumeric characters -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case characters -b, --suffix-format=FORMAT use sprintf FORMAT instead of %02d -f, --prefix=PREFIX use PREFIX instead of `xx' -k, --keep-files do not remove output files on errors -c, --check read %s sums from the FILEs and check them -c, --check, --check=diagnose-first check for sorted input; do not sort -C, --check=quiet, --check=silent like -c, but do not report first bad line --compress-program=PROG compress temporaries with PROG; decompress them with PROG -d --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -c, --crown-margin preserve indentation of first two lines -p, --prefix=STRING reformat only lines beginning with STRING, reattaching the prefix to reformatted lines -s, --split-only split long lines, but do not refill -c, --no-create do not create any files -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries --file-type likewise, except do not append `*' --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso -f omit the line of column headings in short format -w omit the user's full name in short format -i omit the user's full name and remote host in short format -q omit the user's full name, remote host and idle time in short format -f same as -t fF, select floats -i same as -t dI, select decimal ints -l same as -t dL, select decimal longs -o same as -t o2, select octal 2-byte units -s same as -t d2, select decimal 2-byte units -x same as -t x2, select hexadecimal 2-byte units -f FILE FILE exists and is a regular file -g FILE FILE exists and is set-group-ID -G FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID -h FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L) -k FILE FILE exists and has its sticky bit set -f, --canonicalize canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively; all but the last component must exist -e, --canonicalize-existing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, all components must exist -f, --fields=LIST select only these fields; also print any line that contains no delimiter character, unless the -s option is specified -n (ignored) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -f, --force if an existing destination file cannot be opened, remove it and try again (redundant if the -n option is used) -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite (overrides a previous -n option) -H follow command-line symbolic links in SOURCE -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --reference=RFILE use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values -R, --recursive change files and directories recursively -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's group rather than specifying a GROUP value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's owner and group rather than specifying OWNER:GROUP values -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -g like -l, but do not list owner -g GID[,GID1...] also set the primary group-ID to the numeric GID, and (if specified) supplemental group IDs to GID1, ... -g, --general-numeric-sort compare according to general numerical value -i, --ignore-nonprinting consider only printable characters -M, --month-sort compare (unknown) < `JAN' < ... < `DEC' -h, --header=HEADER use a centered HEADER instead of filename in page header, -h "" prints a blank line, don't use -h"" -i[CHAR[WIDTH]], --output-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] replace spaces with CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -J, --join-lines merge full lines, turns off -W line truncation, no column alignment, --sep-string[=STRING] sets separators -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) -i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing fields -j FIELD equivalent to `-1 FIELD -2 FIELD' -o FORMAT obey FORMAT while constructing output line -t CHAR use CHAR as input and output field separator -i, --initial do not convert tabs after non blanks -t, --tabs=NUMBER have tabs NUMBER characters apart, not 8 -i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage -k like --block-size=1K -l, --local limit listing to local file systems --no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) -k like --block-size=1K -l, --count-links count sizes many times if hard linked -m like --block-size=1M -k, --key=POS1[,POS2] start a key at POS1 (origin 1), end it at POS2 (default end of line) -m, --merge merge already sorted files; do not sort -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -l, --length=PAGE_LENGTH set the page length to PAGE_LENGTH (66) lines (default number of lines of text 56, and with -F 63) -m, --merge print all files in parallel, one in each column, truncate lines, but join lines of full length with -J -l, --link link files instead of copying -L, --dereference always follow symbolic links in SOURCE -l, --login print system login processes -m, --canonicalize-missing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, without requirements on components existence -n, --no-newline do not output the trailing newline -q, --quiet, -s, --silent suppress most error messages -v, --verbose report error messages -m, --mode=MODE set file permission bits to MODE, not a=rw - umask -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each created directory to CTX -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file (overrides a previous -i option) -P, --no-dereference never follow symbolic links in SOURCE -n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o like -l, but do not list group information -p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories -n[SEP[DIGITS]], --number-lines[=SEP[DIGITS]] number lines, use DIGITS (5) digits, then SEP (TAB), default counting starts with 1st line of input file -N, --first-line-number=NUMBER start counting with NUMBER at 1st line of first page printed (see +FIRST_PAGE) -o, --indent=MARGIN offset each line with MARGIN (zero) spaces, do not affect -w or -W, MARGIN will be added to PAGE_WIDTH -r, --no-file-warnings omit warning when a file cannot be opened -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output -s, --stable stabilize sort by disabling last-resort comparison -S, --buffer-size=SIZE use SIZE for main memory buffer -p same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps --preserve[=ATTR_LIST] preserve the specified attributes (default: mode,ownership,timestamps), if possible additional attributes: context, links, xattr, all -p, --parents remove DIRECTORY and its ancestors; e.g., `rmdir -p a/b/c' is similar to `rmdir a/b/c a/b a' -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every directory processed -p, --preserve-timestamps apply access/modification times of SOURCE files to corresponding destination files -s, --strip strip symbol tables --strip-program=PROGRAM program used to strip binaries -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -v, --verbose print the name of each directory as it is created -q, --count all login names and number of users logged on -r, --runlevel print current runlevel -s, --short print only name, line, and time (default) -t, --time print last system clock change -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -r, --reference=FILE display the last modification time of FILE -R, --rfc-2822 output date and time in RFC 2822 format. Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=FILE use this FILE's size -s, --size=SIZE use this SIZE -r, --reference=FILE use this file's times instead of current time -t STAMP use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time --time=WORD change the specified time: WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent to -a WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to -m -r, --references first field of each line is a reference -t, --typeset-mode - not implemented - -w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded -r, --reverse reverse order while sorting -R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively -s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL specify the name or number of the signal to be sent -l, --list list signal names, or convert signal names to/from numbers -t, --table print a table of signal information -s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -t sort by modification time -T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP use SEP instead of non-blank to blank transition -T, --temporary-directory=DIR use DIR for temporaries, not $TMPDIR or %s; multiple options specify multiple directories -u, --unique with -c, check for strict ordering; without -c, output only the first of an equal run -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -t, --tagged-paragraph indentation of first line different from second -u, --uniform-spacing one space between words, two after sentences -w, --width=WIDTH maximum line width (default of 75 columns) -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -u, --update move only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -t, --text read in text mode (default if reading tty stdin) -t, --text read in text mode (default) -u, --remove truncate and remove file after overwriting -v, --verbose show progress -x, --exact do not round file sizes up to the next full block; this is the default for non-regular files -z, --zero add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system -u, --user=USER set user USER in the target security context -r, --role=ROLE set role ROLE in the target security context -t, --type=TYPE set type TYPE in the target security context -l, --range=RANGE set range RANGE in the target security context -v, --kernel-version print the kernel version -m, --machine print the machine hardware name -p, --processor print the processor type or "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform print the hardware platform or "unknown" -o, --operating-system print the operating system -v, --starting-line-number=NUMBER first line number on each logical page -w, --number-width=NUMBER use NUMBER columns for line numbers -w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines -w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value -x list entries by lines instead of by columns -X sort alphabetically by entry extension -Z, --context print any SELinux security context of each file -1 list one file per line -x, --one-file-system skip directories on different file systems -X, --exclude-from=FILE exclude files that match any pattern in FILE --exclude=PATTERN exclude files that match PATTERN --max-depth=N print the total for a directory (or file, with --all) only if it is N or fewer levels below the command line argument; --max-depth=0 is the same as --summarize -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline Processes in an uninterruptible sleep state also contribute to the load average. [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline lcase change upper case to lower case binary use binary I/O for data cio use concurrent I/O for data d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer direct use direct I/O for data directory fail unless a directory dsync use synchronized I/O for data fullblock accumulate full blocks of input (iflag only) if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin iflag=FLAGS read as per the comma separated symbol list obs=BYTES write BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout oflag=FLAGS write as per the comma separated symbol list seek=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS obs-sized blocks at start of output skip=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS ibs-sized blocks at start of input status=noxfer suppress transfer statistics noatime do not update access time nocreat do not create the output file excl fail if the output file already exists notrunc do not truncate the output file ucase change lower case to upper case swab swap every pair of input bytes noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file noerror continue after read errors sync pad every input block with NULs to ibs-size; when used with block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing fsync likewise, but also write metadata nofollow do not follow symlinks nolinks fail if multiply-linked nonblock use non-blocking I/O none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups sync likewise, but also for metadata text use text I/O for data %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% %H:%M%P %s-blocks Used Available Capacity (backup: %s) * [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c') [-]echo echo input characters * [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho [-]echoe same as [-]crterase [-]echok echo a newline after a kill character * [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill [-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters * [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\' and '/' [-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters [-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters * [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase * [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character [-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters [-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control [-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence) [-]tandem same as [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded * [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline * [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters * [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays * [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase * [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline * [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return * [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column [-]opost postprocess output * tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3] * tabs same as tab0 * -tabs same as tab3 * vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1] * eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line * lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal * rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it * rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows * size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel speed print the terminal speed time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second ??:???? Mounted on TTY context=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu groups= old on repetition %s % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %.*s: invalid conversion specification%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu user%lu users%s%s (for regexp %s)%s -> %s (unbackup) %s [-d] terminated abnormally%s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has appeared; following end of new file%s has become accessible%s has become inaccessible%s has been replaced with an untailable file; giving up on this name%s has been replaced; following end of new file%s has unknown file type%s has unusable, apparently negative size%s home page: <%s> %s home page: %s is not a valid positive integer%s is too large%s was specified but %s was not%s%s argument `%s' too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s: line number out of range%s: %s: match not found%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: binary operator expected%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot change nonblocking mode%s: cannot find name for user ID %lu %s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot lseek back to original position%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot rewind%s: cannot seek%s: cannot seek to end-relative offset %s%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: cannot seek to relative offset %s%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: cannot skip%s: cannot skip to specified offset%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: couldn't reset non-blocking mode%s: descend into directory %s? %s: descend into write-protected directory %s? %s: end of file%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: error truncating%s: error writing at offset %s%s: expected a numeric value%s: failed to close%s: failed to open for writing%s: failed to remove%s: fcntl failed%s: fdatasync failed%s: file has negative size%s: file has shrunk too much%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: fstat failed%s: fsync failed%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input contains an odd number of tokens%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid count at start of %s%s: invalid directive%s: invalid field specification %s%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of passes%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: lseek failed%s: multiple signals specified%s: new permissions are %s, not %s%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: no size information for this device%s: not listing already-listed directory%s: number of bytes is too large%s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove all arguments recursively? %s: remove all arguments? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s: seek failed%s: too many checksum lines%s: try to overwrite %s, overriding mode %04lo (%s)? %s: unable to determine maximum file name length%s: unable to perform all requested operations%s: unary operator expected%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: value not completely converted%s: write error%s:%lu: invalid line; missing second token%s:%lu: invalid zero-length file name%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}''')' expected')' expected, found %s(C)* file systems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS version 3 clients * compressed file systems * log-structured or journaled file systems, such as those supplied with AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.) * file systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes fail, such as RAID-based file systems * file systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server , load average: %.2f, %g s, %s/s --%s argument %s too large--context (-Z) works only on an SELinux-enabled kernel-R --dereference requires either -H or -L-R -h requires -P-ef does not accept -l-nt does not accept -l-ot does not accept -l??? ?????Address family for hostname not supportedAll arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. All requests doneArgument buffer too smallArnold RobbinsBad system callBad value for ai_flagsBrian FoxBus errorCAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important assumption: that the file system overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern file system designs do not satisfy this assumption. The following are examples of file systems on which shred is not effective, or is not guaranteed to be effective in all file system modes: COMMENTCall the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1. Call the unlink function to remove the specified FILE. Change the effective user id and group id to that of USER. -, -l, --login make the shell a login shell -c, --command=COMMAND pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c -f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment do not reset environment variables -p same as -m -s, --shell=SHELL run SHELL if /etc/shells allows it Change the group of each FILE to GROUP. With --reference, change the group of each FILE to that of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the security context of each FILE to CONTEXT. With --reference, change the security context of each FILE to that of RFILE. -h, --no-dereference affect symbolic links instead of any referenced file Chet RameyColin PlumbCompare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output. -A, --show-all equivalent to -vET -b, --number-nonblank number nonempty output lines -e equivalent to -vE -E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line -n, --number number all output lines -s, --squeeze-blank suppress repeated empty output lines Convert blanks in each FILE to tabs, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Copy a file, converting and formatting according to the operands. bs=BYTES read and write BYTES bytes at a time (also see ibs=,obs=) cbs=BYTES convert BYTES bytes at a time conv=CONVS convert the file as per the comma separated symbol list count=BLOCKS copy only BLOCKS input blocks ibs=BYTES read BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. -a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDiagnose invalid or unportable file names. -p check for most POSIX systems -P check for empty names and leading "-" --portability check for all POSIX systems (equivalent to -p -P) Directory: Display file or file system status. -L, --dereference follow links -f, --file-system display file system status instead of file status Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date. -d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not `now' -f, --file=DATEFILE like --date once for each line of DATEFILE Dmitry V. LevinDrop any supplemental groups, assume the user-ID and group-ID of the specified USER (numeric ID or user name), and run COMMAND with any specified ARGUMENTs. Exit with status 111 if unable to assume the required user and group ID. Otherwise, exit with the exit status of COMMAND. This program is useful only when run by root (user ID zero). EXITEach range is one of: N N'th byte, character or field, counted from 1 N- from N'th byte, character or field, to end of line N-M from N'th to M'th (included) byte, character or field -M from first to M'th (included) byte, character or field With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Echo the STRING(s) to standard output. -n do not output the trailing newline Exit with a status code indicating failure.Exit with a status code indicating success.Exit with the status determined by EXPRESSION. F. PinardFAILEDFIXME: unknownFORMAT must be suitable for printing one argument of type `double'; it defaults to %.PRECf if FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are all fixed point decimal numbers with maximum precision PREC, and to %g otherwise. Fifos do not have major and minor device numbers.Filesystem Filesystem TypeFor each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by whitespace. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input. -a FILENUM print unpairable lines coming from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2 -e EMPTY replace missing input fields with EMPTY Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block. General help using GNU software: H. Peter AnvinIDLEIan Lance TaylorIdleIf FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. In addition, file system backups and remote mirrors may contain copies of the file that cannot be removed, and that will allow a shredded file to be recovered later. In real life: In the 1st form, create a link to TARGET with the name LINK_NAME. In the 2nd form, create a link to TARGET in the current directory. In the 3rd and 4th forms, create links to each TARGET in DIRECTORY. Create hard links by default, symbolic links with --symbolic. When creating hard links, each TARGET must exist. Symbolic links can hold arbitrary text; if later resolved, a relative link is interpreted in relation to its parent directory. In the case of ext3 file systems, the above disclaimer applies (and shred is thus of limited effectiveness) only in data=journal mode, which journals file data in addition to just metadata. In both the data=ordered (default) and data=writeback modes, shred works as usual. Ext3 journaling modes can be changed by adding the data=something option to the mount options for a particular file system in the /etc/fstab file, as documented in the mount man page (man mount). Infinity BInterrupted by a signalInvalid back referenceInvalid character class nameInvalid collation characterInvalid content of \{\}Invalid preceding regular expressionInvalid range endInvalid regular expressionJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfKilledLINELOGINList information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort. LoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnMemory allocation failureMemory exhaustedMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNAMENameName or service not knownNo address associated with hostnameNo matchNo previous regular expressionNon-recoverable failure in name resolutionOKOnly one string may be given when deleting without squeezing repeats.Option --string without a number implies 3; option --width without a number implies 32. By default, od uses -A o -t oS -w16. Ordering options: Other options: Output a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. Determine format of output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output defaults Output fixed-size pieces of INPUT to PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ...; default size is 1000 lines, and default PREFIX is `x'. With no INPUT, or when INPUT is -, read standard input. Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files `xx00', `xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output. Output platform dependent limits in a format useful for shell scripts. Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. PIDPadraig BradyPaginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Parameter string not correctly encodedPassword:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlan: Power failurePremature end of regular expressionPrint ARGUMENT(s) according to FORMAT, or execute according to OPTION: Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print NAME with its trailing /component removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output `.' (meaning the current directory). Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s. -a, --all print all information, in the following order, except omit -p and -i if unknown: -s, --kernel-name print the kernel name -n, --nodename print the network node hostname -r, --kernel-release print the kernel release Print checksum and block counts for each FILE. -r use BSD sum algorithm, use 1K blocks -s, --sysv use System V sum algorithm, use 512 bytes blocks Print group memberships for each USERNAME or, if no USERNAME is specified, for the current process (which may differ if the groups database has changed). Print information about users who are currently logged in. Print machine architecture. Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT. -f, --format=FORMAT use printf style floating-point FORMAT -s, --separator=STRING use STRING to separate numbers (default: \n) -w, --equal-width equalize width by padding with leading zeroes Print or change terminal characteristics. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the current time, the length of time the system has been up, the number of users on the system, and the average number of jobs in the run queue over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes.Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. -s, --silent, --quiet print nothing, only return an exit status Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the full filename of the current working directory. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the name of the current user. Print the prime factors of each specified integer NUMBER. If none are specified on the command line, read them from standard input. Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID. Same as id -un. Print user and group information for the specified USERNAME, or (when USERNAME omitted) for the current user. -a ignore, for compatibility with other versions -Z, --context print only the security context of the current user -g, --group print only the effective group ID -G, --groups print all group IDs -n, --name print a name instead of a number, for -ugG -r, --real print the real ID instead of the effective ID, with -ugG -u, --user print only the effective user ID Processing request in progressProject: Q. Frank XiaRandy SmithReal-time signal %dReformat each paragraph in the FILE(s), writing to standard output. The option -WIDTH is an abbreviated form of --width=DIGITS. Regular expression too bigRemove (unlink) the FILE(s). -f, --force ignore nonexistent files, never prompt -i prompt before every removal Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty ignore each failure that is solely because a directory is non-empty Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Report %s bugs to: %s Report %s translation bugs to Request canceledRequest not canceledResource lostRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonRun COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling. With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Nicenesses range from %d (most favorable scheduling) to %d (least favorable). -n, --adjustment=N add integer N to the niceness (default 10) Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals. Run a program in a different security context. With neither CONTEXT nor COMMAND, print the current security context. CONTEXT Complete security context -c, --compute compute process transition context before modifying -t, --type=TYPE type (for same role as parent) -u, --user=USER user identity -r, --role=ROLE role -l, --range=RANGE levelrange Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerSend signals to processes, or list signals. Servname not supported for ai_socktypeSet LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Shell: Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default. Shrink or extend the size of each FILE to the specified size A FILE argument that does not exist is created. If a FILE is larger than the specified size, the extra data is lost. If a FILE is shorter, it is extended and the extended part (hole) reads as zero bytes. Simon JosefssonSpecial files require major and minor device numbers.Stuart KempSuccessSummarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. System errorTIMETemporary failure in name resolutionThe following optional flags may follow `%': - (hyphen) do not pad the field _ (underscore) pad with spaces 0 (zero) pad with zeros ^ use upper case if possible # use opposite case if possible The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. -H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it -L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered -P do not traverse any symbolic links (default) The strings compared were %s and %s.Torbjorn GranlundTrailing backslashTry `%s --help' for more information. Try `%s ./%s' to remove the file %s. Two strings must be given when both deleting and squeezing repeats.Two strings must be given when translating.Ulrich DrepperUnknown errorUnknown system errorUnmatched ( or \(Unmatched ) or \)Unmatched [ or [^Unmatched \{Usage: %s Usage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s CONTEXT COMMAND [args] or: %s [ -c ] [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-t TYPE] [-l RANGE] COMMAND [args] Usage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NUMBER[SUFFIX]... or: %s OPTION Pause for NUMBER seconds. SUFFIX may be `s' for seconds (the default), `m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. Unlike most implementations that require NUMBER be an integer, here NUMBER may be an arbitrary floating point number. Given two or more arguments, pause for the amount of time specified by the sum of their values. Usage: %s OPTION... FILE... Usage: %s OPTION... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [SETTING]... or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-a|--all] or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-g|--save] Usage: %s [-WIDTH] [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NAME] or: %s OPTION Print or set the hostname of the current system. Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPERAND]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] Print the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) for the current host. Usage: %s [OPTION] NEWROOT [COMMAND [ARG]...] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... CONTEXT FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-l RANGE] [-t TYPE] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... or: %s [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form) or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form) Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] or: %s -e [OPTION]... [ARG]... or: %s -i LO-HI [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Base64 encode or decode FILE, or standard input, to standard output. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] or: %s --traditional [OPTION]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Print or check %s (%d-bit) checksums. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [PREFIX]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [TEMPLATE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [SHORT-OPTION]... USER COMMAND [ARGUMENT]... or: %s LONG-OPTION Usage: %s [SHORT-OPTION]... [STRING]... or: %s LONG-OPTION Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [ignored command line arguments] or: %s OPTION Usage: test EXPRESSION or: test or: [ EXPRESSION ] or: [ ] or: [ OPTION User defined signal 1User defined signal 2Valid arguments are:Valid format sequences for file systems: %a Free blocks available to non-superuser %b Total data blocks in file system %c Total file nodes in file system %d Free file nodes in file system %f Free blocks in file system %C SELinux security context string WARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s WARNING: ignoring --context (-Z); this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --preserve-context; this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --strip-program option as -s option was not specifiedWarning: WhenWhereWindow changedWrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write a random permutation of the input lines to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to standard output. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``-%c' extra characters or invalid number in the argument: %s`--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argument`-N NUMBER' invalid starting line number: %s`-W PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %s`-l PAGE_LENGTH' invalid number of lines: %s`-o MARGIN' invalid line offset: %s`-w PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %sa command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sai_family not supportedai_socktype not supportedambiguous argument %s for %san input delimiter may be specified only when operating on fieldsappending output to %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileblock special files not supportedboth files cannot be standard inputbyte offset %s is too largecan't apply partial context to unlabeled file %scan't get process contextcannot access %scannot backup %scannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change ownership of %scannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot chdir to root directorycannot combine --target-directory (-t) and --no-target-directory (-T)cannot combine --target-directory and --no-target-directorycannot combine -e and -i optionscannot combine any two of {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}cannot combine block and unblockcannot combine excl and nocreatcannot combine lcase and ucasecannot combine mode and --reference optionscannot combine signal with -l or -tcannot compare file names %s and %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot create temporary file in %scannot dereference %scannot determine device and inode of %scannot determine hostnamecannot do ioctl on %scannot find name for group ID %lucannot find name for user ID %lucannot follow %s by namecannot force target context to %s and preserve itcannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot get nicenesscannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open %s for writingcannot open directory %scannot operate on dangling symlink %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot perform formatted outputcannot preserve extended attributes, cp is built without xattr supportcannot preserve security context without an SELinux-enabled kernelcannot print "only" of more than one choicecannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot print security context when user specifiedcannot read directory %scannot read file names from %scannot read file system information for %scannot read realtime clockcannot read symbolic link %scannot read table of mounted file systemscannot remove %scannot reposition file pointer for %scannot run %scannot set datecannot set group idcannot set group-ID to %lucannot set groupscannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot set name to %scannot set nicenesscannot set time stamps for %scannot set user idcannot set user-ID to %lucannot skip past end of combined inputcannot specify both printing across and printing in parallelcannot specify number of columns when printing in parallelcannot specify times from more than one sourcecannot split in more than one waycannot stat %scannot stat current directory (now %s)cannot touch %scannot un-backup %scannot unlink %scannot work around kernel bug after allchanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %schanging security context of %s character offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special filecharacter special files not supportedclearing permissions for %sclock changeclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing directory %sclosing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputcompatibility mode supports at most one fileconflicting empty-field replacement stringsconflicting security context specifiers givencouldn't create process for %s -dcouldn't create temporary filecouldn't execute %scouldn't execute %s -dcouldn't find directory entry in %s with matching i-nodecouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %screating file %s creating hard link %screating hard link %s => %screating hard link to %.0s%screating symbolic link %screating symbolic link %s -> %sdelimiter list ends with an unescaped backslash: %sdirectorydivision by zerodup2 failedempty %s not allowedempty file nameempty taberror closing fileerror in regular expression matchererror in regular expression searcherror reading %serror writing %sexit=extra argument %sextra operand %sextra operand %s extra operand %s not allowed with -%cfailed to change context of %s to %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to chdir to %sfailed to clone %sfailed to compute a new contextfailed to create directory via template %sfailed to create file via template %sfailed to create security context: %sfailed to get attributes of %sfailed to get current contextfailed to get file system create contextfailed to get groups for the current processfailed to get groups for user %sfailed to get security context of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to open %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to redirect standard errorfailed to redirect stderr to /dev/nullfailed to remove %sfailed to remove directory %sfailed to reopen %s with mode %sfailed to restore the default file creation contextfailed to return to initial working directoryfailed to run command %sfailed to set %s security context component to %sfailed to set additional groupsfailed to set default file creation context to %sfailed to set group-IDfailed to set new range %sfailed to set new role %sfailed to set new type %sfailed to set new user %sfailed to set supplemental group(s)failed to set the copy of stderr to close on execfailed to set the security context of %s to %sfailed to set user-IDfailed to stat %sfdatasync failed for %sfflush failedfield number %s is too largefield number is zerofields and positions are numbered from 1fifofile %d is not in sorted orderfile operands cannot be combined with --files0-fromfile operands cannot be combined with --print-database (-p)file system type %s both selected and excludedfork system call failedformat %s ends in %%format %s has no %% directiveformat %s has too many %% directivesformat %s has unknown %%%c directiveformat string may not be specified when printing equal width stringsfsync failed for %sfts_close failedfts_read failedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsignoring inputignoring input and appending output to %signoring input and redirecting stderr to stdoutignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %signoring non-option argumentsincompatible join fields %lu, %luincompatible tabsincorrect passwordinput disappearedinput line is too longinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid %s%s argument `%s'invalid --%s argument %sinvalid adjustment %sinvalid argument %sinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid body numbering style: %sinvalid byte or field listinvalid character `%c' in type string %sinvalid character class %sinvalid context: %sinvalid conversioninvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid date %sinvalid date format %sinvalid decreasing rangeinvalid device %s %sinvalid device type %sinvalid field number: %sinvalid field specifier: %sinvalid field width: %sinvalid file number in field spec: %sinvalid floating point argument: %sinvalid footer numbering style: %sinvalid format precisioninvalid format widthinvalid gap width: %sinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid group list %sinvalid group: %sinvalid header numbering style: %sinvalid inputinvalid input flaginvalid input range %sinvalid integer %sinvalid integer argument %sinvalid line count %sinvalid line discipline %sinvalid line number field width: %sinvalid line number increment: %sinvalid line numbering format: %sinvalid line width: %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid maximum depth %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid modeinvalid mode %sinvalid mode: %sinvalid number %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of blank lines: %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of columns: %sinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid number of lines: 0invalid option -- %cinvalid option -- %c; -WIDTH is recognized only when it is the first option; use -w N insteadinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid output flaginvalid page range %sinvalid precision: %sinvalid range with no endpoint: -invalid repeat count %s in [c*n] constructinvalid specinvalid starting line number: %sinvalid status flaginvalid suffix in %s%s argument `%s'invalid tab size: %sinvalid template, %s, contains directory separatorinvalid template, %s; with --tmpdir, it may not be absoluteinvalid time interval %sinvalid time style format %sinvalid trailing option -- %cinvalid type string %sinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte floating point typeinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte integral typeinvalid universal character name \%c%0*xinvalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sinvalid wrap size: %sinvalid zero-length file nameit is dangerous to operate recursively on %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)last=leading `-' in a component of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name component %sline count option -%s%c... is too largeline number %s is smaller than preceding line number, %sline number overflowmaximum --%s argument with current rlimit is %smemory exhaustedmessage queueminimum --%s argument is %smisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing `]'missing argument after %smissing argument to %smissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing destination file operand after %smissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing file operandmissing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operandmissing operand after %smode must specify only file permission bitsmode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multi-character tab %smultiple -i options specifiedmultiple -l or -t options specifiedmultiple compress programs specifiedmultiple delimiters specifiedmultiple levelrangesmultiple output files specifiedmultiple output formats specifiedmultiple random sources specifiedmultiple relative modifiers specifiedmultiple rolesmultiple target directories specifiedmultiple typesmultiple usersneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno change to ownership of %s no command specifiedno file systems processedno files remainingno input from %sno login nameno process ID specifiedno type may be specified when dumping stringsno username specified; at least one must be specified when using -lnonportable character %s in file name %snot a ttynot writing through dangling symlink %snumber in %s is too largenumber of bytesnumber of linesoffset overflow while reading file %somitting directory %sonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one device may be specifiedonly one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %soption used in invalid context -- %coptions --backup and --no-clobber are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --preserve-timestamps are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --strip are mutually exclusiveoptions `-%s' are incompatibleoutput file suffixes exhaustedoverflow extending size of file %soverflow rounding up size of file %sownership of %s retained ownership of %s retained as %s page number overflowpage width too narrowpreserving permissions for %spreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedreading %sreading directory %srecord too largeredirecting stderr to stdoutregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %srun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptyset LC_ALL='C' to work around the problemsetting flags for %ssetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectskip-bytes + read-bytes is too largeskipping %s, since it's on a different deviceskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstderrstdinstdoutstray character in field specstring comparison failedstring transformation failedstrip process terminated abnormallysuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errorsystem boottab size cannot be 0tab size contains invalid character(s): %stab sizes must be ascendingtab stop is too large %stab stop value is too largetabs are too far aparttarget %s is not a directorytarget directory not allowed when installing a directoryterm=test and/or [the --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --compare (-C) option is ignored when you specify a mode with non-permission bitsthe --context (-Z) option is obsolete and will be removed in a future releasethe --quiet option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the argument %s lacks a leading `+'; when using an option to specify date(s), any non-option argument must be a format string beginning with `+'the delimiter must be a single characterthe options for verbose and stty-readable output styles are mutually exclusivethe options to output dircolors' internal database and to select a shell syntax are mutually exclusivethe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivethe strings compared were %s and %sthe strip option may not be used when installing a directorythe untransformed string was %stime %s is out of rangeto use user-ID %s you need to use -g tootoo few X's in template %stoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtoo many characters in settoo many repeated linestoo many templatestotaltyped memory objectuid=%luunable to display error messageunable to record current working directoryunable to set security context %sunknown binary operatorunknown streamunknown user-ID: %sunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableunrecognized operand %sunrecognized prefix: %sup %ld day %2d:%02d, up %ld days %2d:%02d, up ???? days ??:??, use --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeuser %s does not existusing arbitrary-precision arithmeticusing restricted shell %susing single-precision arithmeticwaiting for %s [-d]waiting for stripwarning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredwarning: %s: failed to change context to %swarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: --retry is useful mainly when following by namewarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: `touch %s' is obsolete; use `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'warning: an unescaped backslash at end of string is not portablewarning: backslash at end of formatwarning: cannot change directory to %swarning: cannot remove: %swarning: following standard input indefinitely is ineffectivewarning: ignoring excess arguments, starting with %swarning: invalid file offset after failed readwarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: line number %s is the same as preceding line numberwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: summarizing conflicts with --max-depth=%luwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0warning: the --%s option is obsolete; use --referencewarning: the ambiguous octal escape \%c%c%c is being interpreted as the 2-byte sequence \0%c%c, %cwarning: unrecognized escape `\%c'warning: working around lseek kernel bug for file (%s) of mt_type=0x%0lx -- see for the list of typesweird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen reading file names from stdin, no file name of %s allowedwhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'will not copy %s through just-created symlink %swill not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swith --parents, the destination must be a directorywrite errorwrite error for %swrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify -c, -t, -u, -l, -r, or contextyou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsyou must specify one of %s or %sProject-Id-Version: coreutils-8.4 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2010-03-13 21:03+0100 Last-Translator: Keld Simonsen Language-Team: Danish MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1); X-Generator: KBabel 1.11.4 ( UDTRYK ) UDTRYK er sandt ! UDTRYK UDTRYK er falsk UDTRYK1 -a UDTRYK2 både UDTRYK1 og UDTRYK2 er sande UDTRYK1 -o UDTRYK2 mindst ét af udtrykkene er sande --check-order kontrollér om inddata er korrekt sorteret, selv hvis alle inddatalinjer kan parinddeles --nocheck-order kontrollér ikke om inddata er korrekt sorteret -1 udelad kolonne 1 (linjer som kun findes i FIL1) -2 udelad kolonne 2 (linjer som kun findes i FIL2) -3 udelad kolonne 3 (linjer som findes i begge filer) -a, --all samme som -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot tid for seneste systemopstart -d, --dead udskriv døde processer -H, --heading udskriv linje med kolonneoverskrifter -b FIL FIL findes og er en specialfil for blokadgang -c FIL FIL findes og er en specialfil for tegnadgang -d FIL FIL findes og er et katalog -e FIL FIL findes -l udskriv i langt format for de angivne BRUGERe -b udelad brugerens hjemmekatalog og skal i det lange format -h udelad brugerens projektfil i det lange format -p udelad brugerens planfil i det lange format -s udskriv i kort format, dette er standard -n STRENG længden af STRENG er forskellig fra nul STRENG samme som -n STRENG -z STRENG længden af STRENG er nul STRENG1 = STRENG2 strengene er ens STRENG1 != STRENG2 strengene er forskellige ARG1 * ARG2 aritmetisk produkt af ARG1 og ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 aritmetisk kvotient af ARG1 divideret med ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 aritmetisk rest af ARG1 divideret med ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 aritmetisk sum af ARG1 og ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 aritmetisk forskel mellem ARG1 og ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 er mindre end ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 er mindre end eller lig med ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 er lig med ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 er ikke lig med ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 er større end eller lig med ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 er større end ARG2 FIL1 -ef FIL2 FIL1 og FIL2 har samme enheds- og inodenummer FIL1 -nt FIL2 FIL1 er nyere (ændringstidspunkt) end FIL2 FIL1 -ot FIL2 FIL1 er ældre end FIL2 HELTAL kopier frem til, men ikke med, angivet linjenummer /REGUDT/[POSITION] kopier frem til, men ikke med, en 'passende' linje %REGUDT%[POSITION] hop frem til, men ikke med, en 'passende' linje {HELTAL} gentag forrige mønster så mange gange som angivet {*} gentag forrige mønster så mange gange som muligt En linje-POSITION skal være '+' eller '-' fulgt af et positivt heltal HELTAL1 -eq HELTAL2 HELTAL1 er lig med HELTAL2 HELTAL1 -ge HELTAL2 HELTAL1 er større end eller lig med HELTAL2 HELTAL1 -gt HELTAL2 HELTAL1 er større end HELTAL2 HELTAL1 -le HELTAL2 HELTAL1 er mindre end eller lig med HELTAL2 HELTAL1 -lt HELTAL2 HELTAL1 er mindre end HELTAL2 HELTAL1 -ne HELTAL2 HELTAL1 er forskellig fra HELTAL2 STRENG : REGUDTRYK forankret mønstersøgning efter REGUDTRYK i STRENG match STRENG REGUDTRYK samme som STRENG : REGUDTRYK subtr STRENG POS LÆNGDE delstreng af STRENG, POS regnes fra 1 index STRENG BOGST index i STRENG hvor BOGST fandtes, eller 0 length STRENG længden af STRENG a nummerér alle linjer t nummerér kun ikke-tomme linjer n nummerér ingen linjer pBRE nummerér kun linjer som matcher det basale regulære udtryk BRE FORMAT er et af følgende: ln venstrejusteret, ingen indledende nuller rn højrejusteret, ingen indledende nuller rz højrejusteret, indledende nuller b opret en blok-specialfil (bufret) c, u opret en tegn-specialfil (ubufret) p opret en FIFO # brugere=%lu Et felt er en række blanke tegn (sædvanligvis mellemrum og/eller tabulatorer), fulgt af ikke-blanke tegn. Felter hoppes over før tegn. Et letvægts "finger"-program; udskriver brugerinformation. utmp-filen vil være %s. En - for sig selv medfører -i. Hvis ingen KOMMANDO er angivet, udskriv det resulterende miljø. En enkelt - medfører -l. Hvis BRUGER ikke er angivet, antag root. Efter eventuelle flag følger valgfrit en feltbredde, som er et decimaltal; derefter et valgfrit modifikationstegn, som er enten E for at bruge lokaltilpassede repræsentationer, hvis tilgængelige, eller O for at bruge lokaltilpassede numeriske symboler, hvis tilgængelige. Et udeladt UDTRYK er som standard falsk. Ellers er UDTRYK sandt eller falsk og afgør returværdien. Det er én af: Som et specialtilfælde laver cp en sikkerhedskopi af KILDE når flagene for 'force' og 'backup' er angivet, og KILDE og MÅL er samme navn for en eksisterende, regulær fil. BLOKKE og BYTE kan have følgende multiplikative suffikser: c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M=1024*1024, xM =M GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024 og så videre for T, P, E, Z, Y. Hvert KONV-symbol kan være: Vær opmærksom på at mange operatorer skal beskyttes mod kommandofortolkeren, f.eks. med gåseøjne. Sammenligninger er aritmetiske hvis begge ARGumenter er tal, ellers leksikografiske. Mønster-sammenligninger returnerer strengen som passede på mønstret mellem \( og \) eller null. Hvis \( og \) ikke bruges, returneres antal tegn som passede eller 0. Både OVERNR og UNDERNR skal angives når TYPE er b, c eller u, og de må ikke angives når TYPE er p. Hvis OVERNR eller UNDERNR begynder med 0x eller 0X, forstås det som heksadecimalt; ellers, hvis de begynder med 0, som oktalt; ellers decimalt. TYPE kan være: Som standard fjerner rm ikke kataloger. Brug flaget --recursive (-r eller -R) for at fjerne hvert anført katalog også, sammen med alt indhold. Forvalgt er -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC er to skilletegn for at skille logiske sider, et manglende tegn nummer to implicerer ':'. Brug \\ for \. STIL er en af: Kombinationsindstillinger: * [-]LCASE samme som [-]lcase cbreak samme som -icanon -cbreak samme som icanon Kontrollindstillinger: [-]clocal deaktivér signaler for modem-kontrol [-]cread lad inddata blive modtaget * [-]crtscts aktivér RTS/CTS-forhandling ('handshaking') csN sæt tegnstørrelse til N bit, N i [5..8] Hvert FLAG-symbol kan være: append tilføjelsestilstand (kun meningsfuld ved udskrift; conv=notrunc anbefales) Hver TILSTAND er på formen '[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Eksempler: %s /usr/bin/sort Udskrift "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Udskrift "stdio". Eksempler: %s /usr/bin/sort Udskrift "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Udskrift ".". Eksempler: %s f - g Udskriv f's indhold, dernæst standard-ind, dernæst g's indhold. %s Kopiér standard-ind til standard-ud. Eksempler: %s root /u Sæt ejeren af /u til "root". %s root:ansatte /u Tilsvarende, men sæt også dens gruppe til "ansatte". %s -hR root /u Sæt ejeren af /u og underfiler til "root". Eksempler: %s ansatte /u Sæt gruppen for /u til "ansatte". %s -hR ansatte /u Sæt gruppen for /u og underfiler til "ansatte". På nær for -h og -L, vil alle FIL-relaterede test dereferere symbolske lænker. Vær opmærksom på at parenteser skal undviges (f.eks. med omvendt skråstreg) for skaller. HELTAL kan også være -l STRENG, som evalueres til længden af STRENG. Afslutningskode er 0 hvis UDTRYK er hverken null eller 0, 1 hvis UDTRYK er null eller 0, 2 hvis UDTRYK indeholder syntaksfejl, og 3 hvis der opstod en fejl. Afslutningskode: 0 hvis OK, 1 hvis mindre problemer (f.eks.: kan ikke tilgå underkatalog), 2 hvis alvorlige problemer (f.eks.: kan ikke tilgå kommandolinjeargument). FORMAT styrer udskriften. Fortolkede sekvenser er: %% et ordret %-tegn %a lokaliseret, forkortet ugedagsnavn (f.eks. søn) Håndtér tty-linjen koblet til standard-ind. Uden argumenter, udskriv bitrate, linjedisciplin og afvigelse fra 'stty sane'. I indstillinger tages TEGN bogstaveligt eller kodet som i ^c, 0x37, 0177 eller 127; specielle værdier, ^- eller undef bruges for at deaktivere specielle tegn Hvis FIL er -, så makulér standard-uddata. Slet FILer hvis --remove (-u) er angivet. Standardhandlingen er, ikke at fjerne filerne, fordi det er almindeligt at behandle enhedsfiler som /dev/hda, og disse filer bør normalt ikke fjernes. Ved behandling af almindelige filer, bruger de fleste flaget --remove. Hvis FIL ikke er angivet, brug %s. %s som FIL er almindeligt. Hvis ARG1 ARG2 er angivet, antages -m: "am i" eller "mom likes" er almindeligt. Hvis FIL er angivet, læs den for at bestemme hvilke farver der skal bruges til hvilke filtyper og endelser. Ellers bliver en foroversat database brugt. For detaljer om formatet af disse filer kør 'dircolors --print-database'. Hvis FØRSTE eller FORØGELSE udelades, er den forvalgte værdi 1. Dermed svarer en udeladt FORØGELSE til 1, selv når SIDSTE er mindre end FØRSTE. FØRSTE, FORØGELSE og SIDSTE tolkes som flydende talværdier. FORØGELSE bør være positiv hvis FØRSTE er mindre end SIDSTE, og negativ ellers. Hvis en FIL er -, kopieres igen til standard-uddata. Hvis kommandoen kan opfattes i henhold til såvel første som anden parameterform, antages anden form hvis sidste operand begynder med + eller, hvis der er flere end to operander, et ciffer. Ved en AFSÆT-operand forstås -j AFSÆT. MÆRKE er pseudoadressen til den første udskrevne byte, som øges mens udskriften pågår. For AFSÆT og MÆRKE indikerer en 0x- eller 0X-forstavelse hexadecimalt talformat. Endelser kan være '.' for oktal, og b for blokke på 512 bytes. Hvis ingen kommando er angivet, kør '${SHELL} -i' (default: /bin/sh). Hvis standard-ind er en terminal, så omdirigér den fra /dev/null. Hvis standard-ud er en terminal, så føj uddata til 'nohup.out' hvis muligt, ellers '$HOME/nohup.out'. Hvis standard-fejl er en terminal, så omdirigér den til standard-ud. Brug '%s KOMMANDO > FIL' for at gemme udskriften til FIL. Indstillinger for inddata: [-]brkint afbrydning forårsager et afbrydningssignal [-]icrnl transformér vognretur til linjeskift [-]ignbrk ignorér afbrydningstegn [-]igncr ignorér vognretur Licens GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 eller nyere . Dette er frit programmel: du kan frit ændre og videredistribuere det. Der gives INGEN GARANTI, i den grad som loven tillader dette. Lokale indstillinger: [-]crterase ekko slettetegn som baktegn-mellemrum-baktegn * crtkill dræb hele linjen ved at bruge indstillingerne for echoprt og echoe * -crtkill dræb hele linjen ved at bruge indstillingerne for echoctl og echok BEMÆRK: [ respekterer flagene --help og --version, men test gør ikke. test behandler hver af disse som den behandler enhver anden ikke-tom STRENG. BEMÆRK: din skal har måske sin egen version af %s, som normalt erstatter versionen beskrevet her. Referér venligst til din skals dokumentation for detaljer angående de understøttede flag. Bemærk at -d og -t flagene tager forskellige tidspunkts- og dato-formater. Bemærk at flagene -r og -s ikke kan bruges samtidigt. Eventuelt '-' før INDSTILLING indikerer en modsat indstilling. '*' markerer indstillinger som ikke følger POSIX-standarden. Det underliggende system definerer hvilke indstillinger som er tilgængelige. Indstillinger for uddata: * bsN baktegn-forsinkelsesstil, N i [0..1] * crN vognretur-forsinkelsesstil, N i [0..3] * ffN sideskift-forsinkelsesstil, N i [0..1] * nlN linjeskift-forsinkelsesstil, N i [0..1] Ejer forbliver uændret hvis udeladt. Gruppe forbliver uændret hvis andet ikke er angivet, men bliver sat til det samme som login-gruppen hvis det er angivet med et ':', som følger efter en symbolsk EJER. EJER og GRUPPE kan være numerisk eller symbolsk. POS er F[.T][FLAG], hvor F er et feltnummer og T en tegnposition i feltet; begge starter ved 1. Hvis hverken -t eller -b er valgt, vil tegn i et felt tælles fra begyndelsen af det foregående område af blanke tegn. FLAG er sat sammen af et eller flere enkeltbogstavs-flag, som tilsidesætter globale sorteringsflag for denne nøgle. Hvis ingen nøgle er angivet, bruges hele linjen som nøgle. STØR kan efterfølges af de følgende multiplikative endelser: Udskriv værdien af UDTRYK til standard-ud. En tom linje nedenfor adskiller grupper med voksende prioritet. UDTRYK kan være: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 hvis det hverken er null eller 0, ellers ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 hvis intet af argumenterne er null eller 0, ellers 0 RADIX er d for decimal, o for oktal, x for hexadecimal eller n for ingen. BYTE er hexadecimal med 0x- eller 0X-præfiks, og kan have et multiplikativt suffiks: "b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024 og så videre for T, P, E, Z, Y. Tilføjes suffikset z til TYPE, vil skrivbare tegn blive vist ved slutningen af hver linje af udskriften. Læs standard-ind når FIL er '-'. Hvert MØNSTER kan være: Rapportér %s-fejl til %s Rapportér programfejl til %s. Oversættelsesfejl rapporteres til dansk@dansk-gruppen.dk . MÆNGDE er angivet med strenge af tegn. De fleste tegn står for sig selv. Følgende sekvenser tolkes specielt: \NNN tegn med oktalværdi NNN (1 til 3 oktale cifre) \\ omvendt skråstreg \a hørbar BEL \b baktegn \f sideskift (FF) \n linjeskift (LF) \r vognretur (CR) \t vandret tabulator SIGNAL kan være et signalnavn såsom 'HUP' eller et signalnummer såsom '1', eller en slutstatus fra en proces afsluttet af et signal. PID er et heltal; hvis det er negativt, identificerer det en procesgruppe. STØR er et tal. For TYPE lig med d, o, u eller x, kan STØR også være C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) eller L for sizeof(long). Når TYPE er f, kan STØR være F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) eller L for sizeof(long double). STØR kan også følge efter et af følgende ændringstegn: '+' udvid med, '-' formindsk med, '<' højst, '>' mindst, '/' rund ned til multiplum af, '%' rund op til multiplum af. Sendes et %s-signal til en kørende 'dd'-proces, vil den udskrive I/O-statistik til standard-fejl og så fortsætte kopieringen. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 blokke ind 18335302+0 blokke ud 9387674624 byte (9.4 GB) kopieret, 34.6279 sekunder, 271 MB/s Mulige flag: Specialtegn: * dsusp TEGN TEGN sender et stopsignal så snart inddata er slut. eof TEGN TEGN sender et filslut (afslutter inddata) eol TEGN TEGN afslutter linjen Specialindstillinger: N sæt ind- og uddatahastighed til N baud * cols N sig til kernen at terminalen har N kolonner * columns N samme som cols N TYPE består af en eller flere af disse specifikationer: a navngivet tegn, idet mest betydende (high-order) bit ignoreres c ASCII-tegn eller omvendt skråstregsnotation Suffikset for sikkerhedskopiering er '~', med mindre andet er angivet med --suffix eller SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. Versionskontrolmetoden kan vælges med --backup flaget eller vha. miljøvariabelen VERSION_CONTROL. Gyldige værdier er: Dataene er kodet som beskrevet for base64-alfabetet i RFC 3548. Under afkodning må inddata indeholde linjeskiftstegn ud over de byte som findes i det formelle base64-alfabet. Brug --ignore-garbage for at forsøge at fortsætte på trods af andre ikke-alfabetiske byte i den kodede strøm. De følgende tre flag bruges kun ved kontrol af kontrolsummer: --quiet udskriv ikke O.k. for hver godkendt fil --status udskriv ikke noget, statuskode angiver resultat -w, --warn advar om fejlformaterede kontrolsum-linjer Summerne bliver beregnet som beskrevet i %s. Ved kontrol skal inddata være tidligere uddata fra dette program. Forvalgt tilstand er at udskrive en linje med kontrolsum, et tegn som indikerer type ('*' for binær, ' ' for tekst), og navnet på hver FIL. De gyldige format-sekvenser for filer (uden --file-system): %a Adgangsrettigheder oktalt %A Adgangsrettigheder på læsevenlig form %b Antal blokke allokeret (se %B) %B Størrelsen i byte for hver blok rapporteret af %b %C Streng for SELinux-sikkerhedskontekst Dette installationsprogram kopierer filer (ofte umiddelbart efter kompilering) til destinationer, du vælger. Hvis du ønsker at hente og installere en brugsklar pakke på et GNU/Linux-system, bør du i stedet anvende et pakkehåndteringsprogram såsom yum(1) eller apt-get(1). De første tre formater kopierer KILDE til MÅL, eller flere KILDEr til det eksisterende KATALOG, mens adgangsrettigheder og ejer/gruppe indstilles. Med fjerde format oprettes alle komponenter af de givne KATALOGer. For at fjerne en fil hvis navn begynder med et '-', for eksempel '-foo', kan du bruge en af disse kommandoer: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Traditionelle formatangivelser kan blandes, og de akkumulerer: -a samme som -t a, vælg navngivne tegn, idet højeste bit ignoreres -b samme som -t o1, vælg oktalbyte -c samme som -t c, vælg ASCII-tegn eller omvendt skråstregsnotation -d samme som -t u2, vælg decimale 2-byte-enheder uden fortegn Translation sker hvis -d ikke er givet, og både MÆNGDE1 og MÆNGDE2 er der. -t kan kun bruges ved translation. MÆNGDE2 bliver udvidet til længden af MÆNGDE1 ved at repetere dets sidste tegn om nødvendigt. Ekstra tegn i MÆNGDE2 ignoreres. Kun [:lower:] og [:upper:] garanteres at udvide i stigende orden; de bruges i MÆNGDE2, og må kun anvendes til at angive versalkonvertering. -s bruger MÆNGDE1 hvis der hverken translateres eller slettes; sammenklemning bruger MÆNGDE2 og sker efter translation eller sletning. Brug netop én af -b, -c eller -f. Hver LISTE består af enten ét interval, eller mange intervaller adskilt af kommaer. De valgte inddata skrives i samme rækkefølge som de læses, og skrives netop én gang. Ved ingen FIL eller hvis FIL er -, læses fra standard-ind. '-F /' er forvalgt. Hvis ingen FIL er angivet, eller FIL er -, læses fra standard-ind. Uden flag udskrives tre kolonner. Kolonne 1 indeholder filer, der kun findes i FIL1; kolonne to indeholder filer, der kun findes i FIL2, mens kolonne tre indeholder linjer fælles for begge filer. Uden nogen FLAG udskrives et nyttigt udvalg af identificeret information. Skriv en entydig repræsentation, oktale byte forvalgt, af FIL til standard-ud. Med mere end ét FIL-argument sammenkædes de i den angivne rækkefølge som inddata. Hvis ingen FIL er angivet, eller FIL er -, læses fra standard-ind. ??? --backup[=KONTROL] lav sikkerhedskopi af hver eksisterende målfil -b ligesom --backup, men tager ikke noget argument -f, --force overskriv eksisterende filer uden bekræftelse -i, --interactive bekræft før overskrivning af filer -n, --no-clobber overskriv ikke nogen eksisterende filer Hvis du angiver mere end én af -i, -f eller -n, vil kun den sidste gælde. --backup[=KONTROL] lav sikkerhedskopi af hver eksisterende destinationsfil -b som --backup, men tager ikke noget argument -d, -F, --directory tillad superbrugeren at forsøge at oprette hårde lænker til kataloge (bemærk: dette vil sandsynligvis slå fejl på grund af systembegrænsninger, selv for superbrugeren) -f, --force fjern eksisterende destinationsfiler --backup[=KONTROL] opret sikkerhedskopi af hver eksisterende destinationsfil -b som --backup, men accepterer ikke et argument -c (ignoreres) -C, --compare sammenlign hvert par af kilde- og destinationsfiler, og ændr ikke destinationsfilen i visse tilfælde -d, --directory behandl alle argumenter som katalognavne; opret alle komponenter i de angivne kataloger. --batch-size=NFLET flet højst NFLET ind-elementer på en gang; brug midlertidige filer hvis utilstrækkeligt --complement omvend mængden af valgte byte, tegn eller felter --files0-from=F læs inddata fra filerne angivet ved NUL-afsluttede navne i filen F; Hvis F er -, så læs navne fra standard-ind -L, --max-line-length udskriv længden af den længste linje -w, --words udskriv ordtallene --files0-from=F giv oversigt over diskforbrug for de NUL-afsluttede filnavne angivet i filen F; Hvis F er -, så læs navne fra standard-ind -H samme som --dereference-args (-D) -h, --human-readable udskriv størrelser i læsevenligt format (f.eks. 1K 234M 2G) --si som -h, men brug potenser af 1000 frem for 1024 --group-directories-first gruppér kataloger før filer. kan bruges med --sort-flaget, men enhver brug af --sort=none (-U) deaktiverer gruppering --help vis denne hjælpetekst og afslut --indicator-style=ORD tilføj indikator med stilen ORD til elementer: none (standard), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F), -i, --inode vis indeksnummer for hver fil -I, --ignore=MØNSTER vis ikke filer, der matcher skalmønstret MØNSTER -k, --kilobytes ligesom --block-size=1K --lookup forsøg at normalisere værtsnavne ved hjælp af DNS -m kun værtsnavn og brugernavn associeret med stdin -p, --process udskriv aktive processer startet af init --no-preserve-root behandl ikke '/' specielt --preserve-root fjern ikke '/' (standard) -r, -R, --recursive fjern kataloger og deres indhold rekursivt -v, --verbose forklar hvad der bliver gjort --no-preserve-root behandl ikke '/' specielt (standard) --preserve-root operér ikke rekursivt på '/' --no-preserve-root behandl ikke '/' specielt (standard) --preserve-root operér ikke rekursivt på '/' --no-preserve=ATTRLISTE bevar ikke de angivne attributter --parents brug det fulde kildefilnavn under KATALOG --one-file-system når et hierarki fjernes rekursivt, så spring ethvert katalog over, der findes på et andet filsystem end det, som svarer til kommandolinjeargumentet --pid=PID med -f, terminér efter proces med ID, PID er død -q, --quiet, --silent udskriv ikke overskrifter med filnavne --retry forsøg fortsat med at åbne en fil, selv når den er eller bliver utilgængelig; brugbar når der gives et efterfølgende navn, f.eks. med --follow=name --preserve-context behold SELinux-sikkerhedskontekst -Z, --context=KONTEKST sæt SELinux-sikkerhedskontekst for filer og kataloger --reference=RFIL brug RFILs sikkerhedskontekst i steedet for at angive en KONTEKST-værdi -R, --recursive operér på filer og kataloger rekursivt -v, --verbose vis en meddelelse for hver fil som behandles --rfc-3339=TIDSSPEC udskriv dato og tid i RFC 3339-format. TIMESPEC='date', 'seconds', eller 'ns' for dato og tid i den angivne præcision. Dato- og tidsdele adskilles af et enkelt mellemrum: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=STRENG indstil tiden som beskrevet af STRENG -u, --utc, --universal udskriv eller indstil universel tid (UTC) --strip-trailing-slashes fjern evt. skråstreger i slutningen af hvert KILDE-argument -S, --suffix=SUFFIKS tilsidesæt det sædvanlige sikkerhedskopi-suffiks --time vis sidste modifikationstid som den seneste modifikationstids for enhver fil i mappen og dens undermapper --time=ORD vis tid som ORD frem for modifikationstid: atime, access, use, ctime eller status --time-style=STIL vis tidspunkter med stilen STIL: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT FORMAT fortolkes som i 'date' --time-style=STIL bruges med -l; vis tidspunkter med stilen STIL: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT fortolkes som 'date'; hvis FORMAT er FORMAT1FORMAT2, gælder FORMAT1 for ældre filer, og FORMAT2 for nyere filer; hvis 'posix-' sættes foran STYLE, vil STYLE kun blive anvendt udenfor POSIX-lokalet --verbose skriv informationer til standard-fejl lige før hver udfil åbnes --version vis versionsinformation og afslut -evenp samme som -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase samme som xcase iuclc olcuc litout samme som -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout samme som parenb istrip opost cs7 nl samme som -icrnl -onlcr -nl samme som icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb brug to stop-bit per tegn (én med '-') [-]hup send et hangup-signal når den sidste proces lukker tty-en [-]hupcl samme som [-]hup [-]parenb generér paritetsbit ved skriving og forvent paritetsbit ved læsning [-]parodd sæt ulige paritet (lige paritet med '-') [-]ignpar ignorér tegn med paritetsfejl * [-]imaxbel bip-signal, men tøm ikke fuld inddatabuffer på grund af et tegn [-]inlcr transformér linjeskift til vognretur [-]inpck muliggør paritetskontrol af inddata [-]istrip nulstil den høje (8.) bit i et inddatategn [-]isig aktivér specialtegn for afbrydning, afslut og hvile [-]noflsh deaktivér rensning efter afbrydningssignaler og specialsluttegn * [-]prterase samme som [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop baggrundsjob som forsøger at skrive til terminalen * [-]xcase sammen med icanon, brug "\" som kontrolsekvens for store bogstaver cooked samme som at sætte brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof og eol til deres standardværdier -cooked samme som raw crt samme som echoe echoctl echoke dec samme som echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq samme som [-]ixany ek slette- og dræbertegn sættes til deres standardværdier evenp samme som parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N sæt inddatahastighed til N * line N anvend linjedisciplin N min N med -icanon, sæt N tegn til minimum for en afsluttet læsning ospeed N sæt udskriftshastighed til N oddp samme som parenb parodd cs7 -oddp samme som -parenb cs8 [-]parity samme som [-]evenp pass8 samme som -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 samme som parenb istrip cs7 raw samme som -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw samme som cooked sane samme som cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke, alle specialtegn sættes til deres standardværdier. stop TEGN TEGN stopper udskriften susp TEGN TEGN sender et terminalstopsignal * swtch TEGN TEGN skifter til en anden skál * werase TEGN TEGN sletter det senest skrevne ord %% et enkelt % %b ARGUMENT som en streng med '\'-kontrolsekvenser tolkes, med den undtagelse at oktale kontrolsekvenser er på formen \0 eller \0NNN og alle specifikationer i C-format som slutter med en af diouxXfeEgGcs, med ARGUMENTer konverterede til en passende type først. Variable bredder behandles. %A lokaliseret fuldt ugedagsnavn (f.eks. søndag) %b lokaliseret forkortet månedsnavn (f.eks. jan) %B lokaliseret fuldt månedsnavn (f.eks. januar) %c lokaliseret dato og tid (f.eks. lør 04 nov 1989 12:02:33 CET) %C århundrede; som %Y, dog udelades sidste to cifre (f.eks. 20) %d dag i måned (f.eks. 01) %D dato; samme som %m/%d/%y %e dag i måned, indledende nul erstattet med blanktegn; samme som %_d %F fuld dato; samme som %Y-%m-%d %g sidste to cifre af året ved ISO-ugetal (se %G) %G året ved ISO-ugetal (se %V); er normalt kun nyttig sammen med %V %S sekund (00..60) %t en tabulator %T tid; samme som %H:%M:%S %u dag i ugen (1..7), 1 betyder mandag %U ugenummer, med søndag som første dag i ugen (00..53) %V ISO-ugenummer, med mandag som første dag i ugen (01..53) %w ugedag (0..6); søndag repræsenteres som 0 %W ugenummer, med mandag som første dag i ugen (00..53) %d - Enhedsnummer decimalt %D - Enhedsnummer i hex %f - Rå tilstand i hex %F - Filtype %g - Gruppe-ID på ejer %G - Gruppenavn på ejer %h Antal hårde lænker %i Inode-nummer %n Filnavn %N Citeret filnavn med dereference hvis symbolsk lænke %o I/O-blokstørrelse %s Total størrelse, i byte %T Overenhedstype i hex %t Underenhedstype i hex %h samme som %b %H time (00-23) %I time (01-12) %j dag på året (001-366) %i Filsystems-ID i hex %l Største længde på filnavne %n Filnavn %s Blokstørrelse (for hurtigere overførsler) %S Fundamental blokstørrelse (for blokoptællinger) %t Type i hex %T Type på læsevenlig form %k time ( 0-23) %l time ( 1-12) %m måned (01-12) %M minut (00-59) %n en ny linje %N nanosekunder (000000000..999999999) %p lokaleafhængig ækvivalent til AM eller PM; blank hvis ukendt %P som %p, men med små bogstaver %r lokaleafhængig tid, 12-timers (f.eks. 06:31:44) %R 24-timers tid i timer og minutter; samme som %H:%M %s sekunder siden 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u Bruger-ID på ejer %U Brugernavn på ejer %x Tidspunkt for sidste tilgang %X Tidspunkt for sidste tilgang som sekunder siden Epoken %y Tidspunkt for sidste indholdsændring %Y Tidspunkt for sidste indholdsændring som sekunder siden Epoken %z Tidspunkt for sidste filegenskabsændring %Z Tidspunkt for sidste filegenskabsændring som sekunder siden Epoken %x lokaleafhængigt datoformat (f.eks. 08-03-2009) %X lokaleafhængigt tidsformat (f.eks. 23:13:48) %y sidste to cifre i årstallet (00..99) %Y år %z +hhmm numerisk tidszone (f.eks. -0400) %:z +hh:mm numerisk tidszone (f.eks. -04:00) %::z +hh:mm:ss numerisk tidszone (f.eks. -04:00:00) %:::z numerisk tidszone med : til nødvendig præcision (f.eks., -04, +05:30) %Z alfabetisk forkortelse for tidszone (f.eks., EDT) Som standard vil date udfylde eventuelle ekstra cifre ned nuller. + ELEMENT tolk ELEMENT som en streng, selv om den er et nøgleord som "match" eller en operator som "/" ( UDTRYK ) værdien af UDTRYK --output-delimiter=STR adskil kolonner med STR -A, --address-radix=RADIX bestem hvordan filafsæt udskrives -j, --skip-bytes=BYTE overspring første BYTE fra hver fil -A, --auto-reference udskriv automatisk genererede referencer -G, --traditional vær mere som System V's 'ptx' -F, --flag-truncation=STRENG brug STRENG for at markere linjeafkortning -B, --block-size=STØR brug blokke af størrelse STØR byte -b, --bytes svarer til '--apparent-size --block-size=1' -c, --total angiv samlet sum -D, --dereference-args dereferér kun symbolske lænker, som angives på kommandolinjen -D opret alle indledende komponenter af MÅL undtagen den sidste, kopiér derefter KILDE til MÅL -g, --group=GRUPPE vælg gruppeejerskab, i stedet for processens nuværende gruppe -m, --mode=TILSTAND vælg adgangsrettigheder (som chmod), frem for rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=EJER vælg ejerskab (kun superbruger) -D, --date-format=FORMAT brug FORMAT for dato i overskriften -e[TEGN[BREDDE]], --expand-tabs[=TEGN[BREDDE]] udvid ind-TEGN (TABs) til BREDDE blanktegn (8) -F, -f, --form-feed brug sideskift(FF) i stedet for linjeskift for at separere sider (med et 3-linjers sidehoved med -F eller et 5-linjers hoved og bund uden -F) -G, --no-group skriv ikke gruppenavne ved langt format -h, --human-readable bruges med -l; skriv størrelser på læsevenlig form (f.eks. 1K 234M 2G) --si det samme, men brug 1000 som grundtal, ikke 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line følg symbolske lænker angivet på kommandolinjen --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir følg hver symbolsk lænke angivet på kommandolinjen, der peger på et katalog --hide=MØNSTER udskriv ikke elementer, der matcher skalmønstret MØNSTER (tilsidesættes af -a eller -A) -I spørg én gang før mere end tre filer fjernes, eller når der fjernes rekursivt. Mindre påtrængende end -i, men beskytter stadig mod de fleste fejltagelser --interactive[=NÅR] spørg jf. NÅR: never, once (-I), eller always (-i). Uden NÅR spørges altid -L FIL FIL findes og er en symbolsk lænke (samme som -h) -O FIL FIL findes og ejes af det effektive bruger-ID -p FIL FIL findes og er en navngivet datakanal -r FIL FIL findes og er læsbar -s FIL FIL findes og har størrelse større end nul -L, --dereference følg alle symbolske lænker -P, --no-dereference følg ingen symbolske lænker (standard) -0, --null afslut hver udskriftslinje med 0-byte frem for linjeskift -S, --separate-dirs medtag ikke størrelsen på underkataloger -s, --summarize vis kun sum for hvert argument -M, --macro-name=STRENG makronavn at bruge i stedet for 'xx' -O, --format=roff generér udskrift som roff-direktiver -R, --right-side-refs placér referencerne på højre side, ikke talt med i -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGUDT for slutningen af linjer eller slutningen af sætninger -T, --format=tex generér udskrift som TeX-direktiver -N, --read-bytes=BYTE begræns dump til BYTE indbyte -S, --strings[=BYTE] udskriv strenge med mindst BYTE grafiske tegn -t, --format=TYPE vælg udformater -v, --output-duplicates brug ikke * for at markere linjefjernelse -w, --width[=BYTE] skriv BYTE byte per udlinje --traditional acceptér argumenter på traditionel form -P, --portability brug POSIX-format for uddata --sync kør sync før hentning af forbrugsinfo -t, --type=TYPE vis kun filsystemer af typen TYPE -T, --print-type vis filsystemtype -x, --exclude-type=TYPE vis kun filsystemer som ikke er af typen TYPE -v (ignoreret) -S sortér efter filstørrelse --sort=ORD sortér efter ORD frem for navn: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=ORD bruges med -l; vis tidspunkt som ORD frem for ændringstidspunkt: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c eller status -c; brug den angivne tid som sorteringsnøgle, hvis --sort=time -S FIL FIL findes og er en sokkel -t FD fildeskriptor FD er åbnet i en terminal -u FIL FIL findes og dens set-user-ID-bit er sat -w FIL FIL findes og er skrivbar -x FIL FIL findes og kan eksekveres (eller søges) -S, --suffix=SUFFIKS tilsidesæt det sædvanlige sikkerhedskopi-suffiks --target-directory=KATALOG angiv det KATALOG som lænkerne skal oprettes i -T, --no-target-directory behandl LÆNKENAVN som en normal fil -v, --verbose skriv navnet på hver fil, der lænkes -SSTRENG, --sep-string[=STRENG] adskil kolonner med STRENG. Uden -S: Forvalgt skilletegn er med -J og ellers (samme som -S" "). Ingen effekt på kolonneflag -t, --omit-header brug ikke sidehoved og -fod -T, --omit-pagination brug ikke sidehoved og -fod, og eliminer eventuel sidenummerering fra sideskift (form feed) i indfiler -v, --show-nonprinting brug oktal omvendt skråstregsnotation -w SIDEBREDDE, --width=SIDEBREDDE sæt altid sidebredde til SIDEBREDDE (72) kolonner. Kun for flerkolonneudskrift, -s[tegn] slår fra (72) -T, -w, --mesg tilføj brugeres meddelelsestatus som +, - eller ? -u, --users list indloggede brugere --message samme som -T --writeable samme som -T -W, --page-width=SIDEBREDDE sæt sidebredde til SIDEBREDDE (72) kolonner, altid. Afkort linjer hvis -J ikke er sat. Påvirker ikke -S eller -s -W, --word-regexp=REGUDT brug REGUDT for at ramme hvert nøgleord -b, --break-file=FIL tegn for orddeling i denne FIL -f, --ignore-case lav små bogstaver om til store for sortering -g, --gap-size=TAL størrelse på mellemrum mellem kolonner i udfelter -i, --ignore-file=FIL læs liste over ord som skal ignoreres fra denne FIL -o, --only-file=FIL læs kun ordliste fra denne FIL -Z, --context=KONT sæt SELinux-sikkerhedskontekst for NAVN til KONT -Z, --context=KONT sæt SELinux-sikkerhedskontekst for hvert NAVN til KONT -a, --across skriv kolonner henover i stedet for nedad. Bruges sammen med -KOLONNER -c, --show-control-chars brug hat-notation (^G) og oktal omvendt skråstregsnotation -d, --double-space dobbelt afstand i udskriften -a, --all medtag uægte filsystemer -B, --block-size=STØR brug blokke af størrelse STØR byte --total udskriv en samlet sum -h, --human-readable skriv størrelser på en læsevenlig form (f.eks. 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si det samme, men brug 1000 som grundtal, ikke 1024 -a, --all udskriv antal for alle filer, ikke kun kataloger --apparent-size udskriv tilsyneladende størrelser i stedet for diskforbrug; selvom den tilsyneladende størrelse normalt er mindre, kan den være større på grund af huller i (ikke-sammenhængende) filer, intern fragmentering, indirekte blokke og lignende -a, --all konvertér alle blanke, frem for blot foranstillede blanke --first-only konvertér kun indledende rækker af blanke (tilsidesæt -a) -t, --tabs=N hav tabulatorer N tegn fra hinanden frem for 8 (medfører -a) -t, --tabs=LISTE brug en kommasepareret LISTE med tabulatorpositioner (medfører -a) -a, --archive samme som -dR --preserve=all --backup[=KONTROL] lav sikkerhedskopi af hver eksisterende målfil -b ligesom --backup, men tager ikke noget argument --copy-contents kopiér indholdet af specialfiler når rekursiv -d samme som --no-dereference --preserve=links -a, --suffix-length=N brug endelser med længden N (forvalg %d) -b, --bytes=STØR skriv STØR byte i hver udfil -C, --line-bytes=STØR skriv maksimalt STØR byte med linjer per udfil -d, --numeric-suffixes brug numeriske suffikser frem for alfabetiske -l, --lines=ANTAL skriv ANTAL linjer i hver udfil -b, --before indsæt separator før i stedet for efter -r, --regex fortolk separatoren som et regulært udtryk -s, --separator=STRENG brug STRENG som separator i stedet for linjeskift -b, --binary binær læsetilstand -b, --binary binær læsetilstand (forvalg på nær ved læsning fra tty-stdin) -b, --body-numbering=STIL brug STIL til nummerering -d, --section-delimiter=CC brug CC til at skille logiske sider -f, --footer-numbering=STIL brug STIL til at nummerere bundtekst -b, --bytes tæl byte i stedet for kolonner -s, --spaces ombryd ved mellemrum -w, --width=BREDDE brug BREDDE kolonner i stedet for 80 -b, --bytes=LISTE vælg kun disse byte -c, --characters=LISTE vælg kun disse tegn -d, --delimiter=SKILLE brug SKILLE i stedet for TAB som feltskilletegn -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignorér indledende blanke -d, --dictionary-order tag kun blanke og alfanumeriske tegn i betragtning -f, --ignore-case behandl små bogstaver som store bogstaver -b, --suffix-format=FORMAT brug sprintf-FORMAT i stedet for %02d -f, --prefix=PRÆFIKS brug PRÆFIKS i stedet for 'xx' -k, --keep-files fjern ikke udfiler ved fejl -c, --check læs %s-summer fra FILerne og tjek dem -c, --check, --check=diagnose-first kontrollér sortering af data; sortér ikke -C, --check=quiet, --check=silent som -c, men anfør ikke første fejllinje --compress-program=PROG komprimér midlertidige med PROG; udpak dem med PROG -d --files0-from=F læs inddata fra filerne angivet ved NUL-afsluttede navne i filen F; hvis F er -, så læs filnavne fra standard-ind -c, --count begynd linjer med antal forekomster -d, --repeated udskriv kun linjer der er flere af -c, --crown-margin behold indrykning for de første to linjer -p, --prefix=STRENG omformatér kun linjer som begynder med STRENG; præfikset sammensættes igen med omformaterede linjer -s, --split-only opdel lange linjer, men fyld ikke op -c, --no-create opret ikke nogen filer -d, --delimiters=LISTE brug tegn fra LISTE i stedet for tabulatorer -s, --serial indsæt en fil ad gangen i stedet for i parallel -e aktivér fortolkning af omvendt skråstregsnotation -E deaktivér fortolkning af omvendt skråstregsnotation (standard) -e aktivér fortolkning af omvendt skråstregsnotation (standard) -E deaktivér fortolkning af omvendt skråstregsnotation -f sortér ikke, brug -aU, brug ikke -ls --color -F, --classify føj en angivelse (*/=@|) til elementerne --file-type det samme, men tilføj ikke '*' --format=ORD 'across' -x, 'commas' -m, 'horizontal' -x, 'long' -l, 'single-column' -1, 'verbose' -l, 'vertical' -C --full-time ligesom -l --time-style=full-iso -f udelad linjen med kolonneoverskrifter i kort format -w udelad brugerens fulde navn i kort format -i udelad brugerens fulde navn og fjernvært i kort format -q udelad brugerens fulde navn, fjernvært og inaktiv tid i kort format -f samme som -t fF, vælg flydende tal -i samme som -t dI, vælg decimalheltal -l samme som -t dL, vælg lange decimalheltal -o samme som -t o2, vælg oktale 2-byte-enheder -s samme som -t d2, vælg decimale 2-byte-enheder -x samme som -t x2, vælg hexadecimale 2-byte-enheder -f FIL FIL findes og er en almindelig fil -g FIL FIL findes og har sæt-gruppe-ID-bitten sat -G FIL FIL findes og ejes af det effektive gruppe-ID -h FIL FIL findes og er en symbolsk lænke (samme som -L) -k FIL FIL findes med klæbebitten sat -f, --canonicalize normalisér ved at følge hver symlænke i hver komponent i det givne navn rekursivt; alle på nær sidste komponent skal eksistere -e, --canonicalize-existing normalisér ved at følge hver symlænke i hver komponent i det givne navn rekursivt; alle komponenter skal eksistere -f, --fields=LISTE vælg kun disse felter; udskriv også enhver linje som ikke indeholder et skilletegn, medmindre flaget -s er angivet -n (ignoreres) -f, --follow[={navn|deskriptor}] udskriv tilføjede data efterhånden som filen vokser; -f, --follow, og --follow=deskriptor er det samme -F det samme som --follow=navn --retry -f, --force hvis en eksisterende målfil ikke kan åbnes, så fjern den og prøv igen (unødvendig hvis flaget -n bruges) -i, --interactive bed om bekræftelse før overskrivning af filer (tilsidesætter tidligere -n-flag) -H følg symbolske lænker fra kommandolinje i KILDE -f, --silent, --quiet udelad de fleste fejlmeldinger -v, --verbose udskriv en meddelelse for hver fil som behandles --reference=RFIL brug RFILs tilstand i stedet for TILSTAND-værdier -R, --recursive ændr filer og kataloger rekursivt -f, --silent, --quiet udelad de fleste fejlmeldinger --reference=RFIL brug RFILs gruppe i stedet for at angive GRUPPE-værdi -R, --recursive operér på filer og kataloger rekursivt -v, --verbose vis en meddelelse for hver fil som behandles -f, --silent, --quiet udelad de fleste fejlmeldinger --reference=RFIL brug ejer og gruppe af RFIL i stedet for at bruge de angivne EJER:GRUPPE-værdier -R, --recursive operér på filer og kataloger rekursivt -v, --verbose vis oplysninger for hver fil der behandles -g som -l, men udskriv ikke ejer -g GID[,GID1...] sæt også primær gruppe-ID til den numeriske GID, og (hvis angivet) supplerende gruppe-ID'er til GID1, ... -g, --general-numeric-sort sammenlign ifølge generel numerisk værdi -i, --ignore-nonprinting tag kun synlige tegn i betragtning -M, --month-sort sammenlign (ukendt) < 'JAN' < ... < 'DEC' -h, --header=OVERSKRIFT brug centreret OVERSKRIFT i stedet for filnavn i sidehoved; -h "" skriver en blank linje. Brug ikke -h"". -i[TEGN[BREDDE]], --output-tabs=[TEGN[BREDDE]] erstat mellemrum med TEGN (TAB) med tabulatorer af BREDDE (8) -J, --join-lines flet fulde linjer. Deaktiverer linjeafkortning ved -W, ingen kolonnejustering, --sep-string[=STRENG] sætter separatorer -h, --no-dereference ændr symbolske lænker i stedet for refererede filer (kun for systemer der kan ændre ejerskabet af en symlænke) -i, --ignore-case skeln ikke mellem store/små bogstaver ved sammenligning af felter -j FELT samme som '-1 FELT -2 FELT' -o FORMAT følg FORMAT ved sammensætning af udlinje -t TEGN brug TEGN som feltseparator for ind- og udfelter -i, --initial konvertér ikke tabulatorer efter ikke-blanke tegn -t, --tabs=ANTAL hav tabulatorer ANTAL tegn fra hinanden, ikke 8 -i, --inodes skriv inodeinformation i stedet for blokforbrug -k som --block-size=1K -l, --local vis kun lokale filsystemer --no-sync kør ikke sync før hentning af forbrugsinfo (standard) -k som --block-size=1K -l, --count-links tæl størrelser flere gange for hårde lænker -m som --block-size=1M -k, --key=POS1[,POS2] start en nøgle ved POS1 (nulpunkt 1), afslut den ved POS2 (som standard ved linjeafslutning) -m, --merge flet allerede sorterede filer; sortér ikke -l brug langt listeformat -L, --dereference når der vises filinformation for symbolske lænker, så vis information for filen, som lænken peger på, frem for lænken selv -m brug hele skærmbredden med en liste adskilt af kommaer -l, --length=SIDELÆNGDE sæt sidelængde til SIDELÆNGDE (66) linjer (forvalgt antal tekstlinjer er 56, eller 63 med -F) -m, --merge udskriv alle filer parallelt, en i hver kolonne; afkort linjer, men flet linjer af fuld længde med -J -l, --link lænk filer i stedet for at kopiere -L, --dereference følg altid symbolske lænker i KILDE -l, --login udskriv systemlogindprocesser -m, --canonicalize-missing normalisér ved at følge hver symlænke i hver komponent i det givne navn rekursivt, uden krav på eksistensen af komponenter -n, --no-newline udskriv ikke det afsluttende linjeskift -q, --quiet, -s, --silent udelad de fleste fejlmeddelelser -v, --verbose udskriv fejlmeddelelser -m, --mode=TILSTAND sæt filrettigheder til TILSTAND, ikke a=rw - umask -m, --mode=TILSTAND sæt rettigheder (som chmod), ikke a=rwx - umask -p, --parents opret overkataloger om nødvendigt, ingen fejl hvis findes -v, --verbose udskriv en besked for hvert katalog som oprettes -Z, --context=KONT sæt SELinux-sikkerhedskontekst for hvert oprettet katalog til KONT -n, --digits=CIFRE brug angivet antal cifre i stedet for 2 -s, --quiet, --silent vis ikke størrelsen af udfilerne -z, --elide-empty-files fjern tomme udfiler -n, --no-clobber overskriv ikke en eksisterende fil (tilsidesætter eventuelt tidligere flag -i) -P, --no-dereference følg aldrig symbolske lænker i KILDE -n, --numeric-uid-gid ligesom -l, men skriv bruger- og gruppe-ID med tal -N, --literal skriv rå elementnavne (behandl ikke f.eks. kontroltegn anderledes) -o ligesom -l, men vis ikke gruppeinformation -p --indicator-style=slash tilføj skråstreg som indikator for kataloger -n[SEP[CIFRE]], --number-lines[=SEP[CIFRE]] nummerér linjer, brug CIFRE (5) cifre, så SEP (TAB); forvalgt tælling starter med første linje af indfil -N, --first-line-number=NUMMER start tælling med NUMMER på første linje på første side som skrives (se +FØRSTE_SIDE) -o, --indent=MARGEN indryk linjer MARGEN (nul) mellemrum, idet -w og -W ikke påvirkes. MARGEN vil blive lagt til SIDEBREDDE -r, --no-file-warnings advar ikke når en fil ikke kan åbnes -o, --output=FIL udskriv resultat til FIL frem for standard-uddata -s, --stable stabilisér sortering ved deaktivering af sidste-udvejs-sammenligning -S, --buffer-size=STØR brug størrelsen STØR for indre hukommelsesbuffer -p samme som --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps --preserve[=ATTRLISTE] bevar filattributter om muligt (standard: mode,ownership,timestamps), om muligt yderligere attributter: context, links, xattr, all -p, --parents slet KATALOG og dets overkataloger. F.eks. virker 'rmdir -p a/b/c' ligesom 'rmdir a/b/c a/b a' -v, --verbose vis meddelelse for hvert katalog som behandles -p, --preserve-timestamps brug samme læse-/ændringstider på MÅL-filerne som der er på KILDE-filerne. -s, --strip fjern symboltabeller --strip-program=PROGRAM program, der bruges til at fjerne binærkode -S, --suffix=SUFFIKS tilsidesæt det sædvanlige sikkerhedskopi-suffiks -t, --target-directory=KATALOG kopiér alle KILDE-argumenter ind i KATALOG -T, --no-target-directory behandl MÅL som en normal fil -v, --verbose skriv navnet på hvert katalog når det bliver oprettet -q, --count alle indlogningsnavne og antal indloggede brugere -r, --runleve skriv aktuelt kørselsniveau -s, --short skriv kun navn, linje og tid (standard) -t, --time skriv seneste ændring af systemklokken -q, --hide-control-chars skriv ? i stedet for ikke-grafiske tegn --show-control-chars vis ikke-grafiske tegn som de er (standard med mindre programmet er 'ls' og uddata er en terminal) -Q, --quote-name sæt filnavne i gåseøjne --quoting-style=ORD brug anførselsstil ORD for filnavn: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c eller escape -q, --quiet, --silent udskriv ikke overskrifter med filnavne først -v, --verbose skriv altid overskrifter med filnavne først -r, --reference=FIL vis sidste ændringsdato for FIL -R, --rfc-2822 udskriv dato og tid i henhold til RFC-2822 Eksempel: Sun, 08 Mar 2009 14:56:49 +0100 -r, --reference=FIL brug denne FILs størrelse -s, --size=STØR brug denne STØRrelse -r, --reference=FIL brug denne fils tider frem for nuværende klokkeslæt -t STEMPEL brug MMDDttmm[[HH]ÅÅ][.ss] frem for nuværende klokkeslæt --time=ORD ændr den angivne tid: hvis ORD er access, atime eller use, gør som -a hvis ORD er mtime eller modify, gør som -m -r, --references første felt i hver linje er en reference -t, --typeset-mode - ikke implementeret - -w, --width=BREDDE udskriftbredde for kolonner, eksklusive referencer -r, --reverse sortér i omvendt rækkefølge -R, --recursive vis underkataloger rekursivt -s, --size skriv allokeret størrelse for hver fil i blokke -s, --only-delimited udskriv ikke linjer som ikke indeholder skilletegn --output-delimiter=STRENG brug STRENG som forvalgt ud-skilletegn. forvalgt er at bruge ind-skilletegnet -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL angiv navnet eller nummeret på signalet som skal sendes -l, --list list signalnavne, eller konvertér signalnavn til/fra nummer -t, --table skriv en tabel med signalinformation -s, --symbolic-link opret symbolske lænker i stedet for at kopiere -S, --suffix=SUFFIKS tilsidesæt det sædvanlige sikkerhedskopi-suffiks -t, --target-directory=KATALOG kopiér alle KILDE-argumenter til KATALOG -T, --no-target-directory behandl MÅL som en normal fil -t sortér efter ændringstidspunkt -T, --tabsize=KOLONNER antag tabulatorstop på KOLONNER frem for 8 -t samme som -vT -T, --show-tabs vis tabulatorer som ^I -u (ignoreret) -v, --show-nonprinting brug ^ og M- notation, undtagen for LFD og TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP brug SEP i stedet for ikke-mellemrum til mellemrums-overgang -T, --temporary-directory=KAT brug KAT til mellemlagring, ikke $TMPDIR eller %s; flere flag angiver flere kataloger -u, --unique med -c: tjek for streng ordning uden -c: udskriv kun den første af en række ens -t, --tabs=LISTE brug komma-separeret LISTE med tab-positioner -t, --tagged-paragraph indrykning for første linje er forskellig fra næste -u, --uniform-spacing et mellemrum mellem ord, to efter sætninger -w, --width=BREDDE maksimal linjelængde (ellers 75 kolonner) -t, --target-directory=KATALOG flyt alle KILDE-argumenter ind i KATALOG -T, --no-target-directory behandl MÅL som en normal fil -u, --update flyt kun hvis KILDE-filen er nyere end målfilen, eller når målfilen ikke findes -v, --verbose forklar hvad der sker -t, --text tekstlæsetilstand (forvalg ved læsning af tty-stdind) -t, --text tekstlæsetilstand (forvalg) -u, --remove afkort og fjern fil efter overskrivningen -v, --verbose vis fremskridt -x, --exact rund ikke filstørrelser op til den næste fulde blok; dette er forvalg for ikke-regulære filer -z, --zero overskriv til slut med nuller for at skjule makulering -u, --update kopiér kun hvis KILDE-filen er nyere end målfilen, eller når målfilen ikke findes -v, --verbose forklar hvad der sker -x, --one-file-system bliv på dette filsystem -u, --user=BRUGER sæt brugeren BRUGER i målsikkerhedskonteksten -r, --role=ROLLE sæt rollen ROLLE i målsikkerhedskonteksten -t, --type=TYPE set typen TYPE i målsikkerhedskonteksten -l, --range=INTERVAL sæt intervallet INTERVAL i målsikkerhedskonteksten -v, --kernel-version udskriv kernens version -m, --machine udskriv maskintypen -p, --processor udskriv processortypen -i, --hardware-platform udskriv maskinelplatform -o, --operating-system udskriv operativsystemet -v, --starting-line-number=ANTAL første linjenummer på hver logisk side -w, --number-width=ANTAL brug ANTAL kolonner til linjenummerering -w, --check-chars=N sammenlign ikke mere end N tegn per linje -w, --width=KOLONNER antag denne skærmbredde i stedet for aktuel værdi -x vis elementer linjevis i stedet for kolonnevis -X sortér alfabetisk efter filendelser -Z, --context udskriv eventuel SELinux-sikkerhedskontekst for hver fil -1 vis én fil per linje -x, --one-file-system udelad kataloger på andre filsystemer -X, --exclude-from=FIL udelad filer som svarer til et hvilket som helst mønster i FIL. --exclude=MØNSTER udelad filer som svarer til MØNSTER --max-depth=N vis kun totalsum for et katalog (eller fil, med --all) hvis det er N eller færre niveauer under kommandolinje- argumentet; --max-depth=0 er det samme som --summarize -z, --zero-terminated afslut linjer med en 0 byte, ikke ny-linje Processer i uafbrydelig sovetilstand bidrager også til belastningsmiddeltallet. [:graph:] alle skrivbare tegn, undtaget blanke tegn [:lower:] alle små bogstaver [:print:] alle skrivbare tegn, inkluderet blanke tegn [:punct:] alle tegnsætningstegn [:space:] alle vandrette og lodrette blanke tegn [:upper:] alle store bogstaver [:xdigit:] alle hexadecimale cifre [=TEGN=] alle tegn som er lig TEGN \v lodret tabulator TEGN1-TEGN2 alle tegn fra TEGN1 til TEGN2, stigende [TEGN*] i MÆNGDE2, kopier af TEGN indtil samme længde til MÆNGDE1 [TEGN*ANTAL] ANTAL kopier af TEGN, ANTAL er oktal, hvis det begynder med 0 [:alnum:] alle bogstaver og tal [:alpha:] alle bogstaver [:blank:] alle vandrette blanke tegn [:cntrl:] alle kontroltegn [:digit:] alle cifre ascii fra EBCDIC til ASCII ebcdic fra ASCII til EBCDIC ibm fra ASCII til alterneret EBCDIC block udfyld felter afsluttet med linjeskift med mellemrum til cbs-størrelse unblock erstat afsluttende mellemrum med linjeskift i blokke med størrelse som givet i cbs lcase lav store bogstaver om til små binary brug binær I/O til data cio brug parallel data-I/O d[STØR] decimal med fortegn, STØR byte per tal f[STØR] flydende tal, STØR byte per tal o[STØR] oktal, STØR byte per tal u[STØR] decimal uden fortegn, STØR byte per tal x[STØR] hexadecimal, STØR byte per tal direct brug direkte data-I/O directory meld fejl for ikke-kataloger dsync brug synkroniseret I/O til data fullblock opsaml fulde ind-blokke (kun iflag) if=FIL læs fra FIL i stedet for stdin iflag=FLAG læs som angivet ved kommaadskilt liste af symboler obs=BYTE skriv BYTE byte ad gangen (standard: 512) of=FIL skriv til FIL i stedet for stdout oflag=FLAG skriv som angivet ved kommaadskilt liste af symboler seek=BLOKKE udelad BLOKKE blokke med obs-størrelse fra begyndelsen af uddata skip=BLOKKE udelad BLOKKE blokke med ibs-størrelse fra begyndelsen af inddata status=noxfer udelad statistik for overførsel noatime opdatér ikke tilgangstid nocreat opret ikke udfilen excl meld fejl hvis udfilen allerede findes notrunc afkort ikke udfilen ucase ændr små bogstaver til store bogstaver swab ombyt hvert par af ind-byte noctty tildel ikke styrende terminal fra fil noerror fortsæt efter læsefejl sync udfyld hver ind-blok med NUL op til ibs-størrelse; ved brug af block eller unblock, udfyldes med blanktegn frem for NUL. fdatasync skriv data til udfil fysisk før der afsluttes fsync tilsvarende, men skriv også metadata nofollow følg ikke symbolske lænker nolinks meld fejl hvis lænket flere gange nonblock brug ikkeblokerende I/O none, off lav aldrig sikkerhedskopier (selvom --backup er givet) numbered, t lav nummererede sikkerhedskopier existing, nil nummererede, hvis nummererede sikkerhedskopier eksisterer, ellers enkle sikkerhedskopier simple, never lav altid enkle sikkerhedskopier sync tilsvarende, men også for metadata text brug tekst-I/O til data %4s-blokke Brugt Tilbage Brug%% %H:%M %s-blokke Brugt Tilbage Kapacitet (sikkerhedskopi: %s) * [-]ctlecho ekko kontroltegn med hatnotation ("^c") [-]echo ekko indtastede tegn * [-]echoctl samme som [-]ctlecho [-]echoe samme som [-]crterase [-]echok ekko et linjeskift efter et dræbertegn * [-]echoke samme som [-]crtkill [-]echonl ekko linjeskift selv om ingen andre tegn ekkoes * [-]echoprt ekko slettede tegn baglæns, mellem "\" og "/" [-]icanon aktivér specialtegnene erase, kill, werase og rprnt [-]iexten aktivér specialtegn som ikke er POSIX-tegn * [-]iuclc transformér store til små bogstaver * [-]ixany tillad hvilket tegn som helst at genstarte udskrift, ikke kun starttegn [-]ixoff aktivér start/stop-tegn [-]ixon aktivér XON/XOFF-flydningskontrol [-]parmrk markér paritetsfejl (med en 255-0 tegnsekvens) [-]tandem samme som [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 antag at ind-tegn er UTF-8-kodet * [-]ocrnl transformér vognretur til linjeskift * [-]ofdel brug slettetegn til fyld i stedet for null-tegn * [-]ofill brug fyld-tegn (padding) i stedet for forsinkelses-timing * [-]olcuc transformér små bogstaver til store * [-]onlcr transformér linjeskift til vognretur-linjeskift * [-]onlret linjeskift foretager vognretur * [-]onocr skriv ikke vognreturer i første kolonne [-]opost efterbehandl uddata * tabN vandret tab-forsinkelsesstil, N i [0..3] * tabs samme som tab0 * -tabs samme som tab3 * vtN lodret tab-forsinkelsesstil, N i [0..1] * eol2 TEGN alternativt TEGN for linjeslut erase TEGN TEGN sletter det senest skrevne tegn intr TEGN TEGN sender et afbrydningssignal kill TEGN TEGN sletter nuværende linje * lnext TEGN TEGN skriver næste tegn som et specialtegn quit TEGN TEGN sender en afslutningssignal * rprnt TEGN TEGN genskriver nuværende linje start TEGN TEGN starter udskrift igen efter at have stoppet den * rows N sig til kernen at terminalen har N linjer * size udskriv antal linjer og kolonner ifølge kernen speed udskriv terminalens hastighed time N med -icanon, sæt timeout for læsning til N tiendedels sekunder ??:???? Monteret på TTY kontekst=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu grupper= gammel ved gentagelse %s % 1% af hukommelse, b 1, k 1024 (forvalgt), og så videre for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Hvis ingen FIL er angivet, eller FIL er -, læses fra standard-ind. *** ADVARSEL *** Lokalet angivet i miljøet påvirker sorteringsordenen. Sæt LC_ALL=C for at få den traditionelle sorteringsorden som benytter de interne byte-værdier. %.*s: ugyldig specifikation for konvertering%e %b %Y%e %b %H:%M%lu bruger%lu brugere%s%s (for regudtryk %s)%s -> %s (fjern sikkerhedskopi) %s [-d] afsluttede uplanmæssigt%s og %s er den samme fil%s eksisterer, men er ikke et katalog%s er dukket op. Følger slutningen af ny fil%s er blevet tilgængelig%s er blevet utilgængelig%s er blevet erstattet af en fil, der ikke kan køres 'tail' på; giver op for dette navn%s er blevet erstattet. Følger slutningen af ny fil%s har ukendt filtype%s har en ubrugelig, tilsyneladende negativ størrelse%s hjemmeside: <%s> Hjemmeside for %s: %s er ikke et gyldigt positivt heltal%s er for stor%s blev angivet, men ikke %s%s%s-argumentet '%s' er for stort%s: %s er så stor at den ikke kan repræsenteres%s: %s: linjenummer uden for område%s: %s: ingen træffer fundet%s: %s:%s: uorden: %s: FEJL ved åbning eller læsning %s: Ingen sådan bruger%s: '}' er nødvendig i gentagelsesantal%s: binær operator forventet%s: kan kun oprette relative symbolske lænker i aktuelt katalog%s: kan ikke ændre ikke-blokerende tilstand%s: kan ikke finde navnet for bruger-ID %lu %s: kan ikke følge slutningen på denne filtype; giver op for dette navn%s: kan ikke søge (lseek) tilbage til oprindelige position%s: kan ikke overskrive katalog%s: kan ikke tilbagespole%s: kan ikke søge%s: kan ikke søge til afsæt relativt til slutningen %s%s: kan ikke søge til afsæt %s%s: kan ikke søge til relativt afsæt %s%s: kan ikke makulere beskriver for fil, der kun kan tilføjes til%s: kan ikke overspringe%s: kan ikke springe til det angivne afsæt%s: afsluttende skilletegn '%c' mangler%s: kunne ikke nulstille ikke-blokerende tilstand%s: gå ned i katalog %s? %s: gå ned i skrivebeskyttet katalog %s? %s: filslut%s: ækvivalensklasseoperanden skal være et enkelt tegn%s: fejl ved afkortning%s: fejl ved skrivning fra afsæt %s%s: forventede en numerisk værdi%s: kunne ikke lukke%s: kunne ikke åbne til skrivning%s: kunne ikke fjerne%s: fcntl mislykkedes%s: fdatasync mislykkedes%s: fil har negativ størrelse%s: filen er krympet for meget%s: fil for stor%s: fil for lang%s: fil afkortet%s: fstat mislykkedes%s: fsync mislykkedes%s: hård lænke ikke tilladt for katalog%s: inddata indeholder en løkke:%s: inddata indeholder et ulige antal elementer%s: indfil er udfil%s: heltal forventedes efter skilletegn%s: ugyldig PID%s: ugyldigt antal ved starten af %s%s: ugyldigt direktiv%s: ugyldig feltangivelse %s%s: ugyldig filstørrelse%s: ugyldig filtype%s: ugyldig maksimum antal af uændrede resultater af kald til stat() mellem kald til open()%s: ugyldigt tal%s: ugyldigt antal byte%s: ugyldigt antal linjer%s: ugyldigt antal gennemløb%s: ugyldigt antal sekunder%s: ugyldigt flag -- %c %s: ugyldigt mønster%s: ugyldig proces-id%s: ugyldigt regulært udtryk: %s%s: ugyldigt signal%s: ugyldig længde på endelse%s: linjenummeret skal være større end nul%s: linjenummer uden for område%s: lseek mislykkedes%s: flere signaler angivet%s: nye adgangsrettigheder er %s, ikke %s%s: ingen rigtigt formatterede %s-kontrolsumlinjer fundet%s: ingen størrelsesinformation for denne enhed%s: viser ikke allerede vist katalog%s: antal byte er for stort%s: flaget '%c%s' tillader ikke et argument %s: flaget '%s' er flertydigt %s: flaget '--%s' tillader ikke et argument %s: flaget '-W %s' tillader ikke et argument %s: flaget '-W %s' er flertydigt %s: flaget kræver et argument -- %c %s: overskriv %s? %s: gennemløb %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: gennemløb %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: gennemløb %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: læsefejl%s: fjern %s %s? %s: fjern alle argumenter rekursivt? %s: fjern alle argumenter? %s: fjern skrivebeskyttet %s %s? %s: slettet%s: sletter%s: omdøbt til %s%s: overskriv %s? %s: søgning mislykkedes%s: for mange kontrolsumlinjer%s: forsøg at overskrive %s, uden hensyn til tilstand %04lo (%s)? %s: kan ikke bestemme maksimal filnavnslængde%s: ikke i stand til at udføre alle forespurgte operationer%s: unær operator forventet%s: ugyldigt flag '%c%s' %s: ugyldigt flag '--%s' %s: værdi ikke fuldstændig konverteret%s: skrivefejl%s:%lu: ugyldig linje; mangler andet element%s:%lu: ugyldigt filnavn af længde nul%s:%lu: ukendt nøgleord %s%s}: heltal kræves mellem '{' og '}''')' forventet')' forventet, fandt %s(C)* filsystemer, der mellemlagrer på midlertidige steder, såsom NFS version 3-klienter * komprimerede filsystemer * log-strukturerede eller journaliserende filsystemer, såsom dem der leveres med AIX og Solaris (og JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3 osv.) * filsystemer som skriver redundante data og fortsætter selv om nogle skrivninger mislykkes, såsom RAID-baserede filsystemer * filsystemer som laver øjebliksbilleder, såsom Network Appliances' NFS-server , belastningennemsnit: %.2f, %g s, %s/s argumentet %2$s til --%1$s er for stort--context (-Z) virker kun på en kerne, der understøtter SELinux-R --dereference kræver enten -H eller -L-R -h kræver -P-ef accepterer ikke -l-nt accepterer ikke -l-ot accepterer ikke -l??? ?????Adressefamilie for værtsnavn understøttes ikkeAlle argumenter til lange flag er obligatoriske for de korte flag. Alle forespørgsler fuldendtArgumentbuffer er for lilleArnold RobbinsDårligt systemkaldUgyldig værdi for ai_flagsBrian FoxBusfejlPAS PÅ: Bemærk at 'shred' bygger på en meget vigtig antagelse: at filsystemet overskriver data på stedet. Dette er den traditionelle måde at det på, men mange moderne filsystemtyper opfylder ikke denne antagelse. Det følgende er eksempler på filsystemer hvor 'shred' ikke vil fungere efter hensigten, eller ikke vil fungere i alle filsystemtilstande: KOMMENTARKald funktionen link for at oprette en lænke FIL2 til en eksisterende FIL1. Kald funktionen unlink for at fjerne angivet FIL. Ændr den effektive bruger-id og gruppe-id til BRUGER. -, -l, --login gør skallen til en login-skal -c, --command=KOMMANDO send en enkelt kommando til skallen med -c -f, --fast send -f til skallen (for csh eller tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment nulstil ikke miljøvariable -s, --shell=SHELL kør SHELL hvis /etc/shells tillader det Ændr gruppemedlemskab af hver FIL til GRUPPE. Med --reference ændres gruppemedlemskab af hver FIL til samme som for RFIL. -c, --changes som verbose, men fortæl kun om ændringer --dereference ændr referent for hver symbolsk lænke (standard) i stedet for den symbolske lænke selv Ændr tilstanden for for hver FIL til TILSTAND. -c, --changes som verbose, men anfør kun udførte ændringer Ændr ejer og/eller gruppe for hver FIL til EJER og/eller GRUPPE. Med --reference ændres ejer og gruppe for hver FIL til de samme som RFIL. -c, --changes som verbose, men rapportér kun ændringer --dereference foretag ændringerne på referenten af hver symbolsk lænke (standard) i stedet for den symbolske lænke selv Ændr sikkerhedskonteksten for hver FIL til KONTEKST. Med --reference, ændr sikkerhedskonteksten for hver FIL til den for RFIL. -h, --no-dereference virk på symbolske lænker frem for refereret fil Chet RameyColin PlumbSammenlign de sorterede filer FIL1 og FIL2 linjevis. Sammensæt FILer eller standard-ind, til standard-ud. -A, --show-all samme som -vET -b, --number-nonblank nummerér ikke-blanke ud-linjer -e samme som -vE -E, --show-ends skriv $ i slutningen af hver linje -n, --number nummerér alle ud-linjer -s, --squeeze-blank aldrig mere end én blank linje ad gangen Konvertér mellemrum i hver FIL til tabulatorer, og skriv til standard-ud. Uden en FIL, eller når FIL er -, læses standard-ind. Konvertér tabulatorer i hver FIL til mellemrum, skriv til standard-ud. Hvis ingen FIL er angivet, eller FIL er -, læses fra standard-ind. Kopiér KILDE til MÅL eller en eller flere KILDEr til KATALOG. Kopiér en fil med konvertering og formatering som angivet. bs=BYTE læs og skriv BYTE byte ad gangen (se også ibs=,obs=) cbs=BYTE konvertér BYTE byte ad gangen conv=KONV konvertér fil som angivet ved kommaadskilt liste af symboler count=BLOKKE kopiér kun BLOKKE indblokke ibs=BYTE læs BYTE byte ad gangen (standard: 512) Kopier standard-ind til hver FIL og til standard-ud. -a, --append tilføj til de angivne FILer, overskriv ikke -i, --ignore-interrrupts ignorer afbrydningssignaler Opret navngivne datakanaler (FIFOer) med angivne NAVNe. Opret KATALOG(erne), hvis de ikke allerede eksisterer. Opret specialfilen NAVN med den angivne TYPE. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDiagnosticér ugyldige eller uportable filnavne. -p kontrollér for de fleste POSIX-systemer -P kontrollér for tomme navne og indledende "-" --portability kontrollér for alle POSIX-systemer (svarer til -p -P) Katalog: Vis fil- eller filsystemstatus. -L, --dereference følg lænker -f, --file-system vis filsystemstatus fremfor filstatus Vis det nuværende klokkeslæt i det givne FORMAT, eller indstil systemtiden. -d, --date=STRENG vis klokkeslættet beskrevet ved STRENG, ikke 'nu' -f, --file=DATOFIL som --date for hver linje af DATOFIL Dmitry V. LevinSmid eventuelle supplerende grupper væk, antag bruger-ID og gruppe-ID for den angivne BRUGER (numerisk ID eller brugernavn), og kør KOMMANDO med eventuelle angivne ARGUMENTer. Afslut med status 111 hvis det ikke er muligt at antage den krævede bruger- og gruppe-ID. Afslut ellers med afslutningskode for KOMMANDO. Dette program er kun nyttigt, når det køres som root (bruger-ID 0). AFSLUTHvert interval er en af følgende: N N'te byte, tegn eller felt, talt fra 1 N- fra N'te byte, tegn eller felt, til slutningen af linjen N-M fra N'te til M'te (til og med) byte, tegn eller felt -M fra første til M'te (til og med) byte, tegn eller felt Hvis ingen FIL er angivet, eller FIL er -, læses fra standard-ind. Ekko STRENGene til standard-ud. -n udskriv ikke afsluttende linjeskiftstegn Afslut med en statuskode som angiver fejl.Afslut med en statuskode som angiver succes.Returnér med en statusværdi som bestemmes af UDTRYK. François PinardMISLYKKEDESFIXMIG: ukendtFORMAT skal være egnet til at udskrive et argument af typen 'double'; som standard er det %.PRÆCf hvis FØRSTE, FORØGELSE og SIDSTE alle er decimaltal med fast komma og maksimal præcision PRÆC, ellers %g. Fifoer har ikke over- og underenhedsnumre.Filsystem Filsystem TypeSkriv en linje til standard-ud for hvert par af ind-linjer med ens flettefelt. Det forvalgte flettefelt er det første felt, begrænset af blanktegn. Hvis FIL1 eller FIL2 (ikke begge) er -, læses fra standard-ind. -a FILNR udskriv linjer som ikke kan parinddeles fra fil FILNR, hvor FILNR er 1 eller 2 svarende til FIL1 eller FIL2 -e TOM erstat manglende ind-felter med TOM Gem ændrede blokke til disk, opdatér superblokken. Generel hjælp til GNU-programmel: H. Peter AnvinINAKTIVIan Lance TaylorInaktivHvis FIL ikke er angivet, bruges %s. %s som FIL er almindeligt. Derudover kan sikkerhedskopier af filsystemer og eksterne spejlinger indeholde kopier af filen, som ikke kan fjernes, og som vil tillade senere genskabelse af en makuleret fil. I virkeligheden: I 1. form: Opret en lænke til MÅL med navnet LÆNKENAVN. I 2. form: Opret en lænke til MÅL i det nuværende katalog. I 3. og 4. form: Opret lænker til hvert MÅL i KATALOG. Opret hårde lænker som standard, eller symbolske lænker med --symbolic. Når der oprettes hårde lænker, skal hvert MÅL eksistere. Symbolske lænker kan indeholde vilkårlig tekst; en relativ lænke fortolkes i relation til dets overkatalog. For ext3-filsystemer gælder ovenstående kun i 'data=journal'-tilstand (og shred er derfor af begrænset nytte), hvilket journaliserer fildata ud over blot metadata. I begge tilstandende, data=ordered (standard) og data=writeback, vil shred fungere som normalt. Ext3-journaliseringstilstande kan ændres ved at tilføje flaget data=noget til monteringsflagene for et givet filsystem i filen /etc/fstab, som dokumenteret i man-siden for mount (man mount). Uendelig BAfbrudt af signalUgyldig baglæns referenceUgyldigt navn på tegnklasseUgyldigt kollationeringstegnUgyldigt indhold af \{\}Ugyldigt forudgående regulært udtrykUgyldigt intervalendepunktUgyldigt regulært udtrykJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfDræbtLINJELOGINVis information om FILer (nuværende katalog med mindre andet er angivet). Sortér filerne alfabetisk hvis ingen af flagene -cftuvSUX eller --sort er givet. LoginLogin-navn: Obligatoriske argumenter til lange flag er også obligatoriske for de korte. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnFejl ved hukommelsesallokeringHukommelsen opbrugtMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNAVNNavnNavn eller tjeneste ukendtIngen adresse associeret med værtsnavnIngen træfferIntet foregående regulært udtrykUoverkommelig fejl ved navneopløsningO.k.Kun én streng kan angives, når der slettes uden sammenklemning af gentagelser.Flaget --string uden et tal implicerer 3. Flaget --width uden et tal implicerer 32. Normalt bruger od: -A o -t oS -w16. Sorteringsflag: Andre flag: Udskriv et permuteret indeks, med kontekst, over ordene i inddatafilerne. Udskriv kommandoer for at sætte miljøvariablen LS_COLORS. Bestem ud-format: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell udskriv Bourne shell-kode for at sætte LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell udskriv C skal-kode for at sætte LS_COLORS -p, --print-data-base udskriv den interne database Skriv stykker af fast størrelse af INDDATA til PRÆFIKSaa, PRÆFIKSab, ...; forvalgt størrelse er 1000 linjer, og forvalgt PRÆFIKS er 'x'. Hvis ingen INDDATA er angivet, eller INDDATA er -, læses fra standard-ind. Udskriv dele af FIL adskilt af MØNSTER til filerne 'xx01', 'xx02',..., og vis antal byte for hver del på standard-ud. Udskriv platformsafhængige grænser i et format, der er nyttigt til skalscript. Udskriv hvem som for øjeblikket er logget ind ifølge FIL. Hvis FIL ikke er angivet bruges %s. %s som FIL er almindeligt. Overskiv de angivne FILER gentagne gange for at gøre det sværere for selv meget dyrt genoprettelsesudstyr at genskabe data. PIDPadraig BradySidenummerér eller omform FIL(er) til kolonner for udskrivning. Parameterstreng er ikke korrekt kodetAdgangskode:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlan: Fejl på strømkildeUventet afslutning af regulært udtrykUdskriv ARGUMENTer ifølge FORMAT, eller eksekvér ifølge FLAG: Udskriv CRC-kontrolsum og byteantal for hver FIL. Udskriv NAVN med eventuelle indledende katalog-komponenter fjernet. Hvis SUFFIKS er angivet, fjernes også afsluttende SUFFIKS. Udskriv NAVN med alt fra sidste '/' fjernet; Hvis NAVN ikke indeholder nogen '/'-er, udskriv '.' (for nuværende katalog). Udskriv visse systeminformationer. Hvis ingen FLAG blev angivet, bruges -s. -a, --all udskriv al information i følgende rækkefølge, pånær udeladelse af -p og -i hvis ukendt: -s, --kernel-name udskriv kernens navn -n, --nodename udskriv maskinens værtsnavn på netværket -r, --kernel-release udskriv kernens udgave Udskriv kontrolsum og blokantal for hver FIL. -r brug BSD-sumalgoritme, brug 1K-blokke -s, --sysv brug System V-sumalgoritme, brug 512 byte-blokke Udskriv gruppemedlemsskaber for hvert BRUGERNAVN eller, hvis intet BRUGERNAVN er angivet, for den aktuelle proces (som kan være forskellige hvis gruppens database er ændret). Udskriv information om brugere som er logget ind lige nu. Udskriv maskinarkitektur. Udskriv tallene fra FØRSTE til SIDSTE, med trin på FORØGELSE. -f, --format=FORMAT brug printf-lignende FORMAT til flydende tal -s, --separator=STRENG brug STRENG til at separere tallene (forvalgt: \n) -w, --equal-width gør bredden ens ved at foranstille nuller Udskriv eller ændr terminal-egenskaber. -a, --all udskriv alle nuværende indstillinger i læsevenlig form -g, --save udskriv alle nuværende indstillinger i stty-læsbar form -F, --file=ENHED åbn og brug den angivne ENHED i stedet for stdin Udskriv valgte dele af linjerne fra hver FIL til standard-ud. Udskriv den aktuelle tid, hvor længe systemet har været oppe, antal brugere på systemet, og det gennemsnitlige antal opgaver i kørselskøen for de seneste 1, 5 og 15 minutter.Udskriv filnavnet for terminalen som er koblet til standard-ind. -s, --silent, --quiet udskriv ikke noget, returnér kun en afslutningsstatus Skriv de første 10 linjer af hver FIL til standard-ud. Med mere end en FIL angivet udskrives filnavnet før hver FIL. Hvis ingen FIL er angivet, eller FIL er -, læses fra standard-ind. Udskriv hele filnavnet på det aktuelle arbejdskatalog. Skriv de sidste %d linjer af hver FIL til standard-ud. Med mere end en FIL angivet, udskriv filnavnet før hver FIL. Hvis ingen FIL er angivet, eller FIL er -, læses fra standard-ind. Udskriv navnet på den nuværende bruger. Udskriv primfaktorerne til alle angivne heltal TAL. Hvis ingen argumenter er angivet på kommandolinjen, læses de fra standard-ind. Udskriv brugernavnet tilknyttet den nuværende effektive bruger-ID. Samme som id -un. Udskriv bruger- og gruppeinformation for det angivne BRUGERNAVN, eller den nuværende bruger, hvis BRUGERNAVN er udeladt. -a ignoreres, for kompatibilitet med andre versioner -Z, --context udskriv kun sikkerhedskontekst for den nuværende bruger -g, --group udskriv kun det effektive gruppe-ID -G, --groups udskriv alle gruppe-ID'er -n, --name udskriv et navn i stedet for et nummer, for -ugG -r, --real udskriv virkeligt ID i stedet for effektivt, for -ugG -u, --user udskriv kun det effektive bruger-ID Forespørgsel under behandlingProjekt: Q. Frank XiaRandy SmithRealtids signal %dOmformatér hvert afsnit i FILerne, og skriv til standard-ud. Flaget -BREDDE er en forkortet form af --width=BREDDE. Regulært udtryk er for stortFjern (aflænk) FILerne. -f, --force ignorer filer, der ikke findes; spørg aldrig -i spørg før hver sletning Slet KATALOGer, hvis de er tomme. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty ignorér alle fejl som udelukkende skyldes at kataloget ikke er tomt Omdøb KILDE til MÅL eller flyt KILDE(r) til KATALOG. Skriv gentagne gange en linje med alle specificerede STRENG'e, eller "y" Rapportér %s-fejl til %s Rapportér fejl i oversættelser for %s to Forespørgsel annulleretForespørgsel ikke annulleretRessource tabtRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonKør KOMMANDO med ændret prioritet (niceness), hvilket påvirker procesplanlægningen. Uden KOMMANDO udskrives den aktuelle prioritet. Prioriteter går fra %d (højest prioritet) til %d (lavest prioritet). -n, --adjustment=N læg heltallet N til prioriteten (standard: 10) Kør KOMMANDO med rod-kataloget sat til NYROD. Kør KOMMANDO og ignorér hangup-signaler. Kør et program i en anden sikkerhedskontekst. Uden KONTEKST og KOMMANDO udskrives den aktuelle sikkerhedskontekst. KONTEKST fuld sikkerhedskontekst -c, --compute beregn procestransitionskontekst før modifikation -t, --type=TYPE type (for samme rolle som forælder) -u, --user=BRUGER brugeridentitet -r, --role=ROLLE rolle -l, --range=INTERV niveauinterval Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerSend signaler til processer, eller vis signaler. Servname understøttes ikke for ai_socktypeSæt LC_ALL='C' for at omgå problemet.Skal: Vis information om filsystemet som FIL ligger på, eller som standard alle filsystemer. Formindsk eller udvid størrelsen af hver FIL til den angivne størrelse Et FIL-argument som ikke findes, oprettes. Fylder en FIL mere end den angivne størrelse, vil de ekstra data gå tabt. Fylder en FIL mindre, vil den blive udvidet, og den udvidede del (hullet) sættes til nul-byte. Simon JosefssonSpecialfiler kræver over- og underenhedsnummer.Stuart KempSuccessOpsummér diskforbrug for hver FIL, rekursivt for kataloger. SystemfejlTIDMidlertidig fejl under navneopløsningFølgende valgfri flag kan følge '%': - (bindestreg) udfyld ikke ekstra cifre _ (understreg) udfyld med blanktegn 0 (nul) udfyld med nuller ^ brug store bogstaver hvis muligt # brug store/små bogstaver omvendt, hvis muligt Følgende flag ændrer måden hvorpå et hierarki gennemløbes når flaget -R også angives. Hvis mere end et angives, vil kun det sidst valgte være gyldigt. -H hvis kommandolinjeargumentet er en symbolsk lænke til et katalog, så gennemløb dette -L gennemløb enhver symbolsk kataloglænke, der mødes undervejs -P gennemløb ingen symbolske lænker (standard) De sammenlignede strenge var %s og %s.Torbjørn GranlundAfsluttende omvendt skråstregPrøv '%s --help' for mere information. Prøv '%s ./%s' for at fjerne filen %s. To strenge skal være givet ved både sletning og sammenklemning af gentagelser.To strenge skal være givet ved transformering.Ulrich DrepperUkendt fejlUkendt systemfejlUparret ( eller \(Uparret ) eller \)Uparret [ eller [^Uparret \{Brug: %s Brug: %s KOMMANDO [ARG]... eller: %s FLAG Brug: %s KONTEKST KOMMANDO [argr] eller: %s [ -c ] [-u BRUGER] [-r ROLLE] [-t TYPE] [-l INTERV] KOMMANDO [argr] Brug: %s UDTRYK eller: %s FLAG Brug: %s FIL eller: %s FLAG Brug: %s FIL1 FIL2 eller: %s FLAG Brug: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... eller: %s FLAG Brug: %s NAVN eller: %s FLAG Brug: %s NAVN [SUFFIKS] eller: %s FLAG Brug: %s ANTAL[SUFFIKS]... eller: %s FLAG Sov i ANTAL sekunder. SUFFIKS kan være 's' for at angive sekunder (forvalgt), 'm' for minutter, 'h' for timer (hours) og 'd' for dage. I modsætning til de fleste implementationer, som kræver at ANTAL er et heltal, kan ANTAL her være et vilkårligt flydende tal. Givet to eller flere argumenter, soves i tidsrummet givet ved værdiernes sum. Brug: %s FLAG... FIL... Brug: %s FLAG... [FIL]... Brug: %s [-F ENHED | --file=ENHED] [INDSTILLING]... eller: %s [-F ENHED | --file=ENHED] [-a|--all] eller: %s [-F ENHED | --file=ENHED] [-g|--save] Brug: %s [-BREDDE] [FLAG]... [FIL]... Brug: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... eller: %s -l [SIGNAL]... eller: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Brug: %s [FIL]... eller: %s [FLAG] Brug: %s [NAVN] eller: %s FLAG Udskriv eller indstil værtsnavnet for dette system. Brug: %s [TAL]... eller: %s FLAG Brug: %s [OPERAND]... eller: %s FLAG Brug: %s [FLAG] Brug: %s [FLAG] Udskriv den numeriske identifikator (heksadecimalt) for denne vært. Brug: %s [FLAG] NYROD [KOMMANDO [ARG]...] eller: %s FLAG Brug: %s [FLAG]... [KOMMANDO [ARG]...] Brug: %s [FLAG] [FIL] Skriv en fuldstændig sorteret liste konsistent med den delvise sortering i FIL. Hvis ingen FIL eller hvis FIL er -, læses fra standard-ind. Brug: %s [FLAG]... Brug: %s [FLAG]... KONTEKSTFIL... eller: %s [FLAG]... [-u BRUGER] [-r ROLLE] [-l INTERVAL] [-t TYPE] FIL... eller: %s [FLAG]... --reference=RFIL FIL... Brug: %s [FLAG]... KATALOG... Brug: %s [FLAG]... [FIL] Brug: %s [FLAG]... FIL MØNSTER... Brug: %s [FLAG]... [FIL]... Brug: %s [FLAG]... FIL1 FIL2 Brug: %s [FLAG]... GRUPPE FIL... eller: %s [FLAG]... --reference=RFIL FIL... Brug: %s [FLAG]... SIDSTE eller: %s [FLAG]... FØRSTE SIDSTE eller: %s [FLAG]... FØRSTE FORØGELSE SIDSTE Brug: %s [FLAG]... TILSTAND[,TILSTAND]... FIL... eller: %s [FLAG]... OKTAL-TILSTAND FIL... eller: %s [FLAG]... --reference=RFIL FIL... Brug: %s [FLAG]... NAVN TYPE [OVERNR UNDERNR] Brug: %s [FLAG]... NAVN... Brug: %s [OPTION]... MÆNGDE1 [MÆNGDE2] Brug: %s [FLAG]... [ FIL | ARG1 ARG2 ] Brug: %s [FLAG]... [+FORMAT] eller: %s [FLAG] [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Brug: %s [FLAG]... [-T] KILDE MÅL eller: %s [FLAG]... KILDE... KATALOG eller: %s [FLAG]... -t KATALOG KILDE... Brug: %s [FLAG]... [-T] KILDE MÅL eller: %s [FLAG]... KILDE... KATALOG eller: %s [FLAG]... -t KATALOG KILDE... eller: %s [FLAG]... -d KATALOG... Brug: %s [FLAG]... [-T] KILDE LÆNKENAVN (1. form) eller: %s [FLAG]... MÅL (2. form) eller: %s [FLAG]... MÅL... KATALOG (3. form) eller: %s [FLAG]... -t KATALOG MÅL... (4. form) Brug: %s [FLAG]... [-] [NAVN=VÆRDI]... [KOMMANDO [ARG]...] Brug: %s [FLAG]... [-] [BRUGER [ARG]...] Brug: %s [FLAG]... [FIL] Brug: %s [FLAG]... [FIL] eller: %s -e [FLAG]... [ARG] eller: %s -i LAV-HØJ [FLAG]... Brug: %s [FLAG]... [FIL] Kod eller afkod FIL eller standard-ind i Base64, og udskriv til standard-ud. Brug: %s [FLAG]... [FIL]... Brug: %s [FLAG]... [FIL]... eller: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FIL] [[+]AFSÆT[.][b]] eller: %s --traditional [FLAG]... [FIL] [[+]AFSÆT[.][b] [+][MÆRKE][.][b]] Brug: %s [FLAG]... [FIL]... eller: %s [FLAG]... --files0-from=F Brug: %s [FLAG]... [FIL]... Udskriv eller tjek %s-kontrolsummer (%d-bit). Hvis ingen FIL er angivet, eller FIL er -, læses fra standard-ind. Brug: %s [FLAG]... [INDDATA [UDDATA]] Brug: %s [FLAG]... [INDDATA [PRÆFIKS]] Brug: %s [FLAG]... [INDDATA]... (uden -G) eller: %s -G [FLAG]... [INDDATA [UDDATA]] Brug: %s [FLAG]... [EJER][:[GRUPPE]] FIL... eller: %s [FLAG]... --reference=RFIL FIL... Brug: %s [FLAG]... [SKABELON] Brug: %s [FLAG]... [BRUGERNAVN] Brug: %s [FLAG]... [BRUGERNAVN]... Brug: %s [FLAG]... [BRUGER]... Brug: %s [KORT-FLAG]... BRUGER KOMMANDO [ARGUMENT]... eller: %s LANGT-FLAG Brug: %s [KORT-FLAG]... [STRENG]... eller: %s LANGT-FLAG Brug: %s [STRENG]... eller: %s FLAG Brug: %s [kommandolinjeargumenter ignoreres] eller: %s FLAG Brug: test UDTRYK eller: test eller: [ UDTRYK ] eller: [ ] eller: [ FLAG Brugerdefineret signal 1Brugerdefineret signal 2Gyldige argumenter er:Gyldige formatsekvenser for filsystemer: %a Frie blokke tilgængelige for ikke-superbruger %b Totale datablokke i filsystem %c Totale filnoder i filsystem %d Frie filnoder i filsystem %f Frie blokke i filsystem %C SELinux-sikkerhedskontekststreng ADVARSEL: Cirkulær katalogstruktur. Dette betyder næsten helt sikkert at du har et ødelagt filsystem. RAPPORTÉR TIL SYSTEMANSVARLIG. Følgende katalog udgør en del af cirklen: %s ADVARSEL: ignorerer --context (-Z); denne kerne understøtter ikke SELinuxADVARSEL: ignorerer --preserve-context; denne kerne understøtter ikke SELinuxADVARSEL: ignorerer flaget --strip-program, da flaget -s ikke blev angivetAdvarsel: HvornårHvorVindue ændredesOmbryd linjerne i hver FIL (forvalgt standard-ind), og skriv til standard-ud Udskriv en tilfældig permutation af indlinjerne til standard-ud. Skriv hver fil til standard-uddata, sidste linje først. Hvis ingen FIL er angivet, eller FIL er -, læses fra standard-ind. Skriv hver fil til standard-ud, med linjenummer lagt til. Hvis ingen FIL er angivet, eller FIL er -, læses fra standard-ind. Skriv linjer som består af de sekventielt tilsvarende linjer fra hver FIL, separeret med tabulatorer, til standard-ud. Hvis ingen FIL er angivet, eller FIL er -, læses fra standard-ind. Skriv det samlede, sorterede indhold af FILer til standard-uddata. Skrevet af %s og %s. Skrevet af %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, og andre. Skrevet af %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, og %s. Skrevet af %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, og %s. Skrevet af %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, og %s. Skrevet af %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, og %s. Skrevet af %s, %s, %s, %s, og %s. Skrevet af %s, %s, %s, og %s. Skrevet af %s, %s, og %s. Skrevet af %s. [=c=]-udtryk kan ikke optræde i streng2 under translation^[nN]^[YyJj]''-%c' ekstra tegn eller ugyldigt tal i argumentet: %s'--pages=FØRSTE_SIDE[:SIDSTE_SIDE]' mangler argument'-N NUMMER' ugyldigt start-linjenummer: %s'-W SIDEBREDDE' ugyldigt antal tegn: %s'-l SIDELÆNGDE' ugyldigt antal linjer: %s'-o MARGEN' ugyldigt linjeafsæt: %s'-w SIDEBREDDE' ugyldigt antal tegn: %sen kommando skal være givet med en justeringtilgår %sai_family understøttes ikkeai_socktype understøttes ikkeflertydigt argument %s til %set inddataskilletegn kan kun specificeres ved arbejde på felterføjer uddata til %ssikkerhedskopi af %s vil overskrive kildefil; %s er ikke kopieretsikkerhedskopi af %s vil overskrive kildefil; %s er ikke flyttettype af sikkerhedskopiblokspecialfilblokspecialfiler understøttes ikkebegge filer kan ikke være standard-indbyte-startpunktet %s er for stortkan ikke anvende delvis kontekst til umærket fil %skan ikke hente proceskontekstkan ikke tilgå %skan ikke sikkerhedskopiere %skan ikke både summere og vise alle størrelserkan ikke ændre ejerskab af %skan ikke ændre adgangsrettigheder på %skan ikke ændre rod-kataloget til %skan ikke gå til kataloget %skan ikke ændre til rod-katalogkan ikke kombinere --target-directory (-t) og --no-target-directory (-T)kan ikke kombinere --target-directory og --no-target-directorykan ikke kombinere flagene -e og -ikan ikke kombinere nogen af {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}kan ikke kombinere block og unblockkan ikke kombinere excl og nocreatkan ikke kombinere lcase og ucasekan ikke kombinere tilstandsangivelse med flaget --referencekan ikke kombinere signal med -l eller -tkan ikke sammenligne filnavnene %s og %skan ikke konvertere U+%04X til lokalt tegnsætkan ikke konvertere U+%04X til lokalt tegnsæt: %skan ikke kopiere et katalog, %s, ind i sig selv, %skan ikke kopiere cyklisk symbolsk lænke %skan ikke oprette katalog %skan ikke oprette fifo %skan ikke oprette hård lænke %s til %skan ikke oprette lænke %skan ikke oprette lænke %s til %skan ikke oprette almindelig fil %skan ikke oprette specialfil %skan ikke oprette symbolsk lænke %skan ikke oprette symbolsk lænke %s til %skan ikke oprette midlertidig fil i %skan ikke dereferere %skan ikke bestemme enhed og inode for %skan ikke bestemme værtsnavnetkan ikke udføre ioctl på %skan ikke finde navn for gruppe-ID %lukan ikke finde navnet for bruger-ID %lukan ikke følge %s ved navnkan ikke tvinge målkontekst til %s og bibeholde denkan ikke udføre fstat() %skan ikke finde aktuelt katalogkan ikke hente prioritetkan ikke finde ud af systemnavnetkan ikke udføre lseek() %skan ikke lave både hårde og symbolske lænkerkan ikke oprette katalog %skan ikke flytte %s til %skan ikke flytte %s til et underkatalog af sig selv, %skan ikke flytte katalog til ikke-katalog: %s -> %skan ikke åbne %s til læsningkan ikke åbne %s til skrivningkan ikke åbne katalog %skan ikke operere på dinglende symlænke %skan ikke overskrive katalog %s med ikke-katalogkan ikke overskrive ikke-katalog %s med katalog %skan ikke udføre formateret udskriftkan ikke beholde udvidede attributer, cp er kompileret uden xattr-understøttelsekan ikke beholde sikkerhedskontekst uden en kerne, der understøtter SELinuxkan ikke udskrive "kun" for mere en ét valgkan ikke udskrive kun navn eller virkelige ID'er i forvalgt formatkan ikke udskrive sikkerhedskontekst når denne er angivet af brugerkan ikke læse katalog %skan ikke læse filnavne fra %skan ikke læse information om filsystem for %skan ikke læse realtids-urkan ikke læse symbolsk lænke %skan ikke læse tabellen over monterede filsystemerkan ikke fjerne %skan ikke flytte filpegeren for %skan ikke køre %skan ikke sætte datokan ikke sætte gruppe-idkan ikke sætte gruppe-ID til %lukan ikke sætte grupperkan ikke sætte værtsnavnet; dette system mangler funktionalitetenkan ikke sætte navnet til %skan ikke sætte prioritetkan ikke sætte tidsstempler for %skan ikke sætte bruger-idkan ikke sætte bruger-ID til %lukan ikke springe forbi afslutning af kombineret inddatakan ikke angive både skrivning på tværs og parallel skrivningkan ikke angive antal kolonner når der skrives paralleltkan ikke angive tidspunkter fra mere end én kildekan ikke opdele på mere end én mådekan ikke udføre stat() på %skan ikke anvende stat på nuværende katalog (nu %s)kan ikke røre %skan ikke fjerne sikkerhedskopi af %skan ikke aflænke %skan ikke arbejde omkring kernefejl alligevelændrede gruppe for %s til %s ændrede ejer af %s til %s ændrer gruppe for %sændrer ejerskab for %sændrer rettigheder på %sændrer sikkerhedskontekst for %s tegnafsæt er nultegn uden for områdetegnspecialfiltegnspecialfiler understøttes ikkerydder rettigheder for %stidsændringfejl ved lukninglukker %slukker %s (fd=%d)lukker kataloget %slukker indfil %slukker uddatafil %slukker standard-indkompatibilitetstilstand understøtter højst én filmodstridende erstatningsstrenge for tomme felterder er givet modstridende specifikationer for sikkerhedskontekstkunne ikke oprette proces for %s -dkunne ikke oprette midlertidig filkunne ikke eksekvere %skunne ikke eksekvere %s -dkunne ikke finde katalogpost i %s med tilsvarende i-nodekunne ikke finde ud af boot-tidoprettede katalog %sopretter katalog %sopretter filen %s opretter hård lænke %sopretter hård lænke %s => %sopretter hård lænke til %.0s%sopretter symbolsk lænke %sopretter symbolsk lænke %s -> %sskilletegnslisten slutter med en uundviget omvendt skråstreg: %skatalogdeling med nulfejl ved dup2tom %s er ikke tilladttomt filnavntom tabulatorfejl ved lukning af filfejl i regulært udtryksmatcherfejl i søgning med regulært udtrykfejl ved læsning af %sfejl ved skrivning af %safslut=ekstra argument %sekstra operand %sekstra operand %s ekstra operand %s er ikke tilladt med -%ckunne ikke ændre kontekst for %s til %skunne ikke ændre gruppe for %s til %s kunne ikke ændre tilstand for %s til %04lo (%s) kunne ikke ændre ejerskab for %s kunne ikke ændre ejerskab på %s til %s kunne ikke foretage chdir til %skunne ikke klone %skunne ikke udregne en ny kontekstkunne ikke oprette katalog ved hjælp af skabelon %skunne ikke oprette fil via skabelonen %skunne ikke oprette sikkerhedskontekst: %skunne ikke hente attributter for %skunne ikke hente den aktuelle kontekstkunne ikke hente filsystemets oprettelseskontekstkunne ikke hente grupper for den aktuelle proceskunne ikke hente grupper for brugeren %skunne ikke hente sikkerhedskontekst for %skunne ikke slå filen %s opkunne ikke åbne %skunne ikke bevare forfatter af %skunne ikke bevare ejerskab for %skan ikke beholde adgangsrettigheder på %skunne ikke beholde tider for %skunne ikke omdirigere standard-fejlkunne ikke omdirigere stderr til /dev/nullkunne ikke fjerne %skunne ikke fjerne katalog %skunne ikke genåbne %s i tilstand %skunne ikke genskabe standardkontekst for filoprettelsekunne ikke vendte tilbage til begyndelsesarbejdskatalogkunne ikke køre kommandoen %skunne ikke sætte %s-sikkerhedskontekstkomponent til %skunne ikke sætte yderligere grupperkunne ikke sætte standardkontekst for filoprettelse til %skunne ikke sætte gruppe-IDkunne ikke sætte nyt interval %skunne ikke sætte ny rolle %skunne ikke sætte ny type %skunne ikke sætte ny bruger %skunne ikke sætte supplerende grupperkunne ikke sætte kopien af stderr til at lukke ved execkunne ikke sætte sikkerhedskonteksten for %s til %skunne ikke sætte bruger-IDkunne ikke foretage stat på %sfdatasync mislykkedes for %sfejl ved fflushfelt nummer %s er for stortfelt-nummeret er nulfelter og positioner nummereres fra 1fifofilen %d er ikke sorteretfiloperander kan ikke kombineres med --files0-fromfiloperander kan ikke kombineres med --print-database (-p)filsystem af typen %s er både valgt og udeladtsystemkaldet fork mislykkedesformatet %s slutter med %%formatet %s har intet %%-direktivformatet %s har for mange %%-direktiverformatet %s har et ukendt %%%c-direktivformatstrengen kan ikke angives når der udskrives strenge med ens breddefsync mislykkedes for %sfts_close mislykkedesfts_read mislykkedesgetpass: kan ikke åbne /dev/ttyhenter nye attributter for %sgruppe for %s beholdt som %s iconv-funktion ikke til stedeiconv-funktion ikke brugeligid=ignorerer alle argumenterignorerer inddataignorerer inddata og føjer uddata til %signorerer inddata og omdirigerer stderr til stdoutignorerer ugyldig tabulatorstørrelse i miljøvariabelen TABSIZE: %signorerer ugyldig værdi af miljøvariabelen QUOTING_STYLE: %signorerer ugyldig længde i miljøvariabelen COLUMNS: %signorerer argumenter som ikke er flaginkompatible join-felter %lu, %luinkompatible tabulatorerforkert adgangskodeinddata forsvandtind-linjen er for langflytning mellem enheder mislykkedes: %s til %s; kan ikke fjerne måletugyldigt %s%s-argument '%s'ugyldigt argument %2$s til --%1$sugyldig justering %sugyldigt argument %sugyldigt argument %s til %sugyldig nummereringsstil til brødtekst: %sugyldig byte- eller feltlisteugyldigt tegn '%c' i typestrengen %sugyldig tegnklasse %sugyldig kontekst: %sugyldig konverteringugyldig konverteringsspecifikator i suffiks: %cugyldig konverteringsspecifikator i suffiks: \%.3ougyldig dato %sugyldigt datoformat %sugyldigt aftagende intervalugyldig enhed %s %sugyldig enhedstype %sugyldigt feltnummer: %sugyldig specifikation af felt: %sugyldig feltlængde: %sugyldigt filnummer i feltspec: %sugyldigt flydende tal-argument: %sugyldig nummereringsstil til sidefod: %sugyldig formatpræcisionugyldig formatbreddeugyldig hulbredde: %sugyldig gruppeugyldig gruppe %sugyldig gruppeliste %sugyldig gruppe: %sugyldig nummereringsstil til sidehoveder: %sugyldig inddataugyldigt ind-flagugyldigt talområde %s angivetugyldigt heltal %sugyldig heltalsargument %sugyldigt linjetal %sugyldig linjedisciplin %sugyldig bredde på linjenummerfelt: %sugyldig øgning af linjenummer: %sugyldigt linjenummerformat: %sugyldig linjelængde: %sugyldigt overenhedsnummer %sugyldig største dybde %sugyldigt underenhedsnummer %sugyldig tilstandugyldig tilstand %sugyldig tilstand: %sugyldigt antal %sugyldigt tal efter ','ugyldigt tal efter '-'ugyldigt tal efter '.'ugyldigt tal ved feltbegyndelsenugyldigt antal tomme linjer: %sugyldigt antal byteugyldigt antal byte at sammenligneugyldigt antal byte at hoppe overugyldigt antal kolonner: %sugyldigt antal felter at hoppe overugyldigt antal linjerugyldigt antal linjer: 0ugyldigt flag - %cugyldigt flag -- %c; -BREDDE genkendes kun når det er første flag; brug -w N i stedetugyldig ud-adresse-grundtal '%c'; det skal være et af tegnene [doxn]ugyldigt ud-flagugyldigt sideinterval %sugyldig præcision: %sugyldigt interval uden slutpunkt: -ugyldigt gentagelsestal %s i [c*n]-konstruktionugyldig specugyldigt første linjenummer: %sugyldigt statusflagugyldigt suffiks i %s%s-argument '%s'ugyldig tabulatorstørrelse %sugyldig skabelon, %s, indeholder katalogseparatorugyldig skabelon, %s; må ikke være absolut med --tmpdirugyldigt tidsinterval %sugyldig tidsstilsformat %sugyldigt afsluttende flag -- %cugyldig typestreng %sugyldig type-streng %s; dette system understøtter ikke en %lu-byte flydende-taltypeugyldig type-streng %s; dette system understøtter ikke en %lu-byte heltalstypeugyldigt universelt tegnnavn \%c%0*xugyldig brugerugyldig bruger %sugyldig bredde: %sugyldig ombrydningsstørrelse: %sugyldigt filnavn af længde nuldet er farligt at operere rekursivt på %sdet er farligt at operere rekursivt på %s (samme som %s)sidste=indledende '-' i filnavnskomponenten %sgrænsen %lu overgås af længden %lu af filnavnet %sgrænsen %lu overgås af længden %lu af filnavnskomponenten %slinjetalflaget -%s%c... er for stortlinjenummer %s er mindre end foregående linjenummer, %soverløb for linjetalstørste argument til --%s med nuværende rlimit er %shukommelsen opbrugtmeddelelseskømindste argument til --%s er %sfejlplaceret [:upper:]- og/eller [:lower:]-konstruktionmanglende %%-konverteringsspecifikation i suffiksmanglende ']'manglende argument efter %smanglende argument til %smangler navn på tegnklasse '[::]'manglende konverteringsspecifikator i suffiksmanglende målfilsoperand efter %smangler tegn for ækvivalensklasse '[==]'manglende filoperandmanglende heksadecimal-tal i beskyttet tegnsekvensfeltliste manglerpositionsliste manglermanglende operandmanglende operand efter %stilstand må kun angive bit for filrettighedertilstand for %s ændret til %04lo (%s) tilstand for %s beholdt som %04lo (%s) flertegns-tabulator %sflere -i-flag angivetflere -l eller -t-flag angivetflere compress-programmer angivetflere skilletegn angivetflere niveauintervallerflere udfiler angivetflere udskriftsformater angivetder er angivet flere kilder til tilfældige talflere relative modifikatorer angivetflere rollerflere målkataloger angivetflere typerflere brugerehverken symbolsk lænke %s eller referent er blevet ændret ingen SHELL-miljøvariabel, og ingen skal-type angivet med flagingen ændring af ejerskab for %s ingen kommando angivetingen filsystemer behandletingen filer tilbageingen inddata fra %sikke noget login-navningen proces-ID angivetingen type kan angives når strenge gemmesintet brugernavn angivet; mindst ét skal angives når -l brugesuportabelt tegn %s i filnavnet %sikke en ttyskriver ikke gennem dinglende symlænke %stal i %s er for stortantal byteantal linjeroverløb for afsæt ved læsning af fil %sudelader katalog %skun en [c*] gentagelseskonstruktion kan optræde i streng2kun en enhed kan angiveskun én slags liste må brugesfejl ved åbningåbner %sflag brugt i ugyldig kontekst -- %cflagene --backup og --no-clobber kan ikke bruges samtidigtflagene --compare (-C) og --preserve-timestamps kan ikke bruges samtidigtflagene --compare (-C) og --strip kan ikke bruges samtidigtflagene '-%s' er inkompatibleløbet tør for endelser til udfileroverløb ved udvidelse af filstørrelse for %soverløb ved oprunding af filstørrelse for %sejerskab af %s beholdt ejer af %s beholdt som %s overløb for sidetalsidebredde for smalbeholder rettigheder for %sbeholder tider for %sskrivning af alle duplikerede linjer *og* gentagelsesantal giver ikke meningrække-slutpunkt i '%s-%s' er i omvendt sorteringsrækkefølgelæsefejllæsefejllæser %slæser katalog %sblok er for storomdirigerer stderr til stdoutalmindelig tom filalmindelig filfjernede %s fjernede katalog %s fjerner katalog, %skørselsniveausemaforseparatoren kan ikke være tomsæt LC_ALL='C' for at omgå problemetsætter flag for %ssætter adgangsrettigheder på %ssætter tider for %sdelt hukommelsesobjektskip-bytes + read-bytes er for storspringer %s over, da den er på en anden enhedspringer filen %s over, da den blev erstattet mens den blev kopieretsokkelstandard-fejlstandard-indstandard-ind er lukketstandard-udstat() mislykkedesstderrstdinstdoutforvildet tegn i feltangivelsestrengsammenligning mislykkedesstrengtransformation mislykkedesstrip-proces afsluttede uplanmæssigtfjernelse af linjer uden skilletegn giver kun mening hvis man opererer med feltersymbolsk lænkesyntaksfejlsystemstarttabulatorstørrelse kan ikke være 0tabulatorstørrelsen indeholder ugyldige tegn: %stabulatorstørrelser skal være stigendetabulatorstop for stort %stabulatorstopværdien er for stortabulatorer er for vidt adskiltmålet %s er ikke et katalogmålkatalog ikke tilladt ved installation af et katalogterm=kontrollér og/eller [flagene --binary og --text giver ikke mening ved verificering af kontrolsummerflaget --compare (-C) ignoreres når du angiver en tilstand med ikke-adgangsrettighedsbitflaget --context (-Z) er forældet og vil blive fjernet i en fremtidig udgaveflaget --quiet har kun betydning ved kontrol af kontrolsummerflaget --status har kun betydning ved kontrol af kontrolsummerflaget --warn har kun betydning ved kontrol af kontrolsummer[c*]-konstruktionen kan kun optræde i streng2 ved translationgentagelseskonstruktionen [c*] kan ikke optræde i streng1argumentet %s mangler et indledende '+'; når man bruger et flag for at angive datoer, skal hvert argument, der ikke er flag, være en formatstreng som begynder med '+'skilletegnet skal være et enkelt tegnflagene for fyldig og stty-læsbar udskrift udelukker hinandenflagene for at udskrive dircolors interne database og at vælge en skálsyntaks er gensidigt udelukkendeflagene for at udskrive og sætte tiden kan ikke bruges sammenflagene for at angive datoer til udskriving kan ikke bruges sammende sammenlignede strenge var %s og %sstrip-flaget kan ikke bruges ved installation af et katalogden utransformerede streng var %stidspunktet %s uden for områdedu skal yderligere angive -g hvis du vil anvende bruger-ID %sfor få X'er i skabelonen %sfor mange %%-konverteringsspecifikationer i suffiksfor mange tegn i mængdefor mange gentagne linjerfor mange skabelonertotalttypetildelt hukommelsesobjektuid=%lukan ikke vise fejlmeddelelsekan ikke registrere aktuelt arbejdskatalogkunne ikke sætte sikkerhedskontekst %sukendt binær operatorukendt strømukendt bruger-ID: %suforståelig værdi i miljøvariabelen LS_COLORSukendt operand %sukendt præfiks: %soppe %ld dag %2d:%02d, oppe %ld dage %2d:%02d, oppe ???? dage ??:??, brug --no-preserve-root for at tilsidesætte denne sikringbruger %s eksisterer ikkeregner med arbitrær præcisionbruger begrænset skal %sregner med enkeltpræcisionventer på %s [-d]venter på stripadvarsel: %s: tegn efter tegnkonstant er blevet ignoreredeadvarsel: %s: kunne ikke ændre kontekst til %sadvarsel: --pid=PID er ikke understøttet på dette systemadvarsel: --retry er hovedsageligt brugbar ved følgning af navnadvarsel: PID ignoreret; --pid=PID er kun brugbart ved følgningadvarsel: 'touch %s' er forældet; brug 'touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'advarsel: uundveget omvendt skråstreg ved strengens afslutning er ikke portabeladvarsel: omvendt skråstreg ved slutningen af formatadvarsel: kan ikke skifte katalog til %sadvarsel: kan ikke fjerne: %sadvarsel: det er ineffektivt at følge standard-ind på ubestemt tidadvarsel: ignorerer overflødige argumenter, startende med %sadvarsel: ugyldigt filafsæt efter fejlslagen læsningadvarsel: ugyldig bredde %lu; bruger %d i stedetadvarsel: linjenummer %s er det samme som foregåendeadvarsel: kildefil %s er angivet mere end én gangadvarsel: summering er i konflikt med --max-depth=%luadvarsel: summering er det samme som at bruge --max-depth=0advarsel: flaget --%s er forældet; brug --referenceadvarsel: den flertydige oktal-undvigesekvens \%c%c%c bliver fortolket som 2-byte-sekvensen \0%c%c, %cadvarsel: ukendt undvigesekvens '\%c'advarsel: omgår lseek-kernefejl for fil (%s) med mt_type=0x%0lx -- se for listen af typermærkværdig filnår mængde1 ikke bliver forkortet, kan streng2 ikke være tomnår der læses filnavne fra stdin, må intet filnavn være %snår en stil for uddata angives kan tilstande ikke sættesnår der translateres med komplementerede tegnklasser skal streng2 afbilde alle tegn i domænet til énved translation er de eneste tegnklasser som kan være i streng2 'upper' og 'lower'vil ikke kopiere %s gennem netop oprettet symlænke %svil ikke oprette hård lænke %s til katalog %svil ikke overskrive netop oprettet %s med %sved brug af --parents, skal målet være et katalogskrivefejlskrivefejl for %sfejl ved skrivningskriver %sskriver til %sdu skal angive -c, -t, -u, -l, -r eller kontekstdu skal angive en liste af byte, tegn eller felterdu skal angive enten %s eller %sPRIuMAXPRIdMAX%+% records in %+% records out % truncated record % truncated records % byte (%s) copied% bytes (%s) copiedoffset too large: cannot truncate to a length of seek=% (%lu-byte) blocks%s: %: improperly formatted %s checksum lineWARNING: % of % listed file could not be readWARNING: % of % listed files could not be readWARNING: % of % computed checksum did NOT matchWARNING: % of % computed checksums did NOT matchstarting page number % exceeds page count %Page %overflow in % * % byte blocks for file %struncating %s at % bytes%+% blokke ind %+% blokke ud % afkortet blok % afkortede blokke % byte (%s) kopieret% byte (%s) kopieretafsæt for stort: kan ikke afkorte til en længde på seek=% (%lu-byte) blokke%s: %: ukorrekt formateret %s-kontrolsumlinjeADVARSEL: % af % angivet fil kunne ikke læsesADVARSEL: % af % angivne filer kunne ikke læsesADVARSEL: % af % beregnet kontrolsum stemte IKKE overensADVARSEL: % af % beregnede kontrolsummer stemte IKKE overensstartsidetallet % overgår antallet af sider %Side %overløb i % * % byte-blokke for filen %safkorter %s ved % byte070701000091f1000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001600000000reloc/share/locale/de070701000091f2000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000002200000000reloc/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES070701000091f3000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c0004467b000000660000000300000000000000000000002f00000000reloc/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo0(Qm $mPmooop_q"rGrtupu!;v]wxwy5<{Rr|~} D~wR~T~G8gw#ăɄdz)iz>\#Rӈ\%'B3W|K02cA,YFKjE9>1p<ɝp5eG9ts0"F{©@)ӭ y۲5UHV7׷F۸ ȹԹv5uq|1 ,b\v_b;p5&\){In_"ni}s ZUW7.&E4}FO3  y >O_n\{Q _+2J},EHJ !u &R ly C *.Q7\l(E u^1t6>4d s" a#l$& ', (;:)<v**E+,-./z0 122fc3546166Hc8;89:<R=qP>Y?ABTBFDEGGIJUJVEKLjM/NOOPQDRwSITTUKEW6WcW ,Y=MZ[*\]Ce^X^`?aSbhbd!e$f(fg$h%zjzz?zDz0#{T{)m{0{"{{{|/8| h|||||#|}>"}"a}%}B}*}~7~I~)Y~~%~,~~#"'$Jo/8<Ymǀ$7H'Y*ǁ$  ;"Qt;܂ 'Dbv"Ã)݃$5"T1w'(ф .G"b&΅"  %7HX5t0.ۆ "&I+Y%)ˇ l;ȉ މ6)>hz ʊϊ)Պ??Qkz kK8[OKtt W b3n|xx:uL—2:1 / ?L 0<њU<\P++ٞ0 6@GV1&Xk~,7Ң? 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W.c. v. . ./.7. /%/0012w3~Q4 56y7 8<9 :;vv=c>Q@@ AuAsBfBB~DDIE>F&GHIJKlLB~LkLa-MM JNVOOPQfR]RqUTU VtW=Y>YR8[\[w\`^_`ab;cO7d>dUde0f-f.!h*Pi{klH_nFnnpkqsttcv+wwxWy(z6 |8D}}~x0BX&@S   3Bߒ2ۓ7jҠ!q :{6Kng" ɮį^d2|G׶f[_Wbd;223f'Oxb5uj"'.yoNgLNe/>Pn_zrM//N)Kx,I1vABFW=PB'$%$J\oF      "OA{t[TU:aK_2 (! g-!"+$4%;G&'9_(*+t--.k/\p/0123W4E"5h667k|99:;>v<<>E@_AIfBCGPDD)2Fp\HcH1IJL,3N=`NN7O.O? P8LP'P,RRBS@T5UU.U:U3U.)W.XW)W W+WWWzXdhZ2[\$]^_h` daoaa a a aa aaaXa".c Qc \cicc c$c&c c'd/Sj@jj=j(.kBWk!k5kk=l?l,[lll&llmm7mVmummmmm7m#n/@n!pn$nn'nn o(oDoP]ooo o&p"*pMpdp'ppp,p-q6qOq)mq<q1q0r7rUrmrr'rrr'r s)?s isvsssss@s2&tHYt(t'tt.u*4u%_u9uuuuu~utvw x)!x<Kx.xxxxxyyy/yLJyyyyy yz {Q{@|[|B~wo@ O ZBfDޅFʆt<Dĉ4 >M ]"j L0R@Tw6e2/ϐ  %51DW#^OzʖٖHETm tݜ.@Yy    ʝܝ O -Lc r  %',$QJT|/[B-̢PFEʥ+ < F R ]j)qX9Y.z:R +/ڬ= HFA-gp0-ϴ    aK4RVӷ*>Xl} .Mع8&_ - ; I4V,/TrǾ]׾ 5AHH ,"п</0`s,;\9T )0B s2n&!#H+l2"+ ,\-Dfr'*,^A+&Jq' %ZpY.]'-[^<x/dj"J ++^j\#&(%;QaC/B'UjEQqJ>NC &+1lNP |P1@M73/+*'V#~@&;*6f9>=5T>5+ JQk;>Pb95>#MqK%(!=J%;MD83}4)('9Aa<,5 9CE}C!#)DM+1-+8J@3,3A3u/."1+']-(A'LF-)BR.(,)GLIO*^@p4NA5w$/(5;KF#1+*],N#-@2n)LYQr38&18X,(.6G~#&#$H$`;*<Xv=; ,H(u%@?>~%$ #/+S< )+F+r3(A.[)/:/5O$71-2#`(?9-',U )-0(D+m9%*G>@:C$F!k #(@4< q     . $ ) AE H @  / )J -t 4 d < Y 3q %  !  + / H -Z H N G Ah4+ $9RQg", !91Y!3'./V $C+]#06H]0s!=6\+"#"#?c}$6[,w.0"?_nwL3Kh$4) ,7d5B 4U`r\+0\q"0E]>c@M(1=ZF*/AZ) "&#9'].2 0 B /\ ' %  " *!)C! m!! ! ! !("1"#@" d"r"W"G"%!#G#]#{####@#f$'~$$B$$ % !%)/%Y%:t%$%-%& &,#&FP&U&G&$5'1Z'0'1''# (0(P(#g((O(N( F)Q) f)s))2))) )* *>*G*!P*.r**!***$+33+Bg++++++,,*,:,(J,%s,*,.,\,P- i- v-%-9-*- .,.$H.(m.L...O.UI/Q/E/F70H~0?0<1D1'2dA22V-3J3.3N3(M4+v4844*4#5@5\5 p5z55!5/5'5646G6Ab666.67J7i7.7!7-788J&80q8<8O8A/9]q9^9D.:As: :B:D;?^;/;;;0 <4;<9p<;<c<.J={y==A>GJ>B>h>b>?G?:?3$@0X@ @@@@@;@>*A'iA8F]&VO"E|Q*DOXzIV2R!yxg  t`  T=i4u{5_8N(<8{-pNQ _,DQI8tmL( js+3JMr;e7I0c/V=}%Z@Fl$"2() p+ J"?1E"'l ?/jK7[EL3Uyqn 2Xm4(vz $=nl  yGjGXo^eY [J*'B)w/. RR;M$Je+=5bnU 6ZYjHq}kTacH[\  K PWh4'K k{lB2CkC]OWM91QdL90)`0$]dF@.,<h-n*&VU,:Q##fvn|vrO\ o  %:T*x H'w+Co_~!m|Uj&z)!4 @sC "|\HrU%#]G{z1JP.1^>b~$gIX8y H->(5}k1R i&@6Kr^gKX+{6%FM;F| ~Dxi] c@LND7m-ws ^!VS/Wh`}pPGZ97pEDcf9}A>.dYCA'_woT3`<t)S;.A:Rwc5p#-Wb>YAom,t6l0uPh <[WviN!qsx;Z hSad9f\rB*3gag:Ab4 f:Tb[?u\~i,eB/5aYz_^?Ls>uqqvNS?fu=xGPa70<SyZ6#&~e %`BkOt2IdE3MAA|mmmmmmn0nLn`n|nnnnnn o(oDo`otooA A1A/#B7mB(B ` C d|CCC CCD XD~D6%D2EK4E:&E*F2FaF ( EXPRESSION ) EXPRESSION is true ! EXPRESSION EXPRESSION is false EXPRESSION1 -a EXPRESSION2 both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true EXPRESSION1 -o EXPRESSION2 either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true --check-order check that the input is correctly sorted, even if all input lines are pairable --nocheck-order do not check that the input is correctly sorted -a, --all same as -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot time of last system boot -d, --dead print dead processes -H, --heading print line of column headings -b FILE FILE exists and is block special -c FILE FILE exists and is character special -d FILE FILE exists and is a directory -e FILE FILE exists -l produce long format output for the specified USERs -b omit the user's home directory and shell in long format -h omit the user's project file in long format -p omit the user's plan file in long format -s do short format output, this is the default -n STRING the length of STRING is nonzero STRING equivalent to -n STRING -z STRING the length of STRING is zero STRING1 = STRING2 the strings are equal STRING1 != STRING2 the strings are not equal ARG1 * ARG2 arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 is less than ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 is equal to ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 is unequal to ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2 FILE1 -ef FILE2 FILE1 and FILE2 have the same device and inode numbers FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2 FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 is older than FILE2 INTEGER copy up to but not including specified line number /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copy up to but not including a matching line %REGEXP%[OFFSET] skip to, but not including a matching line {INTEGER} repeat the previous pattern specified number of times {*} repeat the previous pattern as many times as possible A line OFFSET is a required `+' or `-' followed by a positive integer. INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING length of STRING a number all lines t number only nonempty lines n number no lines pBRE number only lines that contain a match for the basic regular expression, BRE FORMAT is one of: ln left justified, no leading zeros rn right justified, no leading zeros rz right justified, leading zeros b create a block (buffered) special file c, u create a character (unbuffered) special file p create a FIFO # users=%lu A field is a run of blanks (usually spaces and/or TABs), then non-blank characters. Fields are skipped before chars. A lightweight `finger' program; print user information. The utmp file will be %s. A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment. A mere - implies -l. If USER not given, assume root. After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number; then an optional modifier, which is either E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available. An omitted EXPRESSION defaults to false. Otherwise, EXPRESSION is true or false and sets exit status. It is one of: As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. BLOCKS and BYTES may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Each CONV symbol may be: Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. Both MAJOR and MINOR must be specified when TYPE is b, c, or u, and they must be omitted when TYPE is p. If MAJOR or MINOR begins with 0x or 0X, it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal; otherwise, as decimal. TYPE may be: By default, rm does not remove directories. Use the --recursive (-r or -R) option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents. By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: Combination settings: * [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase cbreak same as -icanon -cbreak same as icanon Control settings: [-]clocal disable modem control signals [-]cread allow input to be received * [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8] Each FLAG symbol may be: append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc suggested) Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Output "stdio". Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Output ".". Examples: %s f - g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. %s Copy standard input to standard output. Examples: %s root /u Change the owner of /u to "root". %s root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to "staff". %s -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root". Examples: %s staff /u Change the group of /u to "staff". %s -hR staff /u Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff". Except for -h and -L, all FILE-related tests dereference symbolic links. Beware that parentheses need to be escaped (e.g., by backslashes) for shells. INTEGER may also be -l STRING, which evaluates to the length of STRING. Exit status is 0 if EXPRESSION is neither null nor 0, 1 if EXPRESSION is null or 0, 2 if EXPRESSION is syntactically invalid, and 3 if an error occurred. Exit status: 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory), 2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument). FORMAT controls the output. Interpreted sequences are: %% a literal % %a locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun) Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. If FILE is -, shred standard output. Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified. The default is not to remove the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda, and those files usually should not be removed. When operating on regular files, most people use the --remove option. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual. If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. If FIRST or INCREMENT is omitted, it defaults to 1. That is, an omitted INCREMENT defaults to 1 even when LAST is smaller than FIRST. FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are interpreted as floating point values. INCREMENT is usually positive if FIRST is smaller than LAST, and INCREMENT is usually negative if FIRST is greater than LAST. If a FILE is -, copy again to standard output. If first and second call formats both apply, the second format is assumed if the last operand begins with + or (if there are 2 operands) a digit. An OFFSET operand means -j OFFSET. LABEL is the pseudo-address at first byte printed, incremented when dump is progressing. For OFFSET and LABEL, a 0x or 0X prefix indicates hexadecimal; suffixes may be . for octal and b for multiply by 512. If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). If standard input is a terminal, redirect it from /dev/null. If standard output is a terminal, append output to `nohup.out' if possible, `$HOME/nohup.out' otherwise. If standard error is a terminal, redirect it to standard output. To save output to FILE, use `%s COMMAND > FILE'. If the command times out, then exit with status 124. Otherwise, exit with the status of COMMAND. If no signal is specified, send the TERM signal upon timeout. The TERM signal kills any process that does not block or catch that signal. For other processes, it may be necessary to use the KILL (9) signal, since this signal cannot be caught. If the first character of K (the number of bytes or lines) is a `+', print beginning with the Kth item from the start of each file, otherwise, print the last K items in the file. K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Input settings: [-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal [-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline [-]ignbrk ignore break characters [-]igncr ignore carriage return License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Local settings: [-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings * -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings NOTE: [ honors the --help and --version options, but test does not. test treats each of those as it treats any other nonempty STRING. NOTE: your shell may have its own version of %s, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. Note that the -d and -t options accept different time-date formats. Note that the -r and -s options are mutually exclusive. Note, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. Note: 'uniq' does not detect repeated lines unless they are adjacent. You may want to sort the input first, or use `sort -u' without `uniq'. Also, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available. Output settings: * bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1] * crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3] * ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1] * nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1] Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed to login group if implied by a `:' following a symbolic OWNER. OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic. POS is F[.C][OPTS], where F is the field number and C the character position in the field; both are origin 1. If neither -t nor -b is in effect, characters in a field are counted from the beginning of the preceding whitespace. OPTS is one or more single-letter ordering options, which override global ordering options for that key. If no key is given, use the entire line as the key. SIZE may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 RADIX is d for decimal, o for octal, x for hexadecimal or n for none. BYTES is hexadecimal with 0x or 0X prefix, and may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Adding a z suffix to any type displays printable characters at the end of each output line. Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: Report %s bugs to %s SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIGNAL may be a signal name like `HUP', or a signal number like `1', or the exit status of a process terminated by a signal. PID is an integer; if negative it identifies a process group. SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). SIZE may also be prefixed by one of the following modifying characters: `+' extend by, `-' reduce by, `<' at most, `>' at least, `/' round down to multiple of, `%' round up to multiple of. SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Sending a %s signal to a running `dd' process makes it print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s Options are: Special characters: * dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input) eol CHAR CHAR will end the line Special settings: N set the input and output speeds to N bauds * cols N tell the kernel that the terminal has N columns * columns N same as cols N TYPE is made up of one or more of these specifications: a named character, ignoring high-order bit c ASCII character or backslash escape The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: The data are encoded as described for the base64 alphabet in RFC 3548. When decoding, the input may contain newlines in addition to the bytes of the formal base64 alphabet. Use --ignore-garbage to attempt to recover from any other non-alphabet bytes in the encoded stream. The following three options are useful only when verifying checksums: --quiet don't print OK for each successfully verified file --status don't output anything, status code shows success -w, --warn warn about improperly formatted checksum lines The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. The valid format sequences for files (without --file-system): %a Access rights in octal %A Access rights in human readable form %b Number of blocks allocated (see %B) %B The size in bytes of each block reported by %b %C SELinux security context string This install program copies files (often just compiled) into destination locations you choose. If you want to download and install a ready-to-use package on a GNU/Linux system, you should instead be using a package manager like yum(1) or apt-get(1). In the first three forms, copy SOURCE to DEST or multiple SOURCE(s) to the existing DIRECTORY, while setting permission modes and owner/group. In the 4th form, create all components of the given DIRECTORY(ies). To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo', use one of these commands: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Traditional format specifications may be intermixed; they accumulate: -a same as -t a, select named characters, ignoring high-order bit -b same as -t o1, select octal bytes -c same as -t c, select ASCII characters or backslash escapes -d same as -t u2, select unsigned decimal 2-byte units Translation occurs if -d is not given and both SET1 and SET2 appear. -t may be used only when translating. SET2 is extended to length of SET1 by repeating its last character as necessary. Excess characters of SET2 are ignored. Only [:lower:] and [:upper:] are guaranteed to expand in ascending order; used in SET2 while translating, they may only be used in pairs to specify case conversion. -s uses SET1 if not translating nor deleting; else squeezing uses SET2 and occurs after translation or deletion. Use one, and only one of -b, -c or -f. Each LIST is made up of one range, or many ranges separated by commas. Selected input is written in the same order that it is read, and is written exactly once. With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. With no options, produce three-column output. Column one contains lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2, and column three contains lines common to both files. Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. ??? --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -f, --force do not prompt before overwriting -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file If you specify more than one of -i, -f, -n, only the final one takes effect. --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories (note: will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the superuser) -f, --force remove existing destination files --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -c (ignored) -C, --compare compare each pair of source and destination files, and in some cases, do not modify the destination at all -d, --directory treat all arguments as directory names; create all components of the specified directories --batch-size=NMERGE merge at most NMERGE inputs at once; for more use temp files --complement complement the set of selected bytes, characters or fields --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -L, --max-line-length print the length of the longest line -w, --words print the word counts --files0-from=F summarize disk usage of the NUL-terminated file names specified in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -H equivalent to --dereference-args (-D) -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si like -h, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 --group-directories-first group directories before files. augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping --help display this help and exit --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode print the index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k like --block-size=1K --lookup attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS -m only hostname and user associated with stdin -p, --process print active processes spawned by init --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially --preserve-root do not remove `/' (default) -r, -R, --recursive remove directories and their contents recursively -v, --verbose explain what is being done --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST don't preserve the specified attributes --parents use full source file name under DIRECTORY --one-file-system when removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any directory that is on a file system different from that of the corresponding command line argument --pid=PID with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies -q, --quiet, --silent never output headers giving file names --retry keep trying to open a file even when it is or becomes inaccessible; useful when following by name, i.e., with --follow=name --preserve-context preserve SELinux security context -Z, --context=CONTEXT set SELinux security context of files and directories --reference=RFILE use RFILE's security context rather than specifying a CONTEXT value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC output date and time in RFC 3339 format. TIMESPEC=`date', `seconds', or `ns' for date and time to the indicated precision. Date and time components are separated by a single space: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=STRING set time described by STRING -u, --utc, --universal print or set Coordinated Universal Time --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix --time show time of the last modification of any file in the directory, or any of its subdirectories --time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status --time-style=STYLE show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT FORMAT is interpreted like `date' --time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale --verbose print a diagnostic just before each output file is opened --version output version information and exit -evenp same as -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7 nl same as -icrnl -onlcr -nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-') [-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty [-]hupcl same as [-]hup [-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input [-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-') [-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors * [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character [-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return [-]inpck enable input parity checking [-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters [-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters [-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters * [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal * [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\' for uppercase characters cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values -cooked same as raw crt same as echoe echoctl echoke dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany ek erase and kill characters to their default values evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N set the input speed to N * line N use line discipline N min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read ospeed N set the output speed to N oddp same as parenb parodd cs7 -oddp same as -parenb cs8 [-]parity same as [-]evenp pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7 raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw same as cooked sane same as cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke, all special characters to their default values stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal * swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer * werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed %% a single % %b ARGUMENT as a string with `\' escapes interpreted, except that octal escapes are of the form \0 or \0NNN and all C format specifications ending with one of diouxXfeEgGcs, with ARGUMENTs converted to proper type first. Variable widths are handled. %A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday) %b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan) %B locale's full month name (e.g., January) %c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005) %C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20) %d day of month (e.g, 01) %D date; same as %m/%d/%y %e day of month, space padded; same as %_d %F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d %g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G) %G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V %S second (00..60) %t a tab %T time; same as %H:%M:%S %u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday %U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) %V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53) %w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday %W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53) %d Device number in decimal %D Device number in hex %f Raw mode in hex %F File type %g Group ID of owner %G Group name of owner %h Number of hard links %i Inode number %n File name %N Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link %o I/O block size %s Total size, in bytes %t Major device type in hex %T Minor device type in hex %h same as %b %H hour (00..23) %I hour (01..12) %j day of year (001..366) %i File System ID in hex %l Maximum length of filenames %n File name %s Block size (for faster transfers) %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) %t Type in hex %T Type in human readable form %k hour ( 0..23) %l hour ( 1..12) %m month (01..12) %M minute (00..59) %n a newline %N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) %p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known %P like %p, but lower case %r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM) %R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M %s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u User ID of owner %U User name of owner %x Time of last access %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch %y Time of last modification %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch %z Time of last change %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch %x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99) %X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48) %y last two digits of year (00..99) %Y year %z +hhmm numeric timezone (e.g., -0400) %:z +hh:mm numeric timezone (e.g., -04:00) %::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00) %:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30) %Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT) By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes. + TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like `match' or an operator like `/' ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION --output-delimiter=STR separate columns with STR -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -A, --auto-reference output automatically generated references -G, --traditional behave more like System V `ptx' -F, --flag-truncation=STRING use STRING for flagging line truncations -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks -b, --bytes equivalent to `--apparent-size --block-size=1' -c, --total produce a grand total -D, --dereference-args dereference only symlinks that are listed on the command line -D create all leading components of DEST except the last, then copy SOURCE to DEST -g, --group=GROUP set group ownership, instead of process' current group -m, --mode=MODE set permission mode (as in chmod), instead of rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=OWNER set ownership (super-user only) -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names -h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line follow symbolic links listed on the command line --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory --hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A) -I prompt once before removing more than three files, or when removing recursively. Less intrusive than -i, while still giving protection against most mistakes --interactive[=WHEN] prompt according to WHEN: never, once (-I), or always (-i). Without WHEN, prompt always -L FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h) -O FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID -p FILE FILE exists and is a named pipe -r FILE FILE exists and read permission is granted -s FILE FILE exists and has a size greater than zero -L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links -P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default) -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -S, --separate-dirs do not include size of subdirectories -s, --summarize display only a total for each argument -L, --logical use PWD from environment, even if it contains symlinks -P, --physical avoid all symlinks -M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx' -O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives -R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences -T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives -N, --read-bytes=BYTES limit dump to BYTES input bytes -S, --strings[=BYTES] output strings of at least BYTES graphic chars -t, --format=TYPE select output format or formats -v, --output-duplicates do not use * to mark line suppression -w, --width[=BYTES] output BYTES bytes per output line --traditional accept arguments in traditional form -P, --portability use the POSIX output format --sync invoke sync before getting usage info -t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE -T, --print-type print file system type -x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE -v (ignored) -S sort by file size --sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time -S FILE FILE exists and is a socket -t FD file descriptor FD is opened on a terminal -u FILE FILE exists and its set-user-ID bit is set -w FILE FILE exists and write permission is granted -x FILE FILE exists and execute (or search) permission is granted -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create the links -T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file -v, --verbose print name of each linked file -SSTRING, --sep-string[=STRING] separate columns by STRING, without -S: Default separator with -J and otherwise (same as -S" "), no effect on column options -t, --omit-header omit page headers and trailers -T, --omit-pagination omit page headers and trailers, eliminate any pagination by form feeds set in input files -v, --show-nonprinting use octal backslash notation -w, --width=PAGE_WIDTH set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters for multiple text-column output only, -s[char] turns off (72) -T, -w, --mesg add user's message status as +, - or ? -u, --users list users logged in --message same as -T --writable same as -T -W, --page-width=PAGE_WIDTH set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters always, truncate lines, except -J option is set, no interference with -S or -s -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword -b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting -g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields -i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE -o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of NAME to CTX -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each NAME to CTX -a change only the access time -c, --no-create do not create any files -d, --date=STRING parse STRING and use it instead of current time -f (ignored) -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -a, --all include dummy file systems -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks --total produce a grand total -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories --apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be larger due to holes in (`sparse') files, internal fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like -a, --all convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks --first-only convert only leading sequences of blanks (overrides -a) -t, --tabs=N have tabs N characters apart instead of 8 (enables -a) -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated LIST of tab positions (enables -a) -a, --archive same as -dR --preserve=all --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument --copy-contents copy contents of special files when recursive -d same as --no-dereference --preserve=links -a, --suffix-length=N use suffixes of length N (default %d) -b, --bytes=SIZE put SIZE bytes per output file -C, --line-bytes=SIZE put at most SIZE bytes of lines per output file -d, --numeric-suffixes use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic -l, --lines=NUMBER put NUMBER lines per output file -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline -b, --binary read in binary mode -b, --binary read in binary mode (default unless reading tty stdin) -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -b, --bytes=LIST select only these bytes -c, --characters=LIST select only these characters -d, --delimiter=DELIM use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignore leading blanks -d, --dictionary-order consider only blanks and alphanumeric characters -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case characters -b, --suffix-format=FORMAT use sprintf FORMAT instead of %02d -f, --prefix=PREFIX use PREFIX instead of `xx' -k, --keep-files do not remove output files on errors -c, --bytes=K output the last K bytes; alternatively, use -c +K to output bytes starting with the Kth of each file -c, --check read %s sums from the FILEs and check them -c, --check, --check=diagnose-first check for sorted input; do not sort -C, --check=quiet, --check=silent like -c, but do not report first bad line --compress-program=PROG compress temporaries with PROG; decompress them with PROG -d --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -c, --crown-margin preserve indentation of first two lines -p, --prefix=STRING reformat only lines beginning with STRING, reattaching the prefix to reformatted lines -s, --split-only split long lines, but do not refill -c, --no-create do not create any files -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes -e, --echo treat each ARG as an input line -i, --input-range=LO-HI treat each number LO through HI as an input line -n, --head-count=COUNT output at most COUNT lines -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries --file-type likewise, except do not append `*' --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso -f omit the line of column headings in short format -w omit the user's full name in short format -i omit the user's full name and remote host in short format -q omit the user's full name, remote host and idle time in short format -f same as -t fF, select floats -i same as -t dI, select decimal ints -l same as -t dL, select decimal longs -o same as -t o2, select octal 2-byte units -s same as -t d2, select decimal 2-byte units -x same as -t x2, select hexadecimal 2-byte units -f FILE FILE exists and is a regular file -g FILE FILE exists and is set-group-ID -G FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID -h FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L) -k FILE FILE exists and has its sticky bit set -f, --canonicalize canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively; all but the last component must exist -e, --canonicalize-existing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, all components must exist -f, --fields=LIST select only these fields; also print any line that contains no delimiter character, unless the -s option is specified -n (ignored) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -f, --force if an existing destination file cannot be opened, remove it and try again (redundant if the -n option is used) -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite (overrides a previous -n option) -H follow command-line symbolic links in SOURCE -f, --force change permissions to allow writing if necessary -n, --iterations=N overwrite N times instead of the default (%d) --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -s, --size=N shred this many bytes (suffixes like K, M, G accepted) -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --reference=RFILE use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values -R, --recursive change files and directories recursively -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's group rather than specifying a GROUP value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's owner and group rather than specifying OWNER:GROUP values -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -g like -l, but do not list owner -g GID[,GID1...] also set the primary group-ID to the numeric GID, and (if specified) supplemental group IDs to GID1, ... -g, --general-numeric-sort compare according to general numerical value -i, --ignore-nonprinting consider only printable characters -M, --month-sort compare (unknown) < `JAN' < ... < `DEC' -h, --header=HEADER use a centered HEADER instead of filename in page header, -h "" prints a blank line, don't use -h"" -i[CHAR[WIDTH]], --output-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] replace spaces with CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -J, --join-lines merge full lines, turns off -W line truncation, no column alignment, --sep-string[=STRING] sets separators -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the timestamps of a symlink) -m change only the modification time -i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing fields -j FIELD equivalent to `-1 FIELD -2 FIELD' -o FORMAT obey FORMAT while constructing output line -t CHAR use CHAR as input and output field separator -i, --initial do not convert tabs after non blanks -t, --tabs=NUMBER have tabs NUMBER characters apart, not 8 -i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage -k like --block-size=1K -l, --local limit listing to local file systems --no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) -k like --block-size=1K -l, --count-links count sizes many times if hard linked -m like --block-size=1M -k, --key=POS1[,POS2] start a key at POS1 (origin 1), end it at POS2 (default end of line) -m, --merge merge already sorted files; do not sort -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -l, --length=PAGE_LENGTH set the page length to PAGE_LENGTH (66) lines (default number of lines of text 56, and with -F 63) -m, --merge print all files in parallel, one in each column, truncate lines, but join lines of full length with -J -l, --link link files instead of copying -L, --dereference always follow symbolic links in SOURCE -l, --login print system login processes -m, --canonicalize-missing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, without requirements on components existence -n, --no-newline do not output the trailing newline -q, --quiet, -s, --silent suppress most error messages -v, --verbose report error messages -m, --mode=MODE set file permission bits to MODE, not a=rw - umask -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each created directory to CTX -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -n, --lines=K output the last K lines, instead of the last %d; or use -n +K to output lines starting with the Kth --max-unchanged-stats=N with --follow=name, reopen a FILE which has not changed size after N (default %d) iterations to see if it has been unlinked or renamed (this is the usual case of rotated log files) -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file (overrides a previous -i option) -P, --no-dereference never follow symbolic links in SOURCE -n, --numeric-sort compare according to string numerical value -R, --random-sort sort by random hash of keys --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -r, --reverse reverse the result of comparisons -n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o like -l, but do not list group information -p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories -n[SEP[DIGITS]], --number-lines[=SEP[DIGITS]] number lines, use DIGITS (5) digits, then SEP (TAB), default counting starts with 1st line of input file -N, --first-line-number=NUMBER start counting with NUMBER at 1st line of first page printed (see +FIRST_PAGE) -o, --indent=MARGIN offset each line with MARGIN (zero) spaces, do not affect -w or -W, MARGIN will be added to PAGE_WIDTH -r, --no-file-warnings omit warning when a file cannot be opened -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output -s, --stable stabilize sort by disabling last-resort comparison -S, --buffer-size=SIZE use SIZE for main memory buffer -p same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps --preserve[=ATTR_LIST] preserve the specified attributes (default: mode,ownership,timestamps), if possible additional attributes: context, links, xattr, all -p, --parents remove DIRECTORY and its ancestors; e.g., `rmdir -p a/b/c' is similar to `rmdir a/b/c a/b a' -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every directory processed -p, --preserve-timestamps apply access/modification times of SOURCE files to corresponding destination files -s, --strip strip symbol tables --strip-program=PROGRAM program used to strip binaries -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -v, --verbose print the name of each directory as it is created -q, --count all login names and number of users logged on -r, --runlevel print current runlevel -s, --short print only name, line, and time (default) -t, --time print last system clock change -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -r, --reference=FILE display the last modification time of FILE -R, --rfc-2822 output date and time in RFC 2822 format. Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=FILE use this FILE's size -s, --size=SIZE use this SIZE -r, --reference=FILE use this file's times instead of current time -t STAMP use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time --time=WORD change the specified time: WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent to -a WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to -m -r, --references first field of each line is a reference -t, --typeset-mode - not implemented - -w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded -r, --reverse reverse order while sorting -R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively -s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL specify the name or number of the signal to be sent -l, --list list signal names, or convert signal names to/from numbers -t, --table print a table of signal information -s, --sleep-interval=N with -f, sleep for approximately N seconds (default 1.0) between iterations -v, --verbose always output headers giving file names -s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -t sort by modification time -T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP use SEP instead of non-blank to blank transition -T, --temporary-directory=DIR use DIR for temporaries, not $TMPDIR or %s; multiple options specify multiple directories -u, --unique with -c, check for strict ordering; without -c, output only the first of an equal run -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -t, --tagged-paragraph indentation of first line different from second -u, --uniform-spacing one space between words, two after sentences -w, --width=WIDTH maximum line width (default of 75 columns) -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -u, --update move only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -t, --text read in text mode (default if reading tty stdin) -t, --text read in text mode (default) -u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time -U do not sort; list entries in directory order -v natural sort of (version) numbers within text -u, --remove truncate and remove file after overwriting -v, --verbose show progress -x, --exact do not round file sizes up to the next full block; this is the default for non-regular files -z, --zero add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system -u, --user=USER set user USER in the target security context -r, --role=ROLE set role ROLE in the target security context -t, --type=TYPE set type TYPE in the target security context -l, --range=RANGE set range RANGE in the target security context -v, --kernel-version print the kernel version -m, --machine print the machine hardware name -p, --processor print the processor type or "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform print the hardware platform or "unknown" -o, --operating-system print the operating system -v, --starting-line-number=NUMBER first line number on each logical page -w, --number-width=NUMBER use NUMBER columns for line numbers -w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines -w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value -x list entries by lines instead of by columns -X sort alphabetically by entry extension -Z, --context print any SELinux security context of each file -1 list one file per line -x, --one-file-system skip directories on different file systems -X, --exclude-from=FILE exclude files that match any pattern in FILE --exclude=PATTERN exclude files that match PATTERN --max-depth=N print the total for a directory (or file, with --all) only if it is N or fewer levels below the command line argument; --max-depth=0 is the same as --summarize -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline Processes in an uninterruptible sleep state also contribute to the load average. [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline lcase change upper case to lower case binary use binary I/O for data cio use concurrent I/O for data d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer direct use direct I/O for data directory fail unless a directory dsync use synchronized I/O for data fullblock accumulate full blocks of input (iflag only) if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin iflag=FLAGS read as per the comma separated symbol list obs=BYTES write BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout oflag=FLAGS write as per the comma separated symbol list seek=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS obs-sized blocks at start of output skip=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS ibs-sized blocks at start of input status=noxfer suppress transfer statistics noatime do not update access time nocreat do not create the output file excl fail if the output file already exists notrunc do not truncate the output file ucase change lower case to upper case swab swap every pair of input bytes noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file noerror continue after read errors sync pad every input block with NULs to ibs-size; when used with block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing fsync likewise, but also write metadata nofollow do not follow symlinks nolinks fail if multiply-linked nonblock use non-blocking I/O none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups sync likewise, but also for metadata text use text I/O for data %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% %H:%M%P %s-blocks Used Available Capacity (backup: %s) * [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c') [-]echo echo input characters * [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho [-]echoe same as [-]crterase [-]echok echo a newline after a kill character * [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill [-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters * [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\' and '/' [-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters [-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters * [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase * [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character [-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters [-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control [-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence) [-]tandem same as [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded * [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline * [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters * [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays * [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase * [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline * [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return * [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column [-]opost postprocess output * tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3] * tabs same as tab0 * -tabs same as tab3 * vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1] * eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line * lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal * rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it * rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows * size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel speed print the terminal speed time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second ??:???? Mounted on TTY context=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu groups= old on repetition %s % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %.*s: invalid conversion specification%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu user%lu users%s%s (for regexp %s)%s -> %s (unbackup) %s [-d] terminated abnormally%s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has appeared; following end of new file%s has become accessible%s has become inaccessible%s has been replaced with a remote file. giving up on this name%s has been replaced with an untailable file; giving up on this name%s has been replaced; following end of new file%s has unknown file type%s has unusable, apparently negative size%s home page: %s is not a valid positive integer%s is too large%s was specified but %s was not%s%s argument `%s' too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s: line number out of range%s: %s: match not found%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: binary operator expected%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot change nonblocking mode%s: cannot find name for user ID %lu %s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot lseek back to original position%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot rewind%s: cannot seek%s: cannot seek to end-relative offset %s%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: cannot seek to relative offset %s%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: cannot skip%s: cannot skip to specified offset%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: couldn't reset non-blocking mode%s: descend into directory %s? %s: descend into write-protected directory %s? %s: end of file%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: error truncating%s: error writing at offset %s%s: expected a numeric value%s: failed to close%s: failed to open for writing%s: failed to remove%s: fcntl failed%s: fdatasync failed%s: file has negative size%s: file has shrunk too much%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: fstat failed%s: fsync failed%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input contains an odd number of tokens%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid count at start of %s%s: invalid directive%s: invalid field specification %s%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of passes%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: lseek failed%s: multiple signals specified%s: new permissions are %s, not %s%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: no size information for this device%s: not listing already-listed directory%s: number of bytes is too large%s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove all arguments recursively? %s: remove all arguments? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s: seek failed%s: too many checksum lines%s: try to overwrite %s, overriding mode %04lo (%s)? %s: unable to determine maximum file name length%s: unable to perform all requested operations%s: unary operator expected%s: value not completely converted%s: write error%s:%lu: invalid line; missing second token%s:%lu: invalid zero-length file name%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}''')' expected')' expected, found %s(C)* file systems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS version 3 clients * compressed file systems * log-structured or journaled file systems, such as those supplied with AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.) * file systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes fail, such as RAID-based file systems * file systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server , load average: %.2f, %g s, %s/s --%s argument %s too large--context (-Z) works only on an SELinux-enabled kernel-R --dereference requires either -H or -L-R -h requires -P-ef does not accept -l-nt does not accept -l-ot does not accept -l??? ?????Address family for hostname not supportedAll arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. All requests doneArgument buffer too smallArnold RobbinsBad value for ai_flagsBrian FoxCAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important assumption: that the file system overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern file system designs do not satisfy this assumption. The following are examples of file systems on which shred is not effective, or is not guaranteed to be effective in all file system modes: COMMENTCall the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1. Call the unlink function to remove the specified FILE. Change the effective user id and group id to that of USER. -, -l, --login make the shell a login shell -c, --command=COMMAND pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c -f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment do not reset environment variables -p same as -m -s, --shell=SHELL run SHELL if /etc/shells allows it Change the group of each FILE to GROUP. With --reference, change the group of each FILE to that of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the security context of each FILE to CONTEXT. With --reference, change the security context of each FILE to that of RFILE. -h, --no-dereference affect symbolic links instead of any referenced file Chet RameyColin PlumbCompare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output. -A, --show-all equivalent to -vET -b, --number-nonblank number nonempty output lines -e equivalent to -vE -E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line -n, --number number all output lines -s, --squeeze-blank suppress repeated empty output lines Convert blanks in each FILE to tabs, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Copy a file, converting and formatting according to the operands. bs=BYTES read and write BYTES bytes at a time (also see ibs=,obs=) cbs=BYTES convert BYTES bytes at a time conv=CONVS convert the file as per the comma separated symbol list count=BLOCKS copy only BLOCKS input blocks ibs=BYTES read BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. -a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDiagnose invalid or unportable file names. -p check for most POSIX systems -P check for empty names and leading "-" --portability check for all POSIX systems (equivalent to -p -P) Directory: Display file or file system status. -L, --dereference follow links -f, --file-system display file system status instead of file status Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date. -d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not `now' -f, --file=DATEFILE like --date once for each line of DATEFILE Dmitry V. LevinDrop any supplemental groups, assume the user-ID and group-ID of the specified USER (numeric ID or user name), and run COMMAND with any specified ARGUMENTs. Exit with status 111 if unable to assume the required user and group ID. Otherwise, exit with the exit status of COMMAND. This program is useful only when run by root (user ID zero). EXITEach range is one of: N N'th byte, character or field, counted from 1 N- from N'th byte, character or field, to end of line N-M from N'th to M'th (included) byte, character or field -M from first to M'th (included) byte, character or field With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Echo the STRING(s) to standard output. -n do not output the trailing newline Exit with a status code indicating failure.Exit with a status code indicating success.Exit with the status determined by EXPRESSION. F. PinardFAILEDFIXME: unknownFORMAT must be suitable for printing one argument of type `double'; it defaults to %.PRECf if FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are all fixed point decimal numbers with maximum precision PREC, and to %g otherwise. Fifos do not have major and minor device numbers.Filesystem Filesystem TypeFilter adjacent matching lines from INPUT (or standard input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output). With no options, matching lines are merged to the first occurrence. For each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by whitespace. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input. -a FILENUM print unpairable lines coming from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2 -e EMPTY replace missing input fields with EMPTY Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block. General help using GNU software: H. Peter AnvinIDLEIan Lance TaylorIdleIf FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. In addition, file system backups and remote mirrors may contain copies of the file that cannot be removed, and that will allow a shredded file to be recovered later. In real life: In the 1st form, create a link to TARGET with the name LINK_NAME. In the 2nd form, create a link to TARGET in the current directory. In the 3rd and 4th forms, create links to each TARGET in DIRECTORY. Create hard links by default, symbolic links with --symbolic. When creating hard links, each TARGET must exist. Symbolic links can hold arbitrary text; if later resolved, a relative link is interpreted in relation to its parent directory. In the case of ext3 file systems, the above disclaimer applies (and shred is thus of limited effectiveness) only in data=journal mode, which journals file data in addition to just metadata. In both the data=ordered (default) and data=writeback modes, shred works as usual. Ext3 journaling modes can be changed by adding the data=something option to the mount options for a particular file system in the /etc/fstab file, as documented in the mount man page (man mount). Infinity BInterrupted by a signalInvalid back referenceInvalid character class nameInvalid collation characterInvalid content of \{\}Invalid preceding regular expressionInvalid range endInvalid regular expressionJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfLINELOGINList information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort. LoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnMemory allocation failureMemory exhaustedMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNAMENameName or service not knownNo address associated with hostnameNo matchNo previous regular expressionNon-recoverable failure in name resolutionOKOnly one string may be given when deleting without squeezing repeats.Option --string without a number implies 3; option --width without a number implies 32. By default, od uses -A o -t oS -w16. Ordering options: Other options: Output a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. Determine format of output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output defaults Output fixed-size pieces of INPUT to PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ...; default size is 1000 lines, and default PREFIX is `x'. With no INPUT, or when INPUT is -, read standard input. Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files `xx00', `xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output. Output platform dependent limits in a format useful for shell scripts. Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. PIDPadraig BradyPaginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Parameter string not correctly encodedPassword:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlan: Premature end of regular expressionPrint ARGUMENT(s) according to FORMAT, or execute according to OPTION: Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print NAME with its trailing /component removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output `.' (meaning the current directory). Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s. -a, --all print all information, in the following order, except omit -p and -i if unknown: -s, --kernel-name print the kernel name -n, --nodename print the network node hostname -r, --kernel-release print the kernel release Print checksum and block counts for each FILE. -r use BSD sum algorithm, use 1K blocks -s, --sysv use System V sum algorithm, use 512 bytes blocks Print group memberships for each USERNAME or, if no USERNAME is specified, for the current process (which may differ if the groups database has changed). Print information about users who are currently logged in. Print machine architecture. Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT. -f, --format=FORMAT use printf style floating-point FORMAT -s, --separator=STRING use STRING to separate numbers (default: \n) -w, --equal-width equalize width by padding with leading zeroes Print or change terminal characteristics. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the current time, the length of time the system has been up, the number of users on the system, and the average number of jobs in the run queue over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes.Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. -s, --silent, --quiet print nothing, only return an exit status Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the full filename of the current working directory. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the name of the current user. Print the prime factors of each specified integer NUMBER. If none are specified on the command line, read them from standard input. Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID. Same as id -un. Print user and group information for the specified USERNAME, or (when USERNAME omitted) for the current user. -a ignore, for compatibility with other versions -Z, --context print only the security context of the current user -g, --group print only the effective group ID -G, --groups print all group IDs -n, --name print a name instead of a number, for -ugG -r, --real print the real ID instead of the effective ID, with -ugG -u, --user print only the effective user ID Processing request in progressProject: Q. Frank XiaRandy SmithReformat each paragraph in the FILE(s), writing to standard output. The option -WIDTH is an abbreviated form of --width=DIGITS. Regular expression too bigRemove (unlink) the FILE(s). -f, --force ignore nonexistent files, never prompt -i prompt before every removal Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty ignore each failure that is solely because a directory is non-empty Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Report %s translation bugs to Request canceledRequest not canceledRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonRun COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling. With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Nicenesses range from %d (most favorable scheduling) to %d (least favorable). -n, --adjustment=N add integer N to the niceness (default 10) Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals. Run a program in a different security context. With neither CONTEXT nor COMMAND, print the current security context. CONTEXT Complete security context -c, --compute compute process transition context before modifying -t, --type=TYPE type (for same role as parent) -u, --user=USER user identity -r, --role=ROLE role -l, --range=RANGE levelrange Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerSend signals to processes, or list signals. Servname not supported for ai_socktypeSet LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Shell: Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default. Shrink or extend the size of each FILE to the specified size A FILE argument that does not exist is created. If a FILE is larger than the specified size, the extra data is lost. If a FILE is shorter, it is extended and the extended part (hole) reads as zero bytes. Simon JosefssonSpecial files require major and minor device numbers.Stuart KempSuccessSummarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. System errorTIMETemporary failure in name resolutionThe following optional flags may follow `%': - (hyphen) do not pad the field _ (underscore) pad with spaces 0 (zero) pad with zeros ^ use upper case if possible # use opposite case if possible The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. -H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it -L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered -P do not traverse any symbolic links (default) The strings compared were %s and %s.Torbjorn GranlundTrailing backslashTry `%s --help' for more information. Try `%s ./%s' to remove the file %s. Two strings must be given when both deleting and squeezing repeats.Two strings must be given when translating.Ulrich DrepperUnknown errorUnknown system errorUnmatched ( or \(Unmatched ) or \)Unmatched [ or [^Unmatched \{Update the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time. A FILE argument that does not exist is created empty, unless -c or -h is supplied. A FILE argument string of - is handled specially and causes touch to change the times of the file associated with standard output. Usage: %s Usage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s CONTEXT COMMAND [args] or: %s [ -c ] [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-t TYPE] [-l RANGE] COMMAND [args] Usage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NUMBER[SUFFIX]... or: %s OPTION Pause for NUMBER seconds. SUFFIX may be `s' for seconds (the default), `m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. Unlike most implementations that require NUMBER be an integer, here NUMBER may be an arbitrary floating point number. Given two or more arguments, pause for the amount of time specified by the sum of their values. Usage: %s OPTION... FILE... Usage: %s OPTION... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [SETTING]... or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-a|--all] or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-g|--save] Usage: %s [-WIDTH] [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NAME] or: %s OPTION Print or set the hostname of the current system. Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPERAND]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] Print the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) for the current host. Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... CONTEXT FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-l RANGE] [-t TYPE] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... or: %s [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form) or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form) Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] or: %s -e [OPTION]... [ARG]... or: %s -i LO-HI [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Base64 encode or decode FILE, or standard input, to standard output. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] or: %s --traditional [OPTION]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Print or check %s (%d-bit) checksums. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [PREFIX]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [TEMPLATE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [SHORT-OPTION]... USER COMMAND [ARGUMENT]... or: %s LONG-OPTION Usage: %s [SHORT-OPTION]... [STRING]... or: %s LONG-OPTION Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [ignored command line arguments] or: %s OPTION Usage: test EXPRESSION or: test or: [ EXPRESSION ] or: [ ] or: [ OPTION Valid arguments are:Valid format sequences for file systems: %a Free blocks available to non-superuser %b Total data blocks in file system %c Total file nodes in file system %d Free file nodes in file system %f Free blocks in file system %C SELinux security context string WARNING: --preserve_context is deprecated; use --preserve-context insteadWARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s WARNING: ignoring --context (-Z); this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --preserve-context; this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --strip-program option as -s option was not specifiedWarning: WhenWhereWith --follow (-f), tail defaults to following the file descriptor, which means that even if a tail'ed file is renamed, tail will continue to track its end. This default behavior is not desirable when you really want to track the actual name of the file, not the file descriptor (e.g., log rotation). Use --follow=name in that case. That causes tail to track the named file in a way that accommodates renaming, removal and creation. Wrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write a random permutation of the input lines to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to standard output. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``-%c' extra characters or invalid number in the argument: %s`--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argument`-N NUMBER' invalid starting line number: %s`-W PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %s`-l PAGE_LENGTH' invalid number of lines: %s`-o MARGIN' invalid line offset: %s`-w PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %sa command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sai_family not supportedai_socktype not supportedambiguous argument %s for %san input delimiter may be specified only when operating on fieldsappending output to %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileblock special files not supportedboth files cannot be standard inputbyte offset %s is too largecan't apply partial context to unlabeled file %scan't get process contextcannot access %scannot backup %scannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change ownership of %scannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot chdir to root directorycannot combine --target-directory (-t) and --no-target-directory (-T)cannot combine --target-directory and --no-target-directorycannot combine -e and -i optionscannot combine any two of {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}cannot combine block and unblockcannot combine excl and nocreatcannot combine lcase and ucasecannot combine mode and --reference optionscannot combine signal with -l or -tcannot compare file names %s and %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot create temporary file in %scannot dereference %scannot determine device and inode of %scannot determine hostnamecannot do ioctl on %scannot find name for group ID %lucannot find name for user ID %lucannot follow %s by namecannot force target context to %s and preserve itcannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot get nicenesscannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open %s for writingcannot open directory %scannot operate on dangling symlink %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot perform formatted outputcannot preserve extended attributes, cp is built without xattr supportcannot preserve security context without an SELinux-enabled kernelcannot print "only" of more than one choicecannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot print security context when user specifiedcannot read directory %scannot read file names from %scannot read file system information for %scannot read realtime clockcannot read symbolic link %scannot read table of mounted file systemscannot remove %scannot reposition file pointer for %scannot run %scannot set datecannot set group idcannot set group-ID to %lucannot set groupscannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot set name to %scannot set nicenesscannot set time stamps for %scannot set user idcannot set user-ID to %lucannot skip past end of combined inputcannot specify both printing across and printing in parallelcannot specify number of columns when printing in parallelcannot specify times from more than one sourcecannot split in more than one waycannot stat %scannot stat current directory (now %s)cannot touch %scannot un-backup %scannot unlink %scannot watch %scannot watch parent directory of %scannot work around kernel bug after allchanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %schanging security context of %s character offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special filecharacter special files not supportedclearing permissions for %sclock changeclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing directory %sclosing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputcompatibility mode supports at most one fileconflicting empty-field replacement stringsconflicting security context specifiers givencouldn't create process for %s -dcouldn't create temporary filecouldn't execute %scouldn't execute %s -dcouldn't find directory entry in %s with matching i-nodecouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %screating file %s creating hard link %screating hard link %s => %screating hard link to %.0s%screating symbolic link %screating symbolic link %s -> %sdelimiter list ends with an unescaped backslash: %sdirectorydivision by zerodup2 failedempty %s not allowedempty file nameempty taberror closing fileerror in regular expression matchererror in regular expression searcherror initializing month stringserror reading %serror writing %sexit=extra argument %sextra operand %sextra operand %s extra operand %s not allowed with -%cfailed to change context of %s to %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to chdir to %sfailed to compute a new contextfailed to create directory via template %sfailed to create file via template %sfailed to create security context: %sfailed to get attributes of %sfailed to get current contextfailed to get file system create contextfailed to get groups for the current processfailed to get groups for user %sfailed to get security context of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to open %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to redirect standard errorfailed to redirect stderr to /dev/nullfailed to remove %sfailed to remove directory %sfailed to reopen %s with mode %sfailed to restore the default file creation contextfailed to return to initial working directoryfailed to set %s security context component to %sfailed to set default file creation context to %sfailed to set new range %sfailed to set new role %sfailed to set new type %sfailed to set new user %sfailed to set supplemental group(s)failed to set the copy of stderr to close on execfailed to set the security context of %s to %sfailed to stat %sfdatasync failed for %sfflush failedfield number %s is too largefield number is zerofields and positions are numbered from 1fifofile %d is not in sorted orderfile operands cannot be combined with --files0-fromfile operands cannot be combined with --print-database (-p)file system type %s both selected and excludedfork system call failedformat %s ends in %%format %s has no %% directiveformat %s has too many %% directivesformat %s has unknown %%%c directiveformat string may not be specified when printing equal width stringsfsync failed for %sfts_read failedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsignoring inputignoring input and appending output to %signoring input and redirecting stderr to stdoutignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %signoring non-option argumentsincompatible join fields %lu, %luincompatible tabsincorrect passwordinput disappearedinput line is too longinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid %s%s argument `%s'invalid --%s argument %sinvalid adjustment %sinvalid argument %sinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid body numbering style: %sinvalid byte or field listinvalid character `%c' in type string %sinvalid character class %sinvalid context: %sinvalid conversioninvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid date %sinvalid date format %sinvalid decreasing rangeinvalid device %s %sinvalid device type %sinvalid field number: %sinvalid field specifier: %sinvalid field width: %sinvalid file number in field spec: %sinvalid floating point argument: %sinvalid footer numbering style: %sinvalid format precisioninvalid format widthinvalid gap width: %sinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid group: %sinvalid header numbering style: %sinvalid inputinvalid input flaginvalid input range %sinvalid integer %sinvalid integer argument %sinvalid line count %sinvalid line discipline %sinvalid line number field width: %sinvalid line number increment: %sinvalid line numbering format: %sinvalid line width: %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid maximum depth %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid modeinvalid mode %sinvalid mode: %sinvalid number %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of blank lines: %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of columns: %sinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid number of lines: 0invalid option -- %cinvalid option -- %c; -WIDTH is recognized only when it is the first option; use -w N insteadinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid output flaginvalid page range %sinvalid precision: %sinvalid range with no endpoint: -invalid repeat count %s in [c*n] constructinvalid specinvalid starting line number: %sinvalid status flaginvalid suffix in %s%s argument `%s'invalid tab size: %sinvalid template, %s, contains directory separatorinvalid template, %s; with --tmpdir, it may not be absoluteinvalid time interval %sinvalid time style format %sinvalid trailing option -- %cinvalid type string %sinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte floating point typeinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte integral typeinvalid universal character name \%c%0*xinvalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sinvalid wrap size: %sinvalid zero-length file nameit is dangerous to operate recursively on %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)last=leading `-' in a component of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name component %sline count option -%s%c... is too largeline number %s is smaller than preceding line number, %sline number overflowmaximum --%s argument with current rlimit is %smemory exhaustedmessage queueminimum --%s argument is %smisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing `]'missing argument after %smissing argument to %smissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing destination file operand after %smissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing file operandmissing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operandmissing operand after %smode must specify only file permission bitsmode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multi-character tab %smultiple -i options specifiedmultiple -l or -t options specifiedmultiple compress programs specifiedmultiple delimiters specifiedmultiple levelrangesmultiple output files specifiedmultiple output formats specifiedmultiple random sources specifiedmultiple relative modifiers specifiedmultiple rolesmultiple target directories specifiedmultiple typesmultiple usersneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno change to ownership of %s no command specifiedno file systems processedno files remainingno input from %sno login nameno process ID specifiedno type may be specified when dumping stringsno username specified; at least one must be specified when using -lnonportable character %s in file name %snot a ttynot writing through dangling symlink %snumber in %s is too largenumber of bytesnumber of linesoffset overflow while reading file %somitting directory %sonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one device may be specifiedonly one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %soption used in invalid context -- %coptions --backup and --no-clobber are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --preserve-timestamps are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --strip are mutually exclusiveoptions `-%s' are incompatibleoutput file suffixes exhaustedoverflow extending size of file %soverflow rounding up size of file %sownership of %s retained ownership of %s retained as %s page number overflowpage width too narrowpreserving permissions for %spreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedreading %sreading directory %srecord too largeredirecting stderr to stdoutregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %srun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptyset LC_ALL='C' to work around the problemsetting flags for %ssetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectskip-bytes + read-bytes is too largeskipping %s, since it's on a different deviceskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstderrstdinstdoutstray character in field specstring comparison failedstring transformation failedstrip process terminated abnormallysuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errorsystem boottab size cannot be 0tab size contains invalid character(s): %stab sizes must be ascendingtab stop is too large %stab stop value is too largetabs are too far aparttarget %s is not a directorytarget directory not allowed when installing a directoryterm=test and/or [the --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --compare (-C) option is ignored when you specify a mode with non-permission bitsthe --context (-Z) option is obsolete and will be removed in a future releasethe --quiet option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the argument %s lacks a leading `+'; when using an option to specify date(s), any non-option argument must be a format string beginning with `+'the delimiter must be a single characterthe options for verbose and stty-readable output styles are mutually exclusivethe options to output dircolors' internal database and to select a shell syntax are mutually exclusivethe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivethe strings compared were %s and %sthe strip option may not be used when installing a directorythe untransformed string was %stime %s is out of rangeto use user-ID %s you need to use -g tootoo few X's in template %stoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtoo many characters in settoo many repeated linestoo many templatestotaltyped memory objectuid=%luunable to display error messageunable to record current working directoryunable to set security context %sunknown binary operatorunknown streamunknown user-ID: %sunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableunrecognized operand %sunrecognized prefix: %sup %ld day %2d:%02d, up %ld days %2d:%02d, up ???? days ??:??, use --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeuser %s does not existusing arbitrary-precision arithmeticusing restricted shell %susing single-precision arithmeticwaiting for %s [-d]waiting for stripwarning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredwarning: %s: failed to change context to %swarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: --retry is useful mainly when following by namewarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: `touch %s' is obsolete; use `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'warning: an unescaped backslash at end of string is not portablewarning: backslash at end of formatwarning: cannot change directory to %swarning: cannot remove: %swarning: following standard input indefinitely is ineffectivewarning: ignoring excess arguments, starting with %swarning: invalid file offset after failed readwarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: line number %s is the same as preceding line numberwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: summarizing conflicts with --max-depth=%luwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0warning: the --%s option is obsolete; use --referencewarning: the ambiguous octal escape \%c%c%c is being interpreted as the 2-byte sequence \0%c%c, %cwarning: unrecognized escape `\%c'warning: working around lseek kernel bug for file (%s) of mt_type=0x%0lx -- see for the list of typesweird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen reading file names from stdin, no file name of %s allowedwhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'will not copy %s through just-created symlink %swill not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swith --parents, the destination must be a directorywrite errorwrite error for %swrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify -c, -t, -u, -l, -r, or contextyou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsyou must specify one of %s or %sProject-Id-Version: GNU coreutils 8.4 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2010-02-25 15:40+0200 Last-Translator: Michael Piefel Language-Team: German MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1); ( AUSDRUCK ) AUSDRUCK ist wahr ! AUSDRUCK AUSDRUCK ist falsch AUSDRUCK1 -a AUSDRUCK2 sowohl AUSDRUCK1 als auch AUSDRUCK2 ist wahr AUSDRUCK1 -o AUSDRUCK2 AUSDRUCK1 oder AUSDRUCK2 ist wahr --check-order prüfen, ob die Eingabe richtig sortiert ist, auch wenn alle Eingabezeilen gepaart werden können --nocheck-order Sortierung der Eingabe nicht prüfen -a, --all dasselbe wie -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot Zeit des letzten Rechnerstarts („system boot“) -d, --dead tote Prozesse ausgeben -H, --heading Kopfzeile mit Spaltenbezeichnungen ausgeben -b DATEI DATEI existiert und ist ein „block special“ -c DATEI DATEI existiert und ist ein „character special“ -d DATEI DATEI existiert und ist ein Verzeichnis -e DATEI DATEI existiert -l langes Format für den angegebenen BENUTZER erzeugen -b ohne Home‐Verzeichnis und Shell der Benutzer (bei langem Format) -h ohne Projekt‐Datei der Benutzer (bei langem Format) -p ohne Plan‐Datei der Benutzer (bei langem Format) -s kurzes Format erzeugen (dies ist die Vorgabe) -n ZKETTE die Länge von ZKETTE ist ungleich Null ZKETTE äquivalent zu -n ZKETTE -z ZKETTE die Länge von ZKETTE ist Null ZKETTE1 = ZKETTE2 die ZKETTEn sind gleich ZKETTE1 != ZKETTE2 die ZKETTEn sind nicht gleich ARG1 * ARG2 arithmetisches Produkt von ARG1 und ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 arithmetischer Quotient von ARG1 geteilt durch ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetischer Rest von ARG1 geteilt durch ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 arithmetische Summe von ARG1 und ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 arithmetische Differenz von ARG1 und ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 ist kleiner als ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 ist kleiner oder gleich ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 ist gleich ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 ist ungleich ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 ist größer oder gleich ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 ist größer ARG2 DATEI1 -ef DATEI2 DATEI1 und DATEI2 haben dieselbe Device‐ und Inode‐Nummer DATEI1 -nt DATEI2 DATEI1 ist neuer (Änderungsdatum) als DATEI2 DATEI1 -ot DATEI2 DATEI1 ist älter als DATEI2 GANZZAHL bis zu angebener Zeilennumer kopieren (ausschließlich) /REGEXP/[OFFSET] bis zu entsprechender Zeile kopieren (ausschließlich) %%REGEXP%%[OFFSET] bis zu entsprechender Zeile übergehen (ausschließlich) {GANZZAHL} das vorherige Muster sooft wie angegeben wiederholen {*} das vorherige Muster sooft wie möglich wiederholen Ein Zeilen-OFFSET ist ein „+“ or „-“ gefolgt von einer positiven ganzen Zahl. GANZZAHL1 -eq GANZZAHL2 GANZZAHL1 ist gleich GANZZAHL2 GANZZAHL1 -ge GANZZAHL2 GANZZAHL1 ist größer als oder gleich GANZZAHL2 GANZZAHL1 -gt GANZZAHL2 GANZZAHL1 ist größer als GANZZAHL2 GANZZAHL1 -le GANZZAHL2 GANZZAHL1 ist kleiner als oder gleich GANZZAHL2 GANZZAHL1 -lt GANZZAHL2 GANZZAHL1 ist kleiner als GANZZAHL2 GANZZAHL1 -ne GANZZAHL2 GANZZAHL1 ist nicht gleich GANZZAHL2 ZKETTE : REGEXP verankerte Mustererkennung von REGEXP in ZKETTE match ZKETTE REGEXP dasselbe wie ZEICHENKETTE : REGEXP substr ZKETTE POS LENGTH Teilzeichenkette von ZKETTE, POS beginnt mit 1 index ZKETTE ZEICHEN Index in ZKETTE, wo eines der ZEICHEN auftritt, sonst 0 length ZEICHENKETTE Länge der ZEICHENKETTE a alle Zeilen nummerieren t nur nichtleere Zeilen nummerieren n keine Zeilen nummerieren pREGEXP nur Zeilen nummerieren, die die einfache REGEXP enthalten FORMAT ist eines der folgenden: ln linksbündig, keine führenden Nullen rn rechtsbündig, keine führenden Nullen rz rechtsbündig, führende Nullen b eine blockorientierte (gepufferte) Spezial‐Datei anlegen c, u eine zeichenorienterte (ungepufferte) Spezial‐Datei anlegen p eine FIFO anlegen # Benutzer=%lu Ein Feld ist eine Folge von Freiraum (etwa Leerzeichen oder Tabulatoren) gefolgt von anderen Zeichen. Felder werden vor Zeichen übersprungen. Ein abgespecktes „finger“‐Programm zum Anzeigen von Benutzerinformationen. Als utmp‐Datei wird %s genommen. Ein einzelnes „-“ steht für -i. Wenn kein BEFEHL angegeben ist, wird die resultierende Umgebung ausgegeben. Ein schlichtes „-“ steht für -l. Falls kein BENUTZER angegeben ist, wird „root“ angenommen. Nach jedem Flag kommt eine optionales Feldbreite, als Dezimalzahl; dann ein optionaler Modifikator, der entweder E oder O ist: E: die alternative Repräsentation der Locale verwenden (so vorhanden) O: die alternativen numerischen Symbole der Locale verwenden (so vorhanden) Ein weggelassener AUSDRUCK ergibt falsch. Ansonsten ist AUSDRUCK wahr oder falsch und setzt den Exit‐Status. Er kann sein: Als Spezialfall erzeugt cp eine Sicherheitskopie von QUELLE wenn „force“ und „backup“ Optionen angegeben wurden und QUELLE und ZIEL der gleiche Name für eine vorhandene reguläre Datei sind. BLÖCKE und BYTES können folgende multiplikative Endungen tragen: c=1, w=2, b=512, kB=1000, K=1024, MB=1000×1000, M=1024×1024, xM=M GB=1000×1000×1000, G=1024×1024×1024, und so weiter für T, P, E, Z, Y. Jedes CONV‐Symbol kann sein: Bedenken Sie, dass viele Operatoren für Benutzung unter einer Shell maskiert werden müssen (mit Rückschrägstrich oder Anführungszeichen). Vergleiche sind arithmetisch, wenn beide Argumente Zahlen sind, sonst lexikografisch. Mustererkennungen geben die Zeichenkette zwischen \( und \) zurück oder nichts; wenn \( und \) nicht benutzt werden, wird die Länge der Zeichenkette oder 0 zurückgegeben. Sowohl MAJOR als auch MINOR müssen angegeben werden, wenn der TYP b, c oder u ist, und müssen weggelassen werden für TYP p. Beginnen MAJOR oder MINOR mit 0x oder 0X, wird die Zahl hexadezimal interpretiert; anderenfalls, wenn sie mit 0 beginnen, oktal; anderenfalls dezimal. TYP kann sein: Per Voreinstellung entfernt rm keine Verzeichnisse. Bei Benutzung der Option --recursive (-r oder -R) wird jedes aufgeführte Verzeichnisse inklusive seiner Inhalte gelöscht. Standardeinstellung ist -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC sind zwei Begrenzungszeichen, um logische Seiten zu trennen, ein fehlendes zweites Zeichen impliziert „:“. Geben Sie \\ für \ ein. STIL ist einer aus: Kombinierte Einstellungen: * [-]LCASE dasselbe wie [-]lcase cbreak dasselbe wie -icanon -cbreak dasselbe wie icanon Einstellungen für die Flusskontrolle: [-]clocal Modemkontrollsignale ignorieren [-]cread Empfang von Eingaben erlauben * [-]crtscts RTS/CTS‐Handshaking erlauben csN Zeichengröße auf N Bits setzen, N in [5..8] Jedes Symbol FLAG kann sein: append Anfügemodus (nur für Ausgabe sinnvoll; conv=notrunc empfohlen) Jeder MODUS hat die Form „[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+“. Beispiele: %s /usr/bin/sort Ausgabe: „sort“. %s include/stdio.h .h Ausgabe: „stdio“. Beispiele: %s /usr/bin/sort Ausgabe: „/usr/bin“. %s stdio.h Ausgabe: „.“. Beispiele: %s f - g Gibt den Inhalt von f aus, dann die Standardeingabe, schließlich den Inhalt von g. %s Kopiert die Standardeingabe in die Standardausgabe. Beispiele: %s root /u Ändert den Eigentümer von /u auf „root“. %s root:staff /u Genauso, setzt zusätzlich die Gruppe auf „staff“. %s -hR root /u Ändert den Eigentümer von /u und enthaltener Dateien auf „root“. Beispiele: %s staff /u Ändert die Gruppe von /u zu „staff“. %s -hR staff /u Ändert die Gruppe von /u und enthaltener Dateien zu „staff“. Außer -h und -L dereferenzieren alle DATEI‐Tests symbolische Verknüpfungen. Bedenken Sie, dass runde Klammern für Shells maskiert werden müssen (z. B. mit einem Rückschrägstrich). GANZZAHL kann auch -l ZKETTE sein, was die Länge der ZKETTE ist. Der Exit‐Status ist 0, wenn der AUSDRUCK weder null noch 0 ist, 1, wenn AUSDRUCK null oder 0 ist, 2, wenn der AUSDRUCK syntaktisch ungültig ist, und 3, wenn ein Fehler auftrat Rückgabewert: 0 wenn alles in Ordnung, 1 bei kleineren Problemen (z. B. kein Zugriff auf Unterverzeichnis), 2 bei großem Ärger (z. B. kein Zugriff auf Kommandozeilenargument). FORMAT bestimmt die Ausgabe. Interpretierte Angaben sind: %% wörtliches % %a abgekürzter Name des Wochentags der Lokale (z. B. Son) Die TTY‐Leitung manipulieren, die mit der Standardeingabe verbunden ist. Ohne Argumente, die Baud‐Rate, Line‐Disziplin und Abweichungen von „stty sane“ ausgeben. In den Einstellungen wird CHAR wörtlich genommen oder kodiert wie in ^c, 0x37, 0177 oder 127; spezielle Werte ^- oder undef werden benutzt, um Sonderzeichen zu unterbinden. Wenn die DATEI „-“ ist, die Standardausgabe zerhacken. DATEI(en) löschen, wenn --remove (-u) angegeben ist. Die Standardvorgabe ist es, die Dateien nicht zu löschen, da man oft auf Gerätedateien wie /dev/hda arbeitet, und diese Dateien nicht gelöscht werden sollten. Bei der Benutzung mit normalen Dateien verwenden die meisten Anwender die Option --remove. Wenn keine DATEI angegeben ist, „%s“ nehmen. „%s“ ist als DATEI üblich. Wenn ARG1 ARG2 angegeben sind, wird -m angenommen: gebräuchlich sind „bin ich“ oder „am i“. Wenn DATEI angegeben ist, wird die Datei gelesen, um festzustellen, welche Farben für welche Dateitypen und Erweiterungen verwendet werden sollen. Sonst wird eine vorkompilierte Datenbank verwendet. Für Einzelheiten rufen Sie „dircolors --print-database“ auf. Wenn ERSTER oder PLUS weggelassen werden, wird 1 angenommen. Ein weggelassenes PLUS wird also als 1 interpretiert, selbst wenn LETZTER kleiner als ERSTER ist. ERSTER, PLUS und LETZTER werden als Fließkommazahlen interpretiert. PLUS ist normalerweise positiv, wenn ERSTER kleiner als LETZTER ist, und PLUS ist normalerweise negativ, wenn ERSTER größer als LETZTER ist. Wenn DATEI „-“ ist, wieder in Standardausgabe kopieren. Wenn die erste und zweite Aufrufform beide zutreffen, wird das zweite Format angenommen, wenn der letzte Operand mit + oder (wenn es zwei Operanden gibt) einer Ziffer anfängt. Ein OFFSET‐Operand bedeutet -j OFFSET. MARKE ist die Pseudoadresse des ersten auszugebenden Bytes; sie wird entsprechend erhöht, wenn die Ausgabe fortschreitet. Für OFFSET und MARKE bedeutet ein „0x“‐ oder „0X“‐Präfix hexadezimal; Suffixe können „.“ für oktal und „b“ für Vielfaches von 512 sein. Wenn kein Befehl angegeben ist, „${SHELL} -i“ (Vorgabe: /bin/sh) ausführen. Ist die Standardeingabe ein Terminal, sie von /dev/null umleiten. Ist die Standardausgabe ein Terminal, Ausgaben an „nohup.out“ anhängen, wenn möglich, sonst an „$HOME/nohup.out“. Ist die Standardfehlerausgabe ein Terminal, sie auf die Standardausgabe umleiten. Um die Ausgabe in eine DATEI umzuleiten, „%s BEFEHL > DATEI“ benutzen. Wenn ein Befehl von timeout beendet wird, so beendet sich timeout mit einem Rückgabewert von 124, sonst mit dem des ausgeführten Befehls. Ist kein Signal angegeben, wird bei Zeitablauf TERM gesendet. Das Signal TERM beendet Prozesse, die dieses Signal nicht fangen. Für andere Prozesse muss eventuell KILL (9) benutzt werden, da dieses Signal nicht gefangen werden kann. Wenn das erste Zeichen von K (der Anzahl der Bytes oder Zeilen) ein „+“ ist, die Ausgabe mit dem Kten Byte bzw. der Kten Zeile vom Anfang jeder Datei beginnen, anderenfalls die letzten K Bytes bzw. Zeilen ausgeben. N kann folgende multiplikative Endungen tragen: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000×1000, M 1024×1024, GB 1000×1000×1000, G 1024×1024×1024, und so weiter für T, P, E, Z, Y. Einstellungen für die Eingabe: [-]brkint ein Break verursacht ein Unterbrechungssignal [-]icrnl Wagenrücklauf (CR) in Zeilenvorschub wandeln [-]ignbrk Breaks ignorieren [-]igncr Wagenrücklauf ignorieren Lizenz GPLv3+: GNU GPL Version 3 oder höher Dies ist freie Software: Sie können sie ändern und weitergeben. Es gibt keinerlei Garantien, soweit wie es das Gesetz erlaubt. Lokale Einstellungen: [-]crterase Löschzeichen als Backspace‐Leerzeichen‐Backspace ausgeben * crtkill Zeile mit echoprt‐ und echoe‐Einstellungen löschen * -crtkill Zeile mit echoctl‐ und echok‐Einstellungen löschen BEMERKUNG: [ beachtet die Optionen --help und --version, aber test tut es nicht. test behandelt diese beiden wie jede andere nichtleere Zeichenkette. BEMERKUNG: Ihre Shell hat möglicherweise eine eigene Version von %s, welche normalerweise die hier beschriebene Version ersetzt. Bitte greifen Sie auf die Dokumentation der Shell zurück, um die dort unterstützten Optionen in Erfahrung zu bringen. Beachten Sie, dass -d und -t verschiedene Zeit‐Datum‐Formate akzeptieren. Beachten Sie, dass -r und -s sich gegenseitig ausschließen. Man beachte, dass die Vergleiche den duch „LC_COLLATE“ gegebenen Regeln folgen. Bemerkung: „uniq“ kann wiederholte Zeilen nicht erkennen, wenn sie nicht benachbart sind. Sie können die Eingabe vorher sortieren, oder auch anstelle von „uniq“ gleich „sort -u“ verwenden. Die Vergleiche folgen dabei den duch „LC_COLLATE“ gegebenen Regeln. Ein optionales „-“ vor EINSTELLUNGEN bedeutet Verneinung. Ein „*“ markiert nicht POSIX‐konforme Einstellungen. Das Wirtssystem bestimmt, welche Einstellungen zur Verfügung stehen. Einstellungen für die Ausgabe: * bsN Verzögerungsstil für Backspace, N in [0..1] * crN Verzögerungsstil für Wagenrücklauf (CR), N in [0..3] * ffN Verzögerungsstil für Seitenvorschub, N in [0..1] * nlN verzögerungsstil für Zeilenvorschub, N in [0..1] Eigentümer bleibt unverändert, wenn nicht angegeben. Gruppe bleibt unverändert, wenn nicht angegeben, wird aber auf die Login‐Gruppe gesetzt, wenn durch „:“ impliziert hinter einem symbolische EIGENTÜMER. EIGENTÜMER und GRUPPE können sowohl numerisch als auch symbolisch angegeben werden. POS ist F[.Z][OPTS], wobei F eine Feldnummer und Z eine Zeichenposition im Feld ist; beide starten bei 1. Wenn weder -t noch -b angegeben sind, werden die Zeichen in einem Feld ausgehend vom Anfang des vorhergehenden Leerraums gezählt. OPTS setzt sich zusammen aus einer oder mehreren Ordnungsoptionen mit einem Buchstaben, die die globalen Ordnungsoptionen für diesen Schlüssel außer Kraft setzen. Wenn kein Schlüssel angegeben wurde, wird die ganze Zeile als Schlüssel benutzt. GRÖSSE kann einer der folgenden multiplikativen Suffixe sein: Den Wert des AUSDRUCKs auf Standardausgabe ausgeben. Im Folgenden bedeutet eine Leerzeile eine aufsteigende Präzedenz. AUSDRUCK kann sein: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1, wenn es weder null noch 0 ist, sonst ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1, wenn kein Argument null oder 0 ist, sonst 0 RADIX ist „d“ für dezimal, „o“ für oktal, „x“ für hexadezimal oder „n“ für nichts. BYTES ist hexadezimal mit 0x‐ oder 0X‐Präfix und kann folgende multiplikative Endungen tragen: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000×1000, M 1024×1024, GB 1000×1000×1000, G 1024×1024×1024, und so weiter für T, P, E, Z, Y. Wird ein Suffix „z“ an einen beliebigen Typ angehängt, werden am Ende jeder Zeile die druckbaren Zeichen ausgegeben. Standardeingabe lesen, wenn DATEI „-“ ist. Jedes MUSTER kann sein: Melden Sie Programmfehler für %s (auf Englisch, mit LC_ALL=C) an %s MENGEn werden angegeben als Zeichenketten. Die meisten Zeichen stehen für sich selbst. Interpretierte Folgen sind: \NNN Zeichen mit Oktalwert NNN (1 bis 3 oktale Ziffern) \\ Rückschrägstrich (\) \a hörbarer Ton (Piep) \b Zeichen zurück \f Seitenvorschub \n Zeilenvorschub \r Wagenrücklauf \t horizontaler Tabulator SIGNAL kann ein Name für ein Signal wie „HUP“ sein oder eine Signalnummer wie „1“ oder der Exit‐Status eines Prozesses, der von einem Signal beendet wurde. PID ist eine Ganzzahl; wenn negativ, dann identifiziert PID eine Gruppe von Prozessen. ANZAHL ist eine Zahl. Wenn TYP einer von „d“, „o“, „u“, oder „x“ ist, kann ANZAHL auch „C“ für sizeof(char), „S“ für sizeof(short) , „I“ für sizeof(int) oder „L“ für sizeof(long) sein. Wenn TYP „f“ ist, kann ANZAHL auch „F“ für sizeof(float), „D“ für sizeof(double) oder „L“ für sizeof(long double) sein. GRÖßE kann auch mit einem der folgenden Zeichen als Präfix versehen werden: ‚+‘ erweitern um, ‚-‘ verkleinern um, ‚<‘ höchstens, ‚>‘ mindestens, ‚/‘ abrunden zu Vielfachem von, ‚%‘ aufrunden zu Vielfachem von. GRÖßE kann eine der folgenden Abkürzungen sein (oder eine Zahl, die optional von einer der Abkürzungen gefolgt wird): KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000×1000, M 1024×1024 und so weiter für G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Schickt man einem laufenden „dd“‐Prozess ein %s‐Signal, gibt dieser auf der Standardfehlerausgabe Eingabe‐/Ausgabe‐Statistiken aus und fährt mit dem Kopieren fort. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 Datensätze ein 18335302+0 Datensätze aus 9387674624 Bytes (9,4 GB) kopiert, 34,6279 Sekunden, 271 MB/s Optionen sind: Besondere Zeichen: * dsusp CHAR CHAR sendet ein Terminalstoppsignal, wenn Eingabe erforderlich eof CHAR CHAR sendet Ende‐der‐Datei (Eingabe beenden) eol CHAR CHAR beendet Zeile Spezielle Einstellungen: N Eingabe‐ und Ausgabegeschwindigkeit auf N Baud setzen * cols N an den Kernel melden, dass dieses Terminal N Spalten hat * columns N dasselbe wie cols N TYP setzt sich zusammen aus einer oder mehreren dieser Spezifikationen: a ein benanntes Zeichen, oberstes Bit ignorieren c ASCII‐Zeichen oder Rückschrägstrich‐Escape Der Anhang für Sicherheitskopien ist ~, außer wenn er --suffix oder SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX gesetzt wurde. Die Versionskontrolle kann mit --backup oder VERSION_CONTROL gesetzt werden. Mögliche Werte sind: Die Daten werden entsprechend dem Base64‐Alphabet aus RFC 3548 kodiert. Beim Dekodieren darf die Eingabe zusätzlich zu den formal gültigen Base64‐Zeichen noch Zeilenumbrüche enthalten. Benutzen Sie die Option --ignore-garbage, um zu versuchen, auch weitere nicht zum Alphabet gehörende Zeichen in der kodierten Eingabe zu verkraften. Die folgenden drei Optionen sind nur beim Überprüfen sinnvoll: --quiet nicht für jede erfolgreich geprüfte Datei OK ausgeben --status nichts ausgeben, der Statuscode zeigt Erfolg an -w, --warn bei ungeeignet formatierten Prüfsummenzeilen warnen Die Summen werden berechnet wie in %s beschrieben. Beim Überprüfen sollte die Eingabe eine frühere Ausgabe dieses Programms sein. Die normale Arbeitsweise ist es, eine Zeile mit Prüfsumme, einem Zeichen, das den Typ anzeigt („*“ für binär, „ “ für Text), und dem Namen jeder Datei auszugeben. Die gültigen Formatangaben für Dateien (ohne --file-system): %a Zugriffsrechte im Oktalformat %A Zugriffsrechte in menschenlesbarer Form %b Anzahl der beanspruchten Blöcke (siehe %B) %B die Größe in Bytes jedes mit „%b“ gemeldeten Blocks %C SELinux-Sicherheitskontext-Zeichenkette Dieses „install“-Programm kopiert Dateien (oftmals frisch kompiliert) an Zielorte Ihrer Wahl. Wenn Sie fertig konfektionierte Pakete auf einem GNU/Linux-System benutzen möchten, sollten Sie stattdessen ein Werkzeug zus Paketverwaltung wie yum(1) oder apt-get(1) benutzen. In den drei ersten Formaten wird QUELLE nach ZIEL kopiert, oder mehrere QUELLEN in VERZEICHNIS, während die Zugriffsrechte und Besitzer und Gruppe der Dateien gesetzt werden. Im vierten Format werden alle Teile der/des angegebenen Verzeichnis(se) erzeugt. Um Dateien zu entfernen, deren Namen mit „-“ beginnen, z. B. „foo“, verwenden Sie eine der folgenden Anweisungen: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Traditionell spezifizierte Formatangaben können gemischt werden; sie werden akkumuliert: -a dasselbe wie -t a, benannte Zeichen wählen, oberstes Bit ignorieren -b dasselbe wie -t o1, Oktalbytes wählen -c dasselbe wie -t c, ASCII‐Zeichen oder Rückschrägstrich‐Escapes wählen -d dasselbe wie -t u2, dezimale vorzeichenlose 2‐Byte‐Zahlen wählen Wandlung wird durchgeführt, wenn nicht -d spezifiziert ist und sowohl MENGE1 als auch MENGE2 angegeben sind. -t darf nur bei Wandlung benutzt werden. MENGE2 wird, wenn nötig, durch Wiederholung des letzten Zeichens auf die Länge von MENGE1 vergrößert. Zusätzliche Zeichen in MENGE2 werden ignoriert. Nur [:lower:] und [:upper:] werden mit Sicherheit in aufsteigender Reihenfolge expandiert. In MENGE2 dürfen sie zum Wandeln nur in Paaren benutzt werden, um eine Groß-/Kleinschreibung anzuzeigen. -s benutzt MENGE1, wenn nicht umgewandelt oder gelöscht wird; anderenfalls wird MENGE2 zum Verdichten benutzt und erscheint nach Wandlung und Löschung. Benutzen Sie genau eins aus -b, -c oder -f. Jede LISTE besteht aus einem Bereich oder mehreren kommagetrennten. Gewählte Eingabe wird in derselben Reihenfolge geschrieben, wie sie gelesen wird, und genau einmal geschrieben. Ohne DATEI, oder falls DATEI „-“ ist, Standardeingabe lesen. Vorgabe: „-F /“. Ohne DATEI oder wenn DATEI „-“ ist, Standardeingabe lesen. Ohne Optionen wird eine dreispaltige Ausgabe erzeugt. Spalte 1 enthält Zeilen, die nur in DATEI1 sind, Spalte 2 dementsprechend Zeilen aus DATEI2, und Spalte 3 die Zeilen, die in beiden Dateien gleich sind. Ohne Angabe einer OPTION, wird eine brauchbare Menge an Informationen ausgegeben. Eine eindeutige Darstellung der DATEI, auf Standardausgabe ausgeben (Vorgabe: Oktalzahlen). Bei mehr als einem Argument DATEI, die Dateien in der angegebenen Folge verketten und die Eingabe zu bilden. Ohne DATEI oder wenn DATEI „-“ ist, Standardeingabe lesen. ??? --backup[=KONTROLLE] vor Entfernen Sicherung anlegen -b wie --backup, akzeptiert aber keine Argumente -f, --force vor Überschreiben nicht nachfragen -i, --interactive vor Überschreiben nachfragen -n, --no-clobber bestehende Dateien nicht überschreiben Wenn mehr als eine Option von -i, -f und -n angeben wird, so gilt die letzte. --backup=[KONTROLLE] Sicherungen für vorhandene Zieldateien erzeugen. -b Wie --backup, akzeptiert aber kein Argument. -d, -F, --directory dem Superuser den Versuch erlauben, harte Verknüpfungen für Verzeichnisse anzulegen (Bem.: Schlägt vermutlich dennoch fehl wegen Systembeschränkungen, auch für Superuser.) -f, --force Vorhandene Ziele entfernen. --backup[=ART] eine Sicherung existierender Zieldateien erzeugen -b wie --backup, akzeptiert aber kein Argument -c (ignoriert) -C, --compare jedes Paar aus Quell- und Zieldatei vergleichen, und manchmal das Ziel gar nicht modifizieren -d, --directory alle Argumente als Verzeichnisnamen behandeln; alle Bestandteile der angegebenen Verzeichnisse erzeugen --batch-size=NMERGE höchstens NMERGE Eingaben gleichzeitig zusammen- führen; für mehr, temporäre Dateien benutzen --complement das Komplement der Menge der gewählten Bytes, Zeichen oder Felder bilden --files0-from=D Eingabe aus den Dateien lesen, die mit NULL terminiert in der Datei D stehen; ist D „-“, so wird aus der Standardeingabe gelesen -L, --max-line-length die Länge der längsten Zeile ausgeben -w, --words Wortanzahl ausgeben --files0-from=D zusammengefasste Größe der Dateien aus der Datei DL ausgeben (null‐terminierte Dateinamen); ist D „-“, so wird aus der Standardeingabe gelesen -H wie --dereference-args (-D) -h, --human-readable Größen in menschenlesbarem Format (z.B. 1K 234M 2G) ausgeben --si wie „-h“, aber mit 1000 statt 1024 als Teiler --group-directories-first Verzeichnisse vor den Dateien gruppieren; kann zusammen mit Sortierung benutzt werden, doch --sort=none schaltet Gruppierung ab --help diese Hilfe anzeigen und beenden --indicator-style=WORT Indikator des Stils WORT an Namen der Einträge anhängen: „none“ (Standardvorgabe), „slash“ (-p) „file-type“ (--file-type), „classify“ (-F) -i, --inode mit -l, Inode‐Nummer ausgeben -I, --ignore=MUSTER implizierte Einträge, auf die Shell‐MUSTER passt, nicht auflisten -k wie „--block-size=1K“ --lookup versuchen, den Rechnernamen mittels DNS zu kanonifizieren -m nur Rechnernamen und Benutzer, die die Standardeingabe verwenden -p, --process aktive Prozesse ausgeben, die von init aufgerufen wurden --no-preserve-root „/“ nicht besonders behandeln --preserve-root nicht rekursiv auf „/“ arbeiten (Voreinstellung) -r, -R, --recursive Inhalte von Verzeichnissen rekursiv entfernen -v, --verbose durchgeführte Tätigkeiten erklären --no-preserve-root „/“ nicht besonders behandeln (Voreinstellung) --preserve-root nicht rekursiv auf „/“ arbeiten --no-preserve-root „/“ nicht besonders behandeln (Voreinstellung) --preserve-root rekursive Bearbeitung von „/“ ablehnen --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST Angegebene Attribute nicht erhalten --parents Quell‐Pfad an VERZEICHNIS anhängen --one-file-system beim rekursiven Entfernen einer Verzeichnishierarchie die Verzeichnisse überspringen, die sich auf einem anderen Gerät als der Parameter befinden --pid=PID mit -f: Programm beenden, wenn PID beendet wird -q, --quiet, --silent nie Kopfzeilen mit Dateinamen ausgeben --retry weiterhin versuchen, eine Datei zu öffnen, auch wenn sie beim Start nicht verfügbar ist oder später nicht mehr verfügbar wird; nützlich, wenn mit Namen verfolgt wird, also mit --follow=Name --preserve-context SELinux-Sicherheitskontext erhalten -Z, --context=KONTEXT SELinux-Sicherheitskontext von Dateien u. Verz. setzen --reference=RDATEI RDATEIs Sicherheitskontext verwenden anstatt eines KONTEXT‐Wertes -R, --recursive Dateien und Verzeichnisse rekursiv ändern -v, --verbose Diagnose für jede verarbeitete Datei ausgeben --rfc-3339=ZEITSPEZ Datumsausgabe gemäß RFC‐3339 anzeigen; ZEITSPEZ=„date“, „seconds“ oder „ns“ für Datum und Zeit mit angegebener Genauigkeit Datum und Zeit werden durch einzelnes Leerzeichen getrennt: 2007-02-27 16:03:44+0100 -s, --set=ZEICHENKETTE Zeit gemäß ZEICHENKETTE setzen -u, --utc, --universal Coordinated Universal Time anzeigen oder setzen --strip-trailing-slashes Schrägstriche vom Ende jedes QUELLE‐Arguments entfernen -S, --suffix=SUFFIX die normale Sicherungs‐Erweiterung überschreiben --time Zeit der letzten Änderung irgendeiner Datei im Verzeichnis oder einem seiner Unterverzeichnisse anzeigen --time=WORT Zeit als WORT anstelle der Änderungszeit anzeigen: atime, access, use, ctime or status --time-style=STIL Zeit in bestimmten Stil anzeigen: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT FORMAT wird wie bei „date“ interpretiert --time-style=STIL mit -l, Zeiten mittels Stil STIL anzeigen: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT FORMAT wie bei „date“; hat FORMAT die Form FORMAT1FORMAT2, wird FORMAT1 für nicht kürzlich geänderte Dateien verwendet und FORMAT2 für kürzlich geänderte; beginnt STIL mit „posix-“, ist STIL nur außerhalb der POSIX‐Locale gültig --verbose Meldung ausgeben, bevor jede Ausgabedatei geöffnet wird --version Versionsinformation anzeigen und beenden -evenp dasselbe wie -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase dasselbe wie xcase iuclc olcuc litout dasselbe wie -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout dasselbe wie parenb istrip opost cs7 nl dasselbe wie -icrnl -onlcr -nl dasselbe wie icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb zwei Stopp‐Bits pro Zeichen benutzen (eins mit „-“) [-]hup ein Hangup‐Signal senden, wenn der letzte Prozess das Tty schließt [-]hupcl dasselbe wie [-]hup [-]parenb Parity‐Bit in der Ausgabe erzeugen und Parity‐Bit in der Eingabe erwarten [-]parodd ungerade Parity setzen (auch mit „-“) [-]ignpar Parity‐Fehler ignorieren * [-]imaxbel piepen und vollen Eingabepuffer leeren; nicht bei Eingabe eines Zeichens [-]inlcr Zeilenvorschub in Wagenrücklauf (CR) wandeln [-]inpck Eingabeprüfung der Parity erlauben [-]istrip höchstes Bit (das 8.) der Eingabezeichen löschen [-]isig interrupt‐, quit‐ und suspend‐Sonderzeichen erlauben [-]noflsh Ausgabeentleerung nach interrupt‐ und quit‐Sonderzeichen verhindern * [-]prterase dasselbe wie [-]echoprt * [-]tostop Hintergrundjobs stoppen, die auf das Terminal schreiben * [-]xcase mit icanon, Großbuchstaben mit „\“ maskieren cooked dasselbe wie brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, und eof‐ und eol‐Zeichen mit den Vorgabewerten -cooked dasselbe wie raw crt dasselbe wie echoe echoctl echoke dec dasselbe wie echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq dasselbe wie [-]ixany ek Erase‐ und Killzeichen auf Vorgabewert setzen evenp dasselbe wie parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N Eingabegeschwindigkeit auf N setzen * line N "line discipline" N benutzen min N mit -icanon, N Zeichen Minimum für ein vollständiges Lesen setzen ospeed N Ausgabegeschwindigkeit auf N setzen oddp dasselbe wie parenb parodd cs7 -oddp dasselbe wie -parenb cs8 [-]parity dasselbe wie [-]evenp pass8 dasselbe wie -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 dasselbe wie parenb istrip cs7 raw dasselbe wie -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw dasselbe wie cooked sane dasselbe wie cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke, alle Sonderzeichen auf ihren Vorgabewert stop CHAR CHAR stoppt die Ausgabe susp CHAR CHAR sendet ein Terminalstoppsignal * swtch CHAR CHAR wechselt zu einer anderen Shell‐Ebene * werase CHAR CHAR löscht das zuletzt eingegebene Wort %% ein einzelnes % %b ARGUMENT als Zeichenkette mit interpretierter „\“‐Maskierung, außer dass Oktalfolgen die Form \0 oder \0NNN haben und alle C‐Formatspezifikationen, die mit einem Zeichen aus diouxXfeEgGcs enden, wobei die ARGUMENTe zunächst in den richtigen Typ umgewandelt werden. Variable Breiten werden behandelt. %A voller Name des Wochentags der Lokale, (z. B. Freitag) %b abgekürzter Monatsname der Lokale (z. B. Nov) %B voller Monatsname der Lokale, variable Länge (z. B. November) %c Datum und Zeit der Lokale (z. B. Fr 18 Nov 2005 15:05:42 CET) %C Jahrhundert; wie %Y, aber ohne die letzten beiden Stellen (z. B. 20) %d Tag des Monats (z. B. 01) %D amerikanisches Datumsformat; dasselbe wie %m/%d/%y %e Tag des Monats, mit Leerzeichen aufgefüllt; wie %_d %F volles Datum; dasselbe wie %Y-%m-%d %g Jahr als 2‐stellige Zahl bezüglich der ISO‐Wochennummer (siehe %G) %G Jahr der ISO‐Wochennummer (siehe %V); normalerweise nur mit %V benutzt %S Sekunde (00..60) %t horizontaler Tabulatorstopp %T Zeit; dasselbe wie %H:%M:%S %u Tag der Woche (1..7); 1 steht für Montag %U Wochennummer des Jahres mit Sonntag als erstem Tag der Woche (00..53) %V ISO‐Wochennummer mit Montag als erstem Tag der Woche (01..53) %w Tag der Woche (0..6); 0 steht für Sonntag %W Wochennummer des Jahres mit Montag als erstem Tag der Woche (00..53) %d Gerätenummer in Dezimal %D Gerätenummer in Hex %f roher Modus in Hex %F Dateityp %g Gruppen‐ID des Eigners %G Gruppenname des Eigners %i INode‐Nummer %h Anzahl der harten Verknüpfungen %n Dateiname %N „Quoted File Name“ mit Dereferenzierung bei symbolischer Verknüpfung %o E/A‐Blockgröße %s Gesamtgröße in Bytes %t Major‐Gerätetyp in Hex %T Minor‐Gerätetyp in Hex %h dasselbe wie %b %H Stunde (00..23) %I Stunde (01..12) %j Tag des Jahres (001..366) %i Dateisystem‐ID in Hex %l Maximale Länge von Dateinamen %n Dateiname %s Optimale Transfer‐Blockgröße %S grundlegende Blockgröße (für Blockzahlen) %t Typ in Hex %T Typ in menschenlesbarer Form %k Stunde ( 0..23) %l Stunde ( 1..12) %m Monat (01..12) %M Minute (00..59) %n neue Zeile („newline“) %N Nanosekunden (000000000..999999999) %p das Äquivalent von AM oder PM in der Lokale; leer wenn unbekannt %P wie %p, aber in Kleinbuchstaben %r Zeit im 12‐Stunden‐Format (z. B. 03:11:30) %R Zeit im 24‐Stunden‐Format; dasselbe wie %H:%M %s Sekunden seit „1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC“ %u Nutzer‐ID des Eigners %U Nutzername des Eigners %x Zeit des letzten Zugriffs %X Zeit des letzten Zugriffs in Sekunden seit der Epoche %y Zeit der letzten Modifikation %Y Zeit der letzten Modifikation in Sekunden seit der Epoche %z Zeit der letzten Änderung %Z Zeit der letzten Änderung in Sekunden seit der Epoche %x Datumsrepräsentation der Lokale (z. B. 18.11.2005) %X Zeitrepräsentation der Lokale (z. B. 15:14:33) %y die letzten zwei Ziffern des Jahres (00..99) %Y Jahr %z +hhmm numerische Zeitzone (z. B. +0100) %:z +hh:mm numerische Zeitzone (z. B. +01:00) %::z +hh:mm:ss numerische Zeitzone (z. B. +01:00:00) %:::z numerische Zeitzone mit nötiger Zahl an „:“ (z. B. +01 oder +05:30) %Z alphabetische Zeitzonenabkürzung (z. B. CET) Die Vorgabe ist, numerische Felder mit Nullen aufzufüllen. + TOKEN TOKEN als Zeichenkette interpretieren, auch wenn es ein Schlüsselwort wie „match“ oder ein Operator wie „/“ ist ( AUSDRUCK ) Wert des AUSDRUCKs --output-delimiter=STR Spalten mit STR trennen -A, --address-radix=RADIX entscheiden, wie Dateioffsets ausgegeben werden -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES BYTES Eingabebytes am Anfang jeder Datei übergehen -A, --auto-reference automatisch generierte Referenzen ausgeben -G, --traditional mehr wie „ptx“ von System V funktionieren -F, --flag-truncation=ZKETTE ZKETTE benutzen, um Abschneidungen anzuzeigen -B, --block-size=GRÖßE GRÖßE große Blöcke verwenden -b, --bytes äquivalent zu „--apparent-size --block-size=1“ -c, --total Gesamtsumme erzeugen -D, --dereference-args nur symbolische Verknüpfungen dereferenzieren, die an der Kommandozeile angegeben wurden -D alle führenden Elemente von ZIEL erzeugen außer dem letzten, dann QUELLE nach ZIEL kopieren -g, --group=GRUPPE Gruppenbesitz setzen, statt Gruppe des akt. Prozesses -m, --mode=MODUS Zugriffsrechte setzen (wie in chmod), statt rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=BESITZER Besitzer setzen (nur für den Superuser) -D, --date-format=FORMAT FORMAT für die Datumsausgabe in der Kopfzeile benutzen -e[ZEICH[BREITE]], --expand-tabs[=ZEICH[BREITE]] Eingabe‐ZEICHen (Tabulatoren) zu BREITE Leerzeichen (8) ersetzen -F, -f, --form-feed Seitenvorschübe statt Zeilenvorschübe benutzen, um Seiten zu trennen (duch einen 3‐Zeilen‐Seitenkopf bei -F oder einen 5‐Zeilen‐Seitenkopf und ‐fuß ohne -F) -G, --no-group in Langform Gruppennamen nicht auflisten -h, --human-readable in Langform Größenangaben in menschenlesbarem Format ausgeben (z. B. 1K 234M 2G) --si genauso, aber mit 1000 statt 1024 als Teiler -H, --dereference-command-line symbolischen Verknüpfungen, die auf der Kommandozeile aufgeführt sind, folgen --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir symbolischen Verknüpfungen auf der Kommandozeile, die auf Verzeichnisse zeigen, folgen --hide=MUSTER implizite Einträge, auf die Shell‐MUSTER passt, nicht auflisten (überschrieben durch -a oder -A) -I einmal nachfragen, wenn mehr als drei Dateien gelöscht werden sollen oder beim rekursiven Löschen; weniger aufdringlich als -i, gibt aber Schutz gegen die meisten Fehler. --interactive[=WANN] nachfragen WANN: „never“ (nie), „once“ (-I) oder „always“ (-i); ohne WANN: immer -L DATEI DATEI existiert und ist ein symbolischer Link (wie -h) -O DATEI DATEI existiert und wird von der effektiver Benutzer‐ID besessen -p DATEI DATEI existiert und ist Pipe mit Namen -r DATEI DATEI existiert und ist lesbar -s DATEI DATEI existiert und ist größer als Null -L, --dereference alle symbolischen Verknüpfungen dereferenzieren -P, --no-dereference keinen symb. Verknüpfungen folgen (Voreinstellung) -0, --null jede Ausgabezeile mit 0 beenden anstelle des Zeilenendezeichens -S, --separate-dirs Größe von Unterverzeichnissen nicht mitzählen -s, --summarize nur Summe für jedes Argument anzeigen -L, --logical PWD aus der Umgebung nehmen, selbst wenn dieses symbolische Verknüpfungen enthält -P, --physical alle symbolischen Verknüpfungen vermeiden -M, --macro-name=ZKETTE Makroname, der statt „xx“ zu benutzen ist -O, --format=roff Ausgabe als roff‐Anweisungen erzeugen -R, --right-side-refs Referenzen nach rechts setzen, in -w nicht gezählt -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP für Zeilen‐ oder Satzende -T, --format=tex Ausgabe als TeX‐Anweisungen erzeugen -N, --read-bytes=BYTES Ausgabe auf BYTES Eingabebytes pro Datei begrenzen -s, --strings[=BYTES] Ketten mit wenigstens BYTES alphanumerischen Zeichen ausgeben -t, --format=TYP Ausgabeformat(e) wählen -v, --output-duplicates nicht * benutzen, um Zeilenunterdrückung anzuzeigen -w, --width[=BYTES] Anzahl BYTES pro Ausgabezeile ausgeben --traditional Argumente in traditioneller Form akzeptieren -P, --portability POSIX‐Ausgabeformat verwenden --sync „sync“ vor Erlangen der Benutzungsinformation aufrufen -t, --type=TYP Liste auf Dateisysteme des Typs TYP begrenzen -T, --print-type Dateisystemtyp ausgeben. -x, --exclude-type=TYP Liste auf Dateisysteme nicht vom Typ TYP begrenzen. -v (ignoriert) -S nach Dateigröße sortieren --sort=WORT nach WORT anstatt nach Name sortieren: none -U extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=WORT mit -l, Zeit als WORT statt der Änderungszeit: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, status -c; die angegebene Zeit als Sortierkriterium bei --sort=time verwenden -S DATEI DATEI existiert und ist ein Socket -t FD DATEI‐Deskriptor FD ist auf ein Terminal geöffnet -u DATEI DATEI existiert und das Set‐User‐ID‐Bit der DATEI ist gesetzt -w DATEI DATEI existiert und ist schreibbar -x DATEI DATEI existiert und ist ausführbar -S, --suffix=SUFFIX normale Anhänge für Sicherungen überschreiben -t, --target-directory=VERZ VERZeichnis angeben, in dem die Verknüpfungen erstellt werden sollen -T, --no-target-directory LINK_NAME als Namen normaler Datei behandeln -v, --verbose jeden Dateinamen vor dem Verknüpfen ausgeben -SZKETTE, --sep-string[=ZKETTE] Spalten durch eine ZKETTE trennen, ohne -S: Vorgabetrennzeichen ist Tabulator mit -J und sonst Leerzeichen (dasselbe wie -S" "), hat keine Auswirkung auf Spaltenoptionen -t, --omit-header Kopf‐ und Fußzeilen unterdrücken -T, --omit-pagination Kopf‐ und Fußzeilen unterdrücken, Seitenvorschubangaben der Eingabedateien ignorieren -v, --show-nonprinting oktale Rückschrägstrich‐Notation benutzen -w, --width=SEITEN_BREITE Seitenbreite auf SEITEN_BREITE (72) Zeichen nur für Ausgabe mehrfacher Textspalten setzen, -s[Zeichen] schaltet ab (72) -T, -w, --mesg den Message‐Status des Benutzers als +, - or ? hinzufügen -u, --users angemeldete Benutzer anzeigen --message dasselbe wie -T --writable dasselbe wie -T -W, --page-width=SEITEN_BREITE Seitenbreite immer auf SEITEN_BREITE (72) Zeichen setzen, Zeilen abschneiden, es sei denn -J ist gesetzt, keine gegenseitige Störung mit -S oder -s -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP REGEXP benutzen, um jedes Schlüsselwort abzubilden -b, --break-file=DATEI Wortendezeichen in dieser Datei -f, --ignore-case zum Sortieren Klein‐ in Großschreibung wandeln -g, --gap-size=NUMBER Zwischenraumgröße zwischen Ausgabefeldern -i, --ignore-file=DATEI Liste zu ignorierender Wörter aus DATEI lesen -o, --only-file=DATEI Wortliste nur aus dieser DATEI lesen -Z, --context=KTX den SELinux-Sicherheitskontext von NAME auf KTX setzen -Z, --context=KTX den SELinux-Sicherheitskontext jedes NAME auf KTX setzen -a nur die Zugriffszeit ändern -c, --no-create keine Dateien erzeugen -d, --date=DATUM DATUM lesen und statt der momentanen Zeit verwenden -f (ignoriert) -a, --across Spalten horizontal statt vertikal schreiben, wird zusammen mit -SPALTEN benutzt -c, --show-control Hut‐Notation (^G) und oktale Rückschrägstrich‐Notation benutzen -d, --double-space doppelter Zeilenvorschub in der Ausgabe -a, --all unechte Dateisysteme mit einschließen -B, --block-size=GRÖßE GRÖßE große Blöcke verwenden --total Gesamtsumme erstellen -h, --human-readable Größen in menschenlesbarem Format (z. B. 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si genauso, aber mit 1000 statt 1024 als Teiler -a, --all Zählung für jede Datei ausgeben, nicht nur für Verzeichnisse --apparent-size die sichtbare Größe ausgeben statt Platzverbrauchs; diese ist meist kleiner, kann aber auch größer sein durch Löcher in („sparse“‐)Dateien, interne Fragmentierung, indirekte Blöcke und ähnliches -a, --all alle Leerzeichen wandeln, statt nur der führenden --first-only nur führendene Leerzeichen konvertieren (überschreibt -a) -t, --tabs=N Tabulatoren alle ANZAHL Zeichen annehmen, statt 8 -t, --tabs=LISTE kommagetrennte Liste von Tabulatorpositionen verwenden (-t und --tabs implizieren -a) -a, --archive genau wie -dpR --preserve=all --backup[=KONTROLLE] eine Sicherung existierender Zieldateien erzeugen -b wie --backup, akzeptiert aber kein Argument --copy-contents wenn rekursiv, Inhalt von Spezialdateien kopieren -d genauso wie --no-dereference --preserve=links -a, --suffix-length=N Suffixe mit Länge N verwenden (Vorgabe %d) -b, --bytes=GRÖSSE GRÖSSE Bytes in die Ausgabedatei ausgeben -C, --line-bytes=GRÖSSE höchstens GRÖSSE Bytes pro Zeile auf die Ausgabe schreiben -d, --numeric-suffixes numerische Suffixe statt alphabetischer benutzen -l, --lines=ANZAHL ANZAHL Zeilen in die Ausgabedatei ausgeben -b, --before Trennzeichen vorher statt hinterher einfügen -r, --regex das Trennzeichen als regulären Ausdruck interpretieren -s, --separator=ZKETTE ZKETTE als Trenzeichen statt Zeilenumbruch benutzen -b, --binary im Binärmodus lesen -b, --binary im Binärmodus lesen (Voreinstellung außer beim Lesen aus an Konsole gebundener Standardeingabe) -b, --body-numbering=STIL STIL zur Nummerierung benutzen -d, --section-delimiter=CC CC benutzen, um logische Seiten zu trennen -f, --footer-numbering=STIL STIL benutzen, um Fußzeilen zu nummerieren -b, --bytes Bytes anstatt Spalten zählen -s, --spaces Umbruch bei Leerzeichen -w, --width=BREITE BREITE Spalten anstatt 80 benutzen -b, --bytes=LISTE nur diese Bytes ausgeben -c, --characters=LISTE nur diese Zeichen ausgeben -d, --delimiter=TRENN TRENN anstelle von Tabulator als Trenner benutzen -b, --ignore-leading-blanks führende Leerzeichen ignorieren -d, --dictionary-order nur Leer‐ und alphanumerische Zeichen beachten -f, --ignore-case Klein‐ als Großbuchstaben behandeln -b, --suffix-format=FORMAT sprintf‐FORMAT anstelle von %02d benutzen -f, --prefix=PRÄFIX PRÄFIX anstelle von „xx“ benutzen -k, --keep-files Ausgabedateien bei Fehler nicht löschen -c, --bytes=K die letzten K Bytes ausgeben; oder -c +K benutzen, um Bytes ab dem Kten jeder Datei auszugeben -c, --check %s‐Prüfsummen aus DATEIen lesen und überprüfen -c, --check, --check=diagnose-first prüfen, ob Eingabe sortiert ist; nicht sortieren -C, --check=quiet, --check=silent wie -c, aber erste schlechte Zeile nicht melden --compress-program=PROG temporäre Dateien mit PROG komprimieren; mit PROG -d wieder entpacken --files0-from=DATEI Eingabe aus Dateien lesen, deren Namen NULL-terminiert in DATEI aufgeführt sind; ist D „-“, so wird die Standardeingabe gelesen -c, --count den Zeilen die Anzahl des Vorkommens voranstellen -d, --repeated nur die doppelten Zeilen ausgeben -c, --crown-margin Einrückung der ersten beiden Zeilen erhalten -p, --prefix=ZKETTE nur Zeilen mit ZKETTE als Präfix neu formatiern, dabei ZKETTE jeder neuen Zeile voranstellen -s, --split-only lange Zeilen umbrechen, aber nicht auffüllen -c, --no-create keine Dateien erstellen -d, --delimiters=LISTE Zeichen aus LISTE anstelle von Tabulatoren benutzen -s, --serial Dateien nacheinander ausgeben anstelle parallel -e Interpretation von Rückschrägstrich‐Sequenzen anschalten -E Interpretation von Rückschrägstrich‐Sequenzen unterdrücken (Voreinst.) -e Interpretation von Rückschrägstrich‐Sequenzen anschalten (Voreinst.) -E Interpretation von Rückschrägstrich‐Sequenzen unterdrücken -e, --echo jedes ARG als Eingabezeile ansehen -i, --input-range=VON-BIS Zahlen von VON bis BIS als Eingabezeilen ansehen -n, --head-lines=ZEILEN höchstens ZEILEN Zeilen zeigen -o, --output=DATEI Ergebnis in DATEI schreiben statt in Standardausg. --random-source=DATEI zufällige Bytes aus DATEI nehmen -z, --zero-terminated Zeilen mit Nullbyte statt Zeilenumbruch abschließen -f nicht sortieren, -aU an‐ und -ls --color abschalten -F, --classify ein Zeichen (aus */=>@|) zur Typisierung anhängen --file-type genauso, aber kein „*“ anhängen --format=WORT across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time wie -l --time-style=full-iso -f ohne Kopfzeile über den Spalten (bei kurzem Format) -w ohne Namen der Benutzer (bei kurzem Format) -i ohne volle Namen und entfernte Rechner der Benutzer (bei kurzem Format) -q ohne volle Namen, entfernte Rechner und Idle‐Zeit der Benutzer -f dasselbe wie -t fF, Fließkommazahlen wählen -i dasselbe wie -t dI, dezimale Integer wählen -l dasselbe wie -t dL, dezimale Longs wählen -o dasselbe wie -t o2, oktale 2‐Byte‐Zahlen wählen -s dasselbe wie -t d2, dezimale 2‐Byte‐Zahlen wählen -x dasselbe wie -t x2, hexadezimale 2‐Byte‐Zahlen wählen -f DATEI DATEI existiert und ist eine reguläre Datei -g DATEI DATEI existiert und ist set‐group‐ID -G DATEI DATEI existiert wird von der effektiven Gruppen‐ID besessen -h DATEI DATEI existiert und ist ein symbolischer Link (dasselbe wie -L) -k DATEI DATEI existiert und hat das Sticky‐Bit gesetzt -f, --canonicalize kanonisieren, indem jeder symb. Verknüpfung in jeder Komponente des gegebenen Pfads rekursiv gefolgt wird; alle außer der letzten Komponente müssen existieren -e, --canonicalize-existing kanonisieren, indem jeder symb. Verknüpfung in jeder Komponente des gegebenen Pfads rekursiv gefolgt wird; alle Komponenten müssen existieren -f, --fields=LIST nur diese Felder ausgeben; außerdem jede Zeile ausgeben, die kein Trennzeichen enthält, außer die Option -s ist gegeben -n (ignoriert) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] angefügte Daten ausgeben, während die Datei wächst; „-f“, „--follow“ und „--follow=descriptor“ sind äquivalent -F gleichbedeutend mit „--follow=name --retry“ -f, --force wenn existierende Zieldatei nicht geöffnet werden kann, löschen und erneut versuchen (redundant bei Verwendung der Option -n) -i, --interactive vor einem Überschreiben nachfragen (überstimmt eine vorangehende Option -n) -H symbolischen Verknüpfungen, die auf der Kommando- zeile als QUELLE angegeben sind, folgen -f, --force wenn nötig Zugriffsrechte ändern, um Schreiben zuzulassen -n, --iteration=N N‐fach überschreiben statt des Standardwertes (%d) --random-source=DATEI zufällige Bytes aus DATEI nehmen -s, --size=N diese Anzahl Bytes zerhacken (Suffixe wie K, M, G zulässig) -f, --silent, --quiet unterdrücken der meisten Fehlermeldungen -v, --verbose eine Diagnose für jede verarbeitete Datei ausgeben --reference=RDATEI RDATEIs Modus anstatt eines MODUS-Wertes verwenden -R, --recursive Dateien und Verzeichnisse rekursiv ändern -f, --silent, --quiet die meisten Fehlermeldungen unterdrücken --reference=RDATEI RDATEIs Gruppe verwenden anstatt eines GRUPPE‐Wertes -R, --recursive Dateien und Verzeichnisse rekursiv ändern -v, --verbose Diagnose für jede verarbeitete Datei ausgeben -f, --silent, --quiet die meisten Fehlermeldungen unterdrücken --reference=RDATEI RDATEIs Eigentümer und Gruppe verwenden anstatt eines EIGENTÜMER:GRUPPE‐Wertes -R, --recursive Dateien und Verzeichnisse rekursiv ändern -v, --verbose Diagnose für jede verarbeitete Datei ausgeben -g wie -l, aber Eigentümer nicht auflisten -g GID[,GID1...] auch noch die primäre Gruppen-ID auf die numerische GID setzen und, wenn angegeben, erweiterte Gruppen-IDs auf GID1, ... -g, --general-numeric-sort anhand des allgemeinen numerischen Wertes sortieren -i, --ignore-nonprinting nur druckbare Zeichen beachten -M, --month-sort Reihenfolge: (unbekannt) < „JAN“ < ... < „DEZ“ -h --header=KOPF KOPF als zentrierten Seitenkopf anstelle des Dateinamens benutzen -h "" druckt eine leere Zeile, nicht -h"" benutzen. -i[ZEICH[BREITE]], --output-tabs[=ZEICH[BREITE]] Leerzeichen mit ZEICHen (Tabulatoren) auf BREITE (8) ersetzen -J, --join-lines zu vollen Zeilen zusammenziehen, gleichzeitig die durch -W veranlasste Zeilenbeschneidung abschalten, keine Spaltenausrichtung, --sep-string[=ZKETTE] setzt Trennzeichen -h, --no-dereference symbolische Verknüpfung statt einer referenzierten Datei ändern. (Nützlich auf Systemen, die für symb. Verknüpfungen die Besitzer ändern können.) -h, --no-dereference symbolische Verknüpfung statt einer referenzierten Datei ändern. (Nützlich auf Systemen, die für symb. Verknüpfungen die Zeitstempel ändern können.) -m nur Modifikationszeit ändern -i, --ignore-case Unterschiede in Groß/Kleinschreibung ignorieren, wenn Felder verglichen werden -j FELD äquivalent zu „-1 FELD -2 FELD“ -o FORMAT FORMAT benutzen, wenn Ausgabezeilen erstellt werden -t ZEICHEN ZEICHEN als Trennzeichen für Ein‐ und Ausgabefelder nehmen -i, --initial Tabulatoren nicht nach Nicht‐Freiraumzeichen (non blanks) wandeln -t, --tabs=ZAHL Tabulator alle ZAHL Zeichen annehmen, nicht 8 -i, --inodes INode‐Information statt der Block‐Benutzung auflisten -k wie „--block-size=1K“ -l, --local Liste auf lokale Dateisysteme begrenzen --no-sync nicht „sync“ vor Erlangen der Benutzungsinformation aufrufen (Standardvorgabe) -k Wie „--block-size=1K“ -l, --count-links Größe mehrfach zählen, wenn durch harte Verknüpfungen verbunden -m Wie „--block-size=1M“ -k, --key=POS1[,POS2] Schlüssel geht von POS1 (beginnend mit 1) bis POS2 (Voreinst.: Zeilenende) -m, --merge schon sortierte Dateien zusammenführen; nicht sortieren -l lange Listenformat verwenden -L, --dereference bei symbolischen Verknüpfungen die Eigenschaften der jeweiligen Zieldatei anzeigen -m so viele Einträge wie möglich, durch Kommata getrennt, in eine Zeile packen -l, --length=SEITENLÄNGE Seitenlänge auf SEITENLÄNGE (66) Zeilen setzen (Vorgabe: 56 Zeilen, und mit -F 63) -m, --merge alle Dateien parallel ausgeben, eine in jeder Spalte, Zeilen abschneiden, aber Zeilen voller Länge bei -J vereinigen -l, --link Dateien verknüpfen, statt zu kopieren -L, --dereference symbolischen Verknüpfungen in QUELLE immer folgen -l, --login Login‐Prozesse des Systems ausgeben -m, --canonicalize-missing kanonisieren, indem jeder symb. Verknüpfung in jeder Komponente des gegebenen Pfads rekursiv gefolgt wird; ohne Anforderung an Existenz der Komponenten -n, --no-newline keinen abschließenden Zeilenvorschub ausgeben -q, --quiet, -s, --silent Fehlermeldungen größtenteils unterdrücken -v, --verbose Fehlermeldungen ausgeben -m, --mode=MODUS Zugriffsrechte auf MODUS setzen, nicht a=rw − umask -m, --mode=MODUS Zugriffsrechte setzen (wie chmod), nicht a=rwx − umask -p, --parents kein Fehler, wenn vorhanden; übergeordnete Verzeichnisse erzeugen, wenn notwendig -v, --verbose für jedes angelegte Verzeichnis eine Meldung ausgeben -Z, --context=K SELinux-Sicherheitskontext jedes erzeugten Verzeichnisses auf K setzen -n, --digits=ZIFFERN angegebene Anzahl ZIFFERN anstelle von 2 benutzen -s, --quiet, --silent keine Bytezahlen der Ausgabedateigrößen ausgeben -z, --elide-empty-files leere Ausgabedateien löschen -n, --lines=K die letzten K Zeilen ausgeben, statt der letzen %d; oder -n +K um Zeilen ab der Nten auszugeben --max-unchanged-stats=N mit --follow=name die DATEI erneut öffnen, wenn sie nach N Iterationen (Vorgabe: %d) unverändert ist, um zu sehen, ob sie gelöscht oder umbenannt wurde (das ist normalerweise der Fall bei rotierten Logdateien) -n, --no-clobber keine existierenden Dateien überschreiben (überstimmt eine vorangehende Option -n) -P, --no-dereference symbolischen Verknüpfungen in QUELLE nie folgen -n, --numeric-sort anhand des numerischen Werts sortieren -R, --random-sort anhand eines zufälligen Hash der Schlüssel sortieren --random-source=DATEI zufällige Bytes aus DATEI nehmen -r, --reverse das Ergebnis der Sortierung umkehren -n, --numeric-uid-gid wie -l, aber numerische UIDs und GIDs anzeigen -N, --literal rohe Eintragsnamen anzeigen (z. B. Kontroll‐ zeichen nicht besonders behandeln) -o wie -l, aber ohne Gruppen‐Informationen -p, --indicator-style=slash an Verzeichnisse ein „/“ anhängen -n[SEP[ZIFFERN]], --number-lines[=SEP[ZIFFERN]] Zeilen nummerieren, ZIFFERN (5) Ziffern benutzen, danach SEP (Tabulator), Nummerierung beginnt normalerweise mit der ersten Eingabezeile -N, --first-line-number=ZAHL Nummerierung mit ZAHL bei der ersten Zeile der ersten Seite beginnen, die ausgedruckt wird (siehe auch +ERSTE_SEITE) -o, --indent=RAND Zeile um RAND (null) Leerzeichen einrücken, beeinflusst nicht -w oder -W, RAND wird zu SEITEN_BREITE addiert -r, --no-file-warnings Warnung unterdrücken, wenn eine Datei nicht geöffnet werden kann -o, --output=DATEI Ergebnis in DATEI schreiben statt Standardausgabe -s, --stable Sortierung stabilisieren (dabei Rückzugssortierung deaktivieren) -S, --buffer-size=GRÖßE GRÖßE für Hauptspeicherpuffer benutzen -p genau wie --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps --preserve[=ATTR_LIST] angegebene Datei‐Attribute (Voreinstellung: mode, ownership,timestamps) wenn möglich erhalten; weitere Attribute: context, links, xattr, all -p, --parents VERZEICHNIS und seine Vorfahren entfernen; damit ist „rmdir -p a/b/c“ ähnlich zu „rmdir a/b/c a/b a“ -v, --verbose Diagnose für jedes bearbeitete Verzeichnis ausgeben -p, --preserve-timestamps Anwenden der Zugriffs‐/Änderungszeiten der QUELL‐Dateien auf entsprechende Zieldateien -s, --strip Symboltabellen bereinigen --strip-program=PRG Programm zum Bereinigen von ausführbaren Dateien -S, --suffix=SUFFIX alternative Erweiterung für Sicherungsdateien -t, --target-directory=VERZ alle QUELL‐Argumente in VERZ kopieren -T, --no-target-directory ZIEL als normale Datei behandeln -v, --verbose den Namen jedes Verzeichnisses bei Erzeugung ausgeben -q, --count alle Loginnamen und Anzahl der angemeldeten Benutzer -r, --runlevel aktuellen Runlevel ausgeben -s, --short nur Namen, Leitung und Zeit ausgeben (Vorgabe) -t, --time das letztmalige Stellen der Systemuhr ausgeben -q, --hide-control-chars „?“ statt nicht‐druckbarer Zeichen ausgeben --show-control-chars nicht‐druckbare Zeichen anzeigen, wie sie sind (Standardvorgabe, außer wenn das Programm „ls“ ist und die Ausgabe auf ein Terminal geht) -Q, --quote-name Eintrags‐Namen in doppelte Anführungszeichen. --quoting-style=WORT Anführungszeichen‐Stil WORT benutzen: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent nie Dateinamen vorab ausgeben -v, --verbose immer Dateinamen vorab ausgeben -r, --reference=DATEI Zeit der letzten Änderung von DATEI anzeigen -R, --rfc-2822 Datumsausgabe gemäß RFC‐2822 anzeigen Beispiel: Tue, 27 Feb 2007 16:03:44 +0100 -r, --reference=DATEI die Größe dieser DATEI nehmen -s, --size=GRÖßE diese GRÖßE benutzen -r, --reference=DATEI Die Zeiten dieser Datei anstatt der momentanen Zeit verwenden. -t MARKE [[HH]JJ]MMTTSSmm[.ss] statt momentaner Zeit verwenden. --time=WORT Die Zeit, die von WORT angegeben wird, setzen: access, atime oder use: wie -a; mtime, modify: wie -m -r, --references erstes Feld jeder Zeile ist eine Referenz -t, --typeset-mode – nicht implementiert – -w, --width=ANZAHL Ausgabebreite innerhalb der Spalten, ohne die Referenzen -r, --reverse umgekehrte Reihenfolge beim Sortieren -R, --recursive Unterverzeichnissen rekursiv ausgeben -s, --size die Größe jeder Datei in Blöcken ausgeben -s, --only-delimited keine Zeilen ausgeben, die keinen Trenner enthalten --ouput-delimiter=ZKETTE ZKETTE als Ausgabetrennzeichen benutzen; Voreinstellung ist das Eingabetrennzeichen -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL Name oder Nummer des zu sendenden Signals -l, --list Signalnamen auflisten oder von oder zu Nummern umwandeln -t, --table Liste mit Informationen zu den Signalen -s, --sleep-interval=N mit -f: zwischen Versuchen etwa N Sekunden (Voreinstellung: 1) schlafen legen -v, --verbose immer Kopfzeilen mit Dateinamen ausgeben -s, --symbolic-link symbolischen Verknüpfungen erzeugen anstatt zu kopieren -S, --suffix=SUFFIX normale Sicherungs‐Dateiendung ändern -t, --target-directory=VERZ alle QUELLE‐Argumente in VERZ kopieren -T, --no-target-directory ZIEL als normale Datei behandeln -t nach Änderungszeit sortieren -T, --tabsize=SPALTEN Tabstops auf alle SPALTEN Zeichen setzen statt 8 -t äquivalent zu -vT -T, --show-tabs Tabulator‐Zeichen als ^I ausgeben -u (wird ignoriert) -v, --show-nonprinting ^‐ und M‐Notation benutzen, außer für LFD und Tab. -t, --field-separator=SEP SEP benutzen statt Übergang von Nichtleerraum zu Leerraum -T, --temporary-directory=VERZ für temporäre Dateien VERZ statt $TMPDIR oder %s; kann mehrfach gegeben werden -u, --unique mit -c: auf strikte Odnung prüfen; ohne -c: nur das erste von mehreren Gleichen ausgeben -t, --tabs=LISTE durch Komma getrennte LISTE von Tabulatorpositionen annehmen -t, --tagged-paragraph erste Zeile anders als die zweite einrücken -u, --uniform-spacing ein Leerzeichen zwischen Wörtern, zwei nach Sätzen -w, --width=BREITE maximale Zeilenbreite (Vorgabe: 75 Spalten) --target-directory=VERZ alle Quellen in Verzeichnis VERZ verschieben -T, --no-target-directory ZIEL als normale Datei behandeln -u, --update nur ältere oder brandneue Dateien verschieben -v, --verbose Erklärung über Abläufe ausgeben -t, --text im Textmodus lesen (Voreinstellung beim Lesen aus an Konsole gebundener Standardeingabe) -t, --text im Textmodus lesen (Voreinstellung) -u mit -lt: Sortieren nach und Anzeige von Zugriffs- zeit; mit -l: Anzeige von Zugriffszeit und nach Namen sortieren; sonst: nach Zugriffszeit -U nicht sortieren; Einträge in Reihenfolge des Verzeichnisses auflisten -v natürliche Ordnung von Versionsnummern innerhalb von Text -u, --remove Datei nach dem Überschreiben abschneiden und entfernen -v, --verbose Fortschritt anzeigen -x, --exact Dateigrößen nicht auf den nächsten vollen Block runden; dies ist für nicht‐reguläre Dateien die Voreinstellung -z, --zero ein letzten Überschreiben mit Nullen hinzufügen, um Zerhacken zu verbergen. -u, --update nur kopieren, wenn die QUELL‐Datei neuer ist als die Zieldatei oder die Zieldatei nicht existiert -v, --verbose durchgeführte Tätigkeiten erklären -x, --one-file-system in diesem Dateisystem verbleiben -u, --user=NUTZER NUTZER im Ziel-Sicherheitskontext setzen -r, --role=ROLLE ROLLE im Ziel-Sicherheitskontext setzen -t, --type=TYP TYP im Ziel-Sicherheitskontext setzen -l, --range=BEREICH BEREICH im Ziel-Sicherheitskontext setzen -v, --kernel-version Version des Kernels ausgeben -m, --machine Maschinentyp (Hardware) ausgeben -p, --processor Typ des Prozessors ausgeben (oder „unknown“) -i, --hardware-platform Hardwareplattform ausgeben (oder „unknown“) -o, --operating-system Namen des Betriebssystems ausgeben -v, --starting-line-number=ANZAHL erste Zeilennummer auf jeder logischen Seite -w, --number-width=ANZAHL ANZAHL Spalten für Zeilennummern benutzen -w, --check-chars=N nicht mehr als N Zeichen pro Zeile vergleichen -w, --width=SPALTEN gegebene Bildschirmbreite statt des momentanen Wertes annehmen -x Einträge in Zeilen statt in Spalten auflisten -X alphabetisch nach der Erweiterung sortieren -Z, --context SELinux-Sicherheitskontext jeder Datei anzeigen -1 eine Datei pro Zeile auflisten -x, --one-file-system Verzeichnis auf anderen Dateisystemen überspringen -X, --exclude-from=DAT Dateien ausschließen, die auf Muster in DAT passen --exclude=MUSTER Dateien, die auf MUSTER passen, ausschließen --max-depth=N Summe für ein Verzeichnis ausgeben (oder einer Datei, mit „--all“) nur, wenn es N oder weniger Ebenen unterhalb des Kommandozeilenargumentes ist. „--max-depth=0“ ist dasselbe wie „--summarize“. -z, --zero-terminated Zeilen mit Nullbyte beenden, nicht mit Zeilenvorschub Prozesse in einem nicht unterbrechbaren Schlafzustand tragen ebenfalls zur Durchschnittslast bei. [:graph:] alle druckbaren Zeichen, ohne Leerzeichen [:lower:] alle Kleinbuchstaben [:print:] alle druckbaren Zeichen, einschl. Leerzeichen [:punct:] alle Satzzeichen [:space:] alle horizontalen oder vertikalen Leerzeichen/Tabulatoren [:upper:] alle Großbuchstaben [:xdigit:] alle hexadezimalen Ziffern [=ZEICHEN=] alle Zeichen äquivalent zu ZEICHEN \v vertikaler Tabulator ZEICH1-ZEICH2 alle Zeichen von ZEICH1 bis ZEICH2 aufsteigend [ZEICH*] in MENGE2, Kopien von ZEICH bis zur Länge von MENGE1 [ZEICH*ANZ] ANZ Kopien von ZEICHEN, ANZ ist oktal, wenn es mit 0 beginnt [:alnum:] alle Buchstaben und Ziffern [:alpha:] alle Buchstaben [:blank:] alle horizontalen Leerzeichen/Tabulatoren [:cntrl:] alle Kontrollzeichen [:digit:] alle Ziffern ascii von EBCDIC in ASCII ebcdic von ASCII in EBCDIC ibm von ASCII in alternatives EBCDIC block mit Zeilenumbrüchen terminierte Datensätzen durch Leerzeichen bis zur cbs‐Größe auffüllen unblock nachlaufende Leerzeichen in Datensätzen von cbs‐Größe mit Zeilenumbrüchen ersetzen lcase Großbuchstaben in Kleinbuchstaben ändern binary binäre Ein‐/Ausgabe benutzen cio nebenläufige Ein‐/Ausgabe für Daten benutzen d[ANZAHL] dezimal mit Vorzeichen, ANZAHL Bytes pro Zahl f[ANZAHL] Fließkomma, ANZAHL Bytes pro Zahl o[ANZAHL] oktal, ANZAHL Bytes pro Zahl u[ANZAHL] dezimal ohne Vorzeichen, ANZAHL Bytes pro Zahl x[ANZAHL] hexadezimal, ANZAHL Bytes pro Zahl direct direkte Ein‐/Ausgabe für Daten benutzen directory abbrechen, wenn kein Verzeichnis dsync synchronisierte Ein‐/Ausgabe für Daten benutzen fullblock volle Eingabeblöcke ansammeln (nur iflag) if=DATEI aus DATEI statt von der Standardeingabe lesen iflag=FLAGS anhand der kommagetrennten Symbolliste lesen obs=BYTES BYTES Bytes auf einmal schreiben (Voreinstellung: 512) of=DATEI in DATEI statt in die Standardausgabe schreiben oflag=FLAGS anhand der kommagetrennten Symbolliste schreiben seek=BLÖCKE BLÖCKE obs‐große Blöcke am Anfang der Ausgabe überspringen skip=BLÖCKE BLÖCKE ibs‐große Blöcke am Anfang der Eingabe überspringen status=noxfer Transferstatistik unterdrücken noatime die Zugriffszeit nicht erneuern nocreat Ausgabedatei nicht anlegen excl wenn Ausgabedatei schon existiert, abbrechen notrunc Ausgabedatei nicht abschneiden ucase Kleinbuchstaben in Großbuchstaben ändern swab jedes Paar von Eingabebytes vertauschen noctty das kontrollierende Terminal nicht von Datei zuweisen noerror nach Lesefehlern fortfahren sync jeden Eingabeblock mit NULLen zur ibs‐Größe auffüllen; wenn mit „block“ oder „unblock“ benutzt, stattdessen mit Leerzeichen fdatasync vor Beendigung Ausgabedatendatei physisch schreiben fsync genauso, zusätzlich auch die Metadaten nofollow symbolischen Verknüpfungen nicht folgen nolinks abbrechen, wenn mehrfach verlinkt nonblock nicht‐blockierende Ein‐/Ausgabe benutzen none, off Niemals Sicherung erzeugen (selbst wenn --backup angegeben wurde) numbered, t Erzeugen von nummerierten Sicherheitskopien existing, nil Nummeriert wenn nummerierte Backups existieren, sonst einfach. simple, never Immer einfache Sicherheitskopien erzeugen sync genauso, aber auch für Metadaten text textuelle Ein‐/Ausgabe benutzen %4s‐Blöcke Benutzt Verfügbar Ben%% %H:%M %s‐Blöcke Benutzt Verfügbar Kapazit. (Sicherung: %s)* [-]ctlecho Sonderzeichen in Hutnotation ausgeben („^c“) [-]echo Eingabezeichen ausgeben * [-]echoctl dasselbe wie [-]ctlecho [-]echoe dasselbe wie [-]crterase [-]echok Zeilenvorschub nach Killzeichen ausgeben * [-]echoke dasselbe wie [-]crtkill [-]echonl Zeilenvorschub ausgeben, auch wenn keine Zeichen ausgegeben werden * [-]echoprt gelöschte Zeichen rückwärts ausgeben, zwischen „\“ und „/“ [-]icanon erase‐, kill‐, werase‐ und rprnt‐Sonderzeichen erlauben [-]iexten Sonderzeichen erlauben, die nicht POSIX‐konform sind * [-]iuclc Groß- in Kleinbuchstaben wandeln * [-]ixany jedes Zeichen startet Ausgabe neu, nicht nur das Startzeichen [-]ixoff das Senden von Start‐/Stoppzeichen erlauben [-]ixon XON/XOFF‐Flusskontrolle erlauben [-]parmrk Parity‐Fehler markieren (mit einer 255‐0‐Zeichenfolge) [-]tandem dasselbe wie [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 Eingabezeichen als UTF-8 annehmen * [-]ocrnl Wagenrücklauf (CR) in Zeilenvorschub wandeln * [-]ofdel Löschzeichen zum Auffüllen anstelle von Nullzeichen benutzen * [-]ofill Füllzeichen anstelle von Zeitverzögerungen benutzen * [-]olcuc Klein‐ in Großbuchstaben wandeln * [-]onlcr Zeilenvorschub in Wagenrücklauf (CR) wandeln * [-]onlret Zeilenvorschub bedingt Wagenrücklauf (CR) * [-]onocr kein Wagenrücklauf (CR) in der ersten Spalte [-]opost Ausgabe nachbehandeln * tabN horizontale Tabulatorverzögerung, N in [0..3] * tabs dasselbe wie tab0 * -tabs dasselbe wie tab3 * vtN vertikale Tabulatorverzögerung, N in [0..1] * eol2 CHAR alternatives CHAR für Zeilenende erase CHAR CHAR löscht das zuletzt eingegebene Zeichen intr CHAR CHAR sendet Unterbrechungssignal (Interrupt) kill CHAR CHAR löscht aktuelle Zeile * lnext CHAR CHAR nimmt das nächste Zeichen uninterpretiert auf quit CHAR CHAR sendet ein Quit‐Signal * rprnt CHAR CHAR gibt die aktuelle Zeile neu aus start CHAR CHAR startet die Ausgabe erneut nach einem Stopp * rows N an den Kernel melden, dass dieses Terminal N Zeilen hat * size die Anzahl Zeilen und Spalten ausgeben speed die Terminal‐Geschwindigkeit ausgeben time N mit -icanon, die Lesewartezeit auf N Zehntelsekunden setzen ??:?? Eingehängt auf TTY Kontext=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu Gruppen= alt bei Wiederholung %s % 1% des Speichers, b 1, k 1024 (Vorgabe), und so weiter für M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Ohne DATEI, oder wenn DATEI „-“ ist, Standardeingabe lesen. *** WARNUNG *** Die eingestellte Locale beeinflusst die Sortierreihenfolge. Setzen Sie LC_ALL=C, um die traditionelle Sortierreihenfolge zu aktivieren, bei der native Bytewerte verwendet werden. %.*s: ungültige Umwandlungsangabe%e. %b %Y %e. %b %H:%M%lu Benutzer%lu Benutzer%s%s (für regulären Ausdruck %s)%s → %s (Löschen der Sicherung) %s [-d] beendete sich auf ungute Weise%s und %s sind die gleiche Datei%s existiert, ist aber kein Verzeichnis%s ist aufgetaucht; folge Ende der neuen Dateiauf „%s“ kann jetzt zugegriffen werdenauf %s kann nicht mehr zugegriffen werden%s wurde ersetzt durch eine entfernt liegenden Datei; kein weiterer Versuch%s wurde ersetzt durch eine ungeeignete Datei; kein weiterer Versuch%s wurde ersetzt; folge Ende der neuen Datei%s hat einen unbekannten Dateityp%s has nicht nutzbare, scheinbar negative GrößeHomepage für %s: %s ist keine gültige positive ganze Zahl%s ist zu groß%s wurde angegeben, %s aber nicht%s%s Argument „%s“ zu groß%s: %s ist so groß, dass es nicht dargestellt werden kann%s: %s: Zeilennummer nicht im zulässigen Bereich%s: %s: keine Entsprechung gefunden%s: %s:%s: ungeordnet: %s: FEHLSCHLAG bei open oder read %s: Einen solchen Benutzer gibt es nicht%s: „}“ ist bei Angabe einer Wiederholungsanzahl erforderlich%s: binärer Operator erwartet%s: Erzeugen relativer symbolischer Verknüpfungen nur in momentanem Verzeichnis möglich%s: Ändern desf nicht‐blockierenden Modus ist nicht möglich%s: Es ist kein Name zur Nutzer‐ID %lu zu finden %s: es ist nicht möglich, bis zum Ende dieses Dateityps vorgehen; kein weiterer Versuch für diesen Namen%s: es ist nicht möglich, zum ursprünglichen Stelle zu springen%s: Überschreiben des Verzeichnisses nicht möglich%s: Zurückspulen nicht möglich%s: kann nicht zu Position springen%s: es ist nicht möglich, vom Ende her zum relativen Offset %s zu springen%s: es ist nicht möglich, zum Offset %s zu springen%s: es ist nicht möglich, zum relativen Offset %s zu springen%s: kann einen Nur‐Anfügen‐Dateideskriptors nicht zerhacken%s: kann nicht überspringen%s: es ist nicht möglich, zum angegebenen Offset zu springen%s: schließender Trenner „%c“ fehlt%s: Zurücksetzen auf nicht-blockierenden Modus ist nicht möglich%s: in Verzeichnis %s absteigen? %s: in schreibgeschütztes Verzeichnis %s absteigen? %s: Dateieende%s: Äquivalenzklassenoperand muss ein einzelnes Zeichen sein%s: Fehler beim Abschneiden%s: Fehler beim Schreiben an Verschiebung %s%s: erwartet eine Zahlwert%s: konnte nicht schließen%s: konnte nicht zum Schreiben öffnen%s: konnte nicht entfernen%s: fcntl fehlgeschlagen%s: fdatasync fehlgeschlagen%s: Datei hat negative Größe%s: Datei zu stark geschrumpft%s: Datei zu groß%s: Datei zu lang%s: Datei abgeschnitten%s: fstat fehlgeschlagen%s: fsync fehlgeschlagen%s: harte Verknüpfung für Verzeichnisse nicht erlaubt%s: Eingabe enthält eine Schleife:%s: Eingabe enthält eine ungerade Anzahl Token%s: Eingabedatei ist Ausgabedatei%s: ganze Zahl nach Trenner erwartet%s: ungültige PID%s: ungültige Zähler am Anfang von %s%s: ungültige Anweisung%s: ungültige Feldangabe %s%s: ungültige Dateigröße%s: ungültiger Dateityp%s: ungültige maximale Anzahl von ungeänderten „stats“ zwischen Öffnungen%s: ungültige Zahl%s: ungültige Anzahl von Bytes%s: ungültige Anzahl von Zeilen%s: ungültige Anzahl von Durchgängen%s: ungültige Anzahl von Sekunden%s: ungültiges Muster%s: ungültige Prozess‐ID%s: ungültiger regulärer Ausdruck: %s%s: ungültiges Signal%s: ungültige Suffixlänge%s: Zeilennummer muss größer als Null sein%s: Zeilennummer nicht im zulässigen Bereich%s: lseek fehlgeschlagen%s: mehrere Signale angegeben%s: neue Zugriffsrechte sind %s, nicht %s%s: keine korrekt formatierte %s‐Prüfsummenzeile gefunden%s: Keine Information zur Größe dieses Gerätes%s: zeige schon angezeigtes Verzeichnis nicht an%s: Anzahl Bytes ist zu groß%s: %s überschreiben? %s: Durchgang %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: Durchgang %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: Durchgang %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: Lesefehler%s: %s %s entfernen? %s: Alle Argumente rekursiv entfernen? %s: alle Argumente entfernen? %s: %s (schreibgeschützt) %s entfernen? %s: entfernt%s: wird entfernt%s: in %s umbenannt%s: %s ersetzen? %s: Seek fehlgeschlagen%s: zu viele Prüfsummenzeilen%s: Überschreiben von %s, über Modus %04lo (%s) hinwegsetzen? %s: kann maximale Dateinamenlänge nicht ermitteln%s: es ist nicht möglich, alle angeforderten Operationen durchzuführen%s: Operator mit einem Argument erwartet%s: Wert nicht vollständig konvertiert%s: Schreibfehler%s: %lu: ungültige Zeile, zweites Token fehlt%s:%lu: ungültiger Dateiname der Länge 0%s:%lu: unbekanntes Schlüsselwort %s%s}: ganze Zahl zwischen „{“ and „}“ erforderlich“„)“ erwartet„)“ erwartet, %s gefunden©* Dateisysteme, die an temporären Orten zwischenspeichern, so wie Klienten unter NFS Version 3 * komprimierte Dateisysteme * Log‐strukturierte oder „journalled“ Dateisysteme, so wie die mit AIX und Solaris gelieferten (und JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, usw.) * Dateisysteme, die redundante Daten schreiben und auch dann fortfahren, wenn einige Schreibvorgänge fehlschlagen, so wie RAID‐basierte Dateisysteme * Dateisysteme, die Schnappschüsse anfertigen, so wie der NFS‐Server von Network Appliance , Durchschnittslast: %.2f, %g s, %s/s Argument %2$s für Option --%1$s zu groß--context (-Z) funktioniert nur auf einem Kernel mit SELinux-R --dereference erfordert entweder -H oder -L-R -h erfordert -P-ef erlaubt kein -l-nt erlaubt kein -l-ot erlaubt kein -l??? ?????Adressfamilie für Hostnamen nicht unterstütztErforderliche Argumente für lange Optionen sind für kurze auch notwendig. Alle Anfragen erledigtArgumentenpuffer zu kleinArnold RobbinsUngültiger Wert für ai_flagsBrian FoxVORSICHT: Beachten Sie, dass „shred“ auf einer sehr wichtigen Annahme beruht: dass das Dateisystem Daten an derselben Stelle überschreibt. Das ist die alt- hergebrachte Vorgehensweise, doch viele moderne Betriebssystemdesigns erfüllen diese Annahme nicht. Die folgenden Systeme sind Beispiele von Dateisystemen, auf denen „shred“ keine Wirkung hat oder auf denen nicht für alle Datei- systemmodi eine Wirkung garantiert werden kann: KOMMENTARDie Funktion link aufrufen, um eine Verknüpfung DATEI2 zu DATEI1 herzustellen. Die Funktion unlink aufrufen, um angegebene DATEI zu löschen. Die effektive Benutzer‐ und Gruppen‐ID in die des BENUTZERs ändern. -, -l, --login die Shell zur Loginshell machen -c, --command=BEFEHL einen einzelnen BEFEHL an die Shell weitergeben -f, --fast -f an die Shell weitergeben (für csh oder tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment Umgebungsvariablen nicht neu setzen -p dasselbe wie -m -s, --shell=SHELL SHELL benutzen, falls /etc/shells es erlaubt Ändern der Gruppen‐Zugehörigkeit für jede DATEI nach GRUPPE. Mit --reference: Ändern der Gruppen‐Zugehörigkeit für jede DATEI auf die von RDATEI. -c, --changes wie --verbose, aber nur bei wirklichen Änderungen --dereference referenzierte Datei einer symbolischen Verknüpfung ändern (dies ist die Voreinstellung) statt der Verknüpfung selbst Den Modus jeder DATEI auf MODUS ändern. -c, --changes wie --verbose, aber nur bei wirklichen Änderungen Ändern des Eigentümers und/oder der Gruppe für jede DATEI nach EIGENTÜMER und/oder GRUPPE. Mit --reference: Ändern von Eigentümers und Gruppe für jede DATEI auf die von RDATEI. -c, --changes wie --verbose, aber nur bei wirklichen Änderungen --dereference referenzierte Datei einer symbolischen Verknüpfung ändern (dies ist die Voreinstellung) statt der Verknüpfung selbst Ändern des Sicherheitskontextes für jede DATEI nach KONTEXT. Mit --reference: Ändern des Sicherheitskontextes für jede DATEI auf die von RDATEI. -h, --no-dereference symbolische Verknüpfung anstatt der referenzierten Datei ändern Chet RameyColin PlumbSortierte Dateien DATEI1 und DATEI2 Zeile für Zeile vergleichen. DATEI(en) oder Standardeingabe auf Standardausgabe verketten. -A, --show-all äquivalent zu -vET -b, --number-nonblank nichtleere Ausgabezeilen nummerieren -e äquivalent zu -vE -E, --show-ends $ am Ende jeder Zeile ausgeben -n, --number alle Ausgabezeilen nummerieren -s, --squeeze-blank aufeinander folgende Leerzeilen unterdrücken Alle Leerzeichen in jeder DATEI in Tabulatoren wandeln, auf Standardausgabe schreiben. Ohne DATEI, oder wenn DATEI „-“ ist, Standardeingabe lesen. Tabulatoren in jeder DATEI in Leerzeichen wandeln, auf Standardausgabe schreiben. Wurde keine DATEI angegeben, oder ist DATEI „-“, die Standardeingabe lesen. Kopieren von QUELLE nach ZIEL, oder mehrere QUELLE(n) in VERZEICHNIS Kopieren einer Datei, Konvertierung und Formatierung gemäß der Operanden. bs=BYTES BYTES Bytes auf einmal lesen und schreiben (siehe ibs=,obs=) cbs=BYTES BYTES Bytes auf einmal konvertieren conv=CONV Datei gemäß kommagetrennter Schlüsselwörter‐Liste konvertieren count=BLÖCKE nur BLÖCKE Eingabeblöcke kopieren ibs=BYTES Lesen von BYTES Bytes auf einmal (Voreinstellung: 512) Die Standardeingabe in jede angegebene DATEI und auf die Standardausgabe kopieren. -a, --append an existierende DATEIen anhängen, nichts überschreiben -i, --ignore-interrupts Unterbrechnungssignale (Interrupts) ignorieren Benannte Pipes (FIFOs) mit den angegebenen NAMEn erzeugen. Erzeugen der/des Verzeichnisse(s), wenn sie noch nicht existieren. Spezial‐Datei NAME vom angegebenen TYP erzeugen. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreUngültige und nicht portable Konstruktionen in Dateinamen analysieren. -p für die meisten POSIX‐Systeme überprüfen -P auf leere Namen und führendes „-“ prüfen --portability für alle POSIX‐Systeme überprüfen (äquiv. zu -p -P) Verzeichnis: Status einer Datei oder eines Dateisystems anzeigen. -L, --dereference Verknüpfungen folgen -f, --file-system Dateisystemstatus anstelle von Dateistatus anzeigen Die aktuelle Uhrzeit im angegebenen FORMAT anzeigen oder die Systemzeit setzen. -d, --date=ZEICHENKETTE Zeit gemäß ZEICHENKETTE anzeigen, nicht „jetzt“ -f, --file=DATEI wie --date für jede Zeile in DATEI Dmitry V. LevinJede zusätzliche Gruppe aufgeben, Nutzer‐ und Gruppen‐ID des angegebenen Nutzers annehmen und BEFEHL mit angegebenen ARGUMENTen durchführen. Mit Status 111 beenden, wenn UID und GID nicht angenommen werden können. Ansonsten, mit Status von BEFEHL beenden. Dieses Programm ist nur nützlich, wenn es von Root (UID=0) gerufen wird. EXITJeder Bereich ist eins aus: N Ntes Byte, Zeichen oder Feld, beginnend von 1 N- vom Nten Byte, Zeichen oder Feld bis zum Ende der Zeile N-M vom Nten zum Mten (einschl.) Byte, Zeichen oder Feld -M vom ersten zum Mten (einschl.) Byte, Zeichen oder Feld Ohne DATEI, oder wenn DATEI „-“ ist, die Standardeingabe lesen. Die ZEICHENKETTEn auf die Standardausgabe ausgeben. -n den abschließenden Zeilenvorschub unterdrücken Mit einem Status beenden, der Misserfolg signalisiert.Mit einem Status beenden, der Erfolg signalisiert.Programm mit Status gemäß AUSDRUCK beenden. F. PinardFEHLSCHLAGFIXME: unbekanntFORMAT muss in der Lage sein, ein Argument vom Typ „double“ auszugeben; per Voreinstellung ist es %.PRÄZf wenn ERSTER, PLUS und LETZTER alle dezimale Fixkommazahlen sind mit einer maximalen Genauigkeit PRÄZ, ansonsten %g. Die Angabe der Zahlen auf der Kommandozeilen muss im englischen Format erfolgen, die Ausgabe hängt dagegen von der gewählten Locale ab (in diesem Fall wird also ein Dezimalpunkt in der Eingabe und ein Dezimalkomma in der Ausgabe benutzt.) Fifos habe keine Major‐ und Minor‐Gerätenummern.Dateisystem Dateisystem Typ Benachbarte identische Zeilen aus EINGABE (oder der Standardeingabe) filtern, das Ergebnis in AUSGABE (oder die Standardausgabe) schreiben. Ohne Optionen werden identische Zeilen zur ersten vereinigt. Für jedes Eingabezeilenpaar mit identischen Verschmelzungsfeldern eine Zeile auf Standardausgabe schreiben. Das voreingestellte Verschmelzungsfeld ist das erste durch Leerzeichen/Tabulator begrenzte Feld. Wenn DATEI1 oder DATEI2 (nicht beide) „-“ ist, Standardeingabe lesen. -a DATEINR nicht‐passende Zeilen aus der Datei DATEINR ausgeben, wobei DATEINR 1 oder 2 ist, entsprechend DATEI1 oder DATEI2 -e LEER fehlende Eingabefelder durch LEER ersetzen Das Schreiben geänderter Blöcke auf die Platte erzwingen, den Super‐Block aktualisieren. Allgemeine Hilfe zur Benutzung von GNU-Software: H. Peter AnvinUNTÄTIGIan Lance TaylorUntätigWenn keine DATEI angegeben ist, %s benutzen. %s ist als DATEI üblich. Außerdem können Dateisystemsicherungen und entfernte Spiegel Kopien der Datei enthalten, die nicht entfernt werden können, und die es erlauben, eine zerhackte Datei wieder herzustellen. Im richtigen Leben: In der 1. Form: Eine Verknüpfung namens LINK_NAME auf ZIEL erstellen In der 2. Form: Eine Verknüpfung auf ZIEL im aktuellen Verzeichnis erstellen In der 3. und 4. Form: Verknüpfungen zu jedem ZIEL in VERZ erstellen Als Standardvorgabe werde harte Verknüpfungen erstellt, für symbolische Verknüpfungen ist die Option --symbolic anzugeben. Beim Erzeugen von harten Verknüpfungen muss jedes ZIEL existieren. Bei symbolischen Verknüpfungen dagegen kann beliebiger Text stehen; bei späterer Auflösung wird eine relative Verknüpfung bezogen auf ihr beinhaltendes Verzeichnis interpretiert. Im Fall von ext3 trifft die obige Bemerkung (und die eingeschränkte Verwendbarkeit von shred) nur zu, wenn der Modus data=journal gesetzt ist, der neben einem Journal für Metadaten auch eines für Daten schreibt. Sowohl im Modus data=ordered (Voreinstellung) und data=writeback funktioniert shred wie gewöhnlich. Die Journal‐Optionen von ext3 können beim Einhängen gesetzt werden durch Anhängen von data=irgendwas für ein bestimmtes Dateisystem in der /etc/fstab, wie es in der Manpage zu mount erklärt ist. unendlich BVon einem Signal unterbrochenUngültiger RückwärtsreferenzUngültiger ZeichenklassennameUngültiges SuchzeichenUngültiger Inhalt von \{\}Ungültiger vorhergehender regulärer AusdruckUngültiges BereichsendeUngültiger regulärer AusdruckJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfLEITUNGLOGINAuflistung von Informationen der DATEIen (Standardvorgabe ist das momentane Verzeichnis). Alphabetisches Sortieren der Einträge, falls weder -cftuvSUX noch --sort angegeben. LoginLoginname: Erforderliche Argumente für lange Optionen sind auch für kurze erforderlich. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnFehler bei SpeicheranforderungSpeicher ausgeschöpftMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNAMENameName oder Service unbekanntKeine Adresse mit Hostnamen verbundenKeine ÜbereinstimmungKein vorhergehender regulärer AusdruckNicht behebbarer Fehler bei NamensauflösungOKBeim Löschen ohne Verdichten darf nur eine Zeichenkette angegeben werden.--string ohne Zahl impliziert „3“. --width ohne Zahl impliziert „32“. Standardmäßig benutzt od: -A o -t oS -w16. Sortieroptionen: Andere Optionen: Einen permutierten Index der Wörter der Eingabedateien einschließlich Kontext ausgeben. Ausgabe-Befehl zum Setzen der Umgebungsvariable LS_COLORS. Bestimmen Sie das Ausgabeformat: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell Bourne‐Shell‐Code, um LS_COLORS zu setzen -c, --csh, --c-shell C‐Shell‐Code, um LS_COLORS zu setzen -p, --print-database Standardeinstellungen ausgeben Stücke fester Größe der EINGABE auf PRÄFIXaa, PRÄFIXab, ... ausgeben; Vorgabe für die Größe ist 1000 Zeilen und für PRÄFIX „x“. Wenn keine EINGABE angegeben wurde oder die EINGABE „-“ ist, Standardeingabe lesen. Teile der DATEI getrennt durch MUSTER in die Dateien „xx01“, „xx02“, ... ausgeben und die Bytezahl für jedes Teil auf Standardausgabe. Plattformabhängige Grenzen ausgeben in für Shell-Scripte nützlichem Format. Ausgeben, wer augenblicklich gemäß DATEI angemeldet ist. Wenn keine DATEI angegeben ist, %s benutzen. %s ist als DATEI üblich. Mehrfaches Überschreiben der angegebenen DATEI(en), um es schwerer zu machen, selbst mit teuren Hardware‐Analysemitteln die Daten wieder herzustellen. PIDPádraig BradyDATEI(en) in Seiten oder Spalten für die Druckausgabe unterteilen. Parameterzeichenkette nicht korrekt codiertKennwort:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlan: Vorzeitiges Ende des regulären AusdrucksARGUMENTe entsprechend des angegebenen FORMATs ausgeben, oder anhand OPTION ausführen CRC-Checksumme und Byteanzahl für jede DATEI ausgeben. Den NAMEn ohne führende Verzeichnisse ausgeben. Wenn angegeben, auch SUFFIX entfernen. NAME ohne die letzte /Komponente ausgeben; enthält der NAME kein /, wird „.“ (= aktuelles Verzeichnis) ausgegeben. Bestimmte Systeminformationen ausgeben. Ohne OPTION dasselbe wie -s. -a, --all alle Informationen ausgeben, in der folgenden Reihenfolge (außer -p und -i wenn nicht bekannt): -s, --kernel-name Namen des Kernels ausgeben -n, --nodename Netzwerknamen der Maschine ausgeben -r, --kernel-release Release‐Nummer des Kernels ausgeben Prüfsumme und Blockanzahl für jede DATEI ausgeben. -r BSD‐Summenalgorithmus benutzen, 1K Blöcke verwenden -s, --sysv System‐V‐Summenalgorithmus benutzen, 512‐Byte‐Blöcke verwenden Gruppenmitgliedschaften für BENUTZERNAME oder, wenn dieser nicht angegeben ist, dem aktuellen Prozess anzeigen (welche abweichen kann, wenn die Datenbank mit Gruppeninformationen sich geändert hat). Informationen über gerade angemeldete Benutzer ausgeben. Maschinenarchitektur ausgeben. Die Zahlen von ERSTER bis LETZTER ausgeben, in Schritten von PLUS. -f, --format=FORMAT Fließkomma‐FORMAT im Stil von printf benutzen -s, --separator=ZKETTE ZKETTE benutzen, um Zahlen zu trennen (Vorgabe :\n) -w, --equal-width gleiche Breite durch führende Nullen herstellen Charakteristika des Terminals ausgeben oder ändern. -a, --all alle Einstellungen in lesbarer Form ausgeben -g, --save alle Einstellungen lesbar für stty ausgeben -F, --file=GERÄT das angegebene GERÄT anstelle der Standardeingabe öffnen und benutzen Ausgewählte Teile jeder DATEI auf Standardausgabe ausgeben. Die aktuelle Zeit, die Dauer, wielange das System läuft, die Anzahl der Benutzer und die durchschnittliche Anzahl der laufenden Jobs in den letzten 1, 5 und 15 Minuten ausgeben.Den Dateinamen des Terminals ausgeben, das mit der Standardeingabe verbunden ist. -s, --silent, --quiet nichts ausgeben, nur Exit‐Status setzen Die ersten 10 Zeilen jeder DATEI auf Standardausgabe ausgeben. Mit mehr als einer DATEI, vorab den Dateinamen ausgeben. Ohne DATEI oder DATEI ist -, Standardeingabe lesen. Den vollständigen Dateinamen des aktuellen Verzeichnisses ausgeben. Die letzten %d Zeilen jeder DATEI auf Standardausgabe ausgeben. Wurden mehrere DATEIen angegeben, wird für jede zunächst der Dateinamen ausgeben. Ohne DATEI, oder wenn DATEI „-“ ist, von der Standardeingabe lesen. Den Namen des aktuellen Benutzers ausgeben. Die Primfaktoren aller angegebenen ganzen ZAHLen ausgeben. Wurden keine Argumente in der Befehlszeile gegeben, werden diese von Standardeingabe gelesen. Den Benutzernamen ausgeben, der zu der aktuellen effektiven Benutzer‐ID gehört. Dasselbe wie „id -un“. Nutzer- und Gruppeninformationen zu BENUTZER anzeigen, oder (wenn BENUTZER nicht angegeben ist) für den aktuellen Benutzer. -a ignoriert, nur aus Kompatibilitätsgründen -Z, --context nur den Sicherheitskontext des aktuellen Nutzers ausgeben -g, --group nur die effektive Gruppen‐ID ausgeben -G, --groups alle Gruppen-IDs ausgeben -n, --name Namen statt Nummer ausgeben, für -ugG -r, --real die reale ID anstelle der effektiven ausgeben, für -ugG -u, --user nur die effektive Benutzer‐ID ausgeben Bearbeitungsanfrage läuftProjekt: Q. Frank XiaRandy SmithJeden Absatz in DATEI(en) formatieren, auf Standardausgabe schreiben. Die Option -BREITE ist eine abgekürzte Form von --width=BREITE. Regulärer Ausdruck zu großEntfernen (unlink) der DATEI(en). -f, --force nicht vorhandene Dateien ignorieren, keine Nachfragen -i vor jeder Entfernung nachfragen Die VERZEICHNIS(se) entfernen, wenn sie leer sind. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty jeden Fehlschlag ignorieren, der nur daher rührt, dass ein Verzeichnis nicht leer ist Umbenennen von QUELLE in ZIEL, oder QUELLE(en) in VERZEICHNIS verschieben Eine Zeile mit allen angegebenen ZEICHENKETTEn oder „y“ wiederholt ausgeben. Melden Sie Übersetzungsfehler für %s an Anfrage abgebrochenAnfrage nicht abgebrochenRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonBEFEHL mit festgelegter Priorität ausführen, was Zeitzuteilung beeinflusst. Ohne BEFEHL, die aktuelle Priorität ausgeben. Die Priorität reicht dabei von %d (vorteilhafteste Zeitzuteilung) bis %d (unvorteilhafteste Zeitzuteilung). -n, --adjustment=N Priorität N erhöhen (Voreinstellung 10) BEFEHL ausführen, wobei das Wurzelverzeichnis auf NEUEWURZEL gesetzt wird. BEFEHL ausführen und dabei das Signal HUP ignorieren. Ein Programm in einem anderen Sicherheitskontext ausführen. Wenn weder KONTEXT noch BEFEHL gegeben sind, den aktuellen Sicherheitskontext ausgeben. KONTEXT vollständiger Sicherheitskontext -c, --compute Prozessübergangskontext berechnen vor der Modifikation -t, --type=TYP Typ (für die selbe Rolle wie übergeordnetes Element) -u, --user=NUTZER Nutzeridentität -r, --role=ROLLE Rolle -l, --range=BEREICH Niveaubereich Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerSignale an Prozesse senden oder Signale auflisten. Servname für ai_socktype nicht unterstütztSetzen Sie LC_ALL=C, um das Problem zu umgehen.Shell: Anzeige von Informationen über die Dateisysteme, auf dem sich jede DATEI befindet, oder alle Dateisysteme als Standardvorgabe. Die Größe jeder DATEI auf die angegebene Größe bringen (durch Beschneiden oder Auffüllen). Eine noch nicht existierende DATEI wird angelegt. Wenn eine DATEI größer als spezifiziert ist, geht die darüber hinaus gehenden Daten verloren. Ist sie kürzer, wird sie erweitert und der erweiterte Teil (Loch) wird als Nullbytes gelesen. Simon JosefssonBeim Erzeugen von Spezialdateien müssen Major‐ und Minor‐Gerätenummern angegeben werdenStuart KempErfolgSummierung der Plattennutzung jeder DATEI, rekursiv für Verzeichnisse SystemfehlerZEITVorübergehender Fehler bei NamensauflösungDie folgenden optionalen Flags können „%“ folgen: - (Bindestrich/Minus) Feld nicht auffüllen _ (Unterstrich) Feld mit Leerzeichen auffüllen 0 (Null) mit Nullen auffüllen ^ wenn möglich Großbuchstaben benutzen # wenn möglich Groß- und Kleinbuchstaben vertauschen Die folgenden Optionen bestimmen, wie eine Hierarchie abgearbeitet wird, wenn die Option -R ebenfalls gegeben ist. Sind mehr als eine angegeben, wirkt sich nur die letzte aus. -H wenn ein Kommandzeilenargument eine symbolische Verknüpfung auf ein Verzeichnis ist, abarbeiten -L jede gefundene symbolische Verknüpfung auf ein Verzeichnis abarbeiten -P überhaupt keinen symbolischen Verknüpfungen folgen (Voreinstellung) Die verglichenen Zeichenketten waren %s und %s.Torbjörn GranlundRückschrägstrich am Ende„%s --help“ gibt weitere Informationen. Versuchen Sie „%s ./%s“, um die Datei %s zu entfernen. Wenn sowohl gelöscht als auch verdichtet wird, müssen zwei Zeichenketten angegeben werden.Beim Wandeln müssen zwei Zeichenketten angegeben werden.Ulrich DrepperUnbekannter FehlerUnbekannter SystemfehlerKein Gegenstück für ( oder \(Kein Gegenstück für ) oder \)Kein Gegenstück für [ oder [^Kein Gegenstück für \{Die Zugriffs‐ und Modifikationszeiten jeder DATEI auf die momentane Zeit aktualisieren. Eine DATEI, die nicht existiert, wird leer angelegt, wenn nicht -c oder -h mit angegeben werden. Ist DATEI mit - angegeben, so ändert touch die Zeiten für die Datei, die mit der Standardausgabe verbunden ist. Aufruf: %s Aufruf: %s BEFEHL [ARGUMENT]... oder: %s OPTION Aufruf: %s KONTEXT BEFEHL [args] oder: %s [ -c ] [-u NUTZER] [-r ROLLE] [-t TYP] [-l BEREICH] BEFEHL [args] Aufruf: %s AUSDRUCK oder: %s OPTION Aufruf: %s DATEI oder: %s OPTION Aufruf: %s DATEI1 DATEI2 oder: %s OPTION Aufruf: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... oder: %s OPTION Aufruf: %s NAME oder: %s OPTION Aufruf: %s NAME [SUFFIX] oder: %s OPTION Aufruf: %s ANZAHL[SUFFIX]... oder: %s OPTION Für ANZAHL Sekunden pausieren. SUFFIX kann sein: „s“ für Sekunden (Vorgabe), „m“ für Minuten, „h“ für Stunden, „d“ für Tage. Im Gegensatz zu den meisten Implementierungen, die ANZAHL als eine ganze Zahl erfordern, kann ANZAHL hier eine beliebige Gleitkommazahl sein. Werden zwei oder mehr Argumente angegeben, wird für eine Zeit pausiert, die der Summe der Werte entspricht. Aufruf: %s OPTION... DATEI... Aufruf: %s OPTION... [DATEI]... Aufruf: %s [-F GERÄT | --file=GERÄT] [EINSTELLUNGEN]... oder: %s [-F GERÄT | --file=GERÄT] [-a|--all] oder: %s [-F GERÄT | --file=GERÄT] [-g|--save] Aufruf: %s [-BREITE] [OPTION]... [DATEI]... Aufruf: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... oder: %s -l [SIGNAL]... oder: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Aufruf: %s [DATEI]... oder: %s [OPTION] Aufruf: %s [NAME] oder: %s OPTION Den Rechnernamen dieses aktuellen Rechners ausgeben oder setzen. Aufruf: %s [ZAHL...] oder: %s OPTION Aufruf: %s [OPERAND...] oder: %s OPTION Aufruf: %s [OPTION] Aufruf: %s [OPTION] Die hexadezimale numerische Kennung für den aktuellen Rechner ausgeben. Aufruf: %s [OPTION] [BEFEHL [ARGUMENT]...] Aufruf: %s [OPTION] [DATEI] Vollkommen geordnete Liste in Übereinstimmung mit der partiellen Ordnung in DATEI schreiben. Ohne DATEI, oder falls DATEI „-“ ist, Standardeingabe lesen. Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... KONTEXT DATEI... oder: %s [OPTION]... [-u NUTZER] [-r ROLLE] [-l BEREICH] [-t TYP] DATEI... oder: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RDATEI DATEI... Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... VERZEICHNIS... Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... DATEI Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... DATEI MUSTER... Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... DATEI... Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... DATEI1 DATEI2 Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... GRUPPE DATEI... oder: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RDATEI DATEI... Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... LETZTER oder: %s [OPTION]... ERSTER LETZTER oder: %s [OPTION]... ERSTER PLUS LETZTER Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... MODUS[,MODUS]... DATEI... oder: %s [OPTION]... OKTAL‐MODUS DATEI... oder: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RDATEI DATEI... Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... NAME TYP [MAJOR MINOR] Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... MENGE1 [MENGE2] Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... [ DATEI | ARG1 ARG2 ] Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] oder: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... [-T] QUELLE ZIEL oder: %s [OPTION]... QUELLE... VERZEICHNIS oder: %s [OPTION]... -t VERZEICHNIS QUELLE... Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... [-T] QUELLE ZIEL oder: %s [OPTION]... QUELLE... VERZEICHNIS oder: %s [OPTION]... -t=VERZEICHNIS QUELLE... oder: %s [OPTION]... -d=VERZEICHNIS... Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... [-T] ZIEL LINK_NAME (1. Form) oder: %s [OPTION]... ZIEL (2. Form) oder: %s [OPTION]... ZIEL... VERZ (3. Form) oder: %s [OPTION]... -t VERZ ZIEL... (4. Form) Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=WERT]... [BEFEHL [ARG]...] Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... [-] [BENUTZER [ARG]...] Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... [DATEI] Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... [DATEI] oder: %s -e [OPTION]... [ARG]... oder: %s -i VON-BIS [OPTION]... Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... [DATEI] DATEI oder Standardeingabe mittels Base64 kodieren oder dekodieren und in die Standardausgabe scrheiben. Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... [DATEI]... Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... [DATEI]... oder: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [DATEI] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] oder: %s --traditional [OPTION]... [DATEI] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]] Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... [DATEI]... oder: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=DL Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... [DATEI]... %s‐Prüfsummen (%d Bits) ausgeben oder überprüfen. Ohne DATEI oder wenn DATEI „-“ ist, Standardeingabe lesen. Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... [EINGABE [AUSGABE]] Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... [EINGABE [PRÄFIX]] Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... [EINGABE]... (ohne -G) oder: %s -G [OPTION]... [EINGABE [AUSGABE]] Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... [EIGENTÜMER][:[GRUPPE DATEI... oder: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RDATEI DATEI... Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... [SCHABLONE] Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... [BENUTZERNAME] Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... [BENUTZERNAME].. Aufruf: %s [OPTION]... [BENUTZER]... Aufruf: %s [KURZOPTION]... NUTZERNAME BEFEHL [ARGUMENT]... oder: %s LANGOPTION Aufruf: %s [KURZOPTION]... [ZEICHENKETTE]... oder: %s LANGOPTION Aufruf: %s [ZEICHENKETTE...] oder: %s OPTION Aufruf: %s [ignorierte Kommandozeilenargumente] oder: %s OPTION Aufruf: test AUSDRUCK oder: test oder: [ AUSDRUCK ] oder: [ ] oder: [ OPTION Gültige Argumente sind:Die gültigen Formatangaben für Dateisysteme: %a Freie Blöcke, die Nicht‐Superusern zur Verfügung stehen %b Gesamt‐Datenblöcke im Dateisystem %c Gesamt‐Dateiknoten im Dateisystem %d Freie Dateiknoten im Dateisystem %f Freie Blöcke im Dateisystem %C SELinux-Sicherheitskontext-Zeichenkette WARNUNG: --preserve_context ist veraltet; stattdessen --preserve-context benutzenWARNUNG: Zirkuläre Verzeichnisstruktur. Diese bedeutet beinahe mit Sicherheit ein beschädigtes Dateisystem. BENACHRICHTIGEN SIE IHREN SYSTEMVERWALTER. Das folgende Verzeichnis ist Teil des Zyklus: %s WARNUNG: ignoriere --context (-Z); dieser Kernel unterstützt kein SELinuxWARNUNG: ignoriere --preserve-context; dieser Kernel unterstützt kein SELinuxWARNUNG: ignoriere --strip-program; Option -s wurde nicht angegebenWarnung: WannWo Mit --follow (-f) verfolgt tail den Datei‐Deskriptor. Dies bedeutet, dass auch im Falle einer Umbenennung der Datei tail deren Ende verfolgen wird. Dieses Verhalten ist nicht erwünscht, wenn man wirklich den derzeitigen Namen der Datei verfolgen will und nicht den Datei‐Deskriptor (z. B. bei Rotation der Protokoll‐Dateien, Logs). Benutzen Sie in diesem Fall --follow=name. Dies bewirkt, dass tail die Datei immer wieder schließt und öffnet, um zu sehen, ob die Datei gelöscht und von einem anderen Programm neu angelegt wurde. Eingabezeilen jeder DATEI umbrechen (Vorgabe: Standardeingabe), das Ergebnis auf Standardausgabe ausgeben. Eine zufällige Permutaion der Eingabezeilen in die Standardausgabe schreiben. Jede DATEI nach Standardausgabe schreiben, die letzte Zeile zuerst. Wurde keine DATEI angegeben oder ist DATEI „-“, Standardeingabe lesen. Jede DATEI mit Zeilennummern nach Standardausgabe schreiben. Ohne DATEI oder wenn DATEI „-“ ist, Standardeingabe lesen. Zeilen auf Standardausgabe ausgeben, die aus sequenziell sich entsprechenden Zeilen jeder DATEI bestehen, getrennt durch Tabulatoren. Ohne DATEI oder wenn DATEI „-“ ist, Standardeingabe lesen. Aneinanderfügung aller DATEI(en) sortiert nach der Standardausgabe schreiben. Geschrieben von %s und %s. Geschrieben von %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s und anderen. Geschrieben von %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s und %s. Geschrieben von %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s und %s. Geschrieben von %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s und %s. Geschrieben von %s, %s, %s, %s, %s und %s. Geschrieben von %s, %s, %s, %s und %s. Geschrieben von %s, %s, %s und %s. Geschrieben von %s, %s und %s. Geschrieben von %s. [=c=] Ausdrücke dürfen beim Wandeln nicht in Kette2 auftauchen^[nN]^[jJyY]„„-%c“ Extrazeichen oder ungültige Zahl im Argument: %s--pages=ERSTE_SEITE[:LETZTE_SEITE]: fehlendes Argument„-N ZAHL“ ungültige Angabe der Startzeilennummer: %s„-W SEITEN_BREITE“ ungültige Angabe der Zeichenanzahl: %s„-l SEITEN_LÄNGE“ ungültige Angabe der Zeilenanzahl: %s„-o RAND“ ungültige Angabe des Zeilenoffsets: %s„-w SEITEN_BREITE“ ungültige Angabe der Zeichenanzahl: %sMit einer Priorität muss ein Befehl angegeben werdenZugriff auf %sai_family nicht unterstütztai_socktype nicht unterstütztmehrdeutiges Argument %s für %sEin Eingabe-Begrenzer darf nur angegeben werden, wenn auf Feldern gearbeitet wirdhänge Ausgabe an %s anSicherung von %s würde Quelle zerstören; %s nicht kopiertSicherung von %s würde Quelle zerstören; %s nicht verschobenTyp der Sicherungblockorientierte SpezialdateiBlockorientierte Spezialdateien werden nicht unterstütztAlle beide Dateien können nicht Standardeingabe seinByte‐Offset %s ist zu großkann partiellen Kontext nicht auf Datei %s ohne Label anwendenkann Prozesskontext nicht ermittelnZugriff auf %s nicht möglichSicherung von %s nicht möglichZusammenfassung und Anzeige aller Einträge ist nicht gleichzeitig möglichkann Eigentümer von %s nicht ändernkann Zugriffsrechte von %s nicht ändernEs ist nicht möglich, das Wurzelverzeichnis in %s zu ändernKann nicht in Verzeichnis %s wechselnEs ist nicht möglich, in das Wurzelverzeichnis zu wechselnKann --target-directory (-t) und --no-target-directory (-T) nicht kombinieren--target-directory und --no-target-directory sind nicht kombinierbarOptionen -e und -i können nicht kombiniert werden.{ascii,ebcdic,ibm} sind in keiner Weise kombinierbarblock und unblock sind nicht kombinierbarexcl und nocreat sind nicht kombinierbarlcase und ucase sind nicht kombinierbarModus‐ und Referenz‐Optionen können nicht kombiniert werden.es ist nicht möglich, Signale mit -l oder -t zu kombinierenKann Dateinamen %s und %s nicht vergleichen.kann U+%04X nicht in lokalen Zeichensatz konvertierenkann U+%04X nicht in lokalen Zeichensatz konvertieren: %sKopieren eines Verzeichnisses, %s, in sich selbst (%s) nicht möglichKopieren von zyklischer symbolischer Verknüpfung %s nicht möglichkann Verzeichnis %s nicht anlegenErzeugen von FIFO %s nicht möglichErzeugen von harter Verknüpfung %s zu Verzeichnis %s nicht möglichErzeugen von Verknüpfung %s nicht möglichErzeugen von Verknüpfung %s zu %s nicht möglichreguläre Datei %s kann nicht angelegt werdenErzeugen der Spezialdatei %s nicht möglichErzeugen der symbolischen Verknüpfung %s nicht möglichErzeugen der symbolischen Verknüpfung %s nach %s nicht möglichtemporäre Datei konnte nicht in %s angelegt werdenkann %s nicht derefenzierenkann Gerät und INode von %s nicht bestimmenes ist nicht möglich, den Rechnername zu ermittelnAnwendung von ioctl auf „%s“ ist nicht möglichEs ist kein Name zur Gruppen‐ID %lu zu findenEs ist kein Name zur Nutzer‐ID %lu zu findenkann %s nicht nach Namen verfolgenkann Ziel-Kontext %s nicht erzwingen und erhaltenAufruf von fstat für %s nicht möglichDas aktuelle Verzeichnis ist nicht erreichbarkann aktuelle Priorität nicht ermittelnes ist nicht möglich, den Namen des Betriebssystems zu ermittelnAufruf von lseek für %s nicht möglichGleichzeitiges Erzeugen harter und symbolischer Verknüpfung nicht möglich.Erzeugen des Verzeichnisses %s nicht möglichVerschieben von %s nach %s nicht möglichVerschieben von %s in eigenes Unterverzeichnis (%s) nicht möglichVerschieben von Verzeichnis auf ein Nicht‐Verzeichnis nicht möglich: %s → %s%s kann nicht zum Lesen geöffnet werden%s kann nicht zum Schreiben geöffnet werdenÖffnen von Verzeichnis %s nicht möglichkann nicht auf der freihängenden symbolischen Verknüpfung %s arbeitenÜberschreiben des Verzeichnisses %s mit Nicht‐Verzeichnis nicht möglich.Überschreiben des Nicht‐Verzeichnisses %s mit Verzeichnis %s nicht möglich.kann keine formatierte Ausgabe duchführenkann erweiterte Attribute nicht erhalten, „cp“ wurde ohne Unterstützung für xattr gebautkann Sicherheitskontext nicht ohne einen SELinux-Kernel erhaltenman kann nicht „nur“ mehr als eine Sach anzeigenIm Vorgabe‐Format ist es nicht möglich, nur Namen oder echte IDs auszugebenkann Sicherheitskontext nicht aurgeben, wenn Nutzer angegeben istkann Verzeichnis %s nicht lesenKann Dateinamen nicht aus %s lesen.kann Dateisysteminformation für %s nicht lesenEchtzeit‐Uhr kann nicht gelesen werdenLesen der symbolischen Verknüpfung %s nicht möglichLesen der Tabelle eingehängter Dateisysteme nicht möglichEntfernen von %s nicht mögliches ist nicht möglich, den Datei‐Zeiger für %s neu zu positionierenkann %s nicht ausführendas Datum kann nicht gesetzt werdenes ist nicht möglich, die Gruppen‐ID zu setzenkann die Gruppen‐ID nicht auf %lu setzenes ist nicht möglich, die Gruppen zu setzenRechnername kann nicht gesetzt werden; diesem System fehlt diese Möglichkeit.kann Namen nicht auf %s setzenkann Priorität nicht setzenSetzen der Zeitstempel für %s nicht mögliches ist nicht möglich, die Benutzer‐ID zu setzenkann die Nutzer‐ID nicht auf %lu setzenEs ist nicht möglich, hinter das Ende der kombinierten Eingabe vorzurückenEs ist nicht möglich, gleichzeitig die Parallel‐ und Überkreuz‐Ausgabe festzulegen.Es ist nicht möglich, die Anzahl der Spalten bei Parallel‐Ausgabe festzulegen.Angabe von mehr als einer Zeitquelle nicht möglichEs ist nicht möglich, auf mehr als eine Art zu splittenAufruf von stat für %s nicht möglichDas aktuelle Verzeichnis (jetzt %s) ist nicht erreichbarkann %s nicht berührenLöschen der Sicherung von %s nicht möglichEntfernen (unlink) von %s nicht möglichkann %s nicht beobachtenkann Elternverzeichnis von %s nicht beobachtenkann nun einmal nicht um Kernel‐Fehler herumarbeitenGruppe von %s in %s gewechselt Eigentümer von %s in %s geändert Ändern der Gruppe für %sÄndern des Eigentümers von %sBeim Setzen der Zugriffsrechte für %sändere Sicherheitskontext für %s Zeichenversatz ist NullZeichen außerhalb erlaubter Grenzenzeichenorientierte SpezialdateiZeichenorientierte Spezialdateien werden nicht unterstütztlösche Zugriffsrechte für %sStellen der UhrSchließen fehlgeschlagenSchließen von %s%s wird geschlossen (df=%d)Schließen von Verzeichnis %sSchließen der Eingabedatei %sSchließen der Ausgabedatei %sschließe StandardeingabeDer Kompatibilitätsmodus unterstützt höchstens eine Datei.einander widersprechende Leerfeld‐Ersetzungszeichenkettenwidersprüchliche Sicherheitskontext-Angabenkonnte keinen Prozess für %s -d anlegenkonnte temporäre Datei nicht anlegenkonnte %s nicht ausführenkonnte %s -d nicht ausführenkonnte in %s keine Verzeichniseintrag mit passendem Inode findenEs ist nicht möglich, die Startzeit des Rechners zu ermitteln.Verzeichnis %s angelegtVerzeichnis %s angelegtDatei %s wird angelegt Erzeuge harte Verknüpfung %sErzeuge harte Verknüpfung %s ⇒ %sErzeuge harte Verknüpfung zu %.0s%sErzeuge symbolische Verknüpfung %sErzeuge symbolische Verknüpfung %s → %sTrennzeichenliste endet mit einzelnem Rückschrägstrich: %sVerzeichnisTeilung durch Nulldup2 fehlgeschlagenleeres %s nicht erlaubtleerer Dateinameleerer TabulatorFehler beim Schließen DateiFehler bei Suche mit regulären AusdrückenFehler bei Suche mit regulären AusdrückenFehler beim Initialisieren der Monats-ZeichenkettenFehler beim Lesen von %sFehler beim Schreiben von %sexit=zusätzliches Argument %szusätzlicher Operand %szusätzlicher Operand %s zusätzlicher Operand %s nicht erlaubt mit -%ckonnte Kontext von %s nicht in %s ändernWechsel der Gruppe von %s in %s fehlgeschlagen Änderung des Modus von %s nach %04lo (%s) fehlgeschlagen Wechsel des Eigentümers von %s fehlgeschlagen Wechsel des Eigentümers von %s in %s fehlgeschlagen konnte nicht nach %s wechselnkonnte keine neuen Kontext berechnenkonnte Verzeichnis nicht mittels Schablone %s erstellenkonnte Datei nicht mittels Schablone %s erstellenkonnte Sicherheitskontext nicht erstellen: %skonnte Attribute von %s nicht holenkonnte aktuellen Kintext nicht ermittelnkonnte den Erstellungs-Kontext des Dateisystems nicht ermittelnkonnte Gruppen für den aktuellen Prozess nicht ermittelnkonnte Gruppen für Nutzer %s nicht ermittelnkonnte Sicherheitskontext von %s nicht holenkonnte die Datei %s nicht findenkonnte %s nicht öffnenkonnte den Urheber für %s nicht erhaltenkonnte den Eigentümer für %s nicht erhaltenkonnte die Zugriffsrechte für %s nicht erhaltenkonnte die Zeiten für %s nicht erhaltenkonnte Standardfehlerausgabe nicht umleitenkonnte Standardfehlerausgabe nicht auf /dev/null umleitenkonnte %s nicht entfernenkonnte Verzeichnis %s nicht entfernenkonnte %s nicht erneut öffnen im Modus %skonnte den Standard-Kontext zur Dateierstellung nicht wieder herstellenkonnte nicht in ursprüngliches Arbeitsverzeichnis zurückkehrenkonnte %s Sicherheitskontextkomponente nicht auf %s setzenkonnte den Standard-Kontext zur Dateierstellung nicht auf %s setzenkonnte neuen Bereich %s nicht setzenkonnte neue Rolle %s nicht setzenkonnte neuen Typ %s nicht setzenkonnte neuen Nutzer %s nicht setzenkonnte keine erweiterte Gruppe(n) setzenkonnte die Kopie von stderr bei Exec nicht auf Schließen setzenkonnte Sicherheitskontext von %s nicht auf %s setzenkonnte auf %s nicht zugreifenfdatasync für %s fehlgeschlagenfflush fehlgeschlagenFeldnummer %s ist zu großFeldnummer ist NullFelder und Positionen werden von 1 an gezähltFIFODatei %d ist nicht sortiertDateioperanden können nicht mit --files0-from kombiniert werden.Dateioperanden können nicht mit --print-database (-p) kombiniert werdenDateisystemtyp %s ist sowohl ausgewählt als auch ausgeschlossenSystemruf fork fehlgeschlagendas Format %s endet mit %%das Format %s enthält keine %%-Direktivedas Format %s enthält zu viele %%-Direktivendas Format %s enthält die unbekannte Direktive %%%cFormatzeichenkette darf nicht angegeben werden, wenn Zeichenketten gleicher Breite ausgegeben werdenfsync für %s fehlgeschlagenfts_read fehlgeschlagengetpass: es ist nicht möglich, /dev/tty zu öffnenBeim Holen der neuen Attribute von %sGruppe von %s als %s erhalten iconv‐Funktion nicht verfügbariconv-Funktion nicht benutzbarid=ignoriere alle Argumenteignoriere Eingabeignoriere Eingabe und hänge Ausgabe an %s anignoriere Eingabe und leite Standardfehlerausgabe auf Standardausgabe umUngültige Tabulator‐Größe in Umgebungsvariable TABSIZE wird ignoriert: %sUngültiger Wert der Umgebungsvariable QUOTING_STYLE wird ignoriert: %sUngültige Breite in Umgebungsvariable COLUMNS wird ignoriert: %sArgumente, die keine Optionen sind, werden ignoriertinkompatible Verschmelzungsfelder: %lu, %luinkompatible Tabulatorenungültiges KennwortEingabe ist verschwundenEingabezeile zu langVerschieben zwischen Geräten fehlgeschlagen: %s zu %s; kann Ziel nicht entfernenungültiges %s%s Argument „%s“ungültiges Argument %2$s für Option --%1$sungültiges Argument %sungültiges Argument %sungültiges Argument %s für %sungültiger Stil für Textkörpernummerierung: %sUngültige Byte‐ oder FeldlisteUngültiges Zeichen „%c“ in Typenbezeichnung %sUngültige Zeichenklasse %sungültiger Kontext: %sungültige KonvertierungAngabe zur Wandlung fehlt im Suffix: %cUngültige Angabe zur Wandlung im Suffix: \%.3oungültiges Datum %sUngültiges Datumsformat %sungültiger abnehmender BereichUngültiges Gerät %s %sUngültiger Gerätetyp %sUngültige Feldnummer: %sUngültiger Feldbezeichner: %sungültige Feldbreite: %sUngültige Feldnummer in Feldbezeichner: %sungültiges Fließkommaargument: %sungültiger Stil für Fußzeilennummerierung: %sUngültige Format‐GenauigkeitUngültige Format‐Breiteungültige Lückenbreite: %sungültige Gruppeungültige Gruppe %sungültige Gruppe: %sungültiger Stil für Kopfzeilennummerierung: %sungültige Eingabeungültiges Eingabeflagungültiger Eingabebereich: %sungültige Zahl %sungültiges Ganzzahlargument %sungültige Zeilenanzahl: %sungültige Line‐Disziplin %sungültige Breite des Feldes für die Zeilennummer: %sungültiges Inkrement für Zeilennummer: %sungültiges Zeilennummerformat: %sungültige Zeilenbreite: %sUngültige Major‐Gerätenummer %sUngültige maximale Tiefe %sUngültige Minor‐Gerätenummer %sungültiger ZugriffsmodusUngültiger Modus %sUngültiger Modus: %sungültige Zahl %sungültige Zahl hinter „,“ungültige Zahl hinter „-“ungültige Zahl hinter „.“ungültige Zahl am Feldanfangungültige Anzahl von Leerzeilen: %sungültige Anzahl von BytesUngültige Anzahl an zu vergleichenden BytesUngültige Anzahl an zu überspringenden BytesUngültige Anzahl Spalten: %sUngültige Anzahl an zu überspringenden Feldernungültige Anzahl von Zeilenungültige Anzahl von Zeilen: 0ungültige Option -- %cungültige Option -- %c; -BREITE wird nur erkannt, wenn es die erste Option ist; benutzen Sie stattdessen -W NUngültiger Ausgabeadressradix „%c“; es muss ein Zeichen aus [doxn] seinungültiges AusgabeflagUngültiger Seitenbereich %sungültige Genauigkeit: %sungültiger Bereich ohne Endpunkt: -Ungültige Wiederholungsangabe %s in [c*n]-Konstruktungültige Spezifikationungültiger anfängliche Zeilennummer: %sungültiges Statusflagungültiger Suffix in %s%s Argument „%s“ungültige Tabulatorgröße: %sungültige Schablone, %s, enthält Verzeichnistrennerungültige Schablone, %s; mit --tmpdir darf sie nicht absolut seinungültiges Zeitintervall %sUngültiges Zeitformat %sungültige folgende Option -- %cUngültige Typbezeichnung %sUngültige Typbezeichnung %s; dieses System hat keinen Typ für %lu-Byte große GleitkommazahlenUngültige Typbezeichnung %s; dieses System hat keinen Typ für %lu‐Byte große Ganzzahlenungültiger universaler Zeichenname \%c%0*xungültiger BenutzerUngültiger Anwender %sungültige Zeilenbreite: %sungültige Umbruchgröße: %sungültiger Dateiname der Länge 0Es ist gefährlich, rekursiv auf %s zu arbeiten.Es ist gefährlich, rekursiv auf %s (das gleiche wie %s) zu arbeiten.last=führendes „-“ in einem Bestandteil des Dateinamens von %sObergrenze %lu durch Länge %lu des Dateinamen %s überschrittenObergrenze %lu durch Länge %lu des Dateinamensbestandteils %s überschrittenZeilenanzahloption -%s%c... ist zu großZeilennummer %s ist kleiner als vorhergehende Zeilennummer %sÜberlauf bei den Zeilennummerngrößtes Argument für Option --%s ist mit momentanem „rlimit“ %sSpeicher ausgeschöpftNachrichtenwarteschlangekleinstes Argument für Option --%s ist %sfehlerhaft positioniertes [:upper:]- und/oder [:lower:]-KonstruktFehlende %%-Angabe zur Wandlung im Suffix„]“ fehltfehlendes Argument hinter „%s“fehlendes Argument für %sFehlender Zeichenklassename „[::]“Angabe zur Wandlung fehlt im SuffixFehlender Zieldatei‐Operand hinter %sFehlendes Äquivalenzklassenzeichen „[==]“Fehlendes DateioperandHexadezimale Zahl fehlt in der Maskierung (Escape)Liste der Felder fehltListe der Positionen fehltfehlender Operandfehlender Operand nach %sDer Modus darf nur Dateizugriffsrechte angeben.Modus von %s nach %04lo (%s) geändert Modus von %s als %04lo (%s) erhalten Multi-Zeichen-Tabulator %smehrfach die Optionen -i angegebenmehrfach die Optionen -l oder -t angegebenmehrere Komprimierungsprogramme angegebenmehrfache Trennzeichen angegebenmehrere Niveaubereichemehrere Ausgabedateien angegebenmehrere Ausgabeformate angegebenmehrere Zufallsquellen angegebenmehrere relative Modifikatoren angegebenmehrere Rollenmehrere Zielverzeichnisse angegebenmehrere Typenmehrere NutzerWeder die symbolische Verknüpfung %s, noch die referenzierte Datei wurden verändert. Keine SHELL Umgebungsvariable, und keine Shell‐Typ‐Option angegebenkann Wechsel des Eigentümers von %s kein Befehl angegebenkeine Dateisysteme bearbeitetKeine Dateien mehr übrigkeine Eingabe aus %skein Loginnamekeine Prozess‐ID angegebenBei der Ausgabe von Zeichenketten darf kein Typ angegeben werdenkein Benutzername angegeben; wenigstens einer muss angegeben werden, wenn die Option -l verwendet wirdunportables Zeichen %s in Dateinamen %skein Ausgabegerätschreibe nicht durch die freihängende symbolische Verknüpfung %sZahl in %s ist zu großAnzahl BytesAnzahl ZeilenOffset‐Overflow beim Lesen der Datei %sVerzeichnis %s ausgelassenNur eine [c*] Wiederholungsangabe darf in Kette2 auftretennur ein Gerät darf angegeben werdenNur ein Typ einer Liste kann angegeben werdenÖffnen fehlgeschlagenöffne %sOption in ungültigen Kontext benutzt – %cdie Optionen --backup und --no-clobber schließen sich gegenseitig ausdie Optionen --compare (-C) und --preserve-timestamps schließen sich gegenseitig ausdie Optionen --compare (-C) und --strip schließen sich gegenseitig ausOptionen „-%s“ sind inkompatibelkeine Suffixe für Ausgabedateien mehr verfügbarÜberlauf bei erweitern der Größe der Datei %sÜberlauf beim Aufrunden der Größe der Datei %sEigentümer von %s erhalten Eigentümer von %s als %s erhalten Überlauf bei den SeitennummernSeitenbreite zu schmalErhalten der Zugriffsrechte für %sErhalten der Zeiten für %salle duplizierten Zeilen auszugeben und Wiederholungszähler ist nicht sinnvollDie Endpunkte des Bereiches „%s-%s“ sind in umgekehrter SortierreihenfolgeLesefehlerLesen fehlgeschlagenLesen von %slese Verzeichnis %sDatensatz zu großleite Standardfehlerausgabe auf Standardausgabe umreguläre leere Dateireguläre Datei%s entfernt Verzeichnis wurde entfernt: %s Verzeichnis wird entfernt, %sRunlevelSemaphorTrennzeichen darf nicht leer seinsetzen Sie LC_ALL=C, um das Problem zu umgehensetze Flags für %sSetzen der Zugriffsrechte für %sSetzen der Zeiten für %sObjekt gemeinsamen Speichersskip-bytes + read-bytes ist zu großüberspringe %s, da es auf einem anderen Gerät istüberspringe Datei %s, da sie während des Kopierens ersetzt wurdeSocketStandardfehlerStandardeingabeStandardeingabe ist geschlossenStandardausgabestat fehlgeschlagenStandardfehlerausgabeStandardeingabeStandardausgabeverirrte Buchstaben in FeldspezifikationZeichenkettenvergleich fehlgeschlagenZeichenkettentransformation fehlgeschlagenstrip‐Prozess beendete sich auf ungute WeiseNicht‐getrennte Zeilen zu unterdrücken ist nur sinnvoll, wenn auf Feldern operiert wird.symbolische VerknüpfungSyntaxfehlerSystemstartTabulatorgröße muss ungleich 0 seinTabulatorgröße enthält (ein) ungültige(s) Zeichen: %sTabulatorgrößen müssen aufsteigend seinTabulatorstopp ist zu groß %sTabulatorstopp ist zu großTabulatoren sind zu weit auseinanderangegebenes Ziel %s ist kein VerzeichnisZielvereichnis darf nicht bei Installation von Verzeichnissen benutzt werdenterm=test und/oder [Die Optionen --binary und --text sind bei der Kontrolle von Prüfsummen nutzlosdie Option --compare (-C) wird ignoriert bei Angabe eines Modus ungenügenden Rechtendie Option --context (-Z) ist obsolet und wird zukünftig nicht mehr unterstütztDie Option --quiet ist nur bei der Kontrolle von Prüfsummen sinnvollDie Option --status ist nur bei der Kontrolle von Prüfsummen sinnvollDie Option --warn ist nur nur bei der Kontrolle von Prüfsummen sinnvollDas [c*] Konstrukt darf in Kette2 nur bei Wandlungen auftauchenDie [c*]-Wiederholungsangabe darf nicht in Kette1 erscheinenDem Argument „%s“ fehlt das führende „+“. Wenn eine Option angegeben wird, um das Datum zu spezifizieren, muss jedes Argument, das keine Option ist, eine Formatzeichenkette sein, die mit „+“ beginnt.Trenner muss ein einzelnes Zeichen seinDie Optionen für ausführliche und stty‐lesbare Ausgabe können nicht gleichzeitig benutzt werdenDie Optionen zur Ausgabe der internen Datenbank von „dircolors“ und zur Auswahl einer Shell-Syntax schließen sich gegenseitig ausDie Optionen zum Anzeigen und Setzen der Zeit können nicht zugleich verwendet werden.Die angegebenen Optionen zur Datumsanzeige schließen sich gegenseitig ausdie verglichenen Zeichenketten waren %s und %sdie Option strip darf nicht bei Installation von Verzeichnissen benutzt werdendie untransformierte Zeichenkette war %sZeit %s außerhalb des zulässigen Bereichsum Nutzer-ID %s zu benutzen, müssen Sie auch -g angebenzu wenige Xs in Schablone %sZu viele Angaben zur %%-Wandlung im Suffixzu viele Buchstaben in Mengezu viele wiederholte Zeilenzu viele SchabloneninsgesamtObjekt getypten Speichersuid=%lukann Fehlermeldung nicht anzeigenkann aktuelles Verzeichnisses nicht aufzeichnenkann Sicherheitskontext %s nicht setzenunbekannter binärer OperatorUnbekannter Streamunbekannte Nutzer‐ID: %sWert für Umgebungsvariable LS_COLORS ist syntaktisch fehlerhaft.nicht erkannter Operand %sPräfix nicht erkannt: %s%ld Tag %2d:%02d an, %ld Tage %2d:%02d an, ???? Tage ??:?? an, Benutzen Sie --no-preserve-root, um diese Sicherheitsmaßnahme zu umgehen.Benutzer %s existiert nichtverwende Arithmetik mit beliebiger Genauigkeiteingeschränkte Shell %s benutzenverwende Arithmetik mit einfacher GenauigkeitWarte auf %s [-d]Warte auf stripWarnung: %s: Zeichen, die einer Zeichenkonstanten folgen, werden ignoriertWarnung: %s: konnte Kontext nicht zu %s wechselnWarnung: --pid=PID wird auf diesem System nicht unterstütztWarnung: --retry ist hauptsächlich sinnvoll, wenn dieser Option ein Name folgtWarnung: PID ignoriert; --pid=PID ist nur sinnvoll, wenn es folgtWarnung: „touch %s“ ist überholt; benutzen Sie „touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d“Warnung: Rückschrägstrich (\) ohne Fluchtzeichen am Ende der Zeichenkette ist nicht portabelWarnung: ungültiger Rückschrägstrich (\) am Ende der ZeichenketteWarnung: es ist nicht möglich, in das Verzeichnis %s zu wechselnWarnung: kann %s nicht entfernenWarnung: die Standardausgabe stetig zu verfolgen ist nicht wirksamWarnung: überflüssige Argumente werden ignoriert, beginnend mit %sWarnung: ungültiger Datei‐Offset nach fehlgeschlagenem LesenWarnung: ungültige Breite %lu; %d wird benutztWarnung: Zeilennummer %s ist dieselbe wie die vorhergehendeWarnung: Quelldatei %s mehr als einmal angegebenWarnung: Zusammenfassen widerspricht --max-depth=%luWarnung: Zusammenfassen ist das gleiche wie --max-depth=0Warnung: Option --%s ist veraltet, benutzen Sie --referenceWarnung: die mehrdeutige Oktal‐Escape \%c%c%c wird als 2‐Byte‐Folge \0%c%c, %c interpretiertWarnung: unbekannte Flucht‐Sequenz „\%c“Warnung: Umgehe lseek‐Kernelbug für Datei (%s) des Typs mt_type=0x%0lx – siehe für die Liste der Typenmerkwürdige DateiWenn Menge1 nicht abgeschnitten wird, darf Kette2 nicht leer seinbeim Lesen von Dateinamen aus stdin ist der Dateinmane %s nicht erlaubtWenn ein Ausgabestil angegeben ist, kann kein Modus gesetzt werdenBeim Wandeln mit "complemented character classes" muss Kette2 alle Zeichen im Bereich auf eines abbildenBeim Wandeln dürfen in Kette2 nur die Zeichenklassen „upper“ und „lower“ verwendet werdenwerde %s nicht durch neu erstellte symbolische Verknüpfung %s kopierenHarte Verknüpfung %s zu Verzeichnis %s wird nicht erzeugtNeu erstelltes %s wird nicht mit %s überschrieben.mit --parents muss das Ziel ein Verzeichnis seinSchreibfehlerFehler beim Schreiben von %sSchreiben fehlgeschlagenSchreiben von %sSchreiben in %ses müssen -c, -t, -u, -l, -r oder Kontext angegeben werdenSie müssen eine Liste von Bytes, Zeichen oder Feldern angebenSie müssen eins von %s oder %s angebenPRIuMAXPRIdMAX%+% records in %+% records out % truncated record % truncated records % byte (%s) copied% bytes (%s) copiedoffset too large: cannot truncate to a length of seek=% (%lu-byte) blocks%s: %: improperly formatted %s checksum lineWARNING: % of % listed file could not be readWARNING: % of % listed files could not be readWARNING: % of % computed checksum did NOT matchWARNING: % of % computed checksums did NOT matchstarting page number % exceeds page count %Page %overflow in % * % byte blocks for file %struncating %s at % bytes%+% Datensätze ein %+% Datensätze aus ein abgeschnittener Datensatz % abgeschnittene Datensätze ein Byte kopiert% Bytes (%s) kopiertOffset zu groß: kann nicht auf eine Länge von seek=% (%lu‐Byte‐) Blöcke abschneiden%s: %: nicht korrekt formatierte %s‐PrüfsummenzeileWARNUNG: die eine aufgeführte Datei konnte nicht gelesen werdenWARNUNG: % von % aufgeführten Dateien konnten nicht gelesen werdenWarnung: die berechnete Prüfsumme passte NICHTWarnung: % von % berechneten Prüfsumme passten NICHTAnfangsseitennummer % übersteigt Seitenzahl %Seite %Überlauf in % * % Byte-Blöcken für Datei %sbeschneide %s bei % Bytes070701000091f4000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001600000000reloc/share/locale/el070701000091f5000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000002200000000reloc/share/locale/el/LC_MESSAGES070701000091f6000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00007366000000660000000300000000000000000000002f00000000reloc/share/locale/el/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo pq#7L,K x/#>8Bw,80Mhz$;$7So")" .AZu  ")  3#D*h& * 7 ?$L$q& )( &3"Z"} 'ZD Yc#z<'-315*g #* ,= j   ( . 2!H!5c!!8!&!! "+"J"a"t" """"""#"*#'<#d#i##=#:#$/$A$\$w$*$-$ $$ %%*%B%Z%n% %% %/%-%& &$3&X&o&&!&"&7&=']'-p' '''4'&' $(0(F(>^(B( ( (( ) )!);)B)Q)`)y)))J) **-*HI*?*=*>+3O+(+>+/+,3!,U,m,,H,2,=-7X- -3-5-j._p. . .7.c!/01rO46\c;,;; ;><(F<eo<<<8=[K==>>c>$?}B?7?>?67@2n@N@J@I;AA& B31B5eBAB B9Bo8C=CDC#+D"OD$rD#DDDBDM0E~E)EEE E>E$!FcFF^F GqGGNG"G)HO>HH!HOHXIMjII0IDJ>JJ>J?JAK7JKCKK)RL|L4LAL=M9MM*MM =N GNQNeTNuN&0O2WO$OdOP?PiP<LQOQYQm3RkR SISS<sTToCU~U62V.iV"VOV WAWS`W"W WFWX?XIXXOX>;YzYrZ!Z*Z(Z+[1,[U^[X[ \*\ J\%k\/\8\+\3&]"Z]$}]]H]_^^g^e^@,_Dm_._Q_f3`~`}a,ava;bRbnb|bH c%Rc?xc%cccgdd#d&e6eTeFgeeee@e@fD^fFff'gPgqhxhi}i}jvj]kckU l al~nl$l*ma=mmn,nnXKoooLpqrr!r\ s h(^ Fj[aXLK.5O@"=fwZ+34zeNoJIm/r;!dPb<*qS]Vc2- 1s%$B |iy_Q6),H xACWp'lG\0E:>T?~7u#RUt`D9nk{}Yvg& M8 As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. Translation occurs if -d is not given and both SET1 and SET2 appear. -t may be used only when translating. SET2 is extended to length of SET1 by repeating its last character as necessary. Excess characters of SET2 are ignored. Only [:lower:] and [:upper:] are guaranteed to expand in ascending order; used in SET2 while translating, they may only be used in pairs to specify case conversion. -s uses SET1 if not translating nor deleting; else squeezing uses SET2 and occurs after translation or deletion. --help display this help and exit (backup: %s) groups= old %s -> %s (unbackup) %s is too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: end of file%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: expected a numeric value%s: file has negative size%s: file too long%s: input contains a loop:%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid pattern%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: new permissions are %s, not %s%s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: read error%s: removed%s: removing%s: value not completely converted%s}: integer required between `{' and `}'', load average: %.2fFAILEDLINEMemory allocation failureMemory exhaustedNo address associated with hostnameNon-recoverable failure in name resolutionOKParameter string not correctly encodedPassword:Processing request in progressRequest canceledRequest not canceledSet LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.SuccessSystem errorTemporary failure in name resolutionThe strings compared were %s and %s.Try `%s --help' for more information. Unknown errorUnknown system errorUsage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPERAND]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Valid arguments are:Warning: Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argumenta command must be given with an adjustmentambiguous argument %s for %sbackup typeblock special fileboth files cannot be standard inputcannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change permissions of %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot create directory %scannot create special file %scannot determine hostnamecannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot set datecannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot skip past end of combined inputcannot split in more than one waychanged ownership of %s to %s character special fileclosing %s (fd=%d)couldn't get boot timedirectoryerror closing fileerror in regular expression searcherror reading %serror writing %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s to %s fifogetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygroup of %s retained as %s ignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %sincorrect passwordinput disappearedinvalid %s%s argument `%s'invalid argument %s for %sinvalid byte or field listinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid inputinvalid number %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of linesinvalid output flaginvalid status flaginvalid usermemory exhaustedmessage queuemisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing conversion specifier in suffixmissing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operand after %smode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) neither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno files remainingno type may be specified when dumping stringsnot a ttynumber of bytesnumber of linesonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one type of list may be specifiedopen failedpage width too narrowpreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedregular empty fileregular filesemaphoreseparator cannot be emptysocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstring comparison failedstring transformation failedsuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linktab size cannot be 0tab sizes must be ascendingthe --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the delimiter must be a single characterthe options to print and set the time may not be used togethertoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtotalunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableunrecognized operand %suser %s does not existusing restricted shell %swarning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredwarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0weird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'write errorwrite failedyou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsProject-Id-Version: coreutils 7.2 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2009-04-29 22:18+0200 Last-Translator: Simos Xenitellis Language-Team: Greek MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Σαν ειδική περίπτωση, η cp δημιουργεί αντίγραφα της ΠΗΓΗΣ όταν οι επιλογές και τα ΠΗΓΗ και ΠΡΟΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ έχουν το ίδιο όνομα, για ένα υπάρχον, κανονικό αρχείο. Προσέχτε οτι πολλοί τελεστές(operators) χρειάζονται χαρακτήρες διαφυγής ή εισαγωγικά για τα κελύφη (shells). Οι συγκρίσεις είναι αριθμητικές εάν και οι δυο ΠΑΡΑΜετροι είναι αριθμοί, ή αλλιώς λεξικογραφικοί. Το ταίριασμα με πρότυπο επιστρέφει την αλυσίδα που βρέθηκε μεταξύ \( και \) ή κενό. Εαν \( και \) δεν χρησιμοποιήθηκαν, τοτε επιστρέφει τον αριθμό των χαρακτήρων που ταίριαξαν ή 0. Χειρίζεται την 'tty' γραμμή που συνδέεται με την τυπική είσοδο. Χωρίς παραμέτρους, εκτυπώνει την ταχύτητα, την κατάσταση της γραμμής, και τις εφαρμοσμένες μετατροπές από το 'stty sane'. Στις επιλογές, ο ΧΑΡακτήρας εκλαμβάνεται κυριολεκτικά, ή κωδικοποιείται οπως ^c, 0x37, 0177 ή 127. Eιδικές τιμές όπως ^- ή το undef απενεργοποιούσαν τους ειδικούς χαρακτήρες. Μετάφραση συμβαίνει όταν δε δίνεται το -d και εμφανίζονται και τα δύο ΣΥΝΟΛΟ1 και ΣΥΝΟΛΟ2. Το -t μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί μόνο στη μετάφραση Το ΣΥΝΟΛΟ2 αναπτύσσεται στο μήκος του ΣΥΝΟΛΟ1 με επανάληψη του τελευταίου χαρακτήρα, όπως χρειάζεται. Κατά υπέρβαση χαρακτήρες του ΣΥΝΟΛΟ2 αγνοούνται Μόνο τα [:lower:] και [:upper:] εγγυόνται την ανάπτυξη σε αύξουσα σειρά· όταν χρησιμοποιούνται στο ΣΥΝΟΛΟ2 στη μετάφραση, μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν μόνο σε ζεύγη για να ορίσουν μετατροπή μεταξύ πεζών/κεφαλαίων. Το -s κάνει χρήση του ΣΥΝΟΛΟ1 αν δε μεταφράζει ή διαγράφει· διαφορετικά συμπυκνώνει κάνωντας χρήση του ΣΥΝΟΛΟ2 και συμβαίνει μετά από μετάφραση ή διαγραφή --help εμφάνιση αυτής της βοήθειας και έξοδος (αντίγραφο ασφαλείας: %s) ομάδες=παλιά%s -> %s (χρήση αντιγράφου ασφαλείας) το %s είναι πολύ μεγάλο%s: το %s είναι τόσο μεγάλο που δε μπορεί να αναπαρασταθεί%s: ΑΝΕΠΙΤΥΧΕΣ άνοιγμα ή ανάγνωση %s: Δεν υπάρχει τέτοιος χρήστης.%s: το `}' απαιτείται όταν δηλώνονται οι επαναλήψεις%s: δυνατότητα δημιουργίας σχετικών συμβολικών συνδέσμων μόνο στο τρέχον κατάλογο%s: αδύνατη η ακολούθηση του τέλους αυτού του είδους αρχείου· παράκαμψη%s: αδυναμία διάλυσης μόνο-προσθήκη περιγραφέα αρχείου%s: τέλος αρχείου%s: ο τελεστής ισοδυναμίας τάξης πρέπει να είναι ένας μόνο χαρακτήρας%s: αναμενόταν αριθμητική τιμή.%s: το αρχείο έχει αρνητικό μέγεθος%s: το αρχείο είναι πολύ μεγάλο%s: η είσοδος περιέχει βρόχο:%s: το αρχείο εισόδου είναι το αρχείο εξόδου%s: αναμενόταν ακέραιος μετά τον οριοθέτη%s: μη έγκυρος περιγραφέας διεργασίας (PID)%s: μη έγκυρος μέγιστος αριθμός από χωρίς μεταβολή `stats' μεταξύ ανοιγμάτων%s: μη έγκυρος αριθμός%s: μη έγκυρος αριθμός από bytes%s: μη έγκυρος αριθμός γραμμών%s: μη έγκυρος αριθμός δευτερολέπτων%s: μη έγκυρη μορφή%s: μη έγκυρη κανονική έκφραση: %s%s: ο αριθμός γραμμής πρέπει να είναι μεγαλύτερος από το μηδέν%s: αριθμός γραμμής έξω από τα όρια%s: τα νέα δικαιώματα είναι %s, και όχι %s%s: αντικατάσταση %s; %s: πέρασμα %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: πέρασμα %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: σφάλμα ανάγνωσης%s: διεγράφει%s: διαγράφεται%s: η τιμή δεν έχει πλήρως μετατραπεί.%s}: απαιτείται ακέραιος μεταξύ των `{' και `}'», Μέσος όρος φόρτου: %.2f<εσωτερικό>ΑΝΕΠΙΤΥΧΕΣΓΡΑΜΜΗΣφάλμα κατά την καταχώριση μνήμηςΗ μνήμη εξαντλήθηκεΔεν υπάρχει διεύθυνση συσχετισμένη με το όνομα κόμβουΜη-επανορθώσιμη αποτυχία κατά την ανάλυση ονόματοςΕΝΤΑΞΕΙΗ συμβολοσειρά των παραμέτρων δεν είναι κωδικοποιημένη σωστάΣυνθηματικό:Η επεξεργασία της αίτησης είναι σε εξέλιξηΗ αίτηση ακυρώθηκεΗ αίτηση δεν ακυρώθηκεΘέστε LC_ALL='C' για να παρακάμψετε το πρόβλημα.ΕπιτυχίαΣφάλμα συστήματοςΠροσωρινό σφάλμα κατά την ανάλυση ονόματοςΟι συμβολοσειρές που συγκρίθηκαν ήταν οι %s και %sΔοκιμάστε `%s --help' για περισσότερη βοήθεια. Άγνωστο σφάλμαΆγνωστο σφάλμα συστήματοςΧρήση: %s ΟΝΟΜΑ [ΕΠΙΘΕΜΑ] ή: %s ΕΠΙΛΟΓΗ Χρήση: %s [ΤΕΛΕΣΤΗΣ]... ή: %s ΕΠΙΛΟΓΗ Χρήση: %s [ΕΠΙΛΟΓΗ]... ΑΡΧΕΙΟ ΜΟΡΦΗ... Χρήση: %s [ΕΠΙΛΟΓΗ]... ΑΡΧΕΙΟ1 ΑΡΧΕΙΟ2 Χρήση: %s [ΕΠΙΛΟΓΗ]... ΣΥΝΟΛΟ1 [ΣΥΝΟΛΟ2] Χρήση: %s [ΕΠΙΛΟΓΕΣ]... [ΑΡΧΕΙΟ]... Χρήση: %s [ΕΠΙΛΟΓΗ]... [ΕΙΣΟΔΟΣ [ΕΞΟΔΟΣ]] Χρήση: %s [ΕΠΙΛΟΓΗ]... [ΕΙΣΟΔΟΣ]... (χωρίς -G) ή: %s -G [ΕΠΙΛΟΓΗ]... [ΕΙΣΟΔΟΣ [ΕΞΟΔΟΣ]] Έγκυρα ορίσματα είναι:Προειδοποίηση:Γράφτηκε από τον/την %s και %s. Γράφτηκε από τον/την %s, %s, %s, %s, και %s. Γράφτηκε από τον/την %s, %s, %s, και %s. Γράφτηκε από τον/την %s, %s, και %s. Γραμμένο από τον/την %s. εκφράσεις [=c=] δεν μπορούν να εμφανίζονται στο αλφαριθμητικό 2 στη μετάφραση^[nNοΟ]^[yYνΝ]«`--pages=ΠΡΩΤΗ_ΣΕΛΙΔΑ[:ΤΕΛΕΥΤΑΙΑ_ΣΕΛΙΔΑ]' απουσία ορίσματοςΜια εντολή πρέπει να δίνεται με μια προσαρμογή (προτεραιότητας).ασαφές όρισμα %s για %sείδος αντιγράφου ασφάλειαςειδικό αρχείο μπλοκκαι τα δύο αρχεία δε μπορεί να είναι η κανονική είσοδοςδεν είναι δυνατό να δειχτεί περίληψη και να εμφανιστούν όλες οι καταχωρίσειςαδύνατη η αλλαγή δικαιωμάτων του %sαδύνατη η αντιγραφή του καταλόγου %s μέσα στον εαυτό του, %sαδύνατη η δημιουργία καταλόγου %sαδυναμία δημιουργίας του ειδικού αρχείου %sΔεν μπορεί να καθοριστεί το όνομα του συστήματοςαδυναμία δημιουργίας σθεναρών(hard) και συμβολικών συνδέσμωναδύνατη η μετακίνηση του %s σε υποκατάλογο του εαυτού του, %sαδύνατη η μετακίνηση του καταλόγου σε κάτι που δεν είναι κατάλογος: %s -> %sαδυναμία ανοίγματος του %s προς ανάγνωσηΔεν μπορεί να εκτυπωθούν μόνο ονόματα ή πραγματική ταυτότητα(read ID) σε τυπική μορφήΔεν μπορεί να τεθεί η ημερομηνία.Δεν μπορεί να τεθεί το όνομα συστήματος. Λείπει αυτή η λειτουργία απο το σύστημααδυναμία προσπέρασης μετά το τέλος της συνδυασμένης εισόδουδεν είναι δυνατό να γίνει διαχωρισμός σε περισσότερους από ένα τρόποΑλλαγή ιδιοκτησίας από %s σε %s ειδικό αρχείο χαρακτήρωνκλείσιμο του %s (fd=%d)Δεν είναι δυνατόν να βρεθεί η ώρα εκκίνησηςκατάλογοςσφάλμα κατά το κλείσιμο του αρχείουσφάλμα στην ανεύρεση μέσω κανονικής έκφρασηςσφάλμα ανάγνωσης %sσφάλμα εγγραφής %sαποτυχία αλλαγής της ομάδας από %s σε %s αποτυχία αλλαγής των δικαιωμάτων του %s σε %04lo (%s) αποτυχία αλλαγής ιδιοκτησίας από %s σε %s φίφοgetpass(): δεν είναι δυνατόν να ανοιχτεί το /dev/ttyη ομάδα του %s έχει παραμείνει σε %s αγνοείται μη έγκυρο μέγεθος οριζόντιου στηλοθέτη στη μεταβλητή περιβάλλοντος TABSIZE: %sαγνοείται μη έγκυρο πλάτος στη μεταβλητή περιβάλλοντος COLUMNS: %sλάθος συνθηματικόη είσοδος εξαφανίστηκεΜη έγκυρο %s%s όρισμα `%s'μη έγκυρο όρισμα %s για %sμη έγκυρο byte ή λίστα πεδίωνμη έγκυρος δηλωτής μετατροπής στην κατάληξη: %cμη έγκυρος δηλωτής μετατροπής στην κατάληξη: \%.3oμη έγκυρη ομάδαμη έγκυρη ομάδα %sΜη έγκυρη είσοδοςμη έγκυρος αριθμός %sμη έγκυρος αριθμός από bytesμη έγκυρος αριθμός από γραμμέςμη έγκυρη σημαία εξόδουμη έγκυρη σημαία κατάστασηςμη έγκυρος χρήστηςη μνήμη εξαντλήθηκεουρά μηνυμάτωνκακώς στοιχισμένη δομή [:upper:] και/ή [:lower:]έχει παραληφθεί η δήλωση μετατροπής %% στην κατάληξηέχει παραληφθεί ο δηλωτής μετατροπής στην κατάληξηΛείπει ο δεκαεξαδικός αριθμός στον χαρακτήρα διαφυγής.έχει παραληφθεί η λίστα με τα πεδίαέχει παραληφθεί η λίστα με τις θέσειςλείπει τελεστής μετά το %sτα δικαιώματα του %s τροποποιήθηκαν σε %04lo (%s) τα δικαιώματα του %s διατηρούνται ως έχουν, δηλαδή %04lo (%s) ούτε ο συμβολικός σύνδεσμος %s ούτε το αναφερόμενο αρχείο αλλάχτηκαν δεν υπάρχει μεταβλητή περιβάλλοντος SHELL, και δεν δόθηκε είδος φλοιούδεν υπολείπονται αρχείακανένα είδος δε μπορεί να δηλωθεί όταν τυπώνονται αλφαριθμητικάδεν είναι tty'αριθμός από bytesαριθμός γραμμώνμόνο μια δομή επανάληψης [c*] μπορεί να εμφανιστεί στο αλφαριθμητικό2μόνο ένα είδος λίστας μπορεί να οριστείαποτυχία ανοίγματοςτο πλάτος σελίδας είναι πολύ στενόδιατήρηση ωρών στο %sεκτύπωση όλων των διπλών γραμμών και μετρητών επαναλήψεων δεν έχει έννοιατα άκρη του διαστήματος `%s-%s' είναι σε αντίστροφη σειράσφάλμα ανάγνωσηςαποτυχία ανάγνωσηςκανονικό κενό αρχείοκανονικό αρχείοσημαφόροςο διαχωριστής δε μπορεί να είναι κενόςυποδοχέαςκανονικό σφάλμακανονική είσοδοςη κανονική είσοδος είναι κλεισμένηκανονική έξοδοςη σύγκριση των συμβολοσειρών απέτυχεΗ μετατροπή της συμβολοσειράς απέτυχεη απόκρυψη γραμμών που δεν έχουν διαχωριστές έχει νόημα μόνο όταν λειτουργούμε με πεδίασυμβολικός σύνδεσμοςτο μέγεθος στηλογνώμονα δε μπορεί να είναι 0τα μεγέθη του στηλογνώμονα πρέπει να είναι κατά αύξουσα σειράοι επιλογές --binary και --text δεν έχουν σημασία όταν επιβεβαιώνονται αθροίσματα ελέγχουη επιλογή --status έχει έννοια μόνο στην επιβεβαίωση αθροισμάτων ελέγχουη επιλογή --warn έχει έννοια μόνο στην επιβεβαίωση αθροισμάτων ελέγχουη δομή [c*] μπορεί να εμφανιστεί στο αλφαριθμητικό2 μόνο στη μετάφρασηη δομή επανάληψης [c*] δε μπορεί να εμφανίζεται στο αλφαριθμητικό1ο διαχωριστής πρέπει να είναι ένας μόνο χαρακτήραςΟι επιλογές για να εκτυπωθεί και να οριστεί η ώρα δεν μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν παράλληλα.πάρα πολλές δηλώσεις μετατροπής στην κατάληξησύνολοτιμή που δε μπορεί να αναγνωριστεί στη μεταβλητή περιβάλλοντος LS_COLORSάγνωστος τελεστής %sο χρήστης %s δεν υπάρχειχρησιμοποιείται το περιορισμένο κέλυφος (restricted shell) %sΠΡΟΣΟΧΗ: %s: οι χαρακτήρες που ακολουθούσαν τον χαρακτήρα σταθερά αγνοήθηκαν.προειδοποίηση: το --pid=PID δεν υποστηρίζεται σε αυτό το σύστημαπροειδοποίηση: ο περιγραφέας διεργασίας αγνοείτε· το --pid=PID είναι χρήσιμο μόνο σε παρακολούθησηπροειδοποίηση: η περίληψη είναι όμοιο με --max-depth=0παράξενο αρχείοόταν δεν αποκόπτεται το σύνολο1, το αλφαριθμητικό 2 πρέπει να μην είναι κενόΟταν καθορίζεται ένας τύπος εξόδου, οι καταστάσεις λειτουργίας (modes) δεν είναι δυνατόν να οριστούνόταν γίνεται μετάφραση με συμπλήρωμα τάξης χαρακτήρων, το αλφαριθμητικό 2 πρέπει να αντιστοιχίζει όλους τους χαρακτήρες στην περιοχή με έναστη μετάφραση, οι μόνες κλάσεις χαρακτήρων που μπορούν να εμφανιστούν στο αλφαριθμητικό 2 είναι `upper' και `lower'σφάλμα εγγραφήςαποτυχία εγγραφήςπρέπει να ορίσετε λίστα από bytes, χαρακτήρες ή πεδία070701000091f7000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001600000000reloc/share/locale/en070701000091f8000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000002200000000reloc/share/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES070701000091f9000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000001b3000000660000000300000000000000000000002f00000000reloc/share/locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo4L` a k%w  %b %e %Y%b %e %H:%MProject-Id-Version: coreutils-7.6 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2009-09-26 16:50+0200 Last-Translator: nobody Language-Team: none MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; 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"C[v]G1 Gh}( ,9Y'_ /-#&(*O$z!"#97Y= -C6 z4 & 7 CNn>B < G S^s  *$?7d J- x *H?W=>3(HNqf>'@f</,23Fz0H2==p&=,0@7qt 3)5]j_,^* 7 op);>zlKz3\IAiu+3,_ UTl)G<*_3hh?TW0/9iq3*,}W c 9  gcVKl'M}$d} 9!"#?$$%('" (C)H*,+-fK.0l1*p2<345GK6f7M8QH99:};%=O>&.@U@e@t|ABD6FF}G}H7I JJJ J JmJ kL uLLLL"L'LM,MJMjMM;MSMQ/N<N+NN=O+BO4nOHO'O/P(DPCmPDPP- Q"9Q(\Q$QQQQ3Q!,R5NR1R:RR S$S6BSySS SS!ST&(T+OT{T!T0T$T'UN0U;U+UUVV":V]VrV9V V VVVW=#W%aW4W&W9WX X 8XBXYGX X]XA YLYs[F[[;}\\:]+]0^ 3^@^G^X^l^^ ^E```` aaai+aaaa_abc=dd3d eeM$ereepfIgpuq=quq;Ar}r.rr s.s(s5t+>t2jtrtuuCVv,v6v8vm7wMw7w*+x-Vx3xnx*'y-Ry:yyy zzzzL{{u|4}9J}2}.}*}&~"8~[~z~~?~~~~>~#4XhN44"Wh7<1+D@]('ǁ,$'A*i4<ɂ@=G3"&܃(>'g().7+I#u%()%E8"~5F!8"Z?}BR!S@u((߈5T&tM% (/JX8.܊$ A0%r!Ӌ#.M'j:ʌ %1E!_ ( !,?.R%,؎+#1Us!'%ҏ!33ND*ǐG#]Yۑ# !0%R"x)OɒJDd>]6-(G JR ו(4*]ÖӖ/-"D/g- .3BT!i !'Θ(!5A4w5#&l>M+>'^5Λ+:#^8g=5052f26̝"9(\+-7ߞVn +6ԟb n}?)/%U d'p#ܡU9O  ̢  2 >H g+£B1:T"f/!ڤURd(vI9/#S[YRPAY<*اcgMA>A ©9#9A{Aת`1oG/E8_B5۬>ɭKTh-Y9ԯ7LW#HF&_(a{=: 0#.AfqA12`TBNE?_}!B<,.6 ) t&WEJchT#vqODx'I5XK$Vlw@e92+cr/b^2~{k!guQ$]h&VDb[:Z)D""f4QW$G`*,]6) K9<e%38PUb;[=1PTCJF Lm^36"/@C(zR; H8HJ}` pnS |yl7Iy%niXa-MVd5o79 G ]c*%mgs?+ Zf(.0x=1?\\O-M0'R  K;isBL3*@8+M jw>XvR5 7^rpN YzFUE|'SAu:>/UNoe,Gt\g>~d-jIYZC S k4!_[<OQPY4da ( EXPRESSION ) EXPRESSION is true ! EXPRESSION EXPRESSION is false EXPRESSION1 -a EXPRESSION2 both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true EXPRESSION1 -o EXPRESSION2 either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true -a, --all same as -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot time of last system boot -d, --dead print dead processes -H, --heading print line of column headings -b FILE FILE exists and is block special -c FILE FILE exists and is character special -d FILE FILE exists and is a directory -e FILE FILE exists -l produce long format output for the specified USERs -b omit the user's home directory and shell in long format -h omit the user's project file in long format -p omit the user's plan file in long format -s do short format output, this is the default ARG1 * ARG2 arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 is less than ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 is equal to ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 is unequal to ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2 FILE1 -ef FILE2 FILE1 and FILE2 have the same device and inode numbers FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2 FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 is older than FILE2 INTEGER copy up to but not including specified line number /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copy up to but not including a matching line %REGEXP%[OFFSET] skip to, but not including a matching line {INTEGER} repeat the previous pattern specified number of times {*} repeat the previous pattern as many times as possible A line OFFSET is a required `+' or `-' followed by a positive integer. INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING length of STRING b create a block (buffered) special file c, u create a character (unbuffered) special file p create a FIFO A lightweight `finger' program; print user information. The utmp file will be %s. A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment. A mere - implies -l. If USER not given, assume root. As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. Both MAJOR and MINOR must be specified when TYPE is b, c, or u, and they must be omitted when TYPE is p. If MAJOR or MINOR begins with 0x or 0X, it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal; otherwise, as decimal. TYPE may be: By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: Combination settings: * [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase cbreak same as -icanon -cbreak same as icanon Control settings: [-]clocal disable modem control signals [-]cread allow input to be received * [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8] Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual. If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). Input settings: [-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal [-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline [-]ignbrk ignore break characters [-]igncr ignore carriage return Local settings: [-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings * -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings Note that the -d and -t options accept different time-date formats. Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available. Output settings: * bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1] * crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3] * ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1] * nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1] Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). Special characters: * dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input) eol CHAR CHAR will end the line The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo', use one of these commands: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. With no options, produce three-column output. Column one contains lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2, and column three contains lines common to both files. Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories (note: will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the superuser) -f, --force remove existing destination files --help display this help and exit --lookup attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS -m only hostname and user associated with stdin -p, --process print active processes spawned by init --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --version output version information and exit -evenp same as -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7 nl same as -icrnl -onlcr -nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-') [-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty [-]hupcl same as [-]hup [-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input [-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-') [-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors * [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character [-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return [-]inpck enable input parity checking [-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters [-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters [-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters * [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal * [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\' for uppercase characters cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values -cooked same as raw crt same as echoe echoctl echoke dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany ek erase and kill characters to their default values evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N set the input speed to N * line N use line discipline N min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read ospeed N set the output speed to N oddp same as parenb parodd cs7 -oddp same as -parenb cs8 [-]parity same as [-]evenp pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7 raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw same as cooked stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal * swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer * werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed %h same as %b %H hour (00..23) %I hour (01..12) %j day of year (001..366) %k hour ( 0..23) %l hour ( 1..12) %m month (01..12) %M minute (00..59) + TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like `match' or an operator like `/' ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links -P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default) -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -S, --separate-dirs do not include size of subdirectories -s, --summarize display only a total for each argument -M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx' -O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives -R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences -T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives -T, -w, --mesg add user's message status as +, - or ? -u, --users list users logged in --message same as -T --writable same as -T -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword -b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting -g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields -i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE -o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -a, --suffix-length=N use suffixes of length N (default %d) -b, --bytes=SIZE put SIZE bytes per output file -C, --line-bytes=SIZE put at most SIZE bytes of lines per output file -d, --numeric-suffixes use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic -l, --lines=NUMBER put NUMBER lines per output file -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -f omit the line of column headings in short format -w omit the user's full name in short format -i omit the user's full name and remote host in short format -q omit the user's full name, remote host and idle time in short format -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --reference=RFILE use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values -R, --recursive change files and directories recursively -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -q, --count all login names and number of users logged on -r, --runlevel print current runlevel -s, --short print only name, line, and time (default) -t, --time print last system clock change -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -r, --references first field of each line is a reference -t, --typeset-mode - not implemented - -w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL specify the name or number of the signal to be sent -l, --list list signal names, or convert signal names to/from numbers -t, --table print a table of signal information -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -t, --tagged-paragraph indentation of first line different from second -u, --uniform-spacing one space between words, two after sentences -w, --width=WIDTH maximum line width (default of 75 columns) -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system -w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% (backup: %s) * [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c') [-]echo echo input characters * [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho [-]echoe same as [-]crterase [-]echok echo a newline after a kill character * [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill [-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters * [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\' and '/' [-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters [-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters * [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase * [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character [-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters [-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control [-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence) [-]tandem same as [-]ixoff * [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline * [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters * [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays * [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase * [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline * [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return * [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column [-]opost postprocess output * tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3] * tabs same as tab0 * -tabs same as tab3 * vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1] * eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line * lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal * rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it * rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows * size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel speed print the terminal speed time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second Mounted on TTY groups= old on repetition %s % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%s%s -> %s (unbackup) %s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has unknown file type%s is too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot lseek back to original position%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot rewind%s: cannot seek to end-relative offset %s%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: cannot seek to relative offset %s%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: couldn't reset non-blocking mode%s: descend into directory %s? %s: descend into write-protected directory %s? %s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: error truncating%s: error writing at offset %s%s: expected a numeric value%s: file has negative size%s: file has shrunk too much%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input contains an odd number of tokens%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of passes%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: multiple signals specified%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: no size information for this device%s: number of bytes is too large%s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s: seek failed%s: unable to perform all requested operations%s: value not completely converted%s:%lu: invalid line; missing second token%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}'', load average: %.2f??? All arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. COMMENTCall the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1. Call the unlink function to remove the specified FILE. Change the effective user id and group id to that of USER. -, -l, --login make the shell a login shell -c, --command=COMMAND pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c -f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment do not reset environment variables -p same as -m -s, --shell=SHELL run SHELL if /etc/shells allows it Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made Compare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. -a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. Directory: EXITF. PinardFAILEDFilesystem Filesystem TypeFor each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by whitespace. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input. -a FILENUM print unpairable lines coming from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2 -e EMPTY replace missing input fields with EMPTY Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block. IDLEIdleIn real life: LINELoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. NAMENameOKOutput a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. Determine format of output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output defaults Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. PIDPaginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Password:Plan: Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print NAME with its trailing /component removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output `.' (meaning the current directory). Print or change terminal characteristics. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. -s, --silent, --quiet print nothing, only return an exit status Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the full filename of the current working directory. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the name of the current user. Project: Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals. Send signals to processes, or list signals. Set LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Shell: Summarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. TIMEThe following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. -H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it -L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered -P do not traverse any symbolic links (default) The strings compared were %s and %s.Try `%s --help' for more information. Unknown system errorUsage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NAME] or: %s OPTION Print or set the hostname of the current system. Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Valid arguments are:WARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s Warning: WhenWhereWrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argumenta command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sambiguous argument %s for %san input delimiter may be specified only when operating on fieldsappending output to %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileblock special files not supportedboth files cannot be standard inputbyte offset %s is too largecannot access %scannot backup %scannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change ownership of %scannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot chdir to root directorycannot combine signal with -l or -tcannot compare file names %s and %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot determine device and inode of %scannot determine hostnamecannot follow %s by namecannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open directory %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot read directory %scannot read file system information for %scannot read realtime clockcannot read symbolic link %scannot remove %scannot reposition file pointer for %scannot set datecannot set group idcannot set groupscannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot set time stamps for %scannot set user idcannot skip past end of combined inputcannot specify times from more than one sourcecannot split in more than one waycannot stat %scannot stat current directory (now %s)cannot touch %scannot un-backup %scannot unlink %schanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %scharacter offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special filecharacter special files not supportedclock changeclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing directory %sclosing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputcouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %sdirectorydivision by zeroempty taberror in regular expression searcherror reading %serror writing %sexit=failed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to get attributes of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to open %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to redirect standard errorfailed to return to initial working directoryfailed to set the copy of stderr to close on execfield number %s is too largefield number is zerofifofile system type %s both selected and excludedfork system call failedformat string may not be specified when printing equal width stringsfts_read failedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %signoring non-option argumentsincompatible tabsincorrect passwordinput disappearedinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid body numbering style: %sinvalid byte or field listinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid date format %sinvalid device %s %sinvalid device type %sinvalid field number: %sinvalid field width: %sinvalid floating point argument: %sinvalid footer numbering style: %sinvalid format precisioninvalid format widthinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid header numbering style: %sinvalid line number field width: %sinvalid line number increment: %sinvalid line numbering format: %sinvalid line width: %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid maximum depth %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid modeinvalid mode %sinvalid number %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of blank lines: %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid number of lines: 0invalid option -- %cinvalid option -- %c; -WIDTH is recognized only when it is the first option; use -w N insteadinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid precision: %sinvalid starting line number: %sinvalid tab size: %sinvalid time style format %sinvalid universal character name \%c%0*xinvalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)last=line count option -%s%c... is too largememory exhaustedmessage queuemisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multiple -l or -t options specifiedmultiple output files specifiedneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno files remainingno login nameno process ID specifiedno type may be specified when dumping stringsno username specified; at least one must be specified when using -lnot a ttynumber of bytesnumber of linesomitting directory %sonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one device may be specifiedonly one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %sownership of %s retained as %s page width too narrowpreserving permissions for %spreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedreading %sreading directory %sregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %srun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptysetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectskip-bytes + read-bytes is too largeskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstray character in field specstring comparison failedsuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errortab size cannot be 0tab size contains invalid character(s): %stab sizes must be ascendingtab stop is too large %sterm=the --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the delimiter must be a single characterthe options for verbose and stty-readable output styles are mutually exclusivethe options to output dircolors' internal database and to select a shell syntax are mutually exclusivethe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivethe strip option may not be used when installing a directorytime %s is out of rangetoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtotalunknown user-ID: %sunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableunrecognized prefix: %suse --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeuser %s does not existusing restricted shell %swarning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredwarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: cannot change directory to %swarning: following standard input indefinitely is ineffectivewarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0warning: working around lseek kernel bug for file (%s) of mt_type=0x%0lx -- see for the list of typesweird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'will not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swrite errorwrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsProject-Id-Version: GNU coreutils 5.2.1 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2004-11-05 01:11+0100 Last-Translator: Santiago Vila Doncel Language-Team: Spanish MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8-bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1); ( EXPRESIÓN ) la EXPRESIÓN es verdadera ! EXPRESIÓN la EXPRESIÓN es falsa EXPRESIÓN1 -a EXPRESIÓN2 la EXPRESIÓN1 y la EXPRESIÓN2 son verdaderas EXPRESIÓN1 -o EXPRESIÓN2 la EXPRESIÓN1 o la EXPRESIÓN2 es verdadera -a, --all lo mismo que -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot tiempo del último inicio del sistema -d, --dead muestra los procesos muertos -H, --heading muestra la línea de encabezados de columnas -b FICHERO el FICHERO existe y es un fichero especial de bloques -c FICHERO el FICHERO existe y es un fichero especial de caracteres -d FICHERO el FICHERO existe y es un directorio -e FICHERO el FICHERO existe -l usa el formato ancho para el resultado -b omite el directorio inicial y shell del usuario en formato ancho -h omite el fichero project del usuario en formato largo -p omite el fichero plan del usuario en formato largo -s usa el formato corto (este es el predeterminado) ARG1 * ARG2 producto aritmético de ARG1 y ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 cociente aritmético de ARG1 dividido entre ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 residuo aritmético de ARG1 dividido entre ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 suma aritmética de ARG1 y ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 diferencia aritmética de ARG1 y ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 es menor que ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 es menor o igual que ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 es igual a ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 es distinto de ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 es mayor o igual que ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 es mayor que ARG2 FICHERO1 -ef FICHERO2 el FICHERO1 y FICHERO2 tienen los mismos números de dispositivo y de nodo-i FICHERO1 -nt FICHERO2 el FICHERO1 es más moderno (fecha de modificación) que FICHERO2 FICHERO1 -ot FICHERO2 el FICHERO1 es más antiguo que FICHERO2 NÚMERO_LÍNEA copia a partir de este número de línea excluida ella /EXPREG/[DESPLAZ] copia sin incluir las líneas que coincidan con EXPREG %%EXPREG%%[DESPLAZ] comienza a partir de la línea que coincida con EXPREG {NÚMERO ENTERO} repite la plantilla especificada un número de veces {*} repite la plantilla especificada todas las veces posibles Un DESPLAZamiento de línea es un número entero precedido de `+' o de `-'. ENTERO1 -eq ENTERO2 el ENTERO1 es igual a ENTERO2 ENTERO1 -ge ENTERO2 el ENTERO1 es mayor o igual que ENTERO2 ENTERO1 -gt ENTERO2 el ENTERO1 es mayor que ENTERO2 ENTERO1 -le ENTERO2 el ENTERO1 es menor o igual que ENTERO2 ENTERO1 -lt ENTERO2 el ENTERO1 es menor que ENTERO2 ENTERO1 -ne ENTERO2 el ENTERO1 no es igual a ENTERO2 CADENA : EXPREG búsqueda de expresiones regulares REGEXP en CADENA match CADENA EXPREG igual que CADENA : EXPREG substr CADENA POS LONG subcadena de CADENA, POS se cuenta partiendo de 1 index CADENA CARacteres índice en CADENA donde cualquier CARácter es encontrado, ó 0 length CADENA longitud de CADENA b crea un fichero especial de bloques (buffered) c, u crea un fichero especial de caracteres (unbuffered) p crea un `FIFO' Un programa `finger' sencillo; muestra información del usuario. El fichero utmp será %s. Un simple - implica -i. Si no hay ORDEN, muestra el entorno resultante. Un simple - implica -l. Si no se da el USUARIO, se supone root. Como caso especial, cp crea una copia de seguridad de ORIGEN cuando se utilizan las opciones `force' y `backup', y ORIGEN y DESTINO tienen el mismo nombre para un nombre de fichero regular existente. Advierta que muchos operadores necesitan ser escritos con secuencias de escape o encerrados entre comillas para los shells. Las comparaciones son aritméticas si ambos ARGs son números, de otra manera son lexicográficas. Las coincidencias de expresiones regulares devuelven la cadena emparejada entre \( y \) o nulo; si no se utilizan \( y \), devuelven el número de caracteres coincidentes ó 0. Deben especificarse tanto PRINCIPAL como SECUNDARIO cuando el TIPO es b, c ó u, y debe omitirse cuando el TIPO es p. Si PRINCIPAL o SECUNDARIO comienzan con 0x o 0X, se interpreta como hexadecimal; en caso contrario, si comienza con 0, como octal, en caso contrario, como decimal. TIPO puede ser: Por omisión es `-v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn'. `CC' son dos caracteres delimitadores para separar páginas; si sólo se especifica uno de ellos, el otro se supone:`.' Utilícese \\ para obtener \. ESTILO puede ser uno de lo siguientes: Valores de combinación: * [-]LCASE igual que [-]lcase cbreak igual que -icanon -cbreak igual que icanon Valores de control: [-]clocal desactiva las señales de control del módem [-]cread permite que se reciba entrada * [-]crtscts permite negociación RTS/CTS csN establece el tamaño del carácter en N bits, N en [5..8] Maneja la línea tty conectada a la entrada estándar. Sin argumentos, muestra la tasa de baudios, la disciplina de línea, y desviaciones con respecto de `stty sane'. En valores, el CARácter es tomado literalmente, o codificado como en ^c, 0x37, 0177 ó 127; los valores especiales ^- o undef son utilizados para no permitir caracteres especiales. Si no se especifica ningún FICHERO, se utiliza %s. Habitualmente, FICHERO es %s. Si se dan ARG1 y ARG2, se supone -m: habitualmente `am i' o `mom likes'. Si se especifica FICHERO, se lee para determinar qué colores usar para cuáles tipos de ficheros y extensiones. En caso contrario, se utiliza una base de datos precompilada. Para más información acerca del formato de estos ficheros, ejecute `dircolors --print-database'. Si no se especifica ninguna orden, ejecuta ``${SHELL} -i'' (por omisión: /bin/sh). Valores de entrada: [-]brkint `breaks' causan una señal de interrupción [-]icrnl traduce el retorno de carro a nueva línea [-]ignbrk descarta los caracteres de `break' [-]igncr descarta los retornos de carro Valores locales: [-]crterase repite los caracteres de borrado como retroceso-espacio-retroceso * crtkill mata toda la línea obedeciendo los valores echoprt y echoe * -crtkill mata toda la línea obedeciendo los valores echoctl y echok Tenga en cuenta que las opciones -d y -t aceptan formatos de hora-fecha distintos. Un - opcional antes de VALOR indica negación. Un * marca valores no POSIX. El sistema subyacente define qué valores están disponibles. Valores de salida: * bsN estilo de retardo de retroceso, N en [0..1] * crN estilo de retardo de retorno de carro, N en [0..3] * ffN estilo de retardo de salto de página, N en [0..1] * nlN estilo de retardo de nueva línea, N in [0..1] Muestra el valor de la EXPRESIÓN en la salida estándar. Una línea en blanco debajo separa los grupos de prioridad creciente. La EXPRESIÓN puede ser: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 si no es nulo ni 0, de otra manera ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 si ningún argumento es nulo o 0, de otra manera 0 Lee la entrada estándar si FICHERO es `-'. Cada PLANTILLA puede ser: Los CONJUNTOs se especifican como cadenas de caracteres. La mayoría se representan a sí mismos. Las secuencias válidas son las siguientes: \NNN carácter con valor octal NNN (de uno a tres dígitos) \\ barra invertida \a pitido audible (BEL) \b espacio hacia atrás \f salto de página \n salto de línea \r retorno de carro \t tabulación horizontal TAMAÑO es un número. Para los TIPOs d, o, u ó x, TAMAÑO puede ser también: C para `sizeof(char)', S para `sizeof(short)', I para `sizeof(int)' ó L para `sizeof(long)'. Si TIPO es f, TAMAÑO puede ser también F para `sizeof(float)', D para `sizeof(double)' ó L para `sizeof(long double)'. Caracteres especiales: * dsusp CAR el CARácter enviará una señal de alto a la terminal una vez que se haya limpiado la entrada eof CAR el CARácter enviará un fin de línea (termina la entrada) eol CAR el CARácter terminará la línea El sufijo de respaldo es `~', a menos que se establezca con --suffix o con SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. El método de control de versión se puede seleccionar con la opción --backup o a través de la variable de entorno VERSION_CONTROL. Estos son los valores: Las sumas se calculan tal y como se describe en %s. Al comprobar, la entrada debe ser un resultado anterior de llamar a este programa. Por defecto se muestra una línea con la suma de comprobación, un carácter indicando el tipo de fichero (`*' para binario, ` ' para texto), y el nombre de cada FICHERO. Para borrar un fichero cuyo nombre comience con un `-', por ejemplo `-fu', utilice una de las siguientes órdenes: %s -- -fu %s ./-fu Si no se especifica ARCHIVO o ARCHIVO es `-', lee de la entrada estándar. Se toma `-F /' por defecto. Sin FICHERO, o cuando FICHERO es -, lee la entrada estándar. Sin ninguna opción, produce un resultado en tres columnas. La columna uno contiene las líneas únicas al FICHERO1, la columna dos contiene las líneas únicas al FICHERO2, y la columna tres contiene las líneas comunes a ambos ficheros. Sin ninguna OPCIÓN, muestra un conjunto útil de información sobre la identidad. Escribe una representación inequívoca, por defecto en base ocho, de FICHERO en la salida estándar. Si no se especifica FICHERO o FICHERO es `-', lee la entrada estándar. --backup[=CONTROL] crea una copia de seguridad de cada fichero de destino que ya exista -b como --backup pero no acepta ningún argumento -d, -F, --directory permite al superusuario intentar crear un enlace duro entre directorios (note: puede que falle por restricciones del sistema, incluso para el superusuario) -f, --force borra los ficheros destino que ya existan --help muestra esta ayuda y finaliza --lookup intenta canonicalizar los nombres de `host' a través del DNS -m sólo el nombre del `host' y de usuario asociado con la entrada estándar -p, --process muestra los procesos activos lanzados por init --no-preserve-root no trata `/' de forma especial (predeterminado) --preserve-root no opera recursivamente sobre `/' --version informa de la versión y finaliza -evenp igual que -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase igual que xcase iuclc olcuc litout igual que -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout igual que parenb istrip opost cs7 nl igual que -icrnl -onlcr -nl igual que icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb utiliza dos bits de paro por carácter (uno con `-') [-]hup manda una señal de colgar cuando el último proceso cierra la tty [-]hupcl igual que [-]hup [-]parenb genera un bit de paridad en la salida y espera un bit de paridad en la entrada [-]parodd establece paridad impar (incluso con `-') [-]ignpar descarta los caracteres con error de paridad * [-]imaxbel emite un pitido y no limpia un búfer de entrada lleno con un carácter [-]inlcr traduce nueva línea a retorno de carro [-]inpck permite la revisión de paridad de entrada [-]istrip borra el bit alto (8º) de los caracteres de entrada [-]isig permite los caracteres especiales interrupt, quit, y suspend [-]noflsh no permite limpieza después de los caracteres especiales interrupt y quit * [-]prterase igual que [-]echoprt * [-]tostop detiene trabajos en `background' que tratan de escribir a la terminal * [-]xcase con icanon, escapa con `\' para caracteres en mayúscula cooked igual que caracteres brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof y eol a sus valores por omisión -cooked igual que raw crt igual que echoe echoctl echoke dec igual que echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq igual que [-]ixany ek caracteres erase y kill a sus valores por omisión evenp igual que parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N establece la velocidad de entrada a N * line N utiliza la disciplina de línea N min N con -icanon, establece a N caracteres como mínimo para una lectura completada ospeed N establece la velocidad de salida a N oddp igual que parenb parodd cs7 -oddp igual que -parenb cs8 [-]parity igual que [-]evenp pass8 igual que -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 igual que parenb istrip cs7 raw igual que -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw igual que cooked stop CAR el CARácter detendrá la salida susp CAR el CARácter enviará una señal de alto a la terminal * swtch CAR el CARácter establecerá un contexto diferente de shell * werase CAR el CARácter borrará la última palabra tecleada %h igual que %b %H la hora (00..23) %I la hora (01..12) %j el día del año (001..366) %k la hora ( 0..23) %l la hora ( 1..12) %m el mes (01..12) %M los minutos (00..59) + TOKEN interpreta TOKEN como una cadena, incluso si es una palabra clave como `match' o un operador como `/' ( EXPRESIÓN ) valor de EXPRESIÓN -A, --address-radix=BASE indica cómo se han de mostrar las posiciones del fichero -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES descarta los primeros BYTES bytes de cada fichero -D, --date-format=FORMATO utiliza FORMATO para la fecha de la cabecera -e[CARÁCTER[ANCHO]], --expand-tabs[CARÁCTER[ANCHO]] sustituye el carácter de tabulación (o el CARÁCTER) por ANCHO (8) espacios -F, -f, --form-feed utiliza saltos de página en lugar de caracteres de nueva línea para separar páginas (con una cabecera de página de 3 líneas con -f o una cabecera y una cola de 5 líneas sin -F) -L, --dereference desreferencia todos los enlaces simbólicos -P, --no-dereference no sigue ningún enlace simbólico (predeterminado) -0, --null termina cada línea por un byte 0 en vez de nueva línea -S, --separate-dirs no incluye el tamaño de los subdirectorios -s, --summarize muestra solamente un total para cada argumento -M, --macro-name=CADENA usa CADENA como nombre de macro en lugar de `xx' -O, --format=roff genera el resultado con directivas roff -R, --right-side-refs pone las referencias a la derecha, sin contarlas en -w -S, --sentence-regexp=EXPR-REG para finales de línea o frase -T, --format=tex genera salida como directivas TeX -T, -w, --mesg añade el estado de mensajes del usuario como +, - ó ? -u, --users muestra los usuarios conectados --message igual que -T --writable igual que -T -W, --word-regexp=EXPR-REG usa EXPR-REG para encontrar las palabras clave -b, --break-file=ARCHIVO toma de ARCHIVO los caracteres que definen las palabras -f, --ignore-case no distingue entre mayúsculas y minúsculas al ordenar -g, --gap-size=NÚMERO separación en columnas entre campos de salida -i, --ignore-file=ARCHIVO lee la lista de palabras a pasar por alto de ARCHIVO -o, --only-file=ARCHIVO lee la lista de palabras a mantener de ARCHIVO -a, --across crea las columnas transversalmente en lugar de en paralelo, se utiliza junto con -COLUMNAS -c, --show-control-chars muestra los caracteres de control con notación gorro (^G) o secuencias de escape octales -d, --double-space salida con espaciado doble -a, --suffix-length=N utiliza sufijos de longitud N (por omisión %d) -b, --bytes=TAMAÑO escribe TAMAÑO bytes en cada fichero de salida -C, --line-bytes=BYTES escribe un máximo de BYTES bytes sin cortar líneas -d, --numeric-suffixes utiliza sufijos numéricos en vez de alfabéticos -l, --lines=NÚMERO pone NÚMERO de líneas en cada fichero de salida -b, --before añade el separador antes de cada línea, en lugar de añadirlo después -r, --regex interpreta el separador como una expresión regular -s, --separator=CADENA usa CADENA como separador, en lugar de un salto de línea -b, --body-numbering=ESTILO usa ESTILO para la numeración de las líneas -d, --section-delimiter=CC usa CC para separar páginas -f, --footer-numbering=ESTILO usa ESTILO para numerar las líneas finales -b, --bytes cuenta bytes en vez de columnas -s, --spaces corta la línea por los espacios -w, --width=ANCHO utiliza ANCHO columnas en vez de 80 -c, --count precede a las líneas con el número de ocurrencias -d, --repeated muestra sólo las líneas duplicadas -d, delimiters=LISTA usa los caracteres indicados en LISTA en lugar de tabuladores -s, --serial usa un fichero cada vez, en lugar de hacerlo en paralelo -f omite la línea de cabeceras de columnas en formato corto -w omite el nombre completo del usuario en formato corto -i omite el nombre completo del usuario y el `host' remoto en formato corto -q omite el nombre completo del usuario, el `host' remoto y el tiempo inactivo en formato corto -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] muestra a medida que el fichero crece; -f, --follow, y --follow=descriptor son equivalentes -F lo mismo que --follow=name --retry -f, --silent, --quiet suprime la mayoría de los mensajes de error -v, --verbose muestra un mensaje por cada fichero procesado --reference=FICH_R utiliza el modo de FICH_R en lugar del valor MODO -R, --recursive cambia ficheros y directorios recursivamente -h, --no-dereference afecta a cada enlace simbólico en lugar de a los ficheros referidos (solamente es útil en sistemas que pueden cambiar el propietario de un enlace simbólico) -l utiliza un formato de listado largo -L, --dereference al mostrar la información de un fichero para un enlace simbólico, muestra la información del fichero al que apunta el enlace en lugar de la del propio enlace -m rellena el ancho con una lista de entradas separadas por comas -n, --digits=DÍGITOS usa el número especificado de DÍGITOS en vez de 2 -s, --quiet, --silent no muestra el tamaño de los ficheros creados -z, --elide-empty-files borra los ficheros de salida vacíos -q, --count todos los nombres de entrada y número de usuarios conectados -r, --runlevel muestra el `runlevel' actual -s, --short muestra sólo el nombre, línea y tiempo (predeterminado) -t, --time muestra el último cambio en el reloj del sistema -q, --hide-control-chars imprime ? en lugar de los caracteres no gráficos --show-control-chars muestra los caracteres no gráficos tal y como son (predeterminado a menos que el programa sea `ls' y la salida sea un terminal) -Q, --quote-name encierra los nombres de las entradas entre comillas --quoting-style=PALABRA utiliza el estilo de cita PALABRA para los nombres de las entradas: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent no muestra las cabeceras con el nombre del fichero -v, --verbose muestra siempre las cabeceras con el nombre del fichero -r, --references el primer campo de la línea es una referencia -t, --typeset-mode - no implementado - -w, --width=NÚMERO anchura de la salida en columnas, excluyendo referencias -s, --only-delimited no muestra las líneas que no contienen delimitadores --output-delimiter=CADENA utiliza CADENA como el delimitador del resultado. Por omisión se utiliza el delimitador de la entrada -s, --signal=SEÑAL, -SEÑAL especifica el nombre o ek número de la señal que se enviará -l, --list lista los nombres de las señales, o convierte nombres de señales en números o viceversa -t, --table muestra una tabla de información sobre señales -t equivalente a -vT -T, --show-tabs muestra los caracteres de tabulación como ^I -u (sin efecto) -v, --show-nonprinting utiliza la notación ^ y M-, salvo para LFD y TAB -t, --tabs=LISTA usa la LISTA de posiciones separadas por comas para definir las posiciones de tabulación -t, --tagged-paragraph establece la sangría de la primera línea diferente de la segunda línea -u, --uniform-spacing pone un espacio entre palabras, dos entre frases -w, --width=ANCHO establece el ancho de línea máximo (por defecto, 75 columnas) -u, --update copia solamente cuando el fichero ORIGEN es más moderno que el fichero de destino, o cuando falta el fichero de destino -v, --verbose da detalles sobre lo que se va haciendo -x, --one-file-system permanece en este sistema de ficheros -w, --check-chars=N sólo compara los primeros N caracteres de la línea -z, --zero-terminated termina las líneas con el byte 0, no con nueva línea [:graph:] todos los caracteres imprimibles, sin incluir el espacio [:lower:] todas las letras minúsculas [:print:] todos los caracteres imprimibles, incluyendo el espacio [:punct:] todos los caracteres de puntuación [:space:] todos los espacios en blanco horizontales y verticales [:upper:] todas las letras mayúsculas [:xdigit:] todos los números hexadecimales [=CAR=] todos los caracteres que son igual que CAR \v tabulación vertical CAR1-CAR2 todos los caracteres comprendidos entre CAR1 y CAR2 contados en orden ascendente [CAR*] en CONJUNTO2, copias de CAR hasta que se alcance la longitud de CONJUNTO1 [CAR*REPITE] copia REPITE veces CAR; REPITE es octal si comienza con 0 [:alnum:] todas las letras y dígitos [:alpha:] todas las letras [:blank:] todos los espacios en blanco horizontales [:cntrl:] todos los caracteres de control [:digit:] todos los dígitos d[TAMAÑO] decimal con signo, TAMAÑO bytes por cada entero f[TAMAÑO] coma flotante, TAMAÑO bytes por cada entero o[TAMAÑO] octal, TAMAÑO bytes por cada entero u[TAMAÑO] decimal sin signo, TAMAÑO bytes por cada entero x[TAMAÑO] hexadecimal, TAMAÑO bytes por cada entero none, off nunca realiza copias de seguridad (incluso si se da la opción --backup) numbered, t crea copias de seguridad numeradas existing, nil numeradas si existen copias de seguridad numeradas, simples en caso contrario simple, never siempre crea copias de seguridad simples Bloques de %-4s Usado Dispon Uso%% (respaldo: %s) * [-]ctlecho repite los caracteres de control en notación gorro (`^c') [-]echo repite los caracteres de entrada * [-]echoctl igual que [-]ctlecho [-]echoe igual que [-]crterase [-]echok repite una nueva línea después de un carácter de matar * [-]echoke igual que [-]crtkill [-]echonl repite nueva línea aún si no está repitiendo otros caracteres * [-]echoprt repite los caracteres borrados en orden inverso, entre `\' y '/' [-]icanon permite los caracteres especiales erase, kill, werase, y rprnt [-]iexten permite caracteres especiales no-POSIX * [-]iuclc traduce de caracteres en mayúscula a minúscula * [-]ixany deja que cualquier carácter reinicie la entrada, no sólo el carácter de inicio [-]ixoff permite el envío de caracteres de inicio/alto [-]ixon permite el control de flujo XON/XOFF [-]parmrk marca errores de paridad (con la secuencia de caracteres 255-0) [-]tandem igual que [-]ixoff * [-]ocrnl traduce retorno de carro a nueva línea * [-]ofdel utiliza caracteres de borrado para relleno en lugar de caracteres nulos * [-]ofill utiliza caracteres de relleno en lugar de tiempo para retardos * [-]olcuc traduce caracteres en minúscula a mayúscula * [-]onlcr traduce nueva línea a retorno de carro-nueva línea * [-]onlret nueva línea realiza un retorno de carro * [-]onocr no muestra retornos de carro en la primera columna [-]opost postprocesa salida * tabN estilo de retardo de tabulador horizontal, N en [0..3] * tabs igual que tab0 * -tabs igual que tab3 * vtN estilo de retardo de tabulador vertical, N en [0..1] * eol2 CAR CARácter alternativo para terminar la línea erase CAR el CARácter borrará el último carácter tecleado intr CAR el CARácter enviará una señal de interrupción kill CAR el CARácter borrará la línea actual * lnext CAR el CARácter introducirá el siguiente carácter comentado quit CAR el CARácter enviará una señal de salida * rprnt CAR el CARácter redibujará la línea actual start CAR el CARácter reiniciará la salida después de haberla detenido * rows N dice al núcleo que la terminal tiene N líneas * size muestra el número de líneas y columnas de acuerdo con el núcleo speed muestra la velocidad de la terminal time N con -icanon, establece el tiempo fuera de lectura en N décimas de segundo Montado en TTY grupos= antiguo repetido %s % 1% de memoria, b 1, K 1024 (predeterminado), etc con M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Si no se especifica ningún FICHERO o FICHERO es `-', lee la entrada estándar. *** ATENCIÓN *** El locale especificado en el entorno afecta a la forma de ordenación. Establezca LC_ALL=C para obtener la forma de ordenación tradicional que utiliza los valores de los bytes originales. %b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%s%s -> %s (restauración) %s y %s son el mismo fichero%s existe pero no es un directorio%s tiene un tipo de fichero desconocido%s es demasiado grande%s: %s es tan grande que no es representable%s: %s:%s: fuera de secuencia: %s: FALLO al abrir o leer %s: No existe ese usuario%s: se requiere un `}' después del número de repeticiones%s: solamente se pueden crear enlaces simbólicos relativos en el directorio actual%s: no se puede seguir el final de este tipo de fichero; abandono con este nombre%s: no se puede efectuar `lseek' hasta la posición original%s: no se puede sobreescribir un directorio%s: no se puede rebobinar%s: no se puede desplazar a la posición relativa al final %s%s: no se puede desplazar a la posición %s%s: no se puede desplazar a la posición relativa %s%s: no se puede efectuar shred un descriptor de fichero de sólo añadir%s: falta el delimitador de cierre `%c'%s: no se pudo reiniciar el modo `non-blocking'%s: ¿descender al directorio %s? (s/n) %s: ¿descender al directorio protegido contra escritura %s? (s/n) %s: el operador de equivalencia de clase debe ser un sólo carácter%s: error al truncar%s: error al escribir en el desplazamiento %s%s: se esperaba un valor numérico%s: el fichero tiene un tamaño negativo%s: el fichero ha encogido demasiado%s: fichero demasiado grande%s: fichero demasiado largo%s: fichero truncado%s: no se permiten enlaces fuertes para directorios%s: la entrada contiene un bucle:%s: la entrada contiene un número impar de elementos%s: los ficheros de entrada y salida son el mismo%s: se esperaba un número entero después del delimitador%s: PID inválido%s: tamaño de fichero inválido%s: tipo de fichero inválido%s: número máximo de stats entre aperturas inválido%s: número inválido%s: número de bytes inválido%s: número de líneas inválido%s: número inválido de pasos%s: número de segundos inválido%s: plantilla inválida%s: identificador de proceso inválido%s: la expresión regular no es válida: %s%s: señal inválida%s: longitud del sufijo inválida%s: el número de línea debe ser mayor que cero%s: número de línea fuera de rango%s: se han especificado varias señales%s: no se encontraron líneas de suma de comprobación %s con formato correcto%s: no hay información sobre tamaño para este dispositivo%s: el número de bytes es demasiado grande%s: ¿sobreescribir %s? (s/n) %s: paso %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: paso %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: paso %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: error de lectura%s: ¿borrar el %s %s? (s/n) %s: ¿borrar el %s %s protegido contra escritura? (s/n) %s: borrado%s: borrando%s: renombrado a %s%s: ¿reemplazar %s? (s/n) %s: seek falló%s: no se pudieron realizar todas las operaciones solicitadas%s: valor no completamente convertido%s:%lu: línea inválida; falta el segundo elemento%s:%lu: palabra clave no reconocida %s%s}: entre `{' y `}' debe especificarse un número entero», carga promedio: %.2f??? Todos los argumentos para las opciones largas son obligatorios para las opciones cortas. COMENTARIOLlama a la función link para crear un enlace llamado FICHERO2 a un FICHERO1 que ya exista. Llama a la función unlink para borrar el FICHERO especificado. Cambia el identificador efectivo de usuario y de grupo al del USUARIO. -, -l, --login hace al shell un shell de `login' -c, --command=ORDEN pasa una sola ORDEN al shell con -c -f, --fast pasa -f al shell (para csh o tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment no borra las variables de entorno -p igual que -m -s, --shell=SHELL ejecuta SHELL si /etc/shells lo permite Cambia el modo de cada FICHERO a MODO. -c, --changes como `verbose' pero sólo informa de los cambios Compara los ficheros ordenados FICHERO1 y FICHERO2 línea por línea. Convierte las tabulaciones de cada FICHERO en espacios, escribiendo el resultado en la salida estándar. Si no se especifica FICHERO o FICHERO es `-', lee la entrada estándar. Copia ORIGEN a DESTINO, o varios ORIGEN(es) a DIRECTORIO. Copia la entrada estándar a cada FICHERO, y también a salida estándar. -a, --append añade a los FICHEROs dados, no los sobreescribe -i, --ignore-interrupts no hace caso a las señales de interrupción Crea tuberías con nombre (FIFOs) con los NOMBREs dados. Crea los DIRECTORIO(s), si no existen ya. Crea el fichero especial NOMBRE del TIPO dado. Directorio: SALIDAFrançois PinardLa suma no coincideS.ficheros S.ficheros TipoMuestra una línea en la salida estándar por cada par de líneas que contengan campos idénticos. El campo a comparar por defecto es el primero, delimitado por un espacio en blanco. Si FICHERO1 o FICHERO2 es `-' (nunca dos a la vez), lee la entrada estándar. -a NUMFICH muestra una línea por cada línea no emparejable del fichero NUMFICH, donde NUMFICH es 1 o 2, correspondiendo a FICHERO1 o FICHERO2 -e VACÍO reemplaza los campos inexistentes por VACÍO Guarda los bloques cambiados en el disco, actualiza el superbloque. INACTIVOInactivoEn la vida real: LÍNEALoginNombre de usuario: Los argumentos obligatorios para las opciones largas son también obligatorios para las opciones cortas. NOMBRENombreLa suma coincideMuestra un índice permutado, incluyendo contexto, de las palabras de los ficheros de entrada. Produce órdenes para establecer la variable de entorno LS_COLORS. Para determinar el formato del resultado: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell produce código en Bourne shell para establecer LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell produce código en C-shell para establecer LS_COLORS -p, --print-database muestra los valores por defecto Muestra quién esta actualmente conectado de acuerdo con FICHERO. Si no se especifica ningún FICHERO, se utiliza %s. Habitualmente, FICHERO es %s Sobreescribe los FICHERO(s) especificados repetidamente, para hacer más difícil la recuperación de los datos incluso utilizando hardware muy costoso. PIDPagina o encolumna FICHERO(s) para su impresión. Contraseña:Plan: Muestra la suma de comprobación CRC y el número de bytes de cada FICHERO. Muestra NOMBRE eliminando cualquier componente de directorio que lo preceda. Si se especifica, también elimina un SUFIJO final. Muestra NOMBRE con sus /componentes finales eliminados; si NOMBRE no tiene /'s, el resultado es `.' (representando el directorio actual). Muestra o establece las características de la terminal -a, --all muestra todos los valores actuales en forma legible para humanos -g, --save muestra todos los valores actuales en forma legible para ttys -F, --file=DISP abre y utiliza el DISPositivo especificado en lugar de la entrada estándar Extrae las partes seleccionadas de cada FICHERO en la salida estándar: Muestra el nombre de fichero de la terminal conectada a la salida estándar. -s, --silent, --quiet no muestra nada, sólo devuelve un valor de salida Muestra las primeras 10 líneas de cada FICHERO en la salida estándar. Si se especifican varios FICHERO(s), se muestra el nombre de cada uno. Si no se especifica FICHERO o FICHERO es `-', lee la entrada estándar. Muestra el nombre de fichero completo del directorio de trabajo actual. Muestra las últimas %d líneas de cada FICHERO en la salida estándar. Con más de un FICHERO, precede a cada grupo de líneas con una cabecera. Si no se especifica FICHERO o FICHERO es `-', lee la entrada estándar. Muestra el nombre del usuario actual. Proyecto: Renombra ORIGEN a DESTINO, o mueve ORIGEN(es) a DIRECTORIO. Muestra repetidamente una línea con todas las CADENA(s) especificadas, o `y'. Ejecuta ORDEN siendo NUEVO_RAÍZ el directorio raíz. Ejecuta ORDEN, descartando las señales de colgar. Envía señales a los procesos, o lista señales. Establezca LC_ALL='C' para solucionar este problema de forma temporal.Shell: Muestra un resumen del uso de disco para cada FICHERO, recursivamente para directorios. TIEMPOLas siguientes opciones modifican cómo se atraviesa una jerarquía cuando se especifica también la opción -R. Si se especifica más de una, solamente tiene efecto la última. -H si un argumento de la línea de órdenes es un enlace simbólico a un directorio, lo atraviesa -L atraviesa cualquier enlace simólico a un directorio que se encuentre -P no atraviesa ningún enlace simbólico (predeterminado) Las cadenas comparadas eran %s y %s.Pruebe `%s --help' para más información. Error del sistema desconocidoModo de empleo: %s ORDEN [ARGUMENTO]... o bien: %s OPCIÓN Modo de empleo: %s EXPRESIÓN o bien: %s OPCIÓN Modo de empleo: %s FICHERO o bien: %s OPCIÓN Modo de empleo: %s FICHERO1 FICHERO2 o bien: %s OPCIÓN Modo de empleo: %s FORMATO [ARGUMENTO]... o bien: %s OPCIÓN Modo de empleo: %s NOMBRE o bien: %s OPCIÓN Modo de empleo: %s NOMBRE [SUFIJO] o bien: %s OPCIÓN Modo de empleo: %s [-s SEÑAL | -SEÑAL ] PID... o bien: %s -l [SEÑAL]... o bien: %s -t [SEÑAL]... Modo de empleo: %s [FICHERO]... o bien: %s [OPCIÓN] Modo de empleo: %s [NOMBRE] o bien: %s OPCIÓN Muestra o establece el nombre del `host' del sistema actual. Modo de empleo: %s [NÚMERO]... o bien: %s OPCIÓN Modo de empleo: %s [OPCIÓN] Modo de empleo: %s [OPCIÓN] [ORDEN [ARG]...] Modo de empleo: %s [OPCIÓN] [FICHERO] Escribe una lista completamente ordenada consistente con el orden parcial en FICHERO. Sin ningún FICHERO, o cuando FICHERO es -, lee la entrada estándar. Modo de empleo: %s [OPCIÓN]... Modo de empleo: %s [OPCIÓN]... DIRECTORIO... Modo de empleo: %s [OPCIÓN]... FICHERO Modo de empleo: %s [OPCIÓN]... FICHERO PLANTILLA... Modo de empleo: %s [OPCIÓN]... FICHERO... Modo de empleo: %s [OPCIÓN]... FICHERO1 FICHERO2 Modo de empleo: %s [OPCIÓN]... GRUPO FICHERO... o bien: %s [OPCIÓN]... --reference=FICHERO-R FICHERO... Modo de empleo: %s [OPCIÓN]... ÚLTIMO o bien: %s [OPCIÓN]... PRIMERO ÚLTIMO o bien: %s [OPCIÓN]... PRIMERO INCREMENTO ÚLTIMO Modo de empleo: %s [OPCIÓN]... MODO[,MODO]... FICHERO... o bien: %s [OPCIÓN]... MODO-OCTAL FICHERO... o bien: %s [OPCIÓN]... --reference=FICHERO-R FICHERO... Modo de empleo: %s [OPCIÓN]... NOMBRE TIPO [PRINCIPAL SECUNDARIO] Modo de empleo: %s [OPCIÓN]... [NOMBRE]... Modo de empleo: %s [OPCIÓN]... CONJUNTO1 [CONJUNTO2] Modo de empleo: %s [OPCIÓN]... [ FICHERO | ARG1 ARG2 ] Modo de empleo: %s [OPCIÓN]... [+FORMATO] o bien: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[SS]AA][.ss]] Modo de empleo: %s [OPCIÓN]... [-] [NOMBRE=VALOR]... [ORDEN [ARGUMENTO]...] Modo de empleo: %s [OPCIÓN]... [-] [USUARIO [ARG]...] Modo de empleo: %s [OPCIÓN]... [FICHERO] Modo de empleo: %s [OPCIÓN]... [FICHERO]... Modo de empleo: %s [OPCIÓN]... [ENTRADA [SALIDA]] Modo de empleo: %s [OPCIÓN]... [ENTRADA]... (sin -G) o bien: %s -G [OPCIÓN]... [ENTRADA [SALIDA]] Modo de empleo: %s [OPCIÓN]... [USUARIO] Modo de empleo: %s [OPCIÓN]... [USUARIO]... Modo de empleo: %s [CADENA]... o bien: %s OPCIÓN Los argumentos válidos son:ATENCIÓN: Estructura de directorios circular. Esto quiere decir seguramente que el sistema de ficheros está corrupto. COMUNÍQUELO AL ADMINISTRADOR DEL SISTEMA. El siguiente directorio es parte del ciclo: %s Atención: CuándoDóndeAjusta el ancho de las líneas en cada FICHERO (por omisión la entrada estándar), y escribe el resultado en la salida estándar Escribe cada FICHERO en la salida estándar comenzando por la última línea Si no se especifica FICHERO o FICHERO es `-', lee la entrada estándar. Escribe cada FICHERO en la salida estándar, con las líneas numeradas. Si no se especifica FICHERO o FICHERO es `-', lee la entrada estándar. Escribe secuencialmente en la salida estándar cada línea de los FICHEROs especificados, separadas por tabuladores. Si no se especifica FICHERO o FICHERO es `-', lee la entrada estándar. Escrito por %s y %s. Escrito por %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, y otros. Escrito por %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, y %s. Escrito por %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, y %s. Escrito por %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, y %s. Escrito por %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, y %s. Escrito por %s, %s, %s, %s, y %s. Escrito por %s, %s, %s, y %s. Escrito por %s, %s, y %s. Escrito por %s. las expresiones [=c=] no pueden aparecer en cadena2 al traducir^[nN]^[sS]«`--pages=PRIMERA_PÁGINA[:ÚLTIMA_PÁGINA]' falta un argumentocon un ajuste, debe darse una ordenaccediendo a %sargumento %s ambiguo para %ssólo se puede especificar un delimitador de entrada cuando se procesan camposse añade la salida a %srespaldar %s destruiría el original; %s no se copiarespaldar %s destruiría el original; %s no se muevetipo de respaldofichero especial de bloqueslos ficheros especiales de bloques no están soportadoslos dos ficheros no pueden ser a la vez la entrada estándarel desplazamiento de bytes %s es demasiado grandeno se puede acceder a %sno se puede respaldar %sno se puede al mismo tiempo resumir y mostrar todas las entradasno se puede cambiar el propietario de %sno se pueden cambiar los permisos de %sno se puede cambiar el directorio raíz a %sno se puede cambiar al directorio %sno se puede cambiar al directorio raízno se puede combinar la señal con -l o -tno se pueden comparar los nombres de fichero %s y %sno se puede convertir U+%04X al conjunto de caracteres localno se puede convertir U+%04X al conjunto de caracteres local: %sno se puede copiar un directorio, %s, dentro de sí mismo, %sno se puede copiar el enlace simbólico cíclico %sno se puede crear el directorio %sno se puede crear el fichero `fifo' %screa el enlace duro %s a %sno se puede crear el enlace %sno se puede crear el enlace duro %s a %sno se puede crear el fichero regular %sno se puede crear el fichero especial %sno se puede crear el enlace simbólico %sno se puede crear el enlace simbólico %s a %sno se puede determinar el dispositivo y el nodo-i de %sno se puede determinar el nombre del `host'no se puede seguir %s por el nombreno se puede efectuar `fstat' sobre %sno se puede obtener el directorio actualno se puede obtener el nombre del sistemano se puede efectuar `lseek' sobre %sno se puede crear un enlace que sea duro y simbólico al mismo tiempono se puede crear el directorio %sno se puede mover %s a %sno se puede mover %s a un directorio de sí mismo, %sno se puede sobreescribir un directorio con un no directorio: %s -> %sno se puede abrir %s para lecturano se puede abrir el directorio %sno se puede sobreescribir el directorio %s con un no directoriono se puede sobreescribir el no directorio %s con el directorio %sno se puede imprimir solamente el nombre o el ID real en el formato predeterminadono se puede leer el directorio %sno se puede leer la información del sistema de ficheros para %sno se puede leer el reloj de tiempo realno se puede leer el enlace simbólico %sno se puede borrar %sno se puede reposicionar el puntero a fichero para %sno se puede establecer la fechano se puede establecer el id del grupono se puede establecer el grupono se puede cambiar el nombre de `host'; este sistema carece de esa capacidadno se puede establecer la fecha de %sno se puede establecer el id del usuariono se puede saltar a un punto que está más allá de la entrada combinadano se puede especificar la fecha de dos formas distintasno se puede trocear de varias formas distintasno se puede efectuar `stat' sobre %sno se puede efectuar `stat' sobre el directorio actual (ahora %s)no se puede efectuar `touch' sobre %sno se puede restaurar %sno se puede deshacer el enlace %scambiado el grupo de %s a %s cambiado el propietario de %s a %s cambiando el grupo de %scambiando el propietario de %scambiando los permisos de %sel desplazamiento de caracteres es cerocarácter fuera de rangofichero especial de caractereslos ficheros especiales de caracteres no están soportadoscambio de relojerror al cerrarcerrando %scerrando %s (df=%d)cerrando el directorio %scerrando el fichero de entrada %scerrando el fichero de salida %scierre de la entrada estándarno se puede obtener la fecha de arranquese ha creado el directorio %screando el directorio %sdirectoriodivisión por cerotabulación vacíaerror en la búsqueda de la expresión regularerror al leer %serror al escribir en %ssalida=fallo al cambiar el grupo de %s a %s fallo al cambiar el modo de %s a %04lo (%s) fallo al cambiar el propietario de %s a %s fallo al obtener los permisos de %sfallo al buscar el fichero %sNo se puede abrir %sfallo al conservar el autor de %sfallo al conservar el propietario de %sfallo al conservar los permisos de %sfallo al conservar la fecha de %sfallo al redireccionar la salida de error estándarno se puede volver al directorio de trabajo inicialfallo al establecer que la copia de stderr se cierre al hacer `exec'el número de campo %s es demasiado grandeel número de campo es cero`fifo'el sistema de ficheros %s está simultánemente seleccionado y excluidofalló la llamada al sistema `fork'la cadena de formato no debe especificarse cuando se muestran cadenas de la misma anchurafts_read fallógetpass: no se puede abrir /dev/ttyobteniendo nuevos permisos de %sel grupo de %s permanece como %s la función iconv no está disponiblela función iconv no es utilizableid=no se tendrá en cuenta ningún argumentose descarta el tamaño de `tab' inválido de la variable de entorno TABSIZE: %sse descarta el valor inválido de la variable de entorno QUOTING_STYLE: %sse descarta el ancho inválido de la variable de entorno COLUMNS: %slos argumentos que no son opciones no serán tenidos en cuentatabulaciones incompatiblescontraseña incorrectala entrada dejó de existirfalló el movimiento entre distintos dispositivos: de %s a %s; no se puede borrar el objetivoargumento %s inválido para %sestilo de numeración de cuerpo inválido: %sla lista de bytes o campos no es válidael especificador de conversión indicado en el sufijo no es válido: %cel especificador de conversión indicado en el sufijo no es válido: \%.3oformato de fecha inválido %sdispositivo inválido %s %stipo de dispositivo inválido %snúmero de campo inválido: %sancho de campo inválido: %sargumento de coma flotante inválido: %sestilo de numeración de pie inválido: %sformato de precisión inválidoformato de ancho inválidogrupo inválidogrupo inválido %sestilo de numeración de cabecera inválido: %sancho para el número de línea inválido: %sincremento de línea inválido: %sformato de numeración de líneas inválido: %sancho de línea inválido: %snúmero principal de dispositivo inválido %sprofundidad máxima inválida %snúmero secundario de dispositivo inválido %smodo inválidomodo inválido %snúmero inválido %snúmero inválido después de `,'número inválido después de`-'número inválido después de `.'número inválido al comienzo del camponúmero de líneas vacías inválido: %sel número de bytes no es válidoel número de bytes que hay que comparar es inválidoel número de bytes que se deben saltar es inválidoel número de campos que se deben saltar es inválidoel número de líneas no es válidonúmero de líneas inválido: 0opción inválida -- %copción inválida -- %c; -ANCHO solamente se reconoce cuando es la primera opción; utilice -w N en su lugarla base de la dirección de salida no es válida `%c'; debe ser uno de [doxn]precisión inválida: %snúmero de comienzo de línea inválido: %stamaño del `tab' inválido: %sformato de estilo de fecha inválido %sel nombre de carácter universal \%c%0*x es inválidousuario inválidousuario inválido %sancho inválido: %ses peligroso operar recursivamente sobre %ses peligroso operar recursivamente sobre %s (igual que %s)último=opción de contador de líneas -%s%c... demasiado grandememoria agotadacola de mensajeslas construcciones [:upper:] y/o [:lower:] están desalinedasfalta el especificador de conversión %% en el sufijofalta el nombre de la clase de caracteres `[::]'falta el especificador de conversión en el sufijofalta el carácter de clase de equivalencia `[==]'falta un número hexadecimal en la secuencia de escapefalta la lista de camposfalta la lista de posicionesel modo de %s cambia a %04lo (%s) el modo de %s permanece como %04lo (%s) se han especificado varias opciones -l o -tse han especificado varias ficheros de salidani el enlace simbólico %s ni su referente ha cambiado no hay variable de entorno SHELL, y no se ha especificado la opción del tipo de shellno queda ningún ficherono hay ningún nombre de `login'no se ha especificado ningún ID de procesono se puede especificar tipo cuando se vuelcan cadenasno se ha especificado ningún nombre de usuario, hay que especificar al menos uno cuando se usa -lno es un `tty'número de bytesnúmero de líneasse omite el directorio %sen cadena2 sólo puede aparecer un operador de repetición [c*]sólo se puede especificar un dispositivosolamente se puede especificar un tipo de listafallo al abrirabriendo %sel propietario de %s permanece como %s ancho de página demasiado estrechose conservan los permisos de %sse conserva las fechas de %smostrar todas las líneas duplicadas y los contadores de repetición no tiene sentidolos extremos del rango en `%s-%s' están en orden inversoerror de lecturafallo al leerleyendo %sleyendo el directorio %sfichero regular vacíofichero regular%s borrado directorio borrado: %s borrando el directorio, %s`run-level'semáforoel separador no puede ser nuloestableciendo los permisos de %sestableciendo la fecha de %sobjeto de memoria compartidaskip-bytes + read-bytes es demasiado grandesaltando el fichero %s, ya que fue reemplazado mientras se copiaba`socket'salida de error estándarentrada estándarla entrada estándar está cerradasalida estándarfallo en `stat'carácter extraño en el especificador de campola comparación de cadenas fallósuprimir las líneas no delimitadas solamente tiene sentido cuando se procesan camposenlace simbólicoerror de sintaxisel tamaño de tabulación no puede ser 0el tamaño de tabulación contiene uno o varios caracteres inválidos: %slas posiciones de tabulación deben ir en orden crecientela parada de tabulación es demasiado grande %sterm=las opciones --binary y --text no tienen sentido cuando se verifican sumas de comprobaciónla opción --status sólo tiene sentido cuando se verifican sumas de comprobaciónla opción --warn sólo tiene sentido cuando se verifican sumas de comprobaciónlas expresiones [c*] sólo pueden aparecer en cadena2 al traducirel operador de repetición [c*] no puede aparecer en cadena1el delimitador debe ser un sólo carácterlas opciones para estilos de salida explícitos y legibles para terminal son mutuamente excluyenteslas opciones para mostrar la base de datos interna de dircolors y para seleccionar una sintaxis para el shell son mutuamente excluyenteslas opciones para mostrar y establecer la hora no se pueden utilizar a la vezlas opciones para especificar la fecha son mutuamente excluyentesla opción strip no se puede usar cuando se instala un directoriola fecha %s está fuera de rangodemasiados especificadores de conversión %% en el sufijototalID de usuario desconocido: %svalor ininteligible para la variable de entorno LS_COLORSprefijo no reconocido: %sutilice --no-preserve-root para saltarse esta medida de seguridadel usuario %s no existeusando el shell restringido %satención: %s: los caracteres que siguen a la constante de caracteres no se han tenido en cuentaatención: no se admite --pid=PID en este sistemaatención: PID descartado; --pid=PID solamente es útil cuando se sigueatención: no se puede cambiar al directorio %satención: seguir la entrada estándar indefinidamente no es efectivoatención: ancho %lu inválido; se usará %d en su lugaratención: se ha especificado el fichero origen %s más de una vezatención: resumir es lo mismo que usar --max-depth=0atención: solucionando provisionalmente un bicho del núcleo relacionado con lseek para el fichero (%s) de mt_type=0x%0lx; consulte la lista de tipos en fichero extrañosi no se está truncando conjunto1, cadena2 debe ser no vacíacuando se especifica un estilo de salida, no se pueden establecer los modoscuando se traducen con clases de caracteres complementarias (que no coinciden), cadena2 debe hacer corresponder todos los caracteres del dominio a uno solocuando se traduce, las únicas clases de caracteres que pueden aparecer en cadena2 son 'upper' y 'lower'no se crea el enlace duro %s al directorio %sno se sobreescribirá el fichero %s recién creado con %serror de escrituraerror al escribirescribiendo %sescribiendo en %sse debe indicar una lista de bytes, caracteres o campos070701000091fd000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001600000000reloc/share/locale/et070701000091fe000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000002200000000reloc/share/locale/et/LC_MESSAGES070701000091ff000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000290d1000000660000000300000000000000000000002f00000000reloc/share/locale/et/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo00;$O ,OPOlQmQfR)SGSUVpV!BWdX!YwZ5C\~y] ]T^G[^8^^w_D`#` bcczoddie>*f\ifRfggkhhimj3k|l3m0nABnnOo7ppqjr*st9vt;vwFxyz{y|5}H<~7~~Fz,mU<=΅5f)IN&tHiWMZԕ/W.i&^}'O|̝y\ ֠O\GQ6T2sI &C d.BQqò)ڴEubx4/dv w,;<,zmfl1q>VUzL8GwIKH6 =**CU?t!$?d$_*&9#$4!Y{,Y"%' ,X;s|,@  %&A h r~ +%>DY0" / Kl#>"D%gB*,)<f%,"$/>n8~;Pav'0*Kv$ "#9;O%"<_r)"1&'X( "4C&V}" 0#.T"+)H JWn;r )%< S^)c?kbKj8Ottk3xx:A2:21m @ \ +y 0   1  , ? 7  " '  6 A Y p   $       I  $).#Hlu*ENk}-o$-& #29hlwiM B ;N%ETk 8@!61?'q-&*d!5A $=$ !2!&E!%l!+! !!!!" ",$"&Q" x"'"0" ")#~=#Y$'%T>%'%(%%&%&&#&&&'8'"W'Tz'g'7(.((" )+/)Y[)~)4**=+*+',^E, ,,Fh-'-Z-`2.!. .'.<.T;/// _0i0n0Xt0C0l1t~11?22;2343/h3+3'3#3404L4<\4444<414,50C5,t5#505*5 !6.6F6`6A}62616 $707!C7#e7777*778"08S8q8 8,8 889+>9#j9#9,909,:#=:a:|: ::::;!;$@;e;'{;;;!; ;</<?<\<p<<(<<<.<2=P=k==0=3=5>:>S>*r>>>>%> ??0?K?8]??????& @.2@!a@@&@@@@'@A1APAeA~AAAA%A B B B+B>BSBiBB+B8BBC(C>CPCfCCCC CCC D#D"2DUDfDwD}DDD#D*D!E'#EKEaEEE$E#E%EF!:F-\F1FFF FFG&G.+GZGDrGGGGGH2HOHiHmHH)H/H=H@+I:lII!III JJ;5JqJJJ JJ(JK*6K-aKKKKKKKL%/L#UL"yLLLL LL"L "M0MGMZMvMM#M!M!MN&NEN^N }NNNNNNNO!&OHO"`OOO OOOP]*PGPP*P Q Q?QTQmQQQRQLR(_R RRRRR,R9SRS*XS0S:S'S8TPTeT vT/T-T TTU#U&CU)jU*UU$UUV*V:V+SV!V"VVV#VW!=W!_W%W7W=WX;XUX hXvX-XCX(Y )Y3YMY]Y%mYY4Y Y&Y &Z 2Z$=ZbZZZZZZ>[BF[ [ [ [[[[ [ [[\ +\ 5\?\Y\n\\\$\-\7]=]D]S]b]{] ]]]]J] 6^ D^Q^*f^^^^^^8_O_ U_Hc_?_=_>*`3i`(`N`fa>|a@a<a9b/Qbbbbb*bbc3%cYcqc0cccHc24d8gd=dJd#)e&Mete=e4e,f</f0lf3f7fc g"mgtg h3h>Dh5hjh_$i,i*i3i jj /j -*,9W5#4"O.r;1/.Ix5#!$6[x "4K%b)$#AVu> "<Ug)%2!I6k,&+I'i.%. =JZk"88)6`)v) _ q & +P@" ?73k  g.!4!7"##H $R$! %%.%)T% ~%%& &\ ',f'*' ' '3' ((v3(0)))) )**+*I*f*{*****a+j+Py++++++&, ?,I,)g,,M,,3,"1-T./~/n%00?0-011 1=71Ru11oS2*3 4<55661i77"R8Yu88 889<949:%:>:=);/g;>;!;(;!<|7<M< =<=L=\= `=c=>?)?)@?&j? ????? ?<?-2@*`@1@;@*@3$ATXAnB1CRNC1C2CD-DLDD& E2E)RE$|E&EZE}#FF37G"kG+G/GdGOHH}IHmJ7J!JpK$KKO\L.L_Lj;M)M(M0MF*NjqNNN OOOROMPqcPnPDQ;Q0R9FR1R.R)R% S!1SSSqSS2SSSS9S+T,BT)oT&TT)T' U 1U2߇61I<{9^Qn 6 MB=nΊX=/9 2G `l8~qVHVCsG.HH7_!q2RM}Rc,GyV {Y5 OgL^ UFU =e8%T"Q(u:pQP`1 >gC0w.d2lejMM0W$wE+?87]d@X=@{Kx;v?`OPQn-DzfY(%&).L|xvu'gef~B ]^h|*i>EjA<^w6:j[[_/"Dt0)$T9 GZ1AX+Jb k(#o'YhIl5>6U '}u{o-~sE.d*r!)&tSOk1sUph#=|?4pBcs;5fuJ2WL|n>4$l*z `/6k IiKRCmqX_\~miP4r; DM3 hE o[ #~vaSi$JA@x+9:mTBzt6+(OY!{&y&GtKX]3?' "A0c` l*\o7 =4,q@Dd,gNR Iz1]ZpQ<SaFBW,m Fn3"rF)rZH^b%8 _2:/T/w8e3-V5 }f}[P Nb!\C\7kWy<b9vIjc S<-LyaNnaZK;x9#JN%tOOOOOO P(PDPXPPPPPPQ= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2 FILE1 -ef FILE2 FILE1 and FILE2 have the same device and inode numbers FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2 FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 is older than FILE2 INTEGER copy up to but not including specified line number /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copy up to but not including a matching line %REGEXP%[OFFSET] skip to, but not including a matching line {INTEGER} repeat the previous pattern specified number of times {*} repeat the previous pattern as many times as possible A line OFFSET is a required `+' or `-' followed by a positive integer. INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING length of STRING b create a block (buffered) special file c, u create a character (unbuffered) special file p create a FIFO # users=%lu A lightweight `finger' program; print user information. The utmp file will be %s. A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment. A mere - implies -l. If USER not given, assume root. After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number; then an optional modifier, which is either E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available. An omitted EXPRESSION defaults to false. Otherwise, EXPRESSION is true or false and sets exit status. It is one of: As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. Both MAJOR and MINOR must be specified when TYPE is b, c, or u, and they must be omitted when TYPE is p. If MAJOR or MINOR begins with 0x or 0X, it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal; otherwise, as decimal. TYPE may be: By default, rm does not remove directories. Use the --recursive (-r or -R) option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents. By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: Combination settings: * [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase cbreak same as -icanon -cbreak same as icanon Control settings: [-]clocal disable modem control signals [-]cread allow input to be received * [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8] Each FLAG symbol may be: append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc suggested) Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Output "stdio". Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Output ".". Examples: %s f - g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. %s Copy standard input to standard output. Examples: %s root /u Change the owner of /u to "root". %s root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to "staff". %s -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root". Examples: %s staff /u Change the group of /u to "staff". %s -hR staff /u Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff". Except for -h and -L, all FILE-related tests dereference symbolic links. Beware that parentheses need to be escaped (e.g., by backslashes) for shells. INTEGER may also be -l STRING, which evaluates to the length of STRING. Exit status is 0 if EXPRESSION is neither null nor 0, 1 if EXPRESSION is null or 0, 2 if EXPRESSION is syntactically invalid, and 3 if an error occurred. Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. If FILE is -, shred standard output. Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified. The default is not to remove the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda, and those files usually should not be removed. When operating on regular files, most people use the --remove option. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual. If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. If a FILE is -, copy again to standard output. If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). Input settings: [-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal [-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline [-]ignbrk ignore break characters [-]igncr ignore carriage return Local settings: [-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings * -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings NOTE: your shell may have its own version of %s, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available. Output settings: * bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1] * crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3] * ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1] * nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1] Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed to login group if implied by a `:' following a symbolic OWNER. OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic. POS is F[.C][OPTS], where F is the field number and C the character position in the field; both are origin 1. If neither -t nor -b is in effect, characters in a field are counted from the beginning of the preceding whitespace. OPTS is one or more single-letter ordering options, which override global ordering options for that key. If no key is given, use the entire line as the key. SIZE may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). Sending a %s signal to a running `dd' process makes it print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s Options are: Special characters: * dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input) eol CHAR CHAR will end the line The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo', use one of these commands: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Traditional format specifications may be intermixed; they accumulate: -a same as -t a, select named characters, ignoring high-order bit -b same as -t o1, select octal bytes -c same as -t c, select ASCII characters or backslash escapes -d same as -t u2, select unsigned decimal 2-byte units With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. With no options, produce three-column output. Column one contains lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2, and column three contains lines common to both files. Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories (note: will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the superuser) -f, --force remove existing destination files --help display this help and exit --lookup attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS -m only hostname and user associated with stdin -p, --process print active processes spawned by init --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially --preserve-root do not remove `/' (default) -r, -R, --recursive remove directories and their contents recursively -v, --verbose explain what is being done --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST don't preserve the specified attributes --parents use full source file name under DIRECTORY --one-file-system when removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any directory that is on a file system different from that of the corresponding command line argument --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix --version output version information and exit -evenp same as -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7 nl same as -icrnl -onlcr -nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-') [-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty [-]hupcl same as [-]hup [-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input [-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-') [-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors * [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character [-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return [-]inpck enable input parity checking [-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters [-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters [-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters * [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal * [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\' for uppercase characters cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values -cooked same as raw crt same as echoe echoctl echoke dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany ek erase and kill characters to their default values evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N set the input speed to N * line N use line discipline N min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read ospeed N set the output speed to N oddp same as parenb parodd cs7 -oddp same as -parenb cs8 [-]parity same as [-]evenp pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7 raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw same as cooked stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal * swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer * werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed %A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday) %b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan) %B locale's full month name (e.g., January) %c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005) %F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d %g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G) %G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V %S second (00..60) %t a tab %T time; same as %H:%M:%S %u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday %U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) %V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53) %w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday %W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53) %d Device number in decimal %D Device number in hex %f Raw mode in hex %F File type %g Group ID of owner %G Group name of owner %h Number of hard links %i Inode number %n File name %N Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link %o I/O block size %s Total size, in bytes %t Major device type in hex %T Minor device type in hex %h same as %b %H hour (00..23) %I hour (01..12) %j day of year (001..366) %i File System ID in hex %l Maximum length of filenames %n File name %s Block size (for faster transfers) %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) %t Type in hex %T Type in human readable form %k hour ( 0..23) %l hour ( 1..12) %m month (01..12) %M minute (00..59) %n a newline %N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) %p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known %P like %p, but lower case %r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM) %R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M %s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u User ID of owner %U User name of owner %x Time of last access %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch %y Time of last modification %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch %z Time of last change %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch %x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99) %X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48) %y last two digits of year (00..99) %Y year + TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like `match' or an operator like `/' ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -A, --auto-reference output automatically generated references -G, --traditional behave more like System V `ptx' -F, --flag-truncation=STRING use STRING for flagging line truncations -D create all leading components of DEST except the last, then copy SOURCE to DEST -g, --group=GROUP set group ownership, instead of process' current group -m, --mode=MODE set permission mode (as in chmod), instead of rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=OWNER set ownership (super-user only) -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -I prompt once before removing more than three files, or when removing recursively. Less intrusive than -i, while still giving protection against most mistakes --interactive[=WHEN] prompt according to WHEN: never, once (-I), or always (-i). Without WHEN, prompt always -L FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h) -O FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID -p FILE FILE exists and is a named pipe -r FILE FILE exists and read permission is granted -s FILE FILE exists and has a size greater than zero -L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links -P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default) -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -S, --separate-dirs do not include size of subdirectories -s, --summarize display only a total for each argument -M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx' -O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives -R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences -T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives -N, --read-bytes=BYTES limit dump to BYTES input bytes -S, --strings[=BYTES] output strings of at least BYTES graphic chars -t, --format=TYPE select output format or formats -v, --output-duplicates do not use * to mark line suppression -w, --width[=BYTES] output BYTES bytes per output line --traditional accept arguments in traditional form -P, --portability use the POSIX output format --sync invoke sync before getting usage info -t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE -T, --print-type print file system type -x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE -v (ignored) -S sort by file size --sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time -S FILE FILE exists and is a socket -t FD file descriptor FD is opened on a terminal -u FILE FILE exists and its set-user-ID bit is set -w FILE FILE exists and write permission is granted -x FILE FILE exists and execute (or search) permission is granted -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create the links -T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file -v, --verbose print name of each linked file -T, -w, --mesg add user's message status as +, - or ? -u, --users list users logged in --message same as -T --writable same as -T -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword -b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting -g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields -i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE -o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -a, --all convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks --first-only convert only leading sequences of blanks (overrides -a) -t, --tabs=N have tabs N characters apart instead of 8 (enables -a) -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated LIST of tab positions (enables -a) -a, --suffix-length=N use suffixes of length N (default %d) -b, --bytes=SIZE put SIZE bytes per output file -C, --line-bytes=SIZE put at most SIZE bytes of lines per output file -d, --numeric-suffixes use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic -l, --lines=NUMBER put NUMBER lines per output file -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline -b, --binary read in binary mode -b, --binary read in binary mode (default unless reading tty stdin) -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -b, --bytes=LIST select only these bytes -c, --characters=LIST select only these characters -d, --delimiter=DELIM use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignore leading blanks -d, --dictionary-order consider only blanks and alphanumeric characters -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case characters -c, --check read %s sums from the FILEs and check them -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -c, --crown-margin preserve indentation of first two lines -p, --prefix=STRING reformat only lines beginning with STRING, reattaching the prefix to reformatted lines -s, --split-only split long lines, but do not refill -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries --file-type likewise, except do not append `*' --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso -f omit the line of column headings in short format -w omit the user's full name in short format -i omit the user's full name and remote host in short format -q omit the user's full name, remote host and idle time in short format -f same as -t fF, select floats -i same as -t dI, select decimal ints -l same as -t dL, select decimal longs -o same as -t o2, select octal 2-byte units -s same as -t d2, select decimal 2-byte units -x same as -t x2, select hexadecimal 2-byte units -f FILE FILE exists and is a regular file -g FILE FILE exists and is set-group-ID -G FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID -h FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L) -k FILE FILE exists and has its sticky bit set -f, --fields=LIST select only these fields; also print any line that contains no delimiter character, unless the -s option is specified -n (ignored) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --reference=RFILE use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values -R, --recursive change files and directories recursively -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's group rather than specifying a GROUP value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's owner and group rather than specifying OWNER:GROUP values -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -g like -l, but do not list owner -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) -i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing fields -j FIELD equivalent to `-1 FIELD -2 FIELD' -o FORMAT obey FORMAT while constructing output line -t CHAR use CHAR as input and output field separator -i, --initial do not convert tabs after non blanks -t, --tabs=NUMBER have tabs NUMBER characters apart, not 8 -i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage -k like --block-size=1K -l, --local limit listing to local file systems --no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -l, --login print system login processes -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o like -l, but do not list group information -p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories -q, --count all login names and number of users logged on -r, --runlevel print current runlevel -s, --short print only name, line, and time (default) -t, --time print last system clock change -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -r, --reference=FILE use this file's times instead of current time -t STAMP use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time --time=WORD change the specified time: WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent to -a WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to -m -r, --references first field of each line is a reference -t, --typeset-mode - not implemented - -w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL specify the name or number of the signal to be sent -l, --list list signal names, or convert signal names to/from numbers -t, --table print a table of signal information -s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP use SEP instead of non-blank to blank transition -T, --temporary-directory=DIR use DIR for temporaries, not $TMPDIR or %s; multiple options specify multiple directories -u, --unique with -c, check for strict ordering; without -c, output only the first of an equal run -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -t, --tagged-paragraph indentation of first line different from second -u, --uniform-spacing one space between words, two after sentences -w, --width=WIDTH maximum line width (default of 75 columns) -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -u, --update move only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -t, --text read in text mode (default if reading tty stdin) -t, --text read in text mode (default) -u, --remove truncate and remove file after overwriting -v, --verbose show progress -x, --exact do not round file sizes up to the next full block; this is the default for non-regular files -z, --zero add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system -v, --kernel-version print the kernel version -m, --machine print the machine hardware name -p, --processor print the processor type or "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform print the hardware platform or "unknown" -o, --operating-system print the operating system -w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline lcase change upper case to lower case binary use binary I/O for data d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer direct use direct I/O for data dsync use synchronized I/O for data noatime do not update access time noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file nofollow do not follow symlinks nolinks fail if multiply-linked nonblock use non-blocking I/O none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups sync likewise, but also for metadata text use text I/O for data %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% %s-blocks Used Available Capacity (backup: %s) * [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c') [-]echo echo input characters * [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho [-]echoe same as [-]crterase [-]echok echo a newline after a kill character * [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill [-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters * [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\' and '/' [-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters [-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters * [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase * [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character [-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters [-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control [-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence) [-]tandem same as [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded * [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline * [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters * [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays * [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase * [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline * [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return * [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column [-]opost postprocess output * tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3] * tabs same as tab0 * -tabs same as tab3 * vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1] * eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line * lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal * rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it * rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows * size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel speed print the terminal speed time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second Mounted on TTY groups= old on repetition %s % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %.*s: invalid conversion specification%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu user%lu users%s%s (for regexp %s)%s -> %s (unbackup) %s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has appeared; following end of new file%s has become accessible%s has become inaccessible%s has been replaced with an untailable file; giving up on this name%s has been replaced; following end of new file%s has unknown file type%s is not a valid positive integer%s is too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s: line number out of range%s: %s: match not found%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: binary operator expected%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot change nonblocking mode%s: cannot find name for user ID %lu %s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot lseek back to original position%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot rewind%s: cannot seek%s: cannot seek to end-relative offset %s%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: cannot seek to relative offset %s%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: couldn't reset non-blocking mode%s: descend into directory %s? %s: descend into write-protected directory %s? %s: end of file%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: error truncating%s: error writing at offset %s%s: expected a numeric value%s: failed to close%s: failed to open for writing%s: failed to remove%s: fcntl failed%s: fdatasync failed%s: file has negative size%s: file has shrunk too much%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: fstat failed%s: fsync failed%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input contains an odd number of tokens%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid count at start of %s%s: invalid directive%s: invalid field specification %s%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of passes%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: lseek failed%s: multiple signals specified%s: new permissions are %s, not %s%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: no size information for this device%s: not listing already-listed directory%s: number of bytes is too large%s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove all arguments recursively? %s: remove all arguments? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s: seek failed%s: too many checksum lines%s: unable to determine maximum file name length%s: unable to perform all requested operations%s: unary operator expected%s: value not completely converted%s: write error%s:%lu: invalid line; missing second token%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}''')' expected')' expected, found %s(C)* log-structured or journaled file systems, such as those supplied with AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.) * file systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes fail, such as RAID-based file systems * file systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server , load average: %.2f, %g s, %s/s -R --dereference requires either -H or -L-R -h requires -P-ef does not accept -l-nt does not accept -l-ot does not accept -l??? Address family for hostname not supportedAll arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. All requests doneBad value for ai_flagsCAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important assumption: that the file system overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern file system designs do not satisfy this assumption. The following are examples of file systems on which shred is not effective, or is not guaranteed to be effective in all file system modes: COMMENTCall the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1. Call the unlink function to remove the specified FILE. Change the effective user id and group id to that of USER. -, -l, --login make the shell a login shell -c, --command=COMMAND pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c -f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment do not reset environment variables -p same as -m -s, --shell=SHELL run SHELL if /etc/shells allows it Change the group of each FILE to GROUP. With --reference, change the group of each FILE to that of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Compare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. Convert blanks in each FILE to tabs, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. -a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. Directory: Display file or file system status. -L, --dereference follow links -f, --file-system display file system status instead of file status Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date. -d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not `now' -f, --file=DATEFILE like --date once for each line of DATEFILE EXITEcho the STRING(s) to standard output. -n do not output the trailing newline Exit with a status code indicating success.Exit with the status determined by EXPRESSION. F. PinardFAILEDFifos do not have major and minor device numbers.Filesystem Filesystem TypeFor each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by whitespace. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input. -a FILENUM print unpairable lines coming from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2 -e EMPTY replace missing input fields with EMPTY Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block. IDLEIdleIn real life: Infinity BInterrupted by a signalInvalid back referenceInvalid character class nameInvalid collation characterInvalid content of \{\}Invalid preceding regular expressionInvalid range endInvalid regular expressionLINEList information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort. LoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Memory allocation failureMemory exhaustedNAMENameName or service not knownNo address associated with hostnameNo matchNo previous regular expressionNon-recoverable failure in name resolutionOKOnly one string may be given when deleting without squeezing repeats.Ordering options: Output a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. Determine format of output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output defaults Output fixed-size pieces of INPUT to PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ...; default size is 1000 lines, and default PREFIX is `x'. With no INPUT, or when INPUT is -, read standard input. Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files `xx00', `xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output. Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. PIDPaginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Parameter string not correctly encodedPassword:Plan: Premature end of regular expressionPrint CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print NAME with its trailing /component removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output `.' (meaning the current directory). Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s. -a, --all print all information, in the following order, except omit -p and -i if unknown: -s, --kernel-name print the kernel name -n, --nodename print the network node hostname -r, --kernel-release print the kernel release Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT. -f, --format=FORMAT use printf style floating-point FORMAT -s, --separator=STRING use STRING to separate numbers (default: \n) -w, --equal-width equalize width by padding with leading zeroes Print or change terminal characteristics. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. -s, --silent, --quiet print nothing, only return an exit status Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the full filename of the current working directory. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the name of the current user. Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID. Same as id -un. Processing request in progressProject: Regular expression too bigRemove (unlink) the FILE(s). -f, --force ignore nonexistent files, never prompt -i prompt before every removal Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Request canceledRequest not canceledRun COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling. With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Nicenesses range from %d (most favorable scheduling) to %d (least favorable). -n, --adjustment=N add integer N to the niceness (default 10) Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals. Send signals to processes, or list signals. Servname not supported for ai_socktypeSet LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Shell: Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default. Special files require major and minor device numbers.SuccessSummarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. System errorTIMETemporary failure in name resolutionThe following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. -H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it -L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered -P do not traverse any symbolic links (default) The strings compared were %s and %s.Trailing backslashTry `%s --help' for more information. Try `%s ./%s' to remove the file %s. Two strings must be given when translating.Unknown errorUnknown system errorUnmatched ( or \(Unmatched ) or \)Unmatched [ or [^Unmatched \{Usage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NUMBER[SUFFIX]... or: %s OPTION Pause for NUMBER seconds. SUFFIX may be `s' for seconds (the default), `m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. Unlike most implementations that require NUMBER be an integer, here NUMBER may be an arbitrary floating point number. Given two or more arguments, pause for the amount of time specified by the sum of their values. Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NAME] or: %s OPTION Print or set the hostname of the current system. Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPERAND]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... or: %s [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form) or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form) Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] or: %s -e [OPTION]... [ARG]... or: %s -i LO-HI [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] or: %s --traditional [OPTION]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [ignored command line arguments] or: %s OPTION Usage: test EXPRESSION or: test or: [ EXPRESSION ] or: [ ] or: [ OPTION Valid arguments are:WARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s Warning: WhenWhereWrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write a random permutation of the input lines to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to standard output. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``-%c' extra characters or invalid number in the argument: %s`--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argument`-N NUMBER' invalid starting line number: %s`-W PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %s`-l PAGE_LENGTH' invalid number of lines: %s`-o MARGIN' invalid line offset: %s`-w PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %sa command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sai_family not supportedai_socktype not supportedambiguous argument %s for %san input delimiter may be specified only when operating on fieldsbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileblock special files not supportedboth files cannot be standard inputbyte offset %s is too largecannot access %scannot backup %scannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change ownership of %scannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot chdir to root directorycannot combine -e and -i optionscannot combine any two of {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}cannot combine block and unblockcannot combine excl and nocreatcannot combine lcase and ucasecannot combine mode and --reference optionscannot combine signal with -l or -tcannot compare file names %s and %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot dereference %scannot determine device and inode of %scannot determine hostnamecannot do ioctl on %scannot find name for group ID %lucannot find name for user ID %lucannot follow %s by namecannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot get nicenesscannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open %s for writingcannot open directory %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot read directory %scannot read file names from %scannot read file system information for %scannot read realtime clockcannot read symbolic link %scannot remove %scannot reposition file pointer for %scannot set datecannot set group idcannot set group-ID to %lucannot set groupscannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot set name to %scannot set nicenesscannot set time stamps for %scannot set user idcannot set user-ID to %lucannot skip past end of combined inputcannot specify times from more than one sourcecannot split in more than one waycannot stat %scannot stat current directory (now %s)cannot touch %scannot un-backup %scannot unlink %scannot work around kernel bug after allchanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %scharacter offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special filecharacter special files not supportedclock changeclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing directory %sclosing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputconflicting empty-field replacement stringscouldn't find directory entry in %s with matching i-nodecouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %screating file %s creating hard link %screating hard link %s => %screating hard link to %.0s%screating symbolic link %screating symbolic link %s -> %sdirectorydivision by zeroempty file nameempty taberror in regular expression matchererror in regular expression searcherror reading %serror writing %sexit=extra argument %sextra operand %sextra operand %s failed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to chdir to %sfailed to get attributes of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to open %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to redirect standard errorfailed to return to initial working directoryfailed to set the copy of stderr to close on execfailed to stat %sfdatasync failed for %sfflush failedfield number %s is too largefield number is zerofifofile system type %s both selected and excludedfork system call failedformat string may not be specified when printing equal width stringsfsync failed for %sfts_read failedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsignoring inputignoring input and appending output to %signoring input and redirecting stderr to stdoutignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %signoring non-option argumentsincompatible join fields %lu, %luincompatible tabsincorrect passwordinput disappearedinput line is too longinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid adjustment %sinvalid argument %sinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid body numbering style: %sinvalid byte or field listinvalid character `%c' in type string %sinvalid character class %sinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid date %sinvalid date format %sinvalid device %s %sinvalid device type %sinvalid field number: %sinvalid field specifier: %sinvalid field width: %sinvalid file number in field spec: %sinvalid floating point argument: %sinvalid footer numbering style: %sinvalid format precisioninvalid format widthinvalid gap width: %sinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid header numbering style: %sinvalid inputinvalid input range %sinvalid integer %sinvalid integer argument %sinvalid line count %sinvalid line discipline %sinvalid line number field width: %sinvalid line number increment: %sinvalid line numbering format: %sinvalid line width: %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid maximum depth %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid modeinvalid mode %sinvalid mode: %sinvalid number %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of blank lines: %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of columns: %sinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid number of lines: 0invalid option -- %cinvalid option -- %c; -WIDTH is recognized only when it is the first option; use -w N insteadinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid precision: %sinvalid repeat count %s in [c*n] constructinvalid specinvalid starting line number: %sinvalid tab size: %sinvalid time interval %sinvalid time style format %sinvalid trailing option -- %cinvalid type string %sinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte floating point typeinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte integral typeinvalid universal character name \%c%0*xinvalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sinvalid wrap size: %sinvalid zero-length file nameit is dangerous to operate recursively on %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)last=leading `-' in a component of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name component %sline count option -%s%c... is too largeline number %s is smaller than preceding line number, %sline number overflowmemory exhaustedmessage queuemisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing `]'missing argument after %smissing argument to %smissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing destination file operand after %smissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing file operandmissing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operandmissing operand after %smode must specify only file permission bitsmode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multi-character tab %smultiple -i options specifiedmultiple -l or -t options specifiedmultiple output files specifiedmultiple output formats specifiedmultiple random sources specifiedmultiple target directories specifiedneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno change to ownership of %s no file systems processedno files remainingno login nameno process ID specifiedno type may be specified when dumping stringsno username specified; at least one must be specified when using -lnonportable character %s in file name %snot a ttynumber in %s is too largenumber of bytesnumber of linesoffset overflow while reading file %somitting directory %sonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one device may be specifiedonly one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %soption used in invalid context -- %coptions `-%s' are incompatibleownership of %s retained ownership of %s retained as %s page width too narrowpreserving permissions for %spreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedreading %sreading directory %srecord too largeregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %srun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptysetting flags for %ssetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectskip-bytes + read-bytes is too largeskipping %s, since it's on a different deviceskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstray character in field specstring comparison failedstring transformation failedsuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errortab size cannot be 0tab size contains invalid character(s): %stab sizes must be ascendingtab stop is too large %stab stop value is too largetabs are too far aparttarget %s is not a directorytarget directory not allowed when installing a directoryterm=test and/or [the --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the delimiter must be a single characterthe options for verbose and stty-readable output styles are mutually exclusivethe options to output dircolors' internal database and to select a shell syntax are mutually exclusivethe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivethe strip option may not be used when installing a directorytime %s is out of rangetoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtoo many characters in settoo many repeated linestotaltyped memory objectunable to record current working directoryunknown binary operatorunknown user-ID: %sunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableunrecognized operand %sunrecognized prefix: %suse --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeuser %s does not existusing restricted shell %swarning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredwarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: --retry is useful mainly when following by namewarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: `touch %s' is obsolete; use `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'warning: backslash at end of formatwarning: cannot change directory to %swarning: cannot remove: %swarning: following standard input indefinitely is ineffectivewarning: ignoring excess arguments, starting with %swarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: line number %s is the same as preceding line numberwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: summarizing conflicts with --max-depth=%luwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0warning: the ambiguous octal escape \%c%c%c is being interpreted as the 2-byte sequence \0%c%c, %cwarning: unrecognized escape `\%c'warning: working around lseek kernel bug for file (%s) of mt_type=0x%0lx -- see for the list of typesweird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen reading file names from stdin, no file name of %s allowedwhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'will not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swith --parents, the destination must be a directorywrite errorwrite error for %swrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsProject-Id-Version: coreutils 6.5 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2006-11-23 12:07+0200 Last-Translator: Toomas Soome Language-Team: Estonian MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8-bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1); ( AVALDIS ) AVALDIS on tõene ! AVALDIS AVALDIS on väär AVALDIS1 -a AVALDIS2 nii AVALDIS1, kui ka AVALDIS2 on tõesed AVALDIS1 -o AVALDIS2 kas AVALDIS1 või AVALDIS2 on tõene -a, --all sama, kui -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot viimase alglaadimise aeg -d, --dead esita surnud protsessid -H, --heading esita veergude päised -b FAIL FAIL on olemas ja on blokkseade -c FAIL FAIL on olemas ja on sümbolseade -d FAIL FAIL on olemas ja on kataloog -e FAIL FAIL on olemas -l väljasta antud kasutajate kohta kogu info -b ära esita kogu infos kasutaja kodukataloogi ja shelli -h ära esita kogu infos kasutaja projekti faili -p ära esita kogu infos kasutaja plaani faili -s väljasta lühiinfo, seda kasutatakse vaikimisi -n SÕNE SÕNE pikkus on nullist erinev SÕNE sama kui -n SÕNE -z SÕNE SÕNE pikkus on null SÕNE1 = SÕNE2 sõned on võrdsed SÕNE1 != SÕNE2 sõned ei ole võrdsed ARG1 * ARG2 ARG1 ja ARG2 aritmeetiline korrutis ARG1 / ARG2 ARG1 jagatud ARG2 täisosa ARG1 % ARG2 ARG1 jagatud ARG2 jääk ARG1 + ARG2 ARG1 ja ARG2 aritmeetiline summa ARG1 - ARG2 ARG1 ja ARG2 aritmeetiline vahe ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 on väiksem, kui ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 on väiksem või võrdne, kui ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 ja ARG2 on võrdsed ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 ja ARG2 ei ole võrdsed ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 on suurem või võrdne, kui ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 on suurem, kui ARG2 FAIL1 -ef FAIL2 FAIL1 ja FAIL2 omavad samu seadme ja ikirje numbreid FAIL1 -nt FAIL2 FAIL1 on uuem (muutmise aeg), kui FAIL2 FAIL1 -ot FAIL2 FAIL1 on vanem, kui FAIL2 TÄISARV kopeeri kuni, aga mitte kaasa arvatud, antud reanumbrini /REGAV/[NIHE] kopeeri kuni, aga mitte kaasa arvatud, sobiva reani %REGAV%[NIHE] jäta vahele kuni, aga mitte kaasa arvatud, sobiva reani {TÄISARV} korda eelmist mustrit antud arv kordi {*} korda eelmist mustrit niipalju kui võimalik Rea NIHE peab olema kujul `+' või`-', millele järgneb positiivne täisarv. NUMBER1 -eq NUMBER2 NUMBER1 ja NUMBER2 on võrdsed NUMBER1 -ge NUMBER2 NUMBER1 on suurem või võrdne, kui NUMBER2 NUMBER1 -gt NUMBER2 NUMBER1 on suurem, kui NUMBER2 NUMBER1 -le NUMBER2 NUMBER1 on väiksem või võrdne, kui NUMBER2 NUMBER1 -lt NUMBER2 NUMBER1 on väiksem, KUI NUMBER2 NUMBER1 -ne NUMBER2 NUMBER1 ja NUMBER2 ei ole võrdsed SÕNE : REGEXP mustri REGEXP otsing SÕNEst match SÕNE REGEXP sama, kui SÕNE : REGEXP substr SÕNE POS LENGTH SÕNE alamsõne, POS algab väärtuselt 1 index SÕNE SÜMBOLID SÕNE indeks, kust leiti SÜMBOLID, või 0 length SÕNE SÕNE pikkus b loo plokkseade (puhverdatud) c, u loo sümbolseade (puhverdamata) p loo FIFO kasutajaid=%lu Kerge `finger' programm; väljastab kasutaja kohta infot. Kasutatakse utmp faili %s. Ainult - rakendab võtme -i. Kui käsku ei ole antud, väljasta keskkond. Ainult - rakendab võtme -l. Kui KASUTAJA ei antud, kasuta nime root. Peale lippe võib kasutada välja laiuse määramiseks veel numbrit; seejärel täiendajat, mis võib olla kas E et kasutada lokaadi alternatiivesitust või O et kasutada lokaadi alternatiivset numbrilist esitust Puuduva AVALDIS korral kasutatakse väärtust väär. Muidu, AVALDIS on kas tõene või väär ja seab lõpetamise oleku. Avaldis on üks järgnevaist: Erijuhuna loob cp varukoopia ka kopeeritavast, kui on kasutatud võtmeid force ja backup ning ALLIKAS ja SIHT on sama nimi olemasoleval tavalisel failil. Pange tähele, et paljud operaatorid vajavad käsuinterpretaatori eest kaitset kvootimise või langkriipsuga kaitsmise näol. Võrdlused on aritmeetilised, kui mõlemas argumendid on numbrid, muidu leksikograafilised. Mustri otsing tagastab teksti, mis leiti \( ja \) vahel või null; kui \( ja \) ei kasutata, tagastatakse leitud sümbolite arv või 0. Kui TÜÜP on b, c või u, peavad olema antud nii KLASS kui ESINDAJA ja neid ei tohi kasutada, kui TÜÜP on p. Kui KLASS või ESINDAJA algab 0x või 0X, käsitletakse seda kuueteistkümnendarvuna. Kui See algab numbriga 0, käsitletakse seda kaheksandarvuna, muidu kümnendarvuna. TÜÜP võib olla: Vaikimisi ei kustuta rm katalooge. Kataloogide ja nende sisu kustutamiseks kasutage võtit --recursive (-r või -R). Vaikimisi kasutatakse -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. SE on kaks eraldussümbolit loogiliste lehekülgede eraldamiseks, puuduva teise sümboli asemel kasutatakse :. \ esitamiseks kirjutage \\. STIIL on üks järgnevaist: Kombineeritud seaded: * [-]LCASE sama, kui [-]lcase cbreak sama, kui -icanon -cbreak sama, kui icanon Kontrollseaded: [-]clocal blokeeri modemi kontrolli signaalid [-]cread luba sisendit * [-]crtscts luba RTS/CTS vookontroll csN sea sümboli suuruseks N bitti, N vahemikust [5..8] Iga lipp võib olla: append lisamise mood (omab mõtet ainult väljundil; soovitame conv=notrunc) Iga MOOD on kujul `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Näited: %s /usr/bin/sort Väljasta "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Väljasta "stdio". Näited: %s /usr/bin/sort Väljasta "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Väljasta ".". Näited: %s f - g Väljasta f'i sisu, siis standardsisend, siis g sisu. %s Kopeeri standardsisend standardväljundisse. Näited: %s root /u Sea /u omanikuks "root". %s root:staff /u Sama, kui eelmine aga sea ka grupp. %s -hR root /u Sea /u ja selle sisu omanikuks "root". Näited: %s staff /u Sea /u grupi "staff" omaks. %s -hR staff /u Sea /u ja selle sisu grupi "staff" omaks. Välja arvatud -h ja -L korral, kõik failidega seotud operatsioonid lahendavad nimeviiteid. Pange tähele, et sulud vajavad käsuinterpretaatori eest kaitset kvootimise või langkriipsuga kaitsmise näol. NUMBER võib olla ka -l SÕNE, mis tähistab siis SÕNE pikkust. Lõpetamise kood on 0 kui AVALDIS pole ei null ega 0, 1 kui AVALDIS on null või 0, 2 kui AVALDIS on süntaktiliselt vigane ja 3 kui tekkis viga. Käsitle terminali, mis on ühendatud standardsisendiga. Kui argumente ei antud, väljasta terminali kiirus, liini seaded ja erinevused seadest `stty sane'. Terminali seadete muutmisel käsitletakse SÜMBOLit kas literalina või kui ^c, 0x37, 0177 või 127; spetsiaalväärtuseid ^- või undef kasutatakse vastava sümboli blokeerimiseks. Kui FAIL on -, töötle standardväljundit. Kustuta failid, kui kasutati võtit --remove (-u). Vaikimisi faile ei kustutata, kuna enamasti töötatakse seadmefailidega, näiteks /dev/hda, ja enamasti ei soovita nende eemaldamist. Tavaliste failidega töötamisel kasutab enamus inimesi võtit --remove. Kui FAILi ei antud, kasuta %s. %s on sel puhul tavaline. Kui antakse ARG1 ARG2, eeldatakse võtit -m: tavaline on `am i' või `mom likes'. Kui on antud FAIL, loe sealt failitüüpide ja laienditega kasutatavad värvid. Muidu kasuta vaikimisi andmebaasi. Infot failide vormingu kohta saate käsuga `dircolors --print-database'. Kui FAIL on -, kopeeri uuesti standardväljundisse. Kui käsklust ei antud, käivita ``${SHELL} -i'' (vaikimisi: /bin/sh). Sisendiseaded: [-]brkint break põhjustab katkestuse signaali [-]icrnl tõlgi rea algusse sümbol reavahetuseks [-]ignbrk ignoreeri break sümbolit [-]igncr ignoreeri rea algusse sümbolit Lokaalsed seaded: [-]crterase korda kustutamise sümbolit kui samm tagasi-tühik-samm tagasi * crtkill surma terve rida vastavalt echoprt ja echoe seadetele * -crtkill surma terve rida vastavalt echoctl ja echok seadetele MÄRKUS: teie käsuinterpretaator võib omada oma versiooni %s, millist tavaliselt eelistatakse siinkirjeldatule. Täpsemat infot ja kasutusjuhendi leiate oma käsuinterpretaatori dokumentatsioonist. Võimalik - enne seadet tähistab eitust. Sümbol * märgib POSIX standardile mittevastavat seadet. Seadete kasutatavuse määrab kasutatav operatsioonisüsteem. Väljundi seaded: * bsN samm tagasi viivitus, N vahemikust [0..1] * crN rea algusse viivitus, N vahemikust [0..3] * ffN lehevahetuse viivitus, N vahemikust [0..1] * nlN reavahetuse viivitus, N vahemikust [0..1] Omanikku ei muudeta, kui ei ole määratud. Gruppi ei muudeta, kui ei ole määratud, kui muudetakse primaarseks grupiks, kui kasutatakse sümbolit `:'. Omanik ja grupp võivad olla antud nii numbrina kui ka nimena. POS on V[.S][VÕTMED], kus V on välja number ja S on sümboli positsioon väljal, mõlemad algavad positsioonilt 1. Kui võtmeid -t ega -b ei kasutata, loetakse sümboleid tekstile eelneva tühemiku algusest. VÕTMED on üks või enam ühe tähelisi järjestamise võtmeid, mis määravad antud võtme jaoks ümber globaalselt seatud järjestamise reegleid. Kui võtit ei ole antud, kasutatakse võtmena tervet rida. MAHT järel võib kasutada järgnevaid kordavaid sufikseid: Trüki AVALDISe väärtus standardväljundisse. Tühi rida loendis allpool eraldab kasvava prioriteediga gruppe. AVALDIS võib olla: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 kui see pole null ega 0, muidu ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 kui kumbki argument ei ole null või 0, muidu 0 Kui FAIL on -, loe standardsisendit. Iga MUSTER võib olla: HULGAD esitatakse sümbolite jadana. Enamus esitab iseennast. Interpreteeritavad järjendid on: \NNN sümbol kaheksandväärtusega NNN (1 kuni 3 kaheksandnumbrit) \\ langkriips \a kuuldav piiks \b samm tagasi \f lehevahetus \n uus rida \r reavahetus \t horisontaalne tabulaator SUURUS on number. TÜÜPIDE doux korral võib SUURUS olla ka C, tähistamaks sizeof(char), S tähistamaks sizeof(short), I tähistamaks sizeof(int) või L tähistamaks sizeof(long). Kui TÜÜP on f võib SUURUS olla ka F tähistamaks sizeof(float), D tähistamaks sizeof(double) või L tähistamaks sizeof(long double). Kui saadate töötavale `dd' protsessile signaali %s, kirjutab dd standard veavoogu seni loetud ja kirjutatud kirjete arvud ja jätkab kopeerimist. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 kirjet loetud 18335302+0 kirjet kirjutatud 9387674624 baiti (9.4 GB) kopeeritud, 34.6279 sekundit, 271 MB/s Võtmed on: Spetsiaalsümbolid:\n" * dsusp SÜMBOL SÜMBOL saadab terminali peatamise signaali, kui sisend on loetud eof SÜMBOL SÜMBOL saadab faili lõpu teate (lõpetab sisendi) eol SÜMBOL SÜMBOL lõpetab rea Varukoopia sufiks on `~', kui seda ei ole muudetud võtmega --suffix või keskkonnamuutujaga SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. Versioonikontrolli meetodit saab valida võtmega --backup või keskonnamuutujaga VERSION_CONTROL. Võimalikud väärtused on järgnevad: Summad arvutatakse vastavalt %s kirjeldusele. Summade kontrollimisel tuleb kasutada selle programmi väljundit. Vaikimisi mood on väljastada rida kontrollsummaga, seejärel sümbol, mis märgib faili tüüpi (`*' kahend- ja ` ' tekstifaili korral) ja seejärel faili nimi. Et eemaldada faili, mille nimi algab sümboliga `-', näiteks `-foo', kasutage üht järgnevaist käskudest: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Traditsioonilisi vormingu määranguid võib koos kasutada; need on: -a sama, kui -t a, vali nimedega sümbolid, ülemist bitti ignoreeritakse -b sama, kui -t o1, vali kaheksandbaidid -c sama, kui -t c, vali ASCII sümbolid või langkriipsuga paojada -d sama, kui -t u2, vali märgita 2-baidised kümnendarvud Kui FAIL puudub või on -, loe standardsisendit. `-F /' on vaikimisi. Kui FAIL puudub või on -, loe standardsisendit. Võtmeteta väljastatakse kolm veergu. Esimeses veerus on faili FAIL1 unikaalsed read, teises veerus on faili FAIL2 unikaalsed read ja kolmandas veerus on nende kahe faili ühised read. Kui võtmeid pole antud, väljasta komplekt kasutatavat informatsiooni. Väljasta faili üheselt mõistetav esitus (vaikimisi kaheksandbaidid) standardväljundisse. Enam, kui ühe faili korral väljastatakse nende sisud järjest vastavalt esitatud järjekorrale. Kui FAIL puudub või on -, loe standardsisendit. --backup[=KONTROLL] loo igast olemasolevast sihtfailist varukoopia -b nagu --backup, aga ei võta argumenti -d, -F, --directory lubab superkasutajal luua viidet kataloogile (märkus: tõenäoliselt ebaõnnestub, kuna reeglina süsteemid ei luba kataloogidele viiteid luua) -f, --force eemalda olemasolevad sihtfailid --help väljasta see abiinfo ja lõpeta töö --lookup ürita lahendada masinate nimesid DNS abil -m ainult standardsisendiga seotud masin ja kasutaja -p, --process väljasta init poolt loodud aktiivsed protsessid --no-preserve-root ära käsitle `/' eriliselt --preserve-root ära töötle `/' rekursiivselt (vaikimisi) -r, -R, --recursive eemalda kataloogide sisu rekursiivselt -v, --verbose selgita mis on teoksil --no-preserve-root ära käsitle `/' eriliselt (vaikimisi) --preserve-root ära töötle `/' rekursiivselt --no-preserve-root ära käsitle `/' eriliselt (vaikimisi) --preserve-root ära töötle `/' rekursiivselt --no-preserve=ATR_LOEND ära säilita antud atribuute --parents lisa allika tee kataloogi ette --one-file-system kustutades kataloogipuud, kustuta ainult samal seadmel olevaid faile --strip-trailing-slashes eemalda igalt käsureal antud nimelt lõpus olevad kaldkriipsud -S, --suffix=SUFIKS määra varukoopia järelliide --version väljasta versiooniinfo ja lõpeta töö -evenp sama, kui -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase sama, kui xcase iuclc olcuc litout sama, kui -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout sama, kui parenb istrip opost cs7 nl sama, kui -icrnl -onlcr -nl sama, kui icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb kasuta sümboli kohta kaht stop bitti (üks `-' korral) [-]hup saada hangup signaal, kui viimane protsess suleb tty [-]hupcl sama, kui [-]hup [-]parenb genereeri väljundis paarsusbitt ja eelda paarsust sisendis [-]parodd sea paaritu paarsus (paaris `-' korral) [-]ignpar ignoreeri paarsusveaga sümboleid * [-]imaxbel piiksu ja ära tühjenda täis sisendpuhvrit [-]inlcr tõlgi reavahetus rea algusse sümboliks [-]inpck luba sisendi paarsuse kontroll [-]istrip eemalda sisendsümbolitelt ülemine (8-s) bitt [-]isig luba spetsiaalsümbolid interrupt, quit ja suspend [-]noflsh keela tühjendamine peale katkestamise ja väljumise sümboleid * [-]prterase sama, kui [-]echoprt * [-]tostop peata taustatööd, mis üritavad terminalile kirjutada * [-]xcase icanon omadusega, kasuta suurtähtede ees `\\' cooked sama, kui brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof ja eol sümbolid seatakse vaikimisi väärtustele -cooked sama, kui raw crt sama, kui echoe echoctl echoke dec sama, kui echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq sama, kui [-]ixany ek erase ja kill sümbolid seatakse vaikimisi väärtustele evenp sama, kui parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N sea sisendi kiiruseks N * line N kasuta liiniseadeid N min N -icanon omadusega, sea lugemise lõpetamiseks min, N sümbolit ospeed N sea väljundi kiiruseks N oddp sama, kui parenb parodd cs7 -oddp sama, kui -parenb cs8 [-]parity sama, kui [-]evenp pass8 sama, kui -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 sama, kui parenb istrip cs7 raw sama, kui -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw sama, kui cooked stop SÜMBOL SÜMBOL peatab väljundi susp SÜMBOL SÜMBOL saadab terminali peatamise signaali * swtch SÜMBOL SÜMBOL vahetab käsuinterpretaatori taset * werase SÜMBOL SÜMBOL kustutab viimati kirjutatud sõna %A lokaadi nädalapäeva nimi, muutuv pikkus (nt. pühapäev) %b lokaadi lühendatud kuu nimi (nt. jaan) %B lokaadi kuu nimi (nt. jaanuar) %c lokaadi kuupäev ja aeg (nt. teisipäev, 25. juuni 2002. 12:11:55 EEST) %F kuupäev; sama kui %Y-%m-%d %g aasta 2-numbriga, mis vastab ISO nädala numbrile (vaata %G) %G aasta, mis vastab ISO nädala numbrile (vaata %V); kasutatav koos %V %S sekund (00..60) %t tabulaator %T aeg, sama kui %H:%M:%S %u nädalapäev (1..7); 1 esitab esmaspäeva %U nädala number aastas, pühapäev nädala esimene päev (00..53) %V ISO nädala number, esmaspäev on nädala esimene päev (01..53) %w päev nädalas (0..6); 0 esitab pühapäeva %W nädala number aastas, esmaspäev nädala esimene (00..53) %d Seadme number kümnendsüsteemis %D Seadme number kuueteistkümnendsüsteemis %f Mood kuueteistkümnendsüsteemis %F Faili tüüp %g Omaniku grupi ID %G Omaniku grupi nimi %h - Viidete arv %i - Ikirje number %n - Faili nimi %N - Jutumärkides faili nimi, nimeviite korral viidatav nimi %o - S/V bloki suurus %s - Kogumaht, baitides %t - Seadme kuueteistkümnendsüsteemis põhinumber %T - Seadme kuueteistkümnendsüsteemis alamnumber %h sama kui %b %H tund (00..23) %I tund (01..12) %j päev aastas (001..366) %i - Failisüsteemi kuueteistkümnend id %l - Failinimede maksimaalne pikkus %n - Faili nimi %s - Optimaalne ülekande bloki suurus %S - Bloki suurus (blokkide arvu jaoks) %t - Tüüp kuueteistkümnend esituses %T - Inimesele loetaval kujul tüüp %k tund ( 0..23) %l tund ( 1..12) %m kuu (01..12) %M minut (00..59) %n reavahetus %N nanosekundeid (000000000..999999999) %p lokaadi suurtähtedega AM või PM tähis (paljudes lokaatides tühi) %P nagu %p, aga väiketähtedega %r aeg, 12-tunni esitus (tt:mm:ss [AP]M) %R aeg, 24-tunni esitus (tt:mm) %s sekundeid alates `00:00:00 1970-01-01 UTC' (GNU laiendus) %u - Omaniku kasutaja ID %U - Omaniku kasutaja nimi %x - Viimane kasutamine %X - Viimane kasutamine sekundites alates epohhist %y - Viimane täiendamine %Y - Viimane täiendamine sekundites alates epohhist %z - Viimane muutmine %Z - Viimane muutmine sekundites alates epohhist %x lokaadi kuupäeva esitus (nt. kk.pp.aa) %X lokaadi aja esitus (nt. 23:13:48) %y aasta kaks viimast numbrit (00..99) %Y aasta + MÄRK interpreteeri MÄRKi sõnena, isegi kui see on võtmesõna, nagu `match' või operaator, nagu `/' ( AVALDIS ) AVALDISe väärtus -A, --address-radix=RAADIKS kuidas väljastada faili positsioonid -j, --skip-bytes=BAIDID jäta esimesed BAIDID baiti vahele -A, --auto-reference väljasta automaatselt loodud viited -G, --traditional käitu kui System V `ptx' -F, --flag-truncation=SÕNE kasuta ridade lühendamise märkimiseks SÕNE -D loo kõik SIHTKOHAD välja arvatud viimane, seejärel kopeeri allikas sihiks -g, --group=GRUPP sea protsessi grupi asemel määratud grupp -m, --mode=MOOD sea rwxr-xr-x õiguste asemel antud õigused -o, --owner=OMANIK sea omanik (ainult super-kasutaja) -D, --date-format=VORMING määra päise kuupäeva VORMING -e[SÜMB[LAIUS]], --expand-tabs[=SÜMB[LAIUS]] laienda sisendi sümbolid (TAB) tabulaatori laiuseni (8) -F, -f, --form-feed kasuta lehekülgede eraldamisel reavahetuste asemel lehevahetuse sümboleid (3-realine lehe päis võtmega -F või 5-realine päis ja jalus võtmata -F) -I küsi korra enne enam kui kolme faili eemaldamist või kui eemaldatakse rekursiivselt. Vähem pealetükkiv kui -i, aga pakub siiski kaitset enamus vigade vastu --interactive[=MILLAL] küsi vastavalt määrangule: never, once (-I) või always (-i). Kui MILLAL puudub, küsi alati -L FAIL FAIL on olemas ja on nimeviit (sama, kui -h) -O FAIL FAIL on olemas ja omanik on efektiivne kasutaja ID -p FAIL FAIL on olemas ja on nimega toru -r FAIL FAIL on olemas ja on loetav -s FAIL FAIL on olemas ja tema suurus on suurem kui null -L, --dereference kasuta nimeviidete korral viidatavaid -P, --no-dereference ära järgne nimeviidetele (vaikimisi) -O, --null lõpeta iga rida reavahetuse asemel baidiga 0 -S, --separate-dirs ära arvesta kataloogide suurusi -s, --summarize väljasta iga argumendi kohta summa -M, --macro-name=SÕNE kasuta `xx' asemel makro nime -O, --format=roff loo väljund roff käskudena -R, --right-side-refs paiguta viited paremale, ei loendata võtmega -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGAV realõpud või lausete lõpud -T, --format=tex loo väljund TeX käskudena -N, --read-bytes=BAITE väljasta ainult antud arv baite -S, --strings[=BAITE] väljasta vähemalt BAITE pikkusega sõned -t, --format=TÜÜP määra väljundvorming või vormingud -v, --output-duplicates ära kasuta korduvate ridade märkimiseks * -w, --width[=BAITE] väljasta BAITE baiti rea kohta --traditional kasuta traditsioonilisel kujul argumente -P, --portability kasuta POSIX väljundi vormingut --sync enne info lugemist käivita sync -t, --type=TÜÜP väljasta info antud tüüpi failisüsteemidest -T, --print-type väljasta failisüsteemi tüüp -x, --exclude-type=TÜÜP ära väljasta infot antud tüüpi failisüsteemidest -v (ignoreeritakse) -S järjesta faili suuruse järgi --sort=SÕNA kasuta järjestamisel nime asemel sõna: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=SÕNA võtmega -l, näita muutmise aja asemel: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c või status -c; kasuta antud aega järjestamise võtmena, kui kasutati --sort=time -S FAIL FAIL on olemas ja on pesa -t FP terminalil on avatud failipide FP -u FAIL FAIL on olemas ja omab sea-kasutaja-ID õigust -w FAIL FAIL on olemas ja on kirjutatav -x FAIL FAIL on olemas ja on käivitatav (või otsitav) -S, --suffix=SUFIKS määra varukoopia järelliide -t, --target-directory=KATALOOG määra kataloog, milles luuakse viited -T, --no-target-directory käsitle viite nime tavalise failina -v, --verbose väljasta faili nimi enne viite loomist -T, -w, --mesg lisa kasutaja teadete olek kujul +, - või ? -u, --users väljasta süsteemi meldinud kasutajad --message sama, kui -T --writable sama, kui -T -W, --word-regexp=REGAV kasuta võtmesõnade leidmiseks REGAV -b, --break-file=FAIL sõnu eraldavad sümbolid on selles failis -f, --ignore-case järjesta tõstutundetult -g, --gap-size=NUMBER veergude vahe suurus väljundis -i, --ignore-file=FAIL loe ignoreeritavate sõnade nimekiri -o, --only-file=FAIL ainult lugemiseks olevate sõnade fail -a, --across väljasta veerud risti üle leha, mitte ülalt alla, kasutatakse koos võtmega -VEERGE -c, --show-control-chars kasuta katus (^G) ja kaheksand langkriips notatsiooni -d, --double-space topeltreavahe väljundis -a, --all teisenda kõik tühemikud, mitte ainult esimene --first-only teisenda ainult eesmised tühemikud (blokeerib -a) -t, --tabs=NUMBER tabulaatori laius 8 asemel NUMBER sümbolit (lubab -a) -t, --tabs=LOEND komadega eraldatud tabulaatori positsioonid (lubab -a) -a, --suffix-length=N kasuta sufikseid pikkusega N (vaikimisi %d) -b, --bytes=MAHT pane väljundi ritta MAHT baiti -C, --line-bytes=MAHT väljasta faili ülimalt MAHT baidiseid ridu -d, --numeric-suffixes kasuta tähtedega sufiksite asemel numbrilisi -l, --lines=NUMBER väljasta väljundfaili NUMBER rida -b, --before kasuta eraldajat enne, mitte pärast -r, --regex interpreteeri eraldajat regulaaravaldisena -s, --separator=SÕNE kasuta reavahetuse asemel eraldajana SÕNE -b, --binary loe binaarmoodis -b, --binary loe binaarmoodis (vaikimisi, kui ei loeta tty stdin) -b, --body-numbering=STIIL kasuta ridade nummerdamisel STIILI -d, --section-delimiter=SE kasuta loogiliste lehtede eraldamiseks SE -f, --footer-numbering=STIIL kasuta jaluste nummerdamisel STIILI -b, --bytes loe veergude asemel baite -s, --spaces poolita tühikute kohal -w, --width=LAIUS kasuta 80 asemel use LAIUS sümbolit -b, --bytes=LOEND väljasta ainult need baidid -c, --characters=LOEND väljasta ainult need sümbolid -d, --delimiter=ERALD määra TAB asemel väljade eraldaja -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignoreeri ees olevaid tühimikke -d, --dictionary-order kasuta ainult tühemikke ja tähti ning numbreid -f, --ignore-case tööta tõstutundetult -c, --check loe %s summad failidest ja kontrolli -c, --count lisa rea algusse esinemise number -d, --repeated väljasta ainult dubleeritud read -c, --crown-margin säilita esimese kahe rea taane -p, --prefix=SÕNE kombineeri ainult ühise prefiksiga read, prefiks säilitatakse -s, --split-only tükelda pikad read, aga ära täida -d, --delimiters=LOEND kasuta TAB asemel sümboleid LOENDist -s, --serial väljasta üks fail korraga, mitte paralleelselt -e luba langkriipsude paojada interpreteerimine (vaikimisi) -E keela langkriipsude paojada interpreteerimine -f ära järjesta, kasuta -aU, blokeeri -ls --color -F, --classify lisa tähis (üks järgnevaist */=>@|) nimedele --file-type sama, aga ei lisa `*' --format=SÕNA across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time nagu -l --time-style=full-iso -f ära väljasta lühiinfo väljade päiseid -w ära väljasta lühiinfos kasutaja täisnime -i ära väljasta lühiinfos kasutaja täisnime ja masinat -q ära väljasta lühiinfos kasutaja täisnime, masinat ja eemalolekut -f sama, kui -t fF, vali ujukomaarvud -i sama, kui -t dI, vali kümnendarvud -l sama, kui -t dL, vali pikad kümnendarvud -o sama, kui -t o2, vali 2-baidised kaheksandarvud -s sama, kui -t d2, vali 2-baidised kümnendarvud -x sama, kui -t x2, vali 2-baidised kuueteistkümnendarvud -f FAIL FAIL on olemas ja on tavaline fail -g FAIL FAIL on olemas ja omab sea-grupi-ID õigust -G FAIL FAIL on olemas grupp on efektiivne grupi ID -h FAIL FAIL on olemas ja on nimeviide (sama, kui -L) -k FAIL FAIL on olemas ja omab kleepimisõigust -f, --fields=LOEND väljasta ainult need väljad; väljasta samuti kõik read, mis ei sisalda eraldavat sümbolit, välja arvatu juhul, kui kasutati võtit -s -n (ignoreerin) -f, --follow[={nimi|pide}] väljasta faili kasvamisel lisanduvad andmed; -f, --follow ja --follow=pide on samaväärsed -F sama, kui --follow=nimi --retry -f, --silent, --quiet vaiki enamus vigadest -v, --verbose väljasta infot iga töödeldava faili kohta --reference=VFAIL kasuta esitatud õiguste asemel VFAIL õiguseid -R, --recursive töötle faile ja katalooge rekursiivselt -f, --silent, --quiet vaiki enamus veateadetest --reference=VFAIL kasuta esitatud grupi asemel VFAIL gruppi -R, --recursive töötle faile ja katalooge rekursiivselt -v, --verbose väljasta infot iga töödeldava faili kohta -f, --silent, --quiet vaiki enamus veateadetest --reference=VFAIL kasuta esitatud OMANIK:GRUPP asemel VFAIL omanikku ja gruppi -R, --recursive töötle faile ja katalooge rekursiivselt -v, --verbose väljasta infot iga töödeldava faili kohta -g nagu -l, aga ei näita omanikku -h, --no-dereference muuda viidatava asemel nimeviidet (kasutatav süsteemides, kus saab muuta nimeviite omanikku) -i, --ignore-case kasuta tõstutundetut väljade võrdlemist -j VÄLI sama, kui `-1 VÄLI -2 VÄLI' -o VORMING väljundrea koostamise VORMING -t SÜMBOL kasuta SÜMBOLit sisend- ja väljundväljade eraldajana -i, --initial ära teisenda TABe peale mittetühje sümboleid -t, --tabs=NUMBER kasuta vaikimisi 8 asemel tabulaatoris NUMBER sümbolit -i, --inodes väljasta plokkide asemel i-kirjete info -k sama kui --block-size=1K -l, --local näita ainult lokaalseid failisüsteeme --no-sync enne info lugemist ära kasuta synci (vikimisi) -l väljasta info pikas vormingus -L, --dereference väljastades infot nimeviite kohta, näita viite asemel infot viidatavast failist -m väljasta nimed komadega eraldatult -l, --login väljasta süsteemi meldimise protsessid -n, --digits=NUMBREID kasuta 2 asemel antud arvu numbreid -s, --quiet, --silent ära väljasta väljundfailide mahte -z, --elide-empty-files kustuta tühjad väljundfailid -n, --numeric-uid-gid nagu -l, aga väljasta numbrilised UID ja GID -N, --literal väljasta nimed nagu on (ära käsitle n. kontroll sümboleid eriliselt) -o nagu -l, aga ära väljasta grupi infot -p, --indicator-style=slash lisa kataloogide nimedele lõppu / -q, --count kõik kasutajanimed ja süsteemi meldinud kasutajate arv -r, --runlevel väljasta jooksev töö-tase -s, --short väljasta ainult nimi, tyerminal ja aeg (vaikimisi) -t, --time väljasta viimane süsteemi kella muutus -q, --hide-control-chars väljasta ? mitte-esitatava sümboli asemel --show-control-chars näita mitte-esitatavat sümbolit, nagu on (vaikimisi, kui programm on `ls' ja väljund ei ole terminal) -Q, --quote-name väljasta nimed jutumärkide vahel --quoting-style=SÕNA kasuta nimede kvootimisel stiili: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent ära väljasta päiseid failide nimega -v, --verbose väljasta alati ka päis faili nimega -r, --reference=FAIL kasuta jooksva aja asemel selle faili aegu -t TEMPEL kasuta jooksva aja asemel [[SS]AA]KKPPttmm[.ss] --time=SÕNA sea antud aeg, SÕNA võib olla: access, atime või use (sama kui -a) modify või mtime (sama kui -m) -r, --references esimene väli igal real on viide -t, --typeset-mode - ei ole realiseeritud - -w, --width=NUMBER väljasta veergudena, viideteta -s, --only-delimited ära väljasta eraldajata ridu --output-delimiter=SÕNE kasuta väljundis eraldajana SÕNE vaikimisi kasutatakse sisendi eraldajat -s, --signal SIGNAAL, -SIGNAAL Saadetava signaali nimi või number. -l, --list Esita signaalide nimed või tõlgi nimeks/numbriks. -t, --table Väljasta tabel infoga signaalidest. -s, --symbolic-link loo kopeerimise asemel nimeviited -S, --suffix=SUFIKS määra varukoopia järelliide -t, --target-directory=KATALOOG tõsta kõik antud allikad kataloogi -T, --no-target-directory käsitle sihti failina -t sama, kui -vT -T, --show-tabs esita TAB süboleid kui ^I -u (ignoreeritakse) -v, --show-nonprinting kasuta ^ ja M- notatsiooni, v.a LFD ja TAB korral -t, --field-separator=ERA määra tühemiku asemele uus väljade eraldaja -T, --temporary-directory=KAT kasuta ajutiste failide jaoks $TMPDIR või %s asemel KAT. Korduv kasutamine määrab mitu kataloogi. -u, --unique võtmega -c: kontrolli ranget järjestatust muidu: väljasta võrdsetest ainult üks -t, --tabs=LOEND kasuta komadega eraldatud loendit tab positsioonidest -t, --tagged-paragraph esimese rea taane on teise rea omast erinev -u, --uniform-spacing üks tühik sõnade vahel, kaks lausete vahel -w, --width=NUMBER maksimaalne rea pikkus (vaikimisi 75 veergu) -t, --target-directory=KATALOOG tõsta kõik antud allikad kataloogi -T, --no-target-directory käsitle sihtkohta tavalise failina -u, --update tõsta ainult kui allikas on uuem, kui sihtfail või kui sihtfail puudub -v, --verbose selgita mida tehakse -t, --text loe tekstimoodis (vaikimisi, kui kasutatakse terminali) -t, --text loe tekstimoodis (vaikimisi) -u, --remove lühenda ja eemalda fail peale ülekirjutamisi -v, --verbose näita töö käiku -x, --exact ära ümarda failisuurusi üles täisplokini; see on mitte-tavafailide puhul vaikimisi käitumine -z, --zero varja töötlemist, kirjutades viimase tegevusena nulle -u, --update kopeeri ainult, kui allikas on uuem, kui sihtfail või kui sihtfail puudub -v, --verbose selgita, mis toimub -x, --one-file-system püsi selles failisüsteemis -v, --kernel-version väljasta tuuma versioon -m, --machine väljasta masina (riistvara) tüüp -p, --processor väljasta arvuti protsessori tüüp või "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform väljasta riistvara platvorm või "unknown" -o, --operating-system väljasta operatsioonisüsteemi nimi -w, --check-chars=N ära võrdle real enam kui N sümbolit -z, --zero-terminated lõpeta read reavahetuse asemel baidiga 0 [:graph:] kõik trükitavad sümbolid, aga mitte tühik [:lower:] kõik väiketähed [:print:] kõik trükitavad sümbolid, ka tühik [:punct:] kõik punktuatsiooni sümbolid [:space:] kõik horisontaal või vertikaal tühemikud [:upper:] kõik suurtähed [:xdigit:] kõik kuueteistkümnend numbrid [=SÜMBOL=] all sümbolid, mis on ekvivalentsed sümboliga SÜMBOL \v vertikaalne tabulaator SÜMB1-SÜMB2 kõik sümbolid alates SÜMB1 kuni SÜMB2 kasvavas järjekorras [SÜMB*] HULGAS2, kopeerib sümbolit kuni HULK1 pikkuseni [SÜMB*KORD] korda sümbolit, KORD on kaheksandnumber, kui algab nulliga [:alnum:] kõik tähed ja numbrid [:alpha:] kõik tähed [:blank:] kõik horisontaal tühemikud [:cntrl:] kõik kontrollsümbolid [:digit:] kõik numbrid ascii tabelist EBCDIC tabelisse ASCII ebcdic tabelist ASCII tabelisse EBCDIC ibm tabelist ASCII alternatiivsesse EBCDIC tabelisse block täienda reavahetusega lõpetatud kirjed tühikutega cbs-mahtu unblock asenda cbs-mahus blokkides lõpetavad tühikud reavahetusega lcase asenda suurtähed väiketähtedega binary kasuta andmete käsitlemisel binaarmoodi d[SUURUS] märgiga kümnendarv, SUURUS baiti f[SUURUS] ujukoma arv, SUURUS baiti o[SUURUS] kaheksandarv, SUURUS baiti u[SUURUS] märgita kümnendarv, SUURUS baiti x[SUURUS] kuueteiskümnendarv, SUURUS baiti direct kasuta andmete käsitlemisel puhverdamata S/V dsync kasuta andmete käsitlemisel sünkroonmoodi S/V noatime ära uuenda kasutamise aega noctty ei seosta kontrollivat terminali nofollow ei järgi nimeviiteid nolinks katkesta, kui on viiteid nonblock kasuta mitteblokeeruvat S/V none, off varukoopiaid ei looda (isegi kui kasutati võtit --backup) numbered, t loo nummerdatud varukoopiad existing, nil nummerdatud, kui neid on, muidu lihtne simple, never loo alati lihtsaid varukoopiaid sync sama, aga ka metainfo korral text kasuta andmete käsitlemisel tekstimoodi %4s-blokke Kasut Vaba Kas%% %s-plokki Kasut Vaba Maht (varukoopia: %s) * [-]ctlecho korda kontrollsümboleid katus notatsioonis (`^c') [-]echo korda sisendi sümboleid * [-]echoctl sama, kui [-]ctlecho [-]echoe sama, kui [-]crterase [-]echok väljasta kill sümboli järel reavahetus * [-]echoke sama, kui [-]crtkill [-]echonl korda reavahetust isegi, kui teisi sümboleid ei korrata * [-]echoprt korda kustutatud sümboleid esitades neid `\\' ja '/' vahel [-]icanon luba spetsiaalsümbolid erase, kill, werase ja rprnt [-]iexten luba POSIX mittevastavad spetsiaalsümbolid * [-]iuclc tõlgi suurtähed väiketähtedeks * [-]ixany luba väljundit alustada igal, mitte ainult start sümbolil [-]ixoff luba start/stop sümbolite edastus [-]ixon luba XON/XOFF vookontroll [-]parmrk märgi paarsusvead (kasutatakse 255-0-sümbol järjendis) [-]tandem sama, kui [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 eelda et sisendsümbolid kasutavad UTF-8 kooditabelit * [-]ocrnl tõlgi rea algusse sümbol reavahetuseks * [-]ofdel kasuta täitesümbolitena null asemel kustutamise sümbolit * [-]ofill kasuta viivitustel ootamise asemel täitesümboleid * [-]olcuc tõlgi väiketähed suurtähtedeks * [-]onlcr tõlgi reavahetus paariks rea algusse-reavahetus * [-]onlret reavahetus käitub, nagu rea algusse sümbol * [-]onocr ära väljasta esimesel veerul rea algusse sümbolit [-]opost väljundi järeltöötlus * tabN horisontaalse tabulaatori viivitus, N vahemikust [0..3] * tabs sama, kui tab0 * -tabs sama, kui tab3 * vtN vertikaalse tabulaatori viivitus, N vahemikust [0..1] * eol2 SÜMBOL alternatiivne SÜMBOL rea lõpetamiseks erase SÜMBOL SÜMBOL kustutab viimati kirjutatud sümboli intr SÜMBOL SÜMBOL saadab katkestamise signaali kill SÜMBOL SÜMBOL kustutab jooksva rea * lnext SÜMBOL SÜMBOL sisestab järgmise sümboli kvoodituna quit SÜMBOL SÜMBOL saadab väljumise signaali * rprnt SÜMBOL SÜMBOL joonistab jooksva rea uuesti start SÜMBOL SÜMBOL käivitab väljundi peale peatamist * rows N teata tuumale, et terminalil on N rida * size väljasta terminali veerud ja read, vastavalt tuuma infole speed väljasta terminali kiirus time N -icanon omadusega, sea lugemise taimout N sekundi kümnendikku Haagitud TTY grupid= vana %s kordamisel % 1% mälust, b 1, K 1024 (vaikimisi), jne tähtedega M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Kui FAIL puudub või on -, loe standardsisendit. *** HOIATUS *** Keskkonna poolt määratud lokaat mõjutab järjestamist. Traditsioonilise, baitide väärtusel põhineva järjestuse saamiseks seadke LC_ALL=C. %.*s: vigane teisenduse määrang%e. %b %Y%e. %b %H:%M%lu kasutaja%lu kasutajat%s%s (regulaaravaldisele %s)%s -> %s (taastamine) %s ja %s on üks ja sama fail`%s' on olemas, aga ei ole kataloog%s tekkis; järgin uue faili lõppu%s on jälle kasutatav%s pole enam kasutatav%s asendati mitte-jälgitava failiga; ei jälgi seda enam%s asendati; järgin uue faili lõppu%s on tundmatut tüüpi fail%s ei ole korrektne positiivne täisarv%s on liiga suur%s: %s on nii suur, et seda ei saa esitada%s: %s: rea number on piirkonnast väljas%s: %s: sobivat ei leitud%s: %s:%s: korratu: %s: avamine või lugemine ebaõnnestus %s: Sellista kasutajat pole%s: korduste arvuga peab kasutama `}'%s: oodati binaarset operaatorit%s: suhtelisi nimeviiteid saab luua ainult jooksvas kataloogis%s: ei õnnestu muuta mitte-blokeeruvat moodi%s: ei leia UID %lu vastavat kasutajanime %s: seda tüüpi faili lõppu ei saa järgida; annan alla%s: ei õnnestu liikuda (lseek) algsele positsioonile%s: kataloogi ei saa üle kirjutada%s: ei saa ümber kerida%s: seek ebaõnnestus%s: ei õnnestu liikuda lõpu-suhtelisele nihkele %s%s: ei õnnestu liikuda nihkele %s%s: ei õnnestu liikuda suhtelisele nihkele %s%s: ei õnnestu töödelda ainult lisamiseks mõeldud faili%s: puudub sulgev eraldaja `%c'%s: ei õnnestu eemaldada mitte-blokeeruvat moodi%s: laskun kataloogi %s? %s: laskun kirjutamise kaitsega kataloogi %s? %s: faili lõpp%s: ekvivalentsiklassi operand peab olema yks sümbol%s: viga lühendamisel%s: viga kirjutamisel aadressile %s%s: ootasin numbrilist väärtust%s: sulgemine ebaõnnestus%s: faili ei saa kirjutamiseks avada%s: kustutamine ebaõnnestus%s: fcntl ebaõnnestus%s: fdatasync ebaõnnestus%s: fail on negatiivse suurusega%s: fail on liiga palju lühenenud%s: fail on liiga suur%s: fail on liiga suur%s: fail on lühendatud%s: fstat ebaõnnestus%s: fsync ebaõnnestus%s: kataloogidele ei saa luua viiteid%s: sisend sisaldab tsüklit:%s: sisend sisaldab juhusliku arvu märke%s: sisendfail on väljundfail%s: eraldaja järel oodati täisarvu%s: vigane PID%s: vigane loendur %s alguses%s: vigane direktiiv%s: vigane välja määrang %s%s: vigane faili suurus%s: vigane failitüüp%s: vigane maksimum arv mittemuutunud atribuute avamiste vahel%s: vigane number%s: vigane baitide arv%s: vigane ridade arv%s: vigane läbimiste arv%s: vigane arv sekundeid%s: vigane muster%s: vigane protsessi id%s: vigane regulaaravaldis: %s%s: vigane signaal%s: vigane sufiksi pikkus%s: rea number peab olema suurem kui null%s: rea number on piirkonnast väljas%s: lseek ebaõnnestus%s: anti mitu signaali%s: uued õigused on %s, mitte %s%s: korrektselt vormindatud %s kontrollsumma ridu pole%s: sellel seadmel puudub info suuruse kohta%s: ei näita juba näidatud kataloogi%s: baitide arv on liiga suur%s: kirjutan %s üle? %s: läbimine %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: läbimine %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: läbimine %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: viga lugemisel%s: eemaldan %s %s? %s: eemaldada kõik argumendid rekursiivselt? %s: eemaldan kõik argumendid? %s: eemaldan kirjutuskaitsega %s %s? %s: eemaldatud%s: eemaldan%s: uus nimi %s%s: asendan %s? %s: seek ebaõnnestus%s: liiga palju kontrollsumma ridu%s: ei õnnestu tuvastada maksimaalset failinime pikkust%s: kõiki nõutud operatsioone ei õnnestunud sooritada%s: oodati unaarset operaatorit%s: väärtust ei teisendatud täielikult%s: viga kirjutamisel%s:%lu: vigane rida; teine märgis puudub%s:%lu: tundmatu võtmesõna %s%s}: `{' ja `}' vahel peab olema täisarv'')' puudub')' puudub, leidsin %s©* logi-struktuuriga või "journaled" failisüsteemid, näiteks nagu pakuvad AIX ja Solaris (ja JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3 jne.) * failisüsteemid, mis kirjutavad taastatavaid andmeid, näiteks RAID tehnoloogial põhinevad failisüsteemid * failisüsteemid, mis teevad andmetest väljavõtteid (snapshots), näiteks Network Appliance NFS server , tööjärjekorra koormus: %.2f, %g s, %s/s -R --dereference nõuab kas -H või -L-R -h nõuab -P-ef ei luba -l-nt ei luba -l-ot ei luba -l??? Aadressiperekonda või hostinime ei toetataKohustuslikud argumendid pikkadele võtmetele on kohustuslikud ka lühikestele. Kõik päringud täidetudVigane ai_flags väärtusHOIATUS: shred omab oma tööks tähtsat eeldust: failisüsteem kirjutab andmeid üle. See on traditsiooniline lähenemine, aga paljud süsteemid tänapäeval ei toeta seda eeldust. Näiteks järgnevatel failisüsteemidel ei ole shred efektiivne või ei ole efektiivne kõikides moodides: KOMMENTAARKasutan viite FAIL2 loomiseks failile FAIL1 funktsiooni link. Kasutan antud FAILI kustutamiseks unlink funktsiooni. Muuda kasutaja efektiine kasutaja id ja grupi id. -, -l, --login meldi kasutajana -c, --command=KÄSK edasta KÄSK shellile võtmega -c -f, --fast edasta shellile võti -f (csh või tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment säilita keskkonnamuutujaid -p sama, kui -m -s, --shell=PROGRAMM käivita PROGRAMM, kui /etc/shells seda lubab Muuda iga antud FAILi grupikuuluvust. Võtmega --reference seatakse iga antud faili grupp viidatud faili järgi. -c, --changes teavita ainult muutustest --dereference muuda nimeviite poolt viidatatvat, mitte viidet (seda tehakse vaikimisi) Sea iga FAILI moodiks MOOD. -c, --changes nagu verbaalselt, aga teata ainult muudatustest Muuda iga antud faili omanikku ja/või gruppi. Võtmega --reference seatakse iga antud faili omanik ja grupp viidatud faili järgi. -c, --changes teavita ainult muutustest --dereference muuda nimeviite poolt viidatatvat, mitte viidet (seda tehakse vaikimisi) Võrdle järjestatud faile FAIL1 ja FAIL2 rida haaval. Teisenda igas FAILis tühikud tabulaatoriteks, väljasta standardväljundisse. Kui FAIL puudub, või on -, loe standardsisendit. Teisenda igas FAILIS tabulaatorid tühikuteks, väljasta standardväljundisse. Kui FAIL puudub või on -, loeb standardsisendit. Kopeeri allikas sihtpunkti või kataloogi või mitu allikat kataloogi. Kopeeri standardsisend igasse FAILi, samuti standardväljundisse. -a, --append lisa antud FAILidesse, ära kirjuta üle -i, --ignore-interrupts ignoreeri katkestusi Loo antud NIMega torud (FIFOd). Loo KATALOOGid, kui neid juba pole. Loo antud NIMEga ja TÜÜPi seadmefail. Kataloog: Esita faili või failisüsteemi olek. -L, --dereference järgi viiteid -f, --filesystem esita faili oleku asemel failisüsteemi olek Näita jooksvat aega vastavalt antud formaadile või sea süsteemi aeg. -d, --date=SÕNE näita SÕNEga kirjeldatud aega, mitte praegust -f, --file=KPFAIL nagu --date, aga ajad loe igalt KPFAIL realt LÕPETAMINEVäljasta SÕNE standardväljundisse. -n ei väljasta lõpetavat reavahetust Lõpeta koodiga, mis tähistab õnnestumist.Lõpeta olekuga, mille määrab AVALDIS. F. PinardEBAÕNNESTUSFifodel puuduvad seadme klassi ja esindaja numbrid.Failisüsteem Failisüsteem TüüpIga identsete ühendatavate väljadega sisendrea paari korral väljastab rea standardväljundisse. Vaikimisi ühendatav väli on esimene, väljad eraldatakse tühemikuga. Kui FAIL1 või FAIL2 (aga mitte mõlemad) on -, loe standard- sisendit. -a FAILINUM väljasta paariliseta read failist FAILINUM -e TÜHI asenda puuduvad sisendväljad sõnaga TÜHI Salvesta muutused kettale, uuenda superplokki. EEMALEemalReaalne nimi: Lõpmatu BKatkestatud signaaligaVigane tagasiviideVigane sümbolite klassi nimiVigane järjestamise sümbolVigane \{\} kontekstVigane eelnev regulaaravaldisVigane vahemiku lõppVigane regulaaravaldisTERMINALEsita infot failidest (vaikimisi jooksvas kataloogis). Kui ei ole kasutatud võtmeid -cftuvSUX või --sort, järjesta väljund tähestikuliselt KasutajaKasutajanimi: Kohustuslikud argumendid pikkadele võtmetele on kohustuslikud ka lühikestele. Tõrge mälu haaramiselMälu on otsasNIMINimiNimi või teenus on tundmatuHosti nimega ei ole aadresse seostatudEi leitudEelmist regulaaravaldist polenime lahendamisl tekkis taastumatu tõrgeOKKui kordusi kustutatakse tühjendamiseta, peab olema antud ainult üks sõne.Võtmed järjestamiseks: Väljasta sisendfailide sõnade kontekstregister. LS_COLORS keskkonnamuutujat seadvad väljundkäsud. Määra väljundi vorming: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell väljasta LS_COLORS seadmiseks Bourne shell kood -c, --csh, --c-shell väljasta LS_COLORS seadmiseks C shell kood -p, --print-database väljasta vaikeväärtused Väljasta antud suurusega tükid sisendist failidesse PREFIKSaa, PREFIKSab, ...; vaikimisi kirjutatakse 1000 rida ja vaikimisi prefiks on `x'. Kui sisend puudub või on -, loe standardsisendit. Väljasta MUSTRI põhjal tükeldatud FAILi tükid failidesse `xx01', `xx02', ... ja väljasta standardväljundisse iga osa suurus baitides. Väljasta kasutajad, kes on parasjagu arvutisse meldinud. Kui FAILi ei ole määratud, kasuta %s. Tavaliselt kasutatakse %s. Kirjuta antud failid korduvalt üle, et muuta raskemaks andmete taastamine isegi väga kalli riistvara abil. PIDKüljenda FAILid trükkimiseks lehekülgedeks või veergudeks. Parameetersõne ei ole korrektselt kodeeritudParool:Plaan: Enneaegne regulaaravaldise lõppVäljasta iga FAILI kohta CRC kontrollsumma ja baitide arv. Väljasta NIMI ilma eelnevate kataloogideta. Kui määratud, eelmalda ka sufiks. Trüki NIMI, millest on viimane komponent eemaldatud; kui nimes ei ole sümboleid `/', väljasta `.' (mis tähistab jooksvat kataloogi). Väljasta informatsiooni süsteemist. Kui võtmeid ei ole antud, kasutab -s. -a, --all kogu info järgnevas järjestuses, välja arvatud -p ja -i, kui on tundmatud: -s, --kernel-name väljasta tuuma nimi -n, --nodename väljasta masina võrgunimi -r, --release väljasta tuuma väljalase Väljasta numbrid esimesest viimaseni, vajadusel kasutades etteantud sammu. -f, --format FORMAAT kasuta printf stiilis ujukoma formaati -s, --separator=SÕNE kasuta numbrite eraldamiseks SÕNE (vaikimisi: \n) -w, --equal-width kasuta võrdse laiusega välju, täida nullidega Väljasta või muuda terminali seadeid. -a, --all väljasta kõik kehtivad seaded inimesele loetavalt -g, --save väljasta kõik kehtivad seaded stty programmile loetavalt -F, --file=SEADE ava ja kasuta standardsisendi asemel antud seadet Väljasta igast FAIList valitud osad standardväljundisse. Väljasta standardsisendiga ühendatud terminali nimi. -s, --silent, --quiet ära väljasta midagi, tagasta ainult lõpetamise olek Väljasta igast FAIList esimesed 10 rida standardväljundisse. Enam, kui ühe faili korral lisa ka päis faili nimega. Kui FAIL puudub või on -, loe standardsisendit. Väljasta jooksva töökataloogi täielik nimi. Väljasta viimased %d rida igast FAILIST standardväljundisse. Enam, kui ühe FAILI korral, lisa iga faili ette päis faili nimega. Kui FAIL puudub või on -, loe standardsisendit. Väljasta jooksva kasutaja nimi. Väljasta efektiivsele kasutajaidentifikaatorile vastav kasutajanimi. Sama, kui id -un. Päringu töötlemine käibProjekt: Regulaaravaldis on liiga suurEemalda (viide) FAIL(id). -f, --force ignoreeri puuduvaid faile, ära küsi -i küsi enne iga eemaldamist Nimeta fail ümber või tõsta argumendid antud kataloogi. Väljasta korduvalt rida antud sõnedega või `y'. Päring katkestatiPäringut ei katkestatudKäivita KÄSK muudetud prioriteediga. Kui käsku ei antud, väljasta kehtiv prioriteet. Sammude vahemik on %d (kõrgeim prioriteet) kuni %d (madalaim prioriteet). -n, --adjustment=N suurenda prioriteeti (vaikimisi 10 võrra) Käivita KÄSK kasutades juurkataloogina kataloogi UUSJUUR. Käivita KÄSKLUS, ignoreeri hangup signaale. Saada protsessidele signaale või esita signaalide nimekiri. ai_socktype ei toeta teenuse nimeProbleemi lahendamiseks seadke LC_ALL=C.Käsuinterpretaator: Esita informatsioon failisüsteemidest, milles iga antud fail asub. Vaikimisi esita infot igast haagitud failisüsteemist. Seadmefailide loomisel peab olema määratud nii klassi, kui esindaja number.ÕnnestumineSummeeri iga faili kettakasutus, kataloogid rekursiivselt. Süsteemne vigaAEGAjutine tõrge nime lahendamiselJärgnevad võtmed muudavad hierarhia läbimist juhul, kui on kasutatus võtit -R. Kui kasutatakse enam, kui üht võtit, kehtib viimane. -H kui argument on nimeviide kataloogile, lahenda see -L lahenda kõik ette tulevad nimiviidad kataloogidele -P ära lahenda nimeviiteid (vaikimisi) Võrreldi sõnesid %s ja %s.Lõpetav langkriipsLisainfo saamiseks proovige `%s --help'. Üritan `%s ./%s' et kustutada faili %s. Tõlkimisel tuleb näidata kaks sõne.Tundmatu vigaTundmatu süsteemne vigaPuudub ( või \(Puudub ) või \)Puudub [ või [^Puudub \{Kasutamine: %s KÄSKLUS [ARGUMENT]... või: %s VÕTI Kasutamine: %s AVALDIS või: %s VÕTI Kasutamine: %s FAIL või: %s VÕTI Kasutamine: %s FAIL1 FAIL2 või: %s VÕTI Kasutamine: %s FORMAAT [ARGUMENT]... või: %s VÕTI Kasutamine: %s NIMI või: %s VÕTI Kasutamine: %s NIMI [SUFIKS] või: %s VÕTI Kasutamine: %s NUMBER[SUFIKS]... või: %s VÕTI Paus pikkusega NUMBER sekundit. SUFIKS võib olla `s', tähistamaks sekundeid (vaikimisi), `m' minuteid, `h' tunde või `d' päevi. Erinevalt enamusest realisatsioonidest võib NUMBER olla ka murdarv. Kui on antud kaks või enam argumenti, on pausi pikkus kõikide argumentide summa. Kasutamine: %s [-s SIGNAAL | -SIGNAAL] PID... või: %s -l [SIGNAAL]... või: %s -t [SIGNAAL]... Kasutamine: %s [FAIL]... või: %s [VÕTI] Kasutamine: %s [NIMI] või: %s VÕTI Esita või sea antud süsteemi nimi. Kasutamine: %s [NUMBER]... või: %s VÕTI Kasutamine: %s [OPERAND]... või: %s VÕTI Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI] Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI] [KÄSK [ARGUMENT]...] Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI] [FAIL] Väljasta FAIL totaalses järjestuses kooskõlas elementide osalise järjestusega. Kui FAIL puudub või on -, loe standardsisendit. Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI]... Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI]... KATALOOG... Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI]... FAIL Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI]... FAIL MUSTER... Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI]... [FAIL]... Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI]... FAIL1 FAIL2 Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI]... GRUPP FAIL või: %s [VÕTI]... --reference=VFAIL FAIL... Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI]... VIIMANE või: %s [VÕTI]... ESIMENE VIIMANE või: %s [VÕTI]... ESIMENE SAMM VIIMANE Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI]... MOOD[,MOOD]... FAIL või: %s [VÕTI]... KAHEKSAND-MOOD FAIL... või: %s [VÕTI]... --reference=VFAIL FAIL... Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI]... NIMI TÜÜP [PÕHI ALAM] Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI]... NIMI... Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI]... HULK1 [HULK2]... Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI]... [ FAIL | ARG1 ARG2 ] Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI]... [+FORMAAT] või: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [KKPPttmm[[SS]AA][.ss]] Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI]... [-T] ALG SIHT või: %s [VÕTI]... ALG... KATALOOG või: %s [VÕTI]... -t KATALOOG ALG... Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI]... [-T] ALG SIHT või: %s [VÕTI]... ALG... KATALOOG või: %s [VÕTI]... -t KATALOOG ALG... või: %s [VÕTI]... -d KATALOOG... Kasuta: %s [VÕTI]... [-T] ALLIKAS VIITE_NIMI (1. vorm) või: %s [VÕTI]... SIHT (2. vorm) või: %s [VÕTI]... SIHT... KATALOOG (3. vorm) või: %s [VÕTI]... -t KATALOOG SIHT... (4. vorm) Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI]... [-] [NIMI=VÄÄRTUS]... [KÄSK [ARGUMENT]...] Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI]... [-] [KASUTAJA [ARGUMENT]...] Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI]... [FAIL] Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI]... [FAIL] või: %s -e [VÕTI]... [ARG]... või: %s -i ALG-LÕPP [VÕTI]... Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI]... [FAIL]... Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI]... [FAIL]... või: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FAIL] [[+]INDEKS[.][b]]\n" või: %s --traditional [VÕTI]... [FAIL] [[+]INDEKS[.][b] [+]MÄRGEND[.][b]] Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI]... [FAIL]... või: %s [VÕTI]... --files0-from=F Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI]... [SISEND [VÄLJUND]] Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI]... [SISEND]... (ilma -G) või: %s [VÕTI]... [SISEND [VÄLJUND]] Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI]... [OMANIK][:[GRUPP]] FAIL... või: %s [VÕTI]... --reference=VFAIL FAIL... Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI]... [KASUTAJANIMI] Kasutamine: %s [VÕTI]... [KASUTAJA]... Kasutamine: %s [SÕNE]... või: %s VÕTI Kasutamine: %s NIMI [ignoreeritavad argumendid] või: %s VÕTI Kasutamine: test AVALDIS või: test või: [ AVALDIS ] või: [ ] või: [ VÕTI Lubatud argumendid on:HOIATUS: Tsükliline kataloogide struktuur. See tähendab peaaegu alati, et failisüsteem on viga saanud. TEAVITA OMA SÜSTEEMIADMINISTRAATORIT. Järgnev kataloog on tsükli osa: %s Hoiatus: MillalKustMurra iga FAILI (vaikimisi standardsisend) rida, väljasta standardväljundisse. Kirjuta sisendfailide read juhuslikus permutatsioonis standardväljundisse. Kirjuta iga FAIL standardväljundisse, viimane rida esimesena. Kui FAIL puudub või on -, loe standardsisendit. Väljasta iga FAIL standardväljundisse lisades reanumbrid. Kui FAIL puudub või on -, loe standardsisendit. Kirjuta read, mis koosnevad tabulaatoriga eraldatud igast failist kokku liidetud vastavatest ridadest, standardväljundisse. Kui FAIL puudub või on -, loe standardsisendit. Kirjuta järjestatud FAILide ühend standardväljundisse. Kirjutanud %s ja %s. Kirjutanud %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s ja teised. Kirjutanud %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s ja %s. Kirjutanud %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, ja %s. Kirjutanud %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s ja %s. Kirjutanud %s, %s, %s, %s, %s ja %s. Kirjutanud %s, %s, %s, %s ja %s. Kirjutanud %s, %s, %s ja %s. Kirjutanud %s, %s ja %s. Kirjutanud %s. tõlkimisel ei saa sõnes2 [=c=] avaldisi kasutada^[eE]^[jJ]``-%c' liigsed sümbolid või vigane number argumendis: %s`--pages=ESIMENE[:VIIMANE]' puudub argument`-N NUMBER' vigane alustamise rea number: %s`-W LEHE_LAIUS' vigane arv sümboleid: %s`-l LEHE_PIKKUS' vigane ridade arv: %s`-o ÄÄR' vigane rea nihe: %s`-w LEHE_LAIUS' vigane arv sümboleid: %skoos parandusega peab olema antud käskkasutan %sai_family ei toetataai_socktype ei toetatasegane argument %s võtmele `%s'sisendi eraldajat saab määrata ainult juhul kui töötatakse väljadega%s varundamine hävitaks allika; %s ei kopeeritud%s varundamine hävitaks allika; %s ei teisaldatudvarukoopia tüüpblokkseadme failblokkseadme faile ei toetatamõlemad failid ei saa olla standardsisendidbaidi nihe %s on liiga suur%s ei saa kasutadaei õnnestu luua %s varukoopiatkorraga ei saa summeerida ja näidata kõikiei õnnestu muuta %s omanikkuei õnnestu muuta %s õigusi%s ei õnnestu juurkataloogiks seadaei õnnestu minna kataloogi %sei saa minna juurkataloogi-e ja -i võtmeid ei saa kombineeridahulgast {ascii,ebcdic,ibm} ei saa ühtegi paari kasutadablock ja unblock ei saa koos kasutadaexcl ja nocreat ei saa koos kasutadalcase ja ucase ei saa koos kasutadamoodi ja --reference võtmeid ei saa kombineeridasignaali ei saa kombineerida võtmetega -l või -tfailide %s ja %s nimesid ei õnnestu võrreldaU+%04X ei saa lokaalsesse kooditabelisse teisendadaU+%04X ei saa lokaalsesse kooditabelisse teisendada: %skataloogi %s ei saa iseendasse, %s, kopeeridatsüklilist nimeviita %s ei õnnestu kopeeridakataloogi `%s' ei õnnestu luuaei õnnestu luua fifot %sei õnnestu luua viidet %s -> %sei õnnestu luua viidet %sei õnnestu luua viidet %s -> %sei õnnestu luua tavalist faili %sei õnnestu luua seadmefaili %sei õnnestu luua nimeviidet %sei õnnestu luua nimeviidet %s -> %s%s ei saa lahendadaei õnnestu tuvastada %s seadet ja i-kirje numbritei õnnestu tuvastada süsteemi nime%s peal ioctl ei õnnestuei leia GID %lu vastavat gruppiei leia UID %lu vastavat kasutajanimeei õnnestu %s nime järgi leidafstat %s ei õnnestuei õnnestu leida jooksvat kataloogiprioriteeti ei õnnestu lugedaei õnnestu leida süsteemi nimelseek %s ei õnnestuei õnnestu luua ei tavalist ega nimeviitakataloogi %s ei õnnestu luuaei õnnestu tõsta %s -> %s%s ei saa tõsta iseenda alamkataloogi %skataloogi ei saa tõsta mitte-kataloogi: %s -> %sei õnnestu avada %s lugemiseks%s ei õnnestu kirjutamiseks avadakataloogi %s ei saa avadakataloogi %s ei saa üle kirjutada mitte kataloogigaei saa üle kirjutada mitte-katataloogi %s kataloogiga %svaikimisi formaati kasutades ei saa väljastada ainult nimesid või reaalset IDkataloogi %s ei õnnestu lugedafailist %s ei õnnestu failide nimesid lugedaei õnnestu lugeda %s failisüsteemi informatsiooniei õnnestu lugeda reaalaja kellaei õnnestu lugeda nimeviidet %s%s ei saa kustutadaei õnnestu muuta %s failiviitakuupäeva ja kellaaega ei õnnestu seadaei õnnestu seada grupi idei õnnestu seada grupi ID %luei õnnestu seada gruppenime ei õnnestu seada; süsteemil pole sellist funktsionaalsustei õnnestu seada nimeks %sprioriteeti ei õnnestu seadaei õnnestu seada %s ajatempleidei õnnestu seada kasutaja idei õnnestu seada kasutaja ID %lukombineeritud sisendi lõpust kaugemale liikuda ei saaei õnnestu kirjeldada aegu rohkem kui ühest allikastei saa tükeldada enam kui ühel viisilstat %s ei õnnestuei õnnestu lugeda jooksva kataloogi atribuute (nüüd %s)%s ei õnnestu kasutada%s ei saa taastada%s ei saa kustutadaei õnnestu tuuma veast mööda minnamuutsin %s omanikgrupiks %s muutsin %s omanikuks %s muudan %s gruppimuudan %s omanikkumuudan %s õigusisümboli nihe on nullsümbol on piirkonnast väljassümbolseadme failsümbolseadme faile ei toetatakell muutusclose ebaõnnestussulgen %ssulen %s (fd=%d)sulen kataloogi %ssulgen sisendfaili %ssulgen väljundfaili %ssulen standardsisendikonfliktsed tühja-välja asendamise sõnedei leia %s kataloogi kirjet, mille i-kirje sobiksei õnnestu lugeda alglaadimise aegakataloog %s on loodudloon kataloogi %sloon faili %s loon viidet %sloon viidet %s => %sloon viidet %.0s%sloon nimeviidet %sloon nimeviidet %s -> %sKataloognulliga jagaminetühi failinimitühi tabulaatorviga regulaaravaldisega otsingulviga regulaaravaldisega otsingulviga %s lugemiselviga %s kirjutamiselexit=liigne argument: %sliigne operand %sliigne operand %s %s grupi muutmine grupiks %s ebaõnnestus ei õnnestu %s õiguste muutmine olekusse %04lo (%s) ei õnnestu muuta %s omanikku ei õnnestu seada %s omanikuks %s chdir %s ebaõnnestus%s atribuutide lugemine ebaõnnestusei õnnestu leida faili %s%s avamine ebaõnnestus%s autorit ei õnnestu säilitada%s omanikku ei õnnestu säilitada%s õigusi ei õnnestu säilitada%s aegu ei õnnestu säilitadastandard veavoo ümbersuunamine ebaõnnestusesialgsesse töökataloogi ei õnnestu tagasi minnastderr koopiale ei õnnestu seada omadust 'close on exec'stat %s ebaõnnestusfdatasync %s ebaõnnestusfflush ebaõnnestusvälja number %s on liiga suurvälja number on nullfifofailisüsteemi tüüp %s on nii valitute kui ka väljaarvatute nimekirjassüsteemifunktsioon fork ebaõnnestuskui trükitakse võrdse pikkusega sõnesid, ei saa formaadisõnet kasutadafsync %s ebaõnnestusfts_read ebaõnnestusgetpass: ei õnnestu avada /dev/ttyloen %s uusi atribuute%s grupp säilitati kui %s iconv funktsioon puudubiconv funktsioon ei ole kasutatavid=ignoreerin kõiki argumenteignoreerin sisenditignoreerin sisendit ja lisan väljundi faili %signoreerin sisendit ja suunan stderr standardväljundisseeiran vigast tabulaatori kirjeldust keskkonnamuutujas TABSIZE: %seiran vigast keskkonnamuutuja QUOTING_STYLE väärtust: %seiran vigast laiuse kirjeldust keskkonnamuutujas COLUMNS: %signoreerin argumente, mis ei ole võtmedühildamatud väljad %lu, %lumitteühilduvad tabulaatoridvale paroolsisend kadussisendi rida on liiga pikkseadmete-vaheline teisaldamine ebaõnnestus: %s -> %s; allikat ei saa kustutadavigane muudatus %svigane argument %svigane argument %s võtmel `%s'vigane keha nummerdamise stiil: %svigane baitide või väljade loendvigane sümbol %c tüübisõnes %svigane sümbolite klass %svigane teisenduse määraja sufiksis: %cvigane teisenduse määraja sufiksis: \%.3ovigane kuupäev %svigane kuupäeva vorming %svigane seade %s %svigane seadme tüüp %svigane välja number: %svigane välja määrang: %svigane välja laius: %svigane faili number välja määrangus: %svigane murdarv: %svigane jaluse nummerdamise stiil: %svigane vormingu täpsusvigane vormingu laiusvigane tühemiku laius: %svigane gruppvigane grupp %svigane päise nummerdamise stiil: %svigane sisendvigane sisendi vahemik: %svigane täisarv %svigane numbriline argument %svigane ridade arv: %svigane liini määrang %svigane rea numbri välja laius: %svigane rea numbri samm: %svigane rea numbri vorming: %svigane rea laius: %svigane seadme põhinumber %svigane maksimaalne sügavus %svigane seadme alamnumber %svigane moodvigane mood %svigane mood: %svigane number %svigane number peale `,'vigane kuupäev peale `-'vigane number peale `.'vigane number välja algusesvigane tühjade ridade arv: %svigane baitide arvvigane võrreldavate baitide arvvigane vahelejäetavate baitide arvvigane veergude arv: %svigane vahelejäetavate väljade arvvigane ridade arvvigane ridade arv: 0vigane võti -- %cvigane võti -- %c; -NUMBRID tuntakse ainult juhul, kui see on esimene võti; kasutage parem -w Nvigane väljundi aadressi raadiks `%c'; see peab olema üks sümbolitest [doxn]vigane täpsus: %svigane korduste arv %s [c*n] konstruktsioonisvigane seadevigane alustamise rea number: %svigane tabulaatori suurus: %svigane ajaintervall %svigane ajamäärang %svigane võti lõpus -- %cvigane tüübisõne %svigane tüübisõne %s; see süsteem ei realiseeri %lu-baidist ujukoma tüüpivigane tüübisõne %s; see süsteem ei realiseeri %lu-baidist sisetüüpivigane universaal sümboli nimi \%c%0*xvigane kasutajavigane kasutaja %svigane laius: %svigane murdmise veerg: %svigane null-pikkusega faili nimi%s rekursiivselt töötlemine on ohtlik%s (sama kui %s) rekursiivselt töötlemine on ohtlikviimane=alustav `-' faili nime %s komponendispiirang %lu on ületatud, failinime pikkus %lu, fail %spiirang %lu on ületatud, failinime komponendi pikkus %lu, komponent %sridade arvu võti -%s%c... on liiga suurrea number %s on väiksem, kui eelneva rea number, %srea numbri ületäituminemälu on otsasteadete järjekordjoondamata [:upper:] ja/või [:lower:] konstruktsioonidsufiksis puudub %% teisenduse määrangpuudub `]'%s nõuab argumenti%s nõuab argumentipuudub sümbolite klassi nimi `[::]'sufiksis puudub teisenduse määrang%s järel puudub sihtfailpuudub ekvivalentsiklassi sümbol `[==]'argumentides puudub failinimipaojadas puudub kuueteistkümnend numberpuudub väljade loendpuudub asukohtade loendpuudub operand%s järel puudub operandmood peab määrama ainult failiõigused%s õigused on nüüd %04lo (%s) %s õigused jäeti %04lo (%s) mitme-sümboliline tabulaator %skasutati mitut -i võtitkasutati mitud -l või -t võtitmäärati mitu väljundfailimäärati mitu väljundvormingutmäärati mitu juhuarvude allikatmäärati mitu sihtkatalooginii nimeviide %s kui ka viidatav fail jäeti muutmata puudub keskkonnamuutuja SHELL, samuti ei ole määratud shelli tüüpiei õnnestu muuta %s omanikku ühtegi failisüsteemi ei töödeldudrohkem faile polekasutajanime polepuudub protsessi IDtüüpi ei saa määrata, kui trükitakse sõnesidkasutajanimi puudub; -l kasutamisel peab olema vähemalt üks kasutajanimimitteporditav sümbol %s faili nimes %spole terminal%s number on liiga suurbaiteridufailiviida ületäitumine %s lugemiseljätan kataloogi %s vahelesõnes2 saab kasutada ainult ühte kordamise konstruktsiooni [c*]lubatud on ainult üks seadelubatud on ainult sama tüüpi loendopen ebaõnnestusavan %svõtit kasutati vales kontekstis -- %cvõtmed `-%s' ei sobi kokku%s omanik säilitati %s omanik säilitati kui %s leht on liiga kitsassäilitan %s õigusedjätan %s ajad muutmatakõikide duplikaat ridade ja korduste arvu ei saa korraga väljastadavahemiku otsad `%s-%s' on tagurpidi järjestusesviga lugemisellugemine ebaõnnestusloen %sloen kataloogi %skirje on liiga suurtavaline tühi failtavaline fail%s eemaldatud kustutatud kataloog: %s kustutan kataloogi, %stöö-oleksemaforeraldaja ei või olla tühisean %s lipudsean %s õigusisean faili %s aegujagatud mälu objektskip-bytes + read-bytes on liiga suurjätan %s vahele, kuna asub teisel seadmeljätan %s vahele, kuna see asendati kopeerimise ajalsokkelstandard veavoogstandardsisendstandardsisend suletistandardväljundstat ebaõnnestusjuhuslik sümbol välja määrangussõnede võrdlus ebaõnnestussõnede teisendamine ebaõnnestuseraldamata ridade blokeerimine omab mõtet ainult väljadega töötamise puhulnimeviidesüntaksi vigatabulaatori suurus ei saa olla 0tabulaatori suurus sisaldab vigast sümbolit: %stabulaatori suurused peavad olema kasvavadtabulaatori peatus on liiga suur %stabulaatori peatus on liiga suurtabulaatorid on liiga kaugelantud siht, %s, ei ole kataloogkataloogi installeerimisel ei saa sihtkataloogi määrataterm=test ja/või [võtmed --binary ja --text ei oma kontrollsummade kontrollimisel mõtetvõtit --status on mõtet kasutada ainult kontrollsummade kontrollimiselvõtit --warn on mõtet kasutada ainult kontrollsummade kontrollimisel[c*] konstruktsioon võib olla sõne2 sees ainult tõlkimiselkordamise konstruktsiooni [c*] ei saa kasutada sõnes1eraldaja peab olema üks sümbolinimesele loetava ja programmile loetava väljundi seaded on üksteist välistavadvõtmed dircolor sisemise andmebaasi väljastamiseks ja shelli süntaksi valimiseks on üksteist välistavadaja seadmise ja väljastamise võtmeid ei saa koos kasutadaväljastatava ajaformaadi võtmed on üksteist välistavadkataloogi installeerimisel ei saa kasutada võtit stripaeg %s on piirkonnast väljassufiksis on liiga palju %% teisenduse määranguidhulgas on liiga palju sümboleidliiga palju korduvaid ridukokkutüübitud mälu objektei õnnestu registreerida jooksvat töökataloogitundmatu binaarne operaatortundmatu kasutaja-ID: %sarusaamatu väärtus keskkonnamuutuja LS_COLORS jaokstundmatu operand %stundmatu prefiks: %sselle ettevaatusabinõu blokeerimiseks kasutage --no-preserve-rootkasutajat %s ei olekasutan piiratud käsuinterpretaatorit %shoiatus: %s: ignoreerin sümbolkonstandile järgnevaid sümboleidhoiatus: --pid=PID ei ole selles süsteemis toetatudhoiatus: --retry on kasutatav ainult failide jälgimisel nime põhjalhoiatus: PID ignoreeritakse; --pid=PID on kasulik ainult failide jälgimiselhoiatus: `touch %s' on aegunud; kasutage `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'hoiatus: langkriips vormingu lõpushoiatus: ei saa minna kataloogi %shoiatus: ei saa kustutada: %shoiatus: standardsisendi lõpmatu jälgimine ei toimihoiatus: ignoreerin liigseid argumente, alustan argumendist %shoiatus: vigane laius %lu; kasutan selle asemel %dhoiatus: rea number %s on sama, kui eelneva rea numberhoiatus: lähtefail %s on esitatur enam kui korrahoiatus: summeerimine on konfliktne võtmega --max-depth=%luhoiatus: summeerimine on sama, kui kasutada --max-depth=0hoiatus: segast kaheksand paojada \%c%c%c interpreteeritakse 2-baidise järjendina \0%c%c, %choiatus: tundmatu jada `\%c'hoiatus: kasutan lseek funktsiooni tuuma vea tõttu alternatiivset meetodit, fail (%s) mt_type=0x%0lx -- tüüpide nimekirja leiate veider failkui hulka1 ei lühendata, peab sõne2 olema mittetühikui failide nimesid loetakse standardsisendist, pole failide nimed %s lubatudkui määrate väljundi moodi, siis ei saa seadme moodi seadakui tõlkida kasutades täiendatud sümbolklasse, peab sõne2 seostama kõik doomeni sümbolid ühe sümboligatõlkimisel saab sõne2 sees kasutada sümbolklassidena ainult klasse `upper' ja `lower'ei loo viidet %s kataloogile %sei kirjuta üle just loodud faili %s failiga %svõtme --parents kasutamisel peab sihtkoht olema kataloogviga kirjutamiselviga %s kirjutamiselkirjutamine ebaõnnestuskirjutan %skirjutan faili %speate määrama baitide, sümbolite või väljade loendiPRIuMAX%+% records in %+% records out % truncated record % truncated records % byte (%s) copied% bytes (%s) copiedoffset too large: cannot truncate to a length of seek=% (%lu-byte) blocks%s: %: improperly formatted %s checksum lineWARNING: % of % listed file could not be readWARNING: % of % listed files could not be readWARNING: % of % computed checksum did NOT matchWARNING: % of % computed checksums did NOT matchstarting page number % exceeds page count %Page %%+% kirjet sisse %+% kirjet välja % lühendatud kirje % lühendatud kirjet % bait (%s) kopeeritud% baiti (%s) kopeeritudindeks on liiga suur: ei õnnestu lühendada pikkuseni seek=% (%lu-baiti) blokki%s: %: vigaselt vormindatud %s kontrollsumma ridaHOIATUS: % (%) näidatud faili ei saanud lugedaHOIATUS: % (%) näidatud faili ei saanud lugedaHOIATUS: % (%) arvutatud kontrollsumma EI klappinudHOIATUS: % (%) arvutatud kontrollsumma EI klappinudalguslege number % ületab lehekülgede arvu %Lehekülg %07070100009200000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001600000000reloc/share/locale/eu07070100009201000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000002200000000reloc/share/locale/eu/LC_MESSAGES07070100009202000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00008223000000660000000300000000000000000000002f00000000reloc/share/locale/eu/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.moT_& & & && &,&5,'b' ''%' ''' ( !( ,(9( >( J( T(^(g(p( v( ((( ((0(")+);)X)p))))%))* *4*S*h*y******* +!+7+J+g++++"++ ,(!,J,],l,&,, , ,,,, -- -,-C-G- ]-)k----- ---.. (. 2.<. D. O. \.3h. .:... / //)/ ./ 9/C/J/Y/l/?/////// 0000 ?0 K0 W0d0 u0000000 0I0 1!121L1]1 l1 z1 111111111 1 1 2 2 2*2 12 ?2 I2V2 [2@g22222 2 2 3 3*"3M3U3e3m3~33 33 33 3$33&464 E4S4 h4,s4&4 4'405 A5)b55)5'5'5(#6L6?`6&666#|77&77"8T%8z8"8+8Y8~B9*99^ : i:F:':':`!;!;!; ;';< $<.<3<9<H<;_<3</<+<'+=#S=w====== ===>-> D>P>c>>>>>>>?.?D?`?~??????@@0@K@d@ u@@@@@@@&@A(ALSLZLiLxLL LLLLL L L LMMM:MRMeMkMsMMM.MM0M-N DN ON[N nN {N N/NNmPoPIQ9fQ Q-Q@QR!9R[R'vR R&RR RRR S S S#S ,S 6S @S JS!VSxS${SS9S ST'T ETfT,}T!T#T=T.UGUeU$UUU'UVV3VNV,hVV VVVW!W=WTWqW"WWW(WX'X>X-QXX X XXXXXYY!$YFYJY hY+vYYYYY Z Z%Z+Z:Z XZbZrZ {ZZ ZGZ Z6Z*[9[ I[ V[c[s[ y[ [ [[[[L[\.\ =\K\ \\j\ |\ \\ \ \ \\ \\ ]]#] *] 7] D]XP] ]]]]] ^ ^ "^.^4^:^?^U^f^j^}^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^_ _C_[_o___ _ _ _ _1_`` `)`=`U` m` y````+``6`a(a9aRa9aa,a*a8a9,b%fb0b&b6b2c.Nc.}ccPc2dHdcd);e%ee.e(e2emf#f,f4f` gkg5g'1hqYh*hZh.Qi0ii'7j*_j-j*j jk kkk&k?>k1~k.k*k% l!0lRlqllllllll%lm3mDm\mym mm mmn+nCn[n"{n#nnno!o@o]oyoooooo p+p"Dp$gpp3pppq2qOqfq~qqqq qq rr/rGrfrrrrrr s#s=s#]ss"s ssss t.t&Dtktttt#ttt"u$6u#[u u'u!u(uv5v"Nvqvvv$vvv wA*w&lwwww wwx).xXxrxxxxxxyy3yGy%]y%yyyy$y$z(}{I!P#>[V oKZA-ch<v%mw ?s=,om!\y;/FDUj/ql)Sn;MZviNIEQHX7OG|+4,y -a, --all same as -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot time of last system boot -d, --dead print dead processes -H, --heading print line of column headings # users=%lu Report %s bugs to %s ??? --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit Size Used Avail Use% Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Size Used Avail Use% %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% %H:%M%P %s-blocks Used Available Capacity (backup: %s) ??:???? Mounted on TTY context=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu groups= old %b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu user%lu users%s%s exists but is not a directory%s home page: <%s> %s home page: %s is not a valid positive integer%s is too large%s%s argument `%s' too large%s: %s: match not found%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: binary operator expected%s: cannot find name for user ID %lu %s: end of file%s: expected a numeric value%s: failed to close%s: failed to open for writing%s: failed to remove%s: fcntl failed%s: file has negative size%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: fstat failed%s: input file is output file%s: invalid PID%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of passes%s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: lseek failed%s: new permissions are %s, not %s%s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: overwrite %s? %s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove all arguments recursively? %s: remove all arguments? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s: seek failed%s: write error'')' expected')' expected, found %s(C), load average: %.2f, %g s, %s/s -R --dereference requires either -H or -L-R -h requires -P-ef does not accept -l-nt does not accept -l-ot does not accept -l??? ?????Arnold RobbinsBad value for ai_flagsBrian FoxBus errorCOMMENTChet RameyChild exitedColin PlumbCompare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. ContinuedCreate the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDirectory: Dmitry V. LevinEXITEric BlakeF. PinardFAILEDFIXME: unknownFilesystem Filesystem TypeGeneral help using GNU software: Giuseppe ScrivanoH. Peter AnvinIDLEIan Lance TaylorIdleIn real life: Infinity BInvalid regular expressionJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfKilledLINELOGINLoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnMemory allocation failureMemory exhaustedMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNAMENameOKOrdering options: Other options: PIDPackaged by %s Packaged by %s (%s) Padraig BradyPassword:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlan: Power failureProject: Q. Frank XiaQuitRandy SmithRepeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Richard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonRussell CokerScott BartramScott MillerSet LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Shell: Simon JosefssonStoppedStopped (signal)Stopped (tty input)Stopped (tty output)Stuart KempSuccessSystem errorTIMETerminatedThe strings compared were %s and %s.Torbjorn GranlundTry `%s --help' for more information. Ulrich DrepperUnknown errorUnknown system errorUsage: %s Usage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s OPTION... FILE... Usage: %s [-WIDTH] [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPERAND]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] NEWROOT [COMMAND [ARG]...] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... CONTEXT FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-l RANGE] [-t TYPE] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] or: %s -e [OPTION]... [ARG]... or: %s -i LO-HI [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [PREFIX]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [TEMPLATE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Valid arguments are:Warning: WhenWhereWindow changedWritten by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. ^[nN]^[yY]`accessing %sai_family not supportedai_socktype not supportedambiguous argument %s for %sappending output to %sbackup typeblock special filebyte offset %s is too largecannot access %scannot backup %scannot change ownership of %scannot change permissions of %scannot change to directory %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create special file %scannot determine hostnamecannot do ioctl on %scannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot open %s for writingcannot open directory %scannot remove %scannot run %scannot set datecannot set group idcannot set groupscannot set name to %scannot set user idcannot stat %scannot stat current directory (now %s)cannot touch %scannot un-backup %scannot unlink %scannot watch %schanging group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %scharacter offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special fileclock changeclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing directory %sclosing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputcouldn't execute %scouldn't execute %s -dcouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %screating hard link %screating hard link %s => %screating hard link to %.0s%screating symbolic link %screating symbolic link %s -> %sdirectoryempty %s not allowedempty file nameempty taberror closing fileerror reading %serror reading inotify eventerror waiting for commanderror writing %sexit=extra argument %sfailed to chdir to %sfailed to clone %sfailed to open %sfailed to redirect standard errorfailed to run command %sfailed to set additional groupsfailed to set group-IDfailed to set user-IDfailed to stat %sfdatasync failed for %sfifofile system type %s both selected and excludedfsync failed for %sfts_close failedfts_read failedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sid=ignoring all argumentsignoring inputignoring input and redirecting stderr to stdoutignoring non-option argumentsincorrect passwordinput disappearedinput line is too longinvalid %s%s argument `%s'invalid adjustment %sinvalid argument %sinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid context: %sinvalid date %sinvalid date format %sinvalid device %s %sinvalid device type %sinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid group list %sinvalid group: %sinvalid inputinvalid integer %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid mode %sinvalid mode: %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number of bytesinvalid number of columns: %sinvalid number of linesinvalid option -- %cinvalid suffix in %s%s argument `%s'invalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)last=maximum --%s argument with current rlimit is %smemory exhaustedmessage queuemissing `]'missing argument after %smissing argument to %smultiple -l or -t options specifiedmultiple levelrangesmultiple output files specifiedmultiple rolesmultiple typesmultiple usersno file systems processedno files remainingno input from %snot a ttynumber in %s is too largenumber of bytesnumber of linesopen failedopening %soptions `-%s' are incompatibleread errorread failedreading %sreading directory %srecord too largeredirecting stderr to stdoutregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removing directory, %srun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptyset LC_ALL='C' to work around the problemsetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstderrstdinstdoutstring comparison failedsymbolic linksyntax errorsystem bootterm=time %s is out of rangetoo few X's in template %stoo many repeated linestoo many templatestotaluid=%luunknown binary operatorunknown user-ID: %sunrecognized prefix: %sup %ld day %2d:%02d, up %ld days %2d:%02d, up ???? days ??:??, use --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeuser %s does not existweird filewrite errorwrite error for %swrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify -c, -t, -u, -l, -r, or contextProject-Id-Version: coreutils-8.3 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2010-01-08 12:38+0100 Last-Translator: Mikel Olasagasti Uranga Language-Team: Basque MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1); -a, --all -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u aukeren berdina -b, --boot sistemaren abioaren azken data -d, --dead inprimatu hildako prozesuak -H, --heading inprimatu zutabe buruen lerroak # Erabiltzaile kopurua=%lu %s-(r)en rograma-erroreen berri emateko idatzi %s-(e)ri ??? --help mezu hau erakutsi eta irten --version bertsioari buruzko informazioa atera eta irten Tamai Erab Libre Era% Inodoak IErabil ILibre IErab% Tamai Erab Libre Era% %4s-bloke Erabil. Eskurag. Erab%% %H:%M%P %s-bloke Erab Eskuragar Edukiera (babeskopia: %s) ??:???? Non muntatua TTY kontestua=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu taldeak= zaharra %Y %b %e%b %e %H:%Merabiltzaile %lu%lu erabiltzaile%s%s badago baina ez da direktorio bat%s-(r)en orri nagusia: <%s> %s-(r)en orri nagusia: %s ez da zenbaki positibo zuzena%s luzeegia da%s%s argumentua `%s' luzeegia%s: %s: ez da parekiderik topatu%s: %s:%s: desordena: %s: HUTS egin du irekitzeak edo irakurtzeak %s: Ez dago alako erabiltzailerik%s: operatzaile binarioa espero zen%s: ezin da izenik aurkitu %lu IDa duen erabiltzailearentzat %s: fixategiaren amaiera%s: zenbaki balioa espero zen%s: huts egin da itxitzean%s: huts egin da idazteko irekitzean%s: huts egin da ezabatzen%s: fnctl-ek huts egin du%s: fitxategiak luzeera negatiboa dauka%s: fitxategi luzeegia%s fitxategia luzeegia da%s: fitxategia trunkatu da%s: fstat-ek huts egin du%s: sarrera fitxategia irteera fitxategia da%s: baliogabeko PIDa%s; fitxategi tamaina baliogabea%s: fitxategi moeta baliogabea%s: baliogabeko zenbakia%s: baliogabeko pausu kopurua%s: '%c' aukera baliogabea %s: baliogabeko eredua%s: baliogabeko prozesu id-a%s: lseek-ek huts egin du%s: baimen bereziak %s dira, ez %s%s: '%s' aukera anbiguoa da %s: '-W %s' aukera anbiguoa da %s: '%c' aukerak argumentu bat behar du %s: %s gainidatzi?%s: irakurketa errorea%s: %s %s ezabatu?%s: ezabatu argumentu guztiak errekurtsiboki?%s: ezabatu argumentu guztiak?%s: kenduta%s: kentzen%s: %s-(e)ra izena aldatu da%s: %s ordezkatu?%s: seek-ek huts egin du%s: idazketa errorea'')' espero zen')' espero zen, eta %s aurkitu da(C), karga batez bestekoa: %.2f, %g s, %s/s -R --dereference aukerak -H edo -L behar du-R -h aukerak -P behar du-ef aukerak ez du -l onartzen-nt aukerak ez du -l onartzen-ot aukerak ez du -l onartzen??? ?????Arnold RobbinsBalio okerrak ai_flags-entzatBrian FoxBus-eko erroreaAZALPENAChet RameySemea amaitutaColin PlumbOrdenatutako 1FITXATEGIA eta 2FITXATEGIA alderatzen ditu lerroz lerro. JarraituaSortu DIREKTORIOA(k) dagoeneko ez badira existitzen. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDirektorioa:Dmitry V. LevinIRTENEric BlakeF. PinardHUTS EGIN DAFIXME: unknownFitxategi-sistemaFitx-sist. MoetaGNU softwarearen erabilera laguntza orokorra: Giuseppe ScrivanoH. Peter AnvinAlfer-denboraIan Lance Tayloralfer-denboraEgiazko bizitzan:Infinity BBaliogabeko espresio erregularraJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfErailaLERROASAIO HASIERASaio-hasieraSaio izena:Beharrezkoak diren argumentuak aukera luzeetan, beharrezkoak dira aukera txikietan ere. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnHuts egin da memoria esleitzenMemoria agortutaMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerIZENAIzenaongiAukerak ordenatzen: Beste aukerak: PID%s-(e)k paketatua %s-(e)k (%s) paketatua Padraig BradyPasahitza:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlana: Argindarra arazoaProiektua: Q. Frank XiaIrtenRandy SmithErrepikatu lerro berri batean espezifikatutako KATEA(k), edo `y'. Richard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonRussell CokerScott BartramScott MillerEzarri LC_ALL='C' arazo hau une batez konpontzekoShell-a:Simon JosefssonGeldituaGelditua (seinalea)Geldituta (tty sarrera)Geldituta (tty irteera)Stuart KempArrakastaSistemaren erroreaORDUAAmaituaAlderatutako bi kateak %s eta %s izan dira.Torbjorn GranlundSaiatu `%s --help' erabiltzen informazio gehiagorako. Ulrich DrepperErrore ezezagunaSistema-errore ezezagunaErabilera: %s Erabilera: %s KOMANDOA [ARGUMENTUA]... edo: %s AUKERA Erabilera: %s ADIERAZPENA edo: %s AUKERA Erabilera: %s FITXATEGIA edo: %s AUKERA Erabilera: %s 1FITXATEGIA 2FITXATEGIA edo: %s AUKERA Erabilera: %s FORMATUA [ARGUMENTUA]... edo: %s AUKERA Erabilera: %s IZENA edo: %s AUKERA Erabilera: %s IZENA [ATZIZKIA] edo: %s AUKERA Erabilera: %s AUKERA... FITXATEGIA... Erabilera: %s [-ZABALERA] [AUKERA]... [FITXATEGIA]... Erabilera: %s [FITXATEGIA]... edo: %s [AUKERA] Erabilera: %s [ZENBAKIA]... edo: %s AUKERA Erabilera: %s [ERAGIGAI]... edo: %s AUKERA Erabilera: %s [AUKERA] Erabilera: %s [AUKERA] ERRO-BERRIA [KOMANDOA [ARGUMENTUA]...] edo: %s AUKERA Erabilera: %s [AUKERA] [KOMANDOA [ARGUMENTUA]...] Erabilera: %s [AUKERA]... Erabilera: %s [AUKERA]... TESTUINGURU FITXATEGIA... edo: %s [AUKERA]... [-u ERABILTZAILEA] [-r ROLA] [-l MULTZOA] [-t MOETA] FITXATEGIA... edo: %s [AUKERA]... --reference=ERREFERENTZI-FITXATEGIA FITXATEGIA... Erabilera: %s [AUKERA]... DIREKTORIOA... Erabilera: %s [AUKERA]... FITXATEGIA Erabilera: %s [AUKERA]... FITXATEGI EREDUA... Erabilera: %s [AUKERA]... FITXATEGIA... Erabilera: %s [AUKERA]... 1FITXATEGIA 2FITXATEGIA Erabilera: %s [AUKERA]... TALDE FITXATEGIA... edo: %s [AUKERA]... -- reference=R-FITXATEGIA FITXATEGIA... Erabilera: %s [AUKERA]... IZENA... Erabilera: %s [AUKERA]... MULTZO1 [MULTZO2] Erabilera: %s [AUKERA]... [FITXATEGIA | ARG1 ARG2 ] Erabilera: %s [AUKERA]... [+FORMATUA] edo: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Erabilera: %s [AUKERA]... [-T] ITURRIA HELBURUA edo: %s [AUKERA]... ITURRIA... DIREKTORIOA edo: %s [AUKERA]... -t DIREKTORIOA ITURRIA... Erabilera: %s[AUKERA]... [-][ERABILTZAILEA [ARG]...] Erabilera: %s [AUKERA]... [FITXATEGIA] Erabilera: %s [AUKERA]... [FITXATEGIA] edo: %s -e [AUKERA]... [ARGUMENTUA]... edo: %s -i LO-HI [AUKERA]... Erabilera: %s [AUKERA]... [FITXATEGIA]... Erabilera: %s [AUKERA]... [FITXATEGIA]... edo: %s [AUKERA]... --files0-from=FITXATEGIA Erabilera: %s [AUKERA]... [SARRERA [IRTEERA]] Erabilera: %s [AUKERA]... [SARRERA [AURRIZKIA]] Erabilera: %s [AUKERA]... [JABEA][:[TALDEA]] FITXATEGIA... edo: %s [AUKERA]... -- reference=ERREFERENTZI-FITXATEGIA FITXATEGIA... Erabilera: %s [AUKERA]... [TXANTILOIA] Erabilera: %s [AUKERA]... [ERABILTZAILEA] Erabilera: %s [AUKERA]... [ERABILTZAILEA]... Erabilera: %s [KATEA]... or: %s AUKERA Baliozko argumentuak hauek dira:Abisua:NoizNonLeihoa aldatu da%s-k eta %s-k idatzia. %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s,·eta beste batzuk idatzia. %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s,%s, eta %s-k idatzia. %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, eta %s-k idatzia. %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, eta %s-k idatzia. %s, %s, %s, %s, %s eta %s-k idatzia. %s, %s, %s, %s eta %s-k idatzia. %s, %s, %s, eta %s-k idatzia. %s, %s eta %s-k idatzia. %s-k idatzia. ^[eE]^[bB]`%s-(r)a sartzenai_family-k ez du euskarririkai_socktype-k ez du euskarririk%s argumentu anbiguoa da %s-(r)entzatirteera %s-ri eranstenbabeskopia moetabloke fitxategi berezia%s byte offset-a luzeegia daezin da %s-ra sartuezin da %s-(r)en babeskopia eginezin da aldatu %s-(r)en jabegoaezin da %s-(r)en baimenak aldatuezin da %s direktoriora aldatuezin da %s direktorioa sortuezin da %s fifo-a sortuezin da %s esteka sortuezin da %s esteka sortu %s-(r)aezin da %s fitxategi berezia sortuezin izan da ostalari-izena zehaztuezin zaio %s-(e)ri ioctil eginezin zaio `fstat' egin %s-(e)riezin da uneko direktorioa lortuezin da sistemaren izena lortuezin zaio `lseek' egin %s-riezin da %s direktorioa eginezin izan da %s %s-(r)a mugituezin da %s ireki idazketarakoezin da %s direktorioa irekiezin da %s kenduezin da %s exekutatuezin da data ezarriezin da taldearen id-a ezarriezin dira taldeak ezarriezin izan da izena %s-(e)ra ezarriezin da erabiltzailearen id-a ezarriezin da `stat' egin %s-(r)enganezin da 'stat' egin uneko direktorioan (unekoa %s)ezin zaio %s-(e)ri touch eginezin da %s babeskopia kenduezin da %s esteka kenduezin zaio %s-(r)i watch egin%s-ren taldea aldatzen%s-ren jabetza aldatzen%s-ren baimenak aldatzenoffset karakterea zero dakarakterea barrutitik kanporakaraktere fitxategi bereziaordu aldaketaitxierak huts egin du%s itxitzen%s itxitzen (fd=%d)%s direktorioa itxitzen%s sarrera fitxategia itxitzen%s irteera fitxategia itxitzensarrera estandarra itxitzenezin izan da %s exekutatuezin izan da %s -d exekutatuezin izan da abio ordua lortu%s direktorioa sortua%s direktorioa sortzen%s esteka trinkoa sortzen%s => %s esteka trinkoa sortzen%.0s%s-(e)ra esteka trinkoa sortzen%s esteka sinbolikoa sortzen%s -> %s esteka sinbolikoa sortzendirektorioa%s hutsa ez da onartzenfitxategi izena hutsiktabulazioa hutsaerrorea fitxategia itxitzerakoanerrorea %s irakurtzenerrorea inotify gertakariak irakurtzenerrorea komandoari itxarotenerrorea %s idaztenirten=argumentu gehigarria: %shuts egin da %s-(r)i `chdir' egitenhuts egin da %s klonatzenhuts egin da %s irekitzenstderr berbideratzeak huts egin duhuts egin da %s komandoa exekutatzenhuts egin da talde gehiago ezartzenhuts egin da talde-id-a ezartzenhuts egin da erabiltzaile-id-a ezartzenhuts egin da %s-(r) `stat' egiten`fdatasync'-ek huts egin du %s-(r)entzatfifo%s fitxategi-sistema moeta aukeratuta eta eskludituta%s-(r)entzat fsync-ek huts egin dufts_close-ek huts egin du`fts_read'-ek huts egin dugetpass: ezin da /dev/tty ireki%s-(r)en atributo berriak irakurtzenid=argumentu guztiak ignoratzensarrerari ezikusiarena egitensarrerari ezikusiarena egiten eta stderr stdout-era berbideratzenaukera ez diren argumentuak baztertzenpasahitza ez da zuzenasarrera desagertu dasarrera lerroa luzeegia dabaliogabeko %s%s argumentua `%s'%s baliogabeko aldaketabaliogabeko argumentua: %s%s baliogabeko argumentua da %s-(r)entzatbaliogabeko kontestua: %s %s baliogabeko data%s baliogabeko data formatua%s %s baliogabeko gailua%s baliogabeko gailua motabaliogabeko taldeabaliogabea taldea %sbaliogabea talde zerrenda %sbaliogabea taldea: %sbaliogabeko sarrerabaliogabeko %s osokoa%s baliogabeko `major' gailu zenbakia%s baliogabeko `minor' gailu zenbakia%s baliogabeko moduabaliogabea modua: %s`,' ondoren zenbaki baliogabeabaliogabeko zenbakia `-'-ren ondorenbaliogabeko zenbakia `.'-ren ondorenbyte kopuru okerrabaliogabeko zutabe kopurua: %slerro kopuru okerrabaliogabeko aukera -- %cbaliogabeko atzizkia %s%s argumentua `%s'baliogabeko erabiltzailea%s baliogabeko erabiltzaileabaliogabeko zabalera: %sarriskutsua da errekurtsiboki erabiltzea %s-n (%s-(r)en berdinaazkena=uneko rlimit-arekin gehienezko --%s argumentu kopurua %s da memoria agortutaBidali ilara`]' falta daargumentua falta da %s-(r)en ondorenargumentua falta da %s-(r)entzat-l edo -t aukera anitz espezifikatu diramaila anitzirteera fitxategi anitz espezifikatu dirarol anitzmota anitzerabiltzaile anitzez da fitxategi sistemarik prozesatuez da fitxategirik geratzenez dago sarrearik %s-(e)tikez da tty batzenbakia %s-(e)-n luzeegia dabyte kopurualerro kopuruairekitzeak huts egin du%s irekitzen`-%s' aukerak ez dira bateragarriakirakurketa erroreairakurtzeak huts egin du%s irakurtzen%s direktorioa irakurtzenerregistroa luzeegia dastderr stdout-era berbideratzenfitxategi erregular hutsaEspresio erregularra%s ezabatua direktorioa kentzen, %sabio-mailasemaforoabereizlea-k ezin du hutsunea izanezarri LC_ALL='C' arazo hau une batez konpontzeko%s-(r)en baimenak ezartzen%s-(r)en datak ezartzenmemoria partekatuaren objektuasocket-aerrore estandarrasarrera estandarrasarrera estandarra itxita dagoirteera estandarra`stat'-ek huts egin dustderrstdinstdoutkate konparaketak huts egin duesteka sinbolikoasintasi erroreasistemaren abioaterminala=%s ordua barrutitik kanpora dagoX gutxitxo %s txantiloianerrepikatutako lerro gehiegitxantiloi gehiegiguztirauid=%luoperatzaile binario ezezagunaerabiltzile-ID ezezaguna: %saurrizki ezezaguna: %spiztuta egun %ld %2d:%02d,piztuta %ld egun %2d:%02d,piztuta ???? egun ??:??, erabili --no-preserve-root segurtasun neurri hau ekiditeko%s erabiltzaileak ez du existitzenfitxategi arraroaidazketa erroreaidazketa errorea %s-(r)entzatidazketak huts egin du%s idazten%s-ra idazten-c, -t, -u, -l, -r edo kontestua adierazi behar 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EXPRESSION EXPRESSION is false EXPRESSION1 -a EXPRESSION2 both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true EXPRESSION1 -o EXPRESSION2 either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true -a, --all same as -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot time of last system boot -d, --dead print dead processes -H, --heading print line of column headings -b FILE FILE exists and is block special -c FILE FILE exists and is character special -d FILE FILE exists and is a directory -e FILE FILE exists -l produce long format output for the specified USERs -b omit the user's home directory and shell in long format -h omit the user's project file in long format -p omit the user's plan file in long format -s do short format output, this is the default ARG1 * ARG2 arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 is less than ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 is equal to ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 is unequal to ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2 FILE1 -ef FILE2 FILE1 and FILE2 have the same device and inode numbers FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2 FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 is older than FILE2 INTEGER copy up to but not including specified line number /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copy up to but not including a matching line %REGEXP%[OFFSET] skip to, but not including a matching line {INTEGER} repeat the previous pattern specified number of times {*} repeat the previous pattern as many times as possible A line OFFSET is a required `+' or `-' followed by a positive integer. INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING length of STRING b create a block (buffered) special file c, u create a character (unbuffered) special file p create a FIFO # users=%lu A lightweight `finger' program; print user information. The utmp file will be %s. A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment. A mere - implies -l. If USER not given, assume root. As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. BLOCKS and BYTES may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Each CONV symbol may be: Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. Both MAJOR and MINOR must be specified when TYPE is b, c, or u, and they must be omitted when TYPE is p. If MAJOR or MINOR begins with 0x or 0X, it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal; otherwise, as decimal. TYPE may be: By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: Combination settings: * [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase cbreak same as -icanon -cbreak same as icanon Control settings: [-]clocal disable modem control signals [-]cread allow input to be received * [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8] Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Output "stdio". Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Output ".". Examples: %s f - g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. %s Copy standard input to standard output. Examples: %s staff /u Change the group of /u to "staff". %s -hR staff /u Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff". Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. If FILE is -, shred standard output. Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified. The default is not to remove the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda, and those files usually should not be removed. When operating on regular files, most people use the --remove option. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual. If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. If a FILE is -, copy again to standard output. If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). Input settings: [-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal [-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline [-]ignbrk ignore break characters [-]igncr ignore carriage return Local settings: [-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings * -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings NOTE: your shell may have its own version of %s, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available. Output settings: * bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1] * crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3] * ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1] * nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1] Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIGNAL may be a signal name like `HUP', or a signal number like `1', or the exit status of a process terminated by a signal. PID is an integer; if negative it identifies a process group. SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). Sending a %s signal to a running `dd' process makes it print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s Options are: Special characters: * dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input) eol CHAR CHAR will end the line The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo', use one of these commands: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Use one, and only one of -b, -c or -f. Each LIST is made up of one range, or many ranges separated by commas. Selected input is written in the same order that it is read, and is written exactly once. With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. With no options, produce three-column output. Column one contains lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2, and column three contains lines common to both files. Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories (note: will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the superuser) -f, --force remove existing destination files --help display this help and exit --lookup attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS -m only hostname and user associated with stdin -p, --process print active processes spawned by init --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST don't preserve the specified attributes --parents use full source file name under DIRECTORY --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix --verbose print a diagnostic just before each output file is opened --version output version information and exit -evenp same as -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7 nl same as -icrnl -onlcr -nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-') [-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty [-]hupcl same as [-]hup [-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input [-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-') [-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors * [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character [-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return [-]inpck enable input parity checking [-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters [-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters [-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters * [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal * [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\' for uppercase characters cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values -cooked same as raw crt same as echoe echoctl echoke dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany ek erase and kill characters to their default values evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N set the input speed to N * line N use line discipline N min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read ospeed N set the output speed to N oddp same as parenb parodd cs7 -oddp same as -parenb cs8 [-]parity same as [-]evenp pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7 raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw same as cooked stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal * swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer * werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed %% a single % %b ARGUMENT as a string with `\' escapes interpreted, except that octal escapes are of the form \0 or \0NNN and all C format specifications ending with one of diouxXfeEgGcs, with ARGUMENTs converted to proper type first. Variable widths are handled. %A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday) %b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan) %B locale's full month name (e.g., January) %c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005) %C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20) %d day of month (e.g, 01) %D date; same as %m/%d/%y %e day of month, space padded; same as %_d %F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d %g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G) %G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V %S second (00..60) %t a tab %T time; same as %H:%M:%S %u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday %U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) %V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53) %w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday %W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53) %h Number of hard links %i Inode number %n File name %N Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link %o I/O block size %s Total size, in bytes %t Major device type in hex %T Minor device type in hex %h same as %b %H hour (00..23) %I hour (01..12) %j day of year (001..366) %i File System ID in hex %l Maximum length of filenames %n File name %s Block size (for faster transfers) %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) %t Type in hex %T Type in human readable form %k hour ( 0..23) %l hour ( 1..12) %m month (01..12) %M minute (00..59) %n a newline %N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) %p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known %P like %p, but lower case %r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM) %R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M %s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u User ID of owner %U User name of owner %x Time of last access %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch %y Time of last modification %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch %z Time of last change %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch %x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99) %X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48) %y last two digits of year (00..99) %Y year %z +hhmm numeric timezone (e.g., -0400) %:z +hh:mm numeric timezone (e.g., -04:00) %::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00) %:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30) %Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT) By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes. + TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like `match' or an operator like `/' ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks -b, --bytes equivalent to `--apparent-size --block-size=1' -c, --total produce a grand total -D, --dereference-args dereference only symlinks that are listed on the command line -D create all leading components of DEST except the last, then copy SOURCE to DEST -g, --group=GROUP set group ownership, instead of process' current group -m, --mode=MODE set permission mode (as in chmod), instead of rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=OWNER set ownership (super-user only) -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links -P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default) -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -S, --separate-dirs do not include size of subdirectories -s, --summarize display only a total for each argument -M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx' -O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives -R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences -T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives -N, --read-bytes=BYTES limit dump to BYTES input bytes -S, --strings[=BYTES] output strings of at least BYTES graphic chars -t, --format=TYPE select output format or formats -v, --output-duplicates do not use * to mark line suppression -w, --width[=BYTES] output BYTES bytes per output line --traditional accept arguments in traditional form -P, --portability use the POSIX output format --sync invoke sync before getting usage info -t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE -T, --print-type print file system type -x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE -v (ignored) -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create the links -T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file -v, --verbose print name of each linked file -T, -w, --mesg add user's message status as +, - or ? -u, --users list users logged in --message same as -T --writable same as -T -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword -b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting -g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields -i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE -o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -a, --all include dummy file systems -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks --total produce a grand total -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories --apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be larger due to holes in (`sparse') files, internal fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like -a, --suffix-length=N use suffixes of length N (default %d) -b, --bytes=SIZE put SIZE bytes per output file -C, --line-bytes=SIZE put at most SIZE bytes of lines per output file -d, --numeric-suffixes use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic -l, --lines=NUMBER put NUMBER lines per output file -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -b, --bytes=LIST select only these bytes -c, --characters=LIST select only these characters -d, --delimiter=DELIM use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -f omit the line of column headings in short format -w omit the user's full name in short format -i omit the user's full name and remote host in short format -q omit the user's full name, remote host and idle time in short format -f same as -t fF, select floats -i same as -t dI, select decimal ints -l same as -t dL, select decimal longs -o same as -t o2, select octal 2-byte units -s same as -t d2, select decimal 2-byte units -x same as -t x2, select hexadecimal 2-byte units -f, --fields=LIST select only these fields; also print any line that contains no delimiter character, unless the -s option is specified -n (ignored) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --reference=RFILE use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values -R, --recursive change files and directories recursively -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's owner and group rather than specifying OWNER:GROUP values -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -g like -l, but do not list owner -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) -i, --initial do not convert tabs after non blanks -t, --tabs=NUMBER have tabs NUMBER characters apart, not 8 -i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage -k like --block-size=1K -l, --local limit listing to local file systems --no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -l, --link link files instead of copying -L, --dereference always follow symbolic links in SOURCE -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o like -l, but do not list group information -p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories -q, --count all login names and number of users logged on -r, --runlevel print current runlevel -s, --short print only name, line, and time (default) -t, --time print last system clock change -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -r, --reference=FILE display the last modification time of FILE -R, --rfc-2822 output date and time in RFC 2822 format. Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --references first field of each line is a reference -t, --typeset-mode - not implemented - -w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL specify the name or number of the signal to be sent -l, --list list signal names, or convert signal names to/from numbers -t, --table print a table of signal information -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -t, --tagged-paragraph indentation of first line different from second -u, --uniform-spacing one space between words, two after sentences -w, --width=WIDTH maximum line width (default of 75 columns) -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system -v, --kernel-version print the kernel version -m, --machine print the machine hardware name -p, --processor print the processor type or "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform print the hardware platform or "unknown" -o, --operating-system print the operating system -w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline lcase change upper case to lower case d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% %H:%M%P %s-blocks Used Available Capacity (backup: %s) * [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c') [-]echo echo input characters * [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho [-]echoe same as [-]crterase [-]echok echo a newline after a kill character * [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill [-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters * [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\' and '/' [-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters [-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters * [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase * [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character [-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters [-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control [-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence) [-]tandem same as [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded * [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline * [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters * [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays * [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase * [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline * [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return * [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column [-]opost postprocess output * tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3] * tabs same as tab0 * -tabs same as tab3 * vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1] * eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line * lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal * rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it * rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows * size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel speed print the terminal speed time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second ??:???? Mounted on TTY egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu groups= old on repetition %s % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu user%lu users%s%s (for regexp %s)%s -> %s (unbackup) %s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has appeared; following end of new file%s has become accessible%s has become inaccessible%s has been replaced with an untailable file; giving up on this name%s has been replaced; following end of new file%s has unknown file type%s is not a valid positive integer%s is too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s: line number out of range%s: %s: match not found%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: binary operator expected%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot change nonblocking mode%s: cannot find name for user ID %lu %s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot lseek back to original position%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot rewind%s: cannot seek to end-relative offset %s%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: cannot seek to relative offset %s%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: couldn't reset non-blocking mode%s: descend into directory %s? %s: descend into write-protected directory %s? %s: end of file%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: error truncating%s: error writing at offset %s%s: expected a numeric value%s: failed to close%s: failed to open for writing%s: failed to remove%s: fcntl failed%s: fdatasync failed%s: file has negative size%s: file has shrunk too much%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: fstat failed%s: fsync failed%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input contains an odd number of tokens%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid count at start of %s%s: invalid directive%s: invalid field specification %s%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of passes%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: lseek failed%s: multiple signals specified%s: new permissions are %s, not %s%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: no size information for this device%s: number of bytes is too large%s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s: seek failed%s: too many checksum lines%s: try to overwrite %s, overriding mode %04lo (%s)? %s: unable to determine maximum file name length%s: unable to perform all requested operations%s: unary operator expected%s: value not completely converted%s: write error%s:%lu: invalid line; missing second token%s:%lu: invalid zero-length file name%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}''(C)* file systems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS version 3 clients * compressed file systems * log-structured or journaled file systems, such as those supplied with AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.) * file systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes fail, such as RAID-based file systems * file systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server , load average: %.2f, %g s, %s/s -R --dereference requires either -H or -L-R -h requires -P-ef does not accept -l-nt does not accept -l-ot does not accept -l??? All arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. Arnold RobbinsBrian FoxCAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important assumption: that the file system overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern file system designs do not satisfy this assumption. The following are examples of file systems on which shred is not effective, or is not guaranteed to be effective in all file system modes: COMMENTCall the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1. Call the unlink function to remove the specified FILE. Change the group of each FILE to GROUP. With --reference, change the group of each FILE to that of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Chet RameyColin PlumbCompare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output. -A, --show-all equivalent to -vET -b, --number-nonblank number nonempty output lines -e equivalent to -vE -E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line -n, --number number all output lines -s, --squeeze-blank suppress repeated empty output lines Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. -a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDirectory: Display file or file system status. -L, --dereference follow links -f, --file-system display file system status instead of file status Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date. -d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not `now' -f, --file=DATEFILE like --date once for each line of DATEFILE Dmitry V. LevinEXITEach range is one of: N N'th byte, character or field, counted from 1 N- from N'th byte, character or field, to end of line N-M from N'th to M'th (included) byte, character or field -M from first to M'th (included) byte, character or field With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Echo the STRING(s) to standard output. -n do not output the trailing newline Exit with the status determined by EXPRESSION. F. PinardFAILEDFIXME: unknownFifos do not have major and minor device numbers.Filesystem Filesystem TypeFor each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by whitespace. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input. -a FILENUM print unpairable lines coming from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2 -e EMPTY replace missing input fields with EMPTY Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block. H. Peter AnvinIDLEIan Lance TaylorIdleIf FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. In real life: Invalid character class nameInvalid regular expressionJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfLINELoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnMemory allocation failureMemory exhaustedMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNAMENameName or service not knownNon-recoverable failure in name resolutionOKOrdering options: Output a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. Determine format of output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output defaults Output fixed-size pieces of INPUT to PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ...; default size is 1000 lines, and default PREFIX is `x'. With no INPUT, or when INPUT is -, read standard input. Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. PIDPadraig BradyPaginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Password:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlan: Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print NAME with its trailing /component removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output `.' (meaning the current directory). Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s. -a, --all print all information, in the following order, except omit -p and -i if unknown: -s, --kernel-name print the kernel name -n, --nodename print the network node hostname -r, --kernel-release print the kernel release Print information about users who are currently logged in. Print or change terminal characteristics. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the current time, the length of time the system has been up, the number of users on the system, and the average number of jobs in the run queue over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes.Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. -s, --silent, --quiet print nothing, only return an exit status Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the full filename of the current working directory. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the name of the current user. Project: Q. Frank XiaRandy SmithRename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Richard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonRun COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals. Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerSend signals to processes, or list signals. Set LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Shell: Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default. Simon JosefssonSpecial files require major and minor device numbers.Stuart KempSummarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. System errorTIMETemporary failure in name resolutionThe following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. -H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it -L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered -P do not traverse any symbolic links (default) The strings compared were %s and %s.Torbjorn GranlundTry `%s --help' for more information. Try `%s ./%s' to remove the file %s. Ulrich DrepperUnknown errorUnknown system errorUsage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s OPTION... FILE... Usage: %s OPTION... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-WIDTH] [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NAME] or: %s OPTION Print or set the hostname of the current system. Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPERAND]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... or: %s [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form) or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form) Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Base64 encode or decode FILE, or standard input, to standard output. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] or: %s --traditional [OPTION]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [PREFIX]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [TEMPLATE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [ignored command line arguments] or: %s OPTION Valid arguments are:WARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s Warning: WhenWhereWrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to standard output. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``-%c' extra characters or invalid number in the argument: %s`--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argument`-N NUMBER' invalid starting line number: %s`-W PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %s`-l PAGE_LENGTH' invalid number of lines: %s`-o MARGIN' invalid line offset: %s`-w PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %sa command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sambiguous argument %s for %san input delimiter may be specified only when operating on fieldsbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileblock special files not supportedboth files cannot be standard inputbyte offset %s is too largecannot access %scannot backup %scannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change ownership of %scannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot chdir to root directorycannot combine --target-directory and --no-target-directorycannot combine -e and -i optionscannot combine signal with -l or -tcannot compare file names %s and %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot determine device and inode of %scannot determine hostnamecannot do ioctl on %scannot find name for group ID %lucannot find name for user ID %lucannot follow %s by namecannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open %s for writingcannot open directory %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot read directory %scannot read file system information for %scannot read realtime clockcannot read symbolic link %scannot read table of mounted file systemscannot remove %scannot reposition file pointer for %scannot set datecannot set group idcannot set groupscannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot set name to %scannot set time stamps for %scannot set user idcannot skip past end of combined inputcannot specify times from more than one sourcecannot split in more than one waycannot stat %scannot stat current directory (now %s)cannot touch %scannot un-backup %scannot unlink %schanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %scharacter offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special filecharacter special files not supportedclock changeclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputcouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %screating file %s creating hard link %screating hard link %s => %screating hard link to %.0s%screating symbolic link %screating symbolic link %s -> %sdirectorydivision by zerodup2 failedempty file nameempty taberror closing fileerror in regular expression searcherror reading %serror writing %sexit=extra argument %sextra operand %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to chdir to %sfailed to get attributes of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to open %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to redirect standard errorfailed to remove directory %sfailed to return to initial working directoryfailed to set the copy of stderr to close on execfflush failedfield number %s is too largefield number is zerofifofile system type %s both selected and excludedfork system call failedformat string may not be specified when printing equal width stringsfts_read failedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %signoring non-option argumentsincompatible join fields %lu, %luincompatible tabsincorrect passwordinput disappearedinput line is too longinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid argument %sinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid body numbering style: %sinvalid byte or field listinvalid character class %sinvalid conversioninvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid date %sinvalid date format %sinvalid device %s %sinvalid device type %sinvalid field number: %sinvalid field specifier: %sinvalid field width: %sinvalid file number in field spec: %sinvalid floating point argument: %sinvalid footer numbering style: %sinvalid format precisioninvalid format widthinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid group: %sinvalid header numbering style: %sinvalid integer %sinvalid integer argument %sinvalid line number field width: %sinvalid line number increment: %sinvalid line numbering format: %sinvalid line width: %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid maximum depth %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid modeinvalid mode %sinvalid mode: %sinvalid number %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of blank lines: %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of columns: %sinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid number of lines: 0invalid option -- %cinvalid option -- %c; -WIDTH is recognized only when it is the first option; use -w N insteadinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid precision: %sinvalid repeat count %s in [c*n] constructinvalid starting line number: %sinvalid tab size: %sinvalid time interval %sinvalid time style format %sinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte floating point typeinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte integral typeinvalid universal character name \%c%0*xinvalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sinvalid zero-length file nameit is dangerous to operate recursively on %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)last=line count option -%s%c... is too largeline number %s is smaller than preceding line number, %sline number overflowmemory exhaustedmessage queuemisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing `]'missing argument after %smissing argument to %smissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing file operandmissing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operandmissing operand after %smode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multi-character tab %smultiple -l or -t options specifiedmultiple output files specifiedmultiple output formats specifiedneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno change to ownership of %s no files remainingno login nameno process ID specifiedno type may be specified when dumping stringsno username specified; at least one must be specified when using -lnot a ttynumber of bytesnumber of linesomitting directory %sonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one device may be specifiedonly one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %sownership of %s retained ownership of %s retained as %s page width too narrowpreserving permissions for %spreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedreading %sregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %srun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptyset LC_ALL='C' to work around the problemsetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectskip-bytes + read-bytes is too largeskipping %s, since it's on a different deviceskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstray character in field specstring comparison failedsuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errortab size cannot be 0tab size contains invalid character(s): %stab sizes must be ascendingtab stop is too large %starget %s is not a directorytarget directory not allowed when installing a directoryterm=the --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the argument %s lacks a leading `+'; when using an option to specify date(s), any non-option argument must be a format string beginning with `+'the delimiter must be a single characterthe options for verbose and stty-readable output styles are mutually exclusivethe options to output dircolors' internal database and to select a shell syntax are mutually exclusivethe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivethe strip option may not be used when installing a directorytime %s is out of rangetoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtotaltyped memory objectuid=%luunknown binary operatorunknown user-ID: %sunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableunrecognized operand %sunrecognized prefix: %sup %ld day %2d:%02d, up %ld days %2d:%02d, up ???? days ??:??, use --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeuser %s does not existusing restricted shell %swaiting for stripwarning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredwarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: `touch %s' is obsolete; use `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'warning: backslash at end of formatwarning: cannot change directory to %swarning: cannot remove: %swarning: following standard input indefinitely is ineffectivewarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: line number %s is the same as preceding line numberwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: summarizing conflicts with --max-depth=%luwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0warning: unrecognized escape `\%c'warning: working around lseek kernel bug for file (%s) of mt_type=0x%0lx -- see for the list of typesweird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'will not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swrite errorwrite error for %swrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsProject-Id-Version: coreutils 7.0 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2008-12-07 03:45+0200 Last-Translator: Lauri Nurmi Language-Team: Finnish MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1); ( LAUSEKE ) LAUSEKE on tosi ! LAUSEKE LAUSEKE on epätosi LAUSEKE1 -a LAUSEKE2 sekä LAUSEKE1 että LAUSEKE2 ovat tosia LAUSEKE1 -o LAUSEKE2 joko LAUSEKE1 tai LAUSEKE2 on tosi -a, --all sama kuin -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot viimeisimmän käynnistyksen aika -d, --dead näytä kuolleet prosessit -H, --heading näytä otsikkorivi -b TIEDOSTO TIEDOSTO on olemassa ja on lohkolaitetiedosto -c TIEDOSTO TIEDOSTO on olemassa ja on merkkilaitetiedosto -d TIEDOSTO TIEDOSTO on olemassa ja on hakemisto -e TIEDOSTO TIEDOSTO on olemassa -l tuota pitkän mallin tuloste annetuille TUNNUKSILLE -b älä näytä kotihakemistoa ja kuorta pitkässä mallissa -h älä näytä project-tiedostoa pitkässä mallissa -p älä näytä plan-tiedostoa pitkässä mallissa -s lyhyen mallin tuloste, tämä on oletus ARG1 * ARG2 aritmeettinen tulo ARG1 kerrottuna ARG2:lla ARG1 / ARG2 aritmeettinen osamäärä ARG1 jaettuna ARG2:lla ARG1 % ARG2 aritmeettinen jakojäännös ARG1 jaettuna ARG2:lla ARG1 + ARG2 ARG1:n ja ARG2:n aritmeettinen summa ARG1 - ARG2 ARG1:n ja ARG2:n aritmeettinen erotus ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 on pienempi kuin ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 on pienempi tai yhtäsuuri kuin ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 on yhtäsuuri kuin ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 on erisuuri kuin ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 on suurempi tai yhtäsuuri kuin ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 on suurempi kuin ARG2 TIEDOSTO1 -ef TIEDOSTO2 tiedostoilla on sama laite ja sama inode-numero TIEDOSTO1 -nt TIEDOSTO2 TIEDOSTO1 on uudempi (muokkauspäiväys) kuin TIEDOSTO2 TIEDOSTO1 -ot TIEDOSTO2 TIEDOSTO1 on vanhempi kuin TIEDOSTO2 KOKONAISLUKU kopioi annettuun riviin asti (mutta ei kyseistä riviä) /SÄÄNNLAUS/[SIIRT] kopioi täsmäävään riviin asti (mutta ei kyseistä riviä) %SÄÄNNLAUS%[SIIRT] siirry täsmäävälle riville {KOKONAISLUKU} toista edellistä hahmoa annettu määrä kertoja {*} toista edellistä hahmoa mahdollisimman monta kertaa RiviSIIRTymä on positiivinen kokonaisluku, jonka edessä on joko ”+” tai ”-”. KOK.LUKU1 -eq KOK.LUKU2 KOK.LUKU1 on yhtäsuuri kuin KOK.LUKU2 KOK.LUKU1 -ge KOK.LUKU2 KOK.LUKU1 on suurempi tai yhtäsuuri kuin KOK.LUKU2 KOK.LUKU1 -gt KOK.LUKU2 KOK.LUKU1 on suurempi kuin KOK.LUKU2 KOK.LUKU1 -le KOK.LUKU2 KOK.LUKU1 on pienempi tai yhtäsuuri kuin KOK.LUKU2 KOK.LUKU1 -lt KOK.LUKU2 KOK.LUKU1 on pienempi kuin KOK.LUKU2 KOK.LUKU1 -ne KOK.LUKU2 KOK.LUKU1 on erisuuri kuin KOK.LUKU2 MERKKIJONO : SÄÄNNLAUS ankkuroitu SÄÄNNLAUSeen mallihaku MERKKIJONOsta match MERKKIJONO SÄÄNNLAUS sama kuin MERKKIJONO : SÄÄNNLAUS substr MERKKIJONO SIJA PITUUS MERKKIJONOn osajono, SIJA 1:stä alkaen index MERKKIJONO MERKIT MERKKIJONOn kohta missä jokin MERKEISTÄ on tai 0 length MERKKIJONO MERKKIJONOn pituus b luo lohkoerikoistiedosto (puskuroitu) c, u luo merkkierikoistiedosto (puskuroimaton) p luo FIFO-putki # käyttäjiä=%lu Kevyt ”finger”-ohjelma; näyttää käyttäjätietoja. utmp-tiedostona %s. Pelkkä ”-” tekee saman kuin -i. Ilman KOMENTOa tulostetaan seurauksena saatava ympäristö. Pelkkä - tekee saman kuin -l. Jos TUNNUSta ei ole annettu, sen oletetaan olevan root. Erikoistapaus: cp tekee varmuuskopion LÄHTEestä, jos force- ja backup- valitsimet on annettu, ja LÄHDE ja KOHDE ovat sama nimi olemassaolevalle tavalliselle tiedostolle. LOHKOT- ja TAVUT-arvoihin voidaan liittää perään seuraavat kertoimet: c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000², M =1024², xM =M GB =1000³, G =1024³, ja niin edelleen kertoimet T, P, E, Z, Y. Kukin MUUNNOS voi olla: Huomaa, että monet operaattorit täytyy suojata kuorilta. Vertailut ovat numeerisille argumenteille aritmeettisia, muille sanakirjamaisia. Mallihaut palauttavat merkkien \( ja \) väliin täsmäävän merkkijonon tai tyhjän. Merkkien \( ja \) puuttuessa palautuu täsmäävien merkkien määrä tai 0. Sekä MAJOR- että MINOR-arvo on annettava, jos TYYPPI on b, c tai u, ja ne on jätettävä antamatta, jos tyyppi on p. Jos MAJOR tai MINOR alkaa merkeillä 0x tai 0X, se tulkitaan heksadesimaaliluvuksi; jos numerolla 0, oktaaliluvuksi; muussa tapauksessa kymmenkantaiseksi luvuksi. TYYPPI voi olla: Oletuksena valitaan -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. MM ovat kaksi rajoitinmerkkiä, jotka erottavat kaksi loogista sivua; toisen merkin puuttuminen tulkitaan kuin :. Kenoviiva \ saadaan aikaan kirjoittamalla \\. TYYLI on yksi seuraavista: Yhdistelyasetukset: * [-]LCASE sama kuin [-]lcase cbreak sama kuin -icanon -cbreak sama kuin icanon Ohjausasetukset: [-]clocal poista modeemin ohjaussignaalit käytöstä [-]cread salli syötteen vastaanotto * [-]crtscts ota RTS/CTS-kättely käyttöön csN aseta merkkikooksi N bittiä, N välillä [5..8] Esimerkkejä: %s /usr/bin/sort Tuloste: ”sort”. %s include/stdio.h .h Tuloste: ”stdio”. Esimerkkejä: %s /usr/bin/sort Tuloste: ”/usr/bin”. %s stdio.h Tuloste: ”.”. Esimerkkejä: %s f - g Tulosta f:n sisältö, sitten vakiosyöte, sitten g:n sisältö. %s Kopioi vakiosyötteestä vakiotulosteeseen. Esimerkkejä: %s hlokunta /u Vaihda /u:n ryhmäksi ”hlokunta”. %s -hR hlokunta /u Vaihda /u:n ja alitiedostojen ryhmäksi ”hlokunta”. Käsittele vakiosyötteeseen liitettyä tty:tä. Ilman argumentteja tulostaa nopeuden baudeina, rivikurin ja poikkeamat stty sane'istä. Asetuksissa MERKKI annetaan sellaisenaan tai koodattuna, esim. ^c, 0x37, 0177 tai 127; erikoisarvoja ”^-” ja ”undef” käytetään kun halutaan erikoismerkit pois käytöstä. Jos TIEDOSTO on ”-”, silputaan vakiosyötteeseen. Jos valitsin --remove (-u) on annettu, TIEDOSTO(t) poistetaan. Tiedostoja ei poisteta oletuksena, koska usein käsitellään laitetiedostoja, kuten /dev/hda, joita ei ole tarkoitus poistaa. Valitsinta --remove käytetään yleensä käsiteltäessä tavallisia tiedostoja. %s on oletusTIEDOSTO. %s TIEDOSTOna on yleinen. Jos ARG1 ja ARG2 annetaan, -m on oletetaan: ”am i” tai ”mom likes” ovat tavallisia. Jos TIEDOSTO on annettu, sitä lukemalla selvitetään, mitä värejä käytetään millekin tiedostotyypille ja -tunnisteelle. Muussa tapauksessa käytetään esikäsiteltyä tietokantaa. Näiden tiedostojen muodosta saa tietoa suorittamalla komennon ”dircolors --print-database”. Jos TIEDOSTO on -, kopioidaan vakiotulosteeseen. Jos komentoa ei anneta, ajetaan ”${SHELL} -i” (oletus: /bin/sh). Syöteasetukset: [-]brkint katkokset aiheuttavat keskeytyssignaalin [-]icrnl muunna vaununpalautus rivinvaihdoksi [-]ignbrk jätä katkosmerkit huomiotta [-]igncr jätä vaununpalautus huomiotta Paikalliset asetukset: [-]crterase toista erase-merkit näin: askelpalautin-välilyönti-askelpalautin * crtkill hävitä koko rivi totellen echoprt- ja echoe-asetuksia * -crtkill hävitä koko rivi totellen echoctl- ja echok-asetuksia HUOM: käytössä oleva kuori saattaa sisältää oman %s-versionsa, joka yleensä korvaa korvaa tässä kuvatun version. Kuoren tukemista ominaisuuksista saa lisää tietoa kuoren dokumentaatiosta. Valinnainen ”-” ennen ASETUSta tarkoittaa vastakohtaa. Ei-POSIX-asetukset on merkitty *:lla. Käytettävissä olevat asetukset riippuvat alustasta. Tulosteasetukset: * bsN askelpalauttimen viivetyyli, N välillä [0..1] * crN vaununpalautuksen viivetyyli, N välillä [0..3] * ffN arkinsyötön viivetyyli, N välillä [0..1] * nlN rivinvaihdon viivetyyli, N välillä [0..1] Tulosta LAUSEKKEen arvo vakiotulosteeseen. Tyhjä rivi alla erottaa kasvavat laskujärjestysryhmät. LAUSEKE voi olla: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 jos se ei ole tyhjä eikä 0, muutoin ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 jos kumpikaan ei ole tyhjä eikä 0, muutoin 0 Lue vakiosyötettä jos TIEDOSTO on -. Kukin HAHMO voi olla: JOUKOTt ovat merkkijonoja. Useimmat merkit edustavat itseään. Tulkittavat sarjat ovat: \NNN merkki, jonka oktaaliarvo on NNN (1–3 oktaalinumeroa) \\ kenoviiva \a merkkiääni (BEL) \b askelpalautin \f paperinsyöttö \n rivinvaihto \r palautus \t vaakasarkain SIGNAALI voi olla signaalin nimi kuten ”HUP”, tai signaalin numero kuten ”1”, tai signaalin päättämän prosessin paluuarvo. PID on kokonaisluku; negatiivisena se yksilöi prosessiryhmän. KOKO on luku. Jos tyyppi on d, o, u tai x, KOKO voi olla myös C: sizeof(char, S: sizeof(short), I: sizeof(int) tai L: sizeof(long). Jos TYYPPI on f, KOKO voi myös olla F: sizeof(float), D: sizeof(double) tai L: sizeof(long double). %s-signaalin saadessaan ajossa oleva ”dd”-ohjelma tulostaa I/O-tilastot vakiovirhetulosteeseen ja jatkaa sitten kopiointia. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 tietuetta sisään 18335302+0 tietuetta ulos 9387674624 tavua (9,4 GB) kopioitu 34,6279 sekunnissa, 271 MB/s Valitsimet ovat: Erikoismerkit: * dsusp MERKKI MERKKI lähettää terminaalin pysäytyssignaalin eof MERKKI MERKKI lähettää tiedostonlopetuksen (syöte päättyy) eol MERKKI MERKKI päättää rivin Varmuuskopion jälkiliite on ”~”, ellei sitä ole asetettu valitsimella --suffix tai muuttujalla SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. Versionhallintamenetelmän voi valita --backup-valitsimella tai muuttujalla VERSION_CONTROL. Arvot ovat seuraavat: Summien laskutapa on kuvattu dokumentissa %s. Tarkistettaessa syötteen tulisi olla tämän ohjelman aikaisempaa tulostetta. Oletustilassa tulostuu rivi, jolla on tarkistussumma, tyyppiä ilmaiseva merkki (”*” = binääri, ” ” = teksti), ja TIEDoston nimi. Tiedoston, jonka nimi alkaa merkillä ”-”, esim. ”-foo”, voi poistaa seuraavilla komennoilla: %s -- -foo tai %s ./-foo Käytä tasan yhtä valitsimista -b, -c ja -f. Kukin LUETTELO koostuu yhdestä välistä tai useasta pilkuin erotetusta välistä. Valittu syöte kirjoitetaan lukujärjestyksessa, täsmälleen kerran. Jos TIEDOSTOA ei ole annettu, tai se on ”-”, luetaan vakiosyötettä. Oletus on ”-F /”. Jos TIEDOSTOa ei ole annettu, tai se on ”-”, luetaan vakiosyötettä. Ilman valitsimia tuotetaan kolmen sarakkeen tuloste. Sarake yksi sisältää ainoastaan TIEDOSTO1:ssä esiintyvät rivit, sarake kaksi ainoastaan TIEDOSTO2:ssa esiintyvät rivit, ja sarake kolme molemmissa esiintyvät rivit. Ilman VALITSIMIA tulostetaan jokin sovelias kokoelma tunnistettua tietoa. Kirjoita yksiselitteinen esitys TIEDOSTOsta vakiotulosteeseen, oletuksena oktaalitavuina. Jos TIEDOSTO-argumentteja annetaan useampi, niistä luetut syötteet yhdistetään samassa järjestyksessä. Jos TIEDOSTOa ei ole annettu, tai se on ”-”, luetaan vakiosyötettä. --backup[=MENETELMÄ] varmuuskopioi jokainen olemassaoleva kohdetiedosto -b kuten --backup, mutta ei hyväksy parametria -d, -F, --directory salli pääkäyttäjän yrittää hakemistojen kovalinkitystä (huom: todennäköisesti epäonnistuu järjestelmän rajoitusten vuoksi myös pääkäyttäjältä) -f, --force poista olemassaolevat kohdetiedostot --help näytä tämä ohje ja poistu --lookup yritä selvittää palvelinnimet DNS:n avulla -m vain koneen nimi ja vakiosyötteeseen liittyvä tunnus -p, --process näytä aktiiviset prosessit, jotka init on käynnistänyt --no-preserve-root älä kohtele juurta (”/”) erityisesti (oletus) --preserve-root estä rekursiivinen toiminta juuressa (”/”) --no-preserve-root älä kohtele juurta (”/”) erityisesti (oletus) --preserve-root estä rekursiivinen toiminta juuressa (”/”) --no-preserve=OMIN.LUETT älä säilytä annettuja ominaisuuksia --parents lisää lähdepolku HAKEMISTOon --strip-trailing-slashes poista /-merkit jokaisen LÄHDEargumentin perästä -S, --suffix=JÄLKILIITE korvaa tavanomainen varmuuskopioiden jälkiliite --verbose näytä ilmoitus juuri ennen kunkin tulostiedoston avaamista --version tulosta versiotiedot ja poistu -evenp sama kuin -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase sama kuin xcase iuclc olcuc litout sama kuin -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout sama kuin parenb istrip opost cs7 nl sama kuin -icrnl -onlcr -nl sama kuin icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb käytä kahta pysäytysbittiä per merkki (”-”:lla yksi) [-]hup lähetä sulkusignaali kun viimeinen prosessi sulkee tty:n [-]hupcl kuten [-]hup [-]parenb luo pariteettibitti tulosteeseen ja oleta pariteettibitti syötteessä [-]parodd aseta pariton pariteetti (myös ”-”:lla) [-]ignpar jätä pariteettivirheelliset merkit huomiotta * [-]imaxbel piippaa ja älä tyhjennä täyttä syötepuskuria merkille [-]inlcr muunna rivinvaihto vaununpalautukseksi [-]inpck ota syötteen pariteettitarkistus käyttöön [-]istrip poista ylin (8:s) bitti syötteen merkeistä [-]isig ota interrupt-, quit- ja suspend-erikoismerkit käyttöön [-]noflsh poista käytöstä interrupt- ja quit-erikoismerkkien jälkeinen puskurintyhjennys * [-]prterase sama kuin [-]echoprt * [-]tostop pysäytä tausta-ajot, jotka yrittävät kirjoittaa päätteelle * [-]xcase kun myös icanon, piilota isot kirjaimet ”\” -merkillä cooked sama kuin brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof ja eol -merkit oletusarvoihinsa -cooked sama kuin raw crt sama kuin echoe echoctl echoke dec sama kuin echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq sama kuin [-]ixany ek erase ja kill -merkit oletusarvoihinsa evenp sama kuin parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N aseta syötenopeudeksi N * line N käytä rivikuria N min N kun myös -icanon, aseta valmiin luvun merkkiminimiksi N ospeed N aseta tulostenopeudeksi N oddp sama kuin parenb parodd cs7 -oddp sama kuin -parenb cs8 [-]parity sama kuin [-]evenp pass8 sama kuin -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 sama kuin parenb istrip cs7 raw sama kuin -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw sama kuin cooked stop MERKKI MERKKI pysäyttää tulosteen susp MERKKI MERKKI lähettää pysäytyssignaalin * swtch MERKKI MERKKI vaihtaa toiselle kuoren tasolle * werase MERKKI MERKKI pyyhkii viimeisimmän kirjoitetun sanan %% yksittäinen %-merkki %b ARGUMENTTI merkkijonona, ”\”-merkityt suojaukset tulkittuina, paitsi oktaalisuojaukset ovat muotoa \0 tai \0NNN sekä kaikki merkkeihin diouxXfeEgGcs päättyvät C-kielen muotoilumääritykset, ARGUMENTIT ensin oikean tyyppisiksi muunnettuina. Muuttuvat leveydet huomioidaan. %A maa-asetuksen pitkä viikonpäivän nimi (esim. sunnuntai) %b maa-asetuksen lyhennetty kuukauden nimi (esim. tammi ) [huonoa suomea] %B maa-asetuksen pitkä kuukauden nimi (esim. tammikuu) %c maa-asetuksen päivämäärä ja aika (esim. la 3. maaliskuuta 2005 23:05:25) %C vuosisata; kuten %Y, mutta ilman kahta viimeistä numeroa (esim. 20) %d kuukauden päivä (esim. 01) %D päivämäärä amerikkalaisessa muodossa; sama kuin %m/%d/%y %e kuukauden päivä, välilyöntitäyttö; sama kuin %_d %F pitkä päivämäärä; sama kuin %Y-%m-%d %g ISO-viikkonumeron vuoden kaksi viimeistä numeroa (ks. %G) %G ISO-viikkonumeron vuosi (ks. %V); käytetään yleensä vain %V:n kanssa %S sekunti (00–60) %t sarkain %T aika; sama kuin %H:%M:%S %u viikonpäivä (1–7); 1 on maanantai %U viikon numero, sunnuntai viikon ensimmäinen päivä (00–53) %V viikon numero (ISO), maanantai viikon ensimmäinen päivä (01–53) %w viikonpäivä (0–6); 0 on sunnuntai %W viikon numero, maanantai viikon ensimmäinen päivä (00–53) %h Kovien linkkien määrä %i I-solmunumero %n Tiedostonimi %N Tiedostonimi lainausmerkeissä, linkin seuraaminen jos symbolinen linkki %o IO-lohkokoko %s Tiedoston koko tavuina %t Major-laitetyyppi heksadesimaalimuodossa %T Minor-laitetyyppi heksadesimaalimuodossa %h sama kuin %b %H tunti (00-23) %I tunti (01-12) %j vuoden päivä (001-366) %i Tiedostojärjestelmän ID heksadesimaalilukuna %l Tiedostonimien enimmäispituus %n Tiedoston nimi %s Lohkon koko (käytetään nopeampiin siirtoihin) %S Lohkon peruskoko (käytetään lohkomääriin) %t Tyyppi heksadesimaalilukuna %T Tyyppi helppolukuisessa muodossa %k tunti ( 0-23) %l tunti ( 1-12) %m kuukausi (01-12) %M minuutti (00-59) %n rivinvaihto %N nanosekunnit (000000000-999999999) %p maa-asetuksen AM/PM-merkintä; tyhjä jos tuntematon %P kuten %p, mutta pienillä kirjaimilla %r maa-asetuksen 12-tuntinen kellonaika (esim. 11:11:04) %R 24-tuntinen tunti ja minuutti; sama kuin %H:%M %s sekuntimäärä ajanhetkestä 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u Omistajan käyttäjä-ID %U Omistajan käyttäjätunnus %x Viimeisen käytön ajankohta %X Viimeisen käytön ajankohta sekunteina epookista %y Viimeisen sisällönmuutoksen ajankohta %Y Viimeisen sisällönmuutoksen ajankohta sekunteina epookista %z Viimeisen ominaisuusmuutoksen ajankohta %Z Viimeisen ominaisuusmuutoksen ajankohta sekunteina vuoden epookista %x maa-asetuksen päivämääräesitys (esim. 31.12.1999) %X maa-asetuksen aikaesitys (esim. 23:13:48) %y vuosiluvun kaksi viimeistä numeroa (00­–99) %Y vuosiluku %z numeerinen aikavyöhyke +hhmm (esim. +0200) %:z numeerinen aikavyöhyke +hh:mm (esim. +02:00) %::z numeerinen aikavyöhyke +hh:mm:ss (esim. +02:00:00) %:::z numeerinen aikavyöhyke tarvittavalla tarkkuudella (esim. +02, +05:30) %Z aikavyöhykkeen kirjainlyhenne (esim. EET) Kentät täytetään normaalisti etunollilla. + JONO tulkitse JONO kuten merkkijono, vaikka se olisi avainsana kuten ”match” tai operaattori kuten ”/” ( LAUSEKE ) LAUSEKKEen arvo -A, --address-radix=KANTA päätä miten tiedostosiirtymät tulostetaan -j, --skip-bytes=MÄÄRÄ ohita aluksi MÄÄRÄ syötetavua -B, --block-size=KOKO käytä KOKO-tavuisia lohkoja -b, --bytes sama kuin ”--apparent-size --block-size=1” -c, --total näytä myös kokonaismäärä -D, --dereference-args laske mukaan vain komentorivillä annettujen symlinkkien kohteiden koot -D luo kaikki KOHTEen (puuttuvat) ylähakemistot viimeistä lukuun ottamatta, kopioi sitten LÄHDE KOHTEeseen -g, --group=RYHMÄ aseta ryhmä -- muuten käytetään prosessin nykyistä ryhmää -m, --mode=OIKEUDET aseta oikeudet (kuten chmodissa) -- muuten rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=OMISTAJA aseta omistajuus (vain pääkäyttäjä) -D, --date-format=MUOTO käytä MUOTOa otsakkeen päiväyksessä -e[MERKKI[LEVEYS]], --expand-tabs[=MERKKI[LEVEYS]] laajenna syöteMERKIT (sarkaimet) sarkainLEVEYTeen (8) -F, -f, --form-feed käytä arkinsyöttöä rivinvaihtojen sijaan sivujen erottamiseen (3-rivisellä sivuotsakkeella valitsimen -F kanssa, tai 5-rivisellä ja otsakkeella ja lopukkeella ilman valitsinta -F) -L, --dereference seuraa kaikkia symbolisia linkkejä -P, --no-dereference älä seuraa mitään symbolisia linkkejä (tämä on oletus) -0, --null päätä jokainen tulosterivi 0-tavuun, ei rivinvaihtoon -S, --separate-dirs älä laske mukaan alihakemistojen kokoa -s, --summarize näytä vain kokonaismäärä jokaiselle argumentille -M, --macro-name=MJONO ”xx”:n sijaan käytettävä makronimi -O, --format=roff tuota tuloste roff-käskyinä -R, --right-side-refs sijoita viitteet oikealle, ei lasketa -w:llä -S, --sentence-regexp=SÄÄNN rivien tai lauseiden lopuille -T, --format=tex tuota tuloste TeX-käskyinä -N, --read-bytes=MÄÄRÄ rajoita vedos MÄÄRÄän syötetavuja -S, --strings[=MÄÄRÄ] tulosta vähintään MÄÄRÄn verran tulostuvia merkkejä sisältävät merkkijonot -t, --format=TYYPPI valitse tulostemuoto tai -muodot -v, --output-duplicates älä käytä *-merkkiä rivien vaientamisen merkitsemiseen -w, --width[=MÄÄRÄ] tulosta MÄÄRÄ tavua kullekin tulosteriville --traditional hyväksy argumentteja perinteisessä muodossa -P, --portability käytä POSIX-tulostemuotoa --sync kutsu synciä ennen tilatietojen selvittämistä -t, --type=TYYPPI rajoita tiedostojärjestelmien listaus tietynTYYPPIsiin -T, --print-type tulosta tiedostojärjestelmän tyyppi -x, --exclude-type=TYYPPI rajoita tiedostojärjestelmien listaus muunTYYPPIsiin -v (ei huomioida) -S, --suffix=JÄLKILIITE kumoa tavanomainen varmuuskopion jälkiliite -t, --target-directory=HAKEMISTO anna HAKEMISTO, jonka alle linkit luodaan -T, --no-target-directory käsittele LINKIN_NIMEÄ tavallisena tiedostona -v, --verbose näytä kunkin linkitetyn tiedoston tiedoston nimi -T, -w, --mesg näytä myös tunnuksen viestitila merkeillä +, - tai ? -u, --users luettele kirjautuneet käyttäjät --message sama kuin -T --writable sama kuin -T -W, --word-regexp=SÄÄNNLAUS käytä SÄÄNNLAUSetta kunkin avainsanan täsmäämiseen -b, --break-file=TIEDOSTO sanankatkaisumerkit tässä TIEDOSTOssa -f, --ignore-case älä huomioi kirjainkokoa -g, --gap-size=MÄÄRÄ tuloskenttien välin koko sarakkeina -i, --ignore-file=TIEDOSTO lue huomioimatta jätettävät sanat TIEDOSTOsta -o, --only-file=TIEDOSTO lue ainoiden sanojen luettelo tästä TIEDOSTOsta -a, --across tulosta rivit palstoitettuna vaaka-, ei pystysuunnassa, käytetään yhdessä valitsimen -PALSTA kanssa -c, --show-control-chars käytä hattumerkintää (^G) ja oktaalista kenoviivamerkintää -d, --double-space tulosta käyttäen kaksinkertaista riviväliä -a, --all näytä myös valetiedostojärjestelmät -B, --block-size=KOKO käytä KOKO-tavuisia lohkoja -h, --human-readable näytä koot helppolukuisessa muodossa (esim. 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si sama kuin edellä, mutta monikerta on 1000, ei 1024 -a, --all näytä koot kaikille tiedostoille, ei vain hakemistoille --apparent-size näytä nimelliset koot levytilan käytön sijaan; vaikka nimelliskoko on yleensä pienempi, se voi olla myös suurempi johtuen (”hajanaisten”) tiedostojen rei’istä, sisäisestä pirstoutumisesta, epäsuorista lohkoista, ym. -a, --suffix-length=N käytä N merkin pituisia jälkiliitteitä (oletus %d) -b, --bytes=KOKO kirjoita KOKO tavua yhteen tulostiedostoon -C, --line-bytes=KOKO kirjoita KOKO tavua rivejä yhteen tulostiedostoon -d, --numeric-suffixes käytä numeerisia jälkiliitteitä kirjaimien sijaan -l, --lines=MÄÄRÄ kirjoita MÄÄRÄ riviä yhteen tulostiedostoon -b, --before liitä erotin tekstin eteen, ei perään -r, --regex tulkitse erotin säännöllisenä lausekkeena -s, --separator=MERKKIJ käytä MERKKIJonoa erottimena rivinvaihdon sijaan -b, --body-numbering=TYYLI käytä TYYLIä rungon rivien numerointiin -d, --section-delimiter=MM käytä MM:ää loogisten sivujen erottamiseen -f, --footer-numbering=TYYLI käytä TYYLIä alatunnisterivien numerointiin -b, --bytes laske tavuja, ei sarakkeita -s, --spaces katkaise välien kohdalta -w, --width=LEVEYS käytä sarakeleveytenä LEVEYttä oletusarvon 80 sijaan -b, --bytes=LUETTELO tulosta vain nämä tavut -c, --characters=LUETTELO tulosta vain nämä merkit -d, --delimiter=RAJOIT käytä RAJOITinta kenttien rajana sarkaimen sijaan -c, --count liitä rivin eteen sen esiintymiskertojen määrä -d, --repeated tulosta vain useaan kertaan esiintyvät rivit -d, --delimiters=LUETTELO käytä uudelleen LUETTELOn merkkejä sarkainten sijaan -s, --serial liitä yksi tiedosto kerrallaan rinnakkaisuuden sijaan -f älä näytä otsakeriviä lyhyessä mallissa -w älä näytä käyttäjän koko nimeä lyhyessä mallissa -i älä näytä käyttäjän koko nimeä ja etäkonetta lyhyessä mallissa -q älä näytä käyttäjän koko nimeä, etäkonetta ja joutenoloaikaa lyhyessä mallissa -f sama kuin -t fF, valitse liukuluvut -i sama kuin -t dI, valitse 10-kantaiset kokonaisluvut -l sama kuin -t dL, valitse 10-kantaiset pitkät kokonaisluvut -o sama kuin -t o2, valitse 8-kantaiset 2:n tavun yksiköt -s sama kuin -t d2, valitse 10-kantaiset 2:n tavun yksiköt -x sama kuin -t x2, valitse 16-kantaiset 2:n tavun yksiköt -f, --fields=LUETTELO tulosta vain nämä kentät; tulosta myös rajoitinta sisältämättömät rivit ellei valitsinta -s ole annettu -n (ei huomioida) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] tulosta lisätty tieto tiedoston kasvaessa; -f, --follow ja --follow=descriptor ovat sama asia -F sama kuin --follow=name --retry -f, --silent, --quiet vaienna useimmat virheilmoitukset -v, --verbose näytä ilmoitus jokaisesta käsitellystä tiedostosta --reference=VTIED käytä VTIEDoston ryhmää annetun RYHMÄ-arvon sijaan -R, --recursive toimi rekursiivisesti -f, --silent, --quiet vaienna useimmat virheilmoitukset --reference=VTIED käytä VTIEDoston omistajaa ja ryhmää OMISTAJA:RYHMÄ-arvojen antamisen sijaan -R, --recursive käsittele tiedostot ja hakemistot rekursiivisesti -v, --verbose näytä ilmoitus jokaisesta käsitellystä tiedostosta -g kuten -l, mutta älä näytä omistajia -h, --no-dereference muuta kutakin symbolista linkkiä, ei minkään linkin kohdetta (käytettävissä vain järjestelmissä, joissa symlinkin omistajuutta voi muuttaa) -i, --initial älä muunna ei-tyhjeen jälkeisiä sarkaimia -t, --tabs=KOKO aseta sarkaimen kooksi KOKO, ei 8 -i, --inodes näytä i-solmutiedot lohkotietojen sijaan -k kuten --block-size=1K -l, --local rajoita listaus paikallisiin tiedostojärjestelmiin --no-sync älä kutsu synciä ennen tilatietojen selvittämistä (oletus) -l käytä pitkää luettelumuotoa -L, --dereference näytettäessä symbolisen linkin tietoja, näytä linkin kohteen tiedot, ei linkin itsensä tietoja -m näytä tiedostonimet pilkuilla erotettuna luettelona -l, --link linkitä tiedostot kopioinnin sijaan -L, --dereference seuraa aina LÄHTEEN symbolisia linkkejä -n, --digits=MÄÄRÄ käytä annettua numeromäärää 2:n sijaan -s, --quiet, --silent älä tulosta tulostiedostojen kokoja -z, --elide-empty-files poista tyhjät tulostiedostot -n, --numeric-uid-gid kuten -l, mutta luettele käyttäjä- ja ryhmä-ID:t numeerisina -N, --literal tulosta nimet sellaisinaan (älä käsittele esim. ohjausmerkkejä) -o kuten -l, mutta älä näytä ryhmätietoja -p, --indicator-style=slash lisää hakemistoihin ilmaisin ”/” -q, --count tunnukset ja kirjautuneena olevien käyttäjien määrä -r, --runlevel näytä voimassa oleva käyttötaso -s, --short näytä vain nimi, yhteys ja aika (oletus) -t, --time näytä viimeisin järjestelmäkellon muutosaika -q, --hide-control-chars tulosta ”?” ei-graafisten merkkien sijaan --show-control-chars näytä ei-graafiset merkit sellaisinaan (on oletus, ellei ohjelma ole ”ls” ja tulostelaitteena pääte) -Q, --quote-name sijoita tiedostonimet lainausmerkkeihin --quoting-style=SANA käytä lainaustapaa SANA tiedostonimille: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent älä koskaan tulosta tiedostonimen sisältäviä otsakkeita -v, --verbose tulosta aina tiedostonimen sisältävät otsakkeet -r, --reference=TIEDOSTO näytä TIEDOSTOn viimeisin muokkausaika -R, --rfc-822 näytä päiväys ja aika RFC-822-muodossa. Esimerkki: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 +0300 -r, --references kunkin rivin ensimmäinen kenttä on viite -t, --typeset-mode - ei ole toteutettu - -w, --width=MÄÄRÄ tulosteleveys sarakkeina, viite poistettuna -s, --only-delimited älä tulosta rajoitinta sisältämättömiä rivejä --output-delimiter=MERKKIJ käytä MERKKIJonoa tulosteen rajoittimena oletus on käyttää syötteen rajoitinta -s, --signal=SIGNAALI, -SIGNAALI anna välitettävän signaalin nimi tai numero -l, --list luettele signaalien nimet tai muunna niitä numeroiksi/niistä numeroita -t, --table tulosta tietoja signaaleista taulukkomuodossa -t sama kuin -vT -T, --show-tabs näytä sarkaimet merkinnällä ^I -u (ei huomioida) -v, --show-nonprinting käytä merkintöjä ^ ja M- muille kuin rivinvaihdolle ja sarkaimelle -t, --tabs=LUETTELO käytä pilkuilla erotettua luetteloa sarkainten kohdista -t, --tagged-paragraph ensimmäisen rivin sisennyksen ero toiseen -u, --uniform-spacing yksi väli sanojen, kaksi lauseiden jälkeen (suomen kielessä käytetään YHTÄ väliä lauseiden jälkeen) -w, --width=LEVEYS enimmäisrivileveys (oletus on 75 saraketta) -u, --update kopioi vain jos LÄHDEtiedosto on uudempi kuin kohde, tai jos kohdetiedosto puuttuu -v, --verbose selitä mitä tapahtuu -x, --one-file-system pysy tässä tiedostojärjestelmässä -v, --kernel-version näytä ytimen versiotiedot -m, --machine näytä laitteiston nimi -p, --processor näytä prosessorin tyyppi tai ”tuntematon” -i, --hardware-platform näytä laitteistoalusta tai ”tuntematon” -o, --operating-system näytä käyttöjärjestelmä -w, --check-chars=N vertaa vain rivien N:ää ensimmäistä merkkiä -z, --zero-terminated päätä rivit 0-tavuun, ei rivinvaihtoon [:graph:] kaikki tulostuvat merkit, pois lukien välilyönti [:lower:] kaikki pienet kirjaimet [:print:] kaikki tulostuvat merkit, mukaan lukien välilyönti [:punct:] kaikki välimerkit [:space:] kaikki vaaka- tai pystysuuntaiset tyhjeet [:upper:] kaikki isot kirjaimet [:xdigit] kaikki 16-järjestelmän numerot [=MERK=] kaikki merkit, jotka ovat yhtäläisiä MERKin kanssa \v pystysarkain MERK1-MERK2 kaikki merkit MERK1:stä MERK2:een nousevassa järjestyksessä [MERK*] JOUKKO2:ssa, MERKin kopioita JOUKKO1:n pituuteen asti [MERK*TOISTO] TOISTO kopiota MERKistä, TOISTO 8-järjestelmässä jos alussa 0 [:alnum:] kaikki kirjaimet ja numerot [:alpha:] kaikki kirjaimet [:blank:] kaikki vaakasuuntaiset tyhjeet [:cntrl:] kaikki ohjausmerkit [:digit:] kaikki numerot ascii EBCDIC -> ASCII ebcdic ASCII -> EBCDIC ibm ASCII -> muutettu EBCDIC block tasaa rivinvaihtoon päättyvät tietueet välilyönneillä cbs-kokoon unblock korvaa välilyönnit cbs-kokoisten tietueiden lopusta rivinvaihdolla lcase muuta isot kirjaimet pieniksi d[KOKO] etumerkillinen kymmenkantainen luku, KOKO tavua/kokonaisluku f[KOKO] liukuluku, KOKO tavua/kokonaisluku o[KOKO] kahdeksankantainen luku, KOKO tavua/kokonaisluku u[KOKO] etumerkitön kymmenkantainen luku, KOKO tavua/kokonaisluku x[KOKO] kuusitoistakantainen luku, KOKO tavua/kokonaisluku none, off älä varmuuskopioi koskaan (vaikka --backup olisi annettu) numbered, t tee numeroituja varmuuskopioita existing, nil numeroituja jos sellaisia on jo olemassa, muuten yksinkertaisia simple, never tee aina yksinkertaisia varmuuskopiota %4s-lohkot Käytetty Vapaana Käy%% %H:%M %s-lohkot Käytetty Vapaana Käytetty (varmuuskopio: %s) * [-]ctlecho toista kontrollimerkit hattumuodossa (`^c') [-]echo toista syötetyt merkit * [-]echoctl sama kuin [-]ctlecho [-]echoe sama kuin [-]crterase [-]echok toista rivinvaihto hävitysmerkin jälkeen * [-]echoke sama kuin [-]crtkill [-]echonl toista rivinvaihto vaikka muita merkkejä ei toistettaisi * [-]echoprt toista pyyhityt merkit takaperin, ”\” ja ”/” -merkkien välissä [-]icanon ota erase, kill, werase, ja rprnt -erikoismerkit käyttöön [-]iexten ota ei-POSIX-erikoismerkit käyttöön * [-]iuclc muunna isot kirjaimet pieniksi * [-]ixany anna minkä tahansa merkin uudelleenkäynnistää tulosteen [-]ixoff ota start/stop -merkkien lähetys käyttöön [-]ixon ota XON/XOFF-vuonohjaus käyttöön [-]parmrk merkitse pariteettivirheet (255-0-merkkisarjalla) [-]tandem kuten [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 oleta syötemerkit UTF-8-koodatuiksi * [-]ocrnl muunna vaununpalautus rivinvaihdoksi * [-]ofdel käytä poistomerkkejä täyttöön tyhjien merkkien sijaan * [-]ofill käytä täyttömerkkejä ajastuksen sijaan viivästyksille * [-]olcuc muunna pienet kirjaimet isoiksi * [-]onlcr muunna rivinvaihto vaununpalautus-rivinvaihdoksi * [-]onlret rivinvaihto suorittaa vaununpalautuksen * [-]onocr ei tulosteta vaununpalautuksia ensimmäiseen sarakkeeseen [-]opost jälkikäsittele tuloste * tabN vaakasarkaimen viivetyyli, N välillä [0..3] * tabs sama kuin tab0 * -tabs sama kuin tab3 * vtN pystysarkaimen viivetyyli, N välillä [0..1] * eol2 MERKKI vaihtoehtoinen MERKKI rivin päättämiseen erase MERKKI MERKKI pyyhkii viimeisimmän kirjoitetun merkin intr MERKKI MERKKI lähettää keskeytyssignaalin kill MERKKI MERKKI pyyhkii käsillä olevan rivin * lnext MERKKI MERKKI syöttää seuraavan merkin lainattuna quit MERKKI MERKKI lähettää lopetussignaalin * rprnt MERKKI MERKKI uudistaa käsillä olevan rivin start MERKKI MERKKI käynnistää tulosteen uudelleen pysäytettyään sen * rows N kerro ytimelle, että päätteellä on N riviä * size näytä ytimeltä saadut rivi- ja sarakemäärät speed näytä päätteen nopeus time N kun myös -icanon, aseta luvun aikarajaksi N kymmenesosasekuntia ??:???? Liitospiste TTY egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu ryhmät=kauan kierroksella %s % 1% muistista, b 1, K 1024 (oletus), sekä M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Jos TIEDostoa ei ole annettu, tai se on ”-”, luetaan vakiosyötettä. *** VAROITUS *** Ympäristön määrittelemä käytössä oleva maa-asetusto vaikuttaa lajittelujärjestykseen. Asettamalla LC_ALL=C otetaan käyttöön perinteinen lajittelujärjestys, joka käyttää tavujen arvoja. %e.%-m.%Y%e.%-m. %H:%M%lu käyttäjä%lu käyttäjää%s%s (säännölliselle lausekkeelle %s)%s -> %s (varmuuskopion palautus) %s ja %s ovat sama tiedosto%s on olemassa, mutta ei ole hakemisto%s on ilmaantunut; seurataan uuden tiedoston loppua%s on nyt käytettävissä%s ei ole enää käytettävissä%s on korvattu seuraamiskelvottamalla tiedostolla; luovutaan tämän tiedoston seuraamisesta%s on korvattu; seurataan uuden tiedoston loppuatiedostolla %s on tuntematon tiedostotyyppi%s ei ole kelvollinen positiivinen kokonaisluku%s on liian suuri%s: %s on liian suuri esitettäväksi%s: %s: rivinumero sallitun välin ulkopuolella%s: %s: täsmäävyyttä ei löydy%s: %s:%s: epäjärjestys: %s: avaaminen tai luku EPÄONNISTUI %s: Käyttäjää ei ole%s: toistomäärässä tarvitaan merkki ”}”%s: odotettiin binääristä operaattoria%s: suhteellisia symbolisia linkkejä voi tehdä vain nykyisessä hakemistossa%s: ei-estävän tilan muuttaminen ei onnistu%s: käyttäjä-ID:tä %lu vastaavaa nimeä ei löydy %s: tämän tyyppisen tiedoston loppua ei voi seurata; luovutaan tämän tiedoston seuraamisesta%s: siirtyminen takaisin alkuperäiseen siirtymään ei onnistu%s: hakemistoa ei voi korvata%s: taaksepäin siirtyminen ei onnistu%s: siirtyminen siirtymään %s suhteessa loppuun ei onnistu%s: siirtyminen kohtaan %s ei onnistu%s: siirtyminen suhteelliseen siirtymään %s ei onnistu%s: vain lisäykseen soveltuvaa tiedostokahvaa ei voi silputa%s: sulkeva rajoitin ”%c” puuttuu%s: ei-estävän tilan uudelleenasetus ei onnistunut%s: edetäänkö hakemistoon %s? %s: edetäänkö kirjoitussuojattuun hakemistoon %s? %s: tiedoston loppu%s: yhtäläisyysluokan operandin on oltava yksittäinen merkki%s: virhe typistettäessä%s: virhe kirjoitettaessa siirtymässä %s%s: odotettiin numeerista arvoa%s: sulkeminen epäonnistui%s: avaaminen kirjoitustilassa epäonnistui%s: poisto epäonnistui%s: fcntl epäonnistui%s: fdatasync epäonnistui%s: tiedoston koko on negatiivinen%s: tiedosto on kutistunut liikaa%s: tiedosto on liian suuri%s: liian pitkä tiedosto%s: tiedosto typistynyt%s: fstat epäonnistui%s: fsync epäonnistui%s: kova linkki ei ole sallittu hakemistolle%s: syöte sisältää silmukan:%s: syöte sisältää parittoman määrän symboleja%s: syötetiedosto on tulostiedosto%s: rajoittimen jälkeen odotetaan kokonaislukua%s: virheellinen PID%s: virheellinen määrä merkkijonon %s alussa%s: säännös ei kelpaa%s: virheellinen kenttämääritys %s%s: virheellinen tiedostokoko%s: virheellinen tiedostotyyppi%s: virheellinen avausten välinen muuttumattomien tilan lukemisten enimmäismäärä%s: virheellinen luku%s: virheellinen tavumäärä%s: virheellinen rivimäärä%s: virheellinen ylikirjoituskertojen määrä%s: virheellinen sekuntimäärä%s: virheellinen hahmo%s: virheellinen prosessi-ID%s: virheellinen säännöllinen lauseke: %s%s: virheellinen signaali%s: virheellinen jälkiliitteen pituus%s: rivinumeron on oltava suurempi kuin nolla%s: rivinumero sallitun välin ulkopuolella%s: lseek epäonnistui%s: useita signaaleja annettu%s: uudet oikeudet ovat %s, ei %s%s: kelvollisesti muotoiltuja %s-tarkistussummarivejä ei löytynyt%s: ei kokotietoja tälle laitteelle%s: tavumäärä on liian suuri%s: korvataanko tiedosto %s? %s: ylikirjoituskerta %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: ylikirjoituskerta %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: ylikirjoituskerta %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: lukuvirhe%s: poistetaanko %s %s? %s: poistetaanko kirjoitussuojattu %s %s? %s: poistettu%s: poistetaan%s: nimettiin uudelleen nimelle %s%s: korvataanko tiedosto %s? %s: siirtyminen epäonnistui%s: liian monta tarkistussummariviä%s: korvataanko tiedosto %s, ohittaen oikeudet %04lo (%s)? %s: tiedostonimen enimmäispituuden selvittäminen epäonnistui%s: kaikkia pyydettyjä toimenpiteitä ei voida suorittaa%s: odotettiin unaarista operaattoria%s: arvoa ei muunnettu kokonaisuudessaan%s: kirjoitusvirhe%s:%lu: virheellinen rivi; toinen symboli puuttuu%s:%lu: virheellinen tyhjä tiedostonimi%s:%lu: tunnistamaton avainsana %s%s}: merkkien ”{” ja ”}” väliin tarvitaan kokonaisluku”©* tiedostojärjestelmät, jotka pitävät välimuistia tilapäisissä paikoissa, esim. NFS:n version 3 asiakkaat * tiivistetyt tiedostojärjestelmät * kirjaavat tiedostojärjestelmät, esim. AIXin ja Solariksen tiedostojärjestelmät (ja JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, jne.) * tiedostojärjestelmät, jotka kirjoittavat ylimääräistä dataa ja jatkavat joidenkin kirjoitustoimintojen epäonnistumisesta huolimatta, esim. RAIDilla olevat tiedostojärjestelmät * tiedostojärjestelmät, jotka tekevät tilannevedoksia, esim. Network Appliancen NFS-palvelin , keskimääräinen kuorma: %.2f %g sekunnissa, %s/s -R --dereference vaatii joko -H:n tai -L:n-R -h vaatii -P:n-ef ei hyväksy -l -lauseketta-nt ei hyväksy -l -lauseketta-ot ei hyväksy -l -lauseketta??? Pitkien valitsinten pakolliset argumentit ovat pakollisia myös lyhyille. Arnold RobbinsBrian FoxVAROITUS: Huomaa, että shred-työkalun toiminta perustuu erittäin tärkeään oletukseen: oletetaan, että tiedostojärjestelmä ylikirjoittaa dataa paikallaan. Tämä on perinteinen tapa, mutta monet nykyaikaiset tiedostojärjestelmät eivät vastaa tätä oletusta. Seuraavassa on esimerkkejä tiedostojärjestelmistä, joilla shred ei ole tehokas, tai ei ole tehokas kaikissa tiedostojärjestelmän toimintatiloissa: KOMMENTTIKutsu linkitysfunktiota linkin TIED2 luomiseksi olemassaolevaan TIED1:een. Kutsu unlink-funktiota annetun TIEDOSTOn poistamiseksi. Muuta kunkin TIEDOSTOn ryhmäksi RYHMÄ. Jos valitsin --reference on annettu, vaihda kunkin TIEDOSTOn ryhmäksi samat kuin VTIEDostolla. -c, --changes kuten monisanaisuus, mutta ilmoitetaan vain tehdyt muutokset --dereference muuta symbolisen linkin kohdetta, ei linkkiä itseään (tämä on oletustoiminta) Vaihda kunkin TIEDOSTOn oikeuksiksi OIKEUDET. -c, --changes kuten monisanaisuus, mutta ilmoita vain tehdyt muutokset Vaihda kunkin TIEDOSTOn omistajaksi ja/tai ryhmäksi OMISTAJA ja/tai RYHMÄ. Jos valitsin --reference on annettu, vaihda kunkin TIEDOSTOn omistajaksi ja ryhmäksi samat kuin VTIEDostolla. -c, --changes kuin monisanaisuus, mutta ilmoita vain tehdyt muutokset --dereference muuta symbolisen linkin kohdetta, ei linkkiä itseään (tämä on oletustoimintatapa) Chet RameyColin PlumbVertaa lajiteltuja tiedostoja TIEDOSTO1 ja TIEDOSTO2 rivi riviltä. Ketjuta TIEDOSTO(t) tai vakiosyöte vakiotulosteeseen. -A, --show-all sama kuin -vET -b, --number-nonblank numeroi epätyhjät tulosterivit -e sama kuin -vE -E, --show-ends näytä ”$”-merkki jokaisen rivin lopussa -n, --number numeroi kaikki tulosterivit -s, --squeeze-blank älä tulosta peräkkäisiä tyhjiä rivejä Muunna kunkin TIEDOSTOn sisältämät sarkaimet välilyönneiksi, kirjoittaen vakiotulosteeseen. Jos TIEDOSTOa ei ole annettu, tai se on ”-”, luetaan vakiosyötettä. Kopioi LÄHDE KOHTEeseen, tai useita LÄHTEitä HAKEMISTOon. Kopioi vakiosyöte jokaiseen TIEDOSTOon sekä vakiotulosteeseen. -a, --append lisää TIEDOSTOjen perään, älä korvaa -i, --ignore-interrupts jätä keskeytyssignaalit huomiotta Luo nimettyjä putkia (FIFOja) annetuilla NIMIllä. Luo HAKEMISTO(t), elleivät ne ole jo olemassa. Luo TYYPIn mukainen erikoistiedosto NIMI. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreHakemisto: Näytä tiedoston tai tiedostojärjestelmän tila. -L, --dereference seuraa linkkejä -f, --file-system näytä tiedostojärjestelmän tila tiedoston tilan sijaan Näytä tämänhetkinen aika annetulla MUOTOILUlla, tai aseta järjestelmän aika. -d, --date=MJONO näytä MJONOn määräämä aika ”now”:n sijaan -f, --file=PVMTIED kuten --date, kerran kullekin PVMTIEDoston riville Dmitry V. LevinPOISVäli on yksi seuraavista: N N:s tavu, merkki tai kenttä, numerointi alkaa 1:stä N- N:nnestä tavusta, merkistä tai kentästä rivin loppuun N-M N:nnestä tavusta, merkistä tai kentästä M:nteen (M ja N mukaan lukien) -M ensimmäisestä tavusta, merkistä tai kentästä M:nteen (M mukaan lukien) Jos TIEDOSTOa ei ole annettu, tai se on ”-”, luetaan vakiosyötettä. Kaiuta MERKKIJONO(t) vakiotulosteeseen. -n älä lisää rivinvaihtoa loppuun Poistu tilakoodilla, jonka LAUSEKE määrittelee. François PinardEI TÄSMÄÄKORJAATÄMÄ: tuntematonFIFO-putkilla ei ole major- ja minor-laitearvoja.TiedostojärjestelmäTied.järj. Tyyppi Jos syöteriviparin liitossarakkeet ovat identtisiä, tulosta rivi vakiotulosteeseen. Oletusliitossarake on ensimmäinen sarake, erotettuna tyhjeellä. Kun joko TIEDOSTO1 tai TIEDOSTO2 on -, luetaan vakiosyötettä. -a TIEDNUM tulosta TIEDNUMerosta tulevat paritta jäävät rivit, missä TIEDNUM on 1 tai 2 (TIEDOSTO1 tai TIEDOSTO2) -e TYHJÄ korvaa puuttuvat syötekentät TYHJÄllä Pakota muuttuneet lohkot levylle, päivitä superlohko. H. Peter AnvinJOUTENIan Lance TaylorJoutenJos TIEDOSTOa ei ole annettu, käytä %s. %s TIEDOSTOna on yleinen. Tosielämässä: Virheellinen merkkiluokan nimiVirheellinen säännöllinen lausekeJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfYHTEYSTunnusTunnus: Pitkien valitsinten pakolliset argumentit ovat pakollisia myös lyhyille. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnMuistinvarausvirheMuisti loppuMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNIMINimiNimi tai palvelu on tuntematonKorjautumaton häiriö nimenselvityksessäOKLajitteluvalitsimet: Tulosta kontekstin sisältävä, permutoitu luettelo syötetiedostojen sanoista. Tulosta komennot LS_COLORS-ympäristömuuttujan asettamiseksi. Tulosteen muodon valinta: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell tulosta Bourne shell -tyyppistä koodia -c, --csh, --c-shell tulosta C shell -tyyppistä koodia -p, --print-database tulosta oletukset Tulosta kiinteän kokoisia paloja SYÖTTEESTÄ tiedostoihin ETULIITEaa, ETULIITEab, ...; oletuskoko on 1000 riviä, ja oletusETULIITE on ”x”. Jos SYÖTEttä ei ole annettu tai se on ”-”, luetaan vakiosyötettä. Näytä kirjautuneet käyttäjät TIEDOSTOn mukaan. Oletustiedosto on %s. %s on yleinen TIEDOSTOna. Ylikirjoita annetut TIEDOSTO(t) toistuvasti, jotta sisällön palauttaminen olisi vaikeampaa jopa hyvin kalliilla laitteilla. PIDPadraig BradyNumeroi sivut tai palstoita TIEDOSTO(t) tulostusta varten. Salasana:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatSuunnitelma: Näytä kunkin TIEDOSTOn CRC-tarkistussumma ja tavumäärä. Tulostetaan NIMI ilman edeltävää hakemistorakennetta. Poistetaan myös lopusta mahdollinen PÄÄTE. Tulosta NIMI loppuosa karsittuna viimeisestä /-merkistä alkaen; jos NIMI ei sisällä /-merkkejä, tulostetaan ”.” (tarkoittaen nykyistä hakemistoa). Näytä tiettyjä järjestelmätietoja. Komento ilman VALITSINta on sama kuin -s. -a, --all näytä kaikki tiedot seuraavassa järjestyksessä (paitsi -p ja -i, jos tuntemattomia): -s, --kernel-name näytä ytimen nimi -n, --nodename näytä koneen nimi verkossa -r, --kernel-release näytä ytimen versionumero Näytä tietoa kirjautuneina olevista käyttäjistä. Näytä tai muuta päätteen ominaisuuksia. -a, --all näytä voimassa olevat asetukset luettavassa muodossa -g, --save näytä voimassa olevat asetukset stty-luettavassa muodossa -F, --file=LAITE avaa ja ota käyttöön määrätty LAITE vakiosyötteen sijaan Tulosta kunkin TIEDOSTOn valitut osat vakiotulosteeseen. Näytä kellonaika, järjestelmän käynnissäoloaika, järjestelmään kirjautuneiden käyttäjien määrä sekä ajojonon töiden keskimääräinen lukumäärä viimeisten 1, 5 ja 15 minuutin ajalta.Tulosta vakiosyötteeseen kytketyn päätteen tiedostonimi. -s, --silent, --quiet ei tulostetta, pelkkä poistumisen tilakoodin palautus Tulosta kunkin TIEDOSTOn 10 ensimmäistä riviä vakiotulosteeseen. Jos TIEDOSTOja on useampi kuin yksi, jokaista ennen näytetään tiedostonimi. Jos TIEDOSTOa ei ole annettu, tai se on ”-”, luetaan vakiosyötettä. Tulosta työhakemiston täydellinen nimi. Tulosta kunkin TIEDOSTOn %d viimeistä riviä vakiotulosteeseen. Jos TIEDOSTOja on useampi kuin yksi, jokaista ennen näytetään tiedostonimi. Jos TIEDOSTOa ei ole annettu, tai se on ”-”, luetaan vakiosyötettä. Tulosta nykyisen käyttäjän nimi. Projekti: Q. Frank XiaRandy SmithUudelleennimeä LÄHDE -> KOHDE, tai siirrä LÄHDE(teet) HAKEMISTOon. Tulosta toistuvasti riviä, jolla on kaikki annetut MERKKIJONO(t) tai ”y”, jos merkkijonoja ei anneta. Richard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HübnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonAja KOMENTO siten, että UUSIJUURI on asetettuna juurihakemistoksi. Aja KOMENTO jättäen linjankatkaisusignaalit huomiotta. Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerVälitä signaaleja prosesseille tai luettele signaalit. Aseta LC_ALL='C' ongelman kiertämiseksi.Kuori: Näytä tietoja tiedostojärjestelmästä, jolla kukin TIEDOSTO sijaitsee, tai oletuksena kaikista tiedostojärjestelmistä. Simon JosefssonMajor- ja minor-laitearvot on annettava luotaessa erikoistiedostojaStuart KempTee yhteenveto kunkin TIEDOSTOn levytilan käytöstä, hakemistoille rekursiivisesti. JärjestelmävirheAIKAVäliaikainen häiriö nimenselvityksessäSeuraavat valitsimet määräävät, miten hakemistorakennetta käydään läpi, jos valitsin -R on annettu. Jos useampi kuin yksi seuraavista on annettu, vain viimeinen on voimassa. -H jos komentoriviargumentti on symbolinen linkki hakemistoon, seuraa sitä -L seuraa jokaista hakemistoon osoittavaa symbolista linkkiä -P älä seuraa symbolisia linkkejä (oletus) Vertaillut merkkijonot olivat %s ja %s.Torbjörn GranlundLisätietoja komennolla ”%s --help”. Komento ”%s ./%s” poistaa tiedoston %s. Ulrich DrepperTuntematon virheTuntematon järjestelmävirheKäyttö: %s KOMENTO [ARGUMENTTI]... tai: %s VALITSIN Käyttö: %s LAUSEKE tai: %s VALITSIN Käyttö: %s TIEDOSTO tai: %s VALITSIN Käyttö: %s TIED1 TIED2 tai: %s VALITSIN Käyttö: %s MUOTOILU [ARGUMENTTI]... tai: %s VALITSIN Käyttö: %s NIMI tai: %s VALITSIN Käyttö: %s NIMI [PÄÄTE] tai: %s VALITSIN Käyttö: %s VALITSIN... TIEDOSTO... Käyttö: %s VALITSIN... [TIEDOSTO]... Käyttö: %s [-LEVEYS] [VALITSIN]... [TIEDOSTO]... Käyttö: %s [-s SIGNAALI | -SIGNAALI] PID... tai: %s -l [SIGNAALI]... tai: %s -t [SIGNAALI]... Käyttö: %s [TIEDOSTO]... tai: %s [VALITSIN] Käyttö: %s [NIMI] tai: %s VALITSIN Tulosta tai aseta järjestelmän konenimi. Käyttö: %s [LUKU]... tai: %s VALITSIN Käyttö: %s [OPERANDI]... tai: %s VALITSIN Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN] Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN] [KOMENTO [ARG]...] Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN] [TIEDOSTO] Kirjoita täysin järjestetty luettelo, joka on yhtäpitävä TIEDOSTOssa olevan osittaisen järjestyksen kanssa. Jos TIEDOSTOa ei anneta tai se on ”-”, luetaan vakiosyötettä. Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... HAKEMISTO... Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... TIEDOSTO Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... TIEDOSTO HAHMO... Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... TIEDOSTO... Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... TIEDOSTO1 TIEDOSTO2 Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... RYHMÄ TIEDOSTO... tai: %s [VALITSIN]... --reference=VTIED TIEDOSTO... Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... LOPPU tai: %s [VALITSIN]... ALKU LOPPU tai: %s [VALITSIN]... ALKU LISÄYS LOPPU Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... OIKEUDET[,OIKEUDET]... TIEDOSTO... tai: %s [VALITSIN]... OKTAALI-OIKEUDET TIEDOSTO... tai: %s [VALITSIN]... --reference=VTIED TIEDOSTO... Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... NIMI TYYPPI [MAJOR MINOR] Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... NIMI... Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... JOUKKO1 [JOUKKO2] Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... [ TIEDOSTO | ARG1 ARG2 ] Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... [+MUOTOILU] tai: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [KKPPttmm[[CC]VV][.ss]] Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... [-T] LÄHDE KOHDE tai: %s [VALITSIN]... LÄHDE... HAKEMISTO tai: %s [VALITSIN]... -t HAKEMISTO LÄHDE... Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... [-T] LÄHDE KOHDE tai: %s [VALITSIN]... LÄHDE... HAKEMISTO tai: %s [VALITSIN]... -t HAKEMISTO LÄHDE... tai: %s [VALITSIN]... -d HAKEMISTO... Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... [-T] KOHDE LINKIN_NIMI (1. muoto) tai: %s [VALITSIN]... KOHDE (2. muoto) tai: %s [VALITSIN]... KOHDE... HAKEMISTO... (3. muoto) tai: %s [VALITSIN]... -t HAKEMISTO KOHDE... (4. muoto) Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... [-] [NIMI=ARVO]... [KOMENTO [ARGUMENTTI]...] Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... [-] [TUNNUS [ARG]...] Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... [TIEDOSTO] Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... [TIEDOSTO] Base64-koodaa tai -pura TIEDOSTO tai vakiosyöte vakiotulosteeseen. Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... [TIEDOSTO]... Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... [TIEDOSTO]... tai: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [TIEDOSTO] [[+]SIIRTYMÄ[.][b]] tai: %s --traditional [VALITSIN]... [TIEDOSTO] [[+]SIIRTYMÄ[.][b] [+][NIMIÖ][.][b]] Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... [TIEDOSTO]... tai: %s [VALITSIN]... --files0-from=T Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... [SYÖTE [TULOSTE]] Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... [SYÖTE [ETULIITE]] Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... [SYÖTE]... (ilman valitsinta -G) tai: %s -G [VALITSIN]... [SYÖTE [TULOSTE]] Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... [OMISTAJA][:[RYHMÄ]] TIEDOSTO... tai: %s [VALITSIN]... --reference=VTIED TIEDOSTO... Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... [POHJA] Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... [KÄYTTÄJÄTUNNUS] Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... [KÄYTTÄJÄTUNNUS]... Käyttö: %s [VALITSIN]... [TUNNUS]... Käyttö: %s [MERKKIJONO]... tai: %s VALITSIN Käyttö: %s [huomiotta jätettävät komentoriviargumentit] tai: %s VALITSIN Kelvolliset argumentit:VAROITUS: Kehämäinen hakemistorakenne. Tiedostojärjestelmä on lähes varmasti turmeltunut. ILMOITA ASIASTA JÄRJESTELMÄN YLLÄPITÄJÄLLE. Seuraava hakemisto on osa kehää: %s Varoitus: MilloinMissäRivitä kustakin TIEDOSTOsta (oletuksena vakiosyöte) luetut syöterivit kirjoittaen vakiotulosteeseen. Tulosta kukin TIEDOSTO vakiotulosteeseen, viimeinen rivi ensimmäisenä. Jos TIEDOSTOa ei ole annettu, tai se on ”-”, luetaan vakiosyötettä. Kirjoita kukin TIEDOSTO vakiotulosteeseen rivinumerointi lisäten. Jos TIEDOSTOa ei ole annettu, tai se on ”-”, luetaan vakiosyötettä. Kirjoita peräkkäisiä vastaavia rivejä kustakin TIEDOSTOsta vakiotulosteeseen, sarkaimilla erotettuna. Jos TIEDOSTOa ei ole annettu, tai se on ”-”, luetaan vakiosyötettä. Kirjoita kaikkien TIEDOSTO(jen) yhdistelmä lajiteltuna vakiotulosteeseen. Kirjoittaneet %s ja %s. Kirjoittaneet %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s ja muut. Kirjoittaneet %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s ja %s. Kirjoittaneet %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s ja %s. Kirjoittaneet %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s ja %s. Kirjoittaneet %s, %s, %s, %s, %s ja %s. Kirjoittaneet %s, %s, %s, %s ja %s. Kirjoittaneet %s, %s, %s ja %s. Kirjoittaneet %s, %s ja %s. Kirjoittanut %s. [=c=]-lausekkeita ei saa esiintyä merkkijono2:ssa vaihdettaessa^[eEnN]^[kKyY]”ylimääräisiä merkkejä tai virheellinen määrä argumentissa valitsimelle ”-%c”: %spuuttuva argumentti valitsimelle ”--pages=ENSIMMÄINEN_SIVU[:VIIMEINEN_SIVU]”virheellinen aloitusrivinumero valitsimelle ”-N LUKU”: %svirheellinen merkkimäärä valitsimelle ”-W SIVUN_LEVEYS”: %svirheellinen rivimäärä valitsimelle ”-n SIVUN_PITUUS”: %svirheellinen rivisiirtymä valitsimelle ”-o MARGINAALI”: %svirheellinen merkkimäärä valitsimelle ”-w SIVUN_LEVEYS”: %skun säätöarvo on annettu, on komento pakollinenkäytetään tiedostoa %smoniselitteinen argumentti %s %s:llesyöterajoitin voidaan antaa vain käsiteltäessä kenttiätiedoston %s varmuuskopiointi tuhoaisi lähteen; tiedostoa %s ei kopioitutiedoston %s varmuuskopiointi tuhoaisi lähteen; tiedostoa %s ei siirrettyvarmuuskopiotyyppilohkoerikoistiedostolohkoerikoistiedostot eivät ole tuettujavakiosyötettä ei voi käyttää molempina tiedostoinatavusiirtymä %s on liian suuritiedostoa %s ei voi käsitellätiedostoa %s ei voi varmuuskopioidayhteenvetoa ja kaikkia merkintöjä ei voi näyttää samaan aikaantiedoston %s omistajuuden muuttaminen ei onnistukohteen %s oikeuksien muuttaminen ei onnistuhakemiston %s asettaminen juurihakemistoksi ei onnistuhakemistoon %s ei voi siirtyäjuurihakemistoon siirtyminen ei onnistuvalitsimia --target-directory ja --no-target-directory ei voi yhdistäävalitsimia -e ja -i ei voi käyttää yhdessäsignaalin yhdistäminen valitsimen -l tai -t kanssa ei onnistutiedostonimiä %s ja %s ei voi vertaillamerkin U+%04X muunnos paikalliseen merkistöön ei onnistumerkin U+%04X muunnos paikalliseen merkistöön ei onnistu: %shakemistoa, %s, ei voi kopioida itseensä, %skiertävää symbolista linkkiä %s ei voi kopioidahakemiston %s luominen ei onnistunimettyä putkea %s ei voi luodakovan linkin %s luominen tiedostoon %s ei onnistulinkkiä %s ei voi luodalinkkiä %s kohteeseen %s ei voi luodatavallisen tiedoston %s luominen ei onnistuerikoistiedostoa %s ei voi luodasymbolisen linkin %s luominen ei onnistukohteeseen %2$s ei voi luoda symbolista linkkiä %1$shakemiston %s laitetta ja i-solmua ei voida määrittääjärjestelmän konenimen määritys ei onnistutiedostolle %s ei voi käyttää ioctl:ääryhmä-ID:tä %lu vastaavaa nimeä ei löydykäyttäjä-ID:tä %lu vastaavaa nimeä ei löydytiedostoa %s ei voi seurata nimen perusteellatiedoston %s tilan lukeminen ei onnistutyöhakemiston selvittäminen ei onnistujärjestelmän nimen haku ei onnistusiirtyminen tiedostossa %s ei onnistulinkit eivät voi olla sekä kovia että symbolisiahakemiston %s luominen ei onnistutiedostoa %s ei voi siirtää kohteeseen %shakemistoa %s ei voi siirtää omaan alihakemistoonsa, %shakemistoa ei voi siirtää ei-hakemistoon: %s -> %stiedostoa %s ei voi avata lukemista vartentiedostoa %s ei voi avata kirjoitusta vartenhakemiston %s avaaminen ei onnistuhakemistoa %s ei voi korvata ei-hakemistollaei-hakemistoa %s ei voi korvata hakemistolla %spelkkien nimien tai todellisten ID:iden tulostus oletusmuodossa ei onnistuhakemistoa %s ei voi lukeatiedostojärjestelmän tietojen lukeminen tiedostolle %s ei onnistutosiaikaisen kellon luku ei onnistusymbolista linkkiä %s ei voi lukealiitettyjen tiedostojärjestelmien taulua ei voi lukeatiedostoa %s ei voi poistaatiedosto-osoitinta ei voi siirtää tiedostossa %sajan asetus ei onnisturyhmän id:n asetus ei onnisturyhmien asetus ei onnistukonenimen asetus ei onnistu; tässä järjestelmässä ei ole tätä toimintoakonenimen %s asettaminen järjestelmälle ei onnistutiedoston %s aikaleimojen asettaminen ei onnistutunnuksen id:n asetus ei onnistuyhdistetyn syötteen lopun yli ei voi ohittaaaika voidaan määrittää vain yhdestä lähteestävoidaan jakaa vain yhdellä tavallatiedoston %s tilaa ei voi lukeanykyisen hakemiston (%s) tilaa ei voi lukeatiedostoa %s ei voi koskettaatiedoston %s varmuuskopion palautus ei onnistutiedoston %s linkitystä ei voi poistaatiedoston %s ryhmäksi vaihdettiin %s tiedoston %s omistajaksi vaihdettiin %s vaihdettaessa tiedoston %s ryhmäävaihdettaessa tiedoston %s omistajuuttamuutettaessa tiedoston %s oikeuksiamerkin siirtymä on nollamerkki sallitun välin ulkopuolellamerkkierikoistiedostomerkkierikoistiedostot eivät ole tuettujakellon siirtosulkeminen epäonnistuisuljettaessa tiedostoa %ssuljetaan %s (fd=%d)suljetaan syötetiedosto %ssuljetaan tulostiedosto %ssuljetaan vakiosyötekäynnistysajan haku ei onnistuluotiin hakemisto %sluodaan hakemisto %sluodaan tiedostoa %s luotaessa kovaa linkkiä %sluotaessa kovaa linkkiä %s => %sluotaessa kovaa linkkiä kohteeseen %.0s%sluotaessa symbolista linkkiä %sluotaessa symbolista linkkiä %s -> %shakemistonollalla jakodup2 epäonnistuityhjä tiedostonimityhjä sarkainvirhe tiedoston sulkemisessavirhe säännöllisen lausekkeen haussavirhe luettaessa tiedostoa %svirhe kirjoitettaessa tiedostoa %spois=ylimääräinen argumentti %sylimääräinen operandi %stiedoston %s ryhmän vaihtaminen arvoon %s epäonnistui tiedoston %s oikeuksien muuttaminen arvoon %04lo (%s) epäonnistui tiedoston %s omistajuuden muuttaminen epäonnistui tiedoston %s omistajan vaihtaminen arvoon %s epäonnistui siirtyminen hakemistoon %s epäonnistuitiedoston %s ominaisuuksien hakeminen ei onnistutiedostoa %s ei löytynyttiedoston %s avaaminen epäonnistuitiedoston %s tekijän tietojen säilytys ei onnistunuttiedoston %s omistajuuden säilytys ei onnistutiedoston %s oikeuksien säilyttäminen ei onnistutiedoston %s aikojen säilyttäminen ei onnistuvakiovirhetulosteen uudelleenohjaus epäonnistuihakemiston %s poistaminen epäonnistuialkuperäiseen työhakemistoon palaaminen epäonnistuivakiovirhetulosteen kopion asettaminen sulkeutumaan käynnistettäessä epäonnistuipuskurin tyhjennys epäonnistuikenttänumero %s on liian suurikentän numero on nollaputkitiedostotiedostojärjestelmätyyppi %s on sekä valittu että jätetty poisjärjestelmäkutsu fork epäonnistuimuotoilua ei voi määritellä kun tulostetaan tasalevyisiä lukujafts_read epäonnistuigetpass: laitteen /dev/tty avaaminen ei onnistuhaettaessa tiedoston %s uusia ominaisuuksiatiedoston %s ryhmänä säilytettiin %s iconv-funktio ei ole saatavillaiconv-funktio ei ole käyttökelpoinenid=jätetään kaikki argumentit huomiottaei huomioida virheellistä sarkainkokoa ympäristömuuttujassa TABSIZE: %sei huomioida virheellistä arvoa ympäristömuuttujassa QUOTING_STYLE: %sei huomioida virheellistä leveyttä ympäristömuuttujassa COLUMNS: %sjätetään huomiotta argumentit, jotka eivät ole valitsimiaepäyhteensopivat liitossarakkeet %lu, %luepäyhteensopivat sarkaimetväärä salasanasyöte katosisyöterivi on liian pitkälaitteiden välinen siirto epäonnistui: %s -> %s; kohdetta ei voi poistaavirheellinen argumentti %svirheellinen argumentti %s %s:llevirheellinen rungon numerointityyli: %svirheellinen tavu- tai kenttälistavirheellinen merkkiluokka %svirheellinen muunnosvirheellinen muunnostarkennin jälkiliitteessä: %cvirheellinen muunnostarkennin jälkiliitteessä: \%.3ovirheellinen päiväys %svirheellinen päiväyksen muoto %svirheellinen laite %s %svirheellinen laitetyyppi %svirheellinen sarakenumero: %svirheellinen saraketarkennin: %svirheellinen kenttäleveys: %svirheellinen tiedostonumero sarakemäärityksessä: %svirheellinen liukulukuargumentti: %svirheellinen alatunnisteen numerointityyli: %svirheellinen muodon tarkkuusvirheellinen muodon leveysvirheellinen ryhmävirheellinen ryhmä %svirheellinen ryhmä: %svirheellinen otsakkeen numerointityyli: %svirheellinen kokonaisluku %skokonaislukuargumentti %s ei kelpaavirheellinen rivinumerokentän leveys: %svirheellinen rivinumeron lisäys: %svirheellinen rivinumerointimuoto: %svirheellinen rivileveys: %svirheellinen laitteen major-arvo %svirheellinen enimmäissyvyys %svirheellinen laitteen minor-arvo %svirheelliset oikeudetvirheelliset oikeudet %svirheelliset oikeudet: %svirheellinen määrä %svirheellinen lukuarvo merkin ”,” jälkeenvirheellinen lukuarvo merkin ”-” jälkeenvirheellinen lukuarvo merkin ”.” jälkeenvirheellinen lukuarvo kentän alussavirheellinen tyhjien rivien määrä: %svirheellinen tavumäärävirheellinen verrattavien tavujen määrävirheellinen ohitettavien tavujen määrävirheellinen sarakemäärä: %svirheellinen ohitettavien kenttien määrävirheellinen rivimäärävirheellinen rivimäärä: 0virheellinen valitsin -- %cvirheellinen valitsin -- %c; -LEVEYS tunnistetaan vain, kun se on ensimmäinen valitsin; käytä -w N sen sijaanvirheellinen tulosteosoitteen kanta ”%c”; sen on oltava yksi merkeistä [doxn]virheellinen tarkkuus: %svirheellinen toistomäärä %s [c*n]-rakenteessavirheellinen aloitusrivin numero: %svirheellinen sarkainkoko: %sajanjakso ei kelpaa: %svirheellinen ajan muoto %svirheellinen tyyppi %s; järjestelmä ei tarjoa %lu-tavuista liukulukutyyppiävirheellinen tyyppi %s; järjestelmä ei tarjoa %lu-tavuista perustyyppiävirheellinen universaali merkin nimi \%c%0*xvirheellinen käyttäjävirheellinen käyttäjä %svirheellinen leveys: %svirheellinen tyhjä tiedostonimion vaarallista toimia rekursiivisesti hakemistossa %son vaarallista toimia rekursiivisesti hakemistossa %s (sama kuin %s)edell=rivimäärävalitsin -%s%c... on liian suuririvinumero %s on pienempi kuin edeltävä rivinumero %srivinumeroinnin ylivuotomuisti loppuviestijonoväärin aseteltu [:upper:]- ja/tai [:lower:]-rakennepuuttuva %%-muunnosmääritys jälkiliitteessäpuuttuva ”]”%s vaatii argumentin%s vaatii argumentinpuuttuva merkkiluokan nimi ”[::]”puuttuva muunnostarkennin jälkiliitteessäpuuttuva yhtäläisyysluokan merkki ”[==]”puuttuva tiedosto-operandipuuttuva heksadesimaaliluku ohjauskoodissakenttälista puuttuusijaintilista puuttuuoperandi puuttuu%s:n jälkeen puuttuu operanditiedoston %s oikeuksiksi asetettu %04lo (%s) tiedoston %s oikeuksina säilytettiin %04lo (%s) monimerkkinen sarkain %suseita -l tai -t -valitsimia annettuuseita tulostiedostoja annettuuseita tulostusmuotoja annettusymbolista linkkiä %s tai sen viittaamaa tiedostoa ei muutettu SHELL-ympäristömuuttujaa ei ole, eikä annettu kuoren tyyppivalitsintatiedoston %s omistajuus ei muuttunut tiedostoja ei ole jäljelläei sisäänkirjautumistunnustaprosessi-ID:tä ei ole annettutyyppiä ei voi antaa merkkijonoja vedostettaessakäyttäjänimeä ei annettu; valitsin -l vaatii vähintään yhden käyttäjänimenei ole ttytavumäärärivimääräohitetaan hakemisto %stoistorakenne [c*] saa esiintyä vain kerran merkkijono2:ssavain yhden laitteen voi määritellävoidaan antaa vain yhden tyyppinen luetteloavaaminen epäonnistuitiedoston %s avaaminentiedoston %s omistajuus säilytettiin ennallaan tiedoston %s omistajana säilytettiin %s sivun leveys on liian pienisäilytettäessä tiedoston %s oikeuksiasäilytettäessä tiedoston %s aikojakaikkien vähintään kahteen kertaan esiintyvien rivien ja esiintymiskertojen määrän tulostaminen on merkityksetöntävälin ”%s-%s” päätepisteet ovat käännetyssä järjestyksessälukuvirhelukeminen epäonnistuiluettaessa tiedostoa %stavallinen tyhjä tiedostotavallinen tiedostopoistettiin tiedosto %s poistettiin hakemisto: %s poistetaan hakemisto %skäyttötasosemaforierotin ei voi olla tyhjäaseta LC_ALL='C' ongelman kiertämiseksiasetettaessa tiedoston %s oikeuksiaasetettaessa tiedoston %s aikojajaettu muistiobjektiohitettavat-tavut + luettavat-tavut on liian suuriohitetaan %s, koska se on toisella laitteellaohitetaan tiedosto %s, sillä se korvattiin kopioinnin aikanapistokevakiovirhevakiosyötevakiosyöte on suljettuvakiotulostetiedoston tilan lukeminen epäonnistuiouto merkki kenttämäärityksessämerkkijonovertailu epäonnistuiei-rajoitettujen rivien vaiennus on mahdollista vain käsiteltäessä kenttiäsymbolinen linkkisyntaksivirhesarkaimen koko ei voi olla 0sarkainkoko sisältää virheellisen merkin(/merkkejä): %ssarkainkokojen on oltava nouseviasarkainasetin %s on liian suurikohde %s ei ole hakemistokohdehakemisto ei ole sallittu asennettaessa hakemistoasulj=valitsimet --binary ja --text ovat merkityksettömiä tarkastettaessa tarkistussummiavalitsin --status on merkityksellinen vain tarkastettaessa tarkistussummiavalitsin --warn on merkityksellinen vain tarkastettaessa tarkistussummiarakenne [c*] saa esiintyä merkkijono2:ssa vain muunnettaessatoistorakenne [c*] ei saa esiintyä merkkijono1:ssäargumentilta ”%s” puuttuu edeltävä ”+”; käytettäessä valitsinta päiväyksen antamiseen täytyy valitsinten, jotka eivät ole argumentteja, olla ”+”-alkuisia muotoilumerkkijonoja.rajoittimen on oltava yksittäinen merkkivalitsimet verbose ja stty-readable -tulostetyyleille ovat toisensa poissulkevatvalitsimet dircolors:in sisäiseen tietokannan tulostamiseksi ja kuorisyntaksin valitsemiseksi ovat toisensa poissulkevatajan tulostus- ja asetusvalitsimia ei saa käyttää yhtä aikaapäiväyksen tulostusta määräävät valitsimet ovat toisensa poissulkeviastrip-valitsinta ei voi käyttää asennettaessa hakemistoaaika %s on sallitun välin ulkopuolellaliian monta %%-muunnosmääritystä jälkiliitteessäyhteensätyypitetty muistiobjektiuid=%lutuntematon binäärioperaattorituntematon käyttäjä-ID: %sjäsentymätön arvo LS_COLORS-ympäristömuuttujalletunnistamaton operandi %stunnistamaton etuliite: %skäynnissä %ld vrk %2d:%02d, käynnissä %ld vrk %2d:%02d, käynnissä ???? vrk ??:??, käytä valitsinta --no-preserve-root tämän varmistuksen ohittamiseksitunnusta %s ei ole olemassakäytetään rajoitettua kuorta %sodotettaessa strip-ohjelman päättymistävaroitus: %s: merkkivakiota seuraavat merkit on jätetty huomiottavaroitus: --pid=PID ei ole tuettu tässä järjestelmässäwarning: ei huomioida PID:tä; --pid=PID on käyttökelpoinen vain seurattaessavaroitus: ”touch %s” on vanhentunut; käytä komentoa ”touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d”varoitus: kenoviiva muotoilun lopussavaroitus: ei voida siirtyä hakemistoon %svaroitus: ei voida poistaa: %svaroitus: vakiosyötteen seuraaminen ikuisesti on tehotontavaroitus: virheellinen leveys %lu; käytetään arvoa %dvaroitus: rivinumero %s on sama kuin edeltävä rivinumerovaroitus: lähdetiedosto %s annettu useammin kuin kerranvaroitus: yhteenvedon teko on ristiriidassa valitsimen --max-depth=%lu kanssavaroitus: yhteenvedon teko on sama asia kuin --max-depth=0varoitus: tunnistamaton suojaus ”\%c”varoitus: ohitetaan ytimen lseek-ohjelmistovika tiedostolle (%s) mt_type=0x%0lx -- katso tyyppien luettelo tiedostosta outo tiedostoellei typistetä joukko1:tä, merkkijono2 ei saa olla tyhjätiloja ei voi asettaa, kun tulostetyyli on määriteltynämerkkijono2:n on kuvattava kaikki määrittelyjoukon merkit yhdeksi vaihdettaessa käyttäen täydennettyjä merkkiluokkiaainoat merkkiluokat, jotka vaihdettaessa saavat esiintyä merkkijono2:ssa, ovat ”upper” ja ”lower”ei luoda kovaa linkkiä %s hakemistoon %sei korvata juuri luotua tiedostoa %s tiedostolla %skirjoitusvirhevirhe kirjoitettaessa tiedostoa %skirjoitus epäonnistuikirjoitettaessa tiedostoa %skirjoitettaessa tiedostoon %son annettava luettelo tavuista, merkeistä tai kentistäPRIuMAX%+% records in %+% records out % truncated record % truncated records % byte (%s) copied% bytes (%s) copied%s: %: improperly formatted %s checksum lineWARNING: % of % listed file could not be readWARNING: % of % listed files could not be readWARNING: % of % computed checksum did NOT matchWARNING: % of % computed checksums did NOT matchstarting page number % exceeds page count %Page %%+% tietuetta sisään %+% tietuetta ulos % typistetty tietue % typistettyä tietuetta % tavu (%s) kopioitu% tavua (%s) kopioitu%s: %: väärin muotoiltu %s-tarkistussummariviVAROITUS: % tiedosto % luetellusta jäi lukemattaVAROITUS: % tiedostoa % luetellusta jäi lukemattaVAROITUS: % tarkistussumma % lasketusta EI TÄSMÄNNYTVAROITUS: % tarkistussummaa % lasketusta EI TÄSMÄNNYTaloitussivunumero % on suurempi kuin sivujen kokonaismäärä %Sivu %07070100009206000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001600000000reloc/share/locale/fr07070100009207000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000002200000000reloc/share/locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES07070100009208000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c0004d4e6000000660000000300000000000000000000002f00000000reloc/share/locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo0-Yw x@x{{{||}Z~GMGp!sRw5tR~ |\wT_G85w%?#5Y^Dz~Ti3>ܗ\yR֘){}`v>3M|Kܡ=(lf0ӣAͥYKAX;E9@>z{e9-DtYι}<Fּ=).XQdy65H7PF T AMuq1 =,:!"\|Xn&p5s+ )@I_t> "f] iZW.*&YEe4.cF}4OI   ) 6y TOun\4Q#uA2`B E^"J"" #!$u%&h'l(C)@+.,QM,,r-../>00E`22u4416B667"88):4;=>&?@ ABkDqE,uF;G<HIIJ;LKM2NNPzPxQwR$TTfU5VX1XXHZ;Z\\^n_ql`Ya8c5dT e#bfgNhFj%kl]mU/nVnopoqAr-ssDuIvvwwIy_yW?rD0()Ak0"Ӣ' +/H xǣ#>2"q%B*(GY)i%,֥#"7$Z/Ϧ8ߦ-Li}§ק"4GX'i*ר$ *K"a;7Tr"֪ )&Pm~"1'( C,d,-ܬ (+Tg"ͭ&"" E Q^p50.C_"¯+ү%$)Dn p}l;A We6-)!8O fqv|) ? &5E \ f rk|K8TODtt ~ P [ h3t| %x/x:!u\2c:1 "/ U<\< ++0 -7>M1Oh{<@U7<?t :?S   -$Ej|      I  7H W e r~#*E~bNUgHoW -&C j t   #H2hMwi.C; 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T^evBHPS Gc        J U l  L Z 8p   &(8a.|!    .:L]b ht )5\E    *.2-Iw)1e}RRKPt ~6 T7b,   )DCL}S) :r!!!|!oL#H$%%&E'')((V)`)pM*=,,- 7- B-O- W-c-y-"-"..?/m/-U0I000011+1:1 I1MW1C2;2^%33 L5 Z5 h5u5:52545S/6 7768S9Tc999999 ::e#:::':::;*= >>;>X>6x@6@c@?JAAAAAAA B(B3?BsCC<C~C6ZD0D7D@D0;E<lEE'rG&G(GG1HqH7>IivI7I8JQJcmJOJ.!KPKL L+L#M.&M&UM*|MdM NN6%O&\O*O3OiOLPP QER2S%;SvaSrS(KTtTV/UU/"V/RVpVnV)bW)W,W(W X]XN'Y6vYXYZ"Z"ZZy[[7]SM]P]]V^[#_`_____ `}bPbbwccNdd;e1Pe.e+e'e!f'fFf`fNpffffMf7 g<Xg<g8g0 h<uAu.1v\`vIv@wTHwSw$w7xBNx(x(x;xy,:y:gyyyy'y,z$Hzamz#z+z0{.P{.{>{1{I|Ri|9|-|$}:=}1x}}}}~~4:~7o~~"~~#"'+J(v2' 2G[k!!C5D0z:,5IcO*Ђ3L(j%!*ۃW ^j}!̈́04 ,U(-*2Li8-)3+K4wȇ(; 7E4}(,ۈE8N69$)4/^-),.B'^4,G70%hF3ՌL %V*|*)ҍ/3,@`<,ގ% (14Z%32)7HaP@<\,y+1ґfk)&Ւ96Trv;.MNeI0)/YsDϕ"]#e֖7--$[B"×:=Q"$!'(I!r7.̙>:Z wݚ9/B"`!!כA4;8p!.˜ .JZm"""ޝ*1,^&y%#ƞ&-LwcT۟0!Mo-//)KD5%ơAA.!p&&dPc.$-+R0~B9E5R{+Υ0L+ x6Ц7>N1֧.-79e0$7CT./ǩ!'2/Z" 1Ϊ3*4,_)ǫ׫:T)+~"Ƭ ,IM[4(59!o5F,O+|2˯AO@B*Ӱ2>1Dp%.۱ "*!MoQ\>P bp ̳ Գ 1%<3b#$ߴ7=R=εյ%6=C2J }$4öe^n*E3(92b%$K, 2c?XUQRRPOHI.ɼe^TT<)R%4>I 8#!28Vl)t93H U)p H &6AxAd2W!.V>\CKL+gxb:C:~.G?0NpGVC^LI>9uxB1CS1R|_M7*2b830CS7eG+h5^~v< )OP'J91,~4P<,o:A <q.aErzb QABh@ l`#Hht RSmp~"dpGCVnm]QOSLhP.8a@SH CODR57!-lj- ;@.IY5C^&F{V$`ejcGuy7!E3f 9M~BHKm;],cM? *,4"G:Xzh|as{P"nJ  U=}r6!Tc&0 }ke\]q7NJR;oWUd3o6fc0i[6(]+l i#|b'9txsK|#X/JC[u@[ig^-%.v<BU01wE  g:`}K%!'8XbauWa-M9FtsP=QGLpz@)fTnx+Um|EI%AJqu__MCcTyH*)rDT$NW$Mf;(#2"&*I Xr8*R_>bV~V:gz/7s5.?Q?TyT ?Ful:&k.I48yd7,6MrowB,N^\sX{@{Wd=KL*# VUo']&BY2 Rhrw SPG %Z(6I yi}OUC;DQ%[4}YmB t/=8x&t?dnLkYp3W qpKNk -i":}`0a(_xl?;5E8Y DH-bNEeA/60 9)2jvQ0vjF <gAO[1~m23b=\`qHj( 'vci)lg<_v\1zV>tKy  1(>4Z !YD|nS*I{#7+>OnS_f 2)k Lzq!oWxGF>ud{+/\DpFeX /4$5k^weZ+N9%Jxw23ZwfjZe$LR|A1g>^+"3Z= ][s$`'\txxxxxxyy4yPylyyyyyyz(z= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2 FILE1 -ef FILE2 FILE1 and FILE2 have the same device and inode numbers FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2 FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 is older than FILE2 INTEGER copy up to but not including specified line number /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copy up to but not including a matching line %REGEXP%[OFFSET] skip to, but not including a matching line {INTEGER} repeat the previous pattern specified number of times {*} repeat the previous pattern as many times as possible A line OFFSET is a required `+' or `-' followed by a positive integer. INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING length of STRING a number all lines t number only nonempty lines n number no lines pBRE number only lines that contain a match for the basic regular expression, BRE FORMAT is one of: ln left justified, no leading zeros rn right justified, no leading zeros rz right justified, leading zeros b create a block (buffered) special file c, u create a character (unbuffered) special file p create a FIFO # users=%lu -t is implied if PAGE_LENGTH <= 10. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. A field is a run of blanks (usually spaces and/or TABs), then non-blank characters. Fields are skipped before chars. A lightweight `finger' program; print user information. The utmp file will be %s. A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment. A mere - implies -l. If USER not given, assume root. After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number; then an optional modifier, which is either E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available. An omitted EXPRESSION defaults to false. Otherwise, EXPRESSION is true or false and sets exit status. It is one of: As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. BLOCKS and BYTES may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Each CONV symbol may be: Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. Both MAJOR and MINOR must be specified when TYPE is b, c, or u, and they must be omitted when TYPE is p. If MAJOR or MINOR begins with 0x or 0X, it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal; otherwise, as decimal. TYPE may be: By default, rm does not remove directories. Use the --recursive (-r or -R) option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents. By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: By default, sparse SOURCE files are detected by a crude heuristic and the corresponding DEST file is made sparse as well. That is the behavior selected by --sparse=auto. Specify --sparse=always to create a sparse DEST file whenever the SOURCE file contains a long enough sequence of zero bytes. Use --sparse=never to inhibit creation of sparse files. When --reflink[=always] is specified, perform a lightweight copy, where the data blocks are copied only when modified. If this is not possible the copy fails, or if --reflink=auto is specified, fall back to a standard copy. Combination settings: * [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase cbreak same as -icanon -cbreak same as icanon Control settings: [-]clocal disable modem control signals [-]cread allow input to be received * [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8] Display values are in units of the first available SIZE from --block-size, and the %s_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables. Otherwise, units default to 1024 bytes (or 512 if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set). Each FLAG symbol may be: append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc suggested) Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Examples: %s -12 file1 file2 Print only lines present in both file1 and file2. %s -3 file1 file2 Print lines in file1 not in file2, and vice versa. Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Output "stdio". Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Output ".". Examples: %s f - g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. %s Copy standard input to standard output. Examples: %s root /u Change the owner of /u to "root". %s root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to "staff". %s -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root". Examples: %s staff /u Change the group of /u to "staff". %s -hR staff /u Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff". Except for -h and -L, all FILE-related tests dereference symbolic links. Beware that parentheses need to be escaped (e.g., by backslashes) for shells. INTEGER may also be -l STRING, which evaluates to the length of STRING. Exit status is 0 if EXPRESSION is neither null nor 0, 1 if EXPRESSION is null or 0, 2 if EXPRESSION is syntactically invalid, and 3 if an error occurred. Exit status: 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory), 2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument). FORMAT controls the output as in C printf. Interpreted sequences are: \" double quote FORMAT controls the output. Interpreted sequences are: %% a literal % %a locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun) Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. If -e is in effect, the following sequences are recognized: If FILE is -, shred standard output. Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified. The default is not to remove the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda, and those files usually should not be removed. When operating on regular files, most people use the --remove option. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual. If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. If FIRST or INCREMENT is omitted, it defaults to 1. That is, an omitted INCREMENT defaults to 1 even when LAST is smaller than FIRST. FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are interpreted as floating point values. INCREMENT is usually positive if FIRST is smaller than LAST, and INCREMENT is usually negative if FIRST is greater than LAST. If MODE is `0' the corresponding stream will be unbuffered. If MODE is `L' the corresponding stream will be line buffered. This option is invalid with standard input. If a FILE is -, copy again to standard output. If first and second call formats both apply, the second format is assumed if the last operand begins with + or (if there are 2 operands) a digit. An OFFSET operand means -j OFFSET. LABEL is the pseudo-address at first byte printed, incremented when dump is progressing. For OFFSET and LABEL, a 0x or 0X prefix indicates hexadecimal; suffixes may be . for octal and b for multiply by 512. If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). If standard input is a terminal, redirect it from /dev/null. If standard output is a terminal, append output to `nohup.out' if possible, `$HOME/nohup.out' otherwise. If standard error is a terminal, redirect it to standard output. To save output to FILE, use `%s COMMAND > FILE'. If the command times out, then exit with status 124. Otherwise, exit with the status of COMMAND. If no signal is specified, send the TERM signal upon timeout. The TERM signal kills any process that does not block or catch that signal. For other processes, it may be necessary to use the KILL (9) signal, since this signal cannot be caught. If the first character of K (the number of bytes or lines) is a `+', print beginning with the Kth item from the start of each file, otherwise, print the last K items in the file. K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Input settings: [-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal [-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline [-]ignbrk ignore break characters [-]igncr ignore carriage return K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Local settings: [-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings * -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings NOTE: If COMMAND adjusts the buffering of its standard streams (`tee' does for e.g.) then that will override corresponding settings changed by `stdbuf'. Also some filters (like `dd' and `cat' etc.) don't use streams for I/O, and are thus unaffected by `stdbuf' settings. NOTE: [ honors the --help and --version options, but test does not. test treats each of those as it treats any other nonempty STRING. NOTE: your shell may have its own version of %s, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. Note that the -d and -t options accept different time-date formats. Note that the -r and -s options are mutually exclusive. Note, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. Note: 'uniq' does not detect repeated lines unless they are adjacent. You may want to sort the input first, or use `sort -u' without `uniq'. Also, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available. Otherwise MODE is a number which may be followed by one of the following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. In this case the corresponding stream will be fully buffered with the buffer size set to MODE bytes. Output settings: * bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1] * crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3] * ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1] * nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1] Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed to login group if implied by a `:' following a symbolic OWNER. OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic. POS is F[.C][OPTS], where F is the field number and C the character position in the field; both are origin 1. If neither -t nor -b is in effect, characters in a field are counted from the beginning of the preceding whitespace. OPTS is one or more single-letter ordering options, which override global ordering options for that key. If no key is given, use the entire line as the key. SIZE may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 RADIX is d for decimal, o for octal, x for hexadecimal or n for none. BYTES is hexadecimal with 0x or 0X prefix, and may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Adding a z suffix to any type displays printable characters at the end of each output line. Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: Report %s bugs to %s Report bugs to: %s SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIGNAL may be a signal name like `HUP', or a signal number like `1', or the exit status of a process terminated by a signal. PID is an integer; if negative it identifies a process group. SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). SIZE may also be prefixed by one of the following modifying characters: `+' extend by, `-' reduce by, `<' at most, `>' at least, `/' round down to multiple of, `%' round up to multiple of. SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Sending a %s signal to a running `dd' process makes it print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s Options are: Special characters: * dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input) eol CHAR CHAR will end the line Special settings: N set the input and output speeds to N bauds * cols N tell the kernel that the terminal has N columns * columns N same as cols N TYPE is made up of one or more of these specifications: a named character, ignoring high-order bit c ASCII character or backslash escape The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: The data are encoded as described for the base64 alphabet in RFC 3548. When decoding, the input may contain newlines in addition to the bytes of the formal base64 alphabet. Use --ignore-garbage to attempt to recover from any other non-alphabet bytes in the encoded stream. The following three options are useful only when verifying checksums: --quiet don't print OK for each successfully verified file --status don't output anything, status code shows success -w, --warn warn about improperly formatted checksum lines The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. The valid format sequences for files (without --file-system): %a Access rights in octal %A Access rights in human readable form %b Number of blocks allocated (see %B) %B The size in bytes of each block reported by %b %C SELinux security context string This install program copies files (often just compiled) into destination locations you choose. If you want to download and install a ready-to-use package on a GNU/Linux system, you should instead be using a package manager like yum(1) or apt-get(1). In the first three forms, copy SOURCE to DEST or multiple SOURCE(s) to the existing DIRECTORY, while setting permission modes and owner/group. In the 4th form, create all components of the given DIRECTORY(ies). To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo', use one of these commands: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Traditional format specifications may be intermixed; they accumulate: -a same as -t a, select named characters, ignoring high-order bit -b same as -t o1, select octal bytes -c same as -t c, select ASCII characters or backslash escapes -d same as -t u2, select unsigned decimal 2-byte units Translation occurs if -d is not given and both SET1 and SET2 appear. -t may be used only when translating. SET2 is extended to length of SET1 by repeating its last character as necessary. Excess characters of SET2 are ignored. Only [:lower:] and [:upper:] are guaranteed to expand in ascending order; used in SET2 while translating, they may only be used in pairs to specify case conversion. -s uses SET1 if not translating nor deleting; else squeezing uses SET2 and occurs after translation or deletion. Use one, and only one of -b, -c or -f. Each LIST is made up of one range, or many ranges separated by commas. Selected input is written in the same order that it is read, and is written exactly once. Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it. With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. With no options, produce three-column output. Column one contains lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2, and column three contains lines common to both files. Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. ??? --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -f, --force do not prompt before overwriting -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file If you specify more than one of -i, -f, -n, only the final one takes effect. --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories (note: will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the superuser) -f, --force remove existing destination files --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -c (ignored) -C, --compare compare each pair of source and destination files, and in some cases, do not modify the destination at all -d, --directory treat all arguments as directory names; create all components of the specified directories --batch-size=NMERGE merge at most NMERGE inputs at once; for more use temp files --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks. See SIZE format below -B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~ -c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime --complement complement the set of selected bytes, characters or fields --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -L, --max-line-length print the length of the longest line -w, --words print the word counts --files0-from=F summarize disk usage of the NUL-terminated file names specified in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -H equivalent to --dereference-args (-D) -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si like -h, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 --group-directories-first group directories before files. augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping --help display this help and exit --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode print the index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k like --block-size=1K --lookup attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS -m only hostname and user associated with stdin -p, --process print active processes spawned by init --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially --preserve-root do not remove `/' (default) -r, -R, --recursive remove directories and their contents recursively -v, --verbose explain what is being done --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST don't preserve the specified attributes --parents use full source file name under DIRECTORY --one-file-system when removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any directory that is on a file system different from that of the corresponding command line argument --pid=PID with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies -q, --quiet, --silent never output headers giving file names --retry keep trying to open a file even when it is or becomes inaccessible; useful when following by name, i.e., with --follow=name --preserve-context preserve SELinux security context -Z, --context=CONTEXT set SELinux security context of files and directories --reference=RFILE use RFILE's security context rather than specifying a CONTEXT value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC output date and time in RFC 3339 format. TIMESPEC=`date', `seconds', or `ns' for date and time to the indicated precision. Date and time components are separated by a single space: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=STRING set time described by STRING -u, --utc, --universal print or set Coordinated Universal Time --sort=WORD sort according to WORD: general-numeric -g, human-numeric -h, month -M, numeric -n, random -R, version -V -V, --version-sort natural sort of (version) numbers within text --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix --suffix=SUFF append SUFF to TEMPLATE. SUFF must not contain slash. This option is implied if TEMPLATE does not end in X. --time show time of the last modification of any file in the directory, or any of its subdirectories --time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status --time-style=STYLE show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT FORMAT is interpreted like `date' --time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale --verbose print a diagnostic just before each output file is opened --version output version information and exit --all print the number of installed processors --ignore=N if possible, exclude N processing units Size Used Avail Use% Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Size Used Avail Use% -evenp same as -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7 nl same as -icrnl -onlcr -nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-') [-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty [-]hupcl same as [-]hup [-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input [-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-') [-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors * [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character [-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return [-]inpck enable input parity checking [-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters [-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters [-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters * [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal * [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\' for uppercase characters cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values -cooked same as raw crt same as echoe echoctl echoke dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany ek erase and kill characters to their default values evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N set the input speed to N * line N use line discipline N min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read ospeed N set the output speed to N oddp same as parenb parodd cs7 -oddp same as -parenb cs8 [-]parity same as [-]evenp pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7 raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw same as cooked sane same as cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke, all special characters to their default values stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal * swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer * werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed %% a single % %b ARGUMENT as a string with `\' escapes interpreted, except that octal escapes are of the form \0 or \0NNN and all C format specifications ending with one of diouxXfeEgGcs, with ARGUMENTs converted to proper type first. Variable widths are handled. %A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday) %b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan) %B locale's full month name (e.g., January) %c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005) %C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20) %d day of month (e.g, 01) %D date; same as %m/%d/%y %e day of month, space padded; same as %_d %F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d %g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G) %G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V %S second (00..60) %t a tab %T time; same as %H:%M:%S %u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday %U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) %V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53) %w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday %W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53) %d Device number in decimal %D Device number in hex %f Raw mode in hex %F File type %g Group ID of owner %G Group name of owner %h Number of hard links %i Inode number %n File name %N Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link %o I/O block size %s Total size, in bytes %t Major device type in hex %T Minor device type in hex %h same as %b %H hour (00..23) %I hour (01..12) %j day of year (001..366) %i File System ID in hex %l Maximum length of filenames %n File name %s Block size (for faster transfers) %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) %t Type in hex %T Type in human readable form %k hour ( 0..23) %l hour ( 1..12) %m month (01..12) %M minute (00..59) %n a newline %N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) %p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known %P like %p, but lower case %r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM) %R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M %s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u User ID of owner %U User name of owner %x Time of last access %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch %y Time of last modification %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch %z Time of last change %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch %x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99) %X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48) %y last two digits of year (00..99) %Y year %z +hhmm numeric timezone (e.g., -0400) %:z +hh:mm numeric timezone (e.g., -04:00) %::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00) %:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30) %Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT) By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes. + TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like `match' or an operator like `/' ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION --output-delimiter=STR separate columns with STR --userspec=USER:GROUP specify user and group (ID or name) to use --groups=G_LIST specify supplementary groups as g1,g2,..,gN -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -A, --auto-reference output automatically generated references -G, --traditional behave more like System V `ptx' -F, --flag-truncation=STRING use STRING for flagging line truncations -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks -b, --bytes equivalent to `--apparent-size --block-size=1' -c, --total produce a grand total -D, --dereference-args dereference only symlinks that are listed on the command line -C list entries by columns --color[=WHEN] colorize the output. WHEN defaults to `always' or can be `never' or `auto'. More info below -d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links -D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode -D create all leading components of DEST except the last, then copy SOURCE to DEST -g, --group=GROUP set group ownership, instead of process' current group -m, --mode=MODE set permission mode (as in chmod), instead of rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=OWNER set ownership (super-user only) -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names -h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line follow symbolic links listed on the command line --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory --hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A) -I prompt once before removing more than three files, or when removing recursively. Less intrusive than -i, while still giving protection against most mistakes --interactive[=WHEN] prompt according to WHEN: never, once (-I), or always (-i). Without WHEN, prompt always -L FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h) -O FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID -p FILE FILE exists and is a named pipe -r FILE FILE exists and read permission is granted -s FILE FILE exists and has a size greater than zero -L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links -P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default) -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -S, --separate-dirs do not include size of subdirectories -s, --summarize display only a total for each argument -L, --logical use PWD from environment, even if it contains symlinks -P, --physical avoid all symlinks -M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx' -O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives -R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences -T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives -N, --read-bytes=BYTES limit dump to BYTES input bytes -S, --strings[=BYTES] output strings of at least BYTES graphic chars -t, --format=TYPE select output format or formats -v, --output-duplicates do not use * to mark line suppression -w, --width[=BYTES] output BYTES bytes per output line --traditional accept arguments in traditional form -P, --portability use the POSIX output format --sync invoke sync before getting usage info -t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE -T, --print-type print file system type -x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE -v (ignored) -S sort by file size --sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time -S FILE FILE exists and is a socket -t FD file descriptor FD is opened on a terminal -u FILE FILE exists and its set-user-ID bit is set -w FILE FILE exists and write permission is granted -x FILE FILE exists and execute (or search) permission is granted -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create the links -T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file -v, --verbose print name of each linked file -SSTRING, --sep-string[=STRING] separate columns by STRING, without -S: Default separator with -J and otherwise (same as -S" "), no effect on column options -t, --omit-header omit page headers and trailers -T, --omit-pagination omit page headers and trailers, eliminate any pagination by form feeds set in input files -v, --show-nonprinting use octal backslash notation -w, --width=PAGE_WIDTH set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters for multiple text-column output only, -s[char] turns off (72) -T, -w, --mesg add user's message status as +, - or ? -u, --users list users logged in --message same as -T --writable same as -T -W, --page-width=PAGE_WIDTH set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters always, truncate lines, except -J option is set, no interference with -S or -s -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword -b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting -g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields -i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE -o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of NAME to CTX -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each NAME to CTX -a change only the access time -c, --no-create do not create any files -d, --date=STRING parse STRING and use it instead of current time -f (ignored) -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -a, --all include dummy file systems -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks --total produce a grand total -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories --apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be larger due to holes in (`sparse') files, internal fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like -a, --all convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks --first-only convert only leading sequences of blanks (overrides -a) -t, --tabs=N have tabs N characters apart instead of 8 (enables -a) -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated LIST of tab positions (enables -a) -a, --archive same as -dR --preserve=all --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument --copy-contents copy contents of special files when recursive -d same as --no-dereference --preserve=links -a, --suffix-length=N use suffixes of length N (default %d) -b, --bytes=SIZE put SIZE bytes per output file -C, --line-bytes=SIZE put at most SIZE bytes of lines per output file -d, --numeric-suffixes use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic -l, --lines=NUMBER put NUMBER lines per output file -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline -b, --binary read in binary mode -b, --binary read in binary mode (default unless reading tty stdin) -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -b, --bytes=LIST select only these bytes -c, --characters=LIST select only these characters -d, --delimiter=DELIM use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignore leading blanks -d, --dictionary-order consider only blanks and alphanumeric characters -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case characters -b, --suffix-format=FORMAT use sprintf FORMAT instead of %02d -f, --prefix=PREFIX use PREFIX instead of `xx' -k, --keep-files do not remove output files on errors -c, --bytes=K output the last K bytes; alternatively, use -c +K to output bytes starting with the Kth of each file -c, --bytes=[-]K print the first K bytes of each file; with the leading `-', print all but the last K bytes of each file -n, --lines=[-]K print the first K lines instead of the first 10; with the leading `-', print all but the last K lines of each file -c, --check read %s sums from the FILEs and check them -c, --check, --check=diagnose-first check for sorted input; do not sort -C, --check=quiet, --check=silent like -c, but do not report first bad line --compress-program=PROG compress temporaries with PROG; decompress them with PROG -d --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -c, --crown-margin preserve indentation of first two lines -p, --prefix=STRING reformat only lines beginning with STRING, reattaching the prefix to reformatted lines -s, --split-only split long lines, but do not refill -c, --no-create do not create any files -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -d, --directory create a directory, not a file -u, --dry-run do not create anything; merely print a name (unsafe) -q, --quiet suppress diagnostics about file/dir-creation failure -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes -e, --echo treat each ARG as an input line -i, --input-range=LO-HI treat each number LO through HI as an input line -n, --head-count=COUNT output at most COUNT lines -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries --file-type likewise, except do not append `*' --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso -f omit the line of column headings in short format -w omit the user's full name in short format -i omit the user's full name and remote host in short format -q omit the user's full name, remote host and idle time in short format -f same as -t fF, select floats -i same as -t dI, select decimal ints -l same as -t dL, select decimal longs -o same as -t o2, select octal 2-byte units -s same as -t d2, select decimal 2-byte units -x same as -t x2, select hexadecimal 2-byte units -f FILE FILE exists and is a regular file -g FILE FILE exists and is set-group-ID -G FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID -h FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L) -k FILE FILE exists and has its sticky bit set -f, --canonicalize canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively; all but the last component must exist -e, --canonicalize-existing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, all components must exist -f, --fields=LIST select only these fields; also print any line that contains no delimiter character, unless the -s option is specified -n (ignored) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -f, --force if an existing destination file cannot be opened, remove it and try again (redundant if the -n option is used) -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite (overrides a previous -n option) -H follow command-line symbolic links in SOURCE -f, --force change permissions to allow writing if necessary -n, --iterations=N overwrite N times instead of the default (%d) --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -s, --size=N shred this many bytes (suffixes like K, M, G accepted) -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --reference=RFILE use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values -R, --recursive change files and directories recursively -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's group rather than specifying a GROUP value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's owner and group rather than specifying OWNER:GROUP values -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -g like -l, but do not list owner -g GID[,GID1...] also set the primary group-ID to the numeric GID, and (if specified) supplemental group IDs to GID1, ... -g, --general-numeric-sort compare according to general numerical value -i, --ignore-nonprinting consider only printable characters -M, --month-sort compare (unknown) < `JAN' < ... < `DEC' -h, --header-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering header lines -i, --line-increment=NUMBER line number increment at each line -l, --join-blank-lines=NUMBER group of NUMBER empty lines counted as one -n, --number-format=FORMAT insert line numbers according to FORMAT -p, --no-renumber do not reset line numbers at logical pages -s, --number-separator=STRING add STRING after (possible) line number -h, --header=HEADER use a centered HEADER instead of filename in page header, -h "" prints a blank line, don't use -h"" -i[CHAR[WIDTH]], --output-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] replace spaces with CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -J, --join-lines merge full lines, turns off -W line truncation, no column alignment, --sep-string[=STRING] sets separators -h, --human-numeric-sort compare human readable numbers (e.g., 2K 1G) -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the timestamps of a symlink) -m change only the modification time -i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing fields -j FIELD equivalent to `-1 FIELD -2 FIELD' -o FORMAT obey FORMAT while constructing output line -t CHAR use CHAR as input and output field separator -i, --initial do not convert tabs after non blanks -t, --tabs=NUMBER have tabs NUMBER characters apart, not 8 -i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage -k like --block-size=1K -l, --local limit listing to local file systems --no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) -i, --interactive prompt whether to remove destinations -L, --logical make hard links to symbolic link references -n, --no-dereference treat destination that is a symlink to a directory as if it were a normal file -P, --physical make hard links directly to symbolic links -s, --symbolic make symbolic links instead of hard links -k like --block-size=1K -l, --count-links count sizes many times if hard linked -m like --block-size=1M -k, --key=POS1[,POS2] start a key at POS1 (origin 1), end it at POS2 (default end of line) -m, --merge merge already sorted files; do not sort -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -l, --length=PAGE_LENGTH set the page length to PAGE_LENGTH (66) lines (default number of lines of text 56, and with -F 63) -m, --merge print all files in parallel, one in each column, truncate lines, but join lines of full length with -J -l, --link link files instead of copying -L, --dereference always follow symbolic links in SOURCE -l, --login print system login processes -m, --canonicalize-missing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, without requirements on components existence -n, --no-newline do not output the trailing newline -q, --quiet, -s, --silent suppress most error messages -v, --verbose report error messages -m, --mode=MODE set file permission bits to MODE, not a=rw - umask -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each created directory to CTX -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -n, --lines=K output the last K lines, instead of the last %d; or use -n +K to output lines starting with the Kth --max-unchanged-stats=N with --follow=name, reopen a FILE which has not changed size after N (default %d) iterations to see if it has been unlinked or renamed (this is the usual case of rotated log files) -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file (overrides a previous -i option) -P, --no-dereference never follow symbolic links in SOURCE -n, --numeric-sort compare according to string numerical value -R, --random-sort sort by random hash of keys --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -r, --reverse reverse the result of comparisons -n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o like -l, but do not list group information -p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories -n[SEP[DIGITS]], --number-lines[=SEP[DIGITS]] number lines, use DIGITS (5) digits, then SEP (TAB), default counting starts with 1st line of input file -N, --first-line-number=NUMBER start counting with NUMBER at 1st line of first page printed (see +FIRST_PAGE) -o, --indent=MARGIN offset each line with MARGIN (zero) spaces, do not affect -w or -W, MARGIN will be added to PAGE_WIDTH -r, --no-file-warnings omit warning when a file cannot be opened -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output -s, --stable stabilize sort by disabling last-resort comparison -S, --buffer-size=SIZE use SIZE for main memory buffer -p same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps --preserve[=ATTR_LIST] preserve the specified attributes (default: mode,ownership,timestamps), if possible additional attributes: context, links, xattr, all -p DIR use DIR as a prefix; implies -t [deprecated] -t interpret TEMPLATE as a single file name component, relative to a directory: $TMPDIR, if set; else the directory specified via -p; else /tmp [deprecated] -p, --parents remove DIRECTORY and its ancestors; e.g., `rmdir -p a/b/c' is similar to `rmdir a/b/c a/b a' -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every directory processed -p, --preserve-timestamps apply access/modification times of SOURCE files to corresponding destination files -s, --strip strip symbol tables --strip-program=PROGRAM program used to strip binaries -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -v, --verbose print the name of each directory as it is created -q, --count all login names and number of users logged on -r, --runlevel print current runlevel -s, --short print only name, line, and time (default) -t, --time print last system clock change -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -r, --reference=FILE display the last modification time of FILE -R, --rfc-2822 output date and time in RFC 2822 format. Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=FILE use this FILE's size -s, --size=SIZE use this SIZE -r, --reference=FILE use this file's times instead of current time -t STAMP use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time --time=WORD change the specified time: WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent to -a WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to -m -r, --references first field of each line is a reference -t, --typeset-mode - not implemented - -w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded -r, --reverse reverse order while sorting -R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively -s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL specify the name or number of the signal to be sent -l, --list list signal names, or convert signal names to/from numbers -t, --table print a table of signal information -s, --sleep-interval=N with -f, sleep for approximately N seconds (default 1.0) between iterations -v, --verbose always output headers giving file names -s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -s[CHAR], --separator[=CHAR] separate columns by a single character, default for CHAR is the character without -w and 'no char' with -w -s[CHAR] turns off line truncation of all 3 column options (-COLUMN|-a -COLUMN|-m) except -w is set -t sort by modification time -T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP use SEP instead of non-blank to blank transition -T, --temporary-directory=DIR use DIR for temporaries, not $TMPDIR or %s; multiple options specify multiple directories -u, --unique with -c, check for strict ordering; without -c, output only the first of an equal run -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -t, --tagged-paragraph indentation of first line different from second -u, --uniform-spacing one space between words, two after sentences -w, --width=WIDTH maximum line width (default of 75 columns) -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -u, --update move only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -t, --text read in text mode (default if reading tty stdin) -t, --text read in text mode (default) -u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time -U do not sort; list entries in directory order -v natural sort of (version) numbers within text -u, --remove truncate and remove file after overwriting -v, --verbose show progress -x, --exact do not round file sizes up to the next full block; this is the default for non-regular files -z, --zero add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system -u, --user=USER set user USER in the target security context -r, --role=ROLE set role ROLE in the target security context -t, --type=TYPE set type TYPE in the target security context -l, --range=RANGE set range RANGE in the target security context -v, --kernel-version print the kernel version -m, --machine print the machine hardware name -p, --processor print the processor type or "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform print the hardware platform or "unknown" -o, --operating-system print the operating system -v, --starting-line-number=NUMBER first line number on each logical page -w, --number-width=NUMBER use NUMBER columns for line numbers -w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines -w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value -x list entries by lines instead of by columns -X sort alphabetically by entry extension -Z, --context print any SELinux security context of each file -1 list one file per line -x, --one-file-system skip directories on different file systems -X, --exclude-from=FILE exclude files that match any pattern in FILE --exclude=PATTERN exclude files that match PATTERN --max-depth=N print the total for a directory (or file, with --all) only if it is N or fewer levels below the command line argument; --max-depth=0 is the same as --summarize -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline Processes in an uninterruptible sleep state also contribute to the load average. [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \0NNN byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits) \xHH byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits) \NNN byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits) \xHH byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits) \uHHHH Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character with hex value HHHH (4 digits) \UHHHHHHHH Unicode character with hex value HHHHHHHH (8 digits) \\ backslash \a alert (BEL) \b backspace \c produce no further output \e escape \f form feed \n new line \r carriage return \t horizontal tab \v vertical tab \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline lcase change upper case to lower case binary use binary I/O for data cio use concurrent I/O for data d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer direct use direct I/O for data directory fail unless a directory dsync use synchronized I/O for data fullblock accumulate full blocks of input (iflag only) if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin iflag=FLAGS read as per the comma separated symbol list obs=BYTES write BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout oflag=FLAGS write as per the comma separated symbol list seek=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS obs-sized blocks at start of output skip=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS ibs-sized blocks at start of input status=noxfer suppress transfer statistics noatime do not update access time nocreat do not create the output file excl fail if the output file already exists notrunc do not truncate the output file ucase change lower case to upper case swab swap every pair of input bytes noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file noerror continue after read errors sync pad every input block with NULs to ibs-size; when used with block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing fsync likewise, but also write metadata nofollow do not follow symlinks nolinks fail if multiply-linked nonblock use non-blocking I/O none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups sync likewise, but also for metadata text use text I/O for data %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% %H:%M%P %s-blocks Used Available Capacity (backup: %s) * [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c') [-]echo echo input characters * [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho [-]echoe same as [-]crterase [-]echok echo a newline after a kill character * [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill [-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters * [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\' and '/' [-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters [-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters * [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase * [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character [-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters [-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control [-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence) [-]tandem same as [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded * [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline * [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters * [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays * [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase * [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline * [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return * [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column [-]opost postprocess output * tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3] * tabs same as tab0 * -tabs same as tab3 * vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1] * eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line * lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal * rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it * rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows * size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel speed print the terminal speed time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second ??:???? Mounted on TTY context=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu groups= old on repetition %s % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %.*s: invalid conversion specification%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu user%lu users%s%s (for regexp %s)%s -> %s (unbackup) %s [-d] terminated abnormally%s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has appeared; following end of new file%s has become accessible%s has become inaccessible%s has been replaced with a remote file. giving up on this name%s has been replaced with an untailable file; giving up on this name%s has been replaced; following end of new file%s has unknown file type%s has unusable, apparently negative size%s home page: <%s> %s home page: %s is not a valid positive integer%s is too large%s may be used only on a SELinux kernel%s was specified but %s was not%s%s argument `%s' too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s: line number out of range%s: %s: match not found%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: binary operator expected%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot change nonblocking mode%s: cannot find name for user ID %lu %s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot lseek back to original position%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot rewind%s: cannot seek%s: cannot seek to end-relative offset %s%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: cannot seek to relative offset %s%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: cannot skip%s: cannot skip to specified offset%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: couldn't reset non-blocking mode%s: descend into directory %s? %s: descend into write-protected directory %s? %s: end of file%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: error truncating%s: error writing at offset %s%s: expected a numeric value%s: failed to close%s: failed to open for writing%s: failed to remove%s: fcntl failed%s: fdatasync failed%s: file has negative size%s: file has shrunk too much%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: fstat failed%s: fsync failed%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input contains an odd number of tokens%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid count at start of %s%s: invalid directive%s: invalid field specification %s%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of passes%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid number to ignore%s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: lseek failed%s: multiple signals specified%s: new permissions are %s, not %s%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: no size information for this device%s: not listing already-listed directory%s: number of bytes is too large%s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove all arguments recursively? %s: remove all arguments? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s: seek failed%s: too many checksum lines%s: try to overwrite %s, overriding mode %04lo (%s)? %s: unable to determine maximum file name length%s: unable to perform all requested operations%s: unary operator expected%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: value not completely converted%s: write error%s:%lu: invalid line; missing second token%s:%lu: invalid zero-length file name%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}''')' expected')' expected, found %s(C)* file systems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS version 3 clients * compressed file systems * log-structured or journaled file systems, such as those supplied with AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.) * file systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes fail, such as RAID-based file systems * file systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server , load average: %.2f, %g s, %s/s --%s argument %s too large--context (-Z) works only on an SELinux-enabled kernel--reflink can be used only with --sparse=auto-R --dereference requires either -H or -L-R -h requires -P-ef does not accept -l-nt does not accept -l-ot does not accept -l??? ?????AbortedAddress family for hostname not supportedAlarm clockAll arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. All requests doneArgument buffer too smallArnold RobbinsBad system callBad value for ai_flagsBrian FoxBroken pipeBus errorCAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important assumption: that the file system overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern file system designs do not satisfy this assumption. The following are examples of file systems on which shred is not effective, or is not guaranteed to be effective in all file system modes: COMMENTCPU time limit exceededCall the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1. Call the unlink function to remove the specified FILE. Change the effective user id and group id to that of USER. -, -l, --login make the shell a login shell -c, --command=COMMAND pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c -f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment do not reset environment variables -p same as -m -s, --shell=SHELL run SHELL if /etc/shells allows it Change the group of each FILE to GROUP. With --reference, change the group of each FILE to that of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the security context of each FILE to CONTEXT. With --reference, change the security context of each FILE to that of RFILE. -h, --no-dereference affect symbolic links instead of any referenced file Chet RameyChild exitedColin PlumbCompare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output. -A, --show-all equivalent to -vET -b, --number-nonblank number nonempty output lines -e equivalent to -vE -E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line -n, --number number all output lines -s, --squeeze-blank suppress repeated empty output lines ContinuedConvert blanks in each FILE to tabs, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Copy a file, converting and formatting according to the operands. bs=BYTES read and write BYTES bytes at a time (also see ibs=,obs=) cbs=BYTES convert BYTES bytes at a time conv=CONVS convert the file as per the comma separated symbol list count=BLOCKS copy only BLOCKS input blocks ibs=BYTES read BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. -a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals Create a temporary file or directory, safely, and print its name. TEMPLATE must contain at least 3 consecutive `X's in last component. If TEMPLATE is not specified, use tmp.XXXXXXXXXX, and --tmpdir is implied. Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDiagnose invalid or unportable file names. -p check for most POSIX systems -P check for empty names and leading "-" --portability check for all POSIX systems (equivalent to -p -P) Directory: Display file or file system status. -L, --dereference follow links -f, --file-system display file system status instead of file status Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date. -d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not `now' -f, --file=DATEFILE like --date once for each line of DATEFILE Dmitry V. LevinDrop any supplemental groups, assume the user-ID and group-ID of the specified USER (numeric ID or user name), and run COMMAND with any specified ARGUMENTs. Exit with status 111 if unable to assume the required user and group ID. Otherwise, exit with the exit status of COMMAND. This program is useful only when run by root (user ID zero). EMT trapEXITEach range is one of: N N'th byte, character or field, counted from 1 N- from N'th byte, character or field, to end of line N-M from N'th to M'th (included) byte, character or field -M from first to M'th (included) byte, character or field With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Echo the STRING(s) to standard output. -n do not output the trailing newline Eric BlakeExit with a status code indicating failure.Exit with a status code indicating success.Exit with the status determined by EXPRESSION. F. PinardFAILEDFIXME: unknownFORMAT must be suitable for printing one argument of type `double'; it defaults to %.PRECf if FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are all fixed point decimal numbers with maximum precision PREC, and to %g otherwise. Fifos do not have major and minor device numbers.File size limit exceededFilesystem Filesystem TypeFilter adjacent matching lines from INPUT (or standard input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output). With no options, matching lines are merged to the first occurrence. Floating point exceptionFor complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' For each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by whitespace. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input. -a FILENUM print unpairable lines coming from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2 -e EMPTY replace missing input fields with EMPTY Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block. General help using GNU software: Giuseppe ScrivanoH. Peter AnvinHangupI/O possibleIDLEIan Lance TaylorIdleIf FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Illegal instructionIn addition, file system backups and remote mirrors may contain copies of the file that cannot be removed, and that will allow a shredded file to be recovered later. In real life: In the 1st form, create a link to TARGET with the name LINK_NAME. In the 2nd form, create a link to TARGET in the current directory. In the 3rd and 4th forms, create links to each TARGET in DIRECTORY. Create hard links by default, symbolic links with --symbolic. When creating hard links, each TARGET must exist. Symbolic links can hold arbitrary text; if later resolved, a relative link is interpreted in relation to its parent directory. In the case of ext3 file systems, the above disclaimer applies (and shred is thus of limited effectiveness) only in data=journal mode, which journals file data in addition to just metadata. In both the data=ordered (default) and data=writeback modes, shred works as usual. Ext3 journaling modes can be changed by adding the data=something option to the mount options for a particular file system in the /etc/fstab file, as documented in the mount man page (man mount). Infinity BInformation requestInterruptInterrupted by a signalInvalid back referenceInvalid character class nameInvalid collation characterInvalid content of \{\}Invalid preceding regular expressionInvalid range endInvalid regular expressionJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfKilledLINELOGINList information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort. LoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnMemory allocation failureMemory exhaustedMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNAMENameName or service not knownNo address associated with hostnameNo matchNo previous regular expressionNon-recoverable failure in name resolutionOKOnly one string may be given when deleting without squeezing repeats.Option --string without a number implies 3; option --width without a number implies 32. By default, od uses -A o -t oS -w16. Ordering options: Other options: Output a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. Determine format of output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output defaults Output fixed-size pieces of INPUT to PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ...; default size is 1000 lines, and default PREFIX is `x'. With no INPUT, or when INPUT is -, read standard input. Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files `xx00', `xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output. Output platform dependent limits in a format useful for shell scripts. Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. PIDPackaged by %s Packaged by %s (%s) Padraig BradyPaginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Parameter string not correctly encodedPassword:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlan: Power failurePremature end of regular expressionPrint ARGUMENT(s) according to FORMAT, or execute according to OPTION: Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print NAME with its trailing /component removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output `.' (meaning the current directory). Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s. -a, --all print all information, in the following order, except omit -p and -i if unknown: -s, --kernel-name print the kernel name -n, --nodename print the network node hostname -r, --kernel-release print the kernel release Print checksum and block counts for each FILE. -r use BSD sum algorithm, use 1K blocks -s, --sysv use System V sum algorithm, use 512 bytes blocks Print group memberships for each USERNAME or, if no USERNAME is specified, for the current process (which may differ if the groups database has changed). Print information about users who are currently logged in. Print machine architecture. Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT. -f, --format=FORMAT use printf style floating-point FORMAT -s, --separator=STRING use STRING to separate numbers (default: \n) -w, --equal-width equalize width by padding with leading zeroes Print or change terminal characteristics. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the current time, the length of time the system has been up, the number of users on the system, and the average number of jobs in the run queue over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes.Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. -s, --silent, --quiet print nothing, only return an exit status Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the full filename of the current working directory. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the name of the current user. Print the number of processing units available to the current process, which may be less than the number of online processors Print the prime factors of each specified integer NUMBER. If none are specified on the command line, read them from standard input. Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID. Same as id -un. Print user and group information for the specified USERNAME, or (when USERNAME omitted) for the current user. -a ignore, for compatibility with other versions -Z, --context print only the security context of the current user -g, --group print only the effective group ID -G, --groups print all group IDs -n, --name print a name instead of a number, for -ugG -r, --real print the real ID instead of the effective ID, with -ugG -u, --user print only the effective user ID Print value of a symbolic link or canonical file name Processing request in progressProfiling timer expiredProject: Q. Frank XiaQuitRandy SmithReal-time signal %dReformat each paragraph in the FILE(s), writing to standard output. The option -WIDTH is an abbreviated form of --width=DIGITS. Regular expression too bigRemove (unlink) the FILE(s). -f, --force ignore nonexistent files, never prompt -i prompt before every removal Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty ignore each failure that is solely because a directory is non-empty Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Report %s bugs to: %s Report %s translation bugs to Request canceledRequest not canceledResource lostRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonRun COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling. With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Nicenesses range from %d (most favorable scheduling) to %d (least favorable). -n, --adjustment=N add integer N to the niceness (default 10) Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals. Run COMMAND, with modified buffering operations for its standard streams. Run a program in a different security context. With neither CONTEXT nor COMMAND, print the current security context. CONTEXT Complete security context -c, --compute compute process transition context before modifying -t, --type=TYPE type (for same role as parent) -u, --user=USER user identity -r, --role=ROLE role -l, --range=RANGE levelrange Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerSegmentation faultSend signals to processes, or list signals. Servname not supported for ai_socktypeSet LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Set each NAME to VALUE in the environment and run COMMAND. -i, --ignore-environment start with an empty environment -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -u, --unset=NAME remove variable from the environment Shell: Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default. Shrink or extend the size of each FILE to the specified size A FILE argument that does not exist is created. If a FILE is larger than the specified size, the extra data is lost. If a FILE is shorter, it is extended and the extended part (hole) reads as zero bytes. Simon JosefssonSpecial files require major and minor device numbers.Stack faultStoppedStopped (signal)Stopped (tty input)Stopped (tty output)Stuart KempSuccessSummarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. System errorTIMETemporary failure in name resolutionTerminatedThe following optional flags may follow `%': - (hyphen) do not pad the field _ (underscore) pad with spaces 0 (zero) pad with zeros ^ use upper case if possible # use opposite case if possible The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. -H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it -L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered -P do not traverse any symbolic links (default) The strings compared were %s and %s.Torbjorn GranlundTrace/breakpoint trapTrailing backslashTranslate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing to standard output. -c, -C, --complement use the complement of SET1 -d, --delete delete characters in SET1, do not translate -s, --squeeze-repeats replace each input sequence of a repeated character that is listed in SET1 with a single occurrence of that character -t, --truncate-set1 first truncate SET1 to length of SET2 Try `%s --help' for more information. Try `%s ./%s' to remove the file %s. Two strings must be given when both deleting and squeezing repeats.Two strings must be given when translating.Ulrich DrepperUnknown errorUnknown signal %dUnknown system errorUnmatched ( or \(Unmatched ) or \)Unmatched [ or [^Unmatched \{Update the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time. A FILE argument that does not exist is created empty, unless -c or -h is supplied. A FILE argument string of - is handled specially and causes touch to change the times of the file associated with standard output. Urgent I/O conditionUsage: %s Usage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s CONTEXT COMMAND [args] or: %s [ -c ] [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-t TYPE] [-l RANGE] COMMAND [args] Usage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NUMBER[SUFFIX]... or: %s OPTION Pause for NUMBER seconds. SUFFIX may be `s' for seconds (the default), `m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. Unlike most implementations that require NUMBER be an integer, here NUMBER may be an arbitrary floating point number. Given two or more arguments, pause for the amount of time specified by the sum of their values. Usage: %s OPTION... COMMAND Usage: %s OPTION... FILE... Usage: %s OPTION... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [SETTING]... or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-a|--all] or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-g|--save] Usage: %s [-WIDTH] [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NAME] or: %s OPTION Print or set the hostname of the current system. Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPERAND]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] Print the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) for the current host. Usage: %s [OPTION] NEWROOT [COMMAND [ARG]...] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... CONTEXT FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-l RANGE] [-t TYPE] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... or: %s [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form) or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form) Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] or: %s -e [OPTION]... [ARG]... or: %s -i LO-HI [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Base64 encode or decode FILE, or standard input, to standard output. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] or: %s --traditional [OPTION]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Print or check %s (%d-bit) checksums. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [PREFIX]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [TEMPLATE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [VARIABLE]... Print the values of the specified environment VARIABLE(s). If no VARIABLE is specified, print name and value pairs for them all. Usage: %s [SHORT-OPTION]... USER COMMAND [ARGUMENT]... or: %s LONG-OPTION Usage: %s [SHORT-OPTION]... [STRING]... or: %s LONG-OPTION Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [ignored command line arguments] or: %s OPTION Usage: test EXPRESSION or: test or: [ EXPRESSION ] or: [ ] or: [ OPTION User defined signal 1User defined signal 2Using -s ignores -L and -P. Otherwise, the last option specified controls behavior when the source is a symbolic link, defaulting to %s. Valid arguments are:Valid format sequences for file systems: %a Free blocks available to non-superuser %b Total data blocks in file system %c Total file nodes in file system %d Free file nodes in file system %f Free blocks in file system %C SELinux security context string Virtual timer expiredWARNING: --page-increment is deprecated; use --line-increment insteadWARNING: --preserve_context is deprecated; use --preserve-context insteadWARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s WARNING: ignoring --context (-Z); this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --preserve-context; this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --strip-program option as -s option was not specifiedWarning: WhenWhereWindow changedWith --follow (-f), tail defaults to following the file descriptor, which means that even if a tail'ed file is renamed, tail will continue to track its end. This default behavior is not desirable when you really want to track the actual name of the file, not the file descriptor (e.g., log rotation). Use --follow=name in that case. That causes tail to track the named file in a way that accommodates renaming, removal and creation. Wrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write a random permutation of the input lines to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to standard output. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``-%c' extra characters or invalid number in the argument: %s`--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argument`-N NUMBER' invalid starting line number: %s`-W PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %s`-l PAGE_LENGTH' invalid number of lines: %s`-o MARGIN' invalid line offset: %s`-w PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %sa command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sai_family not supportedai_socktype not supportedambiguous argument %s for %san input delimiter may be specified only when operating on fieldsappending output to %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileblock special files not supportedboth SI and IEC prefixes present on unitsboth files cannot be standard inputbyte offset %s is too largecan't apply partial context to unlabeled file %scan't get process contextcannot access %scannot backup %scannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change ownership of %scannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot chdir to root directorycannot combine --target-directory (-t) and --no-target-directory (-T)cannot combine --target-directory and --no-target-directorycannot combine -e and -i optionscannot combine any two of {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}cannot combine block and unblockcannot combine excl and nocreatcannot combine lcase and ucasecannot combine mode and --reference optionscannot combine signal with -l or -tcannot compare file names %s and %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot create temporary file in %scannot dereference %scannot determine device and inode of %scannot determine hostnamecannot determine location of %s. reverting to pollingcannot do ioctl on %scannot find name for group ID %lucannot find name for user ID %lucannot follow %s by namecannot force target context to %s and preserve itcannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot get nicenesscannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open %s for writingcannot open directory %scannot operate on dangling symlink %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot perform formatted outputcannot preserve extended attributes, cp is built without xattr supportcannot preserve security context without an SELinux-enabled kernelcannot print "only" of more than one choicecannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot print security context when user specifiedcannot read directory %scannot read file names from %scannot read file system information for %scannot read realtime clockcannot read symbolic link %scannot read table of mounted file systemscannot remove %scannot remove directory: %scannot reposition file pointer for %scannot run %scannot set %scannot set datecannot set group idcannot set group-ID to %lucannot set groupscannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot set name to %scannot set nicenesscannot set time stamps for %scannot set user idcannot set user-ID to %lucannot skip past end of combined inputcannot specify --null (-0) with commandcannot specify both printing across and printing in parallelcannot specify number of columns when printing in parallelcannot specify times from more than one sourcecannot split in more than one waycannot stat %scannot stat current directory (now %s)cannot stat standard inputcannot touch %scannot un-backup %scannot unlink %scannot unset %scannot watch %scannot watch parent directory of %scannot work around kernel bug after allchanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %schanging security context of %s character offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special filecharacter special files not supportedclearing permissions for %sclock changeclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing directory %sclosing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputcompatibility mode supports at most one fileconflicting empty-field replacement stringsconflicting security context specifiers givencould not set buffering of %s to mode %s couldn't create process for %s -dcouldn't create temporary filecouldn't execute %scouldn't execute %s -dcouldn't find directory entry in %s with matching i-nodecouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %screating file %s creating hard link %screating hard link %s => %screating hard link to %.0s%screating symbolic link %screating symbolic link %s -> %sdelimiter list ends with an unescaped backslash: %sdirectorydivision by zerodup2 failedempty %s not allowedempty file nameempty taberror closing fileerror in regular expression matchererror in regular expression searcherror initializing month stringserror monitoring inotify eventerror reading %serror reading inotify eventerror waiting for commanderror writing %sexit=extra argument %sextra operand %sextra operand %s extra operand %s not allowed with -%cfailed to change context of %s to %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to chdir to %sfailed to clone %sfailed to compute a new contextfailed to create directory via template %sfailed to create file via template %sfailed to create security context: %sfailed to get attributes of %sfailed to get current contextfailed to get file system create contextfailed to get groups for the current processfailed to get groups for user %sfailed to get security context of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to open %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to redirect standard errorfailed to redirect stderr to /dev/nullfailed to remove %sfailed to remove directory %sfailed to render standard input unusablefailed to reopen %s with mode %sfailed to restore the default file creation contextfailed to return to initial working directoryfailed to run command %sfailed to set %s security context component to %sfailed to set additional groupsfailed to set default file creation context to %sfailed to set group-IDfailed to set new range %sfailed to set new role %sfailed to set new type %sfailed to set new user %sfailed to set supplemental group(s)failed to set the copy of stderr to close on execfailed to set the security context of %s to %sfailed to set user-IDfailed to stat %sfailed to turn off O_DIRECT: %sfailed to update the environment with %sfdatasync failed for %sfflush failedfield number %s is too largefield number is zerofields and positions are numbered from 1fifofile %d is not in sorted orderfile operands cannot be combined with --files0-fromfile operands cannot be combined with --print-database (-p)file system type %s both selected and excludedfork system call failedformat %s ends in %%format %s has no %% directiveformat %s has too many %% directivesformat %s has unknown %%%c directiveformat string may not be specified when printing equal width stringsfsync failed for %sfts_close failedfts_read failedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsignoring inputignoring input and appending output to %signoring input and redirecting stderr to stdoutignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %signoring non-option argumentsincompatible join fields %lu, %luincompatible tabsincorrect passwordinotify cannot be used, reverting to pollinginput disappearedinput line is too longinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid %s%s argument `%s'invalid --%s argument %sinvalid adjustment %sinvalid argument %sinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid body numbering style: %sinvalid buffering mode %s for %s invalid byte or field listinvalid character `%c' in type string %sinvalid character class %sinvalid context: %sinvalid conversioninvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid date %sinvalid date format %sinvalid decreasing rangeinvalid device %s %sinvalid device type %sinvalid field number: %sinvalid field specifier: %sinvalid field width: %sinvalid file number in field spec: %sinvalid floating point argument: %sinvalid footer numbering style: %sinvalid format precisioninvalid format widthinvalid gap width: %sinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid group list %sinvalid group: %sinvalid header numbering style: %sinvalid inputinvalid input flaginvalid input range %sinvalid integer %sinvalid integer argument %sinvalid line count %sinvalid line discipline %sinvalid line number field width: %sinvalid line number increment: %sinvalid line numbering format: %sinvalid line width: %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid maximum depth %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid modeinvalid mode %sinvalid mode: %sinvalid number %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of blank lines: %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of columns: %sinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid number of lines: 0invalid option -- %cinvalid option -- %c; -WIDTH is recognized only when it is the first option; use -w N insteadinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid output flaginvalid page range %sinvalid precision: %sinvalid range with no endpoint: -invalid repeat count %s in [c*n] constructinvalid specinvalid starting line number: %sinvalid status flaginvalid suffix %s, contains directory separatorinvalid suffix in %s%s argument `%s'invalid tab size: %sinvalid template, %s, contains directory separatorinvalid template, %s; with --tmpdir, it may not be absoluteinvalid time interval %sinvalid time style format %sinvalid trailing option -- %cinvalid type string %sinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte floating point typeinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte integral typeinvalid universal character name \%c%0*xinvalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sinvalid wrap size: %sinvalid zero-length file nameit is dangerous to operate recursively on %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)last=leading `-' in a component of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name component %sline buffering stdin is meaninglessline count option -%s%c... is too largeline number %s is smaller than preceding line number, %sline number overflowmaximum --%s argument with current rlimit is %smemory exhaustedmessage queueminimum --%s argument is %smisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing `]'missing argument after %smissing argument to %smissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing destination file operand after %smissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing file operandmissing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operandmissing operand after %smode must specify only file permission bitsmode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multi-character tab %smultiple -i options specifiedmultiple -l or -t options specifiedmultiple compress programs specifiedmultiple delimiters specifiedmultiple levelrangesmultiple output files specifiedmultiple output formats specifiedmultiple random sources specifiedmultiple relative modifiers specifiedmultiple rolesmultiple target directories specifiedmultiple typesmultiple usersneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno change to ownership of %s no command specifiedno file systems processedno files remainingno input from %sno login nameno process ID specifiedno type may be specified when dumping stringsno username specified; at least one must be specified when using -lnonportable character %s in file name %snot a ttynot writing through dangling symlink %snumber in %s is too largenumber of bytesnumber of linesoffset overflow while reading file %somitting directory %sonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one device may be specifiedonly one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %soption used in invalid context -- %coptions --backup and --no-clobber are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --preserve-timestamps are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --strip are mutually exclusiveoptions `-%s' are incompatibleoutput file suffixes exhaustedoverflow extending size of file %soverflow rounding up size of file %sownership of %s retained ownership of %s retained as %s page number overflowpage width too narrowpreserving permissions for %spreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedreading %sreading directory %srecord too largeredirecting stderr to stdoutregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %srun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptyset LC_ALL='C' to work around the problemsetting flags for %ssetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectskip-bytes + read-bytes is too largeskipping %s, since it's on a different deviceskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstderrstdinstdoutstray character in field specstring comparison failedstring transformation failedstrip process terminated abnormallysuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errorsystem boottab size cannot be 0tab size contains invalid character(s): %stab sizes must be ascendingtab stop is too large %stab stop value is too largetabs are too far aparttarget %s is not a directorytarget directory not allowed when installing a directoryterm=test and/or [the --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --compare (-C) option is ignored when you specify a mode with non-permission bitsthe --context (-Z) option is obsolete and will be removed in a future releasethe --quiet option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the argument %s lacks a leading `+'; when using an option to specify date(s), any non-option argument must be a format string beginning with `+'the delimiter must be a single characterthe options for verbose and stty-readable output styles are mutually exclusivethe options to output dircolors' internal database and to select a shell syntax are mutually exclusivethe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivethe strings compared were %s and %sthe strip option may not be used when installing a directorythe untransformed string was %stime %s is out of rangeto use user-ID %s you need to use -g tootoo few X's in template %stoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtoo many characters in settoo many repeated linestoo many templatestotaltraversal failed: %styped memory objectuid=%luunable to display error messageunable to record current working directoryunable to set security context %sunexpected failure: fts_info=%d: %s please report to %sunknown binary operatorunknown status from command (0x%X)unknown streamunknown user-ID: %sunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableunrecognized operand %sunrecognized prefix: %sup %ld day %2d:%02d, up %ld days %2d:%02d, up ???? days ??:??, use --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeuser %s does not existusing %s to denote standard input does not work in file system modeusing arbitrary-precision arithmeticusing restricted shell %susing single-precision arithmeticwaiting for %s [-d]waiting for stripwarning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredwarning: %s: failed to change context to %swarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: --retry is useful mainly when following by namewarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: `touch %s' is obsolete; use `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'warning: an unescaped backslash at end of string is not portablewarning: backslash at end of formatwarning: cannot change directory to %swarning: cannot remove: %swarning: following standard input indefinitely is ineffectivewarning: ignoring excess arguments, starting with %swarning: invalid file offset after failed readwarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: line number %s is the same as preceding line numberwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: summarizing conflicts with --max-depth=%luwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0warning: the --%s option is obsolete; use --referencewarning: the ambiguous octal escape \%c%c%c is being interpreted as the 2-byte sequence \0%c%c, %cwarning: unrecognized escape `\%c'warning: working around lseek kernel bug for file (%s) of mt_type=0x%0lx -- see for the list of typesweird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen reading file names from stdin, no file name of %s allowedwhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'will not copy %s through just-created symlink %swill not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swith --parents, the destination must be a directorywith --suffix, template %s must end in Xwrite errorwrite error for %swrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify -c, -t, -u, -l, -r, or contextyou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsyou must specify one of %s or %sProject-Id-Version: coreutils-8.4 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2010-01-22 09:44+0100 Last-Translator: Stéphane Raimbault Language-Team: French MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n > 1); ( EXPRESSION ) EXPRESSION est vraie ! EXPRESSION EXPRESSION est fausse EXPRESSION1 -a EXPRESSION2 si les deux EXPRESSION1 et EXPRESSION2 sont vraies EXPRESSION1 -o EXPRESSION2 si l'une ou l'autre des expressions, EXPRESSION1 ou EXPRESSION2 est vraie --check-order vérifie que l'entrée est correctement triée, même si toutes les lignes en entrée sont appairées --nocheck-order ne vérifie pas que l'entrée est correctement triée -1 supprime la colonne 1 (lignes uniques de FILE1) -2 supprime la colonne 2 (lignes uniques de FILE2) -3 supprime la colonne 3 (lignes présentes dans les 2 fichiers) -a, --all identique à -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot affiche l'heure du dernier démarrage système -d, --dead affiche la liste des processus morts -H, --heading affiche les en-têtes de colonne des lignes -b FILE FILE existe et est un bloc spécial -c FILE FILE existe et est un caractère spécial -d FILE FILE existe et est un répertoire -e FILE FILE existe -l afficher en format long -b omettre le répertoire d'attache de l'utilisateur et son shell en format long -h omettre le fichier de projet de l'utilisateur en format long -p omettre le fichier de plan de l'utilisateur en format long -n STRING la longueur de STRING n'est pas nulle STRING équivalent à -n STRING -z STRING la longueur de STRING est nulle STRING1 = STRING2 les chaînes sont identiques STRING1 != STRING2 les chaînes sont différentes ARG1 * ARG2 produit arithmétique de ARG1 et ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 quotient arithmétique de ARG1 divisé par ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 reste arithmétique ARG1 divisé par ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 somme arithmétique de ARG1 et ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 différence arithmétique entre ARG1 et ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 si inférieur à ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 si inférieur ou égal à ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 si égal à ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 si différent de ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 si supérieur ou égal à ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 si supérieur à ARG2 FILE1 -ef FILE2 FILE1 et FILE2 ont les mêmes numéros de périphérique et d'inode FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 est plus récent (date de modification) que FILE2 FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 est plus ancien que FILE2 INTEGER copie jusqu'à mais sans inclure le nombre de lignes indiqué /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copie jusqu'à mais sans inclure une ligne correspondante %%REGEXP%%[OFFSET] ignore jusqu'à, mais sans inclure une ligne correspondante {INTEGER} répéte le motif précédent un nombre de fois {*} répéte le motif précédent le plus souvent possible Une ligne OFFSET requiert un « + » ou un « - » suivi d'un entier positif. INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 est égal à INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 est plus grand ou égal à INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 est plus grand que INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 est plus petit ou égal à INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 est plus petit que INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 n'est pas égal à INTEGER2 STRING : REGEXP motif d'ancrage de concordance de REGEXP dans STRING match STRING REGEXP identique à STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH sous-chaîne de STRING, POS débute à 1 index STRING CHARS index dans STRING où un des CHARS a été trouvé, sinon 0 length STRING longueur de STRING a numérote toutes les lignes t numérote seulement les lignes non vides n numérote n lignes pBRE numérote seulement les lignes ayant une concordance avec l'expression régulière de base, BRE FORMAT doit être choisi parmi : ln justifié à gauche, sans zéro en préfixe rn justifié à droite, sans zéro en préfixe rz justifié à droite, avec zéros en préfixe b crée un fichier spécial de type bloc (avec tampon) c, u crée un fichier spécial de type caractère (sans tampon) p crée un FIFO # utilisateurs=%lu -t est implicite si PAGE_LENGTH <= 10. Sans FILE, ou quand FILE est -, lit l'entrée standard. Un champ est une suite de blancs (souvent des espaces et/ou tabulations), suivi de caractères non-blancs. Les champs avant les caractères sont ignorés. Une version allégée du programme « finger »; afficher les informations relatives à un utilisateur. Le fichier utmp sera %s. Un simple - implique -i. Si aucune COMMAND n'est fournie, affiche l'environnement résultant. Un tiret - implique -l. Si l'argument USER n'est pas fourni, utilise « root » Après chaque drapeau suit un champ optionnel de largeur, sous la forme d'un nombre décimal ainsi que modificateur optionnel tel que : E pour utiliser la représentation locale alternative si disponible, ou O pour utiliser la représentation locale alternative de symboles numériques si disponible. Une EXPRESSION omise est par défaut fausse. Autrement, l'EXPRESSION est vraie ou fausse et initialise l'état de fin d'exécution. Une parmi : Un cas spécial où « cp » archive SOURCE lorsque les options « force » et « backup » sont utilisées et que SOURCE et DEST portent le même nom qu'un fichier standard existant. BLOCKS et BYTES peuvent être suivis des suffixes multiplicatifs suivants : c = 1, w = 2, b = 512, kB = 1000, K = 1024, MB = 1000*1000, M = 1024*1024, xM = M, GB = 1000 * 1000 * 1000, G = 1024*1024*1024 et ainsi de suite pour T, P, E, Z et Y. Chaque symbole CONV peut être : Soyez vigilent au fait que plusieurs opérateurs peuvent être neutralisés ou commentés par certains shells. Les comparaisons sont arithmétiques si les deux arguments sont des nombres, sinon elles sont lexicographiques. Les concordances de motif retournent la chaîne trouvée si elle est encapsulée entre \( et \) ou nul ; si \( et \) ne sont pas utilisés, le nombre de caractères qui concordent est retourné ou 0 sinon. À la fois MAJOR et MINOR doivent être spécifiés quand le TYPE est b, c ou u et ils doivent être omis lorsque le TYPE est p. Si MAJOR et MINOR avec 0x ou 0X, est fourni, ils sont interprétés en hexadécimal ; autrement, s'ils débutent par 0, ils le sont en octal et autrement en décimal. Le TYPE peut être : Par défaut, rm ne supprime pas les répertoires. Utilisez l'option --recursive (-r ou -R) pour supprimer les répertoires, ainsi que l'intégralité de leur contenu. Par défaut, sélectionne v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC se compose de deux caractères délimiteurs pour séparer les pages logiques, un deuxième caractère manquant implique :. Saisissez \\ pour \. STYLE est une des options parmi : Par défaut, les fichiers SOURCE dispersés sont détectés par le biais d'une heuristique grossière et le fichier DEST correspondant est aussi construit de façon dispersée. Il s'agit du comportement sélectionné par l'option --sparse=auto. Spécifiez --sparse=always pour créer un fichier DEST dispersé lorsque le fichier SOURCE contient une assez longue séquence d'octets de valeur zéro. Utilisez --sparse=never pour inhiber la création de fichiers dispersés. Paramètres de combinaison : * [-]LCASE identique à [-]lcase cbreak identique à -icanon -cbreak identique à icanon Paramètres de contrôle : [-]clocal inhibe les signaux de contrôle du modem [-]cread autorise la réception sur l'entrée * [-]crtscts autorise RTS/CTS handshaking csN initialise la taille des caractères à N bits, N variant entre [5..8] Les valeurs sont affichées selon les unités du premier SIZE parmi --block-size et les variables d'environnement %s_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE and BLOCKSIZE. Dans le cas contraire, les unités par défaut sont 1 024 octets (ou 512 si POSIXLY_CORRECT est défini). Chaque symbole FLAG peut être : append mode d'ajout (n'a de sens que pour la sortie ; conv=notrunc suggéré) Chaque MODE est de la forme « [ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+ ». Exemples : %s -12 file1 file2 affiche seulement les lignes présentes à la fois dans file1 and file2. %s -3 file1 file2 affiche les lignes dans file1 qui ne sont pas dans file2, et vice versa. Exemples : %s /usr/bin/sort Résultat « sort ». %s include/stdio.h .h Résultat « stdio ». Exemples : %s /usr/bin/sort sortie « /usr/bin ». %s stdio.h sortie « . ». Exemples : %s f - g affiche le contenu de f, puis l'entrée standard et ensuite le contenu de g. %s copie l'entrée standard vers la sortie standard. Exemples : %s root /u change le propriétaire de /u en « root ». %s root:staff /u idem mais change aussi son groupe en « staff ». %s -hR root /u change le propriétaire de /u et des sous-fichiers en « root ». Exemples : %s staff /u change le groupe de /u en « staff ». %s -hR staff /u change le groupe de /u et des sous-fichiers en « staff ». Excepté pour -h et -L, tous les tests relatifs aux fichiers déréférence les liens symboliques. Prenez soin de neutraliser les parenthèses (p. ex., avec des barres obliques inverses) dans un shell. INTEGER peut être -l STRING, qui évalue alors la longueur de la chaîne. Le code de sortie est 0 si l'EXPRESSION est soit nulle ou 0, 1 si l'EXPRESSION est nulle ou 0, 2 si l'EXPRESSION est syntaxiquement non valide et 3 si une erreur est survenue. Statut de sortie : 0 si OK, 1 si problème mineur (p. ex. impossible d'accéder à un sous-répertoire), 2 si problème majeur (p. ex. impossible d'accéder à un argument de ligne de commande). FORMAT contrôle la sortie comme la fonction printf() en C. Les séquences interprétées sont : \" guillemets FORMAT contrôle l'affichage. Les séquences interprétées sont : %% un caractère % %a les noms abrégés des jours de la semaine (p. ex. lun.) Prend en charge la ligne « tty » reliée à l'entrée standard. En l'absence d'argument, affiche la vitesse, la discipline de ligne et les modifications appliquées par « stty sane ». Dans les paramètres, CHAR est pris littéralement, ou codé comme ^c, 0x37, 0177 ou 127 ; les valeurs spéciales comme ^- ou indéfinies sont utilisées pour inhiber les caractères spéciaux. Si -e est effectif, les séquences suivantes sont reconnues : Si FILE est -, broie à partir de l'entrée standard. Supprime FILE si --remove (-u) est spécifié. Par défaut, les fichiers ne sont supprimés car il est commun d'opérer sur le fichier du périphérique tel que /dev/hda, et habituellement ces fichiers ne sont pas supprimés. Sur des fichiers standards, la majorité des gens utilise l'option --remove. Si FILE n'est pas spécifié, utilise %s. %s en tant que FILE est usuel. Si ARG1 ARG2 sont renseignés, -m est supposé, « am i » ou « mom likes » sont usuels. Si FILE est fourni, le lire pour déterminer les couleurs à utiliser pour les types de fichiers et les extensions. Autrement, la base de données précompilée sera utilisée. Pour les détails sur le format de ces fichiers, exécutez « dircolors --print-database ». Si FIRST ou INCREMENT est omis, la valeur 1 est utilisée par défaut. La valeur INCREMENT par défaut est 1 même lorsque LAST est plus petit que FIRST. FIRST, INCREMENT et LAST sont interprétés en notation flottante. INCREMENT est habituellement positif si FIRST est plus petit que LAST, et INCREMENT est habituellement négatif si FIRST est plus grand que LAST. Si MODE est « 0 », le flux correspondant ne sera pas mis en tampon. Si MODE est « L », le flux correspondant utilisera une mise en tampon par ligne. Cette option est non valide avec l'entrée standard. Si FILE est -, copie à nouveau sur la sortie standard. Si les formats du 1er et du second appel s'appliquent, le 2e format est retenu si le dernier opérande débute par + ou (si il y a 2 opérandes) un chiffre. Un opérande de décalage signifie -j OFFSET. LABEL est la pseudo adresse affichée dès le 1er octet, incrémentée lorsque le vidage mémoire s'effectue. Pour OFFSET et LABEL, un préfixe 0x ou 0X indique de l'hexadécimal ; les suffixes peuvent être . pour l'octal et b pour multiple de 512. Si aucune commande n'est fournie, exécute « ${SHELL} -i » (par défaut /bin/sh). Si l'entrée standard est un terminal, la redirige depuis /dev/null. Si l'entrée standard est un terminal, ajoute si possible la sortie à « nohup.out » ou à « $HOME/nohup.out » sinon. Si le fichier standard d'erreur est un terminal, la redirige sur la sortie standard. Pour enregistrer la sortie dans FILE, utilisez « %s COMMAND > FILE ». Si la commande dépasse le temps imparti, alors quitte avec le statut 124, sinon quite avec le statut de COMMAND. Si aucun signal n'est spécifié, le signal TERM est envoyé à l'expiration. Le signal TERM tuera tous les processus qui n'attrapent pas ce signal. Pour les autres processus, il peut être nécessaire d'utiliser le signal KILL(9), puisque ce signal ne peut être capturé. Si le premier caractère de K (le nombre d'octets ou de lignes) est un « + », affiche à partir du Ke éléments depuis le début de chaque fichier, autrement, affiche les K derniers éléments du fichier. K peut avoir un suffixe multiplicateur : b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024 et ainsi de suite pour T, P, E, Z, Y. Paramètres d'entrée : [-]brkint break provoque un signal d'interruption [-]icrnl transforme le retour de chariot en saut de ligne [-]ignbrk ignore les caractères break [-]igncr ignore le retour de chariot K peut avoir un suffixe multiplicateur : b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, et ainsi de suite pour T, P, E, Z, Y. License GPLv3+ : GNU GPL version 3 ou ultérieure Ceci est logiciel libre, vous êtes libre de le modifier et de le redistribuer. Ce logiciel n'est accompagné d'ABSOLUMENT AUCUNE GARANTIE, dans les limites autorisees par la loi applicable. Paramètres locaux : [-]crterase écho du caractère « erase » comme séquence retour arrière-espace-retour arrière * crtkill supprime toute ligne en respectant les paramètres « echoprt » et « echoe » * -crtkill supprime toute ligne en respectant les paramètres « echoctl » et « echok » Note : si COMMAND ajuste la mise en tampon de ses flux standard (comme « tee » par exemple) alors cela va surdéfinir les paramètres correspondant modifiés par « stdbuf ». Certains filtres (comme « dd » ou « cat », etc) n'utilisent par les flux pour les E/S, et donc ne sont pas affectés par les paramètres de « stdbuf ». NOTE : [ reconnaît les options --help et --version, mais test ne le fait pas. test traite chacun de ceux-ci comme il traite n'importe quelle STRING non vide. NOTE : votre shell peut avoir sa propre version de %s, lequel habituellement remplace la version décrite ici. Consultez la documentation de votre shell pour les détails concernant les options prises en charge. Notez que les options -d et -t acceptent différents formats de date et d'heure. Notez que les options -r et -s sont mutuellement exclusives. Note, les comparaisons honorent les règles définies par « LC_COLLATE ». Note : « uniq » ne détecte pas les lignes répétées à moins qu'elles soient adjacentes. Il est possible de trier l'entrée en premier, ou d'utiliser « sort -u » sans « uniq ». Les comparaisons respectent les rêgles définies par « LC_COLLATE ». Un « - » optionnel avant SETTINGS indique une négation. Un * indique des paramètres non-POSIX. Le système sous-jacent détermine les paramètres applicables. Dans les autres cas, MODE est un nombre qui peut être suivi par KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024 et ainsi de suite pour G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Dans ce cas, le flux correspondant sera complètement mis en tampon avec une tampon définit à MODE octets. Paramètres de sortie : * bsN style du délai de retour arrière, N parmi [0..1] * crN style du délai du retour de chariot, N parmi [0..3] * ffN style du délai du saut de page, N parmi [0..1] * nlN style du délai du saut de ligne, N parmi [0..1] Le propriétaire n'est pas modifié si manquant. Le groupe n'est pas modifié si manquant, mais changé en groupe de connexion si un « : » suit un symbolique OWNER (propriétaire). Le OWNER et le GROUP peuvent être numériques ou symboliques. POS est F[.C][OPTS], où F est le numéro de champ et C la position du caractère dans le champ ;  chacun à origine 1. Si ni -t ni -b est actif, les caractères d'un champs sont comptés depuis le début de l'espace précédant. OPTS se compose d'une option de tri d'une ou plusieurs lettres simples, laquelle écrase l'ordonnancement global pour cette clé. Si aucune clé n'est donnée, la ligne entière est utilisée comme clé. SIZE peut être suivi d'un des suffixes multiplicatifs suivants : Affiche la valeur de EXPRESSION sur la sortie standard. Une ligne vide en dessous sépare les groupes de précédence croissante. L'EXPRESSION peut être : ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 si non nul ou 0 autrement ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 si aucun des arguments est nul ou 0 autrement 0 RADIX est d pour décimal, o pour octal, x pour hexadécimal ou n pour aucun. BYTES est hexadécimal préfixé par 0x ou 0X, et peut avoir un suffixe multiplicateur : b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, L'ajout du suffixe « z » à l'un de ces types affiche des caractères imprimables à la fin de chaque ligne de résultat. Lit de l'entrée standard si le FILE est -. Chaque PATTERN peut être : Signalez les anomalies de « %s » à <%s> Signalez les anomalies : <%s> Signalez les problèmes de traduction : Les ENSEMBLES sont spécifiés comme des chaînes de caractères. La plupart se représente eux-mêmes. Les séquences d'interprétation sont les suivantes : \NNN caractère ayant la valeur octale NNN (1 à 3 chiffres octaux) \\ barre oblique inverse \a alerte sonore \b retour arrière \f saut de page \n saut de ligne \r retour \t saut horizontal SIGNAL peut être un nom de signal comme « HUP » ou un numéro de signal comme « 1 », ou un statut de fin d'un processus terminé par un signal. PID est un entier, si négatif il identifie un groupe de processus. SIZE est un nombre. Le TYPE est soit d, o, u ou x, SIZE peut aussi être C pour sizeof(char), S pour sizeof(short), I pour sizeof(int) ou L pour sizeof(long). Si le TYPE est f, SIZE peut aussi être F pour sizeof(float), D pour sizeof(double) ou L pour sizeof(long double). SIZE peut aussi être préfixé par un de ces caractères modificateurs : « + » agrandit de, « - » réduit de, « < » au maximum, « > » au minimum, « / » arrondi au multiple inférieur de, « % » arrondi au multiple supérieur de. SIZE peut être (ou un entier optionnellement suivi par) l'une des valeurs suivantes : kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024 et ainsi de suite pour G, T, P, E, Z et Y. L'envoi du signal %s vers le processus « dd » actif provoque l'écriture des statistiques sur la sortie d'erreur standard puis la copie reprend. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 enregistrements lus 18335302+0 enregistrements écrits 9387674624 octets (9.4 Go) copiés, 34.6279 secondes, 271 Mo/s Les options sont : Caractères spéciaux : * dsusp CHAR CHAR émettra un signal d'arrêt de terminal une fois le tampon d'entrée vidé eof CHAR CHAR émettra une fin de fichier (pour arrêter l'entrée) eol CHAR CHAR arrêtera la ligne Paramètres spéciaux : N initialise les vitesses d'entrée et de sortie à N bauds * cols N indique au kernel que le terminal a N colonnes * columns N identique à « cols N » TYPE est composé d'une ou plusieurs des spécifications suivantes : a caractère nommé, ignore le bit de poids le plus haut c caractère ASCII ou barre oblique inversé protégée Le suffixe d'archive est « ~ », sauf s'il est définit autrement avec --suffix ou SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. La méthode du contrôle de version peut être sélectionnée par l'option --backup ou par la variable d'environnement VERSION_CONTROL. Les valeurs sont les suivantes : Les données sont codées comme décrit par l'alphabet base64 du RFC 3548. Lors du décodage, l'entrée peut contenir des retours à la ligne en plus des octets de l'alphabet base64 formel. Utilisez --ignore-garbage pour tenter de récupérer tout autre octet non alphabétique dans le flux codé. Les trois options suivantes sont utiles seulement lors de la vérification des sommes de contrôle : --quiet n'affiche pas OK à chaque vérification correcte de fichier --status n'affiche rien, sauf le code de statut indiquant le succès -w, --warn avertit en cas de lignes de contrôle mal formatées Les sommes sont calculées selon %s. Lors de la vérification, l'entrée devrait être formellement une sortie de ce programme. Le mode par défaut est d'afficher la ligne avec la somme de contrôle, un caractère indiquant le type (« * » pour binaire, « » pour texte) et un nom pour chaque FICHIER. Le format valide pour les séquences de fichiers (sans --file-system) : %a droits d'accès en octal %A droits d'accès en format lisible par un humain %b nombre de blocs alloués (voir %B) %B la taille en octets de chaque bloc rapportée par %b %C la chaîne de contexte de sécurité SELinux Ce programme d'installation copie les fichiers (généralement compilés) dans la destination que vous avez choisie. Si vous souhaitez télécharger et installer un paquet prêt à l'emploi sur un système GNU/Linux, vous devez plutôt utiliser un gestionnaire de paquets tel que yum (1) ou apt-get (1). Dans les trois premiers formats, copie SOURCE vers DEST ou de plusieurs fichiers SOURCE vers un DIRECTORY existant, tout en initialisant les modes de protection et l'appartenance propriétaire/groupe. Dans le 4e format, crée tous les composants des DIRECTORY spécifiés. Pour supprimer un fichier dont le nom débute par « - », par exemple « -foo », utilisez une des commandes suivantes : %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Les spécifications de format traditionnel peuvent être entremêlées; ils s'accumulent : -a identique à -t a, sélectionne les caractères nommés, ignore le bit de poids fort -b identique à -t o1, sélectionne les octets en octal -c identique à -t c, sélectionne les caractères ASCII ou les échappements par barre oblique inverses -d identique à -t u2, sélectionne les décimales non signées sur 2 octets La conversion se fait si -d n'est pas donné et si à la fois, SET1 et SET2 apparaissent. -t peut être employé seulement en conversion. SET2 est adapté à la longueur de SET1 par la répétition de son dernier caractère. Les caratères en excédents de SET2 sont ignorés. Seulement [:lower:] et [:upper:] offre la garantie de l'expansion dans l'ordre ascendant ; utilisé dans SET2 durant la conversion, ils ne devraient être pas utilisés que par paires pour spécifier le changement de casse. -s emploie SET1 s'il n'y a pas de conversion, ni de suppression ; sinon la compression emploie SET2 et intervient après la conversion et la suppression. Utilisez un, et seulement un parmi -b, -c ou -f. Chaque LIST est fait d'un intervalle, ou de plusieurs intervalles séparés par des virgules. L'entrée sélectionnée est écrite dans le même ordre qu'elle est lue, et seulement une fois. L'utilisation de la couleur pour distinguer les types de fichier est désactivée par défaut et avec --color=never (jamais). Avec color=auto, ls émet des codes couleur seulement quand la sortie standard est connectée à un terminal. La variable d'environnement LS_COLORS peut modifier les paramètres. Utilisez la commande dircolors pour le définir. Sans FILE, ou quand FILE est -, lit l'entrée standard. « -F / » par défaut. En l'absence de FILE ou quand FILE est -, lit l'entrée standard. Sans option, l'affichage s'effectue sur 3 colonnes. La première colonne contient les lignes uniques de FILE1, la seconde contient les lignes uniques de FILE2, et la troisième contient les lignes communes aux deux fichiers. Sans aucune OPTION, affiche des informations utiles d'identification. Affiche le contenu de FILE, selon une représentation non ambiguë, par un affichage, par défaut, des octets en octal sur la sortie standard. Sans FILE, ou quand FILE est -, lit l'entrée standard. ??? --backup[=CONTROL] archive chaque fichier de destination existant -b identique à --backup mais n'accepte pas d'argument -f, --force ne demande pas de confirmation avant d'écraser -i, --interactive demande confirmation avant d'écraser -n, --no-clobber n'écrase pas les fichiers existants Si vous indiquez plusieurs options parmi -i, -f, -n, seulement la dernière sera effective. --backup[=CONTROL] archive chaque fichier existant de destination -b identique à --backup mais n'accepte pas d'argument -d, -F, --directory permet au super utilisateur de créer des liens directs (hard) sur des répertoires (échouera probablement en raisons de restrictions système même pour le super utilisateur) -f, --force supprime les fichiers de destination existants --backup[=CONTROL] archive chaque fichier de destination -b identique à --backup mais n'accepte pas d'argument -c (ignoré) -C, --compare compare chaque paire de fichiers source et destination, et dans certains cas, ne modifie pas la destination -d, --directory traite tous les arguments comme des noms de répertoire ; crée tous les composants des répertoires spécifiés --batch-size=NMERGE fusionne au plus NMERGE entréeS à la fois; pour plus, employez des fichiers temporaires --block-size=SIZE utilise des blocs de SIZE octets. Voir le format de SIZE ci-dessous. -B, --ignore-backups n'inclut pas dans la liste, les entrées se terminant par ~ -c avec -lt, affiche et tri selon ctime (date de dernière modification provenant des informations de statut du fichier) avec -l, affiche ctime et tri selon le nom autrement, tri selon ctime --complement compléte le jeu des octets sélectionnés, caractères ou champs --files0-from=F lit l'entrée depuis les fichiers spécifiés par des noms terminant par NUL depuis le fichier F -L, --max-line-length affiche la longueur de la ligne la plus longue -w, --words affiche le nombre de mots --files0-from=F résume l'occupation disque des noms de fichiers terminés par NUL, listés dans le fichier F ; Si F est -, alors les noms sont lus de l'entrée standard -H, équivalent à --dereference-args (-D) -h, --human-readable affiche les tailles dans un format lisible par un humain\n (par ex. 1K, 234M, ou 2G) --si identique à -h mais utilise un multiple de 1 000 au lieu\n de 1 024 --group-directories-first regroupe les répertoires avant les fichiers. augmente avec l'option a --sort, mais tout usage de --sort=none (-U) inhibe le regroupement --help affiche l'aide et quitte --indicator-style=WORD ajoute un indicateur de type à chaque entrée, en respectant le style indiqué par WORD : « none » (aucun suffixe, par défaut), « slash » (barre oblique, comme l'option -p), « file-type » (type de fichier, comme --file-type) ou « classify » (classé, commme l'option -F) -i, --inode affiche le numéro d'index de chaque fichier -I, --ignore=PATTERN ne liste pas les entrées implicites concordant avec le PATTERN du shell -k identique à --block-size=1K --lookup utilise la forme canonique des noms d'hôte via DNS -m seulement le nom d'hôte et d'utilisateur associé à stdin -p, --process affiche la liste des processus lancés par init --no-preserve-root ne traite pas « / » de manière spécifique --preserve-root n'escamote pas « / » (par défaut) -r, -R, --recursive supprime les répertoires et leur contenu récursivement -v, --verbose explique ce qui va être fait --no-preserve-root ne traite pas « / » de manière spéciale (par défaut) --preserve-root bloque le traitement récursif sur « / » --no-preserve-root ne traite pas « / » de manière spéciale (par défaut) --preserve-root bloque le traitement récursif sur « / » --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST ne préserve pas les attributs spécifiques --parents utilise le nom de fichier source complet sous DIRECTORY --one-file-system quand une hiérarchie est supprimée récursivement, ignore tout répertoire qui est sur un système de fichiers différent de celui de l'argument en question de la ligne de commande --pid=PID avec -f, termine après le processus ID, PID s'arrête -q, --quiet, --silent n'affiche jamais l'en-tête qui donne les noms de fichiers --retry continue d'essayer à ouvrir un fichier même quand il est ou devient inaccessible ; utile quand le suivi s'effecture par le nom, par ex., with --follow=nom --preserve-context préserve le contexte de sécurité SELinux -Z, --context=CONTEXT établit le contexte de sécurité SELinux des fichiers et répertoires --reference=RFILE utilise le contexte de sécurité de RFILE au lieu de spécifier une valeur CONTEXT -R, --recursive opére récursivement sur les fichiers et répertoires -v, --verbose affiche un diagnostic pour chaque fichier traité --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC affiche la date et l'heure selon le format RFC-3339. TIMESPEC=`date', `seconds', ou `ns' pour la date et l'heure selon la précision voulue. Les éléments date et heure sont séparés par une simple espace, 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=STRING initialise la date selon STRING -u, --utc, --universal affiche ou initialise le système de temps universel --sort=WORD tri selon WORD : general-numeric -g, human-numeric -h, month -M, numeric -n, random -R, version -V -V, --version-sort tri naturel des chiffres (de version) contenu dans le texte --strip-trailing-slashes enlève les « / » en suffixe de chacun des arguments SOURCE -S, --suffix=SUFFIX écrase le suffixe usuel d'archivage --suffix=SUFF ajoute SUFF à TEMPLATE, SUFF ne doit pas contenir de barre oblique. Cette option est utilisée si TEMPLATE ne termine pas par un X. --time affiche l'heure de la dernière modification de n'importe quel fichier du répertoire ou des sous-répertoires --time=WORD affiche l'heure comme WORD au lieu de l'heure de modification : atime, access, use, ctime ou status. --time-style=STYLE affiche l'heure en utilisant STYLE : full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT FORMAT est interprété comme `date' --time-style=STYLE avec -l, affiche les dates selon STYLE : « full-iso », « long-iso », « iso », « locale », « +FORMAT ». FORMAT est interprété comme « date » ; si FORMAT est FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 s'applique aux fichiers non récents et FORMAT2 aux fichiers récents ; si STYLE est préfixé par « posix- », STYLE prend seulement effet en dehors de la localisation POSIX --verbose affiche un diagnostic juste avant chaque ouverture de fichier de sortie --version affiche des informations de version et quitte --all affiche le nombre de processeurs installés --ignore=N si possible, exclus N unités de traitement Taille Util. Disp. Uti% Inodes IUtil. ILib. IUti% Taille Uti. Disp. Uti% -evenp identique à -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase identique à xcase iuclc olcuc litout identique à -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout identique à parenb istrip opost cs7 nl identique à -icrnl -onlcr -nl identique à icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb utilise 2 bits d'arrêt par caractère (un avec « - ») [-]hup émet un signal de déconnexion quand le dernier processus ferme le lien tty [-]hupcl identique à [-]hup [-]parenb génère le bit de parité pour la sortie et traite l'entrée avec un bit de parité implicite [-]parodd utilise une parité impaire (paire avec « - ») [-]ignpar ignore les caractères ayant des erreurs de parité * [-]imaxbel émet un bip et ne vide pas le tampon d'entrée plein lors de l'arrivée d'un caractère [-]inlcr transforme le saut de ligne en retour de chariot [-]inpck autorise la vérification de la parité à l'entrée [-]istrip met à zéro le bit haut (8e) des caractères en entrée [-]isig autorise les caractères spéciaux « interrupt », « quit », et « suspend » [-]noflsh désactive la vidange après réception des caractères « interrupt » et « quit » * [-]prterase identique à [-]echoprt * [-]tostop arrête les tâches d'arrière plan qui essaient d'écrire sur le terminal * [-]xcase avec « icanon », protège les majuscules avec « \ » cooked identique à brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof et eol selon leur valeur par défaut -cooked identique à raw crt identique à echoe echoctl echoke dec identique à echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq identique à [-]ixany ek réinitialiser les caractères erase et kill à leur valeur par défaut evenp identique à parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N initialise la vitesse d'entrée à N * line N utilise la discipline de ligne N min N avec -icanon, initialise à N le nombre de caractères nécessaires pour obtenir une lecture complète ospeed N initialise la vitesse de sortie à N oddp identique à parenb parodd cs7 -oddp identique à -parenb cs8 [-]parity identique à [-]evenp pass8 identique à -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 identique à parenb istrip cs7 raw identique à -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 fois 0 -raw identique à cooked sane identique à cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke, tous les caractères spéciaux avec leur valeur par défaut. stop CHAR CHAR arrêtera la sortie susp CHAR CHAR émettra un signal d'arrêt de terminal * swtch CHAR CHAR permettra de basculer à une couche différente du shell * werase CHAR CHAR supprimera le dernier mot saisi %% un simple % %b ARGUMENT en tant que chaîne avec « \ » d'échappement interprétés, sauf que l'échappement en octal est de la forme \0 ou \0NNN ainsi que toutes les spécifications de format C se terminant par une des options diouxXfeEgGcs, avec ARGUMENT converti d'abord au type approprié. Les largeurs variables sont prises en charge. %A les noms complets localisés des jours de la semaine (p. ex. lundi) %b les noms abrégés localisés des mois (p. ex. janv.) %B les noms complets localisés des mois (p. ex. janvier) %c la date et l'heure localisées (p. ex. mar. 28 avril 2009 08:37:32 CEST) %C siècle ; comme %Y, sans les 2 derniers chiffres (p. ex. 20) %d jour du mois (p. ex. 01) %D date, identique à %m/%d/%y %e jour du mois, complété avec une espace, identique à %_d %F la date complète, identique à %Y-%m-%d %g les deux derniers chiffres de l'année du numéro de semaine ISO (voir %G) %G l'année correspondant au numéro de semaine ISO (voir %V) ; normalement\ utile seulement avec %V %S secondes (00..60) %t une tabulation %T l'heure, identique à %H:%M:%S %u le jour de la semaine (1..7) ; 1 représente le lundi %U le numéro de la semaine de l'année, avec le dimanche comme premier jour de la semaine (00..53) %V le numéro de la semaine ISO, avec le lundi comme premier jour de la semaine (01..53) %w le jour de la semaine (0..6), avec 0 étant le dimanche %W le numéro de la semaine, avec le lundi comme premier jour de la semaine (00..53) %d numéro de périphérique en décimal %D numéro de périphéque en hexadécimal %f mode brut en hexadécimal %F type de fichier %g identificateur de groupe du propriétaire %G nom de groupe du propriétaire %h nombre de liens directs (hard) %i numéro d'inode %n nom de fichier %N nom de fichier en citation avec référence si lien symbolique %o taille de bloc d'E/S %s taille totale, en octets %t type majeur de périphérique en hexadécimal %T type mineur de périphérique en hexadécimal %h identique à %b %H heure (00..23) %I heure (01..12) %j jour de l'année (001..366) %i ID du sytème de fichiers en hexadécimal %l longueur maximum des noms de fichiers %n nom de fichier %s taille de bloc (pour des transferts rapides) %S taille fondamentale de bloc (pour le décompte de blocs) %t type en hexadécimal %T type dans un format lisible par un humain %k heure ( 0..23) %l heure ( 1..12) %m mois (01..12) %M minute (00..59) %n un retour à ligne %N nanosecondes (000000000..999999999) %p indicateur localisé AM ou PM en majuscules (blanc si inconnu) %P identique à %p mais en minuscules %r heure locale au format 12-heure (p. ex. 11:11:01 PM) %R heure en format 24-heure identique à %H:%M %s secondes depuis 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u ID du propriétaire %U nom de l'utilisateur du propriétaire %x date du dernier accès %X date du dernier accès en secondes depuis Epoch %y date de la dernière modification %Y date de la dernière modification en secondes depuis l'Epoch %z date du dernier changement %Z date du dernier changement en secondes depuis l'Epoch %x représentation localisée de la date (p. ex. 12/31/99) %X représentation localisée de l'heure (p. ex. 23:13:48) %y les deux derniers chiffres de l'année (00..99) %Y l'année %z fuseau horaire numérique +hhmm (p. ex. -0400) %:z fuseau horaire numérique +hh:mm (p. ex. -04:00) %::z fuseau horaire numérique +hh:mm:ss (p. ex. -04:00:00) %:::z fuseau horaire numérique selon la précision nécessaire (p. ex. -04, +05:30) %Z abréviation alphabétique des fuseaux horaires (p. ex. EDT) Par défaut, les champs de date numériques sont remplis par des zéros. + TOKEN interpréte TOKEN comme une chaîne, même si c'est un mot clé comme « match » ou un opérateur comme « / » ( EXPRESSION ) valeur de l'EXPRESSION --output-delimiter=STR sépare les colonnes avec STR --userspec=USER:GROUP indique l'utilisateur et le groupe (ID ou nom) à utiliser --groups=G_LIST indique les groupes supplémentaires tels que g1,g2,..,gN -0, --null termine les lignes avec l'octet 0 et non une nouvelle ligne -A, --address-radix=RADIX décide comment les décalages seront affichés -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES ignore BYTES premiers octets -A, --auto-reference affiche les références générées automatiquement -G, --traditional se comporte plutôt comme « ptx » de System V -F, --flag-truncation=STRING utilise STRING pour indiquer la troncation de ligne -B, --block-size=SIZE utilise des blocs de SIZE octets -b, --bytes équivalent à « --apparent-size --block-size=1 » -c, --total produit le total général -D, --dereference-args déréférence seulement les liens symboliques sur la ligne de commande -C liste les noms en colonnes --color[=WHEN] colore la sortie. Par défaut, WHEN est défini à « always » (toujours) mais peut aussi être « never » (jamais) ou « auto » (automatique). -d, --directory liste les noms de répertoires plutôt que leur contenu et ne déréférence pas les liens symboliques -D, --dired génére une sortie adaptée pour le mode « dired » de Emacs -D crée tous les premiers composants de DEST excepté le dernier, puis copie SOURCE vers DEST -g, --group=GROUPE définit l'appartenance au GROUPE, plutôt que le groupe du processus actuel -m, --mode=MODE définit le mode de permissions (comme chmod), au lieu de rwxrr-xr-x -o, --owner=OWNER définit l'appartenance (uniquement pour l'administrateur) -D, --date-format=FORMAT utilise FORMAT pour l'en-tête de la date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] étend les caractères CHAR en entrée (tabulations) à des tabulations de largeur WIDTH (par défaut 8) -F, -f, --form-feed utilise des sauts de page au lieu des sauts de lignes pour séparer les pages (3 lignes par en-tête avec -F ou 5 lignes par en-tête et bas de page sans -f) -G, --no-group dans une longue liste, n'affiche pas les noms de groupe -h, --human-readable avec -l affiche les tailles dans un format lisible par un humain (p. ex. 1K, 234M ou 2G) --si similaire, mais utilise une puissance de 1 000 au lieu de 1 024 -H, --dereference-command-line suit les liens symboliques de la ligne de commande --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir suit chaque lien symbolique de la ligne de commande qui pointe vers un répertoire --hide=PATTERN ne liste pas les entrées implicites concordant avec le PATTERN de shell (surdéfini par -a ou -A) -I demande confirmation une fois avant de supprimer plus de 3 fichiers, ou lors de suppresion recursive. Moins intrusif que -i, tout en protégeant contre la majorité des erreurs --interactive[=WHEN] demande confirmation selon WHEN : « never » (jamais), « once » (une fois, -I), ou « always » (toujours, -i). Sans WHEN, pose la question à chaque fois. -L FILE FILE existe et est un lien symbolique (identique à -h) -O FILE FILE existe et appartient à l'utilisateur effectif ID -p FILE FILE existe et est un tube nommé -r FILE FILE existe et dispose des permissions en lecture -s FILE FILE existe et a une taille plus grande que zéro -L, --dereference déréférence tous les liens symboliques -P, --no-dereference ne suit pas les liens symboliques (par défaut) -0, --null termine chaque ligne de sortie par un octet de valeur 0 au lieu d'un changement de ligne -S, --separate-dirs n'inclut pas la taille des sous-répertoires -s, --summarize affiche seulement un total pour chaque argument -L, --logical utilise PWD depuis l'environnement, même s'il contient des liens symboliques -P, --physical évite tout lien symbolique -M, --macro-name=STRING nom de la macro à utiliser au lieu de « xx » -O, --format=roff génére la sortie comme des directives roff -R, --right-side-refs place les références à droite, sans décompte -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP pour les fins de lignes ou de phrases -T, --format=tex génére la sortie comme des directives TeX -N, --read-bytes=BYTES limite l'image à BYTES octets en entrée -s, --strings[=BYTES] affiche les chaînes d'au moins BYTES caractères graphiques -t, --format=TYPE sélectionne les formats d'affichage ou les formats -v, --output-duplicates n'utilise pas * pour marquer la suppression -w, --width[=BYTES] affiche BYTES octets par ligne de sortie --traditional accepte les arguments selon la forme traditionnelle -P, --portability utilise le format de sortie POSIX --sync invoque sync avant d'obtenir les informations d'utilisation -t, --type=TYPE limite le parcours aux systèmes de fichier de type TYPE -T, --print-type affiche le type du système de fichiers -x, --exclude-type=TYPE limite le parcours aux systèmes de fichiers différents du type TYPE -v (ignorée) -S trie selon la taille des fichiers --sort=WORD trie selon WORD au lieu du nom : « none » (aucun, -U), « extension » (extension, -X), « size » (taille, -S), « date » (date, -t), « version » (version, -v) --time=WORD avec -l, affiche la date selon WORD au lieu de la date de modification : « atime » -u, « access » -u, « use » -u, « ctime » -c, ou « status » -c ; utilise la date spécifiée comme clé de tri si --sort=time -S FILE FILE existe et est une « socket » -t FD le descripteur de fichier FD est ouvert sur un terminal -u FILE FILE existe et le bit « set-user-ID » est initialisé -w FILE FILE existe et dispose des permissions en écriture -x FILE FILE existe et est exécutable (ou parcourable) -S, --suffix=SUFFIX écrase le suffixe d'archivage usuel -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY spécifie le DIRECTORY dans lequel les liens seront créés -T, --no-target-directory traite LINK_NAME comme un fichier normal -v, --verbose affiche le nom de chaque fichier lié -SSTRING, --sep-string[=STRING] sépare les colonnes avec STRING, sans -S : le séparateur par défaut est avec -J et sinon (identique à -S" "), aucun effet sur les colonnes -t, --omit-header n'affiche pas les en-têtes et pieds de page -T, --omit-pagination n'affiche pas les en-têtes et les pieds de page, élimine la pagination par saut de page indiqués dans les fichiers d'entrée -v, --show-nonprinting utilise la notation octale avec barre oblique inverse -w, --width=PAGE_WIDTH utilise PAGE_WIDTH (72) caractères, uniquement, pour l'affichage de multiples colonnes de texte, -s[char] inhibe (72) -T, -w, --mesg ajoute le statut du message de l'utilisateur avec +, - ou ? -u, --users affiche la liste des utilisateurs actifs --message identique à -T --writeable identique à -T -W, --page-width=PAGE_WIDTH utilise toujours une largeur PAGE_WIDTH de 72 caractères, tronque les lignes, sauf lorsque l'option -J est active, sans interférence avec -S ou -s -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP utilise REGEXP pour établir la concordance avec chaque mot -b, --break-file=FILE utilise les césure de mots de FILE -f, --ignore-case convertit les minuscules en majuscules pour le tri -g, --gap-size=NUMBER espace de NUMBER blancs les colonnes entre les champs -i, --ignore-file=FILE lit la liste des mots à ignorer dans FILE -o, --only-file=FILE lit la liste des mots à conserver dans FILE -Z, --context=CTX établit le contexte de sécurité SELinux de NAME à CTX -Z, --context=CTX définit le contexte de sécurité SELinux de chaque NAME à CTX -a modifie seulement la date d'accès -c, --no-create ne crée aucun fichier -d, --date=STRING analyse STRING et l'utilise au lieu de la date actuelle -f (ignorée) -a, --across imprime les colonnes horizontalement au lieu de verticalement quand utilisé avec -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars utilise une notation par chapeau (^G) et octale avec barre oblique inverse -d, --double-space double les espaces à l'affichage -a, --all inclut les systèmes de fichiers factices -B, --block-size=SIZE utilise des blocs de SIZE octets --total produit un total général -h, --human-readable affiche les tailles dans un format lisible par un humain (par ex. 1K, 234M ou 2G) -H, --si identique avec un multiple de 1000 et non de 1024 -a, --all affiche le décompte pour tous les fichiers, pas seulement pour les répertoires. --apparent-size affiche les tailles apparentes, au lieu de l'occupation disque ; même si la taille apparente est habituellement plus petite, elle peut être plus grande en raison de trous dans les fichiers (« sparse »), de la fragmentation, de blocs indirects et autres raisons similaires -a, --all convertit tous les blancs, pas seulement les blancs initiaux --first-only convertit seulement les séquences de blancs en tête (surdéfini -a) -t, --tabs=N utilise N caractères de tabulations au lieu de 8 (active -a) -t, --tabs=LIST utilise une liste de positions de tabulation séparées par des virgules (active -a) -a, --archive identique à -dpR --preserve=all --backup[=CONTROL] archive chaque fichier de destination -b comme --backup mais n'accepte pas d'argument --copy-contents copie le contenu des fichiers spéciaux en mode récursif -d identique à --no-dereference --preserve=links -a, --suffix-length=N utilise les suffixes de longueur N (par défaut %d) -b, --bytes=BYTES écrit BYTES octets par fichier de sortie -C, --line-bytes=SIZE écrit au plus SIZE octets par ligne par fichier de sortie -d, --numeric-suffixes utilise des suffixes numériques et non alphabétiques -l, --lines=NUMBER écrit NUMBER lignes par fichier de sortie -b, --before place le séparateur avant plutôt qu'après -r, --regex interpréte le séparateur comme une expression régulière -s, --separator=STRING utilise STRING comme séparateur au lieu du saut de ligne -b, --binary écrit en binaire sur la console -b, --binary lit en mode binaire (par défaut sauf si en lecture depuis tty stdin) -b, --body-numbering=STYLE utilise STYLE pour numéroter les lignes -d, --section-delimiter=CC utilise CC pour séparer les pages logiques -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE utilise STYLE pour numéroter les lignes de bas de page -b, --bytes compte les octets au lieu des colonnes -s, --spaces césure aux espaces -w, --width=WIDTH utilise WIDTH colonnes au lieu de 80 -b, --bytes=LIST sélectionne seulement ces octets -c, --characters=LIST sélectionne seulement ces caractères -d, --delimiter=DELIM utilise DELIM au lieu de TAB comme délimiteur de champs -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignore les blancs en en-tête -d, --dictionary-order considére seulement les blancs et les caractères alphanumériques -f, --ignore-case transforme les caractères minuscules en majuscules -b, --suffix-format=FORMAT utilise le FORMAT sprintf au lieu de %02d -f, --prefix=PREFIX utilise PREFIX au lieu de `xx' -k, --keep-files ne supprime pas les fichiers de sortie en cas d'erreurs -c, --bytes=K affiche les K derniers octets ; il est aussi possible d'utiliser -c pour afficher les octets débutant au Ke de chaque fichier -c, --bytes=[-]K affiche les premiers K octets de chaque fichier ; lorsque le préfixe « - » est présent, affiche tous les octets sauf les derniers K octets de chaque fichier -n, --lines=[-]K affiche les K premières lignes au lieu des 10 premières ; lorsque le préfixe « - » est présent, affiche toutes les lignes sauf les N dernières de chaque fichier -c, --check lit les sommes %s à partir des FILEs et les vérifie -c, --check, --check=diagnose-first vérifie le tri de l'entrée ; ne trie pas -C, --check=quiet, --check=silent comme -c, mais n'affiche pas la première ligne erronée --compress-program=PROG compresse les temporaires avec PROG et les décompresse avec PROG -d --files0-from=F lit en entrée des fichiers spécifiés par des noms terminés par NULL dans le fichier F. Si F est -, lit les noms depuis l'entrée standard -c, --count préfixe les lignes par le nombre d'occurences -d, --repeated affiche seulement les lignes ayant des duplicatats -c, --crown-margin préserve l'indentation des deux premières lignes -p, --prefix=CHAÎNE reformate seulement les lignes débutant par STRING en attachant à nouveau le préfixe aux lignes reformatées -s, --split-only effectue la césure des longues lignes mais sans les remplir -c, --no-create ne crée pas de fichier -d, --delimiters=LIST utilise les caractères de LIST au lieu de tabulations -s, --serial copie un seul fichier à la fois au lieu de le faire en parallèle -d, --directory crée un répertoire et non un fichier -u, --dry-run ne crée rien, affiche seulement un nom (non sûr) -q, --quiet n'affiche pas les diagnostiques sur l'échec de création du fichier/répertoire -e active l'interprétation des échappements par barre oblique inverse -E désactive l'interprétation des échappements par barre oblique inverse (par défaut) -e active l'interprétation des échappements par barre oblique inverse (par défaut) -E désactive l'interprétation des échappements par barre oblique inverse -e, --echo traite chaque ARG comme une ligne d'entrée -i, --input-range=LO-HI traite chaque nombre de LO à HI comme une ligne d'entrée -n, --head-count=COUNT affiche au plus COUNT lignes -o, --output=FILE écrit le résultat dans FILE au lieu de la sortie standard --random-source=FILE obtient aléatoirement des octets de FILE (par défaut /dev/urandom) -z, --zero-terminated termine les lignes avec l'octet 0, pas de nouvelle ligne -f ne trie pas, active -aU, désactive -ls --color -F, --classify ajoute un indicateur (parmi */=>@|) aux entrées --file-type identique mais sans ajout de « * » --format=WORD « across » -x (croisé), « commas » -m (avec virgules), « horizontal » -x (horizontal), « long » -l (long), « single-column » -1 (colonne simple), « verbose » -l (verbeux), « vertical » -C (vertical) --full-time identique à -l --time-style=full-iso -f omettre la ligne de l'en-tête des colonnes en format court -w omettre le nom complet de l'utilisateur en format court -i omettre le nom complet de l'utilisateur et le nom de l'hôte en format court -q omettre le nom complet de l'utilisateur, le nom de l'hôte et le temps d'inactivité en format court -f identique à -t fF, sélectionne les flottants -i identique à -t dI, sélectionne les entiers décimaux -l identique à -t dL, sélectionne les entiers décimaux longs -o identique à -t o2, sélectionne les nombres octals sur 2 octets -s identique à -t d2, sélectionne les nombres décimaux sur 2 octets -x identique à -t x2, sélectionne les nombres hexadécimaux sur 2 octets -f FILE FILE existe et est un fichier standard -g FILE FILE existe et le bit « set-group-ID » est initialisé -G FILE FILE existe et appartient au groupe effectif ID -h FILE FILE existe et est un lien symbolique (identique à -L) -k FILE FILE existe et le bit « sticky » est initialisé -f, --canonicalize canonise en suivant récursivement chaque lien symbolique de chaque composant donné. Au moins le dernier composant doit exister -e, --canonicalize-existing canonise en suivant récursivement tous les liens symboliques de chaque composant donné. Tous les composants doivent exister -f, --fields=LIST sélectionne seulement ces champs ; affiche aussi toutes les lignes qui ne contiennent pas de caractère délimiteur, à moins que l'option -s soit spécifiée -n (ignoré) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] affiche les données ajoutées au fur et à mesure que le fichier grandit ; -f, --follow et --follow=descriptor sont équivalents -F identique à --follow=name --retry -f, --force si un fichier de destination existe et ne peut être ouvert alors le supprime et essaie à nouveau (redondant si l'option -n est utilisée) -i, --interactive demande confirmation avant d'écraser (surcharge une précédente option -n) -H suit les liens symboliques de ligne de commande dans SOURCE -f, --force modifie les permissions pour permettre l'écriture si nécessaire -n, --iterations=N écrase N fois au lieu du nombre par défaut (%d) --random-source=FILE obtient des octets aléatoires de FILE (par défaut /dev/urandom) -s, --size=N broie N octets (les suffixes K, M, G sont acceptés) -f, --silent, --quiet supprime la plupart des messages d'erreur -v, --verbose produit un diagnostic pour chaque fichier traité --reference=RFILE utilise le mode RFILE au lieu des valeurs MODE -R, --recursive modifie récursivement les fichiers et les répertoires -f, --silent, --quiet supprime la plupart des messages d'erreur --reference=RFILE utilise le groupe RFILE au lieu d'une valeur GROUPE -R, --recursive agit récursivement sur les fichiers et répertoires -v, --verbose produit un diagnostic pour chaque fichier traité -f, --silent, --quiet supprime la plupart des messages d'erreur --reference=RFILE utilise le propriétaire et le groupe RFILE au lieu de valeurs explicites OWNER:GROUP -R, --recursive agit récursivement sur les fichiers et les répertoires -v, --verbose affiche un diagnostique pour chaque fichier traité -g identique à -l mais n'affiche pas le propriétaire -g GID[,GID1...] définit aussi l'ID de groupe primaire au GID numérique, et (si spécifié) les ID de groupe supplémentaires à GID1, ... -g, --general-numeric-sort compare selon la valeur numérique générale -i, --ignore-nonprinting considère seulement les caractères affichables -M, --month-sort compare (inconnu) < « JANV. » < ... < « DÉC. » -h, --header-numbering=STYLE utilise STYLE pour numéroter les lignes d'en-tête -i, --line-increment=NUMBER incrément en nombre de lignes à chaque ligne -l, --join-blank-lines=NUMBER regroupe NUMBER lignes vides comme une seule ligne -n, --number-format=FORMAT insére des numéros de ligne selon FORMAT -p, --no-renumber ne réinitialise le nombre de lignes aux pages logiques -s, --number-separator=STRING ajoute STRING après le numéro de ligne (si possible) -h, --header=HEADER utilise une en-tête HEADER centrée au lieu du nom de fichier dans l'entête de page, -h "" imprime une ligne blanche, n'utilisez pas -h"" -i[CHAR[WIDTH]], --output-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] remplace les espaces avec le caractères CHAR (ou tabulations) par des tabulations de largeur WIDTH (8 par défaut) -J, --join-lines fusionnne des lignes complètes, désactive la troncature des lignes -W, sans alignement des colonnes, --sep-string[=STRING] définit les séparateurs -h, --human-numeric-sort compare des chiffres humanisés (p. ex. 2K 1G) -h, --no-dereference affecte les liens symboliques au lieu des fichiers référencés (utile seulement sur les systèmes permettant de changer le propriétaire d'un lien symbolique) -h, --no-dereference affecte les liens symboliques au lieu des fichiers référencés (utile seulement sur les systèmes permettant de changer le propriétaire d'un lien symbolique) -m modifie uniquement la date de modification -i, --ignore-case ignore la casse lors de la comparaison de champs -j FIELD équivalent à « -1 FIELD -2 FIELD » -o FORMAT respecte FORMAT lors de la construction de la ligne de sortie -t CHAR utilise CHAR comme délimiteur de champs d'entrée et de sortie -i, --initial ne convertit pas les tabulations après des non-blancs -t, --tabs=N utilise des tabulations de N caractères et non 8 -i, --inodes liste les informations des « inodes » au lieu des blocs -k identique à --block-size=1K -l, --local limite le parcours au système des fichiers local --no-sync n'effectue pas de synchronisation avant d'obtenir les informations d'utilisation (par défaut) -i, --interactive demande s'il faut supprimer les destinations -L, --logical modifie les liens directs en liens symboliques -n, --no-dereference gère la destination d'un lien symbolique vers un répertoire comme un fichier normal -s, --symbolic crée un lien symbolique au lieu d'un lien direct -k, identique à --block-size=1K -l, --count-links comptabilise les tailles aussi souvent qu'il y a de liens directs -m identique à --block-size=1M -k, --key=POS1[,POS2] démarre la clé à POS1 (origine 1), finit à POS2 (par défault en fin de ligne) -m, --merge fusionne les fichiers déjà triés ; ne trie pas -l utilise le format long d'affichage -L, --dereference affiche les informations des fichiers référencés par les liens symboliques plutôt que sur le lien symbolique lui-même -m remplit la largeur avec une liste d'entrées séparées par des virgules -l, --length=PAGE_LENGTH positionne PAGE_LENGTH à 66 lignes (nombre de lignes de texte par défaut à 56, et avec -F 63) -m, --merge imprime tous les fichiers en parallèle, un par colonne, tronque les lignes, mais joint les lignes de longueur complète avec -J -l, --link lie les fichiers au lieu de les copier -L, --dereference toujours suivre les liens symboliques dans SOURCE -l, --login affiche le processus de login du système -m, --canonicalize-missing canonise en suivant récursivement chaque lien symbolique de chaque composant donné. Aucune contrainte sur les composants. -n, --no-newline ne génère pas une nouvelle ligne en fin -q, --quiet, -s, --silent supprime la plupart des messages d'erreur -v, --verbose affiche les messages d'erreur -m, --mode=MODE définit les bits de permission du fichier à MODE, non pas a=rw - umask -m, --mode=MODE définit l'accès fichier à MODE (comme avec chmod), et non a=rwx - umask -p, --parents pas d'erreur si existant, crée les répertoires parents si nécessaire -v, --verbose affiche un message pour chaque répertoire créé -Z, --context=CTX définit à CTX le contexte de sécurité SELinux de chaque répertoire créé -n, --digits=DIGITS utilise DIGITS chiffres au lieu de 2 -s, --quiet, --silent n'affiche pas la taille des fichiers de sortie -z, --elide-empty-files supprime les fichiers de sortie vides -n, --lines=K affiche les K dernières lignes, au lieu des %d derniers ou utilisez -n +K pour afficher les lignes à partir de la Ne --max-unchanged-stats=N avec l'option --follow=name, ouvre à nouveau un FILE qui n'a pas changé de taille après N itérations (par défaut %d) afin de vérifier s'il a été délié ou renommé (c'est le cas habituellement des fichiers rotatifs de journalisation) -n, --no-clobber n'écrase pas un ficier existant (surchage une précédente option -i) -P, --no-deference ne jamais suivre les liens symboliques dans SOURCE -n, --numeric-sort compare selon une valeur numérique de type chaîne -R, --random-sort tri par clé de hachage aléatoire --random-source=FILE obtient des octets aléatoires depuis FILE -r, --reverse inverse le résultat des comparaisons -n, --numeric-uid-gid identique à -l mais liste les valeurs numériques des ID d'utilisateur et de groupe -N, --literal affiche les noms bruts (sans traiter les caractères de contrôle spécialement par exemple) -o identique à -l mais ne liste pas les informations de groupe -p, --indicator-style=slash ajoute l'indicateur « / » aux répertoires -n[SEP[DIGITS]], --number-lines[=SEP[DIGITS]] numérote les lignes, par les chiffres DIGITS (5), suivi du sépaarateur SEP (TAB), par défaut le compteur débute avec la première ligne du fichier d'entrée -N, --first-line-number=NUMBER débute le compteur à NUMBER avec la 1ère ligne de la 1ère page imprimée (voir +FIRST_PAGE) -o, --indent=MARGIN décale chaque ligne avec MARGIN (zéro) espaces, n'affecte pas -w ou -W, MARGIN est ajouté à PAGE_WIDTH -r, --no-file-warnings inhibe l'avertissement lorsqu'un fichier ne peut pas être ouvert -o, --output=FILE écrit le résultat dans FILE au lieu de la sortie standard -s, --stable stabilise le tri en désactivant la comparaison de dernier recours -S, --buffer-size=SIZE utilise SIZE pour le tampon mémoire principal -p identique à --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps --preserve[=ATTR_LIST] préserve les attributs spécifiés (par défaut « mode,ownership,timestamps ») et si posssible les attributs additionels « context, links, xattr, all » -p DIR utilise DIR comme préfixe, implique -t [deprecated] -t interprète TEMPLATE comme un seul composant de nom de fichier, relatif au répertoire $TMPDIR s'il est défini ; ou à défaut le répertoire spécifié via -p  ou sinon /tmp [deprecated] -p, --parents supprime DIRECTORY et ses parents, p. ex. « rmdir -p a/b/c » est identique à « rmdir a/b/c a/b a » -v, --verbose affiche un diagnostic pour chaque répertoire traité -p, --preserve-timestamps applique les dates d'accès/ modification des fichiers SOURCES aux fichiers de destination correspondants -s, --strip enleve les tables des symboles --strip-program=PROGRAMME qui enlève la table des symboles du binaire -S, --suffix=SUFFIXE se substitue au SUFFIXE usuel d'archivage -t, --target-directory=RÉPERTOIRE copie tous les arguments de la SOURCE dans RÉPERTOIRE -T, --no-target-directory traite DEST comme un fichier normal -v, --verbose affiche le nom de chaque répertoire créé -q, --count affiche tous noms de connexion des utilisateurs connectés -r, --runlevel affiche le niveau d'exécution actuel -s, --short affiche seulement le nom, la ligne et l'heure (par défaut) -t, --time affiche le dernier changement d'heure du système -q, --hide-control-chars affiche « ? » au lieu de caractères non-graphiques --show-control-chars affiche les caractères non graphiques tel quel (par défaut) -Q, --quote-name encapsule chaque nom d'entrée entre guillemets --quoting-style=WORD utilise le style d'encapsultation défini par WORD : « literal », « shell », « shell-always », « c » ou « escape » -q, --quiet, --silent n'affiche pas les en-têtes avec les noms de fichier -v, --verbose affiche toujours les en-têtes avec les noms de fichier -r, --reference=FILE affiche la dernière heure de modification de FILE -R, --rfc-2822 affiche la date et l'heure selon le format RFC 2822. Exemple, Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=FILE utilise la taille de FILE -s, --size=SIZE utilise SIZE -r, --reference=FILE utilise la date de ce fichier au lieu de la date actuelle -t STAMP utilise [[CC]AA]MMJJhhmm[.ss] au lieu de la date actuelle --time=WORD modifie le temps indiqué : WORD est « access », « atime » ou « use » ; équivalent à -a WORD est « modify », « mtime » ; équivalent à -m -r, --references donne la référence du 1er champ de chaque ligne -t, --typeset-mode - option non implémentée - -w, --width=NUMBER largeur d'affichage en colonnes, références exclues -r, --reverse inverse l'ordre de tri -R, --recursive liste récursivement les sous-répertoires -s, --size affiche la taille d'allocation de chaque fichier, en blocs -s, --only-delimited n'affiche pas les lignes ne contenant pas de délimiteurs --output-delimiter=STRING utilise STRING comme délimiteur de sortie, par défaut le délimiteur de l'entrée est utilisé -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL utilise le nom ou le numéro du signal à transmettre. -l, --list liste les noms de signaux, ou converti les noms de signaux vers/depuis des nombres -t, --table affiche la table d'informations sur les signaux -s, --sleep-interval=N avec -f, dort environ N secondes (1.0 par défaut) entre les itérations -v, --verbose affiche toujours les en-têtes des noms de fichier -s, --symbolic-link crée des liens symboliques au lieu d'une copie -S, --suffix=SUFFIX écrase le suffixe usuel d'archivage --target-directory=DIRECTORY copie tous les arguments SOURCE dans RÉPERTOIRE -T, --no-target-directory traite DEST comme un fichier normal -s[CHAR], --separator[=CHAR] sépare les colonnes à l'aide d'un simple caractère, par défaut le caractère de tabulation sans -w et « no char » avec -w et -s[CHAR] inhibe la troncature de ligne pour les options de 3 colonnes (-COLUMN|-a - COLUMN|-m) sauf si -w est défini -t trie selon la date de modification -T, --tabsize=COLS utilise des tabulations à chaque COLS au lieu de 8 -t équivalent à -vT -T, --show-tabs affiche les caractères TAB comme ^I -u (ignoré) -v, --show-nonprinting utilise la notation ^ et M-, sauf pour LFD et TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP utilise SEP au lieu de non-blanc pour les transitions d'espace -T, --temporary-directory=DIR utilise DIR pour les fichiers temporaires, non pas $TMPDIR ou %s ; des options multiples spécifient de multiples répertoires -u, --unique avec -c, vérifie l'ordonnancement strict sans -c, affiche les premiers d'une passe équivalente -t, --tabs=LIST utilise une liste explicite de positions de tabulations séparées par des virgules -t, --tagged-paragraph indente différemment la première ligne de la seconde -u, --uniform-spacing une espace entre les mots, deux entre les phrases -w, --width=N largeur de colonne maximale (par défaut 75 colonnes) -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY déplace tous les arguments SOURCE vers DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory traite DEST comme un fichier normal -u, --update déplace uniquement si le fichier SOURCE est plus récent que le fichier cible ou si aucun fichier cible n'existe -v, --verbose explique ce qui a été réalisé -t, --text lit en mode texte (par défaut en lecture depuis tty stdin) -t, --text lit en mode texte (par défaut) -u avec -lt, affiche et tri selon la date d'accès avec -l, affiche la date d'accès et tri par nom sinon tri selon la date d'accès -U ne trie pas, liste les entrées dans l'ordre du répertoire -v tri naturel des numéros (de versions) dans le texte -u, --remove tronque et supprime le fichier après l'avoir écraser -v, --verbose affiche un indicateur de progression -x, --exact n'arrondit pas la taille des fichiers jusqu'au prochain bloc complet ; c'est le comportement par défaut pour les fichiers non standards -z, --zero ajoute une réécriture finale avec des zéros pour camoufler le broyage du fichier -u, --update copie seulement quand le fichier SOURCE est plus récent que le fichier de destination ou quand le fichier de destination est manquant -v, --verbose explique ce qui est fait -x, --one-file-system reste sur ce système de fichiers -u, --user=USER définit l'utilisateur USER dans le contexte de sécurité cible -r, --role=ROLE définit le rôle ROLE dans le contexte de sécurité cible -t, --type=TYPE définit le type TYPE dans le contexte de sécurité cible -l, --range=RANGE définit l'intervalle RANGE dans le contexte de sécurité cible -v, --kernel-version affiche la version du kernel -m, --machine affiche le nom de matériel de la machine -p, --processor affiche le type de processeur ou « unknown » (inconnu) -i, --hardware-platform affiche la plate-forme matérielle ou « unknown » (inconnu) -o, --operating-system affiche le système d'exploitation -v, --starting-line-number=NUMBER premier numéro de ligne sur chaque page logique -w, --number-width=NUMBER utilise NUMBER colonnes pour les numéros de ligne -w, --check-chars=N ne compare pas plus de N caractères dans les lignes -w, --width=COLS définit la largeur de l'écran au lieu de la valeur actuelle -x liste les entrées en ligne au lieu de colonne -X trie alphabétiquement selon les extension des entrées -Z, --context affiche les contextes de sécurité SELinux de chaque fichier -1 liste un fichier par ligne -x, --one-file-system ignore les répertoires de différents systèmes de fichiers -X, --exclude-from=FILE exclut les fichiers qui concordent avec un des motifs de FILE --exclude=PATTERN exclut les fichiers qui concordent avec PATTERN --max-depth=N affiche le total pour un répertoire (ou un fichier, avec --all) seulement si il est à N niveaux ou moins selon les arguments de la ligne de commande ; --max-depth=0 est identique à --summarize -z, --zero-terminated termine les lignes avec l'octet 0, et non pas par un retour de chariot Tâches en cours un ininterruptible état dormant contribue aussi à la charge moyenne. [:graph:] tous les caractères imprimables, sans inclure les blancs [:lower:] tous les lettres minuscules [:print:] tous les caractères imprimables, incluant les blancs [:punct:] tous les caractères de ponctuation [:space:] tous les sauts verticaux ou horizontaux [:upper:] toutes les lettres majuscules [:xdigit:] tous les chiffres hexadécimaux [=CHAR=] tous les caractères équivalents à CHAR \0NNN octet avec la valeur octale NNN (1 à 4 chiffres) \xHH octet avec la valeur hexadécimale HH (1 à 2 chiffres) \NNN octet ayant la valeur octale NNN (1 à 3 chiffres) \xHH octet ayant la valeur hexadécimale HH (1 à 2 chiffres) \uHHHH caractère Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) ayant la valeur hexadécimale HHHH (4 chiffres) \UHHHHHHHH caractère Unicode ayant la valeur hexadécimal HHHHHHHH (8 chiffres) \\ bare oblique inverse \a alerte (BEL) \b retour arrière \c bloque l'affichage ultérieur \e échappement \f saut de page \n nouvelle ligne \r retour chariot \t tabulation horizontale \v tabulation verticale \v saut vertical CHAR1-CHAR2 tous les caractères de CHAR1 à CHAR2 en ordre croissant [CHAR*] dans SET2, copie de CHAR jusqu'à longueur de SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies de CHAR, REPEAT est un octal s'il débute par 0 [:alnum:] toutes les lettres et les chiffres [:alpha:] toutes les lettres [:blank:] tous les blancs horizontaux [:cntrl:] tous les caractères de contrôle [:digit:] tous les chiffres ascii de l'EBCDIC vers l'ASCII ebcdic de l'ASCII vers l'EBCDIC ibm de l'ASCII vers l'EBCDIC alternatif block remplit les enregistrements terminés par un saut de ligne par des espaces jusqu'à la taille « cbs » unblock remplace les espaces à la fin des enregistrements de taille « cbs » par des sauts de ligne lcase change les majuscules en minuscules binary utilise des E/S binaires pour les données cio utilise des E/S simultanées pour les données d[SIZE] décimal signé, SIZE octets par entier f[SIZE] point flottant, SIZE octets par entier o[SIZE] octal, SIZE octets par entier u[SIZE] décimal non signé SIZE octets par entier x[SIZE] hexadécimal, SIZE octets par entier direct utilise des E/S directes pour les données directory échoue sauf si un répertoire dsync utilise des E/S synchronisées pour les données fullblock accumule des blocs pleins en entrée (uniquement iflag) if=FILE lit FILE au lieu de l'entrée standard (stdin) iflag=FLAGS lit selon la liste de symboles séparés par des virgules obs=BYTES écrit BYTES octets à la fois (par défaut 512) of=FILE écrit dans FILE au lieu de la sortie standard (stdout) oflag=FLAGS écrit selon à l'aide de LISTE de symboles séparés par des virgules seek=BLOCKS se déplace de BLOCKS blocs de taille « obs » au début de la sortie skip=BLOCKS ignore BLOCKS blocs de taille « ibs » au début de l'entrée status=noxfer supprime les statistiques de transfert noatime ne met pas à jour la date d'accès nocreat ne crée pas de fichier de sortie excl échoue si le fichier de sortie existe déjà notrunc ne tronque pas le fichier de sortie ucase change les minuscules en majuscules swab inter-change chaque paire d'octets en entrée noctty n'assigne pas de terminal contrôleur depuis le fichier noerror continue même après des erreurs de lecture sync remplit chaque bloc lu avec des nuls jusqu'à concurrence de la taille « ibs » ; avec block ou unblock, remplit avec des espaces au lieu de nuls fdatasync écrit physiquement les données en sortie avant la fin fsync identique, mais écrit aussi les métadonnées nofollow ne suit pas les liens symboliques nolinks échoue si multiples liens nonblock utilise des E/S non bloquantes none, off n'archive jamais (même si --backup est utilisé) numbered, t effectue des archives numérotées existing, nil numérote si des archives numérotées existent déjà, se comporte comme « simple » dans le cas contraire simple, never effectue toujours des archives simples sync identique mais aussi pour les métadonnées text utilise des E/S textuelles pour les données %4s-blocs Utilisé Dispo. Uti%% %H:%M %s-blocs Utilisé Dispo. Capacité (archive %s)* [-]ctlecho écho des caractères de contrôle par une notation en chapeau (« ^c ») [-]echo écho des caractères en entrée * [-]echoctl identique à [-]ctlecho [-]echoe identique à [-]crterase [-]echok écho d'un saut de ligne après un caractère d'annulation * [-]echoke identique à [-]crtkill [-]echonl écho d'un saut de ligne même s'il n'y pas d'écho des autres caractères * [-]echoprt écho des caractères d'effacement par retour arrière, entre « \ » et « / » [-]icanon autorise les caractères spéciaux « erase », « kill », « werase », et « rprnt » [-]iexten autorise les caractères spéciaux non-POSIX * [-]iuclc transforme les majuscles en minuscules * [-]ixany permet à n'importe quel caractère de relancer l'affichage sur la sortie, pas uniquement le caractère de redémarrage [-]ixoff autorise l'envoi d'un caractère d'arrêt/départ [-]ixon autorise le contrôle de flux XON/XOFF [-]parmrk indique les erreurs de parité par une séquence de caractères (255-0) [-]tandem identique à [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 présume que les caractères en entrée sont codés en UTF-8 * [-]ocrnl transforme un retour de chariot par un saut de ligne * [-]ofdel utilise des caractères d'effacement comme caractère de remplissage au lieu de caractères nuls * [-]ofill utilise le remplissage de caractères au lieu du délai par minuterie * [-]olcuc traduit les minuscules en majuscules * [-]onlcr traduit le saut de ligne en retour de chariot-saut de ligne * [-]onlret le saut de ligne génère un retour de chariot * [-]onocr n'affiche pas un retour chariot en première colonne [-]opost post-traitement de sortie * tabN style du délai de tabulation horizontale, N parmi [0..3] * tabs identique à tab0 * -tabs identique à tab3 * vtN style du délai de tabulation verticale, N parmi [0..1] * eol2 CHAR CHAR alternatif pour arrêter la ligne erase CHAR CHAR supprimera le dernier caractère saisi intr CHAR CHAR émettra un signal d'interruption kill CHAR CHAR supprimera la ligne actuelle * lnext CHAR CHAR entrera le prochain caractère entre guillemets quit CHAR CHAR émettra un signal de fin * rprnt CHAR CHAR ré-affichera la ligne actuelle start CHAR CHAR redémarrera la sortie après l'avoir arrêtée * rows N indique au kernel que le terminal a N lignes * size affiche le nombre de lignes et de colonnes selon les paramètres du kernel speed affiche la vitesse du terminal time N avec -icanon, initialise le délai d'inactivité de lecture à N dizièmes de seconde ??:???? Monté sur TTY contexte=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu groupes= ancien par répétition %s % 1% de mémoire, b 1, k 1024 (par défaut), et ainsi de suite pour M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Sans FILE, ou quand FILE est -, lit l'entrée standard. *** AVERTISSEMENT *** La localisation utilisée dans l'environnement affecte l'ordre du tri. Utilisez LC_ALL=C pour obtenir un tri selon un ordre traditionnel qui utilise la valeur native des octets. %.*s : spécification de conversion non valide%e %b %Y%e %b %H:%M%lu utilisateur%lu utilisateurs%s%s (pour regexp %s)%s -> %s (désarchivage) %s [-d] a terminé anormalement%s et %s identifient le même fichier%s existe mais n'est pas un répertoire%s est apparu ; à la fin d'un nouveau fichier%s est devenu accessible%s est devenu inaccessible%s a été remplacé par un fichier distant. Abandon sur ce nom.%s a été remplacé par un fichier dont on ne peut déterminer la taille ; abandon sur ce nom.%s a été remplacé ; à la fin d'un nouveau fichier%s possède un type de fichier inconnu.%s : a une taille inutilisable, apparemment négative.Page d'accueil de « %s » : %s Page d'accueil de « %s » : %s n'est pas un entier positif valide%s est trop grand%s peut seulement être utilisé sur un noyau SELinux%s était spécifié mais pas %s%s%s argument « %s » trop grand%s : %s est tellement grand qu'il n'est pas représentable%s : %s le numéro de ligne hors limite%s : %s: pas de correspondance%s : %s:%s: désordre : %s : ÉCHEC d'ouverture ou de lecture. %s : utilisateur inexistant%s : « } » est requis pour un compteur de répétition%s : opérateur binaire attendu%s : peut uniquement créer des liens symboliques relatifs dans le répertoire actuel%s : impossible de modifier le mode non bloquant%s : impossible de trouver le nom de l'utilisateur ayant l'ID %lu %s : impossible de suivre la fin de ce type de fichier ; abandon sur ce nom%s : impossible d'utiliser lseek() pour revenir à la position d'origine%s: ne peut écraser le répertoire%s : impossible de rembobiner%s : ne peut pas se déplacer%s : impossible de se déplacer à la fin du décalage relatif %s%s : impossible de se déplacer à la position %s%s : impossible de déplacer selon le décalage relatif %s%s : impossible d'utiliser « shred » sur un descripteur de fichier en ajout seul%s : ne peut pas ignorer%s : ne peut pas ignorer jusqu'au décalage indiqué%s : délimiteur de fermeture « %c » manquant%s : impossible de réinitialiser le mode non bloquant%s : descendre dans le répertoire %s ?%s : descendre dans un répertoire protégé en écriture %s ?%s : fin de fichier%s : l'opérateur d'équivalence de classe doit être un caractère simple%s : erreur de tronquage%s : erreur d'écriture au décalage %s%s : valeur numérique attendue%s : échec de fermeture%s : échec d'ouverture en écriture%s : échec de suppression%s : échec de fcntl%s : échec de fdatasync%s : le fichier a une taille négative%s : le fichier a été trop réduit%s : fichier trop gros%s : fichier trop long%s : fichier tronqué%s : échec de fstat%s : échec de fsync%s: lien direct non permis pour un répertoire%s : l'entrée contient une boucle :%s : l'entrée contient un nombre impair de jetons%s : le fichier d'entrée est aussi celui de sortie%s : entier attendu après le délimiteur%s : PID non valide%s : compteur non valide au départ de %s%s : directive non valide%s : spécification de champ non valide %s%s : longueur de fichier non valide%s : type de fichier non valide%s : nombre maximum de changements d'état non valide entre les ouvertures%s : nombre non valide%s : nombre d'octets non valide%s : nombre de lignes non valide%s : nombre de passes non valide%s : nombre de secondes non valide%s : nombre à ignorer non valide%s : option non valide -- %c %s : motif non valide%s : id de processus non valide%s : expression régulière non valide, %s%s : signal non valide%s : longueur de suffixe non valide%s : le numéro de ligne doit être plus grand que zéro%s : numéro de ligne hors limite%s : échec de lseek%s : multiples signaux spécifiés%s : les nouvelles permissions sont %s, et non %s%s : aucune ligne de somme de contrôle %s trouvée%s : aucune information sur la taille de ce périphérique%s : impossible de lister un répertoire déjà listé%s : le nombre d'octets est trop grand%s : l'option « %c%s » n'accepte pas d'argument %s : l'option « %s » est ambiguë %s : l'option « --%s » n'accepte pas d'argument %s : l'option « -W %s » ne prend pas d'argument %s : l'option « -W %s » est ambiguë %s : l'option requiert un argument -- « %c » %s : voulez-vous écraser %s ? %s : passe %lu/%lu (%s)...%s : passe %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s : passe %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s : erreur de lecture%s : supprimer %s %s ? %s : supprimer tous les arguments récursivement ? %s : supprimer tous les arguments ? %s : supprimer %s (protégé en écriture) %s ? %s : supprimé%s : suppression%s : renommé en %s%s: remplacer %s? %s : échec de positionnement (seek)%s : trop de lignes de somme de contrôle%s : voulez-vous écraser %s en outrepassant le mode %04lo (%s) ? %s : impossible de déterminer la longueur maximale du nom de fichier%s : impossible d'effectuer toutes les opérations demandées%s : opérateur unaire attendu%s : option non reconnue « %c%s » %s : option non reconnue « --%s » %s : valeur non complètement convertie%s : erreur d'écriture.%s:%lu : ligne non valide ; second jeton manquant%s:%lu : non valide, longueur zéro du nom de fichier%s:%lu : mot clé %s non reconnu%s} : entier requis entre « { » et « } » »« ) » attendu« ) » attendu, %s trouvé©* systèmes de fichiers qui enregistre en cache temporairement, tels que les clients NFS version 3 * systèmes de fichiers compressés * systèmes de fichiers journalisés ou à structure de journalisation, comme ceux fournis avec AIX et Solaris (et JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.) * systèmes de fichiers avec données redondantes et soutenant les écritures même lorsqu'il y a erreur d'écriture comme sur les systèmes de fichiers RAID * systèmes de fichiers qui prennent des instantanés, comme le serveur NFS de Network Appliance , charge moyenne : %.2f, %g s, %s/s --%s argument %s trop grand--context (-Z) ne fonctionne qu'avec noyau activé pour SELinux--reflink peut seulement être utilisé avec --sparse=auto-R --dereference requiert soit -H ou -L-R -h requiert -P-ef ne permet pas -l-nt ne permet pas -l-ot ne permet pas -l??? ?????AvortéLa famille d'adresses pour le nom d'hôte n'est pas prise en chargeAlarmeTous les arguments obligatoires pour les options longues le sont aussi pour les options courtes. Toutes les requêtes ont été traitéesLe tampon de l'argument est trop petitArnold RobbinsAppel système incorrectValeur incorrecte pour ai_flagsBrian FoxTube briséErreur busATTENTION : notez que shred s'appuie sur l'importante supposition que le système de fichiers écrasera les données en place. C'est la manière usuelle de procéder, mais plusieurs systèmes de fichiers modernes ne sont pas conçus selon ce principe. La liste suivante donne des exemples de systèmes de fichiers pour lesquels le broyage n'est pas effectif dans tous les modes : COMMENTAIRELimite de temps CPU dépasséeExécute la fonction link() pour créer un lien nommé FILE2 sur le FILE1 existant. Exécute la fonction unlink() pour supprimer le FILE spécifié. Modifie l'ID effectif de l'utilisateur et l'ID du groupe à celui de USER. -, -l, --login établit ce shell comme celui de la session de travail -c, --command=COMMANDE passe une seule COMMANDE au shell avec -c -f, --fast passe -f au shell (valable pour csh ou tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment ne réinitialise oas les variables d'environnement -p identique à -m -s, --shell=SHELL lance le SHELL si /etc/shells le permet Change le groupe de chaque FILE en GROUP. Avec l'option --reference, change le groupe de chaque FILE à celui de RFILE. -c, --changes comme l'option « verbose » mais affiche seulement les changements effectués --dereference affecte le référent de chaque lien symbolique (par défaut), plutôt que le lien symbolique lui-même Change le mode de chaque FILE en MODE. -c, --changes comme « verbose » mais affiche seulements les changements réalisés Change le propriétaire et/ou le groupe de chaque FILE à OWNER et/ou à GROUP. Avec --reference, change le propriétaire et le groupe de chaque FILE à ceux de RFILE. -c, --changes comme verbeux mais rapporte seulement les modifications réalisées --dereference affecte le référent de chaque lien symbolique (par défaut), plutôt que le lien symbolique lui-même Change le contexte de sécurité de chaque FILE en CONTEXT. Avec --reference, change le contexte de sécurité de chaque FILE à celui de RFILE. -h, --no-dereference affecte les liens symboliques au lieu des fichiers référencés Chet RameyLe fils a quittéColin PlumbCompare les fichiers triés FILE1 et FILE2 ligne à ligne. Concatène FILE(s), ou l'entrée standard, sur la sortie standard. -A, --show-all équivalent à -vET -b, --number-nonblank numérote les lignes non vides en sortie -e équivalent à -vE -E, --show-ends affiche $ à la fin de chaque ligne -n, --number numérote toutes les lignes en sortie -s, --squeeze-blank supprime les lignes vides qui se répètent en sortie ReprisConverti les blancs de chaque FILE par des tabulations, lors de l'écriture sur la sortie standard. Sans FILE ou quand le FILE est -, lit l'entrée standard. Convertit les tabulations de chaque FILE en espaces, en écrivant sur la sortie standard. Sans FILE, ou quand FILE est -, lit de l'entrée standard. Copie la SOURCE vers DEST, ou de multiples SOURCES vers DIRECTORY. Copie un fichier en le convertissant et le formatant selon les opérandes. bs=BYTES lit et écrit BYTES à la fois (voir aussi ibs= et obs=) cbs=BYTES convertit BYTES octets à la fois conv=CONVS convertit le fichier en liste de symboles séparés par une virgule count=BLOCKS copie seulement BLOCKS blocks d'entrée ibs=BYTES lit BYTES octets à la fois (par défaut 512) Copie l'entrée standard vers chaque FILE, et également vers la sortie standard. -a, --append ajoute au(x) FILE(s), sans les écraser -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore les signaux d'interruption Crée un fichier ou un répertoire temporaire, sûr, et affiche son nom. TEMPLATE doit contenir au moins 3 « X » consécutifs dans la partie finale. Si TEMPLATE n'est pas spécifié, tmp.XXXXXXXXXX et --tmpdir sont utilisés. Crée des tubes nommés (FIFO) avec les noms NAMEs. Crée le(s) répertoire(s) DIRECTORY s'il(s) n'existe(nt) pas. Crée le fichier spécial avec le nom NAME et le TYPE donné. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDiagnostique les noms de fichiers non valides ou non portables -p vérifie pour la majorité des système POSIX -P vérifie les noms vides et les « - » d'en-tête --portability vérifie pour tous les systèmes POSIX (équivalent à -p -P) RépertoireAffiche le statut d'un fichier ou d'un système de fichiers. -L, --dereference suit les liens -f, --file-system affiche le statut du système de fichiers au lieu du statut du fichier Affiche la date actuelle selon le FORMAT spécifié ou initialise la date système. -d, --date=STRING affiche la date selon le format STRING, sans « now » -f, --file=DATEFILE identique à --date pour chaque ligne de DATEFILE Dmitry V. LevinÉlimine tous groupes supplémentaires, utilise l'ID utilisateur et l'ID du groupe du spécifié USER (ID numérique ou nom), et exécute COMMAND avec les ARGUMENTs spécifiés. Quitte avec le statut 111 s'il est impossible d'obtenir les ID de l'utilisateur et du groupe. Autrement, quitte avec le statut d'exécution de COMMAND. Ce programme est utile lorsqu'il est exécuté par le root (ID utilisateur à zéro). Capture EMTEXITChaque intervalle est l'un de : N Ne octet, caractère ou champ, compté à partir de 1 N- du Ne octet, caractère ou champ jusqu'à la fin de la ligne N-M du Ne au Me octets (inclus), caractère ou champ -M du premier au Me octets (inclus), caractère ou champ Sans FILE, ou quand FILE est -, lit l'entrée standard. Duplique les chaînes STRING sur la sortie standard. -n n'affiche pas de nouvelle de ligne de terminaison Eric BlakeQuitte avec un code status indiquant l'échec.Quitte avec le code de statut indiquant le succès.Termine l'exécution avec l'état déterminé par EXPRESSION. F. PinardÉCHECFIXME : inconnuFORMAT doit permettre d'afficher un argument de type « double » ; par défaut à %.PRECf si FIRST, INCREMENT et LAST sont tous décimaux en notation fixe avec une précision maximum PREC, et à %g sinon. Les FIFO n'ont pas de numéros mineur et majeur de périphérique.Taille de fichier dépasséeSys. de fichiers Sys. fich. TypeFiltre les lignes adjacentes correspondantes depuis INPUT (entrée standard), en écrivant dans OUTPUT (ou la sortie standard). Sans option, les lignes correspondantes sont fusionnées sur la première occurence. Exception de virgule flottantePour une documentation complète, lancer « info coreutils '%s invocation' » Pour chaque paire de lignes en entrée ayant des champs de fusion identiques, affiche une ligne sur la sortie standard. Le champ de fusion par défaut est le premier, délimité par un blanc. Si FILE1 ou FILE2 (pas les 2) est -, lit l'entrée standard. -a FILENUM affiche les lignes non associables provenant du fichier FILENUM, où FILENUM est 1 ou 2, correspondant à FILE1 ou FILE2 -e EMPTY remplace les champs d'entrée manquants par EMPTY Force l'écriture des blocs modifiés sur disque et la mise à jour du super bloc. Aide générale sur les logiciels GNU : Giuseppe ScrivanoH. Peter AnvinDéconnexionE/S possibleINACTIFIan Lance TaylorDisponibleSi FILE n'est pas spécifié, utilise %s. %s en tant que FILE est usuel. Instruction illégalleEn plus, l'archivage des système de fichiers et les miroirs à distance peuvent contenir des copies des fichiers qui ne peuvent être supprimés et qui permettront à un fichier broyé d'être récupéré ultérieurement. Nom réel : Dans le 1er format, crée un lien vers TARGET avec le nom LINK_NAME. Dans le 2e format, crée un lien vers TARGET dans le répertoire actuel. Dans le 3e et 4e format, crée des liens vers chaque TARGET dans DIRECTORY. Crée des liens directs par défaut et des liens symboliques avec --symbolic. À la création de liens directs, chaque TARGET doit exister. Les liens symboliques peuvent contenir un texte arbitraire ; s'il est résolu par la suite, un lien relatif est interprété comme une relation avec son répertoire parent. Dans le cas du système de fichier ext3, la déclaration ci-avant s'applique (et shred dispose d'une efficacité limitée) seulement en mode data=journal, dans lequel les journaux enregistrent les données en plus des métadonnées. Dans les deux modes data=ordered (par défaut) et data=writeback, shred travaille comme d'habitude. Les modes de journalisation ext3 peuvent être changés en ajoutant data=something aux options de montage pour un système de fichiers particulier dans le fichier /etc/fstab, tel que documenté dans la page man de mount (man mount). Infinité BRequête d'informationInterrompuInterrompu par un signalRéférence de retour non valideNom de classe de caractère non valideCaractère non valide dans une séquenceContenu de \{\} non valideExpression régulière précédente non valideFin d'intervalle non valideExpression régulière non valideJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfTuéLIGNEIDENTIFIANTAffiche les informations à propos des FILE(s) (du répertoire actuel par défaut). Trie les entrées alphabétiquement si aucune des options -cftuvSUX ou --sort n'est utilisées. IdentifiantIdentifiant : Les arguments obligatoires pour les options longues le sont aussi pour les options courtes. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnÉchec d'allocation mémoireMémoire insuffisanteMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNOMNomNom ou service inconnuAucune adresse n'est associée au nom d'hôteAucune correspondancePas d'expression régulière précédenteÉchec non récupérable à la résolution de nomOKSeulement une chaîne peut être spécifiée lors d'une destruction sans réduction des répétitionsL'option --string sans nombre implique 3, l'option --width sans nombre implique 32. Par défaut, od utilise -A o -t oS -w16. Options de tri : Autres Options : Affiche un index permuté, incluant le contexte des mots des fichiers d'entrée. Commande d'affichage pour initialiser la variable d'environnement LS_COLORS. Détermine le format de sortie : -b, --sh, --bourne-shell code de sortie pour un shell Bourne pour initialiser la variable LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell code de sortie pour un shell C pour initialiser la variable LS_COLORS -p, --print-data-base utilise les valeurs par défaut Affiche sur la sortie des morceaux de INPUT de taille fixe selon PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ... ; par défaut la taille est de 1000 lignes et le préfixe par défaut est « x ». Sans INPUT ou quand INPUT est -, la lecture se fait sur l'entrée standard. Extraire des séquences de FILE séparées par PATTERN(s) vers les fichiers « xx01 », « xx02 », etc, ainsi que le taille en octets de chaque séquence sur la sortie standard. Affiche les limites de la plate-forme dans un format utiles aux scripts shell. Affiche les utilisateurs connectés selon FILE. Si FILE est spécifié, utilise %s. %s en tant que FILE est usuel. Écrase le fichier FILE spécifié de manière répétitive, afin de rendre difficile toute récupération des données par du matériel même coûteux. PIDPaquet réalisé par %s Paquet réalisé par %s (%s) Padraig BradyPagine ou met en colonne les FILE(s) pour impression. Paramètre de chaîne non correctement codéMot de passe :Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlan : Panne d'alimentationFin prématurée d'expression régulièreAffiche les ARGUMENTS selon le FORMAT, ou exécute selon OPTION : Affiche la somme de contrôle CRC et le décompte d'octets de chaque FILE. Affiche NAME sans le précéder des composants des noms de répertoires Si spécifié, enlève aussi SUFFIX en terminaison. Affiche NAME en supprimant le /composant de terminaison ; si NOM ne contient pas de « / », la sortie sera « . » (signifiant le répertoire actuel). Affiche certaines informations système. Sans OPTION, identique à -s. -a, --all affiche toutes les informations, dans l'ordre suivant, mais sans -p et -i s'il sont inconnus : -s, --kernel-name affiche le nom du kernel -n, --nodename affiche le nom du noeud réseau (hostname) -r, --kernel-release affiche la version du noyau Affiche la somme de contrôle et le nombre de blocs de chaque FILE. -r utilise l'algorithme de calcul de somme BSD avec des blocs de 1K octets -s, --sysv utilise l'algorithme de calcul de somme de Système V avec des blocs de 512 octets Affiche l'appartenance à des groupes pour chaque USERNAME ou, pour le processus actuel (qui peut être différent si la base de données des groupes a changé) si aucun USERNAME n'est spécifié. Affiche des informations sur les utilisateurs connectés. Affiche l'architecture machine. Affiche les nombres de FIRST jusqu'à LAST, par pas de INCREMENT. -f, --format=FORMAT utilise FORMAT comme le style virgule flottante de printf -s, --separator=STRING utilise STRING pour séparer les nombres (défaut : \n) -w, --equal-width équilibre la largeur en remplissant l'en-tête par des zéros Affiche ou modifie les caractéristiques du terminal. -a, --all affiche toutes les paramètres actuels dans un format humainement lisible -g, --save affiche toutes les paramètres actuels dans un format lisible par « stty » -F, --file=DEVICE utilise le périphérique spécifié au lieu de stdin Affiche des extraits de lignes de chaque FILE vers la sortie standard. Affiche la date actuelle, la durée depuis laquelle le système a été amorcé, le nombre d'utilisateurs sur le système, et le nombre moyen de tâches dans la file d'exécution depuis les 1, 5 et 15 dernières minutes.Affiche le nom de fichier du terminal relié à l'entrée standard. -s, --silent, --quiet n'affiche rien, retourne seulement un statut de fin d'exécution Affiche les 10 premières lignes de chaque FILE sur la sortie standard. Chaque fichier est précédé d'une en-tête avec son nom, si plusieurs fichiers. En l'absence de FILE, ou quand FILE est -, lit de l'entrée standard. Affiche le nom complet du fichier du répertoire de travail actuel. Affiche les %d dernières lignes de chaque FILE sur la sortie standard. Avec plusieurs fichiers FILE, précéde chacun d'une en-tête donnant le nom. En l'absence de FILE, ou quand FILE est -, lit l'entrée standard. Affiche le nom de l'utilisateur actuel. Affiche le nombre d'unités de traitement disponibles pour le processus actuel, qui peut être inférieur au nombre de processeurs actifs Affiche les facteurs premiers de chaque NUMBER entiers spécifiés. Si aucun argument n'est fourni, les nombres sont lus depuis l'entrée standard. Affiche le nom de l'utilisateur associé à l'ID effectif actuel. Identique à « id -un ». Affiche les informations d'utilisateur et de groupe pour USERNAME indiqué, ou pour l'utilisateur actuel quand USERNAME est omis. -a ignorée, pour compatibilité avec les autres versions -Z, --context affiche seulement le contexte de sécurité de l'utilisateur actuel -g, --group affiche seulement l'ID du groupe effectif -G, --groups affiche tous les ID de groupes -n, --name affiche le nom au lieu du numéro, pour -ugG -r, --real affiche l'ID réel à la place de l'ID effectif, avec -ugG -u, --user affiche seulement l'ID effectif de l'utilisateur Affiche la valeur d'un lien symbolique ou son nom canonique Requête de traitement en coursTemps de profiling expiréProjet : Q. Frank XiaQuittéRandy SmithSignal temps-réel %dReformate chaque paragraphe de FILE, en écrivant sur la sortie standard. L'option -WIDTH est un forme abrégée de --width=DIGITS. Expression régulière trop longueSupprime (retire le lien) les fichiers FILE(s). -f, --force ignore les fichiers inexistants, ne demande jamais -i demande confirmation avant chaque suppression Supprime les répertoires DIRECTORY, s'ils sont vides. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty ignore les échecs qui sont uniquement dûs à répertoire non vide Renomme SOURCE en DEST, ou déplace SOURCE(s) vers DIRECTORY. Affiche à répétition une ligne de caractères avec toutes les chaînes STRING spécifiées, ou « y ». Signalez les anomalies de « %s » : <%s> Traduction de « %s » à Requête annuléeRequête non annuléeRessource perdueRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonExécute COMMAND avec un niveau de priorité ajusté. Sans COMMAND, affiche le niveau actuel de priorité. L'étendue des niveaux va de %d (priorité la plus favorable d'ordonnancement) à %d (la moins favorable). -n, --adjustment=N ajoute la valeur entière N à la valeur de la priorité (10 par défaut) Exécute COMMAND avec le répertoire root initialisé à NEWROOT. Exécute COMMAND en ignorant les signaux de déconnexion. Exécute COMMAND, avec des opérations de mises en tampon modifiées pour ses flux standards. Exécute un programme dans un contexte de sécurité différent. Sans CONTEXT ni COMMAND, affiche le contexte de sécurité actuel. CONTEXT contexte de sécurité complet -c, --compute calcul le contexte de transition de processus avant de le modifier -t, --type=TYPE type (pour le même rôle que le parent) -u, --user=USER identité utilisateur -r, --role=ROLE rôle -l, --range=RANGE niveau Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerErreur de segmentationTransmet les signaux aux processus ou liste les signaux. Servname n'est pas pris en charge avec ai_socktypeDéfinissez LC_ALL='C' pour contourner le problème.Initialise chaque NAME à VALUE dans l'environnement et exécute COMMAND. -i, --ignore-environment démarre avec un environnement vide -0, --null termine chaque ligne de sortie avec l'octet 0 au lieu d'une ligne nouvelle -u, --unset=NAME enlève la variable de l'environment Shell : Affiche des informations sur le système de fichiers sur lequel chaque chaque FILE réside ou de tous les systèmes de fichiers par défaut. Réduit ou étend la taille de chaque FILE à la taille spécifiée Un argument FILE qui n'existe pas, est créé. Si FILE est plus grand que la taille spécifiée, les données restantes sont perdues. Si FILE est plus court, il est étendu et la partie supplémentaire (trou) contient des octets à zéro. Simon JosefssonLes fichiers spéciaux requièrent les numéros majeur et mineur de périphériques.Erreur de pileArrêtéArrêté (signal)Arrêté (entrée tty)Arrêté (sortie tty)Stuart KempSuccèsSynthétise l'utilisation de l'espace disque pour chaque FILE, récursivement pour les répertoires. Erreur systèmeHEUREÉchec temporaire de résolution de nomTerminéLes drapeaux optionnels suivants peuvent suivre « % » : - (hyphen) ne remplit pas le champs _ (underscore) remplit avec espace 0 (zero) remplit avec zéro ^ emploie majuscule si possible # emploie la casse opposée si possible Les options suivantes modifient la façon dont la hiérarchie est traversée lorsque l'option -R est aussi spécifiée. Si plusieurs options sont indiquées, seule la dernière sera prise en compte. -H si l'argument en ligne de commande est un lien symbolique vers un répertoire alors le parcourir -L parcourt tous les liens symboliques menant à un répertoire -P ne parcourt aucun lien symbolique (par défaut) Les chaînes comparées étaient %s et %s.Torbjorn GranlundTrace/point d'arrêt capturéBarre oblique inverse finaleConverti, compresse et/ou élimine des caractères de l'entrée standard en écrivant sur la sortie standard. -c, -C, --complement complément à un de SET1 -d, --delete supprime les caractères de SET1, ne convertit pas -s, --squeeze-repeats remplace chaque séquence en entrée de caractères répétés qui apparaît dans SET1 par une seule occurence de ce caractère -t, --truncate-set1 tronque d'abord SET1 à la longueur de SET2 Saisissez « %s --help » pour plus d'informations. Essayez « %s ./%s » pour supprimer le fichier %s. Deux chaînes doivent être spécifiées quand à la fois suppression et compression se répètent.Deux chaînes doivent être spécifiées lors de la conversion.Ulrich DrepperErreur inconnueSignal inconnu %dErreur système inconnue( ou \( sans correspondance) ou \) sans correspondance[ ou [^ sans correspondance\{ sans correspondanceMet à jour la date d'accès et de modification de chaque FILE à l'heure actuelle. Un argument FILE qui n'existe pas est créé vide, sauf si -c ou -h est spécifié. Une chaîne d'argument FILE à - est géré spécifiquement et fait que touch change la date du fichier associé à la sortie standard. Condition d'E/S urgenteUtilisation : %s Utilisation : %s COMMAND [ARG]... ou : %s OPTION Utilisation : %s CONTEXT COMMAND [args] ou :  %s [ -c ] [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-t TYPE] [-l RANGE] COMMAND [args] Utilisation : %s EXPRESSION ou : %s OPTION Utilisation : %s FILE ou : %s OPTION Utilisation : %s FILE1 FILE2 ou : %s OPTION Utilisation : %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... ou : %s OPTION Utilisation : %s NAME ou : %s OPTION Utilisation : %s NAME [SUFFIX]... ou : %s OPTION Utilisation : %s NUMBER[SUFFIX]... ou : %s OPTION Effectue une pause de NUMBER secondes. SUFFIX peut être « s » pour des secondes (par défaut), « m » pour minutes, « h » pour heures ou « d » pour des jours. Contrairement à la plupart des implémentations qui requièrent un nombre entier, ici NUMBER peut être un nombre arbitraire en virgule flottante. Avec plusieurs arguments, la pause se fait selon la somme des valeurs. Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... COMMAND Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... FILE... Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Utilisation : %s [-F DEVICE] | --file=DEVICE] [SETTING]... ou : %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-a|--all] ou : %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-g|--save] Utilisation : %s [-WIDTH] [OPTION]... [FILE]... Utilisation : %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... ou : %s -l [SIGNAL]... ou : %s -t [SIGNAL]... Utilisation : %s [FILE]... ou : %s [OPTION] Utilisation : %s [NOM] ou : %s OPTION Affiche ou définit le nom d'hôte du système actuel. Utilisation : %s [NUMBER]... ou : %s OPTION Utilisation : %s [OPERAND]... ou : %s OPTION Utilisation : %s [OPTION] Utilisation : %s OPTION Affiche l'identificateur numérique (en hexadécimal) de l'hôte actuel. Utilisation : %s [OPTION] NEWROOT [COMMAND [ARG]...] ou : %s OPTION Utilisation : %s [OPTION] [COMMAND] [ARG]... Utilisation : %s [OPTION] [FILE] Affiche une liste entièrement ordonnée en cohérence avec le tri partiel de FILE. Sans FILE, ou quand FILE est -, lit l'entrée standard. Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... CONTEXT FILE... ou : %s [OPTION]... [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-l RANGE] [-t TYPE] FILE... ou : %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... FILE Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... FILE... Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... ou : %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... LAST ou : %s [OPTION]... FIRST LAST ou : %s [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... ou : %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE ou : %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAHOR MINOR] Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... NAME... Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] ou : %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST ou : %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY ou : %s [OPTION]... --target-directory=DIRECTORY SOURCE... Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST ou : %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY ou : %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... ou : %s [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORY... Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1er format) ou : %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2e format) ou : %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3e format) ou : %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4e format) Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... [FILE] ou : %s -e [OPTION]... [ARG]... ou : %s -i LO-HI [OPTION]... Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Base64 code ou décode FILE, ou l'entrée standard, sur la sortie standard. Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... ou : %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] ou : %s --traditional [OPTION]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]] Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... ou : %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Affiche ou vérifie les sommes de contrôle %s (%d-bits). Sans FILE, ou quand FILE est -, lit l'entrée standard. Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [PREFIX]] Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (sans l'option -G) ou : %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:GROUP] FILE... ou : %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... [TEMPLATE] Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME]... Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Utilisation : %s [OPTION]... [VARIABLE] Affiche les valeurs de(s) VARIABLE(s) d'environnement spécifiées. Si aucune VARIABLE n'est spécifiée, affiche le nom et la valeur de chacune. Utilisation : %s [SHORT-OPTION]... USER COMMAND [ARGUMENT]... ou : %s LONG-OPTION Utilisation : %s [SHORT-OPTION]... [STRING]... ou : %s LONG-OPTION Utilisation : %s [STRING]... ou : %s OPTION Utilisation : %s [arguments de la ligne de commande ignorés] ou : %s OPTION Utilisation : test EXPRESSION ou : test ou : [ EXPRESSION ] ou : [ ] ou : %s OPTION ] Signal 1 défini par l'utilisateurSignal 2 défini par l'utilisateurL'utilisation de -s ignore -L et -P. Autrement, la dernière option indiquée contrôle le comportement lorsque la source est un lien symbolique, utilisant par défaut %s. Les arguments valides sont :Séquences valides de format pour les systèmes de fichiers : %a blocs libres disponibles pour un non super-utilisateur %b total des blocs de données dans le système de fichiers %c total des nœuds de fichiers dans le système de fichiers %d nœuds de fichiers libres dans le système de fichiers %f blocs libres dans le système de fichiers %C chaîne de contexte de sécurité SELinux Temps virtuel expiréATTENTION : --page-increment est déconseillée, utilisez plutôt --line-incrementAttention : --preserve_context est déconseillé ; utilisez --preserve-contextAVERTISSEMENT: structure de répertoire circulaire. Cela signifie très certainement que votre système de fichiers est corrompu. AVISER VOTRE ADMINISTRATEUR SYSTÈME. Le répertoire suivant fait parti du cycle: %s Attention : --context (-Z) a été ignoré car SELinux n'est pas activé sur ce noyauAttention : --preserve-context a été ignoré car SELinux n'est pas activé sur ce noyau.Attention : l'option --strip-program a été ignorée car l'option -s n'a pas été spécifiéeAvertissement : QuandOùFenêtre changéeAvec l'option --follow (-f), tail utilise par défaut le descripteur de fichier, lui ainsi permettant de suivre l'évolution du fichier ciblé même s'il change de nom. Ce comportement par défaut n'est pas désirable lorsqu'on désire suivre l'évolution d'un fichier à l'aide de son nom et non via le descripteur de fichier (par ex. lors de la rotation des journaux). Dans ce cas, utilisez --follow=name et tail suivra l'évolution du fichier en s'accomodant des changements de nom, des suppressions ou des créations. Effectue la césure des lignes d'entrée de chaque FILE (entrée standard par défaut), en écrivant sur la sortie standard. Affiche une permutation aléatoire des lignes entrées sur la sortie standard. Écrit chaque FILE sur la sortie standard, la dernière ligne en premier. En l'absence de FILE, ou quand FILE est -, lit l'entrée standard. Affiche chaque FILE sur la sortie standard avec les numéros de ligne. Sans FILE, ou quand FILE est -, lit l'entrée standard. Écrit séquentiellement les lignes correspondantes de chaque FILE, séparées par des tabulations, vers la sortie standard. Sans FILE, ou quand FILE est -, lit l'entrée standard. Affiche la concaténation triée de tous les FILE(s) sur la sortie standard. Écrit par %s et %s. Écrit par %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s et d'autres. Écrit par %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s et %s. Écrit par %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, et %s. Écrit par %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Écrit par %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Écrit par %s, %s, %s, %s et %s. Écrit par %s, %s, %s, et %s. Écrit par %s, %s et %s. Écrit par %s. les expressions [=c=] ne peuvent pas apparaître dans string2 à la traduction^[nN]^[oOyY]« « -%c' » caractères superflus ou nombre non valide dans l'argument : %s« --page=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE] » argument manquant« -N NUMBER » nombre de début de ligne non valide : %s« -W PAGE_WIDTH » nombre non valide de caractères : %s« -l PAGE_LENGTH » nombre non valide de lignes : %s« -o MARGIN » saut de ligne non valide : %s« -w PAGE_WIDTH » nombre non valide de caractères : %sune commande doit être indiquée avec un ajustementaccès à %sai_family non pris en chargeai_socktype n'est pas pris en charge.argument %s ambigu pour %sun délimiteur peut être spécifié seulement quand des champs sont manipulésla sortie est ajoutée à %sl'archivage de %s pourrait détruire la source ; %s n'a pas été copiél'archivage de %s pourrait détruire la source ; %s n'a pas été déplacétype d'archivefichier spécial de blocfichier spécial de bloc non pris en chargeles préfixes SI et IEC sont présents dans les unitésles deux fichiers ne peuvent pas être l'entrée standard.le décalage d'octet %s est trop grandimpossible d'appliquer un contexte partiel à un fichier non étiquetté %simpossible d'obtenir le contexte de traitementimpossible d'accéder à %simpossible d'archiver %sne peut pas afficher à la fois un résumé et toutes les entréesimpossible de modifier l'appartenance de %simpossible de changer les permissions de %simpossible de changer le répertoire racine vers %simpossible d'aller vers le répertoire %simpossible d'aller dans le répertoire racinene peut pas combiner --target-directory (-t) et --no-target-directory (-T)impossible de combiner --target-directory et --no-target-directoryimpossible de combiner les options -e et -ine peut pas combiner deux options parmi ascii, ebcdic et ibmne peut pas combiner block et unblockne peut combiner excl et nocreatne peut pas combiner lcase et ucaseimpossible de combiner les options mode et --referenceimpossible de combiner le signal avec -l or -timpossible de comparer les noms de fichier %s et %simpossible de convertir U+%04X en un jeu de caractères localimpossible de convertir U+%04X au jeu de caractères local « %s »impossible de créer un répertoire (%s) dans lui-même (%s)impossible de copier liens symboliques cycliques %simpossible de créer le répertoire %simpossible de créer la FIFO %simpossible de créer le lien direct %s vers %simpossible de créer le lien %simpossible de créer le lien %s sur %simpossible de créer le fichier standard %simpossible de créer le fichier spécial %simpossible de créer le lien symbolique %simpossible de créer le lien symbolique %s vers %simpossible de créer le fichier temporaire dans %simpossible de déréférencer %simpossible de déterminer le périphérique et l'inode de %simpossible de déterminer le nom d'hôteimpossible de déterminer l'emplacement de %s, retour à l'interrogation activeimpossible d'exécuter ioctl sur %simpossible de trouver le nom du groupe avec l'ID %luimpossible de trouver le nom de l'utilisateur pour l'ID %luimpossible de suivre %s selon son nomimpossible de forcer le contexte cible à %s et de le préserverimposssible d'évaluer %s par fstat()impossible d'obtenir le répertoire actuelimpossible d'obtenir le niveau de prioritéimpossible d'obtenir le nom de systèmene peut lseek() %sne peut pas créer à la fois un lien symbolique et directne peut créer le répertoire %simpossible de déplacer %s vers %sne peut déplacer %s vers un sous-répertoire de lui-même %simpossible de déplacer le répertoire dans un non-répertoire : %s -> %simpossible d'ouvrir %s en lectureimpossible d'ouvrir %s en écritureimpoossible d'ouvrir le répertoire %simpossible d'opérer sur un lien symbolique ballant %simpossible d'écraser le répertoire %s par un non-répertoireimpossible d'écraser le non-répertoire %s par le répertoire %simpossible mettre en forme la sortie formatéene peut pas préserver les attributs étendus, cp est compilé sans la prise en charge xattrne peut préserver le contexte de sécurité en dehors d'un noyau SELinuximpossible d'afficher le « seulement » parmi plusieurs choiximpossible d'afficher seulement les noms ou les ID réels dans le format par défautimpossible d'afficher le contexte de sécurité quand un utilisateur est spécifiéimpossible de lire le répertoire %simpossible de lire les noms de fichiers à partir de %simpossible de lire les informations du système de fichier pour %simpossible de lire l'horloge temps réelimpossible de lire le lien symbolique %sne peut pas lire la table des systèmes de fichiers montésimpossible de supprimer %simpossible de supprimer le répertoire : %simpossible de repositionner le pointeur de fichier pour %simpossible d'exécuter %simpossible de définir %sne peut initialiser la date.impossible d'initialiser l'ID du groupeimpossible de définir l'ID de groupe à %luimpossible d'initialiser les groupesimpossible de définir le nom d'hôte ; le système ne prend pas en charge cette fonctionnalitéimpossible de définir le nom à %simpossible d'obtenir le niveau de prioritéimpossible de définir le format horaire pour %simpossible d'initialiser l'ID de l'utilisateurimpossible de définir l'ID utilisateur à %luimpossible d'ignorer au delà de la fin de l'entrée combinéeimpossible de spécifier --null (-0) avec commandimpossible de spécifier un affichage à la fois croisé et en parallèleimpossible de spécifier le nombre de colonnes lors d'une impression en parallèleimpossible de spécifier les dates pour plusieurs sourcesimpossible de séparer de plusieurs manièresimpossible d'évaluer %simpossible d'exécuter stat sur le répertoire actuel (%s)impossible d'utiliser stat sur l'entrée standardimpossible de faire un touch %simpossible de désarchiver %simpossible de supprimer %simpossible d'indéfinir %simpossible de surveiller %simpossible de surveiller le répertoire parent de %sne peut finalement pas contourner une anomalie du noyaugroupe changé de %s en %s appartenance changée de %s en %s modification du groupe de %schangement de propriétaire pour %smodification des permissions de %schangement du contexte de sécurité de %s adresse relative du caractère est zérocaractère hors limitesfichier spécial de caractèresfichier spécial de caractères non pris en chargeréinitialisation des permissions de %schangement d'horlogeéchec de fermeturefermeture de %sfermeture %s (fd=%d)fermeture du répertoire %sfermeture du fichier d'entrée %sfermeture du fichier de sortie %sfermeture de l'entrée standardle mode de compatibilité ne prend pas en charge plusieurs fichierschaînes de remplacement de champ vide conflictuellesparamètres de contexte de sécurité en conflitimpossible de définir la mise en tampon de %s au mode %s impossible de créer le processus pour %s -dimpossible de créer le fichier le fichier temporaireimpossible d'exécuter %simpossible d'exécuter %s -dimpossible de repérer l'entrée du répertoire dans %s concordant avec l'inodeimpossible d'obtenir la date de démarragecréation du répertoire %scréation du répertoire %scréation du fichier %s création d'un lien direct %scréation d'un lien direct de %s vers %scréation d'un lien direct sur %.0s%scréation d'un lien symbolique %scréation d'un lien symbolique %s vers %s la liste des délimiteurs termine avec une barre oblique inverse non neutralisée : %srépertoiredivision par zérodup2 a échoué%s vide n'est pas autorisénom de fichier videtabulation videerreur à la fermeture du fichiererreur dans l'expression régulière recherchéeerreur dans la recherche de l'expression régulièreerreur d'initialisation des chaînes de moiserreur au suivi d'un évènement inotifyerreur de lecture %serreur à la lecture d'un évènement inotifyerreur d'attente de la commandeerreur à l'écriture de %ssortie=argument surnuméraire %sopérande supplémentaire %sopérande suplémentaire %s opérande suplémentaire « %s » non permise avec -%cimpossible de changer le contexte de %s à %simpossible de changer le groupe %s en %s impossible de changer le mode de %s en %04lo (%s). impossible de changer l'appartenance de %s impossible de changer de l'appartenance de %s en %s impossible de chdir vers %simpossible de cloner %simpossible de créer un nouveau contexteimpossible de créer le répertoire à partir du modèle %simpossible de créer le fichier à partir du modèle %simpossible de créer le contexte de sécurité : %simpossible d'obtenir les attributs de %simpossible de récupérer le contexte actuelimpossible d'obtenir le contexte de création du système de fichiersimpossible d'obtenir les groups pour le processus actuelimpossible d'obtenir les groupes pour l'utilisateur %simpossible de récupérer du contexte de sécurité de %simpossible de repérer le fichier %simpossible d'ouvrir %simpossible de préserver l'auteur pour %simpossible de préserver l'appartenance pour %séchec de préservation des permissions de %séchec de préservation des dates pour %séchec de redirection vers l'erreur standardimpossible de rédiriger stderr vers /dev/nulléchec de suppression de %séchec de suppression du répertoire %simpossible de rendre inutilisable la sortie standardimpossible d'ouvrir à nouveau %s en mode %simpossible de restaurer le contexte de création de fichier par défautimpossible de revenir au répertoire de travail initialimpossible d'exécuter la commande %simpossible de définir le composant de contexte de sécurité %s à %simpossible de définir des groupes supplémentairesimpossible de définir le contexte de création de fichier par défaut à %simpossible de définir l'ID de groupeimpossible de définir le nouveau rôle %simpossible de définir le nouveau rôle %simpossible de définir le nouveau type %simpossible de définir le nouvel utilisateur %simpossible de définir les groupes supplémentaireséchec de copie sur stderr lors de l'exécution de la fermeture impossible de définir le contexte de sécurité de %s en %simpossible de définir l'ID de l'utilisateuréchec d'évaluation par stat() de %simpossible de désactiver O_DIRECT : %simpossible de mettre à jour l'environnement avec %sfdatasync a échoué pour %séchec de fflushle numéro de champ %s est trop grandnuméro de champ est zérochamps et positions sont numérotés à partir de 1FIFOfichier %d n'est pas dans l'ordre attendules opérandes fichier ne peuvent pas être combinés avec --files0-fromles opérandes de fichier ne peuvent être combinés avec --print-database (-p).le système de fichiers %s est à la fois sélectionné et excluéchec de l'appel système forkle format %s termine avec %%le format %s ne contient pas de directive %%le format %s contient trop de directives %%le format %s contient une directive %%%c inconnueformat de chaîne ne peut pas être spécifié quand l'impression est égal à la largeur des chaînesfsync a échoué pour %séchec de fts_closeéchec de fts_readgetpass() : impossible d'ouvrir /dev/ttyobtention des nouveaux attributs de %sle groupe d'appartenance de %s qui a été retenu est %s fonction iconv non disponiblefonction iconv non utilisableid=ignore tous les argumentsles entrées sont ignoréesles entrées sont ignorées et la sortie est ajoutée à %signore l'entrée et redirige stderr sur stdoutignore la la taille de tabulation de la variable d'environnement TABSIZE :%signore la valeur non valide de la variable d'environnement QUOTING_STYLE : %signore la largeur non valide de la variable d'environnement COLUMNS : %signore les arguments qui ne sont pas des optionsjonction incompatible des champs %lu, %lutabulations incompatiblesmot de passe incorrectinotify ne peut pas être utilisé, retour à l'interrogation activel'entrée a disparuela ligne d'entrée est trop longueéchec de déplacement inter-périphérique de %s vers %s ; impossible de supprimer la cible%s%s argument non valide « %s »argument -- %s non valide %sajustement non valide %sargument non valide %sargument %s non valide pour %sle style de numérotation de corps est non valide : %smode %s de mise en tampon pour %s non valide octet ou liste de champs non valide.le caractère « %c » est non valide dans le type de chaîne %scaractère de classe non valide %scontexte non valide : %sconversion non validele symbole de conversion %c est non valide dans le suffixele symbole de conversion \%.3o est non valide dans le suffixedate non valide %sformat de date non valide %sintervalle décroissant non validepériphérique non valide %s %stype de périphérique non valide %snuméro de champ non valide : %sspécificateur de champ non valide : %slargeur de champ non valide : %snuméro de fichier non valide le champ spécifié : %sargument en virgule flottante non valide : %sle style de numérotation de pied de page est non valide : %sprécision de format non validelargeur de format non validelargeur de saut non valide : %sgroupe non validegroupe non valide %slist de groupes non valide %sgroupe non valide : %sle style de numérotation d'en-tête est non valide : %sentrée non validedrapreau d'entrée non valideintervalle d'entrée non valide %sentier non valide %sargument numérique non valide %scompteur ligne non valide %sdiscipline de ligne non valide %sla largeur du champ de la numérotation de ligne non valide : %sl'incrément du nombre de ligne est non valide : %sle format de numérotation de ligne est non valide : %slargeur de ligne non valide : %snuméro majeur de périphérique non valide %sprofondeur maximum %s non validenuméro mineur de périphérique non valide %smode non validemode non valide %smode non valide : %snombre non valide %snombre non valide après « , »nombre non valide après « - »nombre non valide après « . »nombre non valide dans le champ de départle nombre de lignes blanches est non valide : %snombre d'octets non validenombre d'octets à comparer non validenombre d'octets à ignorer non validenombre non valide de colonnes : %snombre de champs à ignorer non validenombre de lignes non validenombre non valide de lignes: 0option non valide --%coption non valide -- %c ; -WIDTH est reconnue seulement lorsque c'est la première option ; utilisez -w N à la placel'adresse de base « %c » est non valide, cela doit être caractère parmi [doxn]drapeau de sortie non valideintervalle de pages non valide %sprécision non valide : %sintervalle non valide sans limite de fin : -compteur de répétion %s non valide dans [c*n]spec non validele numéro de ligne de départ non valide : %sdrapeau d'état non validele suffixe %s est non valide car il contient un séparateur de répertoiressuffixe non valide dans l'argument « %s » de %s%staille de tabulation non valide : %smodèle non valide, %s, contient des séparateurs de répertoiresmodèle non valide, %s ; avec --tmpdir, peut ne pas être absoluintervalle de temps non valide %sformat de style de temps non valide %soption de terminaison non valide -- %ctype de chaîne %s non validetype de chaîne non valide %s; ce système ne prend pas en charge le type en point flottant %lu-bytetype de chaîne %s non valide; ce système ne permet pas le type entier %lu-bytenom de caractère universel non valide \%c%0*xutilisateur non valideutilisateur non valide %slargeur non valide : %slongueur de césure non valide : %snom de fichier de longueur nulle non valideil est dangereux d'opérer récursivement sur %sil est dangereux d'opérer récursivement sur %s (identique à %s)dernier=« - » d'en-tête dans une partie du nom de fichier %sla limite %lu est dépassée par la longueur %lu du nom de fichier %sla limite %lu est dépassée par la longueur %lu d'une partie du nom de fichier %sla mise en tampon de stdin ne signifie rienl'option compteur de ligne -%s%c est trop grandele numéro de ligne %s est plus petit que le numéro précédent de ligne %sdébordement du numéro de lignel'argument maximum --%s avec la rlimit actuelle est %smémoire insuffisantefile de messagesl'argument minimum --%s est %sla structure [:upper:] et/ou [:lower:] est mal alignéela spéfication de conversion %% est manquante dans le suffixe« ] » manquantargument manquant après %sargument manquant pour %scaractère de nom de classe « [::] » manquantsymbole de conversion manquant dans le suffixeopérande du fichier cible manquant après %scaractère d'équivalence de classe « [==] » manquantopérande fichier manquantnombre hexadécimal manquant dans l'échappementliste des champs manquanteliste des positions manquanteopérande manquantopérande manquant après %sle mode doit seulement spécifier les bits de permission de fichierle mode de %s a été modifié en %04lo (%s). le mode de %s a été conservé à %04lo (%s). tab multi-caractères %smultiples options -l spécifiéesmultiples options -l ou -t spécifiéesmultiples programmes de compression spécifiésmultiples délimiteurs spécifiésintervalles de niveaux multiplesoptions multiples fichiers de sortie spécifiéesmultiples formats de fichiers de sortie spécifiésmultiples sources aléatoires spécifiéesplusieurs modificateurs relatifs spécifiésrôles multiplesmultiples répertoires cibles spécifiéstypes multiplesutilisateurs multiplesni le lien symbolique %s ni la référence n'ont changé. aucune variable d'environnement SHELL, et aucune option de type de shell spécifiéeimpossible de changer l'appartenance de %s aucune commande spécifiéeaucun système de fichiers traitéaucun fichier restantaucune d'entrée depuis %saucun identifiantaucun ID de processus spécifiéaucun type ne peut être spécifié lors de l'affichage brut des chaînesaucun nom d'utilisateur spécifié; au moins doit être spécifié lorsque -l est utiliséecaractère non portable %s dans le nom du fichier %sn'est pas un ttyn'écrit pas à travers le lien symbolique ballant %sle numéro dans %s est trop grandle ombre d'octetsle nombre de lignesdébordement du décalage à la lecture du fichier %somission du répertoire %sune seule structure de répétition [c*] peut apparaître dans string2un seul périphérique peut être spécifiéun seul type de liste peut être spécifiééchec d'ouvertureouverture de %soption utilisée dans un contexte non valide -- %cles options --backup et --no-clobber sont mutuellement exclusivesles options --compate (-C) et --preserve-timestamps sont mutuellement exclusifsles options --compare (-C) et --strip sont mutuellement exclusivesles options « -%s » sont incompatiblesles suffixes des fichiers de sortie sont épuisésdébordement lors de l'augmentation de la taille du fichier %sdébordement lors de l'arrondi supérieur de la taille du fichier %sl'appartenance de %s a été retenue l'appartenance de %s a été conservée en %s débordement du numéro de pagela largeur de page est trop petitepréserve les permissions pour %spréservation des dates pour %saffiche toutes les lignes dupliquées et le décompte de répétition est inutileles limites de l'intervalle « %s-%s » sont en ordre de séquence de comparaison inverse.erreur de lectureéchec de lecturelecture de %slecture du répertoire %senregistrement trop grandredirige stderr sur stdoutfichier videfichier%s supprimé répertoire supprimé : %s suppression du répertoire %sniveau d'exécutionsémaphorele séparateur ne peut pas être videdéfinissez LC_ALL='C' pour contourner le problèmeinitialisation des drapeaux pour %sinitialisation des permissions de %sinitialisation des dates de %sobjet de mémoire partagéeoctets ignorés + le nombre d'octets lus est trop grandignore %s, du fait qu'il est sur un périphérique différentignore le fichier %s car il a été remplacé durant la copiesocketerreur standardentrée standardl'entrée standard est ferméesortie standardéchec de stat()stderrstdinstdoutcaractère égaré dans le champ de spécificationéchec de comparaison de chaîneimpossible de transformer la chaînele traitement en chaîne s'est arrêté anormalementla suppression des lignes non-délimitées est permise seulement lorsque des champs sont manipulés.lien symboliqueerreur de syntaxedémarrage systèmela taille de la tabulation ne peut être 0la taille de la tabulation contient des caractères non valides : %sles tailles de tabulation doivent être croissantesl'arrêt de tabulation %s est trop grandla valeur de l'arrêt de tabulation est trop grandles tabulations sont trop éloignéesla cible %s n'est pas un répertoireun répertoire cible n'est pas autorisé à l'installation d'un répertoireterm=test et/ou [les options --binary et --text sont sans effet lors de la la vérification des sommes de contrôle.l'option --compare (-C) est ignorée quand un mode sans bit de permission est spécifiél'option --context (-Z) est obsolète et sera supprimée dans une version ultérieurel'option --quiet n'a de sens que lors de la vérification des sommes de contrôlel'option --status n'a de sens que lors de la vérification des sommes de contrôlel'option --warn n'a de sens que lors de la vérification des sommes de contrôlela structure [c*] peut apparaître dans string2 seulement lors d'une conversionla structure [c*] de répétition ne peut pas apparaître dans la string1l'argument %s n'est pas précédé du préfixe « + ». Lors de l'utilisation d'une option pour spécifier la date, chaque argument qui n'est pas une option reconnue doit être une chaîne de formatage qui débute par « + ».le délimiteur doit être un caractère simpleles options pour le mode verbeux et les styles de sortie de stty-readable sont mutuellement exclusifsles options pour la base de données interne de sortie de dircolors et la sélection de la syntaxe du shell sont mutuellement exclusivesles options pour afficher et définir la date ne peuvent être utilisées ensembles.les options pour spécifier les dates pour l'impression sont mutuellement exclusivesles chaînes comparées étaient %s et %sl'option strip ne peut pas être utilisée lors de l'installation d'un répertoirela chaîne non transformée était %sheure %s hors limitepour utiliser l'ID utilisateur %s vous devez aussi utiliser -gtrop peu de X dans le modèle %strop de spécifications de conversion %% dans le suffixetrop de caractères dans l'ensembletrop de lignes répétéestrop de modèlestotalimpossible de parcourir : %sobjet mémoire typéeuid=%luimpossible d'afficher le message d'erreurimpossible d'enregistrer le répertoire de travail actuelimpossible de définir le contexte de sécurité %séchec inattendu : fts_info=%d: %s Veuillez signaler le problème à %sopérateur binaire inconnuerreur à l'attente de la commande (0x%X)flux inconnuID utilisateur inconnu : %simpossible d'analyser la valeur de la variable d'environnement LS_COLORSopérande non reconnu %spréfixe non reconnu : %sactif %ld jour %2d:%02d, actif %ld jours %2d:%02d, actif ???? jours ??:??, utilisez --no-preserve-root pour inhiber cette mesure de sûretél'utilisateur %s n'existe pasl'utilisation de %s pour désigner l'entrée standard ne fonctionne pas en mode système de fichiersutilise une arithmétique à précision arbitraireutilisation du shell %s restreintutilise une arithmétique à précision simpleen attente de %s [-d]en attente de stripavertissement: %s : caractères suivant le caractère de constante ont été ignorésavertissement : %s : impossible de changer le contexte en %savertissement : --pid=PID n'est pas pris en charge sur ce systèmeavertissement : --retry est principalement utile s'il est suivi par un nomavertissement : PID ignoré ; --pid=PID est utile seulement lorsqu'il suitavertissement : « touch %s » est obsolète ; utilisez « touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d »avertissement : une barre oblique inverse non neutralisée à la fin d'une chaîne n'est portableavertissement : barre oblique inverse à la fin du formatavertissement : impossible d'aller dans le répertoire %savertissement : impossible de supprimer : %savertissement : suivre l'entrée standard indéfiniment est inefficaceavertissement : arguments superflus ignorés, débutant par %savertissement : décalage de fichier non valide suite à un échec de lectureavertissement : largeur non valide %lu ; %d sera utilisé à la placeavertissement, le numéro de ligne %s est le même que le précédent numéro de ligneavertissement : le fichier source %s est mentionné plusieurs foisavertissement : conflit avec --max-depth=%lu à la génération du résuméavertissement : résumé est la chose qu'utiliser l'option --max-depth=0attention : l'option --%s est obsolète, utilisez --referenceavertissement : l'échappement octal ambigü \%c%c%c a été interprété comme une séquence de 2-octets \0%c%c, %cavertissement : séquence d'échappement non reconnue « \%c »Avertissement : afin de contourner une anomalie lseek présente dans le noyau pour le fichier (%s) de type mt_type=0x%0lx, consultez pour la liste des typesfichier étrangelorsque que set1 n'est pas tronqué, string2 ne peut pas être videle nom de fichier %s n'est pas autorisé lors de la lecture de l'entrée standard, les mode ne peuvent pas être initialisés quand le stype de sortie est spécifiélors de convertion avec des caractères complémentés de classes, string2 doit convertir tous les caractères du domaine dans un seulà la traduction, les seules classes de caractères qui peuvent apparaître dans string2 sont « upper » ou « lower »ne copiera pas %s depuis le lien symbolique qui vient juste d'être créé %sne créera pas le lien direct %s vers le répertoire %sn'écrasera pas %s qui vient d'être créé par %savec --parents, la destination doit être un répertoireavec --suffix, le modèle %s doit terminer par un Xerreur d'écritureerreur d'écriture pour %séchec d'écritureécriture de %sécriture vers %svous devez spécifier -c, -t, -u, -l, -r ou le contexteune liste d'octets, de caractères, ou de champs doit être spécifiéevous devez en spécifier une parmi %s ou %sPRIuMAXPRIdMAX%+% records in %+% records out % truncated record % truncated records % byte (%s) copied% bytes (%s) copiedoffset too large: cannot truncate to a length of seek=% (%lu-byte) blocksfailed to truncate to % bytes in output file %sfailed to allocate a % byte stdio buffer %s: %: improperly formatted %s checksum lineWARNING: % of % listed file could not be readWARNING: % of % listed files could not be readWARNING: % of % computed checksum did NOT matchWARNING: % of % computed checksums did NOT matchstarting page number % exceeds page count %Page %overflow in % * % byte blocks for file %struncating %s at % bytes%+% enregistrements lus %+% enregistrements écrits % enregistrement tronqué % enregistrements tronqués % octet (%s) copié% octets (%s) copiésdécalage trop grand : ne peut pas tronquer à la longueur seek=% (%lu-octet) blocsimpossible de tronquer à % octets, le fichier de sortie %simpossible d'allouer un tampon stdio de % octets %s : %: ligne de somme de contrôle %s mal formatéeAVERTISSEMENT : % de % fichier listé n'a pas pu être luAVERTISSEMENT : % de % fichiers listés n'ont pas pu être lusAVERTISSEMENT : % de % somme de contrôle ne concorde pas.AVERTISSEMENT : % de % sommes de contrôle ne concordent pas.numéro % de page de départ dépasse le compteur de page %Page %débordement dans % * % blocs d'octets pour le fichier %stronque %s à % 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EXPRESSION EXPRESSION is false EXPRESSION1 -a EXPRESSION2 both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true EXPRESSION1 -o EXPRESSION2 either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true -a, --all same as -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot time of last system boot -d, --dead print dead processes -H, --heading print line of column headings -b FILE FILE exists and is block special -c FILE FILE exists and is character special -d FILE FILE exists and is a directory -e FILE FILE exists -l produce long format output for the specified USERs -b omit the user's home directory and shell in long format -h omit the user's project file in long format -p omit the user's plan file in long format -s do short format output, this is the default -n STRING the length of STRING is nonzero STRING equivalent to -n STRING -z STRING the length of STRING is zero STRING1 = STRING2 the strings are equal STRING1 != STRING2 the strings are not equal ARG1 * ARG2 arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 is less than ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 is equal to ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 is unequal to ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2 FILE1 -ef FILE2 FILE1 and FILE2 have the same device and inode numbers FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2 FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 is older than FILE2 INTEGER copy up to but not including specified line number /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copy up to but not including a matching line %REGEXP%[OFFSET] skip to, but not including a matching line {INTEGER} repeat the previous pattern specified number of times {*} repeat the previous pattern as many times as possible A line OFFSET is a required `+' or `-' followed by a positive integer. INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING length of STRING a number all lines t number only nonempty lines n number no lines pBRE number only lines that contain a match for the basic regular expression, BRE FORMAT is one of: ln left justified, no leading zeros rn right justified, no leading zeros rz right justified, leading zeros b create a block (buffered) special file c, u create a character (unbuffered) special file p create a FIFO # users=%lu A field is a run of blanks (usually spaces and/or TABs), then non-blank characters. Fields are skipped before chars. A lightweight `finger' program; print user information. The utmp file will be %s. A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment. A mere - implies -l. If USER not given, assume root. After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number; then an optional modifier, which is either E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available. An omitted EXPRESSION defaults to false. Otherwise, EXPRESSION is true or false and sets exit status. It is one of: As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. Both MAJOR and MINOR must be specified when TYPE is b, c, or u, and they must be omitted when TYPE is p. If MAJOR or MINOR begins with 0x or 0X, it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal; otherwise, as decimal. TYPE may be: By default, rm does not remove directories. Use the --recursive (-r or -R) option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents. By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: Combination settings: * [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase cbreak same as -icanon -cbreak same as icanon Control settings: [-]clocal disable modem control signals [-]cread allow input to be received * [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8] Each FLAG symbol may be: append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc suggested) Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Output "stdio". Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Output ".". Examples: %s f - g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. %s Copy standard input to standard output. Examples: %s root /u Change the owner of /u to "root". %s root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to "staff". %s -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root". Examples: %s staff /u Change the group of /u to "staff". %s -hR staff /u Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff". Except for -h and -L, all FILE-related tests dereference symbolic links. Beware that parentheses need to be escaped (e.g., by backslashes) for shells. INTEGER may also be -l STRING, which evaluates to the length of STRING. Exit status is 0 if EXPRESSION is neither null nor 0, 1 if EXPRESSION is null or 0, 2 if EXPRESSION is syntactically invalid, and 3 if an error occurred. Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. If FILE is -, shred standard output. Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified. The default is not to remove the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda, and those files usually should not be removed. When operating on regular files, most people use the --remove option. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual. If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. If FIRST or INCREMENT is omitted, it defaults to 1. That is, an omitted INCREMENT defaults to 1 even when LAST is smaller than FIRST. FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are interpreted as floating point values. INCREMENT is usually positive if FIRST is smaller than LAST, and INCREMENT is usually negative if FIRST is greater than LAST. If a FILE is -, copy again to standard output. If first and second call formats both apply, the second format is assumed if the last operand begins with + or (if there are 2 operands) a digit. An OFFSET operand means -j OFFSET. LABEL is the pseudo-address at first byte printed, incremented when dump is progressing. For OFFSET and LABEL, a 0x or 0X prefix indicates hexadecimal; suffixes may be . for octal and b for multiply by 512. If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). If standard input is a terminal, redirect it from /dev/null. If standard output is a terminal, append output to `nohup.out' if possible, `$HOME/nohup.out' otherwise. If standard error is a terminal, redirect it to standard output. To save output to FILE, use `%s COMMAND > FILE'. Input settings: [-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal [-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline [-]ignbrk ignore break characters [-]igncr ignore carriage return Local settings: [-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings * -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings NOTE: [ honors the --help and --version options, but test does not. test treats each of those as it treats any other nonempty STRING. NOTE: your shell may have its own version of %s, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. Note that the -d and -t options accept different time-date formats. Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available. Output settings: * bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1] * crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3] * ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1] * nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1] Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed to login group if implied by a `:' following a symbolic OWNER. OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic. POS is F[.C][OPTS], where F is the field number and C the character position in the field; both are origin 1. If neither -t nor -b is in effect, characters in a field are counted from the beginning of the preceding whitespace. OPTS is one or more single-letter ordering options, which override global ordering options for that key. If no key is given, use the entire line as the key. SIZE may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). Sending a %s signal to a running `dd' process makes it print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s Options are: Special characters: * dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input) eol CHAR CHAR will end the line TYPE is made up of one or more of these specifications: a named character, ignoring high-order bit c ASCII character or backslash escape The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: The data are encoded as described for the base64 alphabet in RFC 3548. When decoding, the input may contain newlines in addition to the bytes of the formal base64 alphabet. Use --ignore-garbage to attempt to recover from any other non-alphabet bytes in the encoded stream. The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. The valid format sequences for files (without --file-system): %a Access rights in octal %A Access rights in human readable form %b Number of blocks allocated (see %B) %B The size in bytes of each block reported by %b %C SELinux security context string To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo', use one of these commands: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Traditional format specifications may be intermixed; they accumulate: -a same as -t a, select named characters, ignoring high-order bit -b same as -t o1, select octal bytes -c same as -t c, select ASCII characters or backslash escapes -d same as -t u2, select unsigned decimal 2-byte units Use one, and only one of -b, -c or -f. Each LIST is made up of one range, or many ranges separated by commas. Selected input is written in the same order that it is read, and is written exactly once. With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. With no options, produce three-column output. Column one contains lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2, and column three contains lines common to both files. Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories (note: will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the superuser) -f, --force remove existing destination files --group-directories-first group directories before files. augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping --help display this help and exit --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode print the index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k like --block-size=1K --lookup attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS -m only hostname and user associated with stdin -p, --process print active processes spawned by init --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially --preserve-root do not remove `/' (default) -r, -R, --recursive remove directories and their contents recursively -v, --verbose explain what is being done --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST don't preserve the specified attributes --parents use full source file name under DIRECTORY --one-file-system when removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any directory that is on a file system different from that of the corresponding command line argument --preserve-context preserve SELinux security context -Z, --context=CONTEXT set SELinux security context of files and directories --reference=RFILE use RFILE's security context rather than specifying a CONTEXT value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC output date and time in RFC 3339 format. TIMESPEC=`date', `seconds', or `ns' for date and time to the indicated precision. Date and time components are separated by a single space: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=STRING set time described by STRING -u, --utc, --universal print or set Coordinated Universal Time --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix --time show time of the last modification of any file in the directory, or any of its subdirectories --time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status --time-style=STYLE show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT FORMAT is interpreted like `date' --time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale --verbose print a diagnostic just before each output file is opened --version output version information and exit -evenp same as -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7 nl same as -icrnl -onlcr -nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-') [-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty [-]hupcl same as [-]hup [-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input [-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-') [-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors * [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character [-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return [-]inpck enable input parity checking [-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters [-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters [-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters * [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal * [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\' for uppercase characters cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values -cooked same as raw crt same as echoe echoctl echoke dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany ek erase and kill characters to their default values evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N set the input speed to N * line N use line discipline N min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read ospeed N set the output speed to N oddp same as parenb parodd cs7 -oddp same as -parenb cs8 [-]parity same as [-]evenp pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7 raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw same as cooked stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal * swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer * werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed %% a single % %b ARGUMENT as a string with `\' escapes interpreted, except that octal escapes are of the form \0 or \0NNN and all C format specifications ending with one of diouxXfeEgGcs, with ARGUMENTs converted to proper type first. Variable widths are handled. %A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday) %b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan) %B locale's full month name (e.g., January) %c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005) %F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d %g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G) %G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V %S second (00..60) %t a tab %T time; same as %H:%M:%S %u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday %U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) %V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53) %w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday %W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53) %d Device number in decimal %D Device number in hex %f Raw mode in hex %F File type %g Group ID of owner %G Group name of owner %h Number of hard links %i Inode number %n File name %N Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link %o I/O block size %s Total size, in bytes %t Major device type in hex %T Minor device type in hex %h same as %b %H hour (00..23) %I hour (01..12) %j day of year (001..366) %i File System ID in hex %l Maximum length of filenames %n File name %s Block size (for faster transfers) %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) %t Type in hex %T Type in human readable form %k hour ( 0..23) %l hour ( 1..12) %m month (01..12) %M minute (00..59) %n a newline %N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) %p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known %P like %p, but lower case %r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM) %R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M %s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u User ID of owner %U User name of owner %x Time of last access %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch %y Time of last modification %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch %z Time of last change %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch %x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99) %X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48) %y last two digits of year (00..99) %Y year %z +hhmm numeric timezone (e.g., -0400) %:z +hh:mm numeric timezone (e.g., -04:00) %::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00) %:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30) %Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT) By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes. + TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like `match' or an operator like `/' ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -A, --auto-reference output automatically generated references -G, --traditional behave more like System V `ptx' -F, --flag-truncation=STRING use STRING for flagging line truncations -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks -b, --bytes equivalent to `--apparent-size --block-size=1' -c, --total produce a grand total -D, --dereference-args dereference only symlinks that are listed on the command line -D create all leading components of DEST except the last, then copy SOURCE to DEST -g, --group=GROUP set group ownership, instead of process' current group -m, --mode=MODE set permission mode (as in chmod), instead of rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=OWNER set ownership (super-user only) -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names -h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line follow symbolic links listed on the command line --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory --hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A) -I prompt once before removing more than three files, or when removing recursively. Less intrusive than -i, while still giving protection against most mistakes --interactive[=WHEN] prompt according to WHEN: never, once (-I), or always (-i). Without WHEN, prompt always -L FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h) -O FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID -p FILE FILE exists and is a named pipe -r FILE FILE exists and read permission is granted -s FILE FILE exists and has a size greater than zero -L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links -P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default) -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -S, --separate-dirs do not include size of subdirectories -s, --summarize display only a total for each argument -M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx' -O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives -R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences -T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives -N, --read-bytes=BYTES limit dump to BYTES input bytes -S, --strings[=BYTES] output strings of at least BYTES graphic chars -t, --format=TYPE select output format or formats -v, --output-duplicates do not use * to mark line suppression -w, --width[=BYTES] output BYTES bytes per output line --traditional accept arguments in traditional form -P, --portability use the POSIX output format --sync invoke sync before getting usage info -t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE -T, --print-type print file system type -x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE -v (ignored) -S sort by file size --sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time -S FILE FILE exists and is a socket -t FD file descriptor FD is opened on a terminal -u FILE FILE exists and its set-user-ID bit is set -w FILE FILE exists and write permission is granted -x FILE FILE exists and execute (or search) permission is granted -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create the links -T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file -v, --verbose print name of each linked file -T, -w, --mesg add user's message status as +, - or ? -u, --users list users logged in --message same as -T --writable same as -T -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword -b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting -g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields -i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE -o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of NAME to CTX -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each NAME to CTX -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories --apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be larger due to holes in (`sparse') files, internal fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like -a, --all convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks --first-only convert only leading sequences of blanks (overrides -a) -t, --tabs=N have tabs N characters apart instead of 8 (enables -a) -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated LIST of tab positions (enables -a) -a, --suffix-length=N use suffixes of length N (default %d) -b, --bytes=SIZE put SIZE bytes per output file -C, --line-bytes=SIZE put at most SIZE bytes of lines per output file -d, --numeric-suffixes use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic -l, --lines=NUMBER put NUMBER lines per output file -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline -b, --binary read in binary mode -b, --binary read in binary mode (default unless reading tty stdin) -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -b, --bytes=LIST select only these bytes -c, --characters=LIST select only these characters -d, --delimiter=DELIM use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignore leading blanks -d, --dictionary-order consider only blanks and alphanumeric characters -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case characters -b, --suffix-format=FORMAT use sprintf FORMAT instead of %02d -f, --prefix=PREFIX use PREFIX instead of `xx' -k, --keep-files do not remove output files on errors -c, --check read %s sums from the FILEs and check them -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -c, --crown-margin preserve indentation of first two lines -p, --prefix=STRING reformat only lines beginning with STRING, reattaching the prefix to reformatted lines -s, --split-only split long lines, but do not refill -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries --file-type likewise, except do not append `*' --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso -f omit the line of column headings in short format -w omit the user's full name in short format -i omit the user's full name and remote host in short format -q omit the user's full name, remote host and idle time in short format -f same as -t fF, select floats -i same as -t dI, select decimal ints -l same as -t dL, select decimal longs -o same as -t o2, select octal 2-byte units -s same as -t d2, select decimal 2-byte units -x same as -t x2, select hexadecimal 2-byte units -f FILE FILE exists and is a regular file -g FILE FILE exists and is set-group-ID -G FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID -h FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L) -k FILE FILE exists and has its sticky bit set -f, --canonicalize canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively; all but the last component must exist -e, --canonicalize-existing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, all components must exist -f, --fields=LIST select only these fields; also print any line that contains no delimiter character, unless the -s option is specified -n (ignored) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --reference=RFILE use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values -R, --recursive change files and directories recursively -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's group rather than specifying a GROUP value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's owner and group rather than specifying OWNER:GROUP values -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -g like -l, but do not list owner -g GID[,GID1...] also set the primary group-ID to the numeric GID, and (if specified) supplemental group IDs to GID1, ... -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) -i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing fields -j FIELD equivalent to `-1 FIELD -2 FIELD' -o FORMAT obey FORMAT while constructing output line -t CHAR use CHAR as input and output field separator -i, --initial do not convert tabs after non blanks -t, --tabs=NUMBER have tabs NUMBER characters apart, not 8 -i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage -k like --block-size=1K -l, --local limit listing to local file systems --no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) -k like --block-size=1K -l, --count-links count sizes many times if hard linked -m like --block-size=1M -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -l, --link link files instead of copying -L, --dereference always follow symbolic links in SOURCE -l, --login print system login processes -m, --canonicalize-missing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, without requirements on components existence -n, --no-newline do not output the trailing newline -q, --quiet, -s, --silent suppress most error messages -v, --verbose report error messages -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each created directory to CTX -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o like -l, but do not list group information -p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output -s, --stable stabilize sort by disabling last-resort comparison -S, --buffer-size=SIZE use SIZE for main memory buffer -q, --count all login names and number of users logged on -r, --runlevel print current runlevel -s, --short print only name, line, and time (default) -t, --time print last system clock change -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -r, --reference=FILE display the last modification time of FILE -R, --rfc-2822 output date and time in RFC 2822 format. Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=FILE use this file's times instead of current time -t STAMP use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time --time=WORD change the specified time: WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent to -a WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to -m -r, --references first field of each line is a reference -t, --typeset-mode - not implemented - -w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL specify the name or number of the signal to be sent -l, --list list signal names, or convert signal names to/from numbers -t, --table print a table of signal information -s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -t sort by modification time -T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP use SEP instead of non-blank to blank transition -T, --temporary-directory=DIR use DIR for temporaries, not $TMPDIR or %s; multiple options specify multiple directories -u, --unique with -c, check for strict ordering; without -c, output only the first of an equal run -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -t, --tagged-paragraph indentation of first line different from second -u, --uniform-spacing one space between words, two after sentences -w, --width=WIDTH maximum line width (default of 75 columns) -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -u, --update move only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -t, --text read in text mode (default if reading tty stdin) -t, --text read in text mode (default) -u, --remove truncate and remove file after overwriting -v, --verbose show progress -x, --exact do not round file sizes up to the next full block; this is the default for non-regular files -z, --zero add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system -u, --user=USER set user USER in the target security context -r, --role=ROLE set role ROLE in the target security context -t, --type=TYPE set type TYPE in the target security context -l, --range=RANGE set range RANGE in the target security context -v, --kernel-version print the kernel version -m, --machine print the machine hardware name -p, --processor print the processor type or "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform print the hardware platform or "unknown" -o, --operating-system print the operating system -w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines -w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value -x list entries by lines instead of by columns -X sort alphabetically by entry extension -Z, --context print any SELinux security context of each file -1 list one file per line -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline lcase change upper case to lower case binary use binary I/O for data d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer direct use direct I/O for data dsync use synchronized I/O for data noatime do not update access time nocreat do not create the output file excl fail if the output file already exists notrunc do not truncate the output file ucase change lower case to upper case swab swap every pair of input bytes noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file noerror continue after read errors sync pad every input block with NULs to ibs-size; when used with block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing fsync likewise, but also write metadata nofollow do not follow symlinks nolinks fail if multiply-linked nonblock use non-blocking I/O none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups sync likewise, but also for metadata text use text I/O for data %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% %s-blocks Used Available Capacity (backup: %s) * [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c') [-]echo echo input characters * [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho [-]echoe same as [-]crterase [-]echok echo a newline after a kill character * [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill [-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters * [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\' and '/' [-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters [-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters * [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase * [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character [-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters [-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control [-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence) [-]tandem same as [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded * [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline * [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters * [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays * [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase * [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline * [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return * [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column [-]opost postprocess output * tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3] * tabs same as tab0 * -tabs same as tab3 * vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1] * eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line * lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal * rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it * rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows * size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel speed print the terminal speed time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second Mounted on TTY groups= old on repetition %s % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %.*s: invalid conversion specification%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu user%lu users%s%s (for regexp %s)%s -> %s (unbackup) %s [-d] terminated abnormally%s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has appeared; following end of new file%s has become accessible%s has become inaccessible%s has been replaced with an untailable file; giving up on this name%s has been replaced; following end of new file%s has unknown file type%s is not a valid positive integer%s is too large%s%s argument `%s' too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s: line number out of range%s: %s: match not found%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: binary operator expected%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot change nonblocking mode%s: cannot find name for user ID %lu %s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot lseek back to original position%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot rewind%s: cannot seek%s: cannot seek to end-relative offset %s%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: cannot seek to relative offset %s%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: couldn't reset non-blocking mode%s: descend into directory %s? %s: descend into write-protected directory %s? %s: end of file%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: error truncating%s: error writing at offset %s%s: expected a numeric value%s: failed to close%s: failed to open for writing%s: failed to remove%s: fcntl failed%s: fdatasync failed%s: file has negative size%s: file has shrunk too much%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: fstat failed%s: fsync failed%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input contains an odd number of tokens%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid count at start of %s%s: invalid directive%s: invalid field specification %s%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of passes%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: lseek failed%s: multiple signals specified%s: new permissions are %s, not %s%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: no size information for this device%s: not listing already-listed directory%s: number of bytes is too large%s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove all arguments recursively? %s: remove all arguments? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s: seek failed%s: too many checksum lines%s: try to overwrite %s, overriding mode %04lo (%s)? %s: unable to determine maximum file name length%s: unable to perform all requested operations%s: unary operator expected%s: value not completely converted%s: write error%s:%lu: invalid line; missing second token%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}''')' expected')' expected, found %s(C)* file systems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS version 3 clients * compressed file systems * log-structured or journaled file systems, such as those supplied with AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.) * file systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes fail, such as RAID-based file systems * file systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server , load average: %.2f, %g s, %s/s --context (-Z) works only on an SELinux-enabled kernel-R --dereference requires either -H or -L-R -h requires -P-ef does not accept -l-nt does not accept -l-ot does not accept -l??? Address family for hostname not supportedAll arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. All requests doneArgument buffer too smallArnold RobbinsBad value for ai_flagsCAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important assumption: that the file system overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern file system designs do not satisfy this assumption. The following are examples of file systems on which shred is not effective, or is not guaranteed to be effective in all file system modes: COMMENTCall the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1. Call the unlink function to remove the specified FILE. Change the effective user id and group id to that of USER. -, -l, --login make the shell a login shell -c, --command=COMMAND pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c -f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment do not reset environment variables -p same as -m -s, --shell=SHELL run SHELL if /etc/shells allows it Change the group of each FILE to GROUP. With --reference, change the group of each FILE to that of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Colin PlumbCompare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output. -A, --show-all equivalent to -vET -b, --number-nonblank number nonempty output lines -e equivalent to -vE -E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line -n, --number number all output lines -s, --squeeze-blank suppress repeated empty output lines Convert blanks in each FILE to tabs, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. -a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDirectory: Display file or file system status. -L, --dereference follow links -f, --file-system display file system status instead of file status Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date. -d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not `now' -f, --file=DATEFILE like --date once for each line of DATEFILE Dmitry V. LevinDrop any supplemental groups, assume the user-ID and group-ID of the specified USER (numeric ID or user name), and run COMMAND with any specified ARGUMENTs. Exit with status 111 if unable to assume the required user and group ID. Otherwise, exit with the exit status of COMMAND. This program is useful only when run by root (user ID zero). EXITEach range is one of: N N'th byte, character or field, counted from 1 N- from N'th byte, character or field, to end of line N-M from N'th to M'th (included) byte, character or field -M from first to M'th (included) byte, character or field With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Echo the STRING(s) to standard output. -n do not output the trailing newline Exit with a status code indicating failure.Exit with a status code indicating success.Exit with the status determined by EXPRESSION. F. PinardFAILEDFIXME: unknownFORMAT must be suitable for printing one argument of type `double'; it defaults to %.PRECf if FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are all fixed point decimal numbers with maximum precision PREC, and to %g otherwise. Fifos do not have major and minor device numbers.Filesystem Filesystem TypeFor each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by whitespace. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input. -a FILENUM print unpairable lines coming from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2 -e EMPTY replace missing input fields with EMPTY Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block. H. Peter AnvinIDLEIan Lance TaylorIdleIn addition, file system backups and remote mirrors may contain copies of the file that cannot be removed, and that will allow a shredded file to be recovered later. In real life: In the case of ext3 file systems, the above disclaimer applies (and shred is thus of limited effectiveness) only in data=journal mode, which journals file data in addition to just metadata. In both the data=ordered (default) and data=writeback modes, shred works as usual. Ext3 journaling modes can be changed by adding the data=something option to the mount options for a particular file system in the /etc/fstab file, as documented in the mount man page (man mount). Infinity BInterrupted by a signalInvalid back referenceInvalid character class nameInvalid collation characterInvalid content of \{\}Invalid preceding regular expressionInvalid range endInvalid regular expressionJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfLINEList information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort. LoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnMemory allocation failureMemory exhaustedMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNAMENameName or service not knownNo address associated with hostnameNo matchNo previous regular expressionNon-recoverable failure in name resolutionOKOnly one string may be given when deleting without squeezing repeats.Ordering options: Output a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. Determine format of output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output defaults Output fixed-size pieces of INPUT to PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ...; default size is 1000 lines, and default PREFIX is `x'. With no INPUT, or when INPUT is -, read standard input. Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files `xx00', `xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output. Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. PIDPaginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Parameter string not correctly encodedPassword:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlan: Premature end of regular expressionPrint ARGUMENT(s) according to FORMAT, or execute according to OPTION: Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print NAME with its trailing /component removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output `.' (meaning the current directory). Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s. -a, --all print all information, in the following order, except omit -p and -i if unknown: -s, --kernel-name print the kernel name -n, --nodename print the network node hostname -r, --kernel-release print the kernel release Print machine architecture. Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT. -f, --format=FORMAT use printf style floating-point FORMAT -s, --separator=STRING use STRING to separate numbers (default: \n) -w, --equal-width equalize width by padding with leading zeroes Print or change terminal characteristics. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. -s, --silent, --quiet print nothing, only return an exit status Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the full filename of the current working directory. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the name of the current user. Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID. Same as id -un. Processing request in progressProject: Q. Frank XiaRandy SmithRegular expression too bigRemove (unlink) the FILE(s). -f, --force ignore nonexistent files, never prompt -i prompt before every removal Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Request canceledRequest not canceledRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonRun COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling. With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Nicenesses range from %d (most favorable scheduling) to %d (least favorable). -n, --adjustment=N add integer N to the niceness (default 10) Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals. Run a program in a different security context. With neither CONTEXT nor COMMAND, print the current security context. CONTEXT Complete security context -c, --compute compute process transition context before modifying -t, --type=TYPE type (for same role as parent) -u, --user=USER user identity -r, --role=ROLE role -l, --range=RANGE levelrange Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerSend signals to processes, or list signals. Servname not supported for ai_socktypeSet LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Shell: Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default. Simon JosefssonSpecial files require major and minor device numbers.Stuart KempSuccessSummarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. System errorTIMETemporary failure in name resolutionThe following optional flags may follow `%': - (hyphen) do not pad the field _ (underscore) pad with spaces 0 (zero) pad with zeros ^ use upper case if possible # use opposite case if possible The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. -H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it -L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered -P do not traverse any symbolic links (default) The strings compared were %s and %s.Torbjorn GranlundTrailing backslashTry `%s --help' for more information. Try `%s ./%s' to remove the file %s. Two strings must be given when translating.Ulrich DrepperUnknown errorUnknown system errorUnmatched ( or \(Unmatched ) or \)Unmatched [ or [^Unmatched \{Usage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s CONTEXT COMMAND [args] or: %s [ -c ] [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-t TYPE] [-l RANGE] COMMAND [args] Usage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NUMBER[SUFFIX]... or: %s OPTION Pause for NUMBER seconds. SUFFIX may be `s' for seconds (the default), `m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. Unlike most implementations that require NUMBER be an integer, here NUMBER may be an arbitrary floating point number. Given two or more arguments, pause for the amount of time specified by the sum of their values. Usage: %s OPTION... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NAME] or: %s OPTION Print or set the hostname of the current system. Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPERAND]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... CONTEXT FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-l RANGE] [-t TYPE] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... or: %s [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form) or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form) Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] or: %s -e [OPTION]... [ARG]... or: %s -i LO-HI [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] or: %s --traditional [OPTION]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [TEMPLATE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [ignored command line arguments] or: %s OPTION Usage: test EXPRESSION or: test or: [ EXPRESSION ] or: [ ] or: [ OPTION Valid arguments are:Valid format sequences for file systems: %a Free blocks available to non-superuser %b Total data blocks in file system %c Total file nodes in file system %d Free file nodes in file system %f Free blocks in file system %C SELinux security context string WARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s Warning: WhenWhereWrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write a random permutation of the input lines to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to standard output. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``-%c' extra characters or invalid number in the argument: %s`--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argument`-N NUMBER' invalid starting line number: %s`-W PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %s`-l PAGE_LENGTH' invalid number of lines: %s`-o MARGIN' invalid line offset: %s`-w PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %sa command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sai_family not supportedai_socktype not supportedambiguous argument %s for %san input delimiter may be specified only when operating on fieldsbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileblock special files not supportedboth files cannot be standard inputbyte offset %s is too largecan't apply partial context to unlabeled file %scan't get process contextcannot access %scannot backup %scannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change ownership of %scannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot chdir to root directorycannot combine -e and -i optionscannot combine any two of {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}cannot combine block and unblockcannot combine excl and nocreatcannot combine lcase and ucasecannot combine mode and --reference optionscannot combine signal with -l or -tcannot compare file names %s and %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot dereference %scannot determine device and inode of %scannot determine hostnamecannot do ioctl on %scannot find name for group ID %lucannot find name for user ID %lucannot follow %s by namecannot force target context to %s and preserve itcannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot get nicenesscannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open %s for writingcannot open directory %scannot operate on dangling symlink %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot perform formatted outputcannot preserve security context without an SELinux-enabled kernelcannot print "only" of more than one choicecannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot print security context when user specifiedcannot read directory %scannot read file names from %scannot read file system information for %scannot read realtime clockcannot read symbolic link %scannot read table of mounted file systemscannot remove %scannot reposition file pointer for %scannot set datecannot set group idcannot set group-ID to %lucannot set groupscannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot set name to %scannot set nicenesscannot set time stamps for %scannot set user idcannot set user-ID to %lucannot skip past end of combined inputcannot specify times from more than one sourcecannot split in more than one waycannot stat %scannot stat current directory (now %s)cannot touch %scannot un-backup %scannot unlink %scannot work around kernel bug after allchanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %scharacter offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special filecharacter special files not supportedclearing permissions for %sclock changeclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing directory %sclosing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputconflicting empty-field replacement stringsconflicting security context specifiers givencouldn't create process for %s -dcouldn't create temporary filecouldn't execute %scouldn't execute %s -dcouldn't find directory entry in %s with matching i-nodecouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %screating file %s creating hard link %screating hard link %s => %screating hard link to %.0s%screating symbolic link %screating symbolic link %s -> %sdelimiter list ends with an unescaped backslash: %sdirectorydivision by zerodup2 failedempty file nameempty taberror closing fileerror in regular expression matchererror in regular expression searcherror reading %serror writing %sexit=extra argument %sextra operand %sextra operand %s extra operand %s not allowed with -%cfailed to change context of %s to %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to chdir to %sfailed to compute a new contextfailed to create directory via template %sfailed to create file via template %sfailed to create security context: %sfailed to get attributes of %sfailed to get current contextfailed to get file system create contextfailed to get groups for the current processfailed to get groups for user %sfailed to get security context of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to open %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to redirect standard errorfailed to remove %sfailed to remove directory %sfailed to restore the default file creation contextfailed to return to initial working directoryfailed to set %s security context component to %sfailed to set default file creation context to %sfailed to set new range %sfailed to set new role %sfailed to set new type %sfailed to set new user %sfailed to set supplemental group(s)failed to set the copy of stderr to close on execfailed to set the security context of %s to %sfailed to stat %sfdatasync failed for %sfflush failedfield number %s is too largefield number is zerofields and positions are numbered from 1fifofile system type %s both selected and excludedfork system call failedformat string may not be specified when printing equal width stringsfsync failed for %sfts_read failedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsignoring inputignoring input and appending output to %signoring input and redirecting stderr to stdoutignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %signoring non-option argumentsincompatible join fields %lu, %luincompatible tabsincorrect passwordinput disappearedinput line is too longinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid %s%s argument `%s'invalid adjustment %sinvalid argument %sinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid body numbering style: %sinvalid byte or field listinvalid character `%c' in type string %sinvalid character class %sinvalid context: %sinvalid conversioninvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid date %sinvalid date format %sinvalid decreasing rangeinvalid device %s %sinvalid device type %sinvalid field number: %sinvalid field specifier: %sinvalid field width: %sinvalid file number in field spec: %sinvalid floating point argument: %sinvalid footer numbering style: %sinvalid format precisioninvalid format widthinvalid gap width: %sinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid group: %sinvalid header numbering style: %sinvalid inputinvalid input flaginvalid input range %sinvalid integer %sinvalid integer argument %sinvalid line count %sinvalid line discipline %sinvalid line number field width: %sinvalid line number increment: %sinvalid line numbering format: %sinvalid line width: %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid maximum depth %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid modeinvalid mode %sinvalid mode: %sinvalid number %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of blank lines: %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of columns: %sinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid number of lines: 0invalid option -- %cinvalid option -- %c; -WIDTH is recognized only when it is the first option; use -w N insteadinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid output flaginvalid precision: %sinvalid range with no endpoint: -invalid repeat count %s in [c*n] constructinvalid specinvalid starting line number: %sinvalid status flaginvalid suffix in %s%s argument `%s'invalid tab size: %sinvalid template, %s, contains directory separatorinvalid template, %s; with --tmpdir, it may not be absoluteinvalid time interval %sinvalid time style format %sinvalid trailing option -- %cinvalid type string %sinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte floating point typeinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte integral typeinvalid universal character name \%c%0*xinvalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sinvalid wrap size: %sinvalid zero-length file nameit is dangerous to operate recursively on %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)last=leading `-' in a component of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name component %sline count option -%s%c... is too largeline number %s is smaller than preceding line number, %sline number overflowmemory exhaustedmessage queuemisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing `]'missing argument after %smissing argument to %smissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing destination file operand after %smissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing file operandmissing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operandmissing operand after %smode must specify only file permission bitsmode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multi-character tab %smultiple -i options specifiedmultiple -l or -t options specifiedmultiple compress programs specifiedmultiple levelrangesmultiple output files specifiedmultiple output formats specifiedmultiple random sources specifiedmultiple rolesmultiple target directories specifiedmultiple typesmultiple usersneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno change to ownership of %s no command specifiedno file systems processedno files remainingno login nameno process ID specifiedno type may be specified when dumping stringsno username specified; at least one must be specified when using -lnonportable character %s in file name %snot a ttynot writing through dangling symlink %snumber in %s is too largenumber of bytesnumber of linesoffset overflow while reading file %somitting directory %sonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one device may be specifiedonly one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %soption used in invalid context -- %coptions `-%s' are incompatibleownership of %s retained ownership of %s retained as %s page width too narrowpreserving permissions for %spreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedreading %sreading directory %srecord too largeregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %srun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptysetting flags for %ssetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectskip-bytes + read-bytes is too largeskipping %s, since it's on a different deviceskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstray character in field specstring comparison failedstring transformation failedstrip process terminated abnormallysuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errortab size cannot be 0tab size contains invalid character(s): %stab sizes must be ascendingtab stop is too large %stab stop value is too largetabs are too far aparttarget %s is not a directorytarget directory not allowed when installing a directoryterm=test and/or [the --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the delimiter must be a single characterthe options for verbose and stty-readable output styles are mutually exclusivethe options to output dircolors' internal database and to select a shell syntax are mutually exclusivethe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivethe strip option may not be used when installing a directorytime %s is out of rangeto use user-ID %s you need to use -g tootoo few X's in template %stoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtoo many characters in settoo many repeated linestoo many templatestotaltyped memory objectunable to record current working directoryunable to set security context %sunknown binary operatorunknown user-ID: %sunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableunrecognized operand %sunrecognized prefix: %suse --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeuser %s does not existusing restricted shell %swaiting for %s [-d]waiting for stripwarning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredwarning: %s: failed to change context to %swarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: --retry is useful mainly when following by namewarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: `touch %s' is obsolete; use `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'warning: an unescaped backslash at end of string is not portablewarning: backslash at end of formatwarning: cannot change directory to %swarning: cannot remove: %swarning: following standard input indefinitely is ineffectivewarning: ignoring excess arguments, starting with %swarning: invalid file offset after failed readwarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: line number %s is the same as preceding line numberwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: summarizing conflicts with --max-depth=%luwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0warning: the ambiguous octal escape \%c%c%c is being interpreted as the 2-byte sequence \0%c%c, %cwarning: unrecognized escape `\%c'warning: working around lseek kernel bug for file (%s) of mt_type=0x%0lx -- see for the list of typesweird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen reading file names from stdin, no file name of %s allowedwhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'will not copy %s through just-created symlink %swill not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swith --parents, the destination must be a directorywrite errorwrite error for %swrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify -c, -t, -u, -l, -r, or contextyou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsProject-Id-Version: coreutils 6.12 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2008-06-01 12:24-0500 Last-Translator: Kevin Scannell Language-Team: Irish MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=5; plural=n==1 ? 0 : n==2 ? 1 : (n>2 && n<7) ? 2 :(n>6 && n<11) ? 3 : 4; ( SLONN ) tá SLONN fíor ! SLONN tá SLONN bréagach SLONN1 -a SLONN2 tá SLONN1 agus SLONN2 fíor SLONN1 -o SLONN2 tá SLONN1 nó SLONN2 fíor -a, --all ar comhbhrí le `-b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u' -b, --boot am an atosaithe is déanaí -d, --dead taispeáin próisis mharbha -H, --heading taispeáin teidil na gcolún -b COMHAD tá COMHAD ann agus is comhad speisialta den chineál `bloc' é -c COMHAD tá COMHAD ann agus is comhad speisialta den chineál `carachtar' é -d COMHAD tá COMHAD ann agus is comhadlann é -e COMHAD tá COMHAD ann -l taispeáin eolas faoin ÚSÁIDEOIR i bhformáid fhada aschurtha -b ná taispeáin comhadlann bhaile agus blaosc i bhformáid fhada -h ná taispeáin an comhad tionscadail i bhformáid fhada -p ná taispeáin an comhad plean i bhformáid fhada -s formáid achomair (réamhshocrú) -n TEAGHRÁN níl TEAGHRÁN folamh TEAGHRÁN ar comhbhrí le -n TEAGHRÁN -z TEAGHRÁN tá TEAGHRÁN folamh TEAGHRÁN1 = TEAGHRÁN2 is ionann iad TEAGHRÁN1 != TEAGHRÁN2 ní ionann iad ARG1 * ARG2 iolrach uimhríochtúil de ARG1 agus ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 líon uimhríochtúil de ARG1 roinnte le ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 fuílleach agus ARG1 á roinnt le ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 suim uimhríochtúil de ARG1 agus ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 difríocht uimhríochtúil idir ARG1 agus ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 Tá ARG1 níos lú ná ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 Tá ARG1 níos lú ná, nó is ionann agus, ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 is ionann iad ARG1 agus ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ní ionann ARG1 agus ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 Tá ARG1 níos mó ná, nó is ionann agus, ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 Tá ARG1 níos mó ná ARG2 COMHAD1 -ef COMHAD2 tá uimhreacha ghléis agus inode céanna acu COMHAD1 -ef COMHAD2 tá COMHAD1 níos úire (mionathrú) ná COMHAD2 COMHAD1 -ot COMHAD2 tá COMHAD2 níos úire ná COMHAD1 SLÁNUIMHIR cóipeáil go dtí an líne-uimhir cheaptha (ach amháin é féin) /SLONN/[FRITHÁIREAMH] cóipeáil go dtí líne chomhoiriúnach (ach amháin é féin) %SLONN%[FRITHÁIREAMH] bog go dtí líne chomhoiriúnach {SLÁNUIMHIR} aithris an patrún is déanaí SLÁNUIMHIR uaire {*} aithris an patrún is déanaí is mó is féidir FRITHÁIREAMH = `+' nó `-' (riachtanach) agus ansin slánuimhir dheimhneach. UIMHIR1 -eq UIMHIR2 is ionann iad UIMHIR1 -ge UIMHIR2 tá UIMHIR1 níos mó, nó is ionann agus, UIMHIR2 UIMHIR1 -gt UIMHIR2 tá UIMHIR1 níos mó ná UIMHIR2 UIMHIR1 -le UIMHIR2 tá UIMHIR1 níos lú, nó is ionann agus, UIMHIR2 UIMHIR1 -lt UIMHIR2 tá UIMHIR1 níos lú ná UIMHIR2 UIMHIR1 -ne UIMHIR2 ní ionann iad TEAGHRÁN : SLONN comhoiriúnaigh an patrún SLONN i dTEAGHRÁN match TEAGHRÁN SLONN ar comhbhrí le `TEAGHRÁN : SLONN substr TEAGHRÁN ÁIT FAD fotheaghrán de TEAGHRÁN, tosaíonn ÁIT ag 1 index TEAGHRÁN CAR áit i dTEAGHRÁN atá aon charachtar i CAR, nó 0 length TEAGHRÁN fad an TEAGHRÁIN a uimhrigh gach líne t ná huimhrigh ach línte nach folamh n ná huimhrigh ar chor ar bith pSLONN ná huimhrigh ach na línte atá comhoiriúnach le SLONN bunúsach Tá FORMÁID ar cheann de na roghanna seo a leanas: ln comhfhadaithe ar clé agus gan nialais ar tosach rn comhfhadaithe ar dheis agus gan nialais ar tosach rz comhfhadaithe ar dheis, le nialais ar tosach b cruthaigh comhad speisialta den chineál `bloc' (maolánaithe) c, u cruthaigh comhad speisialta den chineál `carachtar' (gan mhaolán) p cruthaigh FIFO # úsáideoirí=%lu Is éard atá i réimse: stráice spás bán (spásanna agus táib go hiondúil), agus ansin carachtair nach spás bán. Gabhtar thar réimsí roimh charachtair. Feidhmchlár beag cosúil le `finger'; taispeáin eolas faoi úsáideoir. Beidh %s an comhad utmp. Ciallaíonn `-' lom an rogha `-i'. Mura bhfuil ORDÚ ann, taispeáin an timpeallacht. Úsáidtear -l go huathoibríoch nuair a shonraítear `-' lom. Mura bhfuil ÚSÁIDEOIR ann, glactar le root. Tá leithead roghnach an réimse i ndiaidh na mbratach, mar uimhir dheachúlach; ansin mionathraitheoir roghnach atá ceann de: E, chun léirithe malartacha an logchaighdeán a úsáid, más féidir, nó O, chun siombalacha malartacha uimhriúla an logchaighdeán a úsáid, más féidir. Mura bhfuil SLONN ann, is bréagach an luach réamhshocraithe. I ngach cás eile, is fíor nó bréagach SLONN agus socraíonn sé an stádas scortha. Tá sé ceann de na luachanna seo a leanas: Mar chás speisialta, déanann `cp' cúltaca de FOINSE nuair a thugtar na roghanna --force agus --backup, agus is ionann iad na hainmneacha FOINSE agus SPRIOC ar ghnáthchomhad atá ann. Ní foláir duit cuid mhór oibreoirí a chur idir comharthaí athfhriotal chun iad a chosaint ón bhlaosc. Déan comparáid uimhríochtúil más uimhreacha ARG1 agus ARG2; i ngach cás eile, déan comparáid fhoclóireachta. Ais-seolann patrúin chomhoiriúnacha an teaghrán atá idir \( agus \), nó nialas; mura bhfuil \( agus \) ann, ais-seolann siad líon na gcarachtar a bhí comhoiriúnaithe. ní foláir PRÍOMH agus MION araon a thabhairt má tá an CINEÁL b, c, nó u, agus ní cheadaítear iad ar chor ar bith le CINEÁL p. Má tá 0x nó 0X ag ceann PRÍOMH nó MION, caith leis mar heicsidheachúlach; le 0 aonraic, mar ochtnártha; agus i ngach cás eile, mar deachúlach. CINEÁLacha bailí: De réir réamhshocraithe, ní bhaineann rm comhadlanna. Úsáid an rogha --recursive (-r nó -R) chun na comhadlanna uile a bhaint freisin, in éineacht le gach rud atá isteach iontu. Mar réamhshocrú, roghnaítear -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. Is dhá charachtar teormharcóra CC chun leathanaigh loighciúla a scaradh. Má tá an dara carachtar ar iarraidh, glactar le :. Iontráil \\ do \. Tá STÍL ar cheann de na roghanna seo a leanas: Roghanna measctha: * [-]LCASE ar comhbhrí le [-]lcase cbreak ar comhbhrí le -icanon -cbreak ar comhbhrí le icanon Roghanna rialaithe: [-]clocal stop comharthaí a rialaíonn an móideim [-]cread cumasaigh ionchur * [-]crtscts cuir croitheadh láimhe RTS/CTS ar siúl csN socraigh an mhéid carachtair, N giotán, N=5,6,7, nó 8 Is féidir le gach BRATACH a bheith: append mód iarcheangail (ná húsáid ach le haschur; moltar conv=notrunc) Tá gach MÓD den fhoirm `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Mar shampla: %s /usr/bin/sort Aschur: "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Aschur: "stdio". Mar shampla: %s /usr/bin/sort Aschur "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Aschur ".". Mar shampla: %s f - g Taispeáin f, ansin an gnáth-ionchur, agus g ina dhiaidh sin. %s Cóipeáil an gnáth-ionchur go dtí an gnáth-aschur. Mar shampla: %s root /u Athraigh an t-úinéir de /u go "root". %s root:foireann /u Mar an gcéanna, ach athraigh a ghrúpa go "foireann" freisin. %s -hR root /u Athraigh an t-úinéir de /u agus a fochomhaid go "root". Mar shampla: %s foireann /u Athraigh grúpa de /u go "foireann". %s -hR foireann /u Athraigh grúpa de /u agus a fhochomhaid go "foireann". Seachas -h agus -L, dí-thagróidh tástálacha COMHAID gach nasc siombalach. Ní foláir duit `(' agus `)' a chosaint ón bhlaosc le, m.sh., cúlslaiseanna. Is féidir le hUIMHIR a bheith -l TEAGHRÁN, fad an teaghráin. Stádas scortha = 0 mura bhfuil SLONN nialasach, 1 má tá, 2 más slonn neamhbhailí é, agus 3 má tharlaíonn earráid. Láimhseáil an líne tty atá ceangailte leis an ngnáth-ionchur. Gan argóintí, taispeáin ráta bád, disciplín líne, agus claonadh ó stty sane. I roghanna, glactar CAR go litriúil, nó ionchódaithe m.sh. ^c, 0x37, 0177 nó 127; úsáid luachanna ^- nó undef chun carachtair speisialta a stopadh. Más '-' é COMHAD, léirscrios an gnáth-aschur. Scrios COMHA(I)D má tá --remove (-u) ceaptha. De réir an réamhshocraithe, ná scrios na comhaid de bhrí go mbaintear le comhaid ghléis mar /dev/hda go coitianta, agus ní ceart na comhaid seo a scriosadh. Baintear úsáid as an rogha --remove go hiondúil le gnáthchomhaid. Mura bhfuil COMHAD tugtha, úsáid %s. Feictear %s mar CHOMHAD go minic. Má tá ARG1 agus ARG2 ann, glactar le -m: is gnách `am i' nó `mom likes'. Má tá COMHAD tugtha, léigh uaidh na dathanna a úsáid le gach cineál comhaid. Mura bhfuil, bainfear úsáid as bunachar sonraí réamhthiomsaithe. Úsáid `dircolors --print-database' chun an cruth de na comhaid seo a fheiceáil Mura bhfuil AONÚ nó INCRIMINT tugtha, tá siad réamhshocraithe go 1. Is ionann sin agus a rá go réamhshocraítear INCRIMINT go 1, fiú amháin má tá DEIREADH níos lú ná AONÚ. Caitear le AONÚ, INCRIMINT, agus DEIREADH mar luachanna snámhphointe. Tá INCRIMINT deimhneach de ghnáth má tá AONÚ níos lú ná DEIREADH, agus tá INCRIMINT diúltach de ghnáth má tá AONÚ níos mó ná DEIREADH. Más '-' é an COMHAD, cóipeáil arís go dtí an gnáth-aschur. Má tá an chéad fhormáid agus an dara formáid araon i bhfeidhm, glac leis an dara ceann nuair a thosaíonn an t-oibreann deiridh le + nó (má tá dhá oibreann ann) digit. Is ionann an t-oibreann FRITHÁIREAMH agus -j FRITHÁIREAMH. Is LIPÉAD an seoladh bréige ag an chéad bheart priontáilte, incrimintithe le linn na dumpála. Le haghaidh FRITHÁIREAMH agus LIPÉAD, comharthaíonn réimír 0x nó 0X heicsidheachúlach; úsáid iarmhír `.' don ochtnártha agus `b' mar 512. Mura bhfuil ORDÚ ann, rith ``${SHELL} -i'' (réamhshocrú: /bin/sh). Más teirminéal é an gnáth-ionchur, athdhírigh é ó /dev/null. Más teirminéal é an gnáth-aschur, iarcheangail aschur le `nohup.out' más féidir, nó `$HOME/nohup.out'. Más teirminéal é an gnáth-aschur earráide, athdhírigh é go dtí an gnáth-aschur. Chun aschur a shábháil i gCOMHAD, úsáid `%s ORDÚ > COMHAD'. Roghanna ionchurtha: [-]brkint seol comhartha idirbhriste i ndiaidh briseadh [-]icrnl tiontaigh aisfhilleadh go líne nua [-]ignbrk déan neamhshuim ar charachtair bhriste [-]igncr déan neamhshuim ar aisfhilleadh Roghanna logánta: [-]crterase déan macalla de charachtair léirscriosta mar cúlspás+spás+cúlspás * crtkill scrios gach líne trí ghéilleadh do na roghanna echoprt/echoe * -crtkill scrios gach líne trí ghéilleadh do na roghanna echoctl/echok NÓTA: géilleann '[' do na roghanna --help agus --version, ach úsáideann 'test' --help agus --version díreach cosúil le aon TEAGHRÁN eile nach bhfuil folamh. NÓTA: is féidir go bhfuil leagan eile de %s ag do bhlaosc féin, agus go hiondúil sháródh sé an leagan a ndéantar cur síos air anseo. Féach ar dhoiciméadú do bhlaoisce chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil faoi na roghanna a dtacaíonn sé leo. Tabhair faoi deara go bhfuil formáidí difriúla am-dáta ag na roghanna -d agus -t. Cuir `-' roghnach roimh LUACH chun diúltú a dhéanamh. Comharthaítear roghanna neamh-POSIX le `*'. Socraíonn an córas féin na roghanna atá ar fáil. Roghanna aschuir: * bsN mód moille do chúlspásanna, N=0 nó 1 * crN mód moille d'aisfhilleadh, N=0,1,2, nó 3 * ffN mód moille d'fhoirmfhotha, N=0 nó 1 * nlN mód moille do línte nua, N=0 nó 1 Coinnigh úinéir gan athrú má tá sé ar iarraidh. An grúpa ar an nós céanna, ach athraigh é go dtí an grúpa logála isteach má tá grúpa intuigthe le `:' ann in éineacht le húinéir siombalach. Is féidir ÚINÉIR nó GRÚPA a bheith uimhriúil chomh maith le siombalach. ÁIT = R[.C][ROGHANNA], le R = uimhir an réimse agus C = ionad an charachtair sa réimse; áirigh ó 1 i ngach cás. Mura bhfuil rogha -t ná rogha -b i bhfeidhm, uimhrigh na carachtair i réimse ó thús an spáis báin roimhe. Is éard atá i ROGHANNA ná liosta de roghanna sórtála, gach ceann ina charachtar singil, a sháraíonn roghanna comhchoiteanna sórtála don eochair sin. Gan eochair, úsáid an líne iomlán mar an eochair. Is féidir na hiarmhíreanna seo a leanas a chur i ndiaidh MÉID: Cuir an luach de SLONN chuig an ghnáth-aschur. Dealaíonn líne fholamh thíos grúpaí tosaíochta. Is féidir SLONN a bheith: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 mura bhfuil sé nialasach, ARG2 má tá ARG1 & ARG2 0 má tá ceachtar nialasach, ARG1 mura bhfuil Má tá an COMHAD `-', léigh ón ghnáth-ionchur. Is féidir PATRÚN a bheith: Sonraíonn TACAR mar theaghrán carachtar. Ciallaíonn carachtar é féin de ghnáth. Cóid léirmhínithe: \NNN carachtar le luach ochtnártha NNN (1,2, nó 3 digit) \\ cúlslais \a BEL inchloiste \b cúlspás \f foirmfhotha \n líne nua \r aisfhilleadh \t táb cothrománach Is uimhir í MÉID. Má tá CINEÁL as d,o,u,x, is féidir MÉID a bheith `C'=sizeof(char), `S'=sizeof(short), `I'=sizeof(int), nó `L'=sizeof(long). Más ionann CINEÁL agus f, is féidir MÉID a bheith `F'=sizeof(float), `D'=sizeof(double), nó `L'=sizeof(long double). Má sheoltar comhartha %s chuig próiseas `dd' beo, scríobhfaidh sé staitistic I/A chuig an ghnáth-aschur earráide, agus ansin atosóidh sé an chóipeáil. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 taifead isteach 18335302+0 taifead amach 9387674624 beart (9.4 GB) cóipeáilte, 34.6279 soicind, 271 MB/s Roghanna: Carachtair speisialta: * dsusp CAR Seolfaidh CAR comhartha chun an teirminéal a stopadh nuair a bheidh an t-ionchur sruthlaithe eof CAR Seolfaidh CAR comhadchríoch (críochnaigh ionchur) eol CAR Críochnóidh CAR an líne Is éard atá i gCINEÁL: sonrú amháin ar a laghad de na cinn seo a leanas: a carachtar ainmnithe, déan neamhshuim ar an ngiotán is airde c carachtar ASCII nó carachtar éalúcháin le cúlslais Is é `~' an iarmhír chúltaca, mura dtugtar é le --suffix nó SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. Is féidir an modh de rialú foinsí a roghnú le `--backup', nó leis an athróg thimpeallachta VERSION_CONTROL. Seo duit na luachanna bailí: Ionchódaítear na sonraí mar a thuairiscítear d'aibítir base64 i RFC 3548. Le linn díchódaithe, is féidir línte nua a bheith san ionchur in éineacht leis na bearta den aibítir fhoirmiúil base64. Úsáid --ignore-garbage chun iarracht a dhéanamh teacht slán ó charachtair neamhaibítreacha eile sa sruth ionchódaithe. Ríomhtar na suimeanna mar atá mínithe i %s. Má táthar ag seiceáil, is gá an t-ionchur a bheith ina aschur den ríomhchlár seo. Sa mhód réamhshocraithe, taispeáin líne le suim sheiceála, carachtar a chomharthaíonn an cineál (`*'=dénártha, ` '=téacs), agus an t-ainm gach COMHAD. Seichimh bhailí fhormáide le haghaidh comhad (gan --file-system): %a cearta rochtana, ochtnártha %A cearta rochtana i bhformáid inléite %b líon na mbloc dáilte (féach ar %B) %B an mhéid, i mbearta, de gach bloc tugtha ag %b %C comhthéacs slándála SELinux Le scrios a dhéanamh ar chomhad le hainm le `-' ar tosach (m.sh. `-foo') bain triail as ceann de na horduithe a leanas: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Is féidir roghanna formáide traidisiúnta a bheith measctha lena chéile, agus cnuasaíonn siad: -a ar comhbhrí le `-t a', roghnaigh carachtair ainmnithe, agus déan neamhshuim ar an ngiotán is airde -b ar comhbhrí le `-t o1', roghnaigh bearta ochtnártha -c ar comhbhrí le `-t c', roghnaigh ASCII nó éalúcháin le cúlslaiseanna -d ar comhbhrí le `-t u2', roghnaigh aonaid dheachúlacha gan sín, 2 bheart Úsáid ceann, agus gan ach ceann de -b, -c, nó -f. Is raon é gach LIOSTA, nó roinnt raonta scartha le camóga. Scríobhann an t-ionchur roghnaithe san ord á léadh, agus ní scríobhtar é ach uair amháin. Mura bhfuil COMHAD ann, nó más '-' é, léigh ón ghnáth-ionchur. `-F /' mar réamhshocrú. Mura bhfuil COMHAD ann, nó más '-' é, léigh ón gnáth-ionchur. Mura bhfuil aon rogha ann, taispeáin an t-aschur i trí cholún. Sa chéad cholún, línte atá i gCOMHAD1 ach nach COMHAD2; sa dara cholún, línte atá i gCOMHAD2 ach nach COMHAD2, agus comhlínte sa tríú colún. Mura bhfuil ROGHA ann, taispeáin roinnt bheag eolais thairbhigh. Scríobh léiriú gan athbhrí, bearta ochtnártha mar réamhshocrú, de CHOMHAD chuig an ghnáth-aschur. Má tá níos mó ná argóint CHOMHAD amháin ann, comhcheangail iad in ord leis an ionchur a chruthú. Mura bhfuil COMHAD ann, nó más '-' é, léigh ón ghnáth-ionchur. --backup[=RIALÚ] déan cúltaca de gach sprioc-chomhad atá ann -b cosúil le `--backup' ach gan argóint -d, -F, --directory ceadaigh don fhorúsáideoir nasc crua do chomhadlanna a dhéanamh (ach is dócha go dteipfear de bharr srianta an chórais, go fiú don fhorúsáideoir) -f, --force scrios sprioc-chomhad má tá sé ann cheana --group-directories-first grúpáil comhadlanna roimh chomhaid. méadaigh le rogha --sort, ach díchumasófar grúpáil má bhaintear úsáid ar bith as --sort=none (-U) --help taispeáin an chabhair seo agus scoir --indicator-style=FOCAL cuir táscaire den chineál FOCAL le hiontrálacha: none (réamhshocrú), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode taispeáin treoiruimhir de gach comhad -I, --ignore=PATRÚN ná taispeáin iontrálacha intuigthe atá comhoiriúnach le PATRÚN -k ar comhbhrí le `--block-size=1K' -l, --lookup féach le caighdeánú na hóstainmneacha le DNS -m níl ach óstainm agus úsáideoir nasctha leis an ngnáth-ionchur -p, --process taispeáin próisis a chuir init ar bun --no-preserve-root ná tabhair cóir speisialta do `/' --preserve-root ná bain `/' (réamhshocrú) -r, -R, --recursive bain comhadlanna agus a n-inneachar go hathchúrsach -v, --verbose mínigh na rudaí atá ag tarlú --no-preserve-root ná tabhair cóir speisialta do `/' (réamhshocrú) --preserve-root ná caith le `/' go hathchúrsach --no-preserve-root ná caith le `/' go speisialta (réamhshocrú) --preserve-root ná hoibrigh ar `/' go hathchúrsach --no-preserve=TRÉITHE ná caomhnaigh na tréithe ceaptha --parents úsáid ainm lán an chomhaid faoi CHOMHADLANN --one-file-system nuair atá comhadlanna á mbaint go hathchúrsach, ná bain comhadlanna atá ar chóras comhad nach ionann leis an gceann a sonraíodh in argóint ar líne na n-orduithe --preserve-context caomhnaigh an comhthéacs slándála SELinux -Z, --context=CMHTCS socraigh comhthéacs slándála de chomhaid/chomhadlanna --reference=TCOMHAD bain úsáid as an gcomhthéacs slándála atá ag TCOMHAD in ionad luach COMHTHÉACS a shonrú -R, --recursive oibrigh ar chomhaid/chomhadlanna go hathchúrsach -v, --verbose taispeáin diagnóisic do gach comhad próiseáilte --rfc-3339=AMCHÓD taispeáin dáta/am de réir RFC 3339. AMCHÓD=`date', `seconds', nó `ns' do dháta agus am leis an mbeachtas sonraithe. Scartar comhpháirteanna dáta/ama le spás aonair: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=TEAGHRÁN socraigh an t-am de réir an TEAGHRÁIN -u, --utc, --universal taispeáin nó socraigh UTC --strip-trailing-slashes scrios slaiseanna ag deireadh gach argóint FOINSE -S, --suffix=IARMHÍR sáraigh an gnáth-iarmhír cúltaca --time taispeáin am an mhionathraithe is déanaí d'aon chomhad sa chomhadlann, nó ina fochomhadlanna --time=FOCAL taispeáin an t-am mar FOCAL in ionad an ama mionathraithe: atime, access, use, ctime nó status --time-style=STÍL taispeáin an t-am de réir na STÍLE sonraithe: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMÁID Parsáiltear FORMÁID cosúil le `date' --time-style=STÍL le -l, taispeáin amanna de réir na stíle STÍL: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMÁID. Léirmhínigh FORMÁID mar `date'; más é FORMÁID1FORMÁID2, úsáid FORMÁID1 le seanchomhaid agus FORMÁID2 le comhaid nua; má tá réimír `posix-' ar STÍL, bain úsáid as mura bhfuil an logchaighdeán POSIX socraithe --verbose taispeáin diagnóisic go díreach roimh atá gach aschomhad oscailte --version taispeáin eolas faoin leagan agus scoir -evenp ar comhbhrí le -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase ar comhbhrí le xcase iuclc olcuc litout ar comhbhrí le -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout ar comhbhrí le parenb istrip opost cs7 nl ar comhbhrí le -icrnl -onlcr -nl ar comhbhrí le icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb dhá ghiotán stoptha an charachtair (1 le `-') [-]hup seol comhartha HUP nuair a dhúnann an tty [-]hupcl ar comhbhrí le [-]hup [-]parenb gin giotán paireachta san aschur agus iarr é san ionchur [-]parodd socraigh paireacht chorr (cothrom le `-') [-]ignpar déan neamhshuim ar charachtair le hearráidí phaireachta * [-]imaxbel bíp agus ná sruthlaigh maolán lán ionchurtha [-]inlcr tiontaigh líne nua go haisfhilleadh [-]inpck cuir seiceáil phaireachta den ionchur ar siúl [-]istrip glan an t-ochtú giotán de gach carachtar ionchurtha [-]isig cumasaigh interrupt, quit, agus cuir carachtair speisialta ar fionraí [-]noflsh stop sruthlú i ndiaidh carachtair speisialta interrupt/quit * [-]prterase ar comhbhrí le [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop tascanna sa chúlra atá scríobh chuig an teirminéal * [-]xcase le icanon, éalúchán le `\' do charachtair sa chás uachtair cooked ar comhbhrí le brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof agus eol ag glacadh a luachanna réamhshocraithe -cooked ar comhbhrí le `raw' crt ar comhbhrí le echoe echoctl echoke dec ar comhbhrí le echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq ar comhbhrí le [-]ixany ek glac carachtair scriosta/maraithe a luachanna réamhshocraithe evenp ar comhbhrí le parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N socraigh an luas ionchurtha a bheith N bád * line N socraigh disciplín líne N min N le -icanon, N=íosmhéid de charachtair in aon léamh ospeed N socraigh an luas aschurtha a bheith N bád oddp ar comhbhrí le parenb parodd cs7 -oddp ar comhbhrí le -parenb cs8 [-]parity ar comhbhrí le [-]evenp pass8 ar comhbhrí le -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 ar comhbhrí le parenb istrip cs7 raw ar comhbhrí le -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw ar comhbhrí le `cooked' stop CAR stopfaidh CAR an t-aschur susp CAR seolfaidh CAR comhartha chun an teirminéal a stopadh * swtch CAR athróidh CAR chuig sraith bhlaoisce eile * werase CAR léirscriosfaidh CAR an focal is déanaí %% '%' aonair %b ARGÓINT mar theaghrán le carachtair éalúcháin `\' léirithe, cé go bhfuil éalúcháin ochtnártha i bhfoirm \0 nó \0NNN agus tá ceann de [diouxXfeEgGcs] ag deireadh gach sonraíochta formáide C, agus ARGÓINTí churtha ina gceart ar dtús. Glactar le leithid luaineacha. %A lá den tseachtain ina iomláine (m.sh., "Dé Domhnaigh") %b an mhí ghiorraithe (m.sh. "Ean") %B an mhí ina hiomláine (m.sh. "Eanáir") %c an dáta agus an t-am (m.sh., Aoine 30 MFómh 2005 14:23:52 UTC) %F an dáta iomlán; ar comhbhrí le %Y-%m-%d %g bliain uimhir na seachtaine ISO: an dá dhigit deiridh (féach ar %G) %G bliain uimhir na seachtaine ISO (féach ar %V); de ghnáth úsáidtear é seo le %V amháin %S soicind (00..60) %t táb cothrománach %T an t-am; ar comhbhrí le %H:%M:%S %u lá den tseachtain (1..7); 1 = Dé Luain %U uimhir na seachtaine sa bhliain, le Domhnach mar an chéad lá (00..53) %V uimhir na seachtaine ISO, le Luan mar an chéad lá (01..53) %w lá na seachtaine (0..6); 0=Dé Domhnaigh %W uimhir na seachtaine sa bhliain, le Luan mar an chéad lá (00.53) %d Uimhir ghléis, deachúil %D Uimhir ghléis, heicsidheachúlach %f mód amh, heicsidheachúlach %F Cineál comhaid %g Aitheantas ghrúpa den úinéir %G Ainm grúpa den úinéir %h Líon na nasc crua %i Uimhir inode %n Ainm comhaid %N Ainm comhaid in athfhriotal, dí-thagartha más nasc siombalach é %o Méid bhloic I/A %s Méid iomlán, bearta %t Cineál gléis príomha, heicsidheachúlach %T Cineál gléis mion, heicsidheachúlach %h ar comhbhrí le %b %H uair (00..23) %I uair (01..12) %j lá den bhliain (001..366) %i Aitheantas an chórais comhad, heicsidheachúlach %l Uasfhad d'ainmneacha comhaid %n Ainm comhaid %s Méid bloic (le haghaidh aistrithe níos tapa) %S Bunmhéid bloc (le haghaidh áirithe na mbloc) %t Cineál, heicsidheachúlach %T Cineál i bhformáid inléite %k uair ( 0..23) %l uair ( 1..12) %m mí (01..12) %M nóiméad (00..59) %n líne nua %N nanashoicindí (000000000..999999999) %p AM nó PM de réir an logchaighdeáin; (folamh más anaithnid é) %P cosúil le %p, ach le litreacha beaga %r an t-am, dhá uair déag (m.sh., 11:11:04 PM) %R an t-am, ceithre huaire fichead; ar comhbhrí le %H:%M %s soicindí ó `00:00:00 1970-01-01 UTC' %u Aitheantas an úinéara %U Ainm an úinéara %x Am den rochtain is déanaí %X Am den rochtain is déanaí, soicindí ón tSainré %y Am den mhionathrú is déanaí %Y Am den mhionathrú is déanaí, soicindí ón tSainré %z Am den athrú is déanaí %Z Am den athrú is déanaí, soicindí ón tSainré %x léiriú den dáta de réir an logchaighdeáin (m.sh., 30.09.05) %X léiriú den am de réir an logchaighdeáin (m.sh., 14:34:58) %y dhá dhigit deiridh den bhliain (00..99) %Y an bhliain %z +uunn crios ama uimhriúil (m.sh., -0400) %:z +uu:nn crios ama uimhriúil (m.sh., -04:00) %::z +uu:nn:ss crios ama uimhriúil (m.sh., -04:00:00) %:::z crios ama uimhriúil le : go dtí an beachtas riachtanach (m.sh., -04, +05:30) %Z giorrúchán aibítreach ar an chrios ama (m.sh., EDT) De réir réamhshocraithe, stuálann `date' réimsí uimhriúla le nialais. + SIOMBAIL caith le SIOMBAIL mar theaghrán, fiú más lorgfhocal é, mar `match', nó oibreoir mar `/' ( SLONN ) luach de SLONN -A, --address-radix=BUNUIMHIR formáid de fhritháireamh comhaid -j, --skip-bytes=BEARTA gabh thar BEARTA beart ionchurtha ar dtús -A, --auto-reference cruthaigh tagairtí go huathoibríoch -G, --traditional oibrigh ar nós `ptx' System V -F, --flag-truncation=TGHRÁN úsáid TGHRÁN chun línte teasctha a léiriú -B, --block-size=MÉID bain úsáid as bloic den mhéid MÉID -b, --bytes ar comhbhrí le `--apparent-size --block-size=1' -c, --total taispeáin suim iomlán -D, --dereference-args dí-thagair naisc shiombalacha a thugtar ar líne na n-orduithe amháin -D cruthaigh gach ball de SPRIOC seachas an deireadh, agus ansin cóipeáil FOINSE go SPRIOC -g, --group=GRÚPA socraigh grúpa in ionad an ghrúpa den phróiseas reatha -m, --mode=MÓD socraigh na ceadanna (mar le chmod), in ionad `rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=ÚINÉIR socraigh an t-úinéir (forúsáideoir amháin) -D, --date-format=FORMÁID taispeáin an dáta cheanntáisc de réir na FORMÁIDE -e[CAR[LEITHEAD]], --expand-tabs[=CAR[LEITHEAD]] tiontaigh CAR (TÁIB) go táb LEITHEAD (8) -F, -f, --form-feed scar leathanaigh le foirmfhothaí in ionad línte nua (le -F, úsáid ceanntásc leathanaigh de trí líne, nó, gan -F, de cúig líne agus le buntásc) -G, --no-group i liosta fada, ná taispeáin ainm an ghrúpa -h, --human-readable le -l, taispeáin méideanna i bhformáid inléite (m.sh., 1K 234M 2G srl.) --si mar an gcéanna, ach le 1K=1000, ní 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line lean naisc shiombalacha ó líne na n-orduithe --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir lean gach nasc siombalach ar líne na n-orduithe atá nasctha le comhadlann --hide=PATRÚN ná taispeáin iontrálacha atá comhoiriúnach leis an PATRÚN blaoisce (sáraithe ag -a nó -A) -I tabhair leid uair amháin sula mbainfear níos mó ná trí chomhad, nó nuair a bhainfear go hathchúrsach. Níl sé seo chomh sáiteach le -i, cé go ndéanann sé cosaint shásúil ar an chuid is mó de bhotúin --interactive[=CATHAIN] tabhair leid de réir CATHAIN: never, once (-I), nó always (-i). Gan CATHAIN, tabhair leid i gcónaí -L COMHAD tá COMHAD ann agus is nasc siombalach é (is ionann agus -h) -O COMHAD tá COMHAD ann agus is leis an aitheantas úsáideora i bhfeidhm -p COMHAD tá COMHAD ann agus is píopa ainmnithe é -r COMHAD tá COMHAD ann agus tá sé inléite -s COMHAD tá COMHAD ann agus níl sé folamh -L, --dereference dí-thagair gach nasc siombalach -P, --no-dereference ná lean aon nasc siombalach (réamhshocrú) -0, --null Foirceann gach líne aschurtha le 0 in ionad líne nua -S, --separate-dirs ná cuir comhadlanna san áireamh -s, --summarize ná taispeáin ach an tsuim iomlán -M, --macro-name=STRING úsáid an macra STRING in ionad `xx' -O, --format=roff táirg an t-aschur i riocht treoracha `roff' -R, --right-side-refs cuir tagairtí ar dheis; ní chuirtear seo i -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP foircinn línte ní foircinn abairtí -T, --format=tex táirg an t-aschur i riocht treoracha `TeX' -N, --read-bytes=BEARTA teorannaigh dumpa le BEARTA beart ionchurtha -s, --strings[=BEARTA] teaghráin aschurtha le BEARTA carachtar grafach ar a laghad -t, --format=CINEÁL roghnaigh formáid(í) aschurtha -v, --output-duplicates ná húsáid * chun ceilt líne a chomharthú -w, --width[=BEARTA] BEARTA beart ar líne aschuir --traditional glac le hargóintí san fhoirm thraidisiúnta -P, --portability taispeáin torthaí i gcruth POSIX --sync sync roimh eolas úsáide a fháil -t, --type=CINEÁL ná taispeáin ach córais chomhaid den chineál CINEÁL -T, --print-type taispeáin an cineál chóras comhaid -x, --exclude-type=CINEÁL ná taispeáin córais chomhaid den chineál CINEÁL -v (gan feidhm) -S sórtáil de réir méid an chomhaid --sort=FOCAL sórtáil de réir FOCAL in ionad an ainm: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=FOCAL le -l, taispeáin an t-am mar FOCAL in ionad am mionathraithe: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, nó status -c; úsáid an t-am sonraithe mar eochair shórtála más --sort=time -S COMHAD tá COMHAD ann agus is soicéad é -t FD tuarascálaí comhaid FD oscailte ar theirminéal -u COMHAD tá COMHAD ann agus a ghiotán set-user-ID lasta -w COMHAD tá COMHAD ann agus is inscríofa é -x COMHAD tá COMHAD ann agus is féidir é a rith nó a chuardach -S, --suffix=IARMHÍR sáraigh an iarmhír réamhshocraithe cúltaca -t, --target-directory=COMHADLANN socraigh an CHOMHADLANN ina gcruthaítear na naisc -T, --no-target-directory caith le AINM_NAISC mar ghnáthchomhad -v, --verbose taispeáin an t-ainm de gach comhad nasctha -T, -w, --mesg taispeáin stádas teachtaireachta mar +, -, nó ? -u, --users taispeáin úsáideoirí atá logáilte isteach faoi láthair --message ar comhbhrí le -T --writable ar comhbhrí le -T -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP úsáid REGEXP chun treoirfhocail a thógáil -b, --break-file=COMHAD tá carachtair le briseadh focail i gCOMHAD -f, --ignore-case sórtáil an cás íochtair leis an gcás uachtair -g, --gap-size=UIMHIR bearna idir colúin san aschur -i, --ignore-file=COMHAD tá focail le ligean tharat i gCOMHAD -o, --only-file=COMHAD tá liosta treoirfhocal i gCOMHAD -Z, --context=CTCS socraigh comhthéacs slándála de AINM go CTCS -Z, --context=CTCS socraigh comhthéacs slándála de gach AINM go CTCS -a, --across taispeáin colúin trasna an scáileáin seachas anuas úsáid le -COLÚN -c, --show-control-chars carachtair rialúcháin mar ^G nó le cúlslais ochtnártha -d, --double-space spásáil dhúbailte -a, --all taispeáin gach comhad, nach comhadlanna amháin --apparent-size taispeáin méideanna dealraitheacha, in ionad úsáid dhiosca; tá an mhéid dealraitheach níos lú go minic, ach is féidir a bheith níos mó mar thoradh ar phoill i gcomhaid (`tanaí), bloghadh inmheánach, bloic indíreacha agus a leithéidí -a, --all tiontaigh an spás bán ar fad, in ionad an spáis tosaigh --first-only ná tiontaigh ach an spás bán tosaigh (sáraíonn -a) -t, --tabs=N táib N carachtar óna chéile in ionad 8 (cumasaigh -a) -t, --tabs=LIOSTA liosta de tháib, scartha le camóga (cumasaigh -a) -a, --suffix-length=N fad na hiarmhíreanna = N (réamhshocrú %d) -b, --bytes=MÉID cuir MÉID beart do gach aschomhad -C, --line-bytes=MÉID cuir MÉID beart línte ar a mhéad do gach aschomhad -d, --numeric-suffixes úsáid iarmhíreanna uimhriúla in ionad aibítreacha -l, --lines=UIMHIR cuir UIMHIR líne do gach aschomhad -b, --before ceangail an deighilteoir roimh in ionad i ndiaidh -r, --regex caith leis an deighilteoir mar shlonn ionadaíochta -s, --separator=TEAGHRÁN úsáid TEAGHRÁN mar dheighilteoir in ionad líne nua -b, --binary léigh sa mhód dénártha -b, --binary léigh sa mhód dénártha (réamhshocrú mura bhfuil sé ón ghnath-ionchur) -b, --body-numbering=STÍL uimhrigh línte an choirp de réir STÍL -d, --section-delimiter=CAR Idirscar leathanaigh loighciúla le CAR -f, --footer-numbering=STÍL uimhrigh línte an bhuntáisc de réir STÍL -b, --bytes uimhrigh bearta seachas colúin -s, --spaces bris ag spásanna -w, --width=LEITHEAD úsáid LEITHEAD colún in ionad 80 -b, --bytes=LIOSTA ná taispeáin ach na bearta seo -c, --characters=LIOSTA ná taispeáin ach na carachtair seo -d, --delimiter=TEORAN úsáid TEORAN in ionad TAB mar theormharcóir réimse -b, --ignore-leading-blanks déan neamhshuim ar spásanna tosaigh -d, --dictionary-order ná húsáid ach spásanna agus carachtair alfa-uimhriúla -f, --ignore-case sórtáil an cás íochtair leis an gcás uachtair -b, --suffix-format=FORMÁID bain úsáid as FORMÁID sprintf in ionad %02d -f, --prefix=RÉIMÍR bain úsáid as RÉIMÍR in ionad `xx' -k, --keep-files ná scrios aschomhaid tar éis earráidí -c, --check léigh %s suim ó na COMHAID agus seiceáil iad -c, --count taispeáin líon na dtarluithe ar tosach gach líne -d, --repeated ná taispeáin ach línte dúblacha -c, --crown-margin coinnigh eangú den chéad dá líne -p, --prefix=TEAGHRÁN ná ceangail ach línte le réimír TEAGHRÁN, agus athcheangail an réimír le línte athfhormáidithe -s, --split-only deighil línte fada, ach ná hathlíon -d, --delimiters=LIOSTA athúsáid carachtair as LIOSTA in ionad TÁIB -s, --serial greamaigh i ndiaidh a chéile, nach go comhuaineach -e bain úsáid as na carachtair éalúcháin le cúlslaiseanna -E ná bain úsáid as na carachtair éalúcháin (réamhshocrú) -e úsáid carachtair éalúcháin le cúlslaiseanna (réamhshocrú) -E ná húsáid na carachtair éalúcháin -f ná sórtáil, úsáid -aU, ná húsáid -ls --color -F, --classify cuir ceann de */=>@| leis na hiontrálacha --file-type mar an gcéanna, ach ná hiarcheangail `*' --format=FOCAL across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time ar comhbhrí le `-l --time-style=full-iso -f ná taispeáin teidil na gcolún i bhformáid achomair -w ná taispeáin an t-ainm iomlán i bhformáid achomair -i ná taispeáin an t-ainm iomlán nó cianóstach i bhformáid achomair -q ná taispeáin ainm iomlán, cianóstach, nó am díomhaoin i bhformáid achomair -f ar comhbhrí le `-t fF', roghnaigh uimhreacha shnámhphointe -i ar comhbhrí le `-t dI', roghnaigh slánuimhreacha deachúlacha -l ar comhbhrí le `-t dL', roghnaigh `long'anna deachúlacha -o ar comhbhrí le `-t o2', roghnaigh aonaid ochtnártha, 2 bheart -s ar comhbhrí le `-t d2', roghnaigh aonaid dheachúlacha, 2 bheart -x ar comhbhrí le `-t x2', roghnaigh aonaid heicsidheachúlacha, 2 bheart -f COMHAD tá COMHAD ann agus is gnáthchomhad é -g COMHAD tá COMHAD ann agus is set-group-ID é -G COMHAD tá COMHAD ann agus is leis an ID grúpa i bhfeidhm é -h COMHAD tá COMHAD ann agus is nasc siombalach é (is ionann agus -L) -k COMHAD tá COMHAD ann agus tá sé a ghiotán greamaitheach lasta -f, --canonicalize caighdeánaigh trí leanúint gach nasc siombalach i ngach ball den chonair, go hathchúrsach; ní mór gach comhpháirt (seachas an ceann deiridh) a bheith ann -e, --canonicalize-existing caighdeánaigh trí leanúint gach nasc siombalach i ngach ball den chonair, go hathchúrsach; ní mór gach comhpháirt a bheith ann -f, --fields=LIOSTA ná taispeáin ach na réimsí seo; sa bhreis, taispeáin gach líne gan aon teormharcóir, mura bhfuil an rogha -s tugtha -n (gan feidhm) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] scríobh sonraí ceangailte de réir mar fásann an comhad; tá -f, --follow, agus --follow=descriptor ar comhbhrí -F ar comhbhrí le --follow=name --retry -f, --silent, --quiet múch formhór na n-earráidí -v, --verbose taispeáin diagnóisic do gach comhad --reference=COMHAD bain úsáid as an ghrúpa atá ag COMHAD -R, --recursive athraigh comhaid agus comhadlanna go hathchúrsach -f, --silent, --quiet múch formhór na n-earráidí --reference=TCOMHAD bain úsáid as an ghrúpa atá ag TCOMHAD agus ná sonraigh luach GRÚPA -R, --recursive oibrigh ar chomhaid/chomhadlanna go hathchúrsach -v, --verbose taispeáin diagnóisic do gach comhad próiseáilte -f, --silent, --quiet múch formhór na n-earráidí --reference=TCOMHAD bain úsáid as an úinéir/ngrúpa atá ag TCOMHAD agus ná sonraigh luach ÚINÉIR:GRÚPA -R, --recursive oibrigh ar chomhaid/chomhadlanna go hathchúrsach -v, --verbose taispeáin diagnóisic do gach comhad próiseáilte -g cosúil le -l, ach ná taispeáin úinéir an liosta -g GID[,GID1...] socraigh aitheantas an phríomhghrúpa go dtí an GID uimhriúil, agus (má thugtar iad) na haitheantais forlíontacha go GID1,... -h, --no-dereference téigh i bhfeidhm ar an nasc siombalach in ionad comhad tagartha ar bith (le fáil más féidir le do chóras an t-úinéir de nasc siombalach a athrú) -i, --ignore-case ná bí cásíogair agus réimsí á gcur i gcomparáid -j RÉIMSE ar comhbhrí le `-1 RÉIMSE -2 RÉIMSE' -o FORMÁID tóg an líne aschurtha de réir FORMÁID -t CAR úsáid CAR mar theormharcóir idir réimsí ionchur/aschur -i, --initial ná tiontaigh TÁB i ndiaidh carachtair nach spás bán -t, --tabs=UIMHIR cuir táib UIMHIR carachtar ó chéile in ionad 8 -i, --inodes taispeáin eolas inode in ionad úsáid na mbloc -k ar comhbhrí le `--block-size=1K' -l, --local ná taispeáin ach córais chomhaid logánta --no-sync ná sync roimh eolas úsáide a fháil (réamhshocrú) -k ar comhbhrí le `--block-size=1K' -l, --count-links cuir méid san áireamh gach uair más nasc crua é -m ar comhbhrí le `--block-size=1M' -l bain úsáid as an mhód fhoclach -L, --dereference nuair atá nasc siombalach ann, taispeáin an t-eolas faoin tagraí seachas an nasc féin -m taispeáin iontrálacha scartha le camóga -l, --link nasc comhaid in ionad iad a chóipeáil -L, --dereference lean naisc shiombalacha i FOINSE i gcónaí -l, --login taispeáin próisis logála isteach an chórais -m, --canonicalize-missing caighdeánaigh trí leanúint gach nasc siombalach i ngach ball den chonair, go hathchúrsach; ceadaítear comhpháirteanna ar iarraidh -n, --no-newline ná scríobh an líne nua fhoirceanta -q, --quiet, -s, --silent múch formhór na n-earráidí -v, --verbose taispeáin earráidí -m, --mode=MÓD socraigh mód an chomhaid (mar le chmod), ní a=rwx - umask -p, --parents gan earráid má tá sé ann cheana, déan tuismitheoirí más gá -v, --verbose taispeáin tcht nuair a chruthaítear gach comhadlann -Z, --context=CTCS socraigh comhthéacs slándála SELinux de gach comhadlann a chruthaítear go CTCS -n, --digits=DIGITÍ bain úsáid as DIGITÍ digit, in ionad 2 -s, --quiet, --silent ná taispeáin líonta na mbeart in aschomhaid -z, --elide-empty-files scrios aschomhaid fholmha -n, --numeric-uid-gid cosúil le -l, ach taispeáin UID/GID uimhriúla -N, --literal taispeáin ainmneacha amha (ná caith le carachtair éalúcháin go speisialta) -o cosúil le `-l', ach gan eolas faoin ghrúpa -p, --indicator-style=slash cuir táscaire / le comhadlanna -o, --output=COMHAD scríobh na torthaí i gCOMHAD in ionad an ghnáth-aschuir -s, --stable caighdeánaigh an t-ord trí dhíchumasú na sórtála den rogha dheireanach -S, --buffer-size=MÉID maolán príomhchuimhne = MÉID -q, --count taispeáin gach ainm logála isteach agus líon na n-úsáideoirí faoi láthair -r, --runlevel taispeáin an leibhéal feidhmithe faoi láthair -s, --short ná taispeáin ach ainm, líne, agus am (réamhshocrú) -t, --time taispeáin athrú an chloig is déanaí -q, --hide-control-chars taispeáin ? in ionad carachtair neamhghrafacha --show-control-chars taispeáin carachtair neamhghrafacha (réamhshocrú mura `ls' an clár agus aschur chuig teirminéal) -Q, --quote-name cuir ainmneacha idir comharthaí athfhriotail --quoting-style=FOCAL bain úsáid as an stíl FOCAL do na hainmneacha: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent ná taispeáin ceanntásc leis an ainm comhaid -v, --verbose taispeáin an ceanntásc leis an ainm comhaid -r, --reference=COMHAD taispeáin am an athraithe is déanaí do COMHAD -R, --rfc-2822 taispeáin dáta agus am de réir RFC 2822 Mar shampla: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=COMHAD úsáid na hamanna ar an chomhad seo, ní an t-am anois -t STAMPA úsáid [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] in ionad an ama anois --time=FOCAL socraigh an t-am le FOCAL: FOCAL = access, atime, nó use: ar comhbhrí le -a FOCAL = modify nó mtime: ar comhbhrí le -m -r, --references is tagairt é an chéad réimse ar gach líne -t, --typeset-mode - neamhchríochnaithe - -w, --width=UIMHIR leithead an aschuir, gan tagairt -s, --only-delimited ná taispeáin ach na línte le teormharcóirí --output-delimiter=TEAGHRÁN úsáid TEAGHRÁN mar theormharcóir aschuir agus an teormharcóir ionchurtha mar réamhshocrú -s, --signal=COMHARTHA, -COMHARTHA tabhair an t-ainm nó an uimhir den chomhartha le seoladh -l, --list taispeáin ainmneacha na gcomharthaí, nó tiontaigh ainmneacha go/ó uimhreacha -t, --table taispeáin tábla le heolas faoi chomharthaí -s, --symbolic-link nasc comhaid in ionad iad a chóipeáil -S, --suffix=IARMHÍR sáraigh an iarmhír chúltaca réamhshocraithe -t, --target-directory=COMHADLANN cóipeáil gach FOINSE go dtí COMHADLANN -T, --no-target-directory caith le SPRIOC mar ghnáthchomhad -t sórtáil de réir am mionathraithe -T, --tabsize=COLÚIN cuir táb ar gach COLÚIN colún (réamhshocrú=8) -t ar comhbhrí le -vT -T, --show-tabs taispeáin táib mar ^I -u (gan feidhm) -v, --show-nonprinting taispeáin rialúcháin le ^, M-; ní LFD agus TAB -t, --field-separator=CAR úsáid CAR in ionad athrú ó neamh- go spás bán -T, --temporary-directory=COMHADLANN cuir comhaid shealadacha i gCOMHADLANN in ionad $TMPDIR nó %s; comharthaíonn gach rogha comhadlann ar leith -u, --unique le -c, deimhnigh sórtáil gan dúblaigh; gan -c, ná taispeáin ach línte uathúla -t, --tabs=LIOSTA úsáid LIOSTA táib faoi leith, scartha le camóga -t, --tagged-paragraph déan eangú an chéad líne leis an dara cheann -u, --uniform-spacing spás aonarach idir focail, dhá i ndiaidh abairtí -w, --width=UIMHIR uasmhéid leithid líne (réamhshocrú 75 colún) --target-directory=COMHADLANN aistrigh gach FOINSE isteach i gCOMHADLANN -T, --no-target-directory caith le SPRIOC mar ghnáthchomhad -u, --update ná haistrigh ach amháin nuair atá FOINSE níos úire ná an sprioc-chomhad, nó nuair atá an sprioc-chomhad ar iarraidh -v, --verbose mínigh na rudaí atá ag tarlú -t, --text léigh sa mhód téacs (réamhshocrú mura bhfuil sé ónghnáth-ionchur) -t, --text léigh sa mhód téacs (réamhshocrú) -u, --remove teasc agus scrios comhad i ndiaidh forscríobh -v, --verbose taispeáin eolas faoin dul chun cinn -x, --exact ná slánaigh méideanna comhaid suas; is réamhshocraithe é seo le haghaidh comhad neamhghnách -z, --zero forscríobh deireanach le nialais, folaigh an léirscrios -u, --update ná cóipeáil ach amháin nuair atá FOINSE níos úire ná an sprioc-chomhad, nó nuair atá an sprioc-chomhad ar iarraidh -v, --verbose mínigh na rudaí atá ag tarlú -x, --one-file-system fan ar an chóras chomhaid seo -u, --user=ÚSÁIDEOIR socraigh ÚSÁIDEOIR sa chomhthéacs sprice slándála -r, --role=RÓL socraigh RÓL sa chomhthéacs sprice slándála -t, --type=CINEÁL socraigh CINEÁL sa chomhthéacs sprice slándála -l, --range=RAON socraigh RAON sa chomhthéacs sprice slándála -v, --kernel-version taispeáin leagan na heithne -m, --machine taispeáin ainm na gcrua-earraí -p, --processor taispeáin cineál an phróiseálaí, nó "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform taispeáin ardán na gcrua-earraí nó "unknown" -o, --operating-system taispeáin an córas oibriúcháin -w, --check-chars=N déan comparáid ar N carachtar ar a mhéad -w, --width=COLÚIN socraigh leithead den scáileán -x taispeáin ar línte in ionad colún -X sórtáil de réir iarmhíre an chomhaid, san ord aibítre -Z, --context taispeáin comhthéacs slándála SELinux de gach comhad má tá ann -1 taispeáin aon chomhad sa líne -z, --zero-terminated úsáid NUL foirceanta in ionad líne nua [:graph:] carachtair ghrafacha, ach amháin spás [:lower:] litreacha cás íochtair [:print:] carachtair ghrafacha, spás san áireamh [:punct:] comharthaí poncaíochta [:space:] spás bán, cothrománach nó ingearach [:upper:] litreacha cás uachtair [:xdigit:] digití heicsidheachúlacha [=CAR=] carachtair ar comhbhrí le CAR \v táb ingearach CAR1-CAR2 gach carachtar idir CAR1 agus CAR2, in ord [CAR*] i dTACAR2, cóipeanna CAR go dtí fad TACAR1 [CAR*UIMHIR] UIMHIR cóip de CAR, ochtnártha má thosaíonn sé le 0 [:alnum:] litreacha agus digití [:alpha:] litreacha [:blank:] spás bán cothrománach [:cntrl:] carachtair rialúcháin [:digit:] digití ascii ó EBCDIC go ASCII ebcdic ó ASCII go EBCDIC ibm ó ASCII go EBCDIC malartach block stuáil le spásanna go cbs-size gach taifead atá scortha le líne nua unblock cuir línte nua in ionad spásanna ag deireadh de thaifid de cbs-size lcase athraigh an cás uachtair go dtí an cás íochtair binary úsáid I/A dénártha le haghaidh sonraí d[MÉID] slánuimhir dheachúlach le sín, MÉID beart ar cheann f[MÉID] uimhir shnámhphointe, MÉID beart ar an gceann o[MÉID] ochtnártha, MÉID beart ar an gceann u[MÉID] slánuimhir dheachúlach gan sín, MÉID beart ar an gceann x[MÉID] heicsidheachúlach, MÉID beart ar an gceann direct úsáid I/A díreach le haghaidh sonraí dsync úsáid I/A sioncrónaithe le haghaidh sonraí noatime ná nuashonraigh an t-am rochtana nocreat ná cruthaigh an t-aschomhad excl teip má tá an t-aschomhad ann cheana notrunc ná déan teascadh ar an aschomhad ucase athraigh an cás íochtair go dtí an cás uachtair swab babhtáil gach cúpla beart san ionchur noctty ná ceap an teirminéal rialaithe ó chomhad noerror lean ar aghaidh tar éis earráidí sa léamh sync stuáil gach bloc ionchurtha le carachtair NUL go dtí ibs-size; nuair atá `block' nó `unblock' in úsáid, stuáil le spásanna in ionad carachtair NUL fdatasync scríobh ar an aschomhad go fisiceach roimh chríochnú fsync mar an gcéanna, ach scríobh meiteashonraí freisin nofollow ná lean naisc shiombalacha nolinks teip má tá naisc iomadúla ann nonblock úsáid I/A gan bhacainní none, off ná déan cúltacaí choíche (fiú má tá --backup ceaptha) numbered, t déan cúltacaí agus uimhreacha orthu existing, nil numbered má tá uimhreacha orthu anois, simple mura bhfuil simple, never déan cúltacaí simplí i gcónaí sync mar an gcéanna, ach le haghaidh meiteashonraí fosta text úsáid I/A téacs le haghaidh sonraí %4s-bloc Ídithe Ar Fáil Úsáid %s-bloc Ídithe Ar Fáil Iomlán (cúltaca: %s) * [-]ctlecho déan macalla de charachtair rialúcháin mar `^c', srl. [-]echo déan macalla de gach carachtar ionchurtha * [-]echoctl ar comhbhrí le [-]ctlecho [-]echoe ar comhbhrí le [-]crterase [-]echok déan macalla de líne nua i ndiaidh carachtair maraithe * [-]echoke ar comhbhrí le [-]crtkill [-]echonl déan macalla de líne nua, fiú mura carachtair eile * [-]echoprt déan macalla de charachtair léirscriosta ar gcúl, idir `\' agus `/' [-]icanon cumasaigh carachtair speisialta erase,kill,werase,agus rprnt [-]iexten cumasaigh carachtair speisialta neamh-POSIX * [-]iuclc tiontaigh an cás uachtair go dtí an cás íochtair * [-]ixany ceadaigh atosú le haon charachtar [-]ixoff cumasaigh seoladh de charachtair thosaigh/stoptha [-]ixon cumasaigh rialú sreafa XON/XOFF [-]parmrk comharthaigh earráidí phaireachta (le cód 255-0-carachtar) [-]tandem ar comhbhrí le [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 glac le carachtair san ionchódú UTF-8 * [-]ocrnl tiontaigh aisfhilleadh go líne nua * [-]ofdel stuáil le scrioscharachtair in ionad carachtair nialasacha * [-]ofill stuáil le carachtair in ionad am-áireamh i gcás moille * [-]olcuc tiontaigh an cás íochtair go dtí an cás uachtair * [-]onlcr tiontaigh líne nua go haisfhilleadh+líne nua * [-]onlret déan líne nua aisfhilleadh * [-]onocr ná taispeáin aisfhilleadh sa chéad cholún [-]opost iarphróiseáil an t-aschur * tabN mód moille do tháib chothrománacha, N=0,1,2, nó 3 * tabs ar comhbhrí le tab0 * -tabs ar comhbhrí le tab3 * vtN mód moille do tháib ingearacha, N=0 nó 1 * eol2 CAR CAR eile chun an líne a chríochnú erase CAR léirscriosfaidh CAR an carachtar is déanaí intr CAR seolfaidh CAR comhartha idirbhriste kill CAR léirscriosfaidh CAR an líne reatha * lnext CAR iontrálfaidh CAR an chéad charachtar luaite eile quit CAR seolfaidh CAR comhartha scortha * rprnt CAR priontálfaidh CAR an líne reatha arís start CAR atosóidh CAR an t-aschur i ndiaidh á stopadh * rows N cuir in iúl go bhfuil N líne ag an teirminéal * size taispeáin líon na línte agus na gcolún de réir na heithne speed taispeáin luas an teirminéil time N le -icanon, socraigh seal fanachta, N deachú soicind Curtha suas ar TTY grúpaí= sean le linn timthriall %s % 1% den chuimhne, b 1, K 1024 (réamhshocrú), srl. le M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Mura bhfuil COMHAD ann, nó más '-' é, léigh ón ghnáth-ionchur. *** RABHADH *** Athraíonn an logchaighdeán na torthaí a ghineann `sort'. Cuir LC_ALL=C chun sórtáil de réir an oird traidisiúnta (.i. de réir luachanna dúchasacha de na bearta. %.*s: tiontú neamhbhailí%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu úsáideoir%lu úsáideoir%lu úsáideoir%lu n-úsáideoir%lu úsáideoir%s%s (ar regexp %s)%s -> %s (dí-chúltaca) Chríochnaigh %s [-d] gan an chúis a mhíniúis iad %s agus %s an comhad céannaTá %s ann cheana, ach ní comhadlann étá %s ann anois; críoch an chomhaid nua á leanúinttá %s insroichte anoistá %s dorochtana anoiscuireadh comhad nach féidir a `tail' in áit %s; á thréigeantá comhad nua in áit %s anois; críoch an chomhaid nua á leanúinttá %s de chineál anaithnidNí slánuimhir dheimhneach bhailí é %stá %s rómhórargóint %s%s rómhór: `%s'%s: tá %s chomh mór nach inléirithe é%s: %s: líne-uimhir as raon%s: %s: níl a leithéid ann%s: %s:%s: mí-eagar: %s: Theip ar oscailt nó ar léamh %s: Níl a leithéid d'úsáideoir ann%s: tá gá le `}' i líon na hathráite%s: bhíothas ag súil le hoibreoir dénártha%s: ní foláir naisc shiombalacha coibhneasta a dhéanamh sa chomhadlann oibre%s: ní féidir mód gan bacainní a athshocrú%s: níl aon fháil ar ainm don aitheantas úsáideora %lu %s: ní féidir an chríoch a lorg do chomhad den chineál seo; ag tréigean%s: ní féidir `lseek' a dhéanamh ar ais go dtí an láthair thionscantach%s: ní féidir forscríobh a dhéanamh ar chomhadlann%s: ní féidir atochras%s: ní féidir seek a dhéanamh%s: ní féidir bogadh go fritháireamh coibhneasta ón chríoch %s%s: ní féidir bogadh go fritháireamh %s%s: ní féidir bogadh go fritháireamh coibhneasta %s%s: ní féidir tuarascálaí comhaid sínte amháin a léirscriosadh%s: teormharcóir foirceanta `%c' ar iarraidh%s: ní féidir mód gan bacainní a athshocrú%s: téigh síos isteach i gcomhadlann %s? %s: téigh síos isteach i gcomhadlann scríobh-bhactha %s? %s: comhadchríoch%s: ní foláir carachtar aonarach mar oibreann d'aicme coibhéise%s: earráid le linn teasctha%s: earráid le linn scríobh ag fritháireamh %s%s: bhíothas ag súil le luach uimhriúil%s: theip ar dhúnadh%s: theip ar oscailt chun é a scríobh%s: theip ar bhaint%s: theip ar fcntl%s: theip ar fdatasync%s: comhad de mhéid diúltach%s: is róchraptha an comhad%s: tá an comhad rómhór%s: comhad rófhada%s: comhad teasctha%s: theip ar fstat%s: theip ar fsync%s: ní cheadaítear nasc crua le comhadlann%s: tá lúb san ionchur:%s: is corr líon na dteaghrán san ionchur%s: is ionann iad an t-inchomhad agus an t-aschomhad%s: bhíothas ag súil le slánuimhir i ndiaidh teormharcóra%s: PID neamhbhailí%s: áireamh neamhbhailí ag tús %s%s: treoir neamhbhailí%s: sonraíocht neamhbhailí réimse %s%s: méid comhaid neamhbhailí%s: cineál comhaid neamhbhailí%s: is neamhbhailí é an líon uasta `stat'anna gan athrú idir oscailtí%s: uimhir neamhbhailí%s: líon neamhbhailí na mbeart%s: líon na línte neamhbhailí%s: líon na dtimthriallta neamhbhailí%s: líon na soicindí neamhbhailí%s: patrún neamhbhailí%s: aitheantas neamhbhailí próisis%s: slonn ionadaíochta neamhbhailí: %s%s: comhartha neamhbhailí%s: fad iarmhíre neamhbhailí%s: ní foláir líne-uimhir dheimhneach%s: líne-uimhir as raon%s: theip ar lseek%s: Tugadh comharthaí iomadúla%s: is %s na ceadanna nua, ní %s%s: níl aon líne dhea-chumtha ar fáil le suim sheiceála %s%s: níl aon eolas ar fáil faoin mhéid den ghléas seo%s: ní liostófar comhadlann atá liostaithe cheana%s: is rómhór líon na mbeart%s: forscríobh %s? %s: timthriall %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: timthriall %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: timthriall %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: earráid sa léamh%s: scrios %s %s? %s: bain gach argóint go hathchúrsach? %s: bain gach argóint? %s: scrios %s scríobh-bhactha %s? %s: scriosta%s: á scriosadh%s: ainm nua %s%s: ionadaigh %s? %s: níorbh fhéidir `seek' a dhéanamh%s: an iomarca línte shuim sheiceála%s: déan iarracht ar %s a fhorscríobh, agus mód %04lo (%s) a shárú? %s: ní féidir an t-uasfhad d'ainmneacha comhaid a dhéanamh amach%s: ní féidir gach tasc iarrtha a dhéanamh%s: bhíothas ag súil le hoibreoir aonártha%s: níl an luach tiontaithe ar fad%s: earráid sa scríobh%s:%lu: líne neamhbhailí; dara teaghrán ar iarraidh%s:%lu: lorgfhocal anaithnid %s%s}: tá gá le slánuimhir idir `{' agus `}''bhíothas ag súil le ')'bhíothas ag súil le ')', fuarthas %s©* córais chomhad a chuireann sonraí i dtaisce i suímh shealadacha, mar shampla cliaint NFS leagan 3 * córais chomhad comhbhrúite * córais chomhaid atá bunaithe ar log nó dialann, mar shampla le AIX agus Solaris (agus JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, srl.) * córais chomhaid a scríobh sonraí iomarcacha agus a leanann fiú má theipeann cuid den scríobh, mar shampla chórais bunaithe ar RAID * córais a dhéanann `grianghraif', mar shampla an freastalaí NFS atá ag Network Appliances , meánlód: %.2f, %g shoicind, %s/s oibríonn --context (-Z) le heithne atá cumasaithe do SELinux amháintá gá le ceann de -H nó -L leis na roghanna -R --dereferencetá gá le -P leis na roghanna -R -hní ghlacann -ef le -lní ghlacann -nt le -lní ghlacann -ot le -l??? Aicme sheolta d'óstainm gan tacaíochtIs riachtanach le rogha ghearr aon argóint atá riachtanach leis an rogha fhada. Cuireadh gach iarratas i gcríchTá an maolán argóinte róbheagArnold RobbinsLuach neamhbhailí do 'ai_flags'FAINIC: Braitheann `shred' ar ghlacadh tromchúiseach: go ndéanann an córas comhaid forscríobh ar shonraí ina n-ionad. Is é sin an sean-nós, ach níl an glacadh seo bailí ar mhórán córais nua-aimseartha. Níl `shred' cumasach, nó níl ráthaíocht ar bith go mbeidh sé cumasach i ngach mód ar na córais a leanas: NÓTAGlaoigh ar an fheidhm link() chun COMHAD2 a nascadh le COMHAD1. Bain úsáid as an fheidhm unlink() chun an COMHAD a scriosadh. Athraigh an t-aitheantas úsáideora/grúpa i bhfeidhm go dtí na cinn atá ag ÚSÁIDEOIR. -, -l, --login bain úsáid as blaosc logála isteach -c, --commmand=ORDÚ seachaid ORDÚ chuig an bhlaosc le -c -f, --fast seachaid -f chuig an bhlaosc (csh nó tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment ná hathshocraigh athróga thimpeallachta -p ar comhbhrí le -m -s, --shell=BLAOSC rith BLAOSC má cheadaíonn /etc/shells é Athraigh an grúpa de gach COMHAD go GRÚPA. Le --reference, athraigh an grúpa de gach COMHAD go dtí an grúpa de TCOMHAD. -c, --changes cosúil le `verbose' ach ná tabhair tuairisc ach nuair a athraítear rud éigin --dereference téigh i bhfeidhm ar thagrán gach naisc shiombalaigh (réamhshocrú) in ionad an naisc shiombalaigh féin Athraigh an mód de gach COMHAD go dtí MÓD. -c, --changes cosúil le `verbose' ach ná tabhair tuairisc ach ar athruithe Athraigh an t-úinéir agus/nó an grúpa de gach COMHAD go ÚINÉIR agus/nó GRÚPA. Le --reference, athraigh an t-úinéir agus an grúpa de gach COMHAD go dtí an t-úinéir agus an grúpa de TCOMHAD. -c, --changes cosúil le `verbose' ach ná tabhair tuairisc ach nuair a athraítear rud éigin --dereference téigh i bhfeidhm ar thagrán gach naisc shiombalaigh (réamhshocrú) in ionad an naisc shiombalaigh féin Colin PlumbDéan comparáid idir na comhaid shórtáilte COMHAD1 agus COMHAD2, líne ar líne. Comhcheangail COMHA(I)D, nó an gnáth-ionchur, leis an ngnáth-aschur. -A, --show-all ar comhbhrí le -vET -b, --number-nonblack uimhrigh línte aschurtha nach bhfuil folamh -e ar comhbhrí le -vE -E, --show-ends taispeáin $ ag deireadh gach líne -n, --number uimhrigh gach líne aschurtha -s, --squeeze-blank laghdaigh línte folmha iomadúla go ceann amháin Tiontaigh spásanna i ngach COMHAD go táib, agus scríobh ar an ngnáth-aschur. Mura bhfuil COMHAD ann, nó más '-' é, léigh ón ghnáth-ionchur. Tiontaigh na táib i ngach COMHAD go spásanna agus scríobh chuig an ghnáth-aschur. Mura bhfuil COMHAD ann, nó más - é, léigh ón ghnáth-ionchur. Cóipeáil FOINSE go SPRIOC, nó FOINSE/Í go COMHADLANN. Cóipeáil an gnáth-ionchur chuig gach COMHAD, agus chuig an ghnáth-aschur freisin. -a, --append iarcheangail leis na COMHA(I)D, ná forscríobh -i, --ignore-interrupts déan neamhshuim ar chomharthaí idirbhriste Cruthaigh píopaí ainmnithe (FIFO) leis na hAINMneacha tugtha. Cruthaigh an chomhadlann/na comhadlanna, mura bhfuil siad ann cheana féin. Cruthaigh an comhad speisialta AINM den chineál ceaptha CINEÁL. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreComhadlann: Taispeáin stádas de chomhad nó de chóras comhaid. -L, --dereference lean naisc -f, --file-system taispeáin stádas de chóras in ionad comhaid Taispeáin an t-am anois i gcruth FORMÁID, nó socraigh dáta an chórais. -d, --date=TEAGHRÁN taispeáin am tugtha i dTEAGHRÁN, ní `now' -f, --file=COMHADDÁTA mar --date uair amháin sa líne de CHOMHADDÁTA Dmitry V. LevinTréig aon ghrúpaí forlíontacha, glac le haitheantas úsáideora/grúpa an ÚSÁIDEORA sonraithe (aitheantas uimhriúil nó ainm an úsáideora), agus rith ORDÚ le ARGÓINTí, má tá ann. Scoir le stádas 111 mura bhfuiltear in ann na haitheantais úsáideora/grúpa a ghlacadh. I ngach cás eile, scoir le stádas scortha an ORDÚ. Ní úsáideach an clár seo mura bhfuil sé rite ag an bhforúsáideoir (UID=0). SCOIRIs éard atá i ngach raon ná ceann de: N N-ú beart, carachtar, nó réimse, uimhrithe ó 1 N- ón N-ú beart, carachtar, nó réimse go dtí deireadh na líne N-M ón N-ú go dtí M-ú beart, carachtar, nó réimse (araon san áireamh) -M ón aonú go dtí M-ú beart, carachtar, nó réimse (araon san áireamh) Mura bhfuil COMHAD ann, nó más '-' é, léigh ón ghnáth-ionchur. Déan macalla ar an/na TEAGHRÁ(I)N chuig an ghnáth-aschur. -n ná scríobh an líne nua fhoirceanta Scoir le cód scortha a chomharthaíonn teip.Scoir le cód scortha a chomharthaíonn bua.Scoir leis an stádas scortha tugtha ag SLONN. F. PinardTEIPTHEFIXME: anaithnidNí mór do FORMÁID a bheith oiriúnach chun argóint amháin den chineál `double' a phriontáil; is é %.BCHTf an luach réamhshocraithe más uimhreacha deachúlacha pointe fosaithe iad AONÚ, INCRIMINT, agus DEIREADH le huasbheachtas BCHT, agus is é %g i ngach cás eile. Níl príomhuimhir ná mionuimhir ghléis ag comhaid fifo.Córas comhaid Córas comhaid CineálScríobh líne chuig an ghnáth-aschur do gach péire de línte ionchurtha le réimsí ceangal comhoiriúnacha. Is an chéad réimse an ceann réamhshocraithe, cuimsithe le spás bán. Más `-' COMHAD1 nó COMHAD2 (nach iad araon), léigh ón ghnáth-ionchur. -a TAOBH taispeáin línte gan phéire as an gcomhad TAOBH -e FOLAMH cuir FOLAMH in ionad réimsí ionchurtha ar iarraidh Scríobh bloic athraithe chuig an diosca, nuashonraigh an t-osbhloc. H. Peter AnvinDÍOMHAOINIan Lance TaylorDíomhaoinIs féidir freisin go bhfuil cóipeanna den chomhad i gcúltacaí an chórais comhad nó ar shuímh scáthánaithe, agus ní féidir na cóipeanna seo a bhaint. Dá bharr seo, b'fhéidir comhad léirscriosta a fháil ar ais amach anseo. I réaltacht: Má tá córas comhad ext3 agat, tá an séanadh thuasluaite i bhfeidhm (.i. is neamhéifeachtach é `shred') sa mhód data=journal amháin - seo é an mód a scríobhann sonraí comhaid mar aon le meiteashonraí. Sna móid data=ordered (réamhshocrú) agus data=writeback, oibríonn `shred' mar is gnách. Is féidir na móid iriseáin Ext3 a athrú trí chur na rogha data=something leis na roghanna feistithe sa chomhad /etc/fstab do chórais chomhad áirithe, mar a thuairiscítear sa leathanach lámhleabhair mount (`man mount'). Éigríoch BIdirbhriste ag comharthaCúltagairt neamhbhailíAinm neamhbhailí ar aicme charachtarCarachtar neamhbhailí comhordaitheÁbhar neamhbhailí idir \{ agus \}Slonn ionadaíochta neamhbhailí roimhe seoTá deireadh an raoin neamhbhailíSlonn ionadaíochta neamhbhailíJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfLÍNETaispeáin eolas faoin COMHA(I)D (sa chomhadlann reatha mar réamhshocrú). Sórtáil san ord aibítre mura bhfuil --sort ná aon cheann de -cftuvSUX ann. Logáil IsteachAinm logála isteach: Is riachtanach le rogha ghearr aon argóint atá riachtanach leis an rogha fhada. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnTheip ar dháil chuimhneCuimhne íditheMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerAINMAinmAinm nó seirbhís anaithnidNíl seoladh ar bith ceangailte leis an óstainmNíl a leithéid annNí raibh slonn ionadaíochta roimhe seoTeip dhocheartaithe ar réiteach na n-ainmneachaOKNí foláir teaghrán aonarach a thabhairt le linn scriosta gan fáscadh.Roghanna sórtála: Cuir as innéacs iomalartaithe, le comhthéacs, de na focail sna hinchomhaid. Taispeáin orduithe chun na hathróige thimpeallachta LS_COLORS a shocrú. Roghnaigh an fhormáid aschurtha: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell taispeáin cód Bourne chun LS_COLORS a shocrú -c, --csh, --c-shell taispeáin cód C-shell chun LS_COLORS a shocrú -p, --print-database taispeáin réamhshocruithe Scríobh píosaí de mhéid sheasta ó IONCHUR chuig RÉIMÍRaa, RÉIMÍRab, ...; Méid réamhshocraithe = 1000 líne, agus an RÉIMÍR réamhshocraithe = `x'. Mura bhfuil IONCHUR ann, nó más `-' é, léigh ón ghnáth-ionchur. Scríobh píosaí de CHOMHAD, scartha le PATRÚ(I)N, i gcomhaid `xx00',`xx01',... agus taispeáin líon na mbeart i ngach píosa ar an gnáth-aschur. Taispeáin úsáideoirí atá logáilte isteach faoi láthair, dar le COMHAD. Gan CHOMHAD, úsáid %s. Feictear %s mar CHOMHAD go minic. Forscríobh an COMHA(I)D arís agus arís eile chun go bhfuil sé níos deacra na sonraí a fháil ar ais, fiú le crua-earraí an-chostasacha. PIDUimhrigh leathanaigh nó colúin de CHOMHA(I)D le haghaidh priontála. Níl an teaghrán paraiméadair ionchódaithe i gceartFocal faire:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlean: Deireadh an tsloinn gan choinneTaispeáin ARGÓINT(Í) de réir FORMÁID, nó rith de réir ROGHA: Taispeáin suim sheiceála CRC agus líon bearta di gach COMHAD. Taispeáin an tAINM agus bain amach ainmneacha comhadlainne ar tosach. Má tá IARMHÍR ann, bain é amach fosta. Taispeáin AINM lena /bhall deiridh bainte amach; mura bhfuil slais in AINM, priontáil `.' (an chomhadlann oibre). Taispeáin eolas áirithe faoin gcóras. Gan ROGHA, is ionann é agus `-s'. -a, --all taispeáin gach faisnéis, san ord seo a leanas, ach fág -p agus -i ar lár más anaithnid: -s, --kernel-name taispeáin ainm na heithne -n, --nodename taispeáin óstainm an nóid lín -r, --kernel-release taispeáin leagan na heithne Taispeáin ailtireacht an ríomhaire. Taispeáin uimhreacha ón AONÚ go dtí an DEIREADH, i gcéimeanna INCRIMINT. -f, --format=FORMÁID FORMÁID shnámhphointe cosúil le printf -s, --separator=TEAGHRÁN dealaigh uimhreacha le TEAGHRÁN (réamhshocrú: \n) -w, --equal-width cothromaigh leithead le nialais tosaigh Taispeáin nó athraigh na hairíonna den teirminéal. -a, --all taispeáin na hairíonna go léir i gcruth inléite -g, --save taispeáin na hairíonna go léir i gcruth stty-inléite -F, --file=GLÉAS oscail úsáid GLÉAS in ionad an ghnáth-ionchuir Taispeáin codanna tofa de na línte as gach COMHAD ar an ngnáth-aschur. Taispeáin ainm an teirminéil atá ceangailte leis an ngnáth-ionchur. -s, --silent, --quiet ná taispeáin aon ní; aischuir stádas scortha Taispeáin an chéad deich líne i ngach COMHAD chuig an ghnáth-aschur. Má tá níos mó ná COMHAD amháin, taispeáin ceanntásc leis an ainm comhaid roimh gach COMHAD. Mura bhfuil COMHAD ann, nó más '-' é, léigh ón ghnáth-ionchur. Taispeáin an t-ainm iomlán den chomhadlann oibre. Scríobh an %d líne ag an deireadh de gach COMHAD chuig an ghnáth-aschur. Má tá níos mó ná COMHAD amháin ann, cuir ceanntásc lena ainm comhaid roimh gach. Mura bhfuil COMHAD ann, nó más '-' é, léigh ón ghnáth-ionchur. Taispeáin an t-ainm den úsáideoir reatha. Taispeáin an t-ainm úsáideora nasctha leis an aitheantas atá i bhfeidhm faoi láthair. Ar comhbhrí le `id -un'. Iarratas próiseála ar siúlTionscadal: Q. Frank XiaRandy SmithSlonn ionadaíochta rómhorBain (dínasc) an COMHAD/na COMHAID. -f, --force déan neamhshuim ar chomhaid nach bhfuil ann, agus ná tabhair leid riamh -i tabhair leid sula mbainfear aon rud Athraigh ainm de FOINSE go SPRIOC, nó aistrigh FOINSE/Í go COMHADLANN. Priontáil líne arís agus arís le gach TEAGHRÁN ceaptha, nó `y'. Cealaíodh an t-iarratasNíor cealaíodh an t-iarratasRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonRith ORDÚ le tosaíocht coigeartaithe chun sceidealadh na bpróiseas a athrú. Gan ORDÚ, taispeáin an tosaíocht reatha. Is féidir luachanna idir %d (is mó tosaíocht) agus %d (is lú tosaíocht) a roghnú. -n, --adjustment=N cuir an tslánuimhir N leis an tosaíocht (réamhshocrú=10) Rith ORDÚ leis an fhréamhchomhadlann mar FRÉAMHNUA. Rith ORDÚ agus lig comharthaí HUP thar. Rith ríomhchlár le comhthéacs difriúil slándála. Mura dtugtar COMHTHÉACS ná ORDÚ, taispeáin an comhthéacs slándála reatha. COMHTHÉACS Comhthéacs iomlán slándála -c, --compute ríomh comhthéacs trasdulta próisis sula n-athraítear é -t, --type=CINEÁL cineál (ról céanna agus an máthairphróiseas) -u, --user=ÚSÁIDEOIR aitheantas úsáideora -r, --role=RÓL ról -l, --range=RAON raon leibhéal Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerCuir comharthaí chuig próisis, nó taispeáin comharthaí. Ní thacaítear le hainm freastalaithe do 'ai_socktype'Cuir LC_ALL='C' ionas gur féidir an fhadhb seo a sheachaint.Blaosc: Taispeáin eolas faoin chóras comhaid ar a bhfuil gach COMHAD, nó faoi gach córas comhaid mar réamhshocrú. Simon JosefssonNí mór príomhuimhir ghléis agus mionuimhir ghléis a cheapadh le haghaidh na gcomhad speisialtaStuart KempD'éirigh leisCoimrigh úsáid diosca do gach COMHAD, go hathchúrsach do chomhadlanna. Earráid chóraisAM Teip shealadach ar réiteach na n-ainmneachaIs féidir na bratacha roghnacha seo a leanas a chur i ndiaidh `%': - (fleiscín) ná stuáil an réimse _ (fostríoc) stuáil le spásanna 0 (nialas) stuáil le nialais ^ úsáid an cás uachtair más féidir # úsáid an cás codarsnach más féidir Athraíonn na roghanna seo a leanas an chaoi a siúltar trí chomhadlanna nuair a roghnaítear -R. Má tá níos mó ná rogha amháin sonraithe, ní úsáidfear ach an ceann deireanach. -H má tá nasc siombalach go comhadlann tugtha mar argóint ar an líne ordaithe, lean é -L lean gach uile nasc siombalach le comhadlann -P ná lean aon nasc siombalach (réamhshocrú) Rinneadh comparáid idir na teaghráin %s agus %s.Torbjorn GranlundCúlslais chun deiridhBain triail as `%s --help' chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil. Bain triail as `%s ./%s' chun an comhad %s a bhaint. Ní foláir dhá theaghrán le linn aistrithe.Ulrich DrepperEarráid anaithnidEarráid chórais anaithnid( nó \( corr) nó \) corr[ nó [^ corr\{ corrÚsáid: %s ORDÚ [ARGÓINT]... nó: %s ROGHA Úsáid: %s COMHTHÉACS ORDÚ [argóintí] or: %s [ -c ] [-u ÚSÁIDEOIR] [-r RÓL] [-t CINEÁL] [-l RAON] ORDÚ [argóintí] Úsáid: %s SLONN nó: %s ROGHA Úsáid: %s COMHAD nó: %s ROGHA Úsáid: %s COMHAD1 COMHAD2 nó: %s ROGHA Úsáid: %s FORMÁID [ARGÓINT]... nó: %s ROGHA Úsáid: %s AINM nó: %s ROGHA Úsáid: %s AINM [IARMHÍR] nó: %s ROGHA Úsáid: %s UIMHIR[IARMHÍR]... nó: %s ROGHA Déan moill de UIMHIR soicind. Is féidir `s' a úsáid mar IARMHÍR (soicindí - an réamhshocrú), `m'=nóiméid, `h'=uaire, agus `d'=laethanta. Cé go dteastaíonn an chuid is mó de chórais UIMHIR a bheith ina slánuimhir, is féidir aon uimhir shnámhphointe a úsáid anseo le haghaidh UIMHIR. Má tá níos mó ná argóint amháin ann, suimigh na hargóintí agus déan moill den luach iomlán. Úsáid: %s ROGHA... [COMHAD]... Úsáid: %s [-s COMHARTHA | -SIGNAL] PID... nó: %s -l [COMHARTHA]... nó: %s -t [COMHARTHA]... Úsáid: %s [COMHAD]... nó: %s [ROGHA] Úsáid: %s [AINM] nó: %s ROGHA Taispeáin nó socraigh óstainm an chórais reatha. Úsáid: %s [UIMHIR]... nó: %s ROGHA Úsáid: %s [OIBREANN]... nó: %s ROGHA Úsáid: %s [ROGHA] Úsáid: %s [ROGHA] [ORDÚ [ARG]...] Úsáid: %s [ROGHA] [COMHAD] Scríobh liosta sórtáilte go hiomlán is comhchuí leis an pháirtord i gCOMHAD. Mura bhfuil COMHAD ann, nó más '-' é, léigh ón ghnáth-ionchur. Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... COMHTHÉACS COMHAD... nó: %s [ROGHA]... [-u ÚSÁIDEOIR] [-r RÓL] [-l RAON] [-t CINEÁL] COMHAD... nó: %s [ROGHA]... --reference=TCOMHAD COMHAD... Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... COMHADLANN... Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... COMHAD Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... COMHAD PATRÚN... Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... COMHAD... Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... COMHAD1 COMHAD2 Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... GRÚPA COMHAD... nó: %s [ROGHA]... --reference=TCOMHAD COMHAD... Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... DEIREADH nó: %s [ROGHA]... AONÚ DEIREADH nó: %s [ROGHA]... AONÚ INCRIMINT DEIREADH Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... MÓD[,MÓD]... COMHAD... nó: %s [ROGHA]... MÓD-OCHTACH COMHAD... nó: %s [ROGHA]... --reference=TCOMHAD COMHAD... Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... AINM CINEÁL [PRÍOMH MION] Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... AINM... Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... TACAR1 [TACAR2] Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... [ COMHAD | ARG1 ARG2 ]] Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... [+FORMÁID] nó: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... [-T] FOINSE SPRIOC nó: %s [ROGHA]... FOINSE... COMHADLANN nó: %s [ROGHA]... -t COMHADLANN FOINSE... Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... [-T] FOINSE SPRIOC nó: %s [ROGHA]... FOINSE... COMHADLANN nó: %s [ROGHA]... -t COMHADLANN FOINSE... nó: %s [ROGHA]... -d COMHADLANN... Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... [-T] SPRIOC AINM_NAISC (an chéad leagan) nó: %s [ROGHA]... SPRIOC (an dara leagan) nó: %s [ROGHA]... SPRIOC... COMHADLANN (an tríú leagan) nó: %s [ROGHA]... -t COMHADLANN SPRIOC... (an cheathrú leagan) Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... [-] [AINM=LUACH]... [ORDÚ [ARG]...] Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... [-] [ÚSÁIDEOIR [ARG]...] Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... [COMHAD] Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... [COMHAD] nó: %s -e [ROGHA]... [ARG]... nó: %s -i ÍSEAL-ARD [ROGHA]... Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... [COMHAD]... Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... [COMHAD]... nó: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [COMHAD] [[+]FRITHÁIREAMH[.][b]] nó: %s --traditional [ROGHA]... [COMHAD] [[+]FRITHÁIREAMH[.][b] [+][LIPÉAD][.][b]] Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... [COMHAD]... nó: %s [ROGHA]... --files0-from=C Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... [IONCHUR [ASCHUR]] Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... [IONCHUR]... (gan -G) nó: %s -G [ROGHA]... [IONCHUR [ASCHUR]] Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... [ÚINÉIR][:[GRÚPA]] COMHAD... nó: %s [ROGHA]... --reference=TCOMHAD COMHAD... Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... [TEIMPLÉAD] Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... [ÚSÁIDEOIR] Úsáid: %s [ROGHA]... [ÚSÁIDEOIR]... Úsáid: %s [TEAGHRÁN]... nó: %s ROGHA Úsáid: %s [argóintí gan úsáid] nó: %s ROGHA Úsáid: test SLONN nó: test nó: [ SLONN ] nó: [ ] nó: [ ROGHA Na hargóintí bailí:Seichimh bhailí formáide le haghaidh córas comhaid: %a Bloic ar fáil do ghnáthúsáideoir %b Bloic sa chóras comhaid, go hiomlán %c Nóid sa chóras comhaid, go hiomlán %d Nóid atá saor sa chóras comhaid %f Bloic ar fáil sa chóras comhaid %C Comhthéacs slándála SELinux RABHADH: struchtúr comhadlainne ciorclach. Is cinnte, mar an gcéanna, go bhfuil córas comhaid truaillithe agatsa. CUIR AN FHADHB SEO IN IÚL DO RIARTHÓIR DO CHÓRAIS. Tá an chomhadlann a leanas cuid den struchtúr ciorclach: %s Rabhadh: CathainCén ÁitTimfhill línte ionchurtha i ngach COMHAD (gnáth-ionchur mar réamhshocrú) agus scríobh chuig an ghnáth-aschur. Scríobh iomalartú randamach de na línte ionchurtha go dtí an gnáth-aschur. Scríobh gach COMHAD chuig an ghnáth-aschur, bun os cionn. Mura bhfuil COMHAD ann, nó más '-' é, léigh ón ghnáth-ionchur. Scríobh gach COMHAD chuig an ghnáth-aschur, le líne-uimhreacha sa bhreis. Mura bhfuil COMHAD ann, nó más '-' é, léigh ón ghnáth-ionchur. Scríobh, chuig an ghnáth-aschur, línte comhoiriúnacha go seicheamhach as gach COMHAD, scartha le TÁIB. Mura bhfuil COMHAD ann, nó más '-' é, léigh ón ghnáth-ionchur. Scríobh gach COMHAD, comhchaitéinithe agus sórtáilte, go dtí an gnáth-aschur. Le %s agus %s. Le %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, agus daoine eile nach iad. Le %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, agus %s. Le %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, agus %s. Le %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, agus %s. Le %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, agus %s. Le %s, %s, %s, %s, agus %s. Le %s, %s, %s, agus %s. Le %s, %s, agus %s. Le %s. ní cheadaítear sloinn [=c=] i dteaghrán2 le linn aistrithe^[nN]^[yYiIsS]``-%c' carachtair breise, nó uimhir neamhbhailí san argóint: %s`--pages=AONÚ[:DEIREADH]' argóint ar iarraidh`-N UIMHIR' líne-uimhir neamhbhailí thosaigh: %s`-W LEITHEAD' líon neamhbhailí carachtar: %s`-l FAD' líon neamhbhailí na línte: %s`-o CIUMHAIS' fritháireamh neamhbhailí líne: %s`-w LEITHEAD' líon neamhbhailí carachtar: %sní foláir ordú a thabhairt le coigeartú%s á rochtainní thacaítear le 'ai_family'ní thacaítear le 'ai_socktype'argóint dhébhríoch %s chun %sní cheadaítear teormharcóir a thabhairt ach nuair atáthar ag oibriú le réimsíléirscriosfadh cúltaca de %s an comhad foinse; níor cóipeáladh %sléirscriosfadh cúltaca de %s an comhad foinse; níor aistríodh %scineál cúltacacomhad speisialta den chineál `bloc'Níl comhaid speisialta den chineál `bloc' ar fáilní gnáth-ionchur é ceann de na comhaidtá an fritháireamh birt %s rómhórní féidir comhthéacs neamhiomlán a chur i bhfeidhm ar chomhad gan lipéad %sníl aon fháil ar chomhthéacs an phróisisní féidir %s a rochtainní féidir cúltaca a dhéanamh ar %sní féidir coimriú a dhéanamh agus gach iontráil a thaispeáintní féidir an t-úinéir de %s a athrúní féidir na ceadanna de %s a athrúní féidir an fhréamhchomhadlann a athrú go %sní féidir an chomhadlann oibre a athrú go %sní féidir chdir a dhéanamh go dtí an fhréamhchomhadlannní féidir roghanna -e agus -i a chumascní féidir aon dá cheann de {ascii,ebcdic,ibm} a úsáid lena chéilení féidir `block' agus `unblock' a úsáid lena chéilení féidir `excl' agus `nocreat' a úsáid lena chéilení féidir `lcase' agus `ucase' a úsáid lena chéilení féidir rogha mhóid a chumasc leis an rogha --referencení féidir comhartha a chumasc le -l nó -tní féidir na hainmneacha comhaid %s agus %s a chur i gcomparáid le chéilení féidir U+%04X a thiontú chuig an fhoireann carachtar logántaní féidir U+%04X a thiontú chuig an fhoireann carachtar logánta: %sní féidir an chomhadlann %s a chóipeáil isteach sa chomhadlann féin, %sní féidir nasc siombalach ciorclach %s a chóipeáilní féidir comhadlann %s a chruthúní féidir an `fifo' %s a chruthúní féidir nasc crua %s a chruthú go dtí %sní féidir an nasc %s a chruthúní féidir nasc a chruthú ó %s chuig %sní féidir gnáthchomhad %s a chruthúní féidir comhad speisialta %s a chruthúní féidir an nasc siombalach %s a chruthúní féidir nasc siombalach a dhéanamh ó %s go %sní féidir %s a dhí-thagairtní féidir an gléas agus inode de %s a dhéanamh amachní féidir an t-óstainm a aimsiúní féidir ioctl a dhéanamh ar %sníl aon fháil ar ainm don aitheantas grúpa %luníl aon fháil ar ainm don aitheantas úsáideora %luní féidir %s a leanúint de réir a ainmní féidir cur iallach ar chomhthéacs sprice %s agus é a chaomhnúní féidir %s a `fstat'níl an chomhadlann reatha ar fáilníl an tosaíocht ar fáilníl aon fháil ar an ainm córaisní féidir %s a `lseek'ní féidir nasc crua agus nasc siombalach araon a dhéanamhní féidir an chomhadlann %s a chruthúní féidir %s a aistriú go %sní féidir an chomhadlann %s a aistriú go dtí fochomhadlann dá chuid féin, %sní féidir comhadlann a aistriú go dtí gnáthchomhad: %s -> %sní féidir %s a oscailt chun léamhní féidir %s a oscailt chun scríobh airní féidir an chomhadlann %s a oscailtní féidir oibriú ar nasc siombalach %s gan spriocní féidir forscríobh a dhéanamh ar %s (comhadlann) le gnáthchomhadní féidir forscríobh a dhéanamh ar %s (ní comhadlann é) le %s (comhadlann)ní féidir aschur formáidithe a dhéanamhní féidir an comhthéacs slándála a chaomhnú gan eithne atá cumasaithe do SELinuxní féidir "only" a thaispeáint le haghaidh níos mó ná rogha amháinní féidir ach ainmneacha nó fíoraitheantais a thaispeáint san fhormáid réamhshocraithení féidir an comhthéacs slándála nuair atá sonraithe ag an úsáideoirní féidir comhadlann %s a léamhní féidir ainmneacha comhaid a léamh ó %sní féidir an t-eolas faoin chóras comhaid a léamh do %sní féidir an clog fhíor-ama a léamhní féidir nasc siombalach %s a léamhní féidir an tábla de chórais chomhad feistithe a léamhní féidir %s a scriosadhní féidir an pointeoir comhaid a athshocrú do %sní féidir an dáta a shocrúní féidir aitheantas an ghrúpa a shocrúní féidir aitheantas grúpa a shocrú mar %luní féidir grúpaí a shocrúní féidir leis an chóras seo a óstainm a shocrúní féidir an t-ainm a shocrú mar %sní féidir an tosaíocht a shocrúní féidir an stampa ama a shocrú do %sní féidir aitheantas an úsáideora a shocrúní féidir aitheantas úsáideora a shocrú mar %luní féidir a ghabháil thar dheireadh an ionchuir iomláinní féidir amanna a shocrú ó fhoinsí iomadúlaní féidir scoilt a dhéanamh de réir níos mó ná dóigh amháinní féidir %s a `stat'níl an chomhadlann oibre ar fáil (%s anois)ní féidir %s a `touch'ní féidir dí-chúltaca a dhéanamh ar %sní féidir %s a dhínasctar éis an tsaoil, ní féidir fabht san eithne a sheachainttá athrach grúpa ar %s go dtí %s tá athrach úinéireachta ar %s go dtí %s grúpa de %s á athrúúinéireacht ar %s á hathrúceadanna %s á n-athrúis nialas an fritháireamh carachtaircarachtar as raoncomhad speisialta den chineál `carachtar'Níl comhaid speisialta den chineál `carachtar' ar fáilceadanna ar %s á nglanadhathrú an chloigtheip ar dhúnadh%s á dhúnadh%s (fd=%d) á dhúnadhcomhadlann %s á dúnadhinchomhad %s á dhúnadhaschomhad %s á dhúnadhgnáth-ionchur á dhúnadhteaghrán ionaid le haghaidh réimsí folmha i gcoinbhleachtsonraitheoirí contrártha um chomhthéacs slándálaníorbh fhéidir próiseas a chruthú le haghaidh %s -dníorbh fhéidir comhad sealadach a chruthúníorbh fhéidir %s a rithníorbh fhéidir %s -d a rithníorbh fhéidir iontráil chomhadlainne i %s le i-nód comhoiriúnachníl aon fháil ar am an tosaithe is déanaícruthaíodh comhadlann %scomhadlann %s á cruthúcomhad %s á chruthú nasc crua %s á chruthúnasc crua %s le %s á chruthúnasc crua le %.0s%s á chruthúnasc siombalach %s á chruthúnasc siombalach %s le %s á chruthúcríochnaíonn liosta na dteormharcóirí le cúlslais gan éalúchán: %scomhadlannroinnt le nialastheip ar dup2comhadainm folamhtáb folamhearráid agus comhad á dhúnadhearráid le linn cuardaigh ar shlonn ionadaíochtaearráid le linn cuardaigh ar shlonn ionadaíochtaearráid agus %s á léamhearráid agus %s á scríobhstádas=argóint bhreise %soibreann breise %soibreann breise %s ní cheadaítear oibreann breise %s le -%ctheip ar chomhthéacs de %s a athrú go %stheip ar athrú grúpa de %s go %s níorbh fhéidir an mód de %s a athrú go %04lo (%s) theip ar athrú úinéireachta de %s theip ar athrú úinéireachta de %s go %s theip ar chdir go dtí an chomhadlann %stheip ar chomhthéacs nua a chruthúníorbh fhéidir comhadlann a chruthú le teimpléad %sníorbh fhéidir comhad a chruthú le teimpléad %stheip ar chomhthéacs slándála a chruthú: %sníorbh fhéidir na saintréithe de %s a rochtainníorbh fhéidir an comhthéacs reatha a fháilníorbh fhéidir comhthéacs chruthú an chórais comhad a fháilníorbh fhéidir grúpaí a fháil le haghaidh an phróisis reathaníorbh fhéidir grúpaí a fháil le haghaidh %sníorbh fhéidir comhthéacs slándála de %s a fháiltheip ar luchtú an chomhaid %sNí féidir %s a oscailtníorbh fhéidir an t-údar de %s a chaomhnúníorbh fhéidir an úinéireacht de %s a chaomhnúníorbh fhéidir ceadanna a chaomhnú ar %sníorbh fhéidir amanna a chaomhnú ar %sníorbh fhéidir an gnáth-ionchur earráide a athsheoladhtheip ar %s a bhainttheip ar chomhadlann %s a bhaintníorbh fhéidir an comhthéacs réamhshocraithe cruthaithe comhad a athchóiriúníl aon fháil ar an chéad chomhadlann oibretheip ar chomhpháirt chomhthéacs slándála %s a shocrú mar %sníorbh fhéidir an comhthéacs réamhshocraithe cruthaithe comhad a shocrú go %stheip ar raon nua %s a shocrútheip ar ról nua %s a shocrútheip ar chineál nua %s a shocrúníorbh fhéidir úsáideoir nua %s a shocrúníorbh fhéidir an grúpa (nó na grúpaí) forlíontach a shocrúníorbh fhéidir an chóip den ghnáth-aschur earráide a dhúnadh i ndiaidh exectheip ar an gcomhthéacs slándála de %s a athrú go %stheip ar stat %stheip ar fdatasync i gcomhair %stheip ar fflushtá an uimhir réimse %s rómhóris nialas an uimhir réimseuimhrítear réimsí agus ionaid ó 1fifoTá an cineál %s roghnaithe agus fágtha astheip ar ghlao córais fork()ní cheadaítear teaghrán formáide agus teaghráin ar comhfhad á dtaispeáinttheip ar fsync i gcomhair %stheip ar fts_readgetpass: ní féidir /dev/tty a oscailtsaintréithe nua de %s á bhfáilTá an grúpa de %s fós %s níl an fheidhm iconv ar fáilní féidir an fheidhm iconv a úsáidid=ag déanamh neamhshuim ar gach argóintag déanamh neamhshuim ar ionchurag déanamh neamhshuim ar an ionchur agus an t-aschur á iarcheangal le %sag déanamh neamhshuim ar an ionchur, agus an gnáth-aschur earráid á athdhíriú go dtí an gnáth-aschurtá an athróg thimpeallachta TABSIZE neamhbhailí: %s; ag ligean thartá an athróg thimpeallachta QUOTING_STYLE neamhbhailí: %s; ag ligean thartá an athróg thimpeallachta COLUMNS neamhbhailí: %s; ag ligean tharag déanamh neamhshuim ar argóintí nach roghanna iadréimsí neamh-chomhoiriúnacha ceangail %lu, %lutáib éaguibhreannachafocal faire mícheartionchur imithetá an líne ionchurtha rófhadaaistriú idir gléasanna teipthe: %s go %s; ní féidir an sprioc a scriosadhargóint neamhbhailí %s%s: `%s'coigeartú neamhbhailí %sargóint neamhbhailí %sargóint neamhbhailí %s chun %sstíl uimhrithe neamhbhailí don chorp: %sliosta bearta nó réimsí neamhbhailícarachtar neamhbhailí `%c' i dteaghrán cineáil %saicme neamhbhailí charachtair %scomhthéacs neamhbhailí: %stiontú neamhbhailísonraitheoir tiontaithe neamhbhailí in iarmhír: %csonraitheoir tiontaithe neamhbhailí in iarmhír: \%.3odáta neamhbhailí %sformáid neamhbhailí ar an dáta: %sraon neamhbhailí laghdaitheachgléas neamhbhailí %s %sgléas neamhbhailí %suimhir neamhbhailí réimse: %ssonraitheoir neamhbhailí réimse: %sleithead líne neamhbhailí: %suimhir neamhbhailí chomhaid i sonraitheoir réimse: %sargóint neamhbhailí shnámhphointe: %sstíl uimhrithe neamhbhailí do bhuntáisc: %sbeachtas neamhbhailí na formáideleithead neamhbhailí na formáideleithead neamhbhailí bearna: %sgrúpa neamhbhailígrúpa neamhbhailí %sgrúpa neamhbhailí: %sstíl uimhrithe neamhbhailí do cheanntásca: %sionchur neamhbhailíbratach neamhbhailí ionchurtharaon neamhbhailí ionchurtha: %sslánuimhir neamhbhailí %sargóint neamhbhailí shlánuimhreach %slíon neamhbhailí línte %sdisciplín neamhbhailí líne %sréimseleithead líne-uimhreach neamhbhailí: %sincrimint líne-uimhreach neamhbhailí: %sformáid líne-uimhreach neamhbhailí: %sleithead líne neamhbhailí: %sis neamhbhailí an phríomhuimhir ghléis %sdoimhneacht uasta neamhbhailí %sis neamhbhailí an mhionuimhir ghléis %smód neamhbhailímód neamhbhailí %smód neamhbhailí: %suimhir neamhbhailí %suimhir neamhbhailí i ndiaidh `,'uimhir neamhbhailí i ndiaidh `-'uimhir neamhbhailí i ndiaidh `.'uimhir neamhbhailí ag tús réimselíon na línte folmha neamhbhailí: %slíon neamhbhailí na mbeartis neamhbhailí líon na mbeart a chur i gcomparáidis neamhbhailí líon na mbeart le ligean tharlíon neamhbhailí na gcolún: %sis neamhbhailí líon na réimsí le ligean tharlíon na línte neamhbhailílíon na línte neamhbhailí: 0rogha neamhbhailí -- %crogha neamhbhailí -- %c; ní ghlactar le -LEITHEAD ach nuair atá sé an chéad rogha; úsáid -w N ina háitbunuimhir neamhbhailí `%c' do sheoltaí aschuir; roghnaigh as [doxn]bratach neamhbhailí aschurthabeachtas neamhbhailí: %sraon neamhbhailí gan chríoch: -líon neamhbhailí na hathráite %s i gcomhstruchtúr [c*n]sonraíocht neamhbhailílíne-uimhir imeachta neamhbhailí: %sbratach neamhbhailí stádaisiarmhír neamhbhailí in argóint %s%s: `%s'méid neamhbhailí táib: %steimpléad neamhbhailí, %s, tá deighilteoir comhadlainne annteimpléad neamhbhailí, %s; le --tmpdir, seans nach dearbhchonair atá anntréimhse neamhbhailí %sformáid neamhbhailí ar an am: %srogha neamhbhailí chun deiridh -- %cteaghrán neamhbhailí cineáil %steaghrán neamhbhailí cineáil %s; níl uimhreacha shnámhphointe le %lu beart le fáil ar an gcóras seoteaghrán neamhbhailí cineáil %s; níl slánuimhreacha le %lu beart le fáil ar an gcóras seotá an t-ainm carachtair uilíoch \%c%0*x neamhbhailíúsáideoir neamhbhailíúsáideoir neamhbhailí %sleithead neamhbhailí: %sméid neamhbhailí timfhillte: %sainm neamhbhailí comhaid: folamhtá sé contúirteach oibriú go hathchúrsach ar %stá sé contúirteach oibriú go hathchúrsach ar %s (is ionann agus %s é)déanach=tá `-' tosaigh i gcomhpháirt d'ainm comhaid %ssáraíodh an t-uasfhad %lu: fad %lu den ainm comhad %ssáraíodh an t-uasfhad %lu: fad %lu den chomhpháirt ainm comhaid %sis rómhór an rogha -%s%c... don áireamh líntelíne-uimhir %s níos lú ná an líne-uimhir roimpi, %slíne-uimhir thar maoilcuimhne íditheciú teachtaireachtacomhstruchtúr [:upper:] agus/nó [:lower:] mí-ailínithesonraitheoir tiontaithe %% ar iarraidh in iarmhír`]' ar iarraidhargóint ar iarraidh i ndiaidh %stá argóint de dhíth i ndiaidh na rogha %stá ainm na haicme charachtair `[::]' ar iarraidhtá sonraitheoir tiontaithe ar iarraidh in iarmhíroibreann sprioc-chomhaid ar iarraidh i ndiaidh %scarachtar ar iarraidh in aicme choibhéise `[==]'oibreann comhaid ar iarraidhuimhir heicsidheachúlach ar iarraidh sa chód éalúcháinliosta réimsí ar iarraidhliosta ionad ar iarraidhoibreann ar iarraidhoibreann ar iarraidh i ndiaidh %scaithfidh an mód na giotáin cheada amháin a shonrúrinneadh athrú ar mhód %s go %04lo (%s) coimeádadh an mód de %s mar %04lo (%s) táb ilcharachtair %ssonraíodh roghanna -i iomadúlaroghanna -l nó -t iomadúlasonraíodh cláir iomadúla chomhbhrúiteilraonta leibhéilaschomhaid iomadúlasonraíodh formáidí iomadúla aschurthasonraíodh foinsí iomadúla randamachail-rólannasonraíodh sprioc-chomhadlanna iomadúlailchineálachailúsáideoiríníor athraíodh nasc siombalach %s ná a thagrán níl an athróg thimpeallachta SHELL ar fáil, agus ní thugtar rogha den chineál blaoisceníor athraíodh an t-úinéir de %s níor sonraíodh ordú ar bithníor próiseáladh aon chórais chomhaidníl aon chomhad fágthaníl aon ainm logáilte isteach annníor tugadh aitheantas próisis ar bithní cheadaítear sonrú cineáil agus teaghráin á ndumpáilis gá ainm úsáideora amháin a thabhairt ar a laghad le -lcarachtar neamhiompartha %s in ainm comhaid %sní tty éní scríobhfar trí nasc siombalach %s gan sprioctá an uimhir i %s rómhórlíon na mbeartlíon na líntefritháireamh thar maoil agus comhad %s á léamhcomhadlann %s á fágáil ar lární cheadaítear ach comhstruchtúr [c*] amháin i teaghrán2ní cheadaítear ach gléas amháin a bheith ceapthaní cheadaítear liostaí iomadúlatheip ar oscailt%s á oscailtúsáideadh an rogha i gcomhthéacs neamhbhailí -- %cníl na roghanna `-%s' comhoiriúnachtá an t-úinéir de %s gan athrú tá an t-úinéir de %s fós %s leathanach róchúngceadanna ar %s á gcaomhnúamanna á gcaomhnú le haghaidh %sIs gan chiall línte dúblacha AGUS líon na hathráite a thaispeáinttá na teorainneacha i `%s-%s' as ordearráid sa léamhtheip ar léamh%s á léamhcomhadlann %s á léamhtá an taifead rómhórgnáthchomhad folamhgnáthchomhad%s scriosta scriosadh comhadlann %s comhadlann %s á baintleibhéal feidhmitheséamafórní cheadaítear deighilteoir folamhbratacha á socraithe le haghaidh %sceadanna ar %s á socrúamanna de %s á socrúcomhad comhchuimhneis rómhór skip-bytes + read-bytesag gabháil thar %s, de bhrí go bhfuil sé ar ghléas difriúilag gabháil thar an chomhad %s; bhí sé curtha as áit agus á chóipeáilsoicéadgnáth-aschur earráidegnáth-ionchurtá an gnáth-ionchur dúntagnáth-aschurstat() teipthecarachtar ar seachrán i sonrú réimsetheip ar chomparáid idir teaghráintheip ar thiontú teaghráinchríochnaigh "strip" gan an chúis a mhíniúní cheiltear línte gan teormharcóirí ach nuair atáthar ag oibriú le réimsínasc siombalachearráid chomhréirení féidir méid táib nialasachtá carachta(i)r neamhbhailí sa mhéid táib: %scaithfidh na méideanna táib a bheith ardaitheachis rómhór an tábstop %sis rómhór an luach tábstoiptáib rófhada ó chéilení comhadlann é an sprioc-chomhad %sní cheadaítear sprioc-chomhadlann agus comhadlann á suiteáilteirm=test agus/nó [tá na roghanna --binary agus --text gan bhrí agus suimeanna seiceála á bhfíorútá an rogha --status gan bhrí ach amháin nuair atáthar ag fíorú suimeanna seiceálatá an rogha --warn gan bhrí ach amháin nuair atáthar ag fíorú suimeanna seiceálaní cheadaítear [c*] i dteaghrán2 ach nuair atáthar ag aistriúní cheadaítear an comhstruchtúr [c*] i teaghrán1is gá an teormharcóir a bheith ina charachtar aonarachis comheisiatach iad na roghanna d'aschur foclach agus d'aschur stty-inléiteis comheisiatach iad na roghanna chun an bunachar sonraí dircolors a aschur agus na roghanna chun comhréire blaoisce a roghnúní cheadaítear na roghanna chun an t-am a thaispeáint agus shocrú le chéileis comheisiatach iad na roghanna chun dátaí a cheapadh le priontáilní cheadaítear an rogha --strip agus comhadlann á suiteáilis as raon an t-am %schun aitheantas úsáideora %s a úsáid, ní mór duit -g a úsáid freisineaspa Xanna i dteimpléad %san iomarca sonraitheoirí tiontaithe %% in iarmhíran iomarca carachtar sa tacaran iomarca línte dúblachaan iomarca teimpléadiomláncomhad cuimhne le cineální féidir an chomhadlann oibre a thaifeadní féidir comhthéacs slándála %s a shocrúoibreoir dénártha anaithnidAitheantas úsáideora anaithnid: %stá an athróg thimpeallachta LS_COLORS neamhbhailíoibreann anaithnid %sréimír anaithnid: %sbain úsáid as --no-preserve-root chun na cosanta seo a shárúníl a leithéid d'úsáideoir %sag baint úsáid as blaosc shrianta %sag feitheamh le %s [-d]ag feitheamh le "strip"rabhadh: %s: ag déanamh neamhshuim ar charachtair i ndiaidh tairiseach carachtairrabhadh: %s: níorbh fhéidir an comhthéacs a athrú go %srabhadh: níl --pid=PID ar fáil ar an gcóras seorabhadh: níl --retry áisiúil ach amháin nuair a leantar de réir ainmrabhadh: rinneadh neamhshuim ar PID; níl --pid=PID tairbheach mura bhfuiltear ag leanúintrabhadh: Tá `touch %s' i léig; bain úsáid as `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'rabhadh: cúlslais gan éalúchán ag deireadh an teaghráin agus ní inaistrithe é seorabhadh: cúlslais ag deireadh na formáiderabhadh: ní féidir an chomhadlann oibre a athrú go %srabhadh: ní féidir %s a scriosadhrabhadh: níl maith ar bith i lorg an ghnáth-ionchur gan teorainn amarabhadh: ag déanamh neamhshuim ar argóintí breise, ó %s amachrabhadh: fritháireamh neamhbhailí i ndiaidh léamh teiptherabhadh: leithead neamhbhailí %lu; bainfear úsáid as %d ina ionadrabhadh: is ionann líne-uimhir %s agus an líne-uimhir roimpirabhadh: comhad foinse %s tugtha níos mó ná uair amháinrabhadh: tagann an coimriú agus --max-depth=%lu salach ar a chéilerabhadh: is ionann iad coimriú agus --max-depth=0rabhadh: léirmhíneofar an t-éalúchán débhríoch ochtnártha \%c%c%c mar an seicheamh dhá bheart: \0%c%c, %crabhadh: éalúchán anaithnid `\%c'rabhadh: ag seachaint fabht eithne `lseek' don chomhad (%s) de mt_type=0x%0lx -- féach ar le haghaidh liosta cineálachacomhad aisteachmura bhfuiltear ag teascadh tacar1, ní féidir teaghrán2 a bheith folamhní cheadaítear comhad darbh ainm %s agus ainmneacha comhaid á léamh ón ghnáth-ionchurní cheadaítear móid a shocrú agus an fhormáid aschurtha a cheapadhní foláir do theaghrán2 na carachtair ar fad a mhapáil go carachtar singil le linn aistrithe le haicme charachtair comhlánaithení cheadaítear aon aicme charachtair ach `upper' nó `lower' i dteaghrán2 le linn aistrithení chóipeálfar %s trí nasc siombalach %s a cruthaíodh anois beagní chruthófar nasc crua %s go dtí comhadlann %sdiúltaíodh forscríobh ar an chomhad nua %s le %sle --parents, caithfidh an sprioc-chomhad a bheith ina chomhadlannearráid sa scríobhearráid sa scríobh le haghaidh %stheip ar scríobh%s á scríobhá scríobh i %scaithfidh tú -c, -t, -u, -l, -r, nó comhthéacs a shonrúní foláir duit liosta bearta, carachtair, nó réimsí a cheapadhPRIuMAX%+% records in %+% records out % truncated record % truncated records % byte (%s) copied% bytes (%s) copiedoffset too large: cannot truncate to a length of seek=% (%lu-byte) blocks%s: %: improperly formatted %s checksum lineWARNING: % of % listed file could not be readWARNING: % of % listed files could not be readWARNING: % of % computed checksum did NOT matchWARNING: % of % computed checksums did NOT matchstarting page number % exceeds page count %Page %%+% taifead isteach %+% taifead amach % taifead teasctha % thaifead teasctha % thaifead teasctha % dtaifead teasctha % taifead teasctha cóipeáladh % bheart (%s)cóipeáladh % bheart (%s)cóipeáladh % bheart (%s)cóipeáladh % mbeart (%s)cóipeáladh % beart (%s)fritháireamh rómhór: ní féidir teascadh go fad % (%lu beart) bloc%s: %: líne mhíchumtha le suim sheiceála %sRABHADH: ní féidir % as % comhaid a léamhRABHADH: ní féidir % as % comhaid a léamhRABHADH: ní féidir % as % comhaid a léamhRABHADH: ní féidir % as % comhaid a léamhRABHADH: ní féidir % as % comhaid a léamhRABHADH: ní ceart % as % shuim ríofa seiceálaRABHADH: ní ceart % as % shuim ríofa seiceálaRABHADH: ní ceart % as % shuim ríofa seiceálaRABHADH: ní ceart % as % suim ríofa seiceálaRABHADH: ní ceart % as % suim ríofa seiceálatá an uimhir leathanach tosaigh % níos mó ná líon na leathanach %Leathanach %0707010000920c000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001600000000reloc/share/locale/gl0707010000920d000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000002200000000reloc/share/locale/gl/LC_MESSAGES0707010000920e000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c0000a70f000000660000000300000000000000000000002f00000000reloc/share/locale/gl/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.moul@A#v9t:,% H$"7m"",#5#}#s$\&`' )**+uT,, Z-e.,//~0P1I$2Cn2?22466%17 W7 e7r7{7788 889/9H9^9w9#9>9B9,.:$[:8::::;;1;O;;_;;;;;<"<;<)U<<1<'<<=*= 9= E=R=.c="=)=== =>?>xG>>>>>> >I>=?N?NQ?-? ??2?B@U@ A*AEA$MA&rAA'AA&qB"B"B B'BZ'CC CCCXClDtrDDE<EEEE1E*"F MFZF2wF1F FF#F*GJG,jG0G#GGH(!HJH5eHH%HH8H&%I!LInIIIIII JJ(J?J VJ"`JJJ#J*JJ K.K=K[KxKKK=K: LDLWLiLL*L-L LMM8MQMoM"MM MMGN KNXN iN/wN-N#N&N* O$KOpOO!O"O7O=P\P-oP PPP4P&P #Q/QOQeQ>}QBQ Q RR )R 6R@RZRnRRRRRR RRRJS _SmSSHS?S='T>eT3T(T>U/@UpU3vUUUHU2$V=WV,V7V V3W59WjoW_W :X FX7SXiXY[Xn\]N^F_>`bc/dXfDg^g+ah9hhXim]kl4nopq~jrrstjuvvw~xI?yzyz{}&~~ &/98-r#&-L a/KʁIV`1B",&Ov4ǃEUl "Є%# .1 `E9Dž9 M Yf3|%)ֆ !R&y"17=QO\7 JWK^N ߊ+)-Hv())+،#((UQō͍Ӎm؍Fَd:=K?#ِ D*Coϑ1=%[8<4!,)N?x!Nړ&).PK;%%Kg$Օ "8 [(f )0ږ &F+#r &ח"P!Ar˘%5'8]""ʙ"&7'S%{&ȚN4GX3i7*՛2233f ֜&>[]0Ν A2$tʞK3G{ ß"͟ (/>!Pr(/ܠRO'c0I;9BA|?'F&7m6M/d72̤00@BBƥdI<Ҧ 7t*_ / 5=X{ ^}sJVSZ">u a4AKxE-0rek,]~ $OiI6:2CjDh#(HWM3o9TyP|vQFqU bf `d1zY;\?8lR'Gc![+ @<)g% mL pBwN.&n INTEGER copy up to but not including specified line number /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copy up to but not including a matching line %REGEXP%[OFFSET] skip to, but not including a matching line {INTEGER} repeat the previous pattern specified number of times {*} repeat the previous pattern as many times as possible A line OFFSET is a required `+' or `-' followed by a positive integer. As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. Translation occurs if -d is not given and both SET1 and SET2 appear. -t may be used only when translating. SET2 is extended to length of SET1 by repeating its last character as necessary. Excess characters of SET2 are ignored. Only [:lower:] and [:upper:] are guaranteed to expand in ascending order; used in SET2 while translating, they may only be used in pairs to specify case conversion. -s uses SET1 if not translating nor deleting; else squeezing uses SET2 and occurs after translation or deletion. With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx' -O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives -R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences -T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword -b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting -g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields -i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE -o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -r, --references first field of each line is a reference -t, --typeset-mode - not implemented - -w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% (backup: %s) Mounted on groups= old % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %s -> %s (unbackup) %s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has unknown file type%s is too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: couldn't reset non-blocking mode%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: expected a numeric value%s: file has negative size%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: input contains a loop:%s: input file is output file%s: invalid PID%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid pattern%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: no size information for this device%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: read error%s: removed%s: removing%s: replace %s? %s: unable to perform all requested operations%s: value not completely converted%s}: integer required between `{' and `}'', load average: %.2f??? All arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. FAILEDIdleIn real life: LINELoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Memory exhaustedOKOutput a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Paginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Password:Plan: Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Project: Set LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Shell: The strings compared were %s and %s.Try `%s --help' for more information. Unknown system errorUsage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Valid arguments are:Warning: WhenWhereWrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argumenta command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sambiguous argument %s for %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileboth files cannot be standard inputcannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change permissions of %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot determine hostnamecannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot open %s for readingcannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot read realtime clockcannot reposition file pointer for %scannot set datecannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot skip past end of combined inputcannot split in more than one waychanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing ownership of %scharacter offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special fileclose failedclosing %s (fd=%d)closing output file %scouldn't get boot timedirectoryerror in regular expression searcherror reading %serror writing %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) field number is zerofifofile system type %s both selected and excludedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %sincorrect passwordinput disappearedinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid byte or field listinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid groupinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid usermemory exhaustedmessage queuemisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) neither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno files remainingno type may be specified when dumping stringsnot a ttynumber of bytesnumber of linesonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one type of list may be specifiedopen failedownership of %s retained as %s page width too narrowpreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedregular empty fileregular filesemaphoreseparator cannot be emptysetting times of %sshared memory objectsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstray character in field specstring comparison failedsuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linktab size cannot be 0tab sizes must be ascendingthe --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the delimiter must be a single characterthe options to print and set the time may not be used togethertoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtotalunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableuser %s does not existusing restricted shell %swarning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredwarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0weird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'write errorwrite failedyou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsProject-Id-Version: textutils 2.0.22 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2002-07-23 03:07+0200 Last-Translator: Jacobo Tarrio Language-Team: Galician MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8-bit ENTEIRO copiar ata o número de liña indicado, sen incluílo /EXPREG/[DESPRAZ] copiar ata a liña que coincide, sen incluíla %EXPREG%[DESPRAZ] saltar ata a liña que coincide, sen incluíla {ENTEIRO} repeti-lo patrón anterior o número de veces indicado {*} repeti-lo patrón anterior tantas veces como se poida Un DESPRAZamento de liña é un signo "+" ou "-" seguido por un enteiro positivo. Como caso especial, o cp fai unha copia de seguridad da ORIXE cando se usan as opcións `force' e `backup', e ORIXE e DESTINO teñen o mesmo nome que un ficheiro regular xa existente. Teña en conta que moitos dos operadores necesitan caracteres de escape ou comiñas para as shells. As comparacións son aritméticas se ambos ARGs son números, doutro xeito serán lexicográficas. Os encaixes dos patróns devolven a cadea entre \( e \), ou nada; se non se usan \( e \), devólvese o número de caracteres coincidintes ou 0. Por defecto selecciona -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC son dous caracteres delimitadores para separar páxinas lóxicas; use non se indica o segundo carácter suponse :. Escriba \\ para obter \. ESTILO pode ser: Manexar a liña tty conectada á entrada estándar. Sen argumentos, escribi-la tasa de baudios, a disciplina da liña, e as desviacións respecto a stty sane. Nos parámetros, CARAC tómase literalmente, ou codificado coma en ^c, 0x37, 0177 ou 127; os valores especiais ^- ou undef úsanse para desactiva-los caracteres especiais. Lese da entrada estándar se o FICHEIRO é -. Cada PATRÓN pode ser: Os CONXuntos especifícanse coma cadeas de caracteres. A maioría represéntanse a si mesmos. As secuencias interpretadas son: \NNN carácter co valor octal NNN (1 a 3 díxitos octais) \\ barra invertida \a campá audible \b retroceso dun carácter \f salto de páxina \n salto de liña \r retorno de carro \t tabulación horizontal TAMAÑO é un número. Para cada TIPO de doux, TAMAÑO tamén pode ser C para sizeof(char), S para sizeof(short), I para sizeof(int) ou L para sizeof(long). Se TIPO é f, TAMAÑO tamén pode ser F para sizeof(float), D para sizeof(double) ou L para sizeof(long double). As sumas calcúlanse tal como se describe en %s. Ao comprobar, a entrada debería ser unha saída anterior deste programa. O modo por defecto é amosar unha liña con suma de comprobación, un carácter que indica tipo ("*" para binario, " " para texto) e o nome de cada FICHEIRO. A traducción faise se non se indica -d e ámbolos dous CONXUNTO1 e CONXUNTO2 aparecen. Pode usarse -t só cando se traduce. CONXUNTO2 esténdese ata a lonxitude do CONXUNTO1 repetindo o seu derradeiro carácter tantas veces como sexa necesario. Os caracteres excesivos do CONXUNTO2 ignóranse. Só se garantiza que [:lower:] e [:upper:] serán expandidos en orde crecente; usados no CONXUNTO2 na traducción, poden ser usados só en parellas para indica-la conversión de maiúsculas a minúsculas e viceversa. -s usa o CONXUNTO1 se non se está a traducir ou borrar; noutro caso a compresión usa o CONXUNTO2 e sucede trala traducción ou borrado. Sen un FICHEIRO, ou se o FICHEIRO é -, lese da entrada estándar. "-F /" por defecto. Sen FICHEIRO, ou cando o FICHEIRO é -, lese da entrada estándar. Escribir na saída estándar unha representación non ambigua, con bytes octais por defecto, do FICHEIRO. Con máis dun argumento de FICHEIRO, concatenalos na orde listada para forma-la entrada. Sen un FICHEIRO, ou se este é -, lese da entrada estándar. --help amosar esta axuda e saír --version amosar información da versión e saír -A, --address-radix=BASE indicar como se amosan os desprazamentos -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES omiti-los primeiros BYTES bytes de entrada -D, --date-format=FORMATO emprega-lo FORMATO para a data da cabeceira -e[CAR[ANCHO]], --expand-tabs[=CAR[ANCHO]] expandi-los CARacteres de entrada (tabulacións) ao ANCHO de tabulación (8) -F, -f, --form-feed empregar saltos de páxina no canto de saltos de liña para separa-las páxinas (cunha cabeceira de páxina de tres liñas con -F ou unha cabeceira e pé de 5 liñas sen -F) -M, --macro-name=CADEA nome de macro a empregar no canto de "xx" -O, --format=roff xera-la saída coma directivas roff -R, --right-side-refs pór referencias á dereita, sen contalas en -w -S, --sentence-regexp=EXPREG para a fin de liña ou fin de oración -T, --format=tex xera-la saída coma directivas TeX -W, --word-regexp=EXPREG emprega-la EXPREG para compara-las claves -b, --break-file=FICHEIRO caracteres que parten palabras neste FICHEIRO -f, --ignore-case converte-las minúsculas a maiúsculas para ordear -g, --gap-size=NÚMERO tamaño do oco entre campos de saída -i, --ignore-file=FICHEIRO le-la lista de palabras ignoradas do FICHEIRO -o, --only-file=FICHEIRO le-la lista de palabras únicas do FICHEIRO -a, --across separar en filas horizontais no canto de en columnas verticais; emprégase con -COLUMNA -c, --show-control-chars emprega-la notación do circunflexo (^G) e da barra octal -d, --double-space amosa-la saída a doble espacio -b, --before incluí-lo separador antes e non despois -r, --regex interpreta-lo separador como unha expresión regular -s, --separator=CADEA usa-la CADEA coma separador na vez de salto de liña -b, --body-numbering=ESTILO usa-lo ESTILO para numera-las liñas do corpo -d, --section-delimiter=CC empregar CC para separa-las páxinas lóxicas -f, --footer-numbering=ESTILO usa-lo ESTILO para numera-las liñas do pé -b, --bytes contar bytes no canto de columnas -s, --spaces partir nos espacios -w, --width=ANCHO empregar ANCHO columnas no canto de 80 -c, --count preceder cada liña co número de aparicións -d, --repeated amosar só as liñas duplicadas -d, --delimiters=LISTA utilizar carácters da LISTA no canto de tabulacións -s, --serial pegar un ficheiro de cada vez no canto de en paralelo -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] amosa-los datos engadidos segundo o ficheiro medre; -f, --follow e --follow=descriptor son equivalentes -F igual que --follow=name --retry -n, --digits=CIFRAS usa-lo número de cifras indicado no canto de 2 -s, --quite, --silent non amosa-los tamaños dos ficheiros de saída -z, --elide-empty-files elimina-los ficheiros de saída baleiros -q, --quiet, --silent non amosa-las cabeceiras cos nomes dos ficheiros -v, --verbose amosar sempre as cabeceiras cos nomes dos ficheiros -r, --references o primeiro campo de cada liña é unha referencia -t, --typeset-mode - sen implementar - -w, --width=NÚMERO ancho da saída, excluíndo referencias -s, --only-delimited non amosa-las liñas que non conteñan delimitadores --output-delimiter=CADEA emprega-la CADEA coma delimitador de saída por defecto emprégase o delimitador de entrada -t equivalente a -vT -T, --show-tabs amosa-los caracteres TAB coma ^I -u (ignorado) -v, --show-nonprinting usar notación de ^ e M-, excepto en LFD e TAB -t, --tabs=LISTA empregar unha lista separada por comas de posicións de tabulación -w, --check-chars=N non comparar máis de N caracteres en cada liña -z, --zero-terminated remata-las liñas cun byte 0, non un salto de liña [:graph:] tódolos caracteres imprimibles, sen incluí-los espacios [:lower:] tódalas letras minúsculas [:print:] tódolos caracteres imprimibles, incluíndo os espacios [:punct:] tódolos caracteres de puntuación [:space:] tódolos espacios en branco horizontais e verticais [:upper:] tódalas letras maiúsculas [:xdigit:] tódolos díxitos hexadecimais [=CAR=] tódolos caracteres equivalentes a CAR \v tabulación vertical CAR1-CAR2 tódolos caracteres entre CAR1 e CAR2 en orde ascendente [CAR*] en CONX2, copias do CARácter ata a lonxitude de CONX1 [CAR*REPET] REPETir copias do CARácter, REPET é octal se comeza por 0 [:alnum:] tódalas letras e díxitos [:alpha:] tódalas letras [:blank:] tódolos espacios en branco horizontais [:cntrl:] tódolos caracteres de control [:digit:] tódolos díxitos d[TAMAÑO] decimal con signo, TAMAÑO bytes por enteiro f[TAMAÑO] punto flotante, TAMAÑO bytes por enteiro o[TAMAÑO] octal, TAMAÑO bytes por enteiro u[TAMAÑO] decimal sen signo, TAMAÑO bytes por enteiro x[TAMAÑO] hexadecimal, TAMAÑO bytes por enteiro bloques-%4s Usado Dispoñib Uso%% (copia de seguridade: %s) Montado en grupos= antigo % 1% de memoria, b 1, K 1024 (por defecto), e así para M, G, T, P, E, Z e Y. Sen un FICHEIRO ou cando o FICHEIRO é -, lese da entrada estándar. *** AVISO *** O locale especificado nas variables de ambiente afecta á orde. Estabreza LC_ALL=C para obte-la orde tradicional que emprega valores de byte nativos. %s -> %s (restaurado da copia de seguridade) %s e %s son o mesmo ficheiro%s existe pero non é un directorio%s é un tipo de ficheiro descoñecido%s é grande de máis%s: %s é tan grande que non é representable%s: %s:%s: desorde: %s: apertura ou lectura FALLIDA %s: Non hai tal usuario%s: fai falla un "}" no número de repeticións%s: só se poden facer ligazóns simbólicas relativas no directorio actual%s: non se pode segui-la fin deste tipo de ficheiro; abandoando este nome%s: non se pode facer un borrado seguro dun descriptor de ficheiro de tipo só-engadir%s: non se pode restablece-lo modo de non bloqueo%s: o operando de clases de equivalencia debe ser un só carácter%s: agardábase un valor numérico%s: o ficheiro ten un tamaño negativo%s: ficheiro longo de máis%s: ficheiro truncado%s: a entrada contén un lazo:%s: o ficheiro de entrada é o mesmo que o de saída%s: PID incorrecto%s: número máximo de datos non cambiados entre aperturas incorrecto%s: número incorrecto%s: número de bytes incorrecto%s: número de liñas incorrecto%s: número de segundos incorrecto%s: patrón incorrecto%s: expresión regular incorrecta: %s%s: lonxitude do sufixo non válida%s: o número de liña debe ser maior que cero%s: número de liña inexistente%s: non se atoparon liñas de suma de comprobación %s ben formatadas%s: non hai información de tamaño para este dispositivo%s: pasada %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pasada %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: erro de lectura%s: borrado%s: borrando%s: ¿substituír %s?%s: non se poden facer tódalas operacións pedidas%s: valor non convertido por completo%s}: fai falla un enteiro entre "{" e "}"", carga media: %.2f??? Tódolos argumentos para as opcións longas son obrigatorios nas opcións curtas. Converti-las tabulacións de cada FICHEIRO a espacios, gravando na saída estándar. Sen un FICHEIRO, ou se o FICHEIRO é -, lese da entrada estándar. FALLAInactivoNa vida real: LIÑALoginNome de usuario: Os argumentos obrigatorios nas opcións longas tamén o son nas opcións curtas. Memoria esgotadaOKAmosar un índice permutado, incluíndo o contexto, das palabras dos ficheiros de entrada. Paxinar ou encolumna-lo(s) FICHEIRO(s) para imprimir. Contrasinal:Plan: Amosa-la suma de comprobación CRC e o número de bytes de cada FICHEIRO. Amosar partes seleccionadas das liñas de cada FICHEIRO na saída estándar. Amosa-las derradeiras %d liñas de cada FICHEIRO na saída estándar. Con máis dun FICHEIRO, antecédese cada un cunha cabeceira que dá o nome do ficheiro. Sen un FICHEIRO, ou cando o FICHEIRO é -, lese da entrada estándar. Proxecto: Estabreza LC_ALL='C' para palia-lo problemaShell: As cadeas que se compararon foron %s e %sEscriba "%s --help" para máis información. Erro do sistema descoñecidoUso: %s [FICHEIRO]... ou: %s [OPCIÓN] Uso: %s [OPCIÓN] [FICHEIRO] Escribir unha lista totalmente ordeada consistente coa ordeación parcial do FICHEIRO. Se non se indica un FICHEIRO, ou cando o FICHEIRO é -, lese da entrada estándar. Uso: %s [OPCIÓN]... FICHEIRO PATRÓN... Uso: %s [OPCIÓN]... FICHEIRO1 FICHEIRO2 Uso: %s [OPCIÓN]... CONXUNTO1 [CONXUNTO2] Uso: %s [OPCIÓN]... [FICHEIRO]... Uso: %s [OPCIÓN]... [ENTRADA [SAÍDA]] Uso: %s [OPCIÓN]... [ENTRADA]... (sen -G) ou: %s -G [OPCIÓN] [ENTRADA [SAÍDA]] Os parámetros correctos son:Aviso: CandoOndeParti-las liñas de entrada de cada FICHEIRO (entrada estándar por defecto), gravando na saída estándar. Amosar cada FICHEIRO na saída estándar, coa derradeira liña de primeira. Sen un FICHEIRO, ou cando o FICHEIRO é -, lese da entrada estándar. Amosar cada FICHEIRO na saída estándar, engadindo os números de liña. Sen un FICHEIRO, ou cando este é -, lese da entrada estánda. Escribi-las liñas que consisten nas liñas correspondentes secuenciamente de cada FICHEIRO, separadas por tabulacións, na saída estándar. Sen un FICHEIRO, ou cando o FICHEIRO é -, lese da entrada estándar. Escrito por %s. as expresións [=c=] non poden aparecer na cadea2 ao traducir^[nN]^[sSyY]""--pages=PRIMEIRA_PÁXINA[:ÚLTIMA_PÁXINA]" falta un argumentoten que se dar un comando co axusteaccediendo a %sargumento %s ambiguo para %sfacer copia de seguridade de %s destruiría a orixe; %s non copiadofacer copia de seguridade de %s destruiría a orixe; %s non movidotipo de copia de seguridadeficheiro especial de bloqueos dous ficheiros non poden ser entrada estándarnon se pode resumir e amosar tódalas entradas ao mesmo temponon se pode cambia-los permisos de %snon se pode converter U+%04X ao xogo de caracteres localnon se pode converter U+%04X ao xogo de caracteres local: %snon se pode copia-la ligazón simbólica cíclica %snon se pode crea-lo directorio %snon se pode determina-lo nome da máquinanon se poden facer ligazóns duras e simbólicas ao mesmo temponon se pode abrir %s para lecturanon se pode escribir só o nome ou o identificador real no formato por defectonon se pode le-lo reloxo coa hora realnon se pode move-lo punteiro do ficheiro de %snon se pode establece-la datanon se pode establece-lo nome de máquina; o sistema non ten esa capacidadenon se pode saltar máis aló do final da entrada combinadanon se pode partir en máis dun xeitomudouse o grupo de %s a %s mudouse o dono de %s a %s mudando o dono de %so desprazamento do carácter é cerocarácter fóra de rangoficheiro especial de caráctero peche falloupechando %s (fd=%d)pechando o ficheiro de saída %snon se pode obte-la data de iniciodirectorioerro ao buscar por expresións regulareserro lendo %serro escribindo %snon foi posible mudar o grupo de %s a %s non foi posible muda-lo modo de %s a %04lo (%s) o número do campo é cerofifoo sistema de ficheiros tipo %s foi escollido e exluído ao mesmo tempogetpass: non se pode abrir /dev/ttyobtendo os novos atributos de %smantense o grupo de %s como %s a función iconv non está dispoñiblea función iconv non é utilizableignorando o tamaño de tabulador non válido na variable de ambiente TABSIZE: %signorando o ancho non válido na variable de ambiente COLUMNS: %scontrasinal incorrectoa entrada desapareceuargumento incorrecto %s para %slista de bytes ou campos non correctaespecificador de conversión do sufixo incorrecto: %cespecificador de conversión do sufixo incorrecto: \%.3ogrupo incorrectonúmero non válido despois de ","número non válido despois de "-"número non válido despois de "."número non válido ao comezo do camponúmero de bytes incorrectonúmero de bytes a comparar non válidonúmero de bytes a omitir non válidonúmero de campos a omitir non válidonúmero de liñas incorrectobase de direccións de saída "%c" incorrecta; debe ser un carácter de [doxn]usuario incorrectomemoria esgotadacola de mensaxesconstrucción [:upper:] e/ou [:lower:] mal aliñadaespecificación de conversión %% non atopada no sufixofalta o nome da clase de caracteres "[::]"especificador de conversión non atopado no sufixofalta o carácter da clase de equivalencias "[==]"falta un número hexadecimal na secuencia de escapelista de campos non atopadalista de posicións non atopadao modo de %s mudou a %04lo (%s) o modo de %s mantense como %04lo (%s) non se mudou a ligazón simbólica %s nin o ficheiro referido non existe a variable de ambiente SHELL, e non se indicou ningunha opción de tipo de shellnon quedan ficheirosnon se pode especificar un tipo ao volcar cadeasnon é unha ttynúmero de bytesnúmero de liñassó pode aparecer una construcción de repetición [c*] na cadea2só se pode indicar un tipo de listaa apertura falloumantense o dono de %s como %s páxina demasiado estreitamantense a data de %samosar tódalas liñas duplicadas e a conta de repeticións non ten sentidoos estremos do rango "%s-%s" están en orde inversaerro de lecturaerro de lecturaficheiro normal baleiroficheiro normalsemáforoo separador non pode estar baleiroestablecendo a data de %sobxecto de memoria compartidasocketerro estándarentrada estándara entrada estándar está pechadasaída estándara obtención de datos do ficheiro falloucarácter de sobras na especificación do campoa comparación de cadeas fallouelimina-las liñas sen delimitadores ten sentido só cando se traballa con camposligazón simbólicao tamaño da tabulación non pode ser 0os tamaños das tabulacións deben ser crecentesas opcións --binary e --text non teñen sentido cando se comproban sumasa opción --status ten sentido só cando se verifican sumasa opción --warn ten sentido só cando se verifican sumasa construcción [c*] pode aparecer na cadea2 só cando se traducea construcción de repetición [c*] non pode aparecer na cadea1o delimitador debe ser un só carácteras opcións para imprimir e establece-la data non se poden usar xuntasdemasiadas especificacións de conversión %% no sufixototala variable de ambiente LS_COLORS ten un valor ilexibleo usuario %s non existeusando shell restrinxida %saviso: %s: os caracteres que seguen á constante de carácter foron ignoradosaviso: --pid=PID non é soportado neste sistemaaviso: PID ignorado; 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P+PAP[P,uPPP%PP#Q;QVQ+vQ%Q*QQ$R&3R$ZRRRRR#R#R# S(DSmSS4S*ST)$TNTeTTTV&U}UU-U7U V =V^V7}V"V?VKWdW'W'W&WdW]]X0XXY(Y"FY+iY2YEYZ6ZDNZOZ-Z8[J[a[ v[:[;[[# \.\+L\9x\7\3\].7]f]}]]"].]>]2=^p^^%^%^^ _$)_#N_ r_)_ __P_E`"a``(```!`5aTKa2aa;a&b>b Mb6ZbbFb!b c4cMcF\c4ccc d -d NdHodMdee -e:eReee|e eee eeef"!fDf_f9{f*f:fg$goopVp"tp3p$pp\qGkqDqNqZGrrr_s:us@s.sJ taktItSuAku;uSuV=vov-w2ww<wZx=oxxm3yYy=y;9z8uz z"zz zz>{8W{n* 5.U6d%[bCSbBb<aTD+*0=s2|gd..|PPl+#Ui0KIQ!{/"4^+/ }40pM])# / jqZ"Kf$"EwFH0fQ=Yhxf~et?u{Ppv)T` g91s M&J&/ }\'Lmy;v(D*`z<&,LhlcUGr-mn9X,\}RS1^5vckmu%7^j@f38JzZO4DlDK~r [4rW,t}jWVJtw$T?Y@6Ak%3#i)^!R2 2*W"idO7((L;J1bg ?)|Fq$V: +7Co'>A  -u aG)E|'>p-Wp\*[ME'[AkRO>2wBFo85U1s0!G&YF#C?qi 3l.,{!qayHA2w91SVNS~$:X 3x'N]Z:G#!V=65>y ]PB hgLM8y; sC nO 9;_7mE$h`%  z,e] B-8_n+orx Q6d v@\/X3ue5(N@=eZH:YHIzK"_< T  k(.c4NI{xaj-~`oRc<%I&X t_Q{|ZZZZZZ[0[L[`[[[[[[\D\`\{ {1{/|7d|(| `} ds}}}}}#~')s~8~2 ?-$ ( EXPRESSION ) EXPRESSION is true ! EXPRESSION EXPRESSION is false EXPRESSION1 -a EXPRESSION2 both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true EXPRESSION1 -o EXPRESSION2 either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true -a, --all same as -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot time of last system boot -d, --dead print dead processes -H, --heading print line of column headings -b FILE FILE exists and is block special -c FILE FILE exists and is character special -d FILE FILE exists and is a directory -e FILE FILE exists -l produce long format output for the specified USERs -b omit the user's home directory and shell in long format -h omit the user's project file in long format -p omit the user's plan file in long format -s do short format output, this is the default -n STRING the length of STRING is nonzero STRING equivalent to -n STRING -z STRING the length of STRING is zero STRING1 = STRING2 the strings are equal STRING1 != STRING2 the strings are not equal ARG1 * ARG2 arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 is less than ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 is equal to ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 is unequal to ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2 FILE1 -ef FILE2 FILE1 and FILE2 have the same device and inode numbers FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2 FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 is older than FILE2 INTEGER copy up to but not including specified line number /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copy up to but not including a matching line %REGEXP%[OFFSET] skip to, but not including a matching line {INTEGER} repeat the previous pattern specified number of times {*} repeat the previous pattern as many times as possible A line OFFSET is a required `+' or `-' followed by a positive integer. INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING length of STRING a number all lines t number only nonempty lines n number no lines pBRE number only lines that contain a match for the basic regular expression, BRE FORMAT is one of: ln left justified, no leading zeros rn right justified, no leading zeros rz right justified, leading zeros b create a block (buffered) special file c, u create a character (unbuffered) special file p create a FIFO # users=%lu A lightweight `finger' program; print user information. The utmp file will be %s. A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment. A mere - implies -l. If USER not given, assume root. After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number; then an optional modifier, which is either E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available. An omitted EXPRESSION defaults to false. Otherwise, EXPRESSION is true or false and sets exit status. It is one of: As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. Both MAJOR and MINOR must be specified when TYPE is b, c, or u, and they must be omitted when TYPE is p. If MAJOR or MINOR begins with 0x or 0X, it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal; otherwise, as decimal. TYPE may be: By default, rm does not remove directories. Use the --recursive (-r or -R) option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents. By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: Combination settings: * [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase cbreak same as -icanon -cbreak same as icanon Control settings: [-]clocal disable modem control signals [-]cread allow input to be received * [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8] Each FLAG symbol may be: append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc suggested) Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Output "stdio". Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Output ".". Examples: %s f - g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. %s Copy standard input to standard output. Examples: %s root /u Change the owner of /u to "root". %s root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to "staff". %s -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root". Examples: %s staff /u Change the group of /u to "staff". %s -hR staff /u Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff". Except for -h and -L, all FILE-related tests dereference symbolic links. Beware that parentheses need to be escaped (e.g., by backslashes) for shells. INTEGER may also be -l STRING, which evaluates to the length of STRING. Exit status is 0 if EXPRESSION is neither null nor 0, 1 if EXPRESSION is null or 0, 2 if EXPRESSION is syntactically invalid, and 3 if an error occurred. Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. If FILE is -, shred standard output. Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified. The default is not to remove the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda, and those files usually should not be removed. When operating on regular files, most people use the --remove option. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual. If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. If FIRST or INCREMENT is omitted, it defaults to 1. That is, an omitted INCREMENT defaults to 1 even when LAST is smaller than FIRST. FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are interpreted as floating point values. INCREMENT is usually positive if FIRST is smaller than LAST, and INCREMENT is usually negative if FIRST is greater than LAST. If a FILE is -, copy again to standard output. If first and second call formats both apply, the second format is assumed if the last operand begins with + or (if there are 2 operands) a digit. An OFFSET operand means -j OFFSET. LABEL is the pseudo-address at first byte printed, incremented when dump is progressing. For OFFSET and LABEL, a 0x or 0X prefix indicates hexadecimal; suffixes may be . for octal and b for multiply by 512. If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). If standard input is a terminal, redirect it from /dev/null. If standard output is a terminal, append output to `nohup.out' if possible, `$HOME/nohup.out' otherwise. If standard error is a terminal, redirect it to standard output. To save output to FILE, use `%s COMMAND > FILE'. Input settings: [-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal [-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline [-]ignbrk ignore break characters [-]igncr ignore carriage return Local settings: [-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings * -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings NOTE: [ honors the --help and --version options, but test does not. test treats each of those as it treats any other nonempty STRING. NOTE: your shell may have its own version of %s, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. Note that the -d and -t options accept different time-date formats. Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available. Output settings: * bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1] * crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3] * ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1] * nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1] Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed to login group if implied by a `:' following a symbolic OWNER. OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic. POS is F[.C][OPTS], where F is the field number and C the character position in the field; both are origin 1. If neither -t nor -b is in effect, characters in a field are counted from the beginning of the preceding whitespace. OPTS is one or more single-letter ordering options, which override global ordering options for that key. If no key is given, use the entire line as the key. SIZE may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). Sending a %s signal to a running `dd' process makes it print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s Options are: Special characters: * dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input) eol CHAR CHAR will end the line TYPE is made up of one or more of these specifications: a named character, ignoring high-order bit c ASCII character or backslash escape The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: The data are encoded as described for the base64 alphabet in RFC 3548. When decoding, the input may contain newlines in addition to the bytes of the formal base64 alphabet. Use --ignore-garbage to attempt to recover from any other non-alphabet bytes in the encoded stream. The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. The valid format sequences for files (without --file-system): %a Access rights in octal %A Access rights in human readable form %b Number of blocks allocated (see %B) %B The size in bytes of each block reported by %b %C SELinux security context string To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo', use one of these commands: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Traditional format specifications may be intermixed; they accumulate: -a same as -t a, select named characters, ignoring high-order bit -b same as -t o1, select octal bytes -c same as -t c, select ASCII characters or backslash escapes -d same as -t u2, select unsigned decimal 2-byte units Use one, and only one of -b, -c or -f. Each LIST is made up of one range, or many ranges separated by commas. Selected input is written in the same order that it is read, and is written exactly once. With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. With no options, produce three-column output. Column one contains lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2, and column three contains lines common to both files. Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories (note: will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the superuser) -f, --force remove existing destination files --group-directories-first group directories before files. augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping --help display this help and exit --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode print the index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k like --block-size=1K --lookup attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS -m only hostname and user associated with stdin -p, --process print active processes spawned by init --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially --preserve-root do not remove `/' (default) -r, -R, --recursive remove directories and their contents recursively -v, --verbose explain what is being done --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST don't preserve the specified attributes --parents use full source file name under DIRECTORY --one-file-system when removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any directory that is on a file system different from that of the corresponding command line argument --preserve-context preserve SELinux security context -Z, --context=CONTEXT set SELinux security context of files and directories --reference=RFILE use RFILE's security context rather than specifying a CONTEXT value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC output date and time in RFC 3339 format. TIMESPEC=`date', `seconds', or `ns' for date and time to the indicated precision. Date and time components are separated by a single space: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=STRING set time described by STRING -u, --utc, --universal print or set Coordinated Universal Time --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix --time show time of the last modification of any file in the directory, or any of its subdirectories --time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status --time-style=STYLE show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT FORMAT is interpreted like `date' --time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale --verbose print a diagnostic just before each output file is opened --version output version information and exit -evenp same as -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7 nl same as -icrnl -onlcr -nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-') [-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty [-]hupcl same as [-]hup [-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input [-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-') [-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors * [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character [-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return [-]inpck enable input parity checking [-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters [-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters [-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters * [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal * [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\' for uppercase characters cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values -cooked same as raw crt same as echoe echoctl echoke dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany ek erase and kill characters to their default values evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N set the input speed to N * line N use line discipline N min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read ospeed N set the output speed to N oddp same as parenb parodd cs7 -oddp same as -parenb cs8 [-]parity same as [-]evenp pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7 raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw same as cooked stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal * swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer * werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed %% a single % %b ARGUMENT as a string with `\' escapes interpreted, except that octal escapes are of the form \0 or \0NNN and all C format specifications ending with one of diouxXfeEgGcs, with ARGUMENTs converted to proper type first. Variable widths are handled. %A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday) %b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan) %B locale's full month name (e.g., January) %c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005) %F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d %g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G) %G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V %S second (00..60) %t a tab %T time; same as %H:%M:%S %u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday %U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) %V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53) %w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday %W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53) %d Device number in decimal %D Device number in hex %f Raw mode in hex %F File type %g Group ID of owner %G Group name of owner %h Number of hard links %i Inode number %n File name %N Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link %o I/O block size %s Total size, in bytes %t Major device type in hex %T Minor device type in hex %h same as %b %H hour (00..23) %I hour (01..12) %j day of year (001..366) %i File System ID in hex %l Maximum length of filenames %n File name %s Block size (for faster transfers) %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) %t Type in hex %T Type in human readable form %k hour ( 0..23) %l hour ( 1..12) %m month (01..12) %M minute (00..59) %n a newline %N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) %p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known %P like %p, but lower case %r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM) %R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M %s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u User ID of owner %U User name of owner %x Time of last access %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch %y Time of last modification %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch %z Time of last change %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch %x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99) %X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48) %y last two digits of year (00..99) %Y year %z +hhmm numeric timezone (e.g., -0400) %:z +hh:mm numeric timezone (e.g., -04:00) %::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00) %:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30) %Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT) By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes. + TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like `match' or an operator like `/' ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -A, --auto-reference output automatically generated references -G, --traditional behave more like System V `ptx' -F, --flag-truncation=STRING use STRING for flagging line truncations -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks -b, --bytes equivalent to `--apparent-size --block-size=1' -c, --total produce a grand total -D, --dereference-args dereference only symlinks that are listed on the command line -D create all leading components of DEST except the last, then copy SOURCE to DEST -g, --group=GROUP set group ownership, instead of process' current group -m, --mode=MODE set permission mode (as in chmod), instead of rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=OWNER set ownership (super-user only) -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names -h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line follow symbolic links listed on the command line --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory --hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A) -I prompt once before removing more than three files, or when removing recursively. Less intrusive than -i, while still giving protection against most mistakes --interactive[=WHEN] prompt according to WHEN: never, once (-I), or always (-i). Without WHEN, prompt always -L FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h) -O FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID -p FILE FILE exists and is a named pipe -r FILE FILE exists and read permission is granted -s FILE FILE exists and has a size greater than zero -L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links -P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default) -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -S, --separate-dirs do not include size of subdirectories -s, --summarize display only a total for each argument -M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx' -O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives -R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences -T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives -N, --read-bytes=BYTES limit dump to BYTES input bytes -S, --strings[=BYTES] output strings of at least BYTES graphic chars -t, --format=TYPE select output format or formats -v, --output-duplicates do not use * to mark line suppression -w, --width[=BYTES] output BYTES bytes per output line --traditional accept arguments in traditional form -P, --portability use the POSIX output format --sync invoke sync before getting usage info -t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE -T, --print-type print file system type -x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE -v (ignored) -S sort by file size --sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time -S FILE FILE exists and is a socket -t FD file descriptor FD is opened on a terminal -u FILE FILE exists and its set-user-ID bit is set -w FILE FILE exists and write permission is granted -x FILE FILE exists and execute (or search) permission is granted -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create the links -T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file -v, --verbose print name of each linked file -T, -w, --mesg add user's message status as +, - or ? -u, --users list users logged in --message same as -T --writable same as -T -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword -b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting -g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields -i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE -o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of NAME to CTX -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each NAME to CTX -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories --apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be larger due to holes in (`sparse') files, internal fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like -a, --all convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks --first-only convert only leading sequences of blanks (overrides -a) -t, --tabs=N have tabs N characters apart instead of 8 (enables -a) -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated LIST of tab positions (enables -a) -a, --suffix-length=N use suffixes of length N (default %d) -b, --bytes=SIZE put SIZE bytes per output file -C, --line-bytes=SIZE put at most SIZE bytes of lines per output file -d, --numeric-suffixes use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic -l, --lines=NUMBER put NUMBER lines per output file -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline -b, --binary read in binary mode -b, --binary read in binary mode (default unless reading tty stdin) -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -b, --bytes=LIST select only these bytes -c, --characters=LIST select only these characters -d, --delimiter=DELIM use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignore leading blanks -d, --dictionary-order consider only blanks and alphanumeric characters -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case characters -b, --suffix-format=FORMAT use sprintf FORMAT instead of %02d -f, --prefix=PREFIX use PREFIX instead of `xx' -k, --keep-files do not remove output files on errors -c, --check read %s sums from the FILEs and check them -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -c, --crown-margin preserve indentation of first two lines -p, --prefix=STRING reformat only lines beginning with STRING, reattaching the prefix to reformatted lines -s, --split-only split long lines, but do not refill -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries --file-type likewise, except do not append `*' --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso -f omit the line of column headings in short format -w omit the user's full name in short format -i omit the user's full name and remote host in short format -q omit the user's full name, remote host and idle time in short format -f same as -t fF, select floats -i same as -t dI, select decimal ints -l same as -t dL, select decimal longs -o same as -t o2, select octal 2-byte units -s same as -t d2, select decimal 2-byte units -x same as -t x2, select hexadecimal 2-byte units -f FILE FILE exists and is a regular file -g FILE FILE exists and is set-group-ID -G FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID -h FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L) -k FILE FILE exists and has its sticky bit set -f, --canonicalize canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively; all but the last component must exist -e, --canonicalize-existing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, all components must exist -f, --fields=LIST select only these fields; also print any line that contains no delimiter character, unless the -s option is specified -n (ignored) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --reference=RFILE use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values -R, --recursive change files and directories recursively -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's group rather than specifying a GROUP value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's owner and group rather than specifying OWNER:GROUP values -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -g like -l, but do not list owner -g GID[,GID1...] also set the primary group-ID to the numeric GID, and (if specified) supplemental group IDs to GID1, ... -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) -i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing fields -j FIELD equivalent to `-1 FIELD -2 FIELD' -o FORMAT obey FORMAT while constructing output line -t CHAR use CHAR as input and output field separator -i, --initial do not convert tabs after non blanks -t, --tabs=NUMBER have tabs NUMBER characters apart, not 8 -i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage -k like --block-size=1K -l, --local limit listing to local file systems --no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) -k like --block-size=1K -l, --count-links count sizes many times if hard linked -m like --block-size=1M -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -l, --link link files instead of copying -L, --dereference always follow symbolic links in SOURCE -l, --login print system login processes -m, --canonicalize-missing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, without requirements on components existence -n, --no-newline do not output the trailing newline -q, --quiet, -s, --silent suppress most error messages -v, --verbose report error messages -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each created directory to CTX -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o like -l, but do not list group information -p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output -s, --stable stabilize sort by disabling last-resort comparison -S, --buffer-size=SIZE use SIZE for main memory buffer -q, --count all login names and number of users logged on -r, --runlevel print current runlevel -s, --short print only name, line, and time (default) -t, --time print last system clock change -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -r, --reference=FILE display the last modification time of FILE -R, --rfc-2822 output date and time in RFC 2822 format. Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=FILE use this file's times instead of current time -t STAMP use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time --time=WORD change the specified time: WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent to -a WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to -m -r, --references first field of each line is a reference -t, --typeset-mode - not implemented - -w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL specify the name or number of the signal to be sent -l, --list list signal names, or convert signal names to/from numbers -t, --table print a table of signal information -s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -t sort by modification time -T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP use SEP instead of non-blank to blank transition -T, --temporary-directory=DIR use DIR for temporaries, not $TMPDIR or %s; multiple options specify multiple directories -u, --unique with -c, check for strict ordering; without -c, output only the first of an equal run -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -t, --tagged-paragraph indentation of first line different from second -u, --uniform-spacing one space between words, two after sentences -w, --width=WIDTH maximum line width (default of 75 columns) -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -u, --update move only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -t, --text read in text mode (default if reading tty stdin) -t, --text read in text mode (default) -u, --remove truncate and remove file after overwriting -v, --verbose show progress -x, --exact do not round file sizes up to the next full block; this is the default for non-regular files -z, --zero add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system -u, --user=USER set user USER in the target security context -r, --role=ROLE set role ROLE in the target security context -t, --type=TYPE set type TYPE in the target security context -l, --range=RANGE set range RANGE in the target security context -v, --kernel-version print the kernel version -m, --machine print the machine hardware name -p, --processor print the processor type or "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform print the hardware platform or "unknown" -o, --operating-system print the operating system -w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines -w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value -x list entries by lines instead of by columns -X sort alphabetically by entry extension -Z, --context print any SELinux security context of each file -1 list one file per line -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline lcase change upper case to lower case binary use binary I/O for data d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer direct use direct I/O for data dsync use synchronized I/O for data noatime do not update access time nocreat do not create the output file excl fail if the output file already exists notrunc do not truncate the output file ucase change lower case to upper case swab swap every pair of input bytes noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file noerror continue after read errors sync pad every input block with NULs to ibs-size; when used with block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing fsync likewise, but also write metadata nofollow do not follow symlinks nolinks fail if multiply-linked nonblock use non-blocking I/O none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups sync likewise, but also for metadata text use text I/O for data %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% %s-blocks Used Available Capacity (backup: %s) * [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c') [-]echo echo input characters * [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho [-]echoe same as [-]crterase [-]echok echo a newline after a kill character * [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill [-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters * [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\' and '/' [-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters [-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters * [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase * [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character [-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters [-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control [-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence) [-]tandem same as [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded * [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline * [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters * [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays * [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase * [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline * [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return * [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column [-]opost postprocess output * tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3] * tabs same as tab0 * -tabs same as tab3 * vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1] * eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line * lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal * rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it * rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows * size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel speed print the terminal speed time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second Mounted on TTY groups= old on repetition %s % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %.*s: invalid conversion specification%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu user%lu users%s%s (for regexp %s)%s -> %s (unbackup) %s [-d] terminated abnormally%s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has appeared; following end of new file%s has become accessible%s has become inaccessible%s has been replaced with an untailable file; giving up on this name%s has been replaced; following end of new file%s has unknown file type%s is not a valid positive integer%s is too large%s%s argument `%s' too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s: line number out of range%s: %s: match not found%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: binary operator expected%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot change nonblocking mode%s: cannot find name for user ID %lu %s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot lseek back to original position%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot rewind%s: cannot seek%s: cannot seek to end-relative offset %s%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: cannot seek to relative offset %s%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: couldn't reset non-blocking mode%s: descend into directory %s? %s: descend into write-protected directory %s? %s: end of file%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: error truncating%s: error writing at offset %s%s: expected a numeric value%s: failed to close%s: failed to open for writing%s: failed to remove%s: fcntl failed%s: fdatasync failed%s: file has negative size%s: file has shrunk too much%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: fstat failed%s: fsync failed%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input contains an odd number of tokens%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid count at start of %s%s: invalid directive%s: invalid field specification %s%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of passes%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: lseek failed%s: multiple signals specified%s: new permissions are %s, not %s%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: no size information for this device%s: not listing already-listed directory%s: number of bytes is too large%s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove all arguments recursively? %s: remove all arguments? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s: seek failed%s: too many checksum lines%s: try to overwrite %s, overriding mode %04lo (%s)? %s: unable to determine maximum file name length%s: unable to perform all requested operations%s: unary operator expected%s: value not completely converted%s: write error%s:%lu: invalid line; missing second token%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}''')' expected')' expected, found %s(C)* file systems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS version 3 clients * compressed file systems * log-structured or journaled file systems, such as those supplied with AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.) * file systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes fail, such as RAID-based file systems * file systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server , load average: %.2f, %g s, %s/s --context (-Z) works only on an SELinux-enabled kernel-R --dereference requires either -H or -L-R -h requires -P-ef does not accept -l-nt does not accept -l-ot does not accept -l??? Address family for hostname not supportedAll arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. All requests doneArgument buffer too smallBad value for ai_flagsCAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important assumption: that the file system overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern file system designs do not satisfy this assumption. The following are examples of file systems on which shred is not effective, or is not guaranteed to be effective in all file system modes: COMMENTCall the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1. Call the unlink function to remove the specified FILE. Change the effective user id and group id to that of USER. -, -l, --login make the shell a login shell -c, --command=COMMAND pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c -f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment do not reset environment variables -p same as -m -s, --shell=SHELL run SHELL if /etc/shells allows it Change the group of each FILE to GROUP. With --reference, change the group of each FILE to that of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Compare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output. -A, --show-all equivalent to -vET -b, --number-nonblank number nonempty output lines -e equivalent to -vE -E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line -n, --number number all output lines -s, --squeeze-blank suppress repeated empty output lines Convert blanks in each FILE to tabs, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. -a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. Directory: Display file or file system status. -L, --dereference follow links -f, --file-system display file system status instead of file status Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date. -d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not `now' -f, --file=DATEFILE like --date once for each line of DATEFILE Drop any supplemental groups, assume the user-ID and group-ID of the specified USER (numeric ID or user name), and run COMMAND with any specified ARGUMENTs. Exit with status 111 if unable to assume the required user and group ID. Otherwise, exit with the exit status of COMMAND. This program is useful only when run by root (user ID zero). EXITEach range is one of: N N'th byte, character or field, counted from 1 N- from N'th byte, character or field, to end of line N-M from N'th to M'th (included) byte, character or field -M from first to M'th (included) byte, character or field With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Echo the STRING(s) to standard output. -n do not output the trailing newline Exit with a status code indicating success.Exit with the status determined by EXPRESSION. F. PinardFAILEDFORMAT must be suitable for printing one argument of type `double'; it defaults to %.PRECf if FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are all fixed point decimal numbers with maximum precision PREC, and to %g otherwise. Fifos do not have major and minor device numbers.Filesystem Filesystem TypeFor each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by whitespace. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input. -a FILENUM print unpairable lines coming from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2 -e EMPTY replace missing input fields with EMPTY Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block. IDLEIdleIn addition, file system backups and remote mirrors may contain copies of the file that cannot be removed, and that will allow a shredded file to be recovered later. In real life: In the case of ext3 file systems, the above disclaimer applies (and shred is thus of limited effectiveness) only in data=journal mode, which journals file data in addition to just metadata. In both the data=ordered (default) and data=writeback modes, shred works as usual. Ext3 journaling modes can be changed by adding the data=something option to the mount options for a particular file system in the /etc/fstab file, as documented in the mount man page (man mount). Infinity BInterrupted by a signalInvalid back referenceInvalid character class nameInvalid collation characterInvalid content of \{\}Invalid preceding regular expressionInvalid range endInvalid regular expressionLINEList information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort. LoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Memory allocation failureMemory exhaustedNAMENameName or service not knownNo address associated with hostnameNo matchNo previous regular expressionNon-recoverable failure in name resolutionOKOnly one string may be given when deleting without squeezing repeats.Ordering options: Output a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. Determine format of output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output defaults Output fixed-size pieces of INPUT to PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ...; default size is 1000 lines, and default PREFIX is `x'. With no INPUT, or when INPUT is -, read standard input. Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files `xx00', `xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output. Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. PIDPaginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Parameter string not correctly encodedPassword:Plan: Premature end of regular expressionPrint ARGUMENT(s) according to FORMAT, or execute according to OPTION: Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print NAME with its trailing /component removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output `.' (meaning the current directory). Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s. -a, --all print all information, in the following order, except omit -p and -i if unknown: -s, --kernel-name print the kernel name -n, --nodename print the network node hostname -r, --kernel-release print the kernel release Print machine architecture. Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT. -f, --format=FORMAT use printf style floating-point FORMAT -s, --separator=STRING use STRING to separate numbers (default: \n) -w, --equal-width equalize width by padding with leading zeroes Print or change terminal characteristics. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. -s, --silent, --quiet print nothing, only return an exit status Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the full filename of the current working directory. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the name of the current user. Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID. Same as id -un. Processing request in progressProject: Regular expression too bigRemove (unlink) the FILE(s). -f, --force ignore nonexistent files, never prompt -i prompt before every removal Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Request canceledRequest not canceledRun COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling. With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Nicenesses range from %d (most favorable scheduling) to %d (least favorable). -n, --adjustment=N add integer N to the niceness (default 10) Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals. Run a program in a different security context. With neither CONTEXT nor COMMAND, print the current security context. CONTEXT Complete security context -c, --compute compute process transition context before modifying -t, --type=TYPE type (for same role as parent) -u, --user=USER user identity -r, --role=ROLE role -l, --range=RANGE levelrange Send signals to processes, or list signals. Servname not supported for ai_socktypeSet LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Shell: Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default. Special files require major and minor device numbers.SuccessSummarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. System errorTIMETemporary failure in name resolutionThe following optional flags may follow `%': - (hyphen) do not pad the field _ (underscore) pad with spaces 0 (zero) pad with zeros ^ use upper case if possible # use opposite case if possible The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. -H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it -L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered -P do not traverse any symbolic links (default) The strings compared were %s and %s.Trailing backslashTry `%s --help' for more information. Try `%s ./%s' to remove the file %s. Two strings must be given when translating.Unknown errorUnknown system errorUnmatched ( or \(Unmatched ) or \)Unmatched [ or [^Unmatched \{Usage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s CONTEXT COMMAND [args] or: %s [ -c ] [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-t TYPE] [-l RANGE] COMMAND [args] Usage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NUMBER[SUFFIX]... or: %s OPTION Pause for NUMBER seconds. SUFFIX may be `s' for seconds (the default), `m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. Unlike most implementations that require NUMBER be an integer, here NUMBER may be an arbitrary floating point number. Given two or more arguments, pause for the amount of time specified by the sum of their values. Usage: %s OPTION... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NAME] or: %s OPTION Print or set the hostname of the current system. Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPERAND]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... CONTEXT FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-l RANGE] [-t TYPE] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... or: %s [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form) or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form) Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] or: %s -e [OPTION]... [ARG]... or: %s -i LO-HI [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] or: %s --traditional [OPTION]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [TEMPLATE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [ignored command line arguments] or: %s OPTION Usage: test EXPRESSION or: test or: [ EXPRESSION ] or: [ ] or: [ OPTION Valid arguments are:Valid format sequences for file systems: %a Free blocks available to non-superuser %b Total data blocks in file system %c Total file nodes in file system %d Free file nodes in file system %f Free blocks in file system %C SELinux security context string WARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s Warning: WhenWhereWrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write a random permutation of the input lines to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to standard output. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``-%c' extra characters or invalid number in the argument: %s`--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argument`-N NUMBER' invalid starting line number: %s`-W PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %s`-l PAGE_LENGTH' invalid number of lines: %s`-o MARGIN' invalid line offset: %s`-w PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %sa command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sai_family not supportedai_socktype not supportedambiguous argument %s for %san input delimiter may be specified only when operating on fieldsbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileblock special files not supportedboth files cannot be standard inputbyte offset %s is too largecan't apply partial context to unlabeled file %scan't get process contextcannot access %scannot backup %scannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change ownership of %scannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot chdir to root directorycannot combine -e and -i optionscannot combine any two of {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}cannot combine block and unblockcannot combine excl and nocreatcannot combine lcase and ucasecannot combine mode and --reference optionscannot combine signal with -l or -tcannot compare file names %s and %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot dereference %scannot determine device and inode of %scannot determine hostnamecannot do ioctl on %scannot find name for group ID %lucannot find name for user ID %lucannot follow %s by namecannot force target context to %s and preserve itcannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot get nicenesscannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open %s for writingcannot open directory %scannot operate on dangling symlink %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot perform formatted outputcannot preserve security context without an SELinux-enabled kernelcannot print "only" of more than one choicecannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot print security context when user specifiedcannot read directory %scannot read file names from %scannot read file system information for %scannot read realtime clockcannot read symbolic link %scannot read table of mounted file systemscannot remove %scannot reposition file pointer for %scannot set datecannot set group idcannot set group-ID to %lucannot set groupscannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot set name to %scannot set nicenesscannot set time stamps for %scannot set user idcannot set user-ID to %lucannot skip past end of combined inputcannot specify times from more than one sourcecannot split in more than one waycannot stat %scannot stat current directory (now %s)cannot touch %scannot un-backup %scannot unlink %scannot work around kernel bug after allchanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %scharacter offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special filecharacter special files not supportedclearing permissions for %sclock changeclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing directory %sclosing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputconflicting empty-field replacement stringsconflicting security context specifiers givencouldn't create process for %s -dcouldn't create temporary filecouldn't execute %scouldn't execute %s -dcouldn't find directory entry in %s with matching i-nodecouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %screating file %s creating hard link %screating hard link %s => %screating hard link to %.0s%screating symbolic link %screating symbolic link %s -> %sdelimiter list ends with an unescaped backslash: %sdirectorydivision by zerodup2 failedempty file nameempty taberror closing fileerror in regular expression matchererror in regular expression searcherror reading %serror writing %sexit=extra argument %sextra operand %sextra operand %s extra operand %s not allowed with -%cfailed to change context of %s to %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to chdir to %sfailed to compute a new contextfailed to create directory via template %sfailed to create file via template %sfailed to create security context: %sfailed to get attributes of %sfailed to get current contextfailed to get file system create contextfailed to get groups for the current processfailed to get groups for user %sfailed to get security context of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to open %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to redirect standard errorfailed to remove %sfailed to remove directory %sfailed to restore the default file creation contextfailed to return to initial working directoryfailed to set %s security context component to %sfailed to set default file creation context to %sfailed to set new range %sfailed to set new role %sfailed to set new type %sfailed to set new user %sfailed to set supplemental group(s)failed to set the copy of stderr to close on execfailed to set the security context of %s to %sfailed to stat %sfdatasync failed for %sfflush failedfield number %s is too largefield number is zerofields and positions are numbered from 1fifofile system type %s both selected and excludedfork system call failedformat string may not be specified when printing equal width stringsfsync failed for %sfts_read failedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsignoring inputignoring input and appending output to %signoring input and redirecting stderr to stdoutignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %signoring non-option argumentsincompatible join fields %lu, %luincompatible tabsincorrect passwordinput disappearedinput line is too longinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid %s%s argument `%s'invalid adjustment %sinvalid argument %sinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid body numbering style: %sinvalid byte or field listinvalid character `%c' in type string %sinvalid character class %sinvalid context: %sinvalid conversioninvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid date %sinvalid date format %sinvalid decreasing rangeinvalid device %s %sinvalid device type %sinvalid field number: %sinvalid field specifier: %sinvalid field width: %sinvalid file number in field spec: %sinvalid floating point argument: %sinvalid footer numbering style: %sinvalid format precisioninvalid format widthinvalid gap width: %sinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid group: %sinvalid header numbering style: %sinvalid inputinvalid input flaginvalid input range %sinvalid integer %sinvalid integer argument %sinvalid line count %sinvalid line discipline %sinvalid line number field width: %sinvalid line number increment: %sinvalid line numbering format: %sinvalid line width: %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid maximum depth %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid modeinvalid mode %sinvalid mode: %sinvalid number %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of blank lines: %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of columns: %sinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid number of lines: 0invalid option -- %cinvalid option -- %c; -WIDTH is recognized only when it is the first option; use -w N insteadinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid output flaginvalid precision: %sinvalid range with no endpoint: -invalid repeat count %s in [c*n] constructinvalid specinvalid starting line number: %sinvalid status flaginvalid suffix in %s%s argument `%s'invalid tab size: %sinvalid template, %s, contains directory separatorinvalid template, %s; with --tmpdir, it may not be absoluteinvalid time interval %sinvalid time style format %sinvalid trailing option -- %cinvalid type string %sinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte floating point typeinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte integral typeinvalid universal character name \%c%0*xinvalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sinvalid wrap size: %sinvalid zero-length file nameit is dangerous to operate recursively on %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)last=leading `-' in a component of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name component %sline count option -%s%c... is too largeline number %s is smaller than preceding line number, %sline number overflowmemory exhaustedmessage queuemisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing `]'missing argument after %smissing argument to %smissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing destination file operand after %smissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing file operandmissing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operandmissing operand after %smode must specify only file permission bitsmode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multi-character tab %smultiple -i options specifiedmultiple -l or -t options specifiedmultiple compress programs specifiedmultiple levelrangesmultiple output files specifiedmultiple output formats specifiedmultiple random sources specifiedmultiple rolesmultiple target directories specifiedmultiple typesmultiple usersneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno change to ownership of %s no command specifiedno file systems processedno files remainingno login nameno process ID specifiedno type may be specified when dumping stringsno username specified; at least one must be specified when using -lnonportable character %s in file name %snot a ttynot writing through dangling symlink %snumber in %s is too largenumber of bytesnumber of linesoffset overflow while reading file %somitting directory %sonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one device may be specifiedonly one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %soption used in invalid context -- %coptions `-%s' are incompatibleownership of %s retained ownership of %s retained as %s page width too narrowpreserving permissions for %spreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedreading %sreading directory %srecord too largeregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %srun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptysetting flags for %ssetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectskip-bytes + read-bytes is too largeskipping %s, since it's on a different deviceskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstray character in field specstring comparison failedstring transformation failedstrip process terminated abnormallysuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errortab size cannot be 0tab size contains invalid character(s): %stab sizes must be ascendingtab stop is too large %stab stop value is too largetabs are too far aparttarget %s is not a directorytarget directory not allowed when installing a directoryterm=test and/or [the --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the delimiter must be a single characterthe options for verbose and stty-readable output styles are mutually exclusivethe options to output dircolors' internal database and to select a shell syntax are mutually exclusivethe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivethe strip option may not be used when installing a directorytime %s is out of rangeto use user-ID %s you need to use -g tootoo few X's in template %stoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtoo many characters in settoo many repeated linestoo many templatestotaltyped memory objectunable to record current working directoryunable to set security context %sunknown binary operatorunknown user-ID: %sunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableunrecognized operand %sunrecognized prefix: %suse --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeuser %s does not existusing restricted shell %swaiting for %s [-d]waiting for stripwarning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredwarning: %s: failed to change context to %swarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: --retry is useful mainly when following by namewarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: `touch %s' is obsolete; use `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'warning: an unescaped backslash at end of string is not portablewarning: backslash at end of formatwarning: cannot change directory to %swarning: cannot remove: %swarning: following standard input indefinitely is ineffectivewarning: ignoring excess arguments, starting with %swarning: invalid file offset after failed readwarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: line number %s is the same as preceding line numberwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: summarizing conflicts with --max-depth=%luwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0warning: the ambiguous octal escape \%c%c%c is being interpreted as the 2-byte sequence \0%c%c, %cwarning: unrecognized escape `\%c'warning: working around lseek kernel bug for file (%s) of mt_type=0x%0lx -- see for the list of typesweird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen reading file names from stdin, no file name of %s allowedwhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'will not copy %s through just-created symlink %swill not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swith --parents, the destination must be a directorywrite errorwrite error for %swrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify -c, -t, -u, -l, -r, or contextyou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsProject-Id-Version: coreutils 6.11 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2008-05-11 16:25+0200 Last-Translator: Gabor Kelemen Language-Team: Hungarian MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1); X-Generator: KBabel 1.11.4 ( KIFEJEZÉS ) a KIFEJEZÉS igaz ! KIFEJEZÉS a KIFEJEZÉS hamis KIFEJEZÉS1 -a KIFEJEZÉS2 mind a KIFEJEZÉS1, mind a KIFEJEZÉS2 igaz KIFEJEZÉS1 -o KIFEJEZÉS2 vagy a KIFEJEZÉS1, vagy a KIFEJEZÉS2 igaz -a, --all ugyanaz, mint -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot az utolsó rendszerindítás ideje -d, --dead döglött folyamatok kiírása -H, --heading oszlopfejléceket tartalmazó sor kiírása -b FÁJL a FÁJL létezik és speciális blokkfájl -c FÁJL a FÁJL létezik és speciális karakterfájl -d FÁJL a FÁJL létezik és könyvtár -e FÁJL a FÁJL létezik -l hosszú formátumú kimenet előállítása a megadott FELHASZNÁLÓKHOZ -b a felhasználó saját könyvtárának és parancsértelmezőjének kihagyása a hosszú formátumból -h a felhasználó projektfájljának kihagyása a hosszú formátumból -p a felhasználó tervfájljának kihagyása a hosszú formátumból -s rövid formátumú kimenet előállítása, ez az alapértelmezett -n KARAKTERLÁNC a KARAKTERLÁNC hossza nem nulla KARAKTERLÁNC azonos a -n KARAKTERLÁNCCAL -z KARAKTERLÁNC a KARAKTERLÁNC hossza nulla KARAKTERLÁNC1 = KARAKTERLÁNC2 a karakterláncok azonosak KARAKTERLÁNC1 != KARAKTERLÁNC2 a karakterláncok nem azonosak ARG1 * ARG2 ARG1 és ARG2 aritmetikai szorzata ARG1 / ARG2 ARG1 és ARG2 aritmetikai hányadosa ARG1 % ARG2 ARG1 és ARG2 aritmetikai maradéka ARG1 + ARG2 ARG1 és ARG2 aritmetikai összege ARG1 - ARG2 ARG1 és ARG2 aritmetikai különbsége ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 kisebb, mint ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 kisebb vagy egyenlő ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 egyenlő ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 nem egyenlő ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 nagyobb vagy egyenlő ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 nagyobb mint ARG2 FÁJL1 -ef FÁJL2 a FÁJL1 és a FÁJL2 azonos eszköz- és inode számokkal rendelkeznek FÁJL1 -nt FÁJL2 a FÁJL1 újabb (a módosítás dátuma szerint), mint a FÁJL2 FÁJL1 -ot FÁJL2 a FÁJL1 régebbi, mint a FÁJL2 EGÉSZ másolás a megadott sorszámig, annak beleértése nélkül /REGEXP/[ELTOLÁS] másolás egy illeszkedő sorig, annak beleértése nélkül %REGEXP%[ELTOLÁS] kihagyás egy illeszkedő sorig, annak beleértése nélkül {EGÉSZ} az előző minta ismétlése a megadott számú alkalommal {*} az előző minta ismétlése ahányszor csak lehetséges A sor ELTOLÁS egy kötelező „+” vagy „-”, amelyet egy pozitív egész követ. EGÉSZ1 -eq EGÉSZ2 az EGÉSZ1 egyenlő az EGÉSZ2-vel EGÉSZ1 -ge EGÉSZ2 az EGÉSZ1 nagyobb vagy egyenlő, mint az EGÉSZ2 EGÉSZ1 -gt EGÉSZ2 az EGÉSZ1 nagyobb, mint az EGÉSZ2 EGÉSZ1 -le EGÉSZ2 az EGÉSZ1 kisebb vagy egyenlő, mint az EGÉSZ2 EGÉSZ1 -lt EGÉSZ2 az EGÉSZ1 kisebb, mint az EGÉSZ2 EGÉSZ1 -ne EGÉSZ2 az EGÉSZ1 nem egyenlő az EGÉSZ2-vel KARAKTERLÁNC : REGEXP a REGEXP horgonyzott mintaillesztése a KARAKTERLÁNCRA match KARAKTERLÁNC REGEXP ugyanaz, mint a KARAKTERLÁNC : REGEXP substr KARAKTERLÁNC POZ HOSSZ a KARAKTERLÁNC részkarakterlánca, a POZ 1-től számítva index KARAKTERLÁNC KARAKTEREK a KARAKTEREK előfordulásának indexe a KARAKTERLÁNCBAN, vagy 0 length KARAKTERLÁNC a KARAKTERLÁNC hossza a az összes sor számozása t csak a nem üres sorok számozása n ne számozzon sorokat pBRE csak a BRE alapvető szabályos kifejezésre illeszkedést tartalmazó sorok számozása A FORMÁTUM az alábbiak egyike: ln balra igazított, nincsenek kezdő nullák rn jobbra igazított, nincsenek kezdő nullák rz jobbra igazított, kezdő nullákkal b speciális blokkfájl (pufferelt) létrehozása c, u speciális karakterfájl (nem-pufferelt) létrehozása p FIFO létrehozása # felhasználók=%lu Egy könnyűsúlyú „finger” program, felhasználói információkat ír ki. Az utmp fájl a következő lesz: %s. Egy egyszerű - maga után vonja a -i kapcsolót. Ha nincs PARANCS megadva, akkor kiírja az eredményül kapott környezetet. egy egyszerű - a -l kapcsolót jelenti. Ha a FELHASZNÁLÓ nincs megadva, akkor a root az alapértelmezés. Ezután minden jelölő egy decimális, elhagyható mezőszélességgel jön, majd egy szintén elhagyható módosító, amely vagy az E, a területi beállítások alternatív ábrázolásának használatához, vagy O a területi beállítások alternatív numerikus szimbólumainak használatához, ha ezek elérhetők. Egy kihagyott KIFEJEZÉS alapértelmezett értéke hamis. Egyébként a KIFEJEZÉS igaz vagy hamis és beállítja a kilépési állapotot. A KIFEJEZÉS az alábbiak egyike: Kivételt képez, amikor a cp biztonsági mentést készít a FORRÁSRÓL és a force és backup kapcsolók egyaránt meg vannak adva, továbbá a FORRÁS és a CÉL ugyanaz a szabályos fájl. Ne feledd, hogy sok operátort escape-elni vagy idézőjelek közé kell tenni parancsértelmezőkhöz. Az összehasonlítások aritmetikaiak, ha mindkét ARG szám, különben lexikografikusak. A mintaillesztések az illeszkedő karakterláncot adják vissza a \( és \) között, vagy nullértéket; ha a \( és \) nincsenek használva, akkor az illeszkedő karakterek számát vagy 0-t adnak vissza. Mind a MAJORT, mind a MINORT meg kell adni, ha a TÍPUS b, c vagy u és el kell őket hagyni, ha a TÍPUS p. Ha a MAJOR vagy MINOR kezdete 0x vagy 0X, akkor ez hexadecimálisan lesz értelmezve, egyébként ha 0-val, akkor oktálisan, egyébként decimálisan. A TÍPUS az alábbiak egyike lehet: Alapértelmezésben az rm nem töröl könyvtárakat. A --recursive (-r vagy -R) használatával minden egyes felsorolt könyvtár és azok tartalma is törölhető. Az alapértelmezett kiválasztás a -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. A CC két, logikai oldalakat elválasztó karakter, ha a második karakter hiányzik, akkor : kerül felhasználásra. A \\ beírásával kapható a \ jel. A STÍLUS az alábbiak egyike: Kombinációs beállítások: * [-]LCASE ugyanaz, mint a [-]lcase cbreak ugyanaz, mint a -icanon -cbreak ugyanaz, mint az icanon Vezérlőbeállítások: [-]clocal modem vezérlőszignálok letiltása [-]cread engedélyezi a bemenet fogadását * [-]crtscts engedélyezi az RTS/CTS kézfogást csN beállítja a karakterméretet N bitre, N értéke [5..8] lehet A JELÖLŐK az alábbiak lehetnek: append hozzáfűzési mód (csak kimenet esetén van értelme; javasolt a conv=notrunc) Minden egyes MÓD a következő formátumú: `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Példák:: %s /usr/bin/sort A kimenet: „sort”. %s include/stdio.h .h A kimenet: „stdio”. Példák: %s /usr/bin/sort A „/usr/bin” kiírása. %s stdio.h A „.” kiírása. Példák: %s f - g Előbb f, majd a szabványos bemenet, majd g tartalmának kiírása. %s A szabványos bemenet másolása a szabványos kimenetre. Példák: %s root /u A /u tulajdonosának megváltoztatása „root”-ra. %s root:staff /u Hasonló, de a csoportot megváltoztatja „staff”-ra. %s -hR root /u A /u és az alatta található fájlok tulajdonosának módosítása „root”-ra. Példák: %s staff /u A /u csoportjának módosítása „staff”-ra. %s -hR staff /u A /u és az alatta található fájlok csoportjának módosítása „staff”-ra. A -h és -L kivételével az összes, a FÁJLLAL kapcsolatos teszt követi a szimbolikus hivatkozásokat. Ne feledje, hogy a zárójeleket escapelni kell (például visszaper jelekkel) a parancsértelmezők számára. Az EGÉSZ lehet -l KARAKTERLÁNC is, ez a KARAKTERLÁNC hosszát veszi fel értékül. A kilépési állapot 0, ha a KIFEJEZÉS nem null vagy 0 értékű, 1, ha a KIFEJEZÉS null vagy 0 értékű, 2, ha a KIFEJEZÉS szintaktikailag érvénytelen és 3, ha hiba történt. A szabványos bemenetre kötött tty vonalat kezeli. Argumentumok nélkül kiírja a baud sebességet, vonalmódszert és az eltéréseket az stty sane beállítástól. A beállításokban a KAR literálisan lesz értelmezve, vagy kódolva mint a ^c, 0x37, 0177 vagy 127; a ^- vagy undef különleges értékek a különleges karakterek letiltására használatosak. Ha a FÁJL a -, akkor a szabványos kimenetet semmisíti meg Csak akkor törli a FÁJLOKAT, ha megadod a --remove (-u) kapcsolót. Alapértelmezésben nem törli a fájlokat, mert gyakran használatos eszközfájlokon (például /dev/hda), és ezeket a fájlokat általában nem kell törölni. Általános fájlokon általában használni szokták a --remove kapcsolót. Ha a FÁJL nincs megadva, akkor a %s fájlt használja. A %s használata általános a FÁJLKÉNT. Az ARG1 ARG2 hatása azonos a -m kapcsolóval; funkciója csupán a „who am i” vagy a „who mom likes” és hasonló parancsok értelmes megválaszolása. Ha a FÁJL meg van adva, akkor beolvassa azt és megállapítja, hogy melyik fájltípushoz milyen színt használjon. Ha nincs, akkor a program az alapértelmezett adatbázist használja. Ha többet akar tudni a fájl formátumáról, akkor futtassa a „dircolors --print-database” parancsot. Ha az ELSŐ vagy a NÖVEKMÉNY nincs megadva, akkor az alapértelmezés 1. Ez azt jelenti, hogy a kihagyott NÖVEKMÉNY akkor is 1 lesz alapértelmezésben, ha az UTOLSÓ kisebb, mint az ELSŐ. Az ELSŐ, NÖVEKMÉNY és UTOLSÓ lebegőpontos értékekként kerülnek értelmezésre. A NÖVEKMÉNY általában pozitív, ha az ELSŐ kisebb, mint az UTOLSÓ, és általában negatív, ha az ELSŐ nagyobb, mint az UTOLSÓ. Ha a FÁJL nincs megadva, vagy -, akkor újra a szabványos bemenetre másol. Az első és második hívási alak egyidejű alkalmazása esetén a második alak feltételezett, ha az utolsó operandus +-al vagy (2 operandus esetén) számmal kezdődik. Az ELTOLÁS operandus a -j ELTOLÁS kapcsolót jelenti. A CÍMKE az első kiírandó bájt pszeudo-címe, amely a kiíratás előrehaladásával növekszik. Az ELTOLÁS és a CÍMKE esetén egy 0x vagy 0X előtag hexadecimális ábrázolást jelez; az utótagok a . (oktális) és b (szorzás 512-vel) lehetnek. Ha nincs parancs megadva, a ``${SHELL} -i'' (alapértelmezés: /bin/sh) indul el. Ha a szabványos bemenet egy terminál, akkor átirányítja a /dev/null-ból. Ha a szabványos kimenet egy terminál, akkor a kimenetet hozzáfűzi a „nohup.out” fájlhoz, ha lehetséges, ellenkező esetben a „$HOME/nohup.out” fájlhoz. Ha a szabványos hibakimenet egy terminál, akkor átirányítja a szabványos kimenetre. A kimenet FÁJLBA mentéséhez használja a(z) „%s PARANCS > FÁJL” parancsot. Bemeneti beállítások: [-]brkint a sortörés megszakítás szignált okoz [-]icrnl a kocsivissza új sorrá fordítása [-]ignbrk sortörés karakterek figyelmen kívül hagyása [-]igncr kocsivissza figyelmen kívül hagyása Helyi beállítások: [-]crterase az erase karakterek visszaadása mint backspace-szóköz-backspace * crtkill az összes vonal kilövése az echoprt és echoe beállítások alkalmazásával * -crtkill az összes vonal kilövése az echoctl és echok beállítások alkalmazásával MEGJEGYZÉS: A [ figyelembe veszi a --help és --version kapcsolókat, de a test nem. A test ezeket bármely más nem üres KARAKTERLÁNCHOZ hasonlóan kezeli. MEGJEGYZÉS: a parancsértelmező rendelkezhet a(z) %s egy saját változatával, amely általában helyettesíti az itt leírt változatot. Az az által támogatott kapcsolókkal kapcsolatos részletekért forduljon a parancsértelmező dokumentációjához. Megjegyzés: a -d és -t kapcsolókhoz megadandó dátum- és időformátumok különböznek. A BEÁLLÍTÁSOK előtti elhagyható - tagadást jelöl. A * nem POSIX beállításokat jelöl. Az alapul szolgáló rendszer határozza meg az elérhető beállításokat. Kimeneti beállítások: * bsN a backspace késleltetési stílusa, N lehet [0..1] * crN a kocsivissza késleltetési stílusa, N lehet [0..3] * ffN lapdobás késleltetési stílusa, N lehet [0..1] * nlN új sor késleltetési stílusa, N lehet [0..1] A tulajdonos változatlan marad, ha nincs megadva. A csoport változatlan marad, ha nincs megadva, de megváltozik a bejelentkezési csoportra, a „:”-ot követő TULAJDONOS nevének megadásakor. A TULAJDONOST és a CSOPORTOT meg lehet adni számmal vagy névvel. A POZ az F[.C][KAPCS] alakú, ahol az F a mező száma és a C a karakterpozíció a mezőben. Ha sem a -t, sem a -b kapcsoló nincs megadva, akkor a mező karakterei a megelőző üreshely karaktertől lesznek számolva. A KAPCS néhány egybetűs rendezési kapcsoló lehet, amelyek felülbírálják az adott kulcsra vonatkozó globális rendezési kapcsolókat. Ha nincs kulcs megadva, akkor a teljes sort használja kulcsként. A MÉRETET a következő többszöröző utótagok követhetik: A KIFEJEZÉS értékének kiírása a szabványos kimenetre. Egy üres sor alább növekvő precedenciájú csoportokat választ el. A KIFEJEZÉS lehet: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1, ha az nem null vagy 0, egyébként ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1, ha egyik argumentum sem null vagy 0, egyébként 0 Ha a FÁJL a -, akkor a szabványos bemenetet olvassa. A MINTA lehet: A HALMAZOK karakterláncokként vannak meghatározva. A legtöbb saját magát képviseli. Az értelmezett sorozatok: \NNN az NNN oktális értékű karakter (1-3 számjegy) \\ fordított osztásjel \a riadó (BEL) \b visszaper \f lapdobás \n új sor \r kocsivissza \t vízszintes tab A MÉRET egy szám. For TYPE in doux, a MÉRET lehet C a sizeof(char), S a sizeof(short), I a sizeof(int) vagy L a sizeof(long) értékekhez. Ha a TÍPUS f, akkor a MÉRET szintén lehet F a sizeof(float), D a sizeof(double) vagy L a sizeof(long double) értékéhez. Egy %s szignál küldésével egy futó „dd” folyamatnak kiírathatja az addig beolvasott és kiírt rekordok számát a szabványos hibakimenetre, majd folytathatja a másolást. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 beolvasott rekord 18335302+0 kiírt rekord 9387674624 bájt (9.4 GB) másolva, 34.6279 másodperc, 271 MB/mp A kapcsolók: Speciális karakterek: * dsusp KAR a KAR egy terminál leállítása szignált fog küldeni a bemenet kiürítésekor eof KAR a KAR egy fájl végét fog küldeni (a bemenet befejeztetése) eol KAR a KAR lezárja a sort A TÍPUST az alábbi specifikációk közül néhány alkothatja: a megnevezett karakter, a magas sorrend bit figyelmen kívül hagyása c ASCII karakter vagy visszaper escape A biztonsági másolat kiterjesztése „~”, hacsak nincs megadva a --suffix vagy a SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX használatával. A verziókövetés módját megválaszthatod a --backup kapcsolóval vagy a VERSION_CONTROL környezeti változó segítségével. Az érvényes értékek a következők: Az adatok kódolása a base64 ábécé által az RFC 3548-ban leírt módon történik. A visszafejtés a szabványnak megfelelő bemenetet követel meg alapértelmezésben, az --ignore-garbage kapcsoló használatával megkísérelhető a helyreállítás az ábécében nem szereplő karakterekből. Az összegek a(z) %s által leírt módon kerülnek kiszámításra. Ellenőrzéskor a bemenetnek ezen program korábbi kimenetének kell lennie. Az alapértelmezett mód egy sornyi ellenőrzőösszeg, egy típust jelző karakter („*” bináris, „ „ szöveges fájlokhoz) és egy név kiírása minden egyes FÁJLHOZ. Az érvényes formátumsorozatok fájlokhoz: (a --file-system nélkül): %a Hozzáférési jogok oktálisan %A Hozzáférési jogok ember által olvasható formában %b A lefoglalt blokkok száma (lásd %B) %B A „%b” által jelentett egyes blokkok mérete bájtokban %C SELinux biztonsági kontextus karakterlánc Ha „-” jellel kezdődik a törlendő fájl, például „-foo”, akkor használja a következő parancsok egyikét: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo A hagyományos formátummeghatározások keverhetők, az alábbiak lehetnek: -a ugyanaz, mint -t a, megnevezett karakterek kiválasztása, a magas sorrend bit figyelmen kívül hagyása -b ugyanaz, mint -t o1, oktális bájtok kiválasztása -c ugyanaz, mint -t c, ASCII karakterek vagy visszaper escape-ek kiválasztása -d ugyanaz, mint -t u2, előjel nélküli tízes alapú 2 bájtos egységek kiválasztása A -b, -c vagy -f közül csak egyet használj. Minden egyes LISTA legalább egy, vesszőkkel elválasztott tartományból áll. A kiválasztott bemenet a beolvasás sorrendjében és pontosan egyszer kerül kiírásra. Ha a FÁJL nincs megadva, vagy -, akkor a szabványos bemenetet olvassa. A „-F /” az alapértelmezés. Ha a FÁJL nincs megadva, vagy -, akkor a szabványos bemenetet olvassa. Kapcsolók nélkül három oszlopból álló kimenetet állít elő. Az első oszlop tartalmazza a FÁJL1-ben egyedi sorokat, a második a FÁJL2-ben egyedi sorokat, a harmadik oszlop pedig a mindkét fájlban közös sorokat. KAPCSOLÓK nélkül az azonosított információk egy hasznos halmazát írja ki. A FÁJL egy egyértelmű ábrázolásának kiírása, alapértelmezetten oktális bájtokkal, a szabványos kimenetre. Több FÁJL argumentumot összefűz a felsorolás sorrendjében a bemenet kialakítása érdekében. Ha a FÁJL nincs megadva, vagy -, akkor a szabványos bemenetet olvassa. --backup[=CONTROL] minden létező célfájlról mentést készít -b mint a --backup, de nem fogad el argumentumot -d, -F, --directory könyvtárak hard linkelése (csak root) (megjegyzés: valószínűleg meg fog hiúsulni a rendszer korlátozásai miatt, még a rootnak is) -f, --force létező célfájlok törlése --group-directories-first könyvtárak fájlok elé csoportosítása. kiegészíthető --sort kapcsolóval, de a --sort=none (-U) használata letiltja a csoportosítást --help ezen súgó megjelenítése és kilépés --indicator-style=SZÓ a bejegyzésnevekhez jelet fűz a SZÓ alapján: none (alapértelmezett), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type) classify (-F) -i, --inode kiírja az egyes fájlok indexszámát -I, --ignore=MINTA nem írja ki a parancsértelmező MINTÁRA illeszkedő bejegyzéseket -k mint a --block-size=1K --lookup kísérlet a gépnevek egyszerűsítésére a DNS használatával -m csak a szabványos bemenethez társított gépnév és felhasználó -p, --process az init által indított aktív folyamatok kiírása --no-preserve-root ne kezelje a „/” könyvtárat különlegesen (alapértelmezett) --preserve-root a rekurzív működés visszautasítása a „/” könyvtáron -r, -R, --recursive könyvtárak és tartalmuk rekurzív törlése -v, --verbose elmagyarázza, mi történik --no-preserve-root a „/”-t ne kezelje speciálisan (alapértelmezett) --preserve-root a rekurzív működés visszautasítása a „/” könyvtáron --no-preserve-root a „/”-t ne kezelje speciálisan (alapértelmezett) --preserve-root a rekurzív működés visszautasítása a „/” könyvtáron --no-preserve=ATTR_LISTA nem őrzi meg a megadott attribútumokat --parents teljes forrásfájlnév használata a KÖNYVTÁR alatt --one-file-system könyvtárszerkezet rekurzív törlésekor minden olyan könyvtár kihagyása, amely a megfelelő parancssori kapcsoló ban megadottól eltérő fájlrendszeren van --preserve-context a SELinux biztonsági kontextus megőrzése -Z, --context=KONTEXTUS fájlok és könyvtárak SELinux biztonsági kontextusának beállítása --reference=RFÁJL a megadott RFÁJL biztonsági kontextusát használja egy KONTEXTUS érték megadása helyett -R, --recursive rekurzívan működik a fájlokon és könyvtárakon -v, --verbose minden feldolgozott fájl után diagnosztikai üzenetet ír ki --rfc-3339=IDŐMEGHAT dátum kiírása RFC 3339 formátumban. Az IDŐMEGHAT=„date”, „seconds”, vagy „ns” a jelzett pontosságú dátumhoz és időhöz. A dátum- és időösszetevőket egyetlen szóköz választja el: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=KARAKTERLÁNC a KARAKTERLÁNC által leírt idő beállítása -u, --utc, --universal a Koordinált világidő kiírása vagy beállítása --strip-trailing-slashes eltávolítja a befejező per jeleket minden FORRÁS argumentumról -S, --suffix=KITERJESZTÉS a biztonsági másolat szokásos kiterjesztésének felülbírálása --time a könyvtár bármely fájljának vagy alkönyvtárának utolsó módosítása idejének kiírása --time=SZÓ az idő mutatása a SZÓNAK megfelelően, a módosítási idő helyett: atime, access, use, ctime vagy status --time-style=STÍLUS az idő megjelenítése a STÍLUSNAK megfelelően: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMÁTUM. A FORMÁTUM a „date” parancsnál megadottakhoz hasonlóan kerül értelmezésre --time-style=STÍLUS a -l kapcsolóval együtt használva az időt a STÍLUSNAK megfelelő formátumban mutatja: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, posix-iso, +FORMÁTUM. A FORMÁTUM értelmezése hasonló, mint a „date” esetén; ha a FORMÁTUM FORMÁTUM1<új sor>FORMÁTUM2 alakú, akkor a FORMÁTUM1 a régebbi, míg a FORMÁTUM2 az újabb fájlokra vonatkozik; ha a STÍLUS a „posix-” előtaggal rendelkezik, akkor a STÍLUS csak a POSIX területi beállításokon kívül lép életbe. --verbose diagnosztikai üzenet kiírása minden egyes kimeneti fájl megnyitása előtt --version verzióinformációk megjelenítése és kilépés -evenp ugyanaz, mint a -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase ugyanaz, mint az xcase iuclc olcuc litout ugyanaz, mint a -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout ugyanaz, mint a parenb istrip opost cs7 nl ugyanaz, mint az -icrnl -onlcr -nl ugyanaz, mint az icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb két stop bit használata karakterenként (egy, ha „-”) [-]hup egy hangup szignál küldése amikor az utolsó folyamat lezárja a tty-t [-]hupcl ugyanaz, mint a [-]hup [-]parenb paritásbit előállítása a kimenetben és paritásbit feltételezése a bemenetben [-]parodd páratlan paritás beállítása (páros, ha „-”) [-]ignpar paritáshibás karakterek figyelmen kívül hagyása * [-]imaxbel hangjelzés és ne ürítse a teli bemeneti puffert karakter érkezésekor [-]inlcr új sor fordítása kocsivissza karakterré [-]inpck bemeneti paritásellenőrzés engedélyezése [-]istrip bemeneti karakterek magas (8.) bitjének törlése [-]isig a interrupt, quit és suspend különleges karakterek bekapcsolása [-]noflsh az ürítés kikapcsolása az interrupt és quit különleges karakterek után * [-]prterase ugyanaz, mint a [-]echoprt * [-]tostop azon háttérfolyamatok leállítása, amelyek a terminálra próbálnak írni * [-]xcase az icanon használatakor escape-elés a „\” karakterekkel nagybetűs karakterekhez cooked ugyanaz, mint a brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof és eol karakterek beállítása az alapértelmezett értékeikre -cooked ugyanaz, mint a raw crt ugyanaz, mint az echoe echoctl echoke dec ugyanaz, mint az echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq ugyanaz, mint a [-]ixany ek erase és kill karakterek beállítása az alapértelmezett értékeikre evenp ugyanaz, mint a parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N beállítja a bemeneti sebességet N-re * line N az N vonalmódszer használata min N az -icanon használatakor N karakteres minimumot állít be egy befejezett olvasáshoz ospeed N beállítja a kimeneti sebességet N-re oddp ugyanaz, mint a parenb parodd cs7 -oddp ugyanaz, mint a -parenb cs8 [-]parity ugyanaz, mint a [-]evenp pass8 ugyanaz, mint a -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 ugyanaz, mint a parenb istrip cs7 raw ugyanaz, mint az -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw ugyanaz, mint a cooked stop KAR a KAR leállítja a kimenetet susp KAR a KAR egy terminál leállítása szignált küld * swtch KAR a KAR egy másik parancsértelmező-rétegre fog váltani * werase KAR a KAR törli az utoljára begépelt szót %% egy % jel %b az ARGUMENTUM a „\” escape-jelölések értelmezésével, kivéve a \0 vagy \0NNN formátumú oktális escape-eket valamint minden, a diouxXfeEgGcs egyikére végződő C formátumspecifikáció az ARGUMENTUMOK megfelelő típusra alakítása után. A változó szélességeket kezeli a program. %A a területi beállítások teljes napneve, (például: vasárnap) %b a területi beállítások rövidített hónapneve (például: Jan) %B a területi beállítások teljes hónapneve, (például: Január) %c a területi beállítások dátuma és ideje (2005. dec. 25., vasárnap, 15.48.38 CET) %F teljes dátum; ugyanaz, mint a %Y-%m-%d %g az ISO hétszám évének utolsó két számjegye (lásd %G) %G az ISO hétszám éve (lásd %V); csak %V-vel hasznos %S másodperc (00..60) %t egy tab %T idő, ugyanaz , mint a %H:%M:%S %u a hét napja (1..7); az 1 a Hétfőt jelenti %U az év hetének száma, a hét első napja Vasárnap (00..53) %V az év hetének száma (ISO), a hét első napja Hétfő (01..53) %w a hét napja (0..6); a 0 Vasárnapot jelenti %W az év hetének száma, a hét első napja Hétfő (00..53) %d Eszközszám decimálisan %D Eszközszám hexadecimálisan %f Nyers mód hexadecimálisan %F Fájltípus %g A tulajdonos csoportazonosítója %G A tulajdonos csoportneve %h hard linkek száma %i Inode szám %n Fájlnév %N Idézőjelek közé tett fájlnév, követéssel, ha szimbolikus link %o IO blokkméret %s Teljes méret, bájtokban %t Major eszköztípus hexadecimálisan %T Minor eszköztípus hexadecimálisan %h ugyanaz, mint %b %H óra (00..23) %I óra (01..12) %j az év napja (001..366) %i Fájlrendszer-azonosító hexadecimálisan %l Fájlnevek maximális hossza %n Fájlnév %s Blokkméret (gyorsabb átvitelekhez) %S Alapvető blokkméret (blokkszámokhoz) %t Típus hexadecimálisan %T Típus ember által olvasható formában %k óra ( 0..23) %l óra ( 1..12) %m hónap (01..12) %M perc (00..59) %n egy új sor %N nanomásodpercek (000000000..999999999) %p a területi beállítások nagybetűs AM vagy PM jelzője; üres ha ismeretlen %P mint a %p, de kisbetűkkel %r a területi beállítások szerinti idő, 12 órás (például: 00.55.52) %R 24 órás óra és perc, ugyanaz mint a %H:%M %s a „00:00:00 1970-01-01 UTC” óta eltelt másodpercek száma %u A tulajdonos felhasználói azonosítója %U A tulajdonos felhasználóneve %x Utolsó hozzáférés ideje %X Utolsó hozzáférés ideje az Epoch óta eltelt másodpercekként %y Utolsó módosítás ideje %Y Utolsó módosítás ideje az Epoch óta eltelt másodpercekként %z Utolsó változtatás ideje %Z Utolsó változtatás ideje az Epoch óta eltelt másodpercekként %x a területi beállítások dátumábrázolása (például 2006-01-12) %X a területi beállítások időábrázolása (például 01.02.32) %y az év utolsó két számjegye (00..99) %Y év %z +óópp numerikus időzóna (például: -0400) %:z +óó:pp numerikus időzóna (például: -04:00) %::z +óó:pp:ss numerikus időzóna (például: -04:00:00) %:::z numerikus időzóna a :-tal a szükséges pontossághoz (például: -04, +05:30) %Z betűkből álló időzóna-rövidítés (például: CET) Alapértelmezésben a date a numerikus mezőket nullákkal tölti ki. + JELSOR a JELSOR értelmezése karakterláncként, még ha az egy kulcsszó is, mint a „match”, vagy operátor mint a „/” ( KIFEJEZÉS ) a KIFEJEZÉS értéke -A, --address-radix=ALAP a fájleltolások kiírási módjának eldöntése -j, --skip-bytes=BÁJT BÁJT darab bemeneti bájt kihagyása először -A, --auto-reference automatikusan előállított hivatkozások kiírása -G, --traditional a System V „ptx”-hez hasonló viselkedés -F, --flag-truncation=KARAKTERLÁNC a KARAKTERLÁNC használata a sorcsonkítások jelölésére -B --block-size=MÉRET MÉRET bájtos blokkokat használ -b, --bytes ugyanaz, mint a „--apparent-size --block-size=1” -c, --total összesítést ír ki -D, --dereference-args csak a parancssorban felsorolt szimbolikus linkek törlése -D a CÉL minden elemét létrehozza, kivéve az utolsót, majd a FORRÁST CÉLRA másolja; első alakkal hasznos -g, --group=CSOPORT a CSOPORTOT állítja be a folyamat csoportja helyett -m, --mode=MÓD a jogosultságot MÓDRA állítja (mint a chmodnál), rwxr-xr-x helyett -o, --owner=TULAJDONOS tulajdonos beállítása (csak root) -D, --date-format=FORMÁTUM a FORMÁTUM használata a fejléc dátumához -e[KAR[SZÉLESSÉG], --expand-tabs[=KAR[SZÉLESSÉG]] a bemeneti KARAKTEREK (TAB-ok) kiterjesztése a tab SZÉLESSÉGÉRE (8) -F, -f, --form-feed lapdobások használata új sorok helyett az oldalak elválasztására (egy 3 soros oldalfejléccel a -F vagy egy 5 soros fejléccel és bevezetővel az -F nélkül) -G, --no-group hosszú felsorolásnál nem írja ki a csoportneveket -h, --human-readable ember által olvasható formátum (például 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si ugyanaz mint előbb, de 1000-es szorzó 1024-es helyett -H, --dereference-command-line parancssorban megadott szimbolikus linkek követése --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir minden egyes parancssori szimbolikus link követése amely egy könyvtárra mutat --hide=MINTA ne listázza a parancsértelmező MINTÁRA illeszkedő bejegyzéseket (a -a vagy -A felülbírálja) -I egyszer kérdez háromnál több fájl eltávolításakor vagy rekurzív törlés esetén. Nem olyan zavaró, mint a -i, de a legtöbb hiba ellen véd --interactive[=MIKOR] a MIKOR-nak megfelelően kérdez: never (soha), once (egyszer, mint a -I), vagy always (mindig, mint a -i). A MIKOR megadása nélkül mindig kérdez -L FÁJL a FÁJL létezik és szimbolikus link (ugyanaz, mint a -h) -O FÁJL a FÁJL létezik és a hatásos felhasználói azonosító tulajdona -p FÁJL a FÁJL létezik és egy névvel rendelkező adatcsatorna -r FÁJL a FÁJL létezik és olvasható -s FÁJL a FÁJL létezik és mérete nagyobb, mint nulla -L, --dereference mindig követi a szimbolikus linkeket -P, --no-dereference ne kövesse a szimbolikus linkeket (ez az alapértelmezés) -0, --null minden egyes új sort a 0 bájttal fejez be új sor helyett -S, --separate-dirs alkönyvtárakat nem számolja bele -s, --summarize argumentumonként egy összeget mutat -M, --macro-name=KARAKTERLÁNC a használandó makrónév az „xx” helyett -O, --format=roff a kimenet előállítása roff irányelvekként -R, --right-side-refs hivatkozások jobb oldalra helyezése, a -w nem számolja őket -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP sorok vagy mondatok végéhez -T, --format=tex a kimenet előállítása TeX irányelvekként -N, --read-bytes=BÁJT a kiíratás korlátozása BÁJT darab bemeneti bájtra -S, --strings[=BÁJT] a legalább BÁJT darab grafikus karakterből álló karakterláncok kiírása -t, --format=TÍPUS a kimeneti formátumok kiválasztása -v, --output-duplicates ne használja a * jelet a sorelnyomások jelölésére -w, --width[=BÁJT] BÁJT darab bájt kiírása kimeneti soronként --traditional argumentumok elfogadása a hagyományos formában -P, --portability POSIX kompatibilis kimenet --sync kiadja a sync parancsot a használati információk beolvasása előtt -t, --type=TÍPUS csak az adott TÍPUSÚ fájlrendszereket írja ki -T, --print-type fájlrendszertípusok kiírása -x, --exclude-type=TÍPUS a megadott TÍPUSÚ fájlrendszereket nem listázza ki -v (figyelmen kívül marad) -S rendezés fájlméret alapján --sort=SZÓ rendezés a SZÓ szerint a név helyett, a SZÓ érvényes értékei és a kapcsoló, amelynek megfelelnek: extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=SZÓ a -l kapcsolóval együtt használva az időt a SZÓNAK megfelelően mutatja a módosítás ideje helyett: atime: -u, access: -u, use: -u, ctime: -c vagy status: -c; a megadott idő alapján rendez, ha a --sort=time kapcsoló meg van adva -S FÁJL a FÁJL létezik és az egy foglalat -t [FD] az FD fájlleíró (alapértelmezésben a szabványos kimenet) meg van nyitva egy terminálon -u FÁJL a FÁJL létezik és a setuid bitje be van állítva -w FÁJL a FÁJL létezik és írható -x FÁJL a FÁJL létezik és végrehajtható (vagy kereshető) -S, --suffix=KITERJESZTÉS a biztonsági másolat szokásos kiterjesztésének felülbírálása -t --target-directory=KÖNYVTÁR a linkek létrehozására szolgáló KÖNYVTÁR megadása -T, --no-target-directory a LINK_NEVE fájl kezelése normál fájlként -v, --verbose linkelés előtt kiírja minden fájl nevét -T, -w, --mesg a felhasználó üzenetállapotának hozzáadása mint +, - vagy ? -u, --users bejelentkezett felhasználók felsorolása --message ugyanaz, mint a -T --writable ugyanaz, mint a -T -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP a REGEXP használata minden egyes kulcsszó -b, --break-file=FÁJL szótörő karakterek ebben a FÁJLBAN -f, --ignore-case kisbetűk nagybetűkké alakítása a rendezéshez -g, --gap-size=SZÁM rés mérete oszlopokban a kimeneti mezők között -i, --ignore-file=FÁJL figyelmen kívül hagyandó szavak listájának olvasása a FÁJLBÓL -o, --only-file=FÁJL az egyedüli szólista olvasása ebből a FÁJLBÓL -Z, --context=KTX a NÉV SELinux biztonsági kontextusának beállítása a KTX-re -Z, --context=KTX minden NÉV SELinux biztonsági kontextusának beállítása a KTX-re -a, --across oszlopok kiírása vízszintesen és nem függőlegesen, a -OSZLOP kapcsolóval együtt használatos -c, --show-control-chars kalapos (^G) és oktális visszaper jelölés használata -d, --double-space a kimenet dupla kitöltése -a, --all minden fájl adatait kiírja, nem csak a könyvtárakat --apparent-size a tényleges méretet írja ki a lemezhasználat helyett, jóllehet a tényleges méret általában kisebb, nagyobb is lehet a lyukak miatt a (ritka) fájlokban, a belső töredezettség, indirekt blokkok és hasonlók miatt -a, --all az összes üreshely karakter átalakítása csak a kezdők helyett --first-only csak a kezdő üreshelykarakter-sorozatok átalakítása (felülbírálja a -a kapcsolót) -t, --tabs=N a tabok N karakter szélesek 8 helyett (bekapcsolja a -a kapcsolót) -t, --tabs=LISTA a tabpozíciók vesszőkkel elválasztott LISTÁJÁNAK használata (bekapcsolja a -a kapcsolót) -a, --suffix-length=N N hosszúságú utótagok használata (alapértelmezett: %d) -b, --bytes=MÉRET MÉRET darab bájt kimeneti fájlonként -C, --line-bytes=MÉRET legfeljebb MÉRET darab bájt hosszú sorok kimeneti fájlonként -d, --numeric-suffixes numerikus utótagok használata alfabetikusok helyett -l, --lines=SZÁM SZÁM darab sor kimeneti fájlonként -b, --before az elválasztó elé és nem utána kerül csatolásra -r, --regex az elválasztó értelmezése szabályos kifejezésként -s, --separator=KARAKTERLÁNC a KARAKTERLÁNC használata elválasztóként az új sor helyett -B, --binary bináris módú olvasás -b, --binary olvasás bináris módban (alapértelmezett, ha nem terminál szabványos bemenetet olvas) -b, --body-numbering=STÍLUS a STÍLUS használata a törzs sorainak számozásához -d, --section-delimiter=CC a CC használata a logikai oldalak elválasztásához -f, --footer-numbering=STÍLUS a STÍLUS használata a lábléc sorainak számozásához -b, --bytes bájtok számolása az oszlopok helyett -s, --spaces tördelés szóközöknél -w, --width=SZÉLESSÉG SZÉLESSÉG darab oszlop használata 80 helyett -b, --bytes=LISTA csak ezen bájtok kiválasztása -c, --characters=LISTA csak ezen karakterek kiválasztása -d, --delimiter=ELHAT az ELHAT használata a TAB helyett mezőelválasztóként -b, --ignore-leading-blanks kezdő üreshelyek figyelmen kívül hagyása -d, --dictionary-order csak üres és alfanumerikus karakterek figyelembe vétele -f, --ignore-case kisbetűk nagybetűkké alakítása -b, --suffix-format=FORMÁTUM az sprintf FORMÁTUM használata a(z) %02d helyett -f, --prefix=ELŐTAG az ELŐTAG használata az „xx” helyett -k, --keep-files ne törölje kimeneti fájlokat hiba esetén -c, --check %s összegek olvasása a FÁJLOKBÓL és azok ellenőrzése -c, --count a sorok elé az előfordulások számának kiírása -d, --repeated csak a kettőzött sorok kiírása -c, --crown-margin az első két sor behúzásának megtartása -p, --prefix=KARAKTERLÁNC csak a KARAKTERLÁNC kezdetű sorok újraformázása, az előtag újraformázott sorokhoz való ismételt csatolásával -s, --split-only hosszú sorok szétvágása, de újratöltés nélkül -d, --delimiters=LISTA a LISTA karaktereinek újrafelhasználása tabok helyett -s, --serial egyszerre egy fájl beillesztése párhuzamos feldolgozás helyett -e a visszaper escape-k értelmezésének bekapcsolása (alapértelmezett) -E a visszaper escape-k értelmezésének kikapcsolása -f nem rendez, bekapcsolja a „-aU” kapcsolókat, kikapcsolja a -ls --color kapcsolókat -F, --classify jelet fűz a bejegyzéshez (a */=>@ vagy | egyikét) --file-type hasonló az előzőhöz, kivéve a „*”-ot --format=SZÓ az érvényes értékek és a kapcsoló, amelynek megfelelnek: across: -x, commas: -m, horizontal: -x, long: -l, single-column: -1, verbose: -l, vertical: -C --full-time mint a -l --time-style=full-iso -f az oszlopfejlécek sorának kihagyása a rövid formátumban -w a felhasználó teljes nevének kihagyása a rövid formátumban -i a felhasználó teljes nevének és távoli kiszolgálójának kihagyása a rövid formátumban -q a felhasználó teljes nevének, távoli kiszolgálójának és üresjárati idejének kihagyása a rövid formátumban -f ugyanaz, mint -t fF, lebegőpontosak kiválasztása -i ugyanaz, mint -t dI, decimális egészek kiválasztása -l ugyanaz, mint -t dL, decimális hosszúak kiválasztása -o ugyanaz, mint -t o2, oktális 2 bájtos egységek kiválasztása -s ugyanaz, mint -t d2, tízes alapú 2 bájtos egységek kiválasztása -x ugyanaz, mint -t x2, hexadecimális 2 bájtos egységek kiválasztása -f FÁJL a FÁJL létezik és szabályos fájl -g FÁJL a FÁJL létezik és a setgid bit be van állítva -G FÁJL a FÁJL létezik és a hatásos csoportazonosító tulajdona -h FÁJL a FÁJL létezik és szimbolikus link (ugyanaz, mint a -L) -k FÁJL a FÁJL létezik és a ragadós bit be van állítva -f, --canonicalize egyszerűsítés minden szimbolikus link rekurzív követésével az adott név minden összetevőjében, az utolsó kivételével minden összetevőnek léteznie kell -e, --canonicalize-existing egyszerűsítés minden szimbolikus link rekurzív követésével az adott név minden összetevőjében, minden összetevőnek léteznie kell -f, --fields=LISTA csak ezen mezők kiválasztása; valamint bármely sor kiírása, amely nem tartalmaz elhatárolókaraktert, kivéve ha a -s kapcsoló meg van adva -n (figyelmen kívül marad) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] a fájl növekedése során hozzáfűzött adatok kiírása; a -f, --follow és --follow=descriptor megegyeznek -F ugyanaz, mint a --follow=name --retry -f, --silent, --quiet megszünteti a legtöbb hibaüzenetet -v, --verbose minden feldolgozott fájl után üzenetet ír ki --reference=RFÁJL az RFÁJL MÓDJÁT állítja be a MÓD értékek helyett -R, --recursive rekurzívan módosítja a fájlokat és könyvtárakat -f, --silent, --quiet megszünteti a legtöbb hibaüzenetet --reference=RFÁJL a megadott RFÁJL csoportját használja a CSOPORT értéke helyett -R, --recursive rekurzívan működik a fájlokon és könyvtárakon -v, --verbose minden feldolgozott fájl után diagnosztikai üzenetet ír ki -f, --silent, --quiet megszünteti a legtöbb hibaüzenetet --reference=RFÁJL a megadott RFÁJL csoportját és tulajdonosát állítja be a TULAJ:CSOPORT értéke helyett -R, --recursive rekurzívan módosítja a fájlokat és könyvtárakat -v, --verbose minden feldolgozott fájl után diagnosztikai üzenetet ír ki -g mint a -l, de tulajdonos kiírása nélkül -g GID[,GID1...] az elsődleges csoportazonosító beállítása a numerikus GID-re és (ha meg van adva) akkor a kiegészítő csoportazonosítók beállítása a GID1, ... értékeire -h, --no-dereference nem a fájl, hanem a rá mutató szimbolikus link csoportját állítja át (csak azokon a rendszereken működik, ahol a szimlink csoportja állítható) -i, --ignore-case kis- és nagybetűk közti különbség figyelmen kívül hagyása mezők összehasonlításakor -j MEZŐ azonos a következővel: „-1 MEZŐ -2 MEZŐ” -o FORMÁTUM a FORMÁTUM alkalmazása a kimeneti sor előállításánál -t KARAKTER a KARAKTER használata a bementi és kimeneti mező elválasztójaként -i, --initial ne alakítsa át a tabokat nem üreshely karakterek után -t, --tabs=SZÁM a tabok SZÁM karakter szélesek legyenek, ne pedig 8 -i, --inodes inode információk blokkhasználat helyett -k ugyanaz, mint a --block-size=1K -l, --local csak a helyi fájlrendszereket írja ki --no-sync nem adja ki a sync parancsot a használati információk beolvasása előtt (alapértelmezett) -k mint a --block-size=1K -l, --count-links többször számolja a méretet, ha hard linkek vannak -m mint a --block-size=1M -l hosszú formátum -L, --dereference szimbolikus linkek fájlinformációinak megjelenítésekor a szimbolikus linkek által mutatott fájlok adatait jeleníti meg a link adatai helyett -m a szélességet a bejegyzések vesszővel elválasztott listájával tölti ki -l, --link fájlok linkelése másolás helyett -L, --dereference a szimbolikus linkek követése mindig a FORRÁSBAN -l, --login kiírja a rendszer bejelentkezési folyamatait -m, --canonicalize-missing egyszerűsítés minden szimbolikus link rekurzív követésével az adott név minden összetevőjében, az összetevők létezésére tekintet nélkül -n, --no-newline ne írja ki a záró új sort -q, --quiet, -s, --silent megszünteti a legtöbb hibaüzenetet -v, --verbose hibaüzenetek kiírása -m, --mode=MÓD fájlmód beállítása, (mint a chmod), nem a=rwx - umask -p, --parents könyvtárstruktúrát hoz létre. Nem ad hibát, ha már létezik -v, --verbose üzenetet ír ki minden egyes létrehozott könyvtárhoz -Z, --context=KTX minden létrehozott könyvtár SELinux biztonsági kontextusának beállítása a KTX-re -n, --digits=SZÁMJEGYEK a megadott számú számjegy használata a 2 helyett. -s, --quiet, --silent ne írja ki a kimeneti fájlok méretének összegét -z, --elide-empty-files üres kimeneti fájlok eltávolítása -n, --numeric-uid-gid mint a -l, de az felhasználó- és csoportazonosítókat számmal írja ki -N, --literal nyers bejegyzésnevek kiírása (nem kezeli megkülönböztetett módon például a vezérlőkaraktereket) -o mint a -l, de a csoportinformációk kiírása nélkül -p, --indicator-style=slash egy / jelet fűz a könyvtárakhoz -o, --output=FÁJL az eredmény írása a FÁJLBA a szabványos kimenet helyett -s, --stable a rendezés stabilizálása az utolsó újrarendezési összehasonlítás letiltásával -S, --buffer-size=MÉRET a MÉRET használata a fő memóriapufferhez -q, --count az összes bejelentkezési név és a bejelentkezett felhasználók számának kiírása -r, --runlevel a jelenlegi futási szint -s, --short csak a név, vonal és idő kiírása (alapértelmezett) -t, --time az utolsó rendszeróra-változás kiírása -q, --hide-control-chars ? kiírása a nem grafikus karakterek helyett --show-control-chars megjeleníti a nem grafikus karaktereket (alapértelmezett, kivéve ha a program az „ls” és a kimenet egy terminál) -Q, --quote-name minden bejegyzésnevet idézőjelbe tesz --quoting-style=SZÓ a SZÓ stílusnak megfelelően idézőjelez: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent soha ne írja ki a fájlneveket megadó fejléceket -v, --verbose mindig írja ki a fájlneveket megadó fejléceket -r, --reference=FÁJL a FÁJL utolsó módosítása dátumának megjelenítése -R, --rfc-2822 Időpont kiírása RFC 2822 formátumban. Például: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=FÁJL a FÁJL dátumát használja a jelenlegi idő helyett -t IDŐ a [[CC]ÉÉ]HHNNóópp[.ss] formátumot használja a jelenlegi idő helyett --time=SZÓ a megadott időt módosítja. A SZÓ lehet: access atime use: ugyanaz, mint a -a modify mtime: ugyanaz, mint a -m -r, --references minden egyes sor első mezője egy hivatkozás -t, --typeset-mode - nincs megvalósítva - -w, --width=SZÁM a kimenet szélessége oszlopokban, a hivatkozások kihagyásával -s, --only-delimited ne írja ki az elhatárolókat nem tartalmazó sorokat --output-delimiter=KARAKTERLÁNC a KARAKTERLÁNC használata a kimenet elhatárolójaként, az alapértelmezés a bemenet elhatárolójának használata -s, --signal=SZIGNÁL, -SZIGNÁL megadja az elküldendő szignál nevét vagy számát -l, --list szignálnevek felsorolása, vagy szignálnevek számokká és visszaalakítása -t, --table szignálinformációkat tartalmazó táblázat kiírása -s, --symbolic-link szimbolikus link létrehozása másolás helyett -S, --suffix=KITERJESZTÉS a biztonsági másolat szokásos kiterjesztésének felülbírálása -t, --target-directory=KÖNYVTÁR minden FORRÁS argumentum másolása a megadott KÖNYVTÁRBA -T, --no-target-directory a CÉL kezelése normál fájlként -t módosítás dátuma alapján rendez -T, --tabsize=OSZL tabulátor minden OSZL-nál, 8 helyett -t azonos a -vT-vel -T, --show-tabs a TAB karaktereket ^I formában jeleníti meg -u (figyelmen kívül marad) -v, --show-nonprinting a ^ és M- jelölés használata az LFD és TAB kivételével -t, --field-separator=ELV az ELV használata a nem üresről üresre áttérés helyett -T, --temporary-directory=KÖNYVTÁR a KÖNYVTÁR használata az átmeneti fájlokhoz a $TMPDIR vagy a(z) %s helyett; több kapcsolóval több könyvtár adható meg -u, --unique a -c esetén szigorú rendezés ellenőrzése, a -c nélkül csak az elsőt írja ki egy egyenlő menetből -t, --tabs=LISTA az explicit tab pozíciók vesszőkkel elválasztott listájának használata -t, --tagged-paragraph az első sor behúzása különbözik a másodikétól -u, --uniform-spacing egy szóköz szavak között, kettő mondatok után -w, --width=SZÉLESSÉG maximum sorszélesség (alapértelmezés 75 oszlop) --target-directory=KÖNYVTÁR minden FORRÁS áthelyezése a megadott KÖNYVTÁRBA -T, --no-target-directory a CÉL kezelése normál fájlként -u, --update csak akkor helyezi át, ha a célfájl régebbi, mint a FORRÁS, vagy ha a célfájl nem létezik -v, --verbose elmagyarázza, mi történik -t, --text olvasás szöveges módban (alapértelmezett, ha terminál szabványos bemenetet olvas) -t, --text olvasás szöveges módban (alapértelmezett) -u, --remove fájl csonkítása és törlése felülírás után -v, --verbose folyamat előrehaladásának mutatása -x, --exact nem kerekíti fel a fájlméretet a következő teljes blokkra ez az alapértelmezés nem szabályos fájlok esetén -z, --zero a végén nullákkal írja felül a fájlt, így álcázva a megsemmisítést -u, --update csak akkor másol, ha a CÉL fájl régebbi mint a FORRÁS, vagy ha a CÉL nem létezik -v, --verbose elmagyarázza, mi történik -x, --one-file-system az adott fájlrendszeren marad -u, --user=FELHASZNÁLÓ a FELHASZNÁLÓ felhasználó beállítása a cél biztonsági kontextusában -r, --role=SZEREP a SZEREP szerep beállítása a cél biztonsági kontextusában -t, --type=TÍPUS a TÍPUS típus beállítása a cél biztonsági kontextusában -l, --range=TARTOMÁNY a TARTOMÁNY tartomány beállítása a cél biztonsági kontextusában -v, --kernel-version a kernel verziójának kiírása -m, --machine a gép hardvere nevének kiírása -p, --processor a processzor típusának vagy az „unknown” szó kiírása -i, --hardware-platform a hardverplatform vagy „unknown” az „unknown” szó kiírása -o, --operating-system az operációs rendszer kiírása -w, --check-chars=N a sorokban N-től ne hasonlítson össze több karaktert -w, --width=OSZL feltételezi, hogy a képernyő OSZL széles -x a bejegyzéseket soronként, és nem oszloponként listázza -X ábécé sorba rendez, kiterjesztés szerint -Z, --context az egyes fájlok teljes SELinux biztonsági kontextusának kiírása -1 soronként egy fájlnevet ír ki -z, --zero-terminated a sorok lezárása a 0 bájttal új sor helyett [:graph:] az összes nyomtatható karakter, kivéve a szóközt [:lower:] az összes kisbetű [:print:] az összes nyomtatható karakter, beleértve a szóközt [:punct:] az összes központozó karakter [:space:] az összes vízszintes vagy függőleges üreshely [:upper:] az összes nagybetű [:xdigit:] az összes hexadecimális számjegy [=KAR=] az összes karakter, amely azonos a KAR karakterrel \v függőleges tab KAR1-KAR2 az összes karakter KAR1 és KAR2 között növekvő sorrendben [KAR*] a HALMAZ2-ben, a KAR másolatai a HALMAZ1 hosszáig [KAR*ISMÉTLÉS] a KAR ISMÉTLÉS darab másolata, az ISMÉTLÉS oktális, ha 0-val kezdődik [:alnum:] az összes betű és számjegy [:alpha:] az összes betű [:blank:] az összes vízszintes üreshely [:cntrl:] az összes vezérlőkarakter [:digit:] az összes számjegy ascii EBCDIC-ből ASCII-ba ebcdic ASCII-ból EBCDIC-be ibm ASCII-ból módosított EBCDIC-be block az új sorra végződő rekordokat cbs méretűre tölti ki szóközökkel unblock a sorvégi szóközöket cbs méretű rekordokban soremelésre cseréli lcase nagybetűről kisbetűre cserél binary bináris I/O használata az adatokhoz d[MÉRET] előjeles decimális, MÉRET bájt egészenként f[MÉRET] lebegőpontos, MÉRET bájt egészenként o[MÉRET] oktális, MÉRET bájt egészenként u[MÉRET] előjel nélküli decimális, MÉRET bájt egészenként x[MÉRET] hexadecimális, MÉRET bájt egészenként direct közvetlen I/O használata az adatokhoz dsync szinkronizált I/O használata az adatokhoz noatime ne frissítse a hozzáférési időt nocreat ne hozza létre a kimeneti fájlt excl a működés visszautasítása, ha kimeneti fájl már létezik notrunc nem csonkolja a kimeneti fájlt ucase kisbetűről nagybetűre cserél swab minden bemeneti bájtpár sorrendjét megcseréli noctty ne rendelje hozzá a vezérlő terminált fájlból noerror folytatás olvasási hibák után sync minden bemeneti blokkot NULL bájtokkal ibs méretűre egészít ki; ha a „block” vagy „unblock” is szerepel a listában, akkor a feltöltéshez NULL helyett szóközt használ fdatasync a kimeneti fájladatok kiírása fizikailag a befejezés előtt fsync hasonló az előzőhöz, de a metaadatokat is kiírja nofollow ne kövesse a szimbolikus linkeket nolinks többszörös linkek esetén a működés visszautasítása nonblock nem blokkoló I/O használata none, off nem készít mentést (még a --backup megadása esetén sem) numbered, t számozott mentést készít existing, nil számozott, ha már létezik számozott változat, egyébként egyszerű simple, never mindig egyszerű biztonsági mentés sync hasonló az előzőhöz, de a metaadatok esetén is érvényes text szöveges I/O használata az adatokhoz %4s-blokk Foglalt Szabad Fo.%% %s-blokk Fogl. Szabad Kapacitás (biztonsági mentés: %s) * [-]ctlecho vezérlőkarakterek visszaadása kalapos jelöléssel („^c”) [-]echo bemeneti karakterek visszaadása * [-]echoctl ugyanaz, mint a [-]ctlecho [-]echoe ugyanaz, mint a [-]crterase [-]echok új sor visszaadása egy kill karakter után * [-]echoke ugyanaz, mint a [-]crtkill [-]echonl új sor visszaadása akkor is, ha más karaktereket nem ad vissza * [-]echoprt törölt karakterek visszaadása visszafelé, „\” és „/” között [-]icanon az erase, kill, werase és rprnt különleges karakterek bekapcsolása [-]iexten a nem POSIX különleges karakterek bekapcsolása * [-]iuclc nagybetűs karakterek kisbetűssé alakítása * [-]ixany bármely karakter újrakezdheti a kimenetet, nem csak a start [-]ixoff start/stop karakterek küldésének engedélyezése [-]ixon XON/XOFF folyamvezérlés engedélyezése [-]parmrk paritáshibák jelölése (egy 255-0 karaktersorozattal) [-]tandem ugyanaz, mint a [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 a bemeneti karakterek UTF-8 kódolásának feltételezése * [-]ocrnl a kocsivissza új sorrá fordítása * [-]ofdel delete karakterek használata kitöltéshez null karakterek helyett * [-]ofill kitöltő karakterek használata időzítés helyett a késleltetésekhez * [-]olcuc kisbetűs karakterek nagybetűssé alakítása * [-]onlcr új sor karakterek kocsivissza - új sorrá alakítása * [-]onlret az új sor kocsivisszát hajt végre * [-]onocr ne írjon ki kocsivissza karaktereket az első oszlopba [-]opost kimenet utófeldolgozása * tabN vízszintes tab késleltetési stílus, N lehet [0..3] * tabs ugyanaz, mint a tab0 * -tabs ugyanaz, mint a tab3 * vtN függőleges tab késleltetési stílus, N lehet [0..1] * eol2 KAR alternatív KAR a sor lezárására erase KAR a KAR törli az utoljára beírt karaktert intr KAR a KAR egy megszakítási szignált fog küldeni kill KAR a KAR törli az aktuális sort * lnext KAR a KAR hatására a következő karakter idézőjelek között kerül bevitelre quit KAR a KAR egy kilépési szignált fog küldeni * rprnt KAR a KAR újrarajzolja az aktuális sort start KAR a KAR újraindítja a kimenetet annak leállítása után * rows N közli a kernellel, hogy a terminál N sorral rendelkezik * size kiírja a sorok és oszlopok számát a kernellel összhangban speed kiírja a terminál sebességét time N az -icanon használatakor beállítja az olvasási időtúllépést N tizedmásodpercre Csatl. pont TTY csoportok= régi a(z) %s ismétlésben % 1% a memóriából, b 1, K 1024 (alapértelmezett), és ugyanígy M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y Ha a FÁJL nincs megadva, vagy -, akkor a szabványos bemenetet olvassa. *** FIGYELMEZTETÉS *** A környezet által megadott területi beállítások befolyásolják a rendezési sorrendet. Az LC_ALL=C beállításával megkapható a hagyományos rendezési sorrend, amely a natív bájtértékeket használja. %.*s: érvénytelen konverziós specifikáció%Y %b %e%b %e %H.%M%lu felhasználó%lu felhasználó%s%s (a(z) %s regexphez)%s -> %s (biztonsági mentés visszaállítása) A(z) %s [-d] váratlanul befejeződött%s és %s ugyanaz a fájl%s létezik, de nem könyvtár%s megjelent; a program az új fájl végét követi%s elérhetővé vált%s elérhetetlenné vált%s le lett cserélve egy követhetetlen fájlra; a program ezen a néven befejezi a próbálkozást%s helyettesítésre került; a program az új fájl végét követi%s fájltípusa ismeretlen%s nem egy érvényes pozitív egésza(z) %s túl nagy%s%s: a(z) „%s” argumentum túl nagy%s: %s olyan nagy, hogy nem ábrázolható%s: %s: a sorszám kívül esik a tartományon%s: %s: a találat nem található%s: %s:%s: rendezetlenség: %s: a megnyitás vagy olvasás meghiúsult %s: Nincs ilyen felhasználó%s: egy „}” szükséges az ismétlésszámban%s: a program bináris operátort várt%s: relatív szimbolikus linkeket csak az aktuális könyvtárban lehet létrehozni%s: nem módosítható a nem blokkoló mód%s: nem található a név a(z) %lu felhasználói azonosítóhoz %s: ezen fájltípus vége nem követhető; a program ezen a néven befejezi a próbálkozást%s: nem lehet lseek-elni az eredeti pozícióra%s: a könyvtár nem írható felül%s: nem lehet visszacsévélni%s: nem lehet pozicionálni%s: nem lehet a(z) %s befejező relatív eltolásra keresni%s: nem lehet a(z) %s eltolásra pozicionálni%s: nem lehet a(z) %s relatív eltolásra keresni%s: nem lehet a megsemmisíteni a csak hozzáfűzésre megnyitott fájlleírót%s: a záró „%c” elhatároló hiányzik%s: nem állítható vissza a nem blokkoló mód%s: belép a(z) %s könyvtárba? %s: belép a(z) %s írásvédett könyvtárba? %s: fájl vége%s: az egyenlőségosztály operandusnak egyetlen karakternek kell lennie%s: hiba a csonkításnál%s: írási hiba a következő eltolásnál: %s%s: a várt érték numerikus%s: a bezárás meghiúsult%s: az írásra megnyitás meghiúsult%s: az eltávolítás meghiúsult%s: az fcntl meghiúsult%s: az fdatasync meghiúsult%s: a fájl métere negatív%s: a fájl túl sokat zsugorodott%s: a fájl túl nagy%s: a fájl túl nagy%s: a fájl csonkítva%s: az elérés meghiúsult%s: az fsync meghiúsult%s: könyvtárra mutató hard link nem engedélyezett%s: bemenet hurkot tartalmaz:%s: a bemenet páratlan számú jelsort tartalmaz%s: a bemeneti fájl a kimeneti fájl%s a program egész értéket várt az elhatároló után%s: érvénytelen PID%s: érvénytelen szám a(z) %s kezdetén%s: érvénytelen direktíva%s: érvénytelen mezőspecifikáció: %s%s: érvénytelen fájlméret%s: érvénytelen fájltípus%s: a változatlan statok maximális száma érvénytelen a megnyitások közöttérvénytelen szám: %s%s: érvénytelen bájtszám%s: érvénytelen sorszám%s: érvénytelen menetszám%s: a másodpercek száma érvénytelen%s: érvénytelen minta%s: érvénytelen folyamatazonosító%s: érvénytelen szabályos kifejezés: %s%s: érvénytelen szignál%s: érvénytelen utótaghossz%s: a sorszámnak nagyobbnak kell lennie, mint 0%s: a sorszám kívül esik a tartományon%s: az lseek meghiúsult%s: több szignált adott meg%s: az új jogosultságok: %s, nem pedig %s%s: nem találhatók megfelelően formázott %s ellenőrzőösszeg sorok%s: nincsenek méretinformációk ehhez az eszközhöz%s: a már listázott könyvtár nem kerül listázásra%s: a bájtszám túl nagy%s: felülírod a(z) %s fájlt? %s: %lu/%lu menet (%s)...%s: %lu/%lu menet (%s)...%s%s: %lu/%lu menet (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: olvasási hiba%1$s: eltávolítja a(z) %3$s nevű, „%2$s” típusú elemet? %s: rekurzívan eltávolítja az összes argumentumot? %s: eltávolítja az összes argumentumot? %1$s: eltávolítja az írásvédett %3$s nevű, „%2$s” típusú elemet? %s: törölve%s: törlés alatt%s: átnevezve a következőre: %s%s: %s cseréje? %s: a keresés meghiúsult%s: túl sok ellenőrzőösszeg-sor%s: megpróbálja felülírni a(z) %s fájlt, figyelmen kívül hagyva a(z) %04lo (%s) módot? %s: a maximális fájlnévhossz nem határozható meg%s: nem hajtható végre az össze kért művelet%s: a program egyoperandusú operátort várt%s: az érték átalakítása nem teljes%s: íráshiba%s:%lu: érvénytelen sor; a második token hiányzik%s:%lu: a(z) %s kulcsszó ismeretlen%s}: egy egész érték szükséges a „{” és „}” között”a program „)” jelet várta program „)” jelet várt, de a következőt találta: %s(C)* azon fájlrendszerek, amelyek gyorsítótárai átmeneti helyen találhatók, ilyen az NFS kliens 3-as verziója * tömörített fájlrendszerek * naplózó fájlrendszerek, ilyen az AIX és a Solaris fájlrendszere (valamint a JFS, a ReiserFS, az XFS, az Ext3 stb.) * azon fájlrendszerek, amelyek redundánsan írják az adatokat és akkor is továbbhaladnak az írással, ha valamelyik írás sikertelen, ilyenek a RAID alapú fájlrendszerek. * pillanatfelvételeket alkalmazó fájlrendszerek, ilyen a Network Appliance NFS kiszolgálója , átlagos terh.: %.2f, %g mp, %s/mp a --context (-Z) csak SELinux-képes rendszermagokkal működikA -R --dereference igényli a -H vagy -L egyikéta -R -h megköveteli a -P használatáta -ef nem fogadja el a -l kapcsolóta -nt nem fogadja el a -l kapcsolóta -ot nem fogadja el a -l kapcsolót??? A címcsalád a gépnévhez nem támogatottHa egy hosszú kapcsolóhoz kötelező argumentumot megadni, akkor ez a megfelelő rövid kapcsolónál is kötelező. Minden kérés készA paraméterpuffer túl kicsiAz ai_flags értéke hibásVIGYÁZAT: A shred működése egy fontos feltételezésen alapul: azon, hogy a fájlrendszer azonnal felülírja az adatokat. Ez a hagyományos eljárás, de sok korszerű fájlrendszer eltér ettől. A következő fájlrendszereken nem, vagy nem minden fájlrendszermód esetén garantált a shred hatásossága: MEGJEGYZÉSA link függvény meghívása egy létező FÁJL1-re mutató FÁJL2 nevű link létrehozásához. Az unlink függvény meghívása a megadott FÁJL törlése érdekében. A hatásos felhasználói azonosító és csoportazonosító megváltoztatása a FELHASZNÁLÓÉRA. -, -l, --login a parancsértelmező legyen bejelentkezési parancsértelmező -c, --command=PARANCS egyetlen PARANCS átadása a parancsértelmezőnek -f, --fast a -f átadása a parancsértelmezőnek (csh vagy tcsh esetén) -m, --preserve-environment ne állítsa vissza a környezeti változókat -p ugyanaz, mint a -m -s, --shell=PARANCSÉRTELMEZŐ a PARANCSÉRTELMEZŐ futtatása, ha az /etc/shells engedélyezi Megváltoztatja mindegyik FÁJL csoportját a CSOPORTRA. A --reference használatával minden egyes FÁJL csoportját a REFERENCIAFÁJL csoportjára változtatja. -c, --changes mint a bőbeszédű mód, de csak a végrehajtott változásokat jelzi --dereference nem a szimbolikus link csoportját változtatja meg, hanem a fájlét, amire az mutat (ez az alapértelmezett) Megváltoztatja minden egyes FÁJL jogosultságait a MÓDRA. -c, --changes mint a verbose, de csak a változásokat jelzi Megváltoztatja mindegyik FÁJL tulajdonosát és/vagy csoportját a TULAJDONOSRA és/vagy a CSOPORTRA. A --reference használata esetén mindegyik FÁJL tulajdonosát és csoportját a REFERENCIAFÁJLÉRA változtatja. -c, --changes mint a verbose, de csak a változásokat jelzi --dereference nem a szimbolikus link csoportját változtatja meg, hanem a fájlét, amire az mutat A rendezett FÁJL1 és FÁJL2 összehasonlítása sorról sorra. Összefűzi a FÁJLOKAT, vagy a szabványos bemenetet a szabványos kimenettel. -A, --show-all azonos a -vET-vel -b, --number-nonblank a nem üres kimeneti sorok megszámozása -e azonos a -vE-vel -E, --show-ends egy $ jelet jelenít meg minden egyes sor végén -n, --number megszámoz minden kimeneti sort -s, --squeeze-blank az ismétlődő üres kimeneti sorokat nem jeleníti meg Szóközök átalakítása minden egyes FÁJLBAN tabokká és kiírás a szabványos kimenetre. Ha a FÁJL nincs megadva, vagy -, akkor a szabványos bemenetet olvassa. A tabokat minden egyes FÁJLBAN szóközökké alakítja és kiírja a szabványos kimenetre. Ha a FÁJL nincs megadva, vagy -, akkor a szabványos bemenetet olvassa. A FORRÁST a CÉLRA, vagy több FORRÁST a KÖNYVTÁRBA másol. A szabványos bemenet másolása minden egyes FÁJLBA, valamint a szabványos kimenetre is. -a, --append hozzáfűzés a megadott FÁJLOKHOZ, felülírás helyett -i, --ignore-interrupts megszakítási szignálok figyelmen kívül hagyása. NÉV nevű névvel rendelkező adatcsatornát (FIFO-t) hoz létre. KÖNYVTÁRAKAT hoz létre, ha még nem léteznek. Az adott NEVŰ és TÍPUSÚ speciális fájl létrehozása. Könyvtár: Kijelzi a fájl vagy fájlrendszer állapotát. -L, --dereference kövesse a linkeket -f, --file-system a fájlrendszer állapotát jelzi ki a fájl állapota helyett Az aktuális idő megjelenítése a megadott FORMÁTUMBAN, vagy a rendszerdátum beállítása. -d, --date=KARAKTERLÁNC a KARAKTERLÁNC által leírt dátum megjelenítése az aktuális helyett -f, --file=DÁTUMFÁJL ugyanaz, mint a --date egyszer a DÁTUMFÁJL minden egyes sorára Minden kiegészítő csoport eldobása, a megadott FELHASZNÁLÓNÉV felhasználó- és csoportazonosítójának felvétele és a PARANCS futtatása a megadott ARGUMENTUMOKKAL. 111-es állapottal lép ki, ha a szükséges UID és GID nem vehető fel. Egyébként a PARANCS kilépési állapotával tér vissza. Ez a program csak akkor hasznos, ha a root (0 felhasználói azonosító) futtatja. KILÉPMinden egyes tartomány az alábbiak egyike: N N. bájt, karakter vagy mező, 1-től számítva N- az N. bájttól, karaktertől vagy mezőtől, a sor végéig N-M az N. bájttól, karaktertől vagy mezőtől, az M.-ig (azt is beleértve) -M az első bájttól, karaktertől vagy mezőtől az M.-ig (azt is beleértve) Ha a FÁJL nincs megadva vagy -, akkor a szabványos bemenetet olvassa. A KARAKTERLÁNCOK kiírása a szabványos kimenetre. -n ne írja ki a befejező új sort Kilépés egy sikert jelző állapotkóddal.Kilépés a KIFEJEZÉS által meghatározott állapottal. F. PinardHIBÁSA FORMÁTUM argumentumnak alkalmasnak kell lennie egy duplapontos típusú argumentum nyomtatására; az alapértelmezés a %.PONTOSSÁGf, ha az ELSŐ, NÖVEKMÉNY és UTOLSÓ fixpontos decimális számok pontossága legfeljebb PONTOSSÁG, ellenkező esetben %g A Fifo-k nem rendelkeznek major és minor eszközszámokkal.Fájlrendszer Fájlrendszer TípusMinden egyes azonos összekapcsolási mezővel rendelkező bementi sorpárhoz kiír egy sort a szabványos kimenetre. Az alapértelmezett összekapcsolási mező az első, üreshely karakterekkel elválasztva. Ha a FÁJL1 vagy FÁJL2 (nem mindkettő) a -, akkor a szabványos bemenetről olvas. -a FÁJLSZÁM a FÁJLSZÁM fájlból származó nem párosítható sorok kiírása ahol a FÁJLSZÁM 1 vagy 2, a FÁJL1-nek vagy a FÁJL2-nek megfelelően. -e ÜRES a hiányzó bemeneti mezők helyettesítése az ÜRESSEL A megváltozott blokkokat azonnal kiírja lemezre, frissíti a szuperblokkot ÜRESÜresj.Ezen kívül a törölni kívánt fájlnak lehetnek példányai fájlrendszermentésben vagy egy távoli tükörkiszolgálón. Ezek alapján vissza lehet állítani a megsemmisített fájlt. Valójában: Az ext3 fájlrendszerek esetén csak data=journal módban érvényes a fenti figyelmeztetés (és így a shred csak korlátozott hatékonyságú), amely a fájladatokat is naplózza a metaadatokon kívül. Mind a data=ordered (alapértelmezett) és data=writeback módokban a shred a szokásos módon működik. Az Ext3 naplózási módjai megváltoztathatók a data=valami kapcsoló felvételével egy adott fájlrendszer csatlakoztatási kapcsolói közé az /etc/fstab fájlban, ahogyan az a mount kézikönyvoldalában dokumentálva van (man mount). Végtelen BEgy szignál megszakítottaÉrvénytelen visszahivatkozásérvénytelen karakterosztálynévÉrvénytelen leválogatási karakterA \{\} tartalma érvénytelenÉrvénytelen megelőző szabályos kifejezésÉrvénytelen tartományvégÉrvénytelen szabályos kifejezésVONALInformációt ír ki a FÁJLOKRÓL, alapértelmezésben az aktuális könyvtárról. Ábécé sorrendbe rendezi a bejegyzéseket, ha nincs megadva a -cftuvSUX vagy a --sort kapcsolók valamelyike. Bejel.Bejelentkezési név: Ha egy hosszú kapcsolóhoz kötelező argumentumot megadni, akkor ez a megfelelő rövid kapcsolónál is kötelező. Memóriafoglalási hibaElfogyott a memóriaNÉVNévA név vagy a szolgáltatás nem ismertNincs cím társítva a gépnévhezNincs találatNincs megelőző szabályos kifejezésHelyreállíthatatlan névfeloldási hibaRENDBENCsak egy karakterlánc adható meg az ismétlések összenyomása nélküli törlésnél.Rendezési lehetőségek: A bemeneti fájlok szavai permutált indexének kiírása a kontextust is beleértve. Kiírja a megfelelő shell parancsot az LS_COLOR környezeti változó beállításához. Kimeneti formátum megállapítása -b, --sh, --bourne-shell Bourne shell kód az LS_COLORS beállításához -c, --csh, --c-shell C shell kód az LS_COLORS beállításához -p, --print-data-base alapértelmezés kiírása A BEMENET rögzített méretű darabjainak kiírása az ELŐTAGaa, ELŐTAGab, ...; fájlokba, az alapértelmezett méret az 1000, és az alapértelmezett ELŐTAG az „x”. Ha a BEMENET nincs megadva, vagy -, akkor a szabványos bemenetet olvassa. A FÁJL MINTÁK által elválasztott darabjait az „xx00”, „xx01”, ..., fájlokba írja, valamint az egyes darabok bájtjai számát a szabványos kimenetre írja. Kiírja, hogy a FÁJL szerint ki van bejelentkezve. Ha a FÁJL nincs megadva, akkor a %s fájlt használja. A %s használata általános A megadott FÁJLT többször egymás után felülírja, így még nagyon költséges hardver megoldásokkal sem lehet könnyen visszaállítani az adatokat. PIDA FÁJLOK oldalakra tördelése vagy oszlopokba rendezése nyomtatáshoz. A Paraméter-karakterlánc kódolása nem megfelelőJelszó:Terv: A szabályos kifejezés túl korán véget értAz ARGUMENTUMOK kiírása a FORMÁTUMNAK megfelelően vagy végrehajtásuk a KAPCSOLÓNAK megfelelően: Minden egyes FÁJL CRC ellenőrzőösszegének és bájtjai számának kiírása. Kinyomtatja a NEVET a kezdő könyvtárösszetevő eltávolítása után. Ha meg van adva, a záró UTÓTAGOT is eltávolítja. Kiírja a NEVET az utolsó / összetevőjének eltávolítása után; ha a NÉV nem tartalmaz „/” jeleket, akkor egy „.” lesz a kimenet (ami az aktuális könyvtárat jelenti). Bizonyos rendszerinformációkat ír ki. KAPCSOLÓ nélkül ugyanaz, mint a -s. -a, --all az össze információ kiírása a következő sorrendben: kivéve a -p és -i kihagyását, ha ismeretlenek: -s, --kernel-name a kernel nevének kiírása -n, --nodename a hálózati csomópont gépnevének kiírása -r, --kernel-release a kernel kiadásának kiírása A gép architektúrájának kiírása. Számok kiírása az ELSŐTŐL az UTOLSÓIG, NÖVEKMÉNY lépésenként. -f, --format=FORMÁTUM printf stílusú lebegőpontos FORMÁTUM használata -s, --separator=KARAKTERLÁNC a KARAKTERLÁNC használata a számok elválasztására (alapértelmezett: \n) -w, --equal-width szélesség kiegyenlítése bevezető nullákkal való kitöltéssel. A terminál jellemzőinek kiírása vagy megváltoztatása. -a, --all az összes aktuális beállítás kiírása ember által olvasható formában. -g, --save az összes aktuális beállítás kiírása az stty által olvasható formában. -F, --file=ESZKÖZ a megadott ESZKÖZ használata a szabványos bemenet helyett Minden egyes FÁJL kiválasztott részeinek kiírása a szabványos kimenetre. A szabványos bemenetre kapcsolt terminál fájlnevének kiírása. -s, --silent, --quiet nem ír ki semmit, csak a kilépési állapotot adja vissza Minden egyes FÁJL első 10 sorának kiírása a szabványos kimenetre. Több FÁJL esetén mindegyiket egy fejléc előzi meg, amely megadja a fájl nevét. Ha a FÁJL nincs megadva, vagy -, akkor a szabványos bemenetet olvassa. Az aktuális munkakönyvtár teljes fájlnevének kiírása. Minden egyes FÁJL utolsó %d sorának kiírása a szabványos kimenetre. Több FÁJL esetén mindegyiket megelőzi egy fejléc, amely megadja a fájlnevet. Ha a FÁJL nincs megadva, vagy -, akkor a szabványos bemenetet olvassa. Az aktuális felhasználó nevének kiírása. Az aktuális hatásos felhasználói azonosítóhoz társított felhasználónév kiírása. Ugyanaz, mint az id -un. Kérés feldolgozása folyamatbanProjekt: A szabályos kifejezés túl nagyA FÁJLOK eltávolítása (unlink). -f, --force nem létező fájlok figyelmen kívül hagyása, nem kérdez -i kérdés minden eltávolítás előtt A FORRÁST átnevezi a CÉLRA vagy több FORRÁST egy CÉLKÖNYVTÁRBA helyez át. Az összes megadott KARAKTERLÁNCOT vagy az „y”-t tartalmazó sor ismételt kiírása. Kérés megszakítvaA kérés nem lett megszakítvaA PARANCS futtatása módosított nice értékkel, amely a folyamatütemezést érinti. Ha a PARANCS nincs megadva, akkor az aktuális nice értéket írja ki. A nice értékek a(z) %d (leginkább előnyben részesített) értéktől %d-ig (legkevésbé előnyben részesített) terjednek. -n, --adjustment=N az N egész szám hozzáadása a nice értékhez (az alapértelmezett: 10) A PARANCS futtatása a gyökérkönyvtár ÚJGYÖKÉRRE állításával. A PARANCS futtatása a hangup szignálok figyelmen kívül hagyásával. Egy program futtatása másik biztonsági kontextusban. Ha sem a KONTEXTUS, sem a PARANCS nincs megadva, akkor kiírja a jelenlegi biztonsági kontextust. KONTEXTUS Teljes biztonsági kontextus -c, --compute folyamatátmeneti kontextus kiszámítása a módosítás előtt -t, --type=TÍPUS típus (a szülővel egyező szerephez) -u, --user=FELHASZNÁLÓ felhasználói személyazonosság -r, --role=SZEREP szerep -l, --range=TARTOMÁNY szinttartomány Szignálok küldése folyamatoknak, vagy szignálok felsorolása A Servname nem támogatott az ai_socktype-hozÁllítsd be az LC_ALL='C' -t a probléma megkerüléséhez.Parancsértelmező: Arról a fájlrendszerről jelenít meg adatokat, ahol a megadott FÁJLOK találhatók, vagy alapértelmezésben minden fájlrendszerről. Speciális fájlok létrehozásakor meg kell adni major és minor eszközszámokat.SikerültÖsszefoglalja minden FÁJL lemezhasználatát, könyvtárakra rekurzívan. RendszerhibaIDŐÁtmeneti névfeloldási hibaAz alábbi elhagyható jelölők követhetik a „%” jelet: - (kötőjel) ne töltse ki a mezőt _ (aláhúzás) kitöltés szóközökkel 0 (nulla) kitöltés nullákkal ^ nagybetűk használata, ha lehetséges # ellentétes (nagy<->kis) betűk használata, ha lehetséges Az alábbi kapcsolók a hierarchia bejárását módosítják, ha a -R kapcsoló is meg van adva. Ha egynél több van megadva, akkor csak a legutolsó fejti ki hatását. -H ha egy parancssori argumentum szimbolikus link egy könyvtárra, akkor bejárja -L minden könyvtárra mutató szimbolikus link bejárása -P ne járjon be egyetlen szimbolikus linket sem (alapértelmezett) Az összehasonlított karakterláncok: %s és %s.Záró visszaperTovábbi információkért adja ki a(z) „%s --help” parancsot. Próbálja kiadni a(z) „%s ./%s” parancsot a(z) %s eltávolításához. Fordításkor meg kell adni két karakterláncot.Ismeretlen hibaIsmeretlen rendszerhibaPár nélküli ( vagy \(Pár nélküli ) vagy \)Pár nélküli [ vagy [^Pár nélküli \{Használat: %s PARANCS [ARG]... vagy: %s KAPCSOLÓ Használat: %s KONTEXTUS PARANCS [argumentumok] vagy: %s [ -c ] [-u FELHASZNÁLÓ] [-r SZEREP] [-t TÍPUS] [-l TARTOMÁNY] PARANCS [argumentumok] Használat: %s KIFEJEZÉS vagy: %s KAPCSOLÓ Használat: %s FÁJL vagy: %s KAPCSOLÓ Használat: %s FÁJL1 FÁJL2 vagy: %s KAPCSOLÓ Használat: %s FORMÁTUM [ARGUMENTUM]... vagy: %s KAPCSOLÓ Használat: %s NÉV vagy: %s KAPCSOLÓ Használat: %s NÉV [UTÓTAG] vagy: %s KAPCSOLÓ Használat: %s SZÁM[UTÓTAG]... vagy: %s KAPCSOLÓ Szünet SZÁM másodpercre. Az UTÓTAG lehet „s” a másodpercekhez, (alapértelmezett) „m” percekhez, „h” órákhoz vagy „d” napokhoz. A legtöbb megvalósítással ellentétben, amelyek megkövetelik a SZÁM egész voltát, itt a SZÁM egy tetszőleges lebegőpontos szám lehet. Két vagy több argumentum megadása esetén a szünet az értékeik összege által megadott időtartamig tart Használat: %s KAPCSOLÓ... [FÁJL]... Használat: %s [-s SZIGNÁL | -SZIGNÁL] PID... vagy: %s -l [SZIGNÁL]... vagy: %s -t [SZIGNÁL]... Használat: %s [FÁJL]... vagy: %s [KAPCSOLÓ] Használat: %s [NÉV] vagy: %s KAPCSOLÓ Az aktuális rendszer gépnevének kiíratása vagy beállítása. Használat: %s [SZÁM]... vagy: %s KAPCSOLÓ Használat: %s [OPERANDUS]... vagy: %s KAPCSOLÓ Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ] Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ] [PARANCS [ARG]...] Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ] [FÁJL] Teljesen rendezett lista kiírása a FÁJLBAN található részleges rendezéssel összhangban. Ha a FÁJL nincs megadva, vagy -, akkor a szabványos bemenetet olvassa. Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... KONTEXTUS FÁJL... vagy: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... [-u FELHASZNÁLÓ] [-r SZEREP] [-l TARTOMÁNY] [-t TÍPUS] FÁJL... vagy: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... --reference=REFERENCIAFÁJL FÁJL... Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... KÖNYVTÁR... Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... [FÁJL] Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... FÁJL MINTA... Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... FÁJL... Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... FÁJL1 FÁJL2 Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... CSOPORT FÁJL... vagy: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... --reference=REFERENCIAFÁJL FÁJL... Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... UTOLSÓ vagy: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... ELSŐ UTOLSÓ vagy: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... ELSŐ NÖVEKMÉNY UTOLSÓ Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... MÓD[,MÓD]... FÁJL... vagy: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... OKTÁLIS-MÓD FÁJL... vagy: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... --reference=REFERENCIAFÁJL FÁJL... Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... NÉV TÍPUS [MAJOR MINOR] Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ] NÉV... Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... HALMAZ1 [HALMAZ2] Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... [ FÁJL | ARG1 ARG2 ] Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... [+FORMÁTUM] vagy: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... [-T] FORRÁS CÉL vagy: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... FORRÁS... KÖNYVTÁR vagy: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... -t KÖNYVTÁR FORRÁS... Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... [-T] FORRÁS CÉL vagy: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... FORRÁS... KÖNYVTÁR vagy: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... -t KÖNYVTÁR FORRÁS... vagy: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... -d KÖNYVTÁR... Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... [-T] CÉL LINK_NEVE (1. alak) vagy: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... CÉL (2. alak) vagy: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... CÉL... KÖNYVTÁR (3. alak) vagy: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... -t KÖNYVTÁR... CÉL... (4. alak) Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... [-] [NÉV=ÉRTÉK]... [PARANCS [ARG]...] Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... [-] [FELHASZNÁLÓ [ARGUMENTUM]...] Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... [FÁJL] Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... [FÁJL] vagy: %s -e [KAPCSOLÓ]... [ARG]... vagy: %s -i LO-HI [KAPCSOLÓ]... Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... [FÁJL]... Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... [FÁJL]... vagy: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FÁJL] [[+]ELTOLÁS[.][b]] vagy: %s --traditional [KAPCSOLÓ]... [FÁJL] [[+]ELTOLÁS[.][b] [+][CÍMKE][.][b]] Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... FÁJL... vagy: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... --files0-from=F Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... [BEMENET [KIMENET]] Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... [BEMENET]... (-G nélkül) vagy: %s -G [KAPCSOLÓ]... [BEMENET [KIMENET]] Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... [TULAJDONOS] [:[CSOPORT] FÁJL... vagy: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... --reference=REFERENCIAFÁJL FÁJL... Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... [SABLON] Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... [FELHASZNÁLÓNÉV] Használat: %s [KAPCSOLÓ]... [FELHASZNÁLÓ]... Használat: %s [KARAKTERLÁNC]... vagy: %s KAPCSOLÓ Használat: %s [figyelmen kívül hagyott parancssori argumentumok] vagy: %s KAPCSOLÓ Használat: test KIFEJEZÉS vagy: test vagy: [ KIFEJEZÉS ] vagy: [ ] vagy: [ KAPCSOLÓ Az érvényes argumentumok a következők:Az érvényes formátumsorozatok fájlrendszerekhez: %a A nem rendszergazda számára elérhető szabad blokkok %b Adatblokkok összesen a fájlrendszeren %c Fájlcsomópontok összesen a fájlrendszeren %d Szabad fájlcsomópontok a fájlrendszeren %f Szabad blokkok a fájlrendszeren %C SELinux biztonsági kontextus karakterlánc FIGYELMEZTETÉS: körkörös könyvtárszerkezet. Ez majdnem biztosan azt jelenti, hogy a fájlrendszer sérült. ÉRTESÍTSD A RENDSZERGAZDÁT. A következő könyvtár része a körnek: %s Figyelmeztetés: MikorHolMinden egyes FÁJL (alapértelmezésben a szabványos bemenet) bemeneti sorainak tördelése és szabványos kimenetre írása. A bemeneti sorok véletlen permutációjának kiírása a szabványos kimenetre. Minden egyes FÁJL kiírása a szabványos kimenetre, az utolsó sorral kezdve. Ha a FÁJL nincs megadva, vagy -, akkor a szabványos bemenetet olvassa. Minden egyes FÁJL kiírása a szabványos kimenetre, sorszámokkal ellátva. Ha a FÁJL nincs megadva, vagy -, akkor a szabványos bemenetet olvassa. Az egyes FÁJLOK sorozatban megfelelő soraiból álló sorok kiírása a szabványos kimenetre, tabokkal elválasztva. Ha a FÁJL nincs megadva, vagy -, akkor a szabványos bemenetet olvassa. Az összes FÁJL rendezett konkatenációjának kiírása a szabványos kimenetre. Írta %s és %s. Írta %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, és mások. Írta %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, és %s. Írta %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, és %s. Írta %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, és %s. Írta %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, és %s. Írta %s, %s, %s, %s, és %s. Írta %s, %s, %s, és %s. Írta %s, %s, és %s. Írta %s. [=c=] kifejezések nem jelenhetnek meg a 2. karakterláncban fordításkor^[nN]^[iIyY]”„-%c” extra karakterek vagy érvénytelen szám a következő argumentumban: %s„--pages=ELSŐ_OLDAL[:UTOLSÓ_OLDAL]” hiányzó argumentum„-N SZÁM” érvénytelen kezdő sorszám: %s„-W OLDAL_SZÉLESSÉG” érvénytelen karakterszám: %s„-l OLDALHOSSZ” érvénytelen sorszám: %s„-o MARGÓ” érvénytelen soreltolás: %s„-w OLDAL_SZÉLESSÉG” érvénytelen karakterszám: %smeg kell adni egy parancsot a módosítással%s eléréseaz ai_family nem támogatottaz ai_socktype nem támogatotta(z) „%s” argumentum nem egyértelmű a következőhöz: „%s”bemeneti elhatároló csak mezőkön való működés esetén adható meg%s biztonsági mentése megsemmisítené a forrást; %s nem került másolásra%s biztonsági mentése megsemmisítené a forrást; %s nem került áthelyezésrebiztonsági mentés típusaspeciális blokkfájla speciális blokkfájl nem támogatottmindkét fájl nem lehet a szabványos bemeneta(z) %s bájteltolás túl nagynem alkalmazható részleges kontextus a(z) %s nem címkézett fájlraa kontextus nem dolgozható fel%s nem érhető el%s biztonsági mentése sikertelennem lehet egyszerre összesítést kérni és minden bejegyzést megjeleníteni%s tulajdonosa nem változtatható megnem lehet %s jogosultságait megváltoztatnia gyökérkönyvtár nem váltható át a következőre: %snem lehet a következő könyvtárba lépni: %snem lehet a gyökérkönyvtárba lépnia -e és -i kapcsolók nem kombinálhatókaz {ascii,ebcdic,ibm} közül csak egy adható meg egyszerrea block és az unblock nem adható meg egyszerreaz excl és a nocreat nem adható meg egyszerreaz lcase és az ucase nem adható meg egyszerrea mód és a --reference kapcsolók nem kombinálhatóka szignál nem kombinálható a -l vagy -t kapcsolóval%s és %s fájlnevek nem hasonlíthatók összenem lehet helyi karakterkészletbe átalakítani a következőt: U+%04Xnem lehet a(z) U+%04X-t helyi karakterkészletbe átalakítani: %s%s könyvtárat nem lehet saját magába (%s) másolni%s körkörös szimbolikus link nem másolhatónem lehet a következő könyvtárat létrehozni: %s%s fifo nem hozható létre%s hard link nem hozható létre a következőre: %s%s link nem hozható létre%s link nem hozható létre a következőre: %s%s reguláris fájl nem hozható létre%s speciális fájl nem hozható létre%s szimbolikus link nem hozható létre%s szimbolikus link nem hozható létre a következőre: %s%s nem követhető%s eszközét és inode-ját nem lehet megállapítania gépnév nem határozható megnem végezhető ioctl a következőn: %snem található a név a(z) %lu csoportazonosítóhoznem található a név a(z) %lu felhasználói azonosítóhoz%s nem követhető név szerinta cél kontextusa nem kényszeríthető a következőre: %s és nem és őrizhető megfstat %s sikertelenaktuális könyvtár beolvasása sikertelennem kérhető le a nice értéknem kérhető le a rendszer nevelseek %s sikertelennem lehet egyszerre hard linket és szimbolikus linket létrehozni%s könyvtár nem hozható létre%s-t nem lehet ide áthelyezni: %s%s-t nem lehet egy saját alkönyvtárába (%s) áthelyeznia könyvtárat nem lehet nem könyvtárba áthelyezni: %s -> %s%s nem nyitható meg olvasásra%s nem nyitható meg olvasásranem lehet a következő könyvtárat megnyitni: %snem lehet dolgozni a(z) %s törött szimbolikus linken%s könyvtárat nem írható felül nem könyvtárral%s nem könyvtár; nem írható felül %s könyvtárrala formázott kiírás nem hajtható végrea biztonsági kontextus nem őrizhető meg SELinux-képes rendszermag nélkülnem írható ki „csak” több választáscsak nevek vagy valódi azonosítók nem írhatók ki az alapértelmezett formátumbana biztonsági kontextus nem írható ki, ha meg van adva felhasználóa következő könyvtár nem olvasható: %snem olvashatók fájlnevek a következőből: %snem lehet fájlrendszer-információkat beolvasni a következőhöz: %sa valósidejű óra nem olvasható%s szimbolikus link nem olvashatóa csatolt fájlrendszerek táblája nem olvasható%s nem törölhetőnem lehet újrapozicionálni %s fájlmutatójátnem állítható be a dátuma csoportazonosító nem állítható bea csoportazonosító nem állítható be a következőre: %lua csoportok nem állíthatók bea gépnév nem állítható be; ebből a rendszerből hiányzik ez a funkcionalitása név nem állítható be a következőre: %snem állítható be a nice érték%s időbélyegei nem állíthatók bea felhasználói azonosító nem állítható bea felhasználói azonosító nem állítható be a következőre: %lunem lehet a kombinált bemenet elhagyott végére ugraniaz idők nem adhatók meg több forrásbólegynél több módon nem lehet darabolnistat %s sikertelennem lehet az aktuális könyvtárat elérni (most %s)%s elérése sikertelen%s biztonsági mentése nem állítható vissza%s törlése sikertelena kernelhiba nem kerülhető meg%s csoportja megváltoztatva a következőre: %s %s tulajdonosa megváltoztatva a következőre: %s %s csoportjának megváltoztatása%s tulajdonosának megváltoztatása%s jogosultságainak megváltoztatásakaraktereltolás nullatartományon kívüli karakterspeciális karakterfájla speciális karakterfájl nem támogatott%s jogosultságainak törléseóraváltozása lezárás meghiúsult%s lezárása%s lezárása (fd=%d)%s könyvtár bezárása%s bemeneti fájl lezárása%s kimeneti fájl lezárásaa szabványos bemenet lezárásaütköző üres-mező helyettesítési karakterláncütköző biztonságikontextus-meghatározót adott megnem hozható létre folyamat a következőhöz: %s -dnem hozható létre ideiglenes fájlnem hajtható végre: %snem hajtható végre: %s -dnem található megegyező i-node-dal rendelkező könyvtárbejegyzés a következőben: %sa rendszerindítás ideje nem kérhető le%s könyvtár létrejött%s könyvtár létrehozása%s fájl létrehozása %s hard link létrehozása%s hard link létrehozása a következőre: %shard link létrehozása a következőre: %.0s%s%s szimbolikus link létrehozása%s szimbolikus link létrehozása a következőre: %saz elválasztólista nem escapelt visszaperre végződik: %skönyvtárosztás nullávala dup2 meghiúsultüres fájlnévüres tabhiba a fájl lezárásakorhiba a szabályos kifejezés illesztésébenhiba a szabályos kifejezés keresésébenhiba %s olvasása közbenhiba %s írása közbenkilép=extra argumentum: %sextra operandus: „%s”extra operandus: %s a(z) %s extra operandus nem engedélyezett a -%c kapcsolóval%s kontextusának megváltoztatása meghiúsult a következőre: %s%s csoportjának megváltoztatása sikertelen a következőre: %s %s jogosultságainak megváltoztatása sikertelen a következőre: %04lo (%s) %s tulajdonosának megváltoztatása meghiúsult %s tulajdonosának megváltoztatása sikertelen a következőre: %s a következő könyvtárba lépés meghiúsult: %saz új kontextus kiszámítása meghiúsulta könyvtár létrehozása meghiúsult a következő sablon használatával: %sa fájl létrehozása meghiúsult a következő sablon használatával: %sa biztonsági kontextus létrehozása meghiúsult: %s%s attribútumainak beolvasása sikertelena jelenlegi kontextus lekérése meghiúsulta fájlrendszer létrehozási kontextusának lekérése meghiúsulta jelenlegi folyamat csoportjainak lekérése meghiúsult%s felhasználó csoportjainak lekérése meghiúsult%s biztonsági kontextusának lekérése meghiúsult%s fájl kikeresése meghiúsult%s megnyitása meghiúsult%s szerzőjének megtartása meghiúsult%s tulajdonosának megtartása meghiúsult%s jogosultságainak megtartása sikertelen%s időinek megtartása meghiúsulta szabványos hibakimenet átirányítása meghiúsult%s eltávolítása meghiúsulta(z) %s könyvtár eltávolítása meghiúsultaz alapértelmezett fájllétrehozási kontextus visszaállítása meghiúsulta visszatérés meghiúsult a kiinduló munkakönyvtárbaa(z) %s biztonsági kontextus összetevőjének beállítása meghiúsult a következőre: %saz alapértelmezett fájllétrehozási kontextus beállítása meghiúsult a következőre: %s%s új tartomány beállítása meghiúsult%s új szerep beállítása meghiúsult%s új típus beállítása meghiúsult%s új felhasználó beállítása meghiúsulta kiegészítő csoportok beállítása meghiúsulta szabványos hibakimenet másolatának beállítása meghiúsult „bezárás végrehajtáskor” módra%s biztonsági kontextusának beállítása meghiúsult a következőre: %s%s elérése meghiúsultaz fdatasync meghiúsult a következőhöz: %saz fflush meghiúsulta(z) %s mezőszám túl nagya mezőszám nullaa mezők és pozíciók számozása 1-től kezdődikfifo%s típusú fájlrendszer ki is van jelölve, de figyelmen kívül is van hagyvaa fork() rendszerhívás sikertelena formátum-karakterlánc nem használható egyenlő szélességű karakterláncok kiírásakoraz fsync meghiúsult a következőhöz: %saz fts_read sikertelengetpass: a /dev/tty nem nyitható meg%s új attribútumainak beolvasása%s csoportja maradt %s az iconv függvény nem érhető elaz iconv függvény nem használhatóid=minden argumentum figyelmen kívül maradbemenet figyelmen kívül hagyásabemenet figyelmen kívül hagyása és kimenet hozzáfűzése a következőhöz: %sbemenet figyelmen kívül hagyása és a szabványos hibakimenet átirányítása a szabványos kimenetrea TABSIZE környezeti változóban megadott érvénytelen tabulátorméret figyelmen kívül hagyása: %sa QUOTING_STYLE környezeti változóban megadott érvénytelen érték figyelmen kívül hagyása: %sa COLUMNS környezeti változóban megadott érvénytelen szélesség figyelmen kívül hagyása: %sa nem kapcsoló argumentumok figyelmen kívül maradinkompatibilis összekapcsolási mezők: %lu, %lunem kompatibilis tabokhelytelen jelszóa bemenet eltűnta bemeneti sor túl hosszúeszközközi áthelyezés sikertelen: %s --> %s; cél törlése sikertelenérvénytelen %s%s argumentum: „%s”érvénytelen módosítás: %sérvénytelen argumentum: %sa(z) „%s” argumentum érvénytelen a következőhöz: %sérvénytelen törzsszámozási stílus: %sérvénytelen bájt- vagy mezőlistaa(z) %c karakter érvénytelen a(z) %s típus-karakterláncbanérvénytelen karakterosztály: %sérvénytelen kontextus: %sérvénytelen átalakításaz utótagból hiányzik az átalakítás meghatározása: %caz utótagból hiányzik az átalakítás meghatározása: \%.3oérvénytelen dátum: %sérvénytelen dátumformátum: %sérvénytelen csökkenő tartományérvénytelen eszköz %s %sérvénytelen eszköztípus: %sérvénytelen mezőszám: %sérvénytelen mezőmeghatározás: %sérvénytelen mezőszélesség: %sérvénytelen mezőszám a mezőspecifikációban: %sérvénytelen lebegőpontos argumentum: %sérvénytelen láblécszámozási stílus: %sérvénytelen formátumú pontosságérvénytelen formátumú szélességérvénytelen résszélesség: %sérvénytelen csoportérvénytelen csoport: %sérvénytelen csoport: %sérvénytelen fejlécszámozási stílus: %sérvénytelen bemenetérvénytelen bemeneti jelölőérvénytelen bemeneti tartomány: %sérvénytelen egész: %sérvénytelen egész argumentum: %sérvénytelen sorszám: %sérvénytelen vonalmódszer: %sérvénytelen sorszámmező szélesség: %sérvénytelen sorszámnövekmény: %sérvénytelen sorszámozási formátum: %sérvénytelen sorhossz: %sérvénytelen major eszközszám: %sérvénytelen maximális mélység: %sérvénytelen minor eszközszám: %sérvénytelen módérvénytelen mód: %sérvénytelen mód: %sérvénytelen szám: %sérvénytelen szám a „,” utánérvénytelen szám a „-” utánérvénytelen szám a „.” utánérvénytelen szám a mező kezdeténélérvénytelen üressorszám: %sérvénytelen bájtszámaz összehasonlítandó bájtok száma érvénytelena kihagyandó bájtok száma érvénytelenérvénytelen oszlopszám: %sa kihagyandó mezők száma érvénytelenérvénytelen sorszámérvénytelen sorszám: 0érvénytelen kapcsoló -- %ca(z) -- %c kapcsoló érvénytelen; a -WIDTH csak akkor ismerhető fel, ha az az első kapcsoló; használja helyette a -w N kapcsolót„%c” érvénytelen kimeneti cím alap; a [doxn] karakterek egyikének kell lennieérvénytelen kimeneti jelölőérvénytelen pontosság: %sérvénytelen tartomány végpont nélkül: -%s ismétlési szám érvénytelen a [c*n] szerkezetbenérvénytelen meghatározásérvénytelen kezdősorszám: %sérvénytelen állapotjelölőérvénytelen utótag a(z) %s%s argumentumban: „%s”érvénytelen tabulátorméret: %sérvénytelen sablon, a(z) %s könyvtárelválasztót tartalmazérvénytelen sablon, a(z) %s a --tmpdir használatakor nem lehet abszolútérvénytelen időtartam: %sérvénytelen időformátum stílus: %sérvénytelen bevezető kapcsoló -- %cérvénytelen típus-karakterlánc: %sérvénytelen típus-karakterlánc: %s ez a rendszer nem biztosít %lu bájtos lebegőpontos típustérvénytelen típus-karakterlánc: %s ez a rendszer nem biztosít %lu bájtos egész típustérvénytelen univerzális karakternév: \%c%0*xérvénytelen felhasználóérvénytelen felhasználó: %sérvénytelen szélesség: %sérvénytelen sortörésméret: %sérvénytelen nulla hosszúságú fájlnévveszélyes rekurzívan dolgozni a következőn: %sveszélyes rekurzívan dolgozni a következőn: %s (ugyanaz, mint %s)utolsó=kezdő „-” jel a(z) %s fájlnév összetevőjébena(z) %1$lu korlát átlépve a(z) %3$s fájlnév %2$lu hossza általa(z) %1$lu korlát átlépve a(z) %3$s fájlnévösszetevő %2$lu hossza általa -%s%c... sorszámolási kapcsoló túl nagya(z) %s sorszám kisebb, mint a megelőző sorszám (%s)sorszámtúlcsorduláselfogyott a memóriaüzenetsorhibásan igazított [:upper:] és/vagy [:lower:] szerkezetaz utótagból hiányzik a %% átalakítási meghatározáshiányzó „]”a(z) %s utáni argumentum hiányzika(z) %s argumentuma hiányzikhiányzó karakterosztály-név: „[::]”az utótagból hiányzik az átalakítás meghatározásahiányzik a célfájl-operandus a következő után: %shiányzó egyenlőségosztály-karakter: „[==]”hiányzó fájloperandushiányzó hexadecimális érték az escape-bena mezőlista hiányzika pozíciólista hiányzikhiányzó operandusa(z) „%s” operandusa hiányzika mód csak fájljogosultságbiteket adhat meg%s jogosultságai megváltoztatva a következőre: %04lo (%s) %s jogosultsága a következő maradt: %04lo (%s) többkarakteres tab: %stöbb -i kapcsolót adott megtöbb -l vagy -t kapcsolót adott megtöbb tömörítőprogram van megadvatöbb szinttartománytöbb kimeneti fájl van megadvatöbb kimeneti formátum van megadvatöbb véletlen forrás van megadvatöbb szereptöbb kimeneti célkönyvtár van megadvatöbb típustöbb felhasználóa szimbolikus link (%s) és az általa hivatkozott fájl egyaránt változatlan nincs SHELL változó beállítva és nem adtad meg a shell típusát%s tulajdonosa nem változott meg nincs megadva parancsnem került feldolgozásra fájlrendszernem maradtak fájloknincs bejelentkezési névnincs megadva folyamatazonosítónem adható meg típus karakterláncok kiíratásakornincs megadva felhasználói név; legalább egyet meg kell adni a -l használatakornem hordozható karakter (%s) a(z) %s fájlnévbennem ttynincs írás a(z) %s törött szimbolikus linken keresztüla szám túl nagy a következőben: %sbájtok számasorok számaeltolástúlcsordulás a(z) %s fájl olvasása közben%s könyvtár kihagyásacsak egy [c*] ismétlési szerkezet jelenhet meg a 2. karakterláncbancsak egyetlen eszköz adható megcsak egy listatípus adható mega megnyitás meghiúsult%s megnyitásaa kapcsoló érvénytelen kontextusban került felhasználásra: -- %ca következő kapcsolók inkompatibilisak: „-%s”%s tulajdonosa megtartva %s tulajdonosa maradt %s az oldalszélesség túl keskeny%s jogosultságainak megtartása%s összes idejének megtartásaaz összes kettőzött sor és az ismétlődések kiírása értelmetlena(z) „%s-%s” tartományvégpontok fordított rendezési sorrendben vannakolvasási hibaaz olvasás meghiúsult%s olvasása%s könyvtár olvasásaa rekord túl nagyszabályos üres fájlszabályos fájl%s törölve %s könyvtár törölve %s könyvtár törlésefutási szintszemaforaz elválasztó nem lehet üres%s jelölőinek beállítása%s jogosultságainak beállítása%s idejének beállításamegosztott memóriaobjektuma kihagyandó és beolvasandó bájtok összege túl nagy%s kihagyása, mivel másik eszközön van%s fájl kihagyása, mivel kicserélték másolás közbenfoglalatszabványos hibakimenetszabványos bemeneta szabványos bemenet le van zárvaszabványos kimenetaz elérés meghiúsultvéletlen karakter a mezőspecifikációbankarakterlánc-összehasonlítás sikertelena karakterlánc-átalakítás sikertelenA strip folyamat hibával fejeződött beel nem határolt sorok elnyomásának csak mezőkön való működés esetén van értelmeszimbolikus linkszintaktikai hibaa tabméret nem lehet 0a tabméret érvénytelen karaktereket tartalmaz: %sa tabméreteknek növekedniük kella tab méret túl nagy: %sa tab méret túl nagya tabok túl messze vannak egymástóla megadott cél (%s) nem könyvtárkönyvtár telepítésénél nem engedélyezett a célkönyvtárterm=test és/vagy [a --binary és --text kapcsolók értelmetlenek ellenőrzőösszegek ellenőrzésekora --status kapcsoló csak ellenőrzőösszegek ellenőrzésekor értelmesa --warn kapcsoló csak ellenőrzőösszegek ellenőrzésekor értelmesa [c*] szerkezet a 2. karakterláncban csak fordításkor jelenhet mega [c*] ismétlési szerkezet nem jelenhet meg az 1. karakterláncbanaz elhatárolónak egyetlen karakternek kell lenniea bőbeszédű és az stty-által olvasható kimeneti stílusok két egymást kölcsönösen kizáró kapcsolóa dircolors belső adatbázisának kilistázása és a shell szintaxis kiíratása két egymást kölcsönösen kizáró kapcsolóaz idő kiíratására és beállítására használt kapcsolók nem használhatók együtta dátumok megadására a kiíratáshoz használt kapcsolók egymást kölcsönösen kizárjákkönyvtár telepítésénél nem használható a „strip” kapcsolóa(z)%s időpont kívül esik a tartományona(z) %s felhasználói azonosító használatához a -g kapcsolót is használnia kelltúl kevés X a következő sablonban: %stúl sok %% átalakítási meghatározás van az utótagbantúl sok karakter a halmazbantúl sok ismétlődő sortúl sok sablonösszesentípusos memóriaobjektumaz aktuális munkakönyvtár feljegyzése meghiúsult%s biztonsági kontextus nem állítható beismeretlen bináris operátorismeretlen felhasználói azonosító: %saz LS_COLORS környezeti változó értéke nem értelmezhetőismeretlen operandus: %sismeretlen előtag: %sa --no-preserve-root kapcsoló használatával ez a hibamentes mód felülbírálhatóa(z) %s felhasználó nem létezika(z) %s korlátozott parancsértelmező használatavárakozás a következőre: %s [-d]várakozás a strip programrafigyelmeztetés: %s: a karakteres állandót követő karakterek figyelmen kívül maradtakfigyelmeztetés: %s: nem módosítható a kontextus a következőre: %sfigyelmeztetés: ez a rendszer nem támogatja a --pid=PID kapcsolótfigyelmeztetés: a --retry elsősorban név szerinti követés esetén hasznosfigyelmeztetés: a PID figyelmen kívül marad; a --pid=PID csak követés esetén hasznosfigyelmeztetés: a „touch %s” elavult; helyette használja a „touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d” alakot.figyelmeztetés: a karakterlánc végén a nem escape-elt fordított osztásjel nem portolhatófigyelmeztetés: fordított osztásjel a formátum végénfigyelmeztetés: nem lehet a következő könyvtárba lépni: %sfigyelmeztetés: a(z) %s nem távolítható elfigyelmeztetés: a szabványos bemenet korlátlan követése nem hatékonyfigyelmeztetés: a többletargumentumok figyelmen kívül maradnak, a következőtől kezdve: %sfigyelmeztetés: érvénytelen fájleltolás a meghiúsult olvasás utánfigyelmeztetés: %lu szélesség érvénytelen, helyette %d kerül felhasználásrafigyelmeztetés: a(z) %s sorszám azonos a megelőző sorszámmalfigyelmeztetés: %s forrásfájl többször is meg van advafigyelmeztetés: az összesítés kérése ütközik a --max-depth=%lu kapcsolóvalfigyelmeztetés: az összesítés megegyezik a --max-depth=0 kapcsoló használatávalfigyelmeztetés: a nem egyértelmű oktális \%c%c%c sorozat a következőképpen lesz értelmezve: \0%c%c, %cfigyelmeztetés: fel nem ismert védés `\%c'figyelmeztetés: lseek kernel hiba kivédése a következő fájlnál: %s (mt_type=0x%0lx) A fájlban megtalálod a típusok listájátszokatlan fájla halmaz1 csonkításakor a 2. karakterlánc nem lehet üresfájlnevek szabványos bemenetről való olvasásakor a(z) %s fájlnév nem engedélyezettegy kimeneti stílus megadásakor nem állíthatók be módokkiegészítő karakterosztályokkal való fordításkor a 2. karakterláncnak a tartomány összes karakterét egyre kell leképezniefordításkor a 2. karakterláncban csak az „upper” és a „lower” karakterosztályok jelenhetnek meg a(z) %s nem kerül átmásolásra az imént létrehozott %s szimbolikus linken keresztül%2$s könyvtárra mutató %1$s hard link nem lesz létrehozvaaz éppen létrehozott %s-t nem fogom felülírni ezzel: %sa --parents használatakor a cél könyvtár kell legyeníráshibaírási hiba a következőhöz: %saz írás meghiúsult%s írásaírás a következőbe: %smeg kell adnia a -c, -t, -u, -l, -r egyikét vagy a kontextustbájtok, karakterek vagy mezők listáját kell megadnodPRIuMAX%+% records in %+% records out % truncated record % truncated records % byte (%s) copied% bytes (%s) copiedoffset too large: cannot truncate to a length of seek=% (%lu-byte) blocks%s: %: improperly formatted %s checksum lineWARNING: % of % listed file could not be readWARNING: % of % listed files could not be readWARNING: % of % computed checksum did NOT matchWARNING: % of % computed checksums did NOT matchstarting page number % exceeds page count %Page %%+% beolvasott rekord %+% kiírt rekord % levágott rekord % levágott rekord % bájt (%s) másolva% bájt (%s) másolvaAz eltolás túl nagy: nem lehet seek=% (%lu bájt) blokk hosszára csonkítani%s: %: nem megfelelően formázott %s ellenőrzőösszeg-sorFIGYELMEZTETÉS: %/% felsorolt fájl nem olvashatóFIGYELMEZTETÉS: %/% felsorolt fájl nem olvashatóFIGYELMEZTETÉS: %/% számított ellenőrzőösszeg NEM egyezettFIGYELMEZTETÉS: %/% számított ellenőrzőösszeg NEM egyezetta(z) % kezdő oldalszám meghaladja a(z) % oldalszámot%. 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INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING length of STRING a number all lines t number only nonempty lines n number no lines pBRE number only lines that contain a match for the basic regular expression, BRE FORMAT is one of: ln left justified, no leading zeros rn right justified, no leading zeros rz right justified, leading zeros b create a block (buffered) special file c, u create a character (unbuffered) special file p create a FIFO # users=%lu -t is implied if PAGE_LENGTH <= 10. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. A field is a run of blanks (usually spaces and/or TABs), then non-blank characters. Fields are skipped before chars. A lightweight `finger' program; print user information. The utmp file will be %s. A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment. A mere - implies -l. If USER not given, assume root. After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number; then an optional modifier, which is either E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available. An omitted EXPRESSION defaults to false. Otherwise, EXPRESSION is true or false and sets exit status. It is one of: As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. BLOCKS and BYTES may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Each CONV symbol may be: Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. Both MAJOR and MINOR must be specified when TYPE is b, c, or u, and they must be omitted when TYPE is p. If MAJOR or MINOR begins with 0x or 0X, it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal; otherwise, as decimal. TYPE may be: By default, rm does not remove directories. Use the --recursive (-r or -R) option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents. By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: By default, sparse SOURCE files are detected by a crude heuristic and the corresponding DEST file is made sparse as well. That is the behavior selected by --sparse=auto. Specify --sparse=always to create a sparse DEST file whenever the SOURCE file contains a long enough sequence of zero bytes. Use --sparse=never to inhibit creation of sparse files. When --reflink[=always] is specified, perform a lightweight copy, where the data blocks are copied only when modified. If this is not possible the copy fails, or if --reflink=auto is specified, fall back to a standard copy. Combination settings: * [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase cbreak same as -icanon -cbreak same as icanon Control settings: [-]clocal disable modem control signals [-]cread allow input to be received * [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8] Display values are in units of the first available SIZE from --block-size, and the %s_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables. Otherwise, units default to 1024 bytes (or 512 if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set). Each FLAG symbol may be: append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc suggested) Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Examples: %s -12 file1 file2 Print only lines present in both file1 and file2. %s -3 file1 file2 Print lines in file1 not in file2, and vice versa. Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Output "stdio". Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Output ".". Examples: %s f - g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. %s Copy standard input to standard output. Examples: %s root /u Change the owner of /u to "root". %s root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to "staff". %s -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root". Examples: %s staff /u Change the group of /u to "staff". %s -hR staff /u Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff". Except for -h and -L, all FILE-related tests dereference symbolic links. Beware that parentheses need to be escaped (e.g., by backslashes) for shells. INTEGER may also be -l STRING, which evaluates to the length of STRING. Exit status is 0 if EXPRESSION is neither null nor 0, 1 if EXPRESSION is null or 0, 2 if EXPRESSION is syntactically invalid, and 3 if an error occurred. Exit status: 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory), 2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument). FORMAT controls the output as in C printf. Interpreted sequences are: \" double quote FORMAT controls the output. Interpreted sequences are: %% a literal % %a locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun) Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. If -e is in effect, the following sequences are recognized: If FILE is -, shred standard output. Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified. The default is not to remove the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda, and those files usually should not be removed. When operating on regular files, most people use the --remove option. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual. If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. If FIRST or INCREMENT is omitted, it defaults to 1. That is, an omitted INCREMENT defaults to 1 even when LAST is smaller than FIRST. FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are interpreted as floating point values. INCREMENT is usually positive if FIRST is smaller than LAST, and INCREMENT is usually negative if FIRST is greater than LAST. If MODE is `0' the corresponding stream will be unbuffered. If MODE is `L' the corresponding stream will be line buffered. This option is invalid with standard input. If a FILE is -, copy again to standard output. If first and second call formats both apply, the second format is assumed if the last operand begins with + or (if there are 2 operands) a digit. An OFFSET operand means -j OFFSET. LABEL is the pseudo-address at first byte printed, incremented when dump is progressing. For OFFSET and LABEL, a 0x or 0X prefix indicates hexadecimal; suffixes may be . for octal and b for multiply by 512. If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). If standard input is a terminal, redirect it from /dev/null. If standard output is a terminal, append output to `nohup.out' if possible, `$HOME/nohup.out' otherwise. If standard error is a terminal, redirect it to standard output. To save output to FILE, use `%s COMMAND > FILE'. If the command times out, then exit with status 124. Otherwise, exit with the status of COMMAND. If no signal is specified, send the TERM signal upon timeout. The TERM signal kills any process that does not block or catch that signal. For other processes, it may be necessary to use the KILL (9) signal, since this signal cannot be caught. If the first character of K (the number of bytes or lines) is a `+', print beginning with the Kth item from the start of each file, otherwise, print the last K items in the file. K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Input settings: [-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal [-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline [-]ignbrk ignore break characters [-]igncr ignore carriage return K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Local settings: [-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings * -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings NOTE: If COMMAND adjusts the buffering of its standard streams (`tee' does for e.g.) then that will override corresponding settings changed by `stdbuf'. Also some filters (like `dd' and `cat' etc.) don't use streams for I/O, and are thus unaffected by `stdbuf' settings. NOTE: [ honors the --help and --version options, but test does not. test treats each of those as it treats any other nonempty STRING. NOTE: your shell may have its own version of %s, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. Note that the -d and -t options accept different time-date formats. Note that the -r and -s options are mutually exclusive. Note, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. Note: 'uniq' does not detect repeated lines unless they are adjacent. You may want to sort the input first, or use `sort -u' without `uniq'. Also, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available. Otherwise MODE is a number which may be followed by one of the following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. In this case the corresponding stream will be fully buffered with the buffer size set to MODE bytes. Output settings: * bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1] * crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3] * ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1] * nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1] Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed to login group if implied by a `:' following a symbolic OWNER. OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic. POS is F[.C][OPTS], where F is the field number and C the character position in the field; both are origin 1. If neither -t nor -b is in effect, characters in a field are counted from the beginning of the preceding whitespace. OPTS is one or more single-letter ordering options, which override global ordering options for that key. If no key is given, use the entire line as the key. SIZE may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 RADIX is d for decimal, o for octal, x for hexadecimal or n for none. BYTES is hexadecimal with 0x or 0X prefix, and may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Adding a z suffix to any type displays printable characters at the end of each output line. Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: Report %s bugs to %s Report bugs to: %s SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIGNAL may be a signal name like `HUP', or a signal number like `1', or the exit status of a process terminated by a signal. PID is an integer; if negative it identifies a process group. SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). SIZE may also be prefixed by one of the following modifying characters: `+' extend by, `-' reduce by, `<' at most, `>' at least, `/' round down to multiple of, `%' round up to multiple of. SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Sending a %s signal to a running `dd' process makes it print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s Options are: Special characters: * dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input) eol CHAR CHAR will end the line Special settings: N set the input and output speeds to N bauds * cols N tell the kernel that the terminal has N columns * columns N same as cols N TYPE is made up of one or more of these specifications: a named character, ignoring high-order bit c ASCII character or backslash escape The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: The data are encoded as described for the base64 alphabet in RFC 3548. When decoding, the input may contain newlines in addition to the bytes of the formal base64 alphabet. Use --ignore-garbage to attempt to recover from any other non-alphabet bytes in the encoded stream. The following three options are useful only when verifying checksums: --quiet don't print OK for each successfully verified file --status don't output anything, status code shows success -w, --warn warn about improperly formatted checksum lines The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. The valid format sequences for files (without --file-system): %a Access rights in octal %A Access rights in human readable form %b Number of blocks allocated (see %B) %B The size in bytes of each block reported by %b %C SELinux security context string This install program copies files (often just compiled) into destination locations you choose. If you want to download and install a ready-to-use package on a GNU/Linux system, you should instead be using a package manager like yum(1) or apt-get(1). In the first three forms, copy SOURCE to DEST or multiple SOURCE(s) to the existing DIRECTORY, while setting permission modes and owner/group. In the 4th form, create all components of the given DIRECTORY(ies). To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo', use one of these commands: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Traditional format specifications may be intermixed; they accumulate: -a same as -t a, select named characters, ignoring high-order bit -b same as -t o1, select octal bytes -c same as -t c, select ASCII characters or backslash escapes -d same as -t u2, select unsigned decimal 2-byte units Translation occurs if -d is not given and both SET1 and SET2 appear. -t may be used only when translating. SET2 is extended to length of SET1 by repeating its last character as necessary. Excess characters of SET2 are ignored. Only [:lower:] and [:upper:] are guaranteed to expand in ascending order; used in SET2 while translating, they may only be used in pairs to specify case conversion. -s uses SET1 if not translating nor deleting; else squeezing uses SET2 and occurs after translation or deletion. Use one, and only one of -b, -c or -f. Each LIST is made up of one range, or many ranges separated by commas. Selected input is written in the same order that it is read, and is written exactly once. Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it. With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. With no options, produce three-column output. Column one contains lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2, and column three contains lines common to both files. Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. ??? --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -f, --force do not prompt before overwriting -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file If you specify more than one of -i, -f, -n, only the final one takes effect. --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories (note: will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the superuser) -f, --force remove existing destination files --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -c (ignored) -C, --compare compare each pair of source and destination files, and in some cases, do not modify the destination at all -d, --directory treat all arguments as directory names; create all components of the specified directories --batch-size=NMERGE merge at most NMERGE inputs at once; for more use temp files --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks. See SIZE format below -B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~ -c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime --complement complement the set of selected bytes, characters or fields --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -L, --max-line-length print the length of the longest line -w, --words print the word counts --files0-from=F summarize disk usage of the NUL-terminated file names specified in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -H equivalent to --dereference-args (-D) -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si like -h, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 --group-directories-first group directories before files. augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping --help display this help and exit --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode print the index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k like --block-size=1K --lookup attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS -m only hostname and user associated with stdin -p, --process print active processes spawned by init --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially --preserve-root do not remove `/' (default) -r, -R, --recursive remove directories and their contents recursively -v, --verbose explain what is being done --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST don't preserve the specified attributes --parents use full source file name under DIRECTORY --one-file-system when removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any directory that is on a file system different from that of the corresponding command line argument --pid=PID with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies -q, --quiet, --silent never output headers giving file names --retry keep trying to open a file even when it is or becomes inaccessible; useful when following by name, i.e., with --follow=name --preserve-context preserve SELinux security context -Z, --context=CONTEXT set SELinux security context of files and directories --reference=RFILE use RFILE's security context rather than specifying a CONTEXT value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC output date and time in RFC 3339 format. TIMESPEC=`date', `seconds', or `ns' for date and time to the indicated precision. Date and time components are separated by a single space: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=STRING set time described by STRING -u, --utc, --universal print or set Coordinated Universal Time --sort=WORD sort according to WORD: general-numeric -g, human-numeric -h, month -M, numeric -n, random -R, version -V -V, --version-sort natural sort of (version) numbers within text --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix --suffix=SUFF append SUFF to TEMPLATE. SUFF must not contain slash. This option is implied if TEMPLATE does not end in X. --time show time of the last modification of any file in the directory, or any of its subdirectories --time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status --time-style=STYLE show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT FORMAT is interpreted like `date' --time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale --verbose print a diagnostic just before each output file is opened --version output version information and exit --all print the number of installed processors --ignore=N if possible, exclude N processing units Size Used Avail Use% Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Size Used Avail Use% -evenp same as -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7 nl same as -icrnl -onlcr -nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-') [-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty [-]hupcl same as [-]hup [-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input [-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-') [-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors * [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character [-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return [-]inpck enable input parity checking [-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters [-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters [-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters * [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal * [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\' for uppercase characters cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values -cooked same as raw crt same as echoe echoctl echoke dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany ek erase and kill characters to their default values evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N set the input speed to N * line N use line discipline N min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read ospeed N set the output speed to N oddp same as parenb parodd cs7 -oddp same as -parenb cs8 [-]parity same as [-]evenp pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7 raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw same as cooked sane same as cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke, all special characters to their default values stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal * swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer * werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed %% a single % %b ARGUMENT as a string with `\' escapes interpreted, except that octal escapes are of the form \0 or \0NNN and all C format specifications ending with one of diouxXfeEgGcs, with ARGUMENTs converted to proper type first. Variable widths are handled. %A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday) %b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan) %B locale's full month name (e.g., January) %c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005) %C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20) %d day of month (e.g, 01) %D date; same as %m/%d/%y %e day of month, space padded; same as %_d %F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d %g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G) %G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V %S second (00..60) %t a tab %T time; same as %H:%M:%S %u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday %U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) %V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53) %w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday %W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53) %d Device number in decimal %D Device number in hex %f Raw mode in hex %F File type %g Group ID of owner %G Group name of owner %h Number of hard links %i Inode number %n File name %N Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link %o I/O block size %s Total size, in bytes %t Major device type in hex %T Minor device type in hex %h same as %b %H hour (00..23) %I hour (01..12) %j day of year (001..366) %i File System ID in hex %l Maximum length of filenames %n File name %s Block size (for faster transfers) %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) %t Type in hex %T Type in human readable form %k hour ( 0..23) %l hour ( 1..12) %m month (01..12) %M minute (00..59) %n a newline %N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) %p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known %P like %p, but lower case %r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM) %R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M %s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u User ID of owner %U User name of owner %x Time of last access %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch %y Time of last modification %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch %z Time of last change %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch %x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99) %X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48) %y last two digits of year (00..99) %Y year %z +hhmm numeric timezone (e.g., -0400) %:z +hh:mm numeric timezone (e.g., -04:00) %::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00) %:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30) %Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT) By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes. + TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like `match' or an operator like `/' ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION --output-delimiter=STR separate columns with STR --userspec=USER:GROUP specify user and group (ID or name) to use --groups=G_LIST specify supplementary groups as g1,g2,..,gN -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -A, --auto-reference output automatically generated references -G, --traditional behave more like System V `ptx' -F, --flag-truncation=STRING use STRING for flagging line truncations -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks -b, --bytes equivalent to `--apparent-size --block-size=1' -c, --total produce a grand total -D, --dereference-args dereference only symlinks that are listed on the command line -C list entries by columns --color[=WHEN] colorize the output. WHEN defaults to `always' or can be `never' or `auto'. More info below -d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links -D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode -D create all leading components of DEST except the last, then copy SOURCE to DEST -g, --group=GROUP set group ownership, instead of process' current group -m, --mode=MODE set permission mode (as in chmod), instead of rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=OWNER set ownership (super-user only) -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names -h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line follow symbolic links listed on the command line --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory --hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A) -I prompt once before removing more than three files, or when removing recursively. Less intrusive than -i, while still giving protection against most mistakes --interactive[=WHEN] prompt according to WHEN: never, once (-I), or always (-i). Without WHEN, prompt always -L FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h) -O FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID -p FILE FILE exists and is a named pipe -r FILE FILE exists and read permission is granted -s FILE FILE exists and has a size greater than zero -L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links -P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default) -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -S, --separate-dirs do not include size of subdirectories -s, --summarize display only a total for each argument -L, --logical use PWD from environment, even if it contains symlinks -P, --physical avoid all symlinks -M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx' -O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives -R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences -T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives -N, --read-bytes=BYTES limit dump to BYTES input bytes -S, --strings[=BYTES] output strings of at least BYTES graphic chars -t, --format=TYPE select output format or formats -v, --output-duplicates do not use * to mark line suppression -w, --width[=BYTES] output BYTES bytes per output line --traditional accept arguments in traditional form -P, --portability use the POSIX output format --sync invoke sync before getting usage info -t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE -T, --print-type print file system type -x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE -v (ignored) -S sort by file size --sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time -S FILE FILE exists and is a socket -t FD file descriptor FD is opened on a terminal -u FILE FILE exists and its set-user-ID bit is set -w FILE FILE exists and write permission is granted -x FILE FILE exists and execute (or search) permission is granted -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create the links -T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file -v, --verbose print name of each linked file -SSTRING, --sep-string[=STRING] separate columns by STRING, without -S: Default separator with -J and otherwise (same as -S" "), no effect on column options -t, --omit-header omit page headers and trailers -T, --omit-pagination omit page headers and trailers, eliminate any pagination by form feeds set in input files -v, --show-nonprinting use octal backslash notation -w, --width=PAGE_WIDTH set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters for multiple text-column output only, -s[char] turns off (72) -T, -w, --mesg add user's message status as +, - or ? -u, --users list users logged in --message same as -T --writable same as -T -W, --page-width=PAGE_WIDTH set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters always, truncate lines, except -J option is set, no interference with -S or -s -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword -b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting -g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields -i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE -o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of NAME to CTX -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each NAME to CTX -a change only the access time -c, --no-create do not create any files -d, --date=STRING parse STRING and use it instead of current time -f (ignored) -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -a, --all include dummy file systems -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks --total produce a grand total -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories --apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be larger due to holes in (`sparse') files, internal fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like -a, --all convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks --first-only convert only leading sequences of blanks (overrides -a) -t, --tabs=N have tabs N characters apart instead of 8 (enables -a) -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated LIST of tab positions (enables -a) -a, --archive same as -dR --preserve=all --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument --copy-contents copy contents of special files when recursive -d same as --no-dereference --preserve=links -a, --suffix-length=N use suffixes of length N (default %d) -b, --bytes=SIZE put SIZE bytes per output file -C, --line-bytes=SIZE put at most SIZE bytes of lines per output file -d, --numeric-suffixes use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic -l, --lines=NUMBER put NUMBER lines per output file -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline -b, --binary read in binary mode -b, --binary read in binary mode (default unless reading tty stdin) -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -b, --bytes=LIST select only these bytes -c, --characters=LIST select only these characters -d, --delimiter=DELIM use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignore leading blanks -d, --dictionary-order consider only blanks and alphanumeric characters -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case characters -b, --suffix-format=FORMAT use sprintf FORMAT instead of %02d -f, --prefix=PREFIX use PREFIX instead of `xx' -k, --keep-files do not remove output files on errors -c, --bytes=K output the last K bytes; alternatively, use -c +K to output bytes starting with the Kth of each file -c, --bytes=[-]K print the first K bytes of each file; with the leading `-', print all but the last K bytes of each file -n, --lines=[-]K print the first K lines instead of the first 10; with the leading `-', print all but the last K lines of each file -c, --check read %s sums from the FILEs and check them -c, --check, --check=diagnose-first check for sorted input; do not sort -C, --check=quiet, --check=silent like -c, but do not report first bad line --compress-program=PROG compress temporaries with PROG; decompress them with PROG -d --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -c, --crown-margin preserve indentation of first two lines -p, --prefix=STRING reformat only lines beginning with STRING, reattaching the prefix to reformatted lines -s, --split-only split long lines, but do not refill -c, --no-create do not create any files -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -d, --directory create a directory, not a file -u, --dry-run do not create anything; merely print a name (unsafe) -q, --quiet suppress diagnostics about file/dir-creation failure -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes -e, --echo treat each ARG as an input line -i, --input-range=LO-HI treat each number LO through HI as an input line -n, --head-count=COUNT output at most COUNT lines -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries --file-type likewise, except do not append `*' --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso -f omit the line of column headings in short format -w omit the user's full name in short format -i omit the user's full name and remote host in short format -q omit the user's full name, remote host and idle time in short format -f same as -t fF, select floats -i same as -t dI, select decimal ints -l same as -t dL, select decimal longs -o same as -t o2, select octal 2-byte units -s same as -t d2, select decimal 2-byte units -x same as -t x2, select hexadecimal 2-byte units -f FILE FILE exists and is a regular file -g FILE FILE exists and is set-group-ID -G FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID -h FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L) -k FILE FILE exists and has its sticky bit set -f, --canonicalize canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively; all but the last component must exist -e, --canonicalize-existing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, all components must exist -f, --fields=LIST select only these fields; also print any line that contains no delimiter character, unless the -s option is specified -n (ignored) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -f, --force if an existing destination file cannot be opened, remove it and try again (redundant if the -n option is used) -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite (overrides a previous -n option) -H follow command-line symbolic links in SOURCE -f, --force change permissions to allow writing if necessary -n, --iterations=N overwrite N times instead of the default (%d) --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -s, --size=N shred this many bytes (suffixes like K, M, G accepted) -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --reference=RFILE use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values -R, --recursive change files and directories recursively -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's group rather than specifying a GROUP value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's owner and group rather than specifying OWNER:GROUP values -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -g like -l, but do not list owner -g GID[,GID1...] also set the primary group-ID to the numeric GID, and (if specified) supplemental group IDs to GID1, ... -g, --general-numeric-sort compare according to general numerical value -i, --ignore-nonprinting consider only printable characters -M, --month-sort compare (unknown) < `JAN' < ... < `DEC' -h, --header-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering header lines -i, --line-increment=NUMBER line number increment at each line -l, --join-blank-lines=NUMBER group of NUMBER empty lines counted as one -n, --number-format=FORMAT insert line numbers according to FORMAT -p, --no-renumber do not reset line numbers at logical pages -s, --number-separator=STRING add STRING after (possible) line number -h, --header=HEADER use a centered HEADER instead of filename in page header, -h "" prints a blank line, don't use -h"" -i[CHAR[WIDTH]], --output-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] replace spaces with CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -J, --join-lines merge full lines, turns off -W line truncation, no column alignment, --sep-string[=STRING] sets separators -h, --human-numeric-sort compare human readable numbers (e.g., 2K 1G) -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the timestamps of a symlink) -m change only the modification time -i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing fields -j FIELD equivalent to `-1 FIELD -2 FIELD' -o FORMAT obey FORMAT while constructing output line -t CHAR use CHAR as input and output field separator -i, --initial do not convert tabs after non blanks -t, --tabs=NUMBER have tabs NUMBER characters apart, not 8 -i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage -k like --block-size=1K -l, --local limit listing to local file systems --no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) -i, --interactive prompt whether to remove destinations -L, --logical make hard links to symbolic link references -n, --no-dereference treat destination that is a symlink to a directory as if it were a normal file -P, --physical make hard links directly to symbolic links -s, --symbolic make symbolic links instead of hard links -k like --block-size=1K -l, --count-links count sizes many times if hard linked -m like --block-size=1M -k, --key=POS1[,POS2] start a key at POS1 (origin 1), end it at POS2 (default end of line) -m, --merge merge already sorted files; do not sort -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -l, --length=PAGE_LENGTH set the page length to PAGE_LENGTH (66) lines (default number of lines of text 56, and with -F 63) -m, --merge print all files in parallel, one in each column, truncate lines, but join lines of full length with -J -l, --link link files instead of copying -L, --dereference always follow symbolic links in SOURCE -l, --login print system login processes -m, --canonicalize-missing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, without requirements on components existence -n, --no-newline do not output the trailing newline -q, --quiet, -s, --silent suppress most error messages -v, --verbose report error messages -m, --mode=MODE set file permission bits to MODE, not a=rw - umask -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each created directory to CTX -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -n, --lines=K output the last K lines, instead of the last %d; or use -n +K to output lines starting with the Kth --max-unchanged-stats=N with --follow=name, reopen a FILE which has not changed size after N (default %d) iterations to see if it has been unlinked or renamed (this is the usual case of rotated log files) -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file (overrides a previous -i option) -P, --no-dereference never follow symbolic links in SOURCE -n, --numeric-sort compare according to string numerical value -R, --random-sort sort by random hash of keys --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -r, --reverse reverse the result of comparisons -n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o like -l, but do not list group information -p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories -n[SEP[DIGITS]], --number-lines[=SEP[DIGITS]] number lines, use DIGITS (5) digits, then SEP (TAB), default counting starts with 1st line of input file -N, --first-line-number=NUMBER start counting with NUMBER at 1st line of first page printed (see +FIRST_PAGE) -o, --indent=MARGIN offset each line with MARGIN (zero) spaces, do not affect -w or -W, MARGIN will be added to PAGE_WIDTH -r, --no-file-warnings omit warning when a file cannot be opened -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output -s, --stable stabilize sort by disabling last-resort comparison -S, --buffer-size=SIZE use SIZE for main memory buffer -p same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps --preserve[=ATTR_LIST] preserve the specified attributes (default: mode,ownership,timestamps), if possible additional attributes: context, links, xattr, all -p DIR use DIR as a prefix; implies -t [deprecated] -t interpret TEMPLATE as a single file name component, relative to a directory: $TMPDIR, if set; else the directory specified via -p; else /tmp [deprecated] -p, --parents remove DIRECTORY and its ancestors; e.g., `rmdir -p a/b/c' is similar to `rmdir a/b/c a/b a' -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every directory processed -p, --preserve-timestamps apply access/modification times of SOURCE files to corresponding destination files -s, --strip strip symbol tables --strip-program=PROGRAM program used to strip binaries -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -v, --verbose print the name of each directory as it is created -q, --count all login names and number of users logged on -r, --runlevel print current runlevel -s, --short print only name, line, and time (default) -t, --time print last system clock change -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -r, --reference=FILE display the last modification time of FILE -R, --rfc-2822 output date and time in RFC 2822 format. Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=FILE use this FILE's size -s, --size=SIZE use this SIZE -r, --reference=FILE use this file's times instead of current time -t STAMP use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time --time=WORD change the specified time: WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent to -a WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to -m -r, --references first field of each line is a reference -t, --typeset-mode - not implemented - -w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded -r, --reverse reverse order while sorting -R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively -s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL specify the name or number of the signal to be sent -l, --list list signal names, or convert signal names to/from numbers -t, --table print a table of signal information -s, --sleep-interval=N with -f, sleep for approximately N seconds (default 1.0) between iterations -v, --verbose always output headers giving file names -s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -s[CHAR], --separator[=CHAR] separate columns by a single character, default for CHAR is the character without -w and 'no char' with -w -s[CHAR] turns off line truncation of all 3 column options (-COLUMN|-a -COLUMN|-m) except -w is set -t sort by modification time -T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP use SEP instead of non-blank to blank transition -T, --temporary-directory=DIR use DIR for temporaries, not $TMPDIR or %s; multiple options specify multiple directories -u, --unique with -c, check for strict ordering; without -c, output only the first of an equal run -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -t, --tagged-paragraph indentation of first line different from second -u, --uniform-spacing one space between words, two after sentences -w, --width=WIDTH maximum line width (default of 75 columns) -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -u, --update move only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -t, --text read in text mode (default if reading tty stdin) -t, --text read in text mode (default) -u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time -U do not sort; list entries in directory order -v natural sort of (version) numbers within text -u, --remove truncate and remove file after overwriting -v, --verbose show progress -x, --exact do not round file sizes up to the next full block; this is the default for non-regular files -z, --zero add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system -u, --user=USER set user USER in the target security context -r, --role=ROLE set role ROLE in the target security context -t, --type=TYPE set type TYPE in the target security context -l, --range=RANGE set range RANGE in the target security context -v, --kernel-version print the kernel version -m, --machine print the machine hardware name -p, --processor print the processor type or "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform print the hardware platform or "unknown" -o, --operating-system print the operating system -v, --starting-line-number=NUMBER first line number on each logical page -w, --number-width=NUMBER use NUMBER columns for line numbers -w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines -w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value -x list entries by lines instead of by columns -X sort alphabetically by entry extension -Z, --context print any SELinux security context of each file -1 list one file per line -x, --one-file-system skip directories on different file systems -X, --exclude-from=FILE exclude files that match any pattern in FILE --exclude=PATTERN exclude files that match PATTERN --max-depth=N print the total for a directory (or file, with --all) only if it is N or fewer levels below the command line argument; --max-depth=0 is the same as --summarize -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline Processes in an uninterruptible sleep state also contribute to the load average. [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \0NNN byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits) \xHH byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits) \NNN byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits) \xHH byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits) \uHHHH Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character with hex value HHHH (4 digits) \UHHHHHHHH Unicode character with hex value HHHHHHHH (8 digits) \\ backslash \a alert (BEL) \b backspace \c produce no further output \e escape \f form feed \n new line \r carriage return \t horizontal tab \v vertical tab \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline lcase change upper case to lower case binary use binary I/O for data cio use concurrent I/O for data d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer direct use direct I/O for data directory fail unless a directory dsync use synchronized I/O for data fullblock accumulate full blocks of input (iflag only) if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin iflag=FLAGS read as per the comma separated symbol list obs=BYTES write BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout oflag=FLAGS write as per the comma separated symbol list seek=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS obs-sized blocks at start of output skip=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS ibs-sized blocks at start of input status=noxfer suppress transfer statistics noatime do not update access time nocreat do not create the output file excl fail if the output file already exists notrunc do not truncate the output file ucase change lower case to upper case swab swap every pair of input bytes noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file noerror continue after read errors sync pad every input block with NULs to ibs-size; when used with block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing fsync likewise, but also write metadata nofollow do not follow symlinks nolinks fail if multiply-linked nonblock use non-blocking I/O none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups sync likewise, but also for metadata text use text I/O for data %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% %H:%M%P %s-blocks Used Available Capacity (backup: %s) * [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c') [-]echo echo input characters * [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho [-]echoe same as [-]crterase [-]echok echo a newline after a kill character * [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill [-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters * [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\' and '/' [-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters [-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters * [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase * [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character [-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters [-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control [-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence) [-]tandem same as [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded * [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline * [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters * [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays * [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase * [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline * [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return * [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column [-]opost postprocess output * tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3] * tabs same as tab0 * -tabs same as tab3 * vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1] * eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line * lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal * rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it * rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows * size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel speed print the terminal speed time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second ??:???? Mounted on TTY context=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu groups= old on repetition %s % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %.*s: invalid conversion specification%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu user%lu users%s%s (for regexp %s)%s -> %s (unbackup) %s [-d] terminated abnormally%s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has appeared; following end of new file%s has become accessible%s has become inaccessible%s has been replaced with a remote file. giving up on this name%s has been replaced with an untailable file; giving up on this name%s has been replaced; following end of new file%s has unknown file type%s has unusable, apparently negative size%s home page: <%s> %s home page: %s is not a valid positive integer%s is too large%s may be used only on a SELinux kernel%s was specified but %s was not%s%s argument `%s' too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s: line number out of range%s: %s: match not found%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: binary operator expected%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot change nonblocking mode%s: cannot find name for user ID %lu %s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot lseek back to original position%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot rewind%s: cannot seek%s: cannot seek to end-relative offset %s%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: cannot seek to relative offset %s%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: cannot skip%s: cannot skip to specified offset%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: couldn't reset non-blocking mode%s: descend into directory %s? %s: descend into write-protected directory %s? %s: end of file%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: error truncating%s: error writing at offset %s%s: expected a numeric value%s: failed to close%s: failed to open for writing%s: failed to remove%s: fcntl failed%s: fdatasync failed%s: file has negative size%s: file has shrunk too much%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: fstat failed%s: fsync failed%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input contains an odd number of tokens%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid count at start of %s%s: invalid directive%s: invalid field specification %s%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of passes%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid number to ignore%s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: lseek failed%s: multiple signals specified%s: new permissions are %s, not %s%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: no size information for this device%s: not listing already-listed directory%s: number of bytes is too large%s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove all arguments recursively? %s: remove all arguments? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s: seek failed%s: too many checksum lines%s: try to overwrite %s, overriding mode %04lo (%s)? %s: unable to determine maximum file name length%s: unable to perform all requested operations%s: unary operator expected%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: value not completely converted%s: write error%s:%lu: invalid line; missing second token%s:%lu: invalid zero-length file name%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}''')' expected')' expected, found %s(C)* file systems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS version 3 clients * compressed file systems * log-structured or journaled file systems, such as those supplied with AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.) * file systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes fail, such as RAID-based file systems * file systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server , load average: %.2f, %g s, %s/s --%s argument %s too large--context (-Z) works only on an SELinux-enabled kernel--reflink can be used only with --sparse=auto-R --dereference requires either -H or -L-R -h requires -P-ef does not accept -l-nt does not accept -l-ot does not accept -l??? ?????AbortedAddress family for hostname not supportedAlarm clockAll arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. All requests doneArgument buffer too smallArnold RobbinsBad system callBad value for ai_flagsBrian FoxBroken pipeBus errorCAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important assumption: that the file system overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern file system designs do not satisfy this assumption. The following are examples of file systems on which shred is not effective, or is not guaranteed to be effective in all file system modes: COMMENTCPU time limit exceededCall the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1. Call the unlink function to remove the specified FILE. Change the effective user id and group id to that of USER. -, -l, --login make the shell a login shell -c, --command=COMMAND pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c -f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment do not reset environment variables -p same as -m -s, --shell=SHELL run SHELL if /etc/shells allows it Change the group of each FILE to GROUP. With --reference, change the group of each FILE to that of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the security context of each FILE to CONTEXT. With --reference, change the security context of each FILE to that of RFILE. -h, --no-dereference affect symbolic links instead of any referenced file Chet RameyChild exitedColin PlumbCompare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output. -A, --show-all equivalent to -vET -b, --number-nonblank number nonempty output lines -e equivalent to -vE -E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line -n, --number number all output lines -s, --squeeze-blank suppress repeated empty output lines ContinuedConvert blanks in each FILE to tabs, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Copy a file, converting and formatting according to the operands. bs=BYTES read and write BYTES bytes at a time (also see ibs=,obs=) cbs=BYTES convert BYTES bytes at a time conv=CONVS convert the file as per the comma separated symbol list count=BLOCKS copy only BLOCKS input blocks ibs=BYTES read BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. -a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals Create a temporary file or directory, safely, and print its name. TEMPLATE must contain at least 3 consecutive `X's in last component. If TEMPLATE is not specified, use tmp.XXXXXXXXXX, and --tmpdir is implied. Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDiagnose invalid or unportable file names. -p check for most POSIX systems -P check for empty names and leading "-" --portability check for all POSIX systems (equivalent to -p -P) Directory: Display file or file system status. -L, --dereference follow links -f, --file-system display file system status instead of file status Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date. -d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not `now' -f, --file=DATEFILE like --date once for each line of DATEFILE Dmitry V. LevinDrop any supplemental groups, assume the user-ID and group-ID of the specified USER (numeric ID or user name), and run COMMAND with any specified ARGUMENTs. Exit with status 111 if unable to assume the required user and group ID. Otherwise, exit with the exit status of COMMAND. This program is useful only when run by root (user ID zero). EMT trapEXITEach range is one of: N N'th byte, character or field, counted from 1 N- from N'th byte, character or field, to end of line N-M from N'th to M'th (included) byte, character or field -M from first to M'th (included) byte, character or field With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Echo the STRING(s) to standard output. -n do not output the trailing newline Eric BlakeExit with a status code indicating failure.Exit with a status code indicating success.Exit with the status determined by EXPRESSION. F. PinardFAILEDFIXME: unknownFORMAT must be suitable for printing one argument of type `double'; it defaults to %.PRECf if FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are all fixed point decimal numbers with maximum precision PREC, and to %g otherwise. Fifos do not have major and minor device numbers.File size limit exceededFilesystem Filesystem TypeFilter adjacent matching lines from INPUT (or standard input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output). With no options, matching lines are merged to the first occurrence. Floating point exceptionFor complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' For each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by whitespace. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input. -a FILENUM print unpairable lines coming from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2 -e EMPTY replace missing input fields with EMPTY Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block. General help using GNU software: Giuseppe ScrivanoH. Peter AnvinHangupI/O possibleIDLEIan Lance TaylorIdleIf FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Illegal instructionIn addition, file system backups and remote mirrors may contain copies of the file that cannot be removed, and that will allow a shredded file to be recovered later. In real life: In the 1st form, create a link to TARGET with the name LINK_NAME. In the 2nd form, create a link to TARGET in the current directory. In the 3rd and 4th forms, create links to each TARGET in DIRECTORY. Create hard links by default, symbolic links with --symbolic. When creating hard links, each TARGET must exist. Symbolic links can hold arbitrary text; if later resolved, a relative link is interpreted in relation to its parent directory. In the case of ext3 file systems, the above disclaimer applies (and shred is thus of limited effectiveness) only in data=journal mode, which journals file data in addition to just metadata. In both the data=ordered (default) and data=writeback modes, shred works as usual. Ext3 journaling modes can be changed by adding the data=something option to the mount options for a particular file system in the /etc/fstab file, as documented in the mount man page (man mount). Infinity BInformation requestInterruptInterrupted by a signalInvalid back referenceInvalid character class nameInvalid collation characterInvalid content of \{\}Invalid preceding regular expressionInvalid range endInvalid regular expressionJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfKilledLINELOGINList information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort. LoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnMemory allocation failureMemory exhaustedMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNAMENameName or service not knownNo address associated with hostnameNo matchNo previous regular expressionNon-recoverable failure in name resolutionOKOnly one string may be given when deleting without squeezing repeats.Option --string without a number implies 3; option --width without a number implies 32. By default, od uses -A o -t oS -w16. Ordering options: Other options: Output a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. Determine format of output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output defaults Output fixed-size pieces of INPUT to PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ...; default size is 1000 lines, and default PREFIX is `x'. With no INPUT, or when INPUT is -, read standard input. Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files `xx00', `xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output. Output platform dependent limits in a format useful for shell scripts. Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. PIDPackaged by %s Packaged by %s (%s) Padraig BradyPaginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Parameter string not correctly encodedPassword:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlan: Power failurePremature end of regular expressionPrint ARGUMENT(s) according to FORMAT, or execute according to OPTION: Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print NAME with its trailing /component removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output `.' (meaning the current directory). Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s. -a, --all print all information, in the following order, except omit -p and -i if unknown: -s, --kernel-name print the kernel name -n, --nodename print the network node hostname -r, --kernel-release print the kernel release Print checksum and block counts for each FILE. -r use BSD sum algorithm, use 1K blocks -s, --sysv use System V sum algorithm, use 512 bytes blocks Print group memberships for each USERNAME or, if no USERNAME is specified, for the current process (which may differ if the groups database has changed). Print information about users who are currently logged in. Print machine architecture. Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT. -f, --format=FORMAT use printf style floating-point FORMAT -s, --separator=STRING use STRING to separate numbers (default: \n) -w, --equal-width equalize width by padding with leading zeroes Print or change terminal characteristics. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the current time, the length of time the system has been up, the number of users on the system, and the average number of jobs in the run queue over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes.Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. -s, --silent, --quiet print nothing, only return an exit status Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the full filename of the current working directory. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the name of the current user. Print the number of processing units available to the current process, which may be less than the number of online processors Print the prime factors of each specified integer NUMBER. If none are specified on the command line, read them from standard input. Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID. Same as id -un. Print user and group information for the specified USERNAME, or (when USERNAME omitted) for the current user. -a ignore, for compatibility with other versions -Z, --context print only the security context of the current user -g, --group print only the effective group ID -G, --groups print all group IDs -n, --name print a name instead of a number, for -ugG -r, --real print the real ID instead of the effective ID, with -ugG -u, --user print only the effective user ID Print value of a symbolic link or canonical file name Processing request in progressProfiling timer expiredProject: Q. Frank XiaQuitRandy SmithReal-time signal %dReformat each paragraph in the FILE(s), writing to standard output. The option -WIDTH is an abbreviated form of --width=DIGITS. Regular expression too bigRemove (unlink) the FILE(s). -f, --force ignore nonexistent files, never prompt -i prompt before every removal Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty ignore each failure that is solely because a directory is non-empty Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Report %s bugs to: %s Report %s translation bugs to Request canceledRequest not canceledResource lostRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonRun COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling. With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Nicenesses range from %d (most favorable scheduling) to %d (least favorable). -n, --adjustment=N add integer N to the niceness (default 10) Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals. Run COMMAND, with modified buffering operations for its standard streams. Run a program in a different security context. With neither CONTEXT nor COMMAND, print the current security context. CONTEXT Complete security context -c, --compute compute process transition context before modifying -t, --type=TYPE type (for same role as parent) -u, --user=USER user identity -r, --role=ROLE role -l, --range=RANGE levelrange Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerSegmentation faultSend signals to processes, or list signals. Servname not supported for ai_socktypeSet LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Set each NAME to VALUE in the environment and run COMMAND. -i, --ignore-environment start with an empty environment -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -u, --unset=NAME remove variable from the environment Shell: Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default. Shrink or extend the size of each FILE to the specified size A FILE argument that does not exist is created. If a FILE is larger than the specified size, the extra data is lost. If a FILE is shorter, it is extended and the extended part (hole) reads as zero bytes. Simon JosefssonSpecial files require major and minor device numbers.Stack faultStoppedStopped (signal)Stopped (tty input)Stopped (tty output)Stuart KempSuccessSummarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. System errorTIMETemporary failure in name resolutionTerminatedThe following optional flags may follow `%': - (hyphen) do not pad the field _ (underscore) pad with spaces 0 (zero) pad with zeros ^ use upper case if possible # use opposite case if possible The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. -H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it -L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered -P do not traverse any symbolic links (default) The strings compared were %s and %s.Torbjorn GranlundTrace/breakpoint trapTrailing backslashTranslate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing to standard output. -c, -C, --complement use the complement of SET1 -d, --delete delete characters in SET1, do not translate -s, --squeeze-repeats replace each input sequence of a repeated character that is listed in SET1 with a single occurrence of that character -t, --truncate-set1 first truncate SET1 to length of SET2 Try `%s --help' for more information. Try `%s ./%s' to remove the file %s. Two strings must be given when both deleting and squeezing repeats.Two strings must be given when translating.Ulrich DrepperUnknown errorUnknown signal %dUnknown system errorUnmatched ( or \(Unmatched ) or \)Unmatched [ or [^Unmatched \{Update the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time. A FILE argument that does not exist is created empty, unless -c or -h is supplied. A FILE argument string of - is handled specially and causes touch to change the times of the file associated with standard output. Urgent I/O conditionUsage: %s Usage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s CONTEXT COMMAND [args] or: %s [ -c ] [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-t TYPE] [-l RANGE] COMMAND [args] Usage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NUMBER[SUFFIX]... or: %s OPTION Pause for NUMBER seconds. SUFFIX may be `s' for seconds (the default), `m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. Unlike most implementations that require NUMBER be an integer, here NUMBER may be an arbitrary floating point number. Given two or more arguments, pause for the amount of time specified by the sum of their values. Usage: %s OPTION... COMMAND Usage: %s OPTION... FILE... Usage: %s OPTION... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [SETTING]... or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-a|--all] or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-g|--save] Usage: %s [-WIDTH] [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NAME] or: %s OPTION Print or set the hostname of the current system. Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPERAND]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] Print the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) for the current host. Usage: %s [OPTION] NEWROOT [COMMAND [ARG]...] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... CONTEXT FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-l RANGE] [-t TYPE] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... or: %s [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form) or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form) Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] or: %s -e [OPTION]... [ARG]... or: %s -i LO-HI [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Base64 encode or decode FILE, or standard input, to standard output. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] or: %s --traditional [OPTION]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Print or check %s (%d-bit) checksums. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [PREFIX]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [TEMPLATE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [VARIABLE]... Print the values of the specified environment VARIABLE(s). If no VARIABLE is specified, print name and value pairs for them all. Usage: %s [SHORT-OPTION]... USER COMMAND [ARGUMENT]... or: %s LONG-OPTION Usage: %s [SHORT-OPTION]... [STRING]... or: %s LONG-OPTION Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [ignored command line arguments] or: %s OPTION Usage: test EXPRESSION or: test or: [ EXPRESSION ] or: [ ] or: [ OPTION User defined signal 1User defined signal 2Using -s ignores -L and -P. Otherwise, the last option specified controls behavior when the source is a symbolic link, defaulting to %s. Valid arguments are:Valid format sequences for file systems: %a Free blocks available to non-superuser %b Total data blocks in file system %c Total file nodes in file system %d Free file nodes in file system %f Free blocks in file system %C SELinux security context string Virtual timer expiredWARNING: --page-increment is deprecated; use --line-increment insteadWARNING: --preserve_context is deprecated; use --preserve-context insteadWARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s WARNING: ignoring --context (-Z); this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --preserve-context; this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --strip-program option as -s option was not specifiedWarning: WhenWhereWindow changedWith --follow (-f), tail defaults to following the file descriptor, which means that even if a tail'ed file is renamed, tail will continue to track its end. This default behavior is not desirable when you really want to track the actual name of the file, not the file descriptor (e.g., log rotation). Use --follow=name in that case. That causes tail to track the named file in a way that accommodates renaming, removal and creation. Wrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write a random permutation of the input lines to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to standard output. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``-%c' extra characters or invalid number in the argument: %s`--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argument`-N NUMBER' invalid starting line number: %s`-W PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %s`-l PAGE_LENGTH' invalid number of lines: %s`-o MARGIN' invalid line offset: %s`-w PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %sa command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sai_family not supportedai_socktype not supportedambiguous argument %s for %san input delimiter may be specified only when operating on fieldsappending output to %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileblock special files not supportedboth SI and IEC prefixes present on unitsboth files cannot be standard inputbyte offset %s is too largecan't apply partial context to unlabeled file %scan't get process contextcannot access %scannot backup %scannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change ownership of %scannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot chdir to root directorycannot combine --target-directory (-t) and --no-target-directory (-T)cannot combine --target-directory and --no-target-directorycannot combine -e and -i optionscannot combine any two of {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}cannot combine block and unblockcannot combine excl and nocreatcannot combine lcase and ucasecannot combine mode and --reference optionscannot combine signal with -l or -tcannot compare file names %s and %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot create temporary file in %scannot dereference %scannot determine device and inode of %scannot determine hostnamecannot determine location of %s. reverting to pollingcannot do ioctl on %scannot find name for group ID %lucannot find name for user ID %lucannot follow %s by namecannot force target context to %s and preserve itcannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot get nicenesscannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open %s for writingcannot open directory %scannot operate on dangling symlink %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot perform formatted outputcannot preserve extended attributes, cp is built without xattr supportcannot preserve security context without an SELinux-enabled kernelcannot print "only" of more than one choicecannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot print security context when user specifiedcannot read directory %scannot read file names from %scannot read file system information for %scannot read realtime clockcannot read symbolic link %scannot read table of mounted file systemscannot remove %scannot remove directory: %scannot reposition file pointer for %scannot run %scannot set %scannot set datecannot set group idcannot set group-ID to %lucannot set groupscannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot set name to %scannot set nicenesscannot set time stamps for %scannot set user idcannot set user-ID to %lucannot skip past end of combined inputcannot specify --null (-0) with commandcannot specify both printing across and printing in parallelcannot specify number of columns when printing in parallelcannot specify times from more than one sourcecannot split in more than one waycannot stat %scannot stat current directory (now %s)cannot stat standard inputcannot touch %scannot un-backup %scannot unlink %scannot unset %scannot watch %scannot watch parent directory of %scannot work around kernel bug after allchanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %schanging security context of %s character offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special filecharacter special files not supportedclearing permissions for %sclock changeclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing directory %sclosing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputcompatibility mode supports at most one fileconflicting empty-field replacement stringsconflicting security context specifiers givencould not set buffering of %s to mode %s couldn't create process for %s -dcouldn't create temporary filecouldn't execute %scouldn't execute %s -dcouldn't find directory entry in %s with matching i-nodecouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %screating file %s creating hard link %screating hard link %s => %screating hard link to %.0s%screating symbolic link %screating symbolic link %s -> %sdelimiter list ends with an unescaped backslash: %sdirectorydivision by zerodup2 failedempty %s not allowedempty file nameempty taberror closing fileerror in regular expression matchererror in regular expression searcherror initializing month stringserror monitoring inotify eventerror reading %serror reading inotify eventerror waiting for commanderror writing %sexit=extra argument %sextra operand %sextra operand %s extra operand %s not allowed with -%cfailed to change context of %s to %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to chdir to %sfailed to clone %sfailed to compute a new contextfailed to create directory via template %sfailed to create file via template %sfailed to create security context: %sfailed to get attributes of %sfailed to get current contextfailed to get file system create contextfailed to get groups for the current processfailed to get groups for user %sfailed to get security context of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to open %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to redirect standard errorfailed to redirect stderr to /dev/nullfailed to remove %sfailed to remove directory %sfailed to render standard input unusablefailed to reopen %s with mode %sfailed to restore the default file creation contextfailed to return to initial working directoryfailed to run command %sfailed to set %s security context component to %sfailed to set additional groupsfailed to set default file creation context to %sfailed to set group-IDfailed to set new range %sfailed to set new role %sfailed to set new type %sfailed to set new user %sfailed to set supplemental group(s)failed to set the copy of stderr to close on execfailed to set the security context of %s to %sfailed to set user-IDfailed to stat %sfailed to turn off O_DIRECT: %sfailed to update the environment with %sfdatasync failed for %sfflush failedfield number %s is too largefield number is zerofields and positions are numbered from 1fifofile %d is not in sorted orderfile operands cannot be combined with --files0-fromfile operands cannot be combined with --print-database (-p)file system type %s both selected and excludedfork system call failedformat %s ends in %%format %s has no %% directiveformat %s has too many %% directivesformat %s has unknown %%%c directiveformat string may not be specified when printing equal width stringsfsync failed for %sfts_close failedfts_read failedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsignoring inputignoring input and appending output to %signoring input and redirecting stderr to stdoutignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %signoring non-option argumentsincompatible join fields %lu, %luincompatible tabsincorrect passwordinotify cannot be used, reverting to pollinginput disappearedinput line is too longinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid %s%s argument `%s'invalid --%s argument %sinvalid adjustment %sinvalid argument %sinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid body numbering style: %sinvalid buffering mode %s for %s invalid byte or field listinvalid character `%c' in type string %sinvalid character class %sinvalid context: %sinvalid conversioninvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid date %sinvalid date format %sinvalid decreasing rangeinvalid device %s %sinvalid device type %sinvalid field number: %sinvalid field specifier: %sinvalid field width: %sinvalid file number in field spec: %sinvalid floating point argument: %sinvalid footer numbering style: %sinvalid format precisioninvalid format widthinvalid gap width: %sinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid group list %sinvalid group: %sinvalid header numbering style: %sinvalid inputinvalid input flaginvalid input range %sinvalid integer %sinvalid integer argument %sinvalid line count %sinvalid line discipline %sinvalid line number field width: %sinvalid line number increment: %sinvalid line numbering format: %sinvalid line width: %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid maximum depth %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid modeinvalid mode %sinvalid mode: %sinvalid number %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of blank lines: %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of columns: %sinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid number of lines: 0invalid option -- %cinvalid option -- %c; -WIDTH is recognized only when it is the first option; use -w N insteadinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid output flaginvalid page range %sinvalid precision: %sinvalid range with no endpoint: -invalid repeat count %s in [c*n] constructinvalid specinvalid starting line number: %sinvalid status flaginvalid suffix %s, contains directory separatorinvalid suffix in %s%s argument `%s'invalid tab size: %sinvalid template, %s, contains directory separatorinvalid template, %s; with --tmpdir, it may not be absoluteinvalid time interval %sinvalid time style format %sinvalid trailing option -- %cinvalid type string %sinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte floating point typeinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte integral typeinvalid universal character name \%c%0*xinvalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sinvalid wrap size: %sinvalid zero-length file nameit is dangerous to operate recursively on %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)last=leading `-' in a component of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name component %sline buffering stdin is meaninglessline count option -%s%c... is too largeline number %s is smaller than preceding line number, %sline number overflowmaximum --%s argument with current rlimit is %smemory exhaustedmessage queueminimum --%s argument is %smisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing `]'missing argument after %smissing argument to %smissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing destination file operand after %smissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing file operandmissing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operandmissing operand after %smode must specify only file permission bitsmode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multi-character tab %smultiple -i options specifiedmultiple -l or -t options specifiedmultiple compress programs specifiedmultiple delimiters specifiedmultiple levelrangesmultiple output files specifiedmultiple output formats specifiedmultiple random sources specifiedmultiple relative modifiers specifiedmultiple rolesmultiple target directories specifiedmultiple typesmultiple usersneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno change to ownership of %s no command specifiedno file systems processedno files remainingno input from %sno login nameno process ID specifiedno type may be specified when dumping stringsno username specified; at least one must be specified when using -lnonportable character %s in file name %snot a ttynot writing through dangling symlink %snumber in %s is too largenumber of bytesnumber of linesoffset overflow while reading file %somitting directory %sonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one device may be specifiedonly one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %soption used in invalid context -- %coptions --backup and --no-clobber are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --preserve-timestamps are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --strip are mutually exclusiveoptions `-%s' are incompatibleoutput file suffixes exhaustedoverflow extending size of file %soverflow rounding up size of file %sownership of %s retained ownership of %s retained as %s page number overflowpage width too narrowpreserving permissions for %spreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedreading %sreading directory %srecord too largeredirecting stderr to stdoutregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %srun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptyset LC_ALL='C' to work around the problemsetting flags for %ssetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectskip-bytes + read-bytes is too largeskipping %s, since it's on a different deviceskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstderrstdinstdoutstray character in field specstring comparison failedstring transformation failedstrip process terminated abnormallysuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errorsystem boottab size cannot be 0tab size contains invalid character(s): %stab sizes must be ascendingtab stop is too large %stab stop value is too largetabs are too far aparttarget %s is not a directorytarget directory not allowed when installing a directoryterm=test and/or [the --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --compare (-C) option is ignored when you specify a mode with non-permission bitsthe --context (-Z) option is obsolete and will be removed in a future releasethe --quiet option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the argument %s lacks a leading `+'; when using an option to specify date(s), any non-option argument must be a format string beginning with `+'the delimiter must be a single characterthe options for verbose and stty-readable output styles are mutually exclusivethe options to output dircolors' internal database and to select a shell syntax are mutually exclusivethe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivethe strings compared were %s and %sthe strip option may not be used when installing a directorythe untransformed string was %stime %s is out of rangeto use user-ID %s you need to use -g tootoo few X's in template %stoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtoo many characters in settoo many repeated linestoo many templatestotaltraversal failed: %styped memory objectuid=%luunable to display error messageunable to record current working directoryunable to set security context %sunexpected failure: fts_info=%d: %s please report to %sunknown binary operatorunknown status from command (0x%X)unknown streamunknown user-ID: %sunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableunrecognized operand %sunrecognized prefix: %sup %ld day %2d:%02d, up %ld days %2d:%02d, up ???? days ??:??, use --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeuser %s does not existusing %s to denote standard input does not work in file system modeusing arbitrary-precision arithmeticusing restricted shell %susing single-precision arithmeticwaiting for %s [-d]waiting for stripwarning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredwarning: %s: failed to change context to %swarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: --retry is useful mainly when following by namewarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: `touch %s' is obsolete; use `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'warning: an unescaped backslash at end of string is not portablewarning: backslash at end of formatwarning: cannot change directory to %swarning: cannot remove: %swarning: following standard input indefinitely is ineffectivewarning: ignoring excess arguments, starting with %swarning: invalid file offset after failed readwarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: line number %s is the same as preceding line numberwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: summarizing conflicts with --max-depth=%luwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0warning: the --%s option is obsolete; use --referencewarning: the ambiguous octal escape \%c%c%c is being interpreted as the 2-byte sequence \0%c%c, %cwarning: unrecognized escape `\%c'warning: working around lseek kernel bug for file (%s) of mt_type=0x%0lx -- see for the list of typesweird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen reading file names from stdin, no file name of %s allowedwhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'will not copy %s through just-created symlink %swill not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swith --parents, the destination must be a directorywith --suffix, template %s must end in Xwrite errorwrite error for %swrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify -c, -t, -u, -l, -r, or contextyou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsyou must specify one of %s or %sProject-Id-Version: coreutils 8.4 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2010-01-16 08:45+0700 Last-Translator: Arif E. Nugroho Language-Team: Indonesian MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n > 1); ( EKSPRESI ) EKSPRESI adalah benar ! EKSPRESI EKSPRESI adalah salah EKSPRESI1 -a EKSPRESI2 kedua EKSPRESI1 dan EKSPRESI2 adalah benar EKSPRESI1 -o EKSPRESI2 EKSPRESI1 atau EKSPRESI2 adalah benar --check-order periksa bahwa masukan adalah secara benar diurutkan, meskipun jika seluruh masukan baris dapat dipasangkan --nocheck-order jangan periksa masukan adalah diurutkan secara benar -1 tekan kolom 1 (baris unik ke BERKAS1) -2 tekan kolom 2 (baris unik ke BERKAS2) -3 tekan kolom 3 (baris yang timbul di kedua berkas) -a, --all sama seperti -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot waktu terakhir sistem nyala -d, --dead menampilkan proses mati -H, --heading menampilkan baris dari heading kolom -b BERKAS BERKAS ada dan ini adalah blok spesial -c BERKAS BERKAS ada dan ini adalah karakter spesial -d BERKAS BERKAS ada dan ini adalah sebuah direktori -e BERKAS BERKAS ada -l menghasilkan format keluaran panjang untuk PENGGUNA yang dispesifikasikan -b mengabaikan direktori rumah pengguna dan shell dalam format panjang -h mengabaikan berkas projek pengguna dalam format panjang -p mengabaikan berkas rencana pengguna dalam format panjang -s jangan memendekan format keluaran, ini adalah default -n STRING panjang dari STRING adalah tidak nol STRING sama dengan -n STRING -z STRING panjang dari STRING adalah nol STRING1 = STRING2 string adalah sama STRING1 != STRING2 string tidak sama ARG1 * ARG2 perkalian aritmetik dari ARG1 dan ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 pembagian aritmetik dari ARG1 dibagi oleh ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetic remainder dari ARG1 dibagi oleh ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 penjumlahan aritmetik dari ARG1 dan ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 perbedaan aritmetik dari ARG1 dan ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 lebih kecil dari ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 lebih kecil atau sama dengan ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 sama dengan ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 tidak sama dengan ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 lebih besar atau sama dengan ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 lebih besar dari ARG2 FILE1 -ef FILE2 BERKAS1 dan BERKAS2 keduanya memiliki perangkat dan nomor inode yang sama FILE1 -nt FILE2 BERKAS1 adalah lebih baru (tanggal modifikasinya) dari BERKAS2 FILE1 -ot FILE2 BERKAS1 adalah lebih lama dari BERKAS2 INTEGER salin sampai tetapi tidak melibatkan nomor baris yang dispesifikasikan /REGEXP/[OFFSET] salin sampai tetapi tidak melibatkan baris yang cocok %REGEXP%[OFFSET] melewatkan, tetapi tidak melibatkan baris yang cocok {INTEGER} mengulang pola sebelumnya yang dispesifikasikan oleh jumlah dari waktu {*} mengulang pola sebelumnya sebanyak mungkin INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 adalah sama dengan INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 adalah lebih besar atau sama dengan INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 adalah lebih besar dari INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 adalah lebih kecil atau sama dengan INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 adalah lebih kecil dari INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 tidak sama dengan INTEGER2 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern cocok dari REGEXP dalam STRING match STRING REGEXP sama seperti STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH substring dari STRING, POS dihitung dari 1 index STRING CHARS index dalam STRING dimana CHARS apapun ditemukan, atau 0 length STRING panjang dari STRING a nomori seluruh baris t nomori hanya baris yang tidak kosong n nomori bukan baris pBRE nomor hanya baris yang berisi cocok untuk ekspresi sederhana regular, BRE FORMAT adalah salah satu dari: ln dirapatkan ke kiri, tidak diawali nol rn dirapatkan ke kanan, tidak diawali nol rz dirapatkan ke kanan, diawali nol b buat sebuah berkas spesial blok (buffered) c, u buat sebuah berkas spesial karakter (unbuffered) p membuat sebuah FIFO # pengguna=%lu -t mengindikasikan jika PAGE_LENGTH <= 10. Dengan tidak ada BERKAS, atau ketika BERKAS adalah -, baca standar masukan. Sebuah bagian yang berjalan dari spasi (biasanya spasi dan/atau TAB), ketika bukan-kosong karakter. Fields dilewati sebelum karakter. Sebuah aplikasi ringan `finger'; menampilkan informasi pengguna. Berkas utmp akan berada %s. Hanya - mengindikasikan -i. Jika tidak ada PERINTAH, menampilkan environment yang dihasilkan. Sebuah - mengindikasikan -l. Jika PENGGUNA tidak diberikan, asumsikan root. Setelah flag apapun ada sebuah opsional field lebar, sebagai sebuah nomor desimal; kemudian sebuah modifikasi opsional, yang mungkin E untuk menggunakan locale's alternatif representasi jika tersedia, atau 0 untuk menggunakan locale's alternatif simbol numerik jika tersedia. Sebuah EKSPRESI yang diabaikan secara default ke salah. Jika tidak, EKSPRESI adalah benar atau salah dan set status keluar. Ini adalah salah satu dari: Seperti sebuah kasus spesial, cp membuat sebuah backup dari SOURCE ketika force dan backup pilihan diberikan dan SOURCE dan DEST memiliki nama sama untuk sebuah berkas regular yang telah ada. BLOK dan BYTE boleh diikuti dengan akhiran pengali berikut: c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Setiap simbol CONV bisa berupa: Hati hati banyak operators membutuhkan escaped atau quote untuk shell. Perbandingan aritmetik jika kedua ARG adalah nomor, jika tidak lexicographical. Pola cocok mengembalikan string cocok diantara \( dan \) atau null; jika \( dan \) tidak digunakan, mereka mengembalikan jumlah karakter yang cocok atau 0. Kedua MAJOR dan MINOR harus dispesifikasikan ketika TIPE adalah b, c, atau u, dan mereka harus diabaikan ketika TIPE adalah p. Jika MAJOR atau MINOR dimulai dengan 0x atau 0X, Ini diinterpretasikan sebagai hexadesimal; jika tidak, jika ini dimulai dengan 0, seperti oktal; jika tidak, sebagai desimal. TIPE mungkin juga: Secara default, rm tidak menghapus direktori. Gunakan --recursive (-r atau -R) untuk menghapus direktori, juga, sesuai dengan seluruh isinya. Secara default, pilih -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC adalah dua pembatas karakter untuk memisahkan halaman logikal, sebuah karakter yang hilang menandakan : Tipe \\ untuk \. STYLE adalah satu dari: Secara baku, sparse berkas SUMBER terdeteksi oleh sebuah crude heuristic dan berkas TUJUAN yang berhubungan dibuat sparse juga. Itu adalah perilaku yang dipilih oleh --sparse=auto. Spesifikasikan --sparse=always untuk membuat sebuah sparse berkas TUJUAN ketika berkas SUMBER berisi sebuah urutan panjang dari nol bytes. Gunakan --sparse=never untuk mencegah pembuatan dari berkas sparse. Ketika --reflink[=always] dispesifikasikan, lakukan penyalinan ringan, dimana data blok disalin hanya ketika termodifikasi. Jika ini tidak memungkinkan penyalinan akan gagal, atau jika --reflink=auto dispesifikasikan, kembali ke standar penyalinan. Konfigurasi kombinasi: * [-]LCASE sama seperti [-]lcase cbreak sama seperti -icanon -cbreak sama seperti icanon Konfigurasi kontrol: [-]clocal nonaktifkan sinyal kontrol modem [-]cread bolehkan masukan untuk diterima * [-]crtscts aktifkan RTS/CTS handshaking csN set ukuran karakter ke N bits, N dalam [5..8] Tampilan nilai berada dalam satuan dari BESAR pertama yang tersedia dari --block-size, dan %s_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE dan variabel lingkungan BLOCKSIZE. Jika tidak, satuan baku ke 1024 bytes (atau 512 jika POSIXLY_CORRECT diset). Setiap FLAG simbol bisa berupa: append mode append (berguna hanya untuk keluaran; conv=notrunc disarankan) Setiap MODE adalah dalam bentuk '[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Contoh: %s -12 berkas1 berkas2 Hanya cetak baris yang ada dalam berkas1 dan berkas2. %s -3 berkas1 berkas2 Cetak baris dalam berkas1 bukan dalam berkas2, dan sebaliknya. Contoh: %s /usr/bin/sort Keluaran "sort". %s include/stdio.h Keluaran "stdio". Contoh: %s /usr/bin/sort Keluar "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Keluar ".". Contoh: %s f - g Keluarkan isi f, kemudian masukan standar, kemudian isi g. %s Salin masukan standar ke keluaran standar. Contoh: %s root /u Ubah pemilik dari /u ke "root". %s root:staff /u Seperti, tetapi juga ubah grupnya ke "staff". %s -hR root /u Ubah pemilik dari /u dan subfiles ke "root". Contoh: %s staff /u Ubah grup dari /u ke "staff". %s -hR staff /u Ubah grup dari /u dan berkas dibawahnya ke "staff". Kecuali untuk -h dan -L, seluruh BERKAS yang terhubung test dereference link simbolik. Hati hati kalau tanda petik harus di escaped (e.g., dengan backslash) untuk shell. INTEGER mungkin juga -l STRING, yang dievaluasi ke panjang dari STRING. Status Keluar adalah 0 jika EKSPRESI adalah null atau 0, 1 jika EKSPRESI adalah nol atau 0, 2 jika EKSPRESI adalah secara sintaks tidak valid, dan 3 jika sebuah error ditemui. Status keluar: 0 jika OK, 1 jika ada masalah kecil (contoh: tidak dapat mengakses direktori dibawahnya), 2 jika ada masalah besar (contoh: tidak dapat mengakses argumen baris perintah). FORMAT kontrol keluaran seperti dalam C printf. Interpretasikan urutan seperti: \" tanda petik FORMAT kontrol dari keluaran. Urutan yang diinterpretasikan adalah: %% sebuah literal % %a locale penyingkatan nama weekday (contoh, Sun) Tangani baris tty yang terhubung ke standar masukan. Tanpa argumen, tampilkan baud rate, baris disiplin, dan deviasi dari stty sane. Dalam konfigurasi, CHAR diambil secara literal, atau dikodekas seperti dalam ^c, 0x37, 0177 atau 127; nilai spesial ^- atau undef digunakan untuk menonaktifkan karakter spesial. Jika -e memiliki efek, urutan berikut akan dikenali: Jika BERKAS adalah -, shred standar keluaran. Hapus BERKAS jika --remove (-u) dispesifikasikan. Default adalah tidak menghapus berkas karena ini biasa untuk beroperasi di perangkat berkas seperti /dev/hda, dan berkas tersebut biasanya seharusnya tidak dihapus. Ketika beroperasi di berkas umum, kebanyakan orang menggunakan pilihan --remove. Jika BERKAS tidak dispesifikasikan, gunakan %s. %s seperti BERKAS adalah umum. Jika ARG1 ARG2 diberikan, -m diasumsikan: `am i' atau `mom likes' seperti biasa. Jika BERKAS dispesifikasikan, baca itu untuk menentukan warna mana yang digunakan untuk tipe berkas dan extensinya. Jika tidak , sebuah database yang tersedia digunakan. Untuk lebih detail dalam format dari berkas ini, jalankan `dircolors --print-database'. Jika PERTAMA atau PENINGKATAN diabaikan, ini default ke 1. Oleh karena itu, sebuah pengabaian PENINGKATAN default ke 1 walaupun akhir lebih kecil dari PERTAMA. PERTAMA, PENINGKATA, dan TERAKHIR diintepretasikan sebagai nilai floating point. PENINGKATAN biasanya positif jika PERTAMA lebih kecil dari TERAKHIR, dan PENINGKATAN biasanya negatif jika PERTAMA lebih besar dari TERAKHIR. Jika MODE adalah `0' maka aliran yang berhubungan tidak akan disangga. Jika MODE adalah `L' maka aliran yang berhubungan akan berupa baris bersangga. Pilihan ini tidak valid dengan standar masukan. Jika sebuah BERKAS adalah -, salin kembali ke standar keluaran. Jika format pemanggilan pertama dan kedua kedua diaplikasikan, format kedua diasumsikan jika operand terakhir diawali dengan + atau (jika disana ada 2 operand) sebuah digit. Sebuah OFSET operand berarti -j OFSET. LABEL adalah pseudo-address di byte pertama yang ditampilkan, naikan ketika dump berjalan. Untuk OFFSET dan LABEL, sebuah awalan 0x atau 0X mengindikasikan hexadesimal; akhiran mungkin . untuk oktal dan b untuk kelipatan dari 512. Jika tidak ada perintah yang diberikan, jalankan ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). Jika standar masukan adalah sebuah terminal, redirect itu dari /dev/null. Jika standar keluaran adalah sebuah terminal, tambahkan keluaran ke `nohup.out' jika memungkinkan, '$HOME/nohup.out' jika tidak. Jika standar error adalah sebuah terminal, redirect itu ke standar keluaran. Untuk menyimpan BERKAS keluaran, gunakan `%s PERINTAH > BERKAS'. Jika perintah kehabisan waktu, ketika kita keluar dengan status 124, jika tidak, keluar dengan status dari PERINTAH. Jika tidak ada sinyal yang dispesifikasikan, sinyal TERM dikirimkan. Sinyal TERM akan mematikan proses yang tidak memblok atau menangkap sinyal ini. Untuk proses lain, ini mungkin perlu menggunakan sinyal KILL(9), karena sinyal ini tidak dapat ditangkap. Jika karakter pertama dari K (jumlah dari bytes atau baris adalah sebuah `+', tampilkan awal dengan bagian ke K dari awal dari setiap berkas, jika tidak, tampilkan bagian terakhir ke K dari berkas. K mungkin memiliki sebuah akhiran pengali: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, dan seterusnya untuk T, P, E, Z, Y. Konfigurasi masukan: [-]brkint break disebabkan sebuah sinyal interupsi [-]icrnl translasikan carriage return ke baris baru [-]ignbrk abaikan karakter break [-]igncr abaikan carriage return K mungkin memiliki sebuah akhiran pengali: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, dan seterusnya untuk T, P, E, Z, Y. Lisensi GPLv3+; GNU GPL versi 3 atau selanjutnya Ini adalah software bebas; anda bebas untuk mengubah dan mendistribusikannya. Tidak ada GARANSI, selama masih diijinkan oleh hukum. Konfigurasi lokal: [-]crterase echo karakter erase seperti backspace-space-backspace * crtkill hapus seluruh baris dengan mengikuti konfigurasi echoprt dan echoe * -crtkill hapus seluruh baris dengan mengikuti konfigurasi echoctl dan echok CATATAN: Jika PERINTAH disesuaikan dengan penyangga dari aliran standar (`tee' melakukan hal ini) maka itu akan memaksa perubahan konfigurasi yang berhubungan dengan `stdbuf'. Juga bebera penyaring (seperti `dd' dan `cat' dlsb.) jangan gunakan aliran untuk I/O, dan sehingga tidak terpengaruh oleh konfigurasi `stdbuf'. CATAT: [ hargai pilihan --help dan --version, tetapi test tidak. memperlakukan test dari setiap itu seperti memperlakukan STRING tidak kosong lain. CATAT: shell anda mungkin memiliki versinya sendiri dari %s, yang biasanya supersedes dari versi yang dijelaskan disini. Tolong lihat ke dokumentasi shell anda untuk detail mengenai pilihan yang didukung. Catat bahwa pilihan -d dan -t menerima format waktu-tanggal berbeda. Catat bahwa pilihan -r dan -s adalah mutually exclusive. Catat, perbandingan menghargai aturan dispesifikasikan oleh `LC_COLLATE'. Catat: 'uniq' tidak mendeteksi pengulangan baris kecuali mereka berurutan. Anda mungkin ingin mengurutkan masukan pertama, atau gunakan `sort -u' tanpa `uniq'. Juga, perbandingan menghargain aturan yang dispesifikasikan oleh `LC_COLLATE'. Opsional - sebelum KONFIGURASI mengindikasikan negasi. Sebuah tanda * konfigurasi non-POSIX. Sistem yang berjalan mendefinisikan dimana konfigurasi yang tersedia. MODE adalah sebuah angka yang mungkin diikuti oleh salah sati dari akhiran berikut: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, dan selanjutnya untuk G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Dalam kasus ini aliran yang berhubungan akan tersangga sepenuhnya dengan ukuran penyangga di set ke MODE bytes. Konfigurasi keluaran: * bsN gaya backspace delay, N dalam [0..1] * crN gaya carriage return delay, N dalam [0..3] * ffN gaya form feed delay, N dalam [0..1] * nlN gayal baris baru delay, N dalam [0..1] Pemilik tidak diubah jika hilang. Grup tidak diubah jika hilang, tetapi ubah ke grup login jika diimplikasikan oleh sebuah `:' diikuti sebuah simbolik PEMILIK. PEMILIK dan GRUP boleh berupa numerik seperti juga simbolik. POS adalah F[.C][OPTS], dimana F adalah jumlah field dan C adalah posisi karakter dalam daerah itu; asal keduanya adalah 1. Jika tidak -t atau -b yang memiliki efek, karakter dalam sebuah field dihitung dari awal yang diawali dengan spasi. OPTS adalah satu atau lebih pilihan pengurutan huruf-tunggal, yang memaksa pengurutan global pilihan untuk kunci itu. Jika tidak ada kunci yang diberikan, gunakan seluruh baris sebagai kunci. UKURAN mungkin diikuti dengan akhiran pengali berikut: Menampilkan nilai dari EKSPRESI dari keluaran standar. Baris kosong dibawah dipisahkan awalan grup meningkat. EKSPRESI bisa: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 jika ini bukan null atau 0, jika tidak ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 jika bukan argumen adalah nol atau 0, jika tidak 0 RADIX adalah d untuk desimal, o untuk oktal, x untuk heksadesimal atau n untuk kosong. BYTES adalah heksadesimal dengan awalan 0x atau 0X, dan mungkin memiliki sebuah akhiran pengali: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, dan seterusnya untuk T, P, E, Z, Y. Menambahkan sebuah akhiran z untuk semua type karakter yang bisa ditampilkan di akhir dari setiap baris keluaran. Baca standard masukan jika BERKAS adalah -. Setiap POLA mungkin: Laporkan %s bugs ke %s Laporkan bugs ke: %s SET dispesifikasikan sebagai karakter strings. Kebanyakan represent dirinya sendiri. Urutan yang diinterpretasikan adalah: \NNN karakter dengan nilai oktal NNN (1 sampa 3 oktal digit) \\ backslash \a BEL yang dapat didengar \b backspace \f form feed \n baris baru \r kembali \t horisontal tab SINYAL mungkin sebuah nama sinyal seperti `HUP', atau sebuah nomor sinyal. seperti `1', atau sebuah status keluaran dari sebuah proses diakhiri oleh sebuah sinyal. PID adalah sebuah integer; Jika negatif ini diidentifikasikan sebuah proses grup. SIZE adalah sebuah nomor. Untuk TIPE dalam doux, SIZE mungkin juga C untuk sizeof(char), S untuk sizeof(short), I untuk sizeof(int) atau L untuk sizeof(long). Jika TYPE adalah f, SIZE mungkin juga F untuk sizeof (float), D untuk sizeof (double) atau L untuk sizeof(long double). UKURAN juga bisa diawali dengan satu dari karakter pengubah berikut: `+' menambahkan, `-' mengurangi, `<' maksimal, `>' minimal, `/' membulatkan kebawah ke kelipatan dari, `%' membulatkan keatas ke kelipatan dari. BESAR mungkin (atau mungkin sebuah integer dan opsional diikuti oleh) satu dari berikut: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, dan selanjutnya untuk G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Mengirim sebuah %s sinyal ke proses `dd' yang sedang berjalan membuatnya menampilkan statistik I/O ke standar error dan kemudian melanjutkan penyalinan. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) tersalin, 34.6279 detik, 271 MB/s Pilihan adalah: Karakter spesial: * dsusp CHAR CHAR akan mengirim sebuah sinyal berhenti terminal saat masukan diflush eof CHAR CHAR akan mengirim sebuah akhir dari berkas (akhiri masukan) eof CHAR CHAR akan akhir dari baris Konfigurasi spesial: N set kecepatan masukan dan keluaran ke N bauds * cols N beritahu kernel bahwa terminal memilik N kolom * columns N sama seperti cols N TIPE dibuat dari satu atau lebih dari spesifikasi berikut: a karakter bernama, mengabaikan high-order bit c karakter ASCII atau backslash escape Akhiran backup adalah `~', kecuali diset dengan --suffix atau SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. Metode pengontrol versi mungkin dipilih melalui pilihan --backup atau melalui variabel lingkungan VERSION_CONTROL. Ini adalah nilainya: Data yang dienkode seperti yang dijelaskan untuk base64 alphabet dalam RFC 3548. Ketika mendekode, masukan mungkin berisi baris baru sebagai tambahan ke bytes dari alphabet format dari base64. Gunakan --ignore-garbage untuk mencoba untuk merekover dari karakter bukan alphabet bytes dalam stream yang dienkode. Tiga pilihan berikut hanya berguna jika memverifikasi checksums: --quiet jangan menampilkan OK untuk setiap sukses dalam memverifikasi berkas --status jangan mengeluarkan apapun, kode status menunjukan sukses -w, --warn peringatkan tentang format yang tidak sesuai dengan baris checksum Sum dihitung sesuai dijelaskan dalam %s. Ketika memeriksa, masukan seharusnya adalah keluaran sebelumnya dari aplikasi ini. Mode default adalah menampilkan sebuah baris dengan checksum, sebuah karakter mengindikasikan tipe (`*' untuk binary, ` ' untuk text), dan nama untuk setiap BERKAS. Urutan format yang valid untuk berkas (tanpa --file-system): %a Hak akses dalam oktal %A Hak akses dalam format yang mudah dibaca %b Jumlah dari blok yang dialokasikan (lihat %B) %B Jumlah dalam bytes untuk setiap blok yang dilaporkan oleh %b %C String konteks keamanan SELinux Aplikasi pemasangan ini menyalin berkas (sering hanya kompilasi) kedalam lokasi tujuan yang anda pilih. Jika anda ingin untuk mengunduh dan memasang sebuah paket siap untuk digunakan di sebuah sistem GNU/Linux, anda seharusnya menggunakan manajer paket seperti yum(1) atau apt-get(1). Dalam tiga format pertama, salin ASAL ke TUJUUAN atau banyak ASAL ke DIREKTORI yang sudah ada, ketika menset mode ijin dan kepemilikan/grup. Dalam bentuk ke 4, buat seluruh komponen dari DIREKTORI yang diberikan. Untuk menghapus sebuah berkas yang namanya dimulai dengan sebuah `-', sebagai contoh `-foo', gunakan salah satu dari perintah berikut: %s -- -f %s ./-foo Spesifikasi format tradisional mungkin tercampur; mereka berakumulasi: -a sama seperti -t a, pilih karakter bernama, mengabaikan high-order bit -b sama seperti -t o1, pilih oktal bytes -c sama seperti -t c, pilih ASCII karakter atau backslash escapes -d sama seperti -t u2, pilih unsigned desimal 2-byte units Penerjemahaan terjadi jika -d tidak diberikan dan kedua SET1 dan SET2 terlihat. -t mungkin digunakan jika sedang menerjemahkan. SET2 menambahkan panjang dari SET1 dengan mengulang karakter terakhir jika diperlukan. Kelebihan karakter dari SET2 diabaikan. Hanya [:lower:] dan [:upper:] yang dijamin untuk diekspand dalam urutan meningkat; digunakan dalam SET2 ketika menerjemaahkan, mereka mungkin hanya digunakan dalam pasangan untuk menspesifikasikan konversi huruf. -s menggunakan SET1 jika tidak mentranslasikan atau menghapus; kecuali menekan gunakan SET2 dan terjadi setelah menerjemahkan atau menghapus. Gunakan satu, dan hanya satu dari -b, -c atau -f. Setiap DAFTAR dibuat dari satu jangkauan, atau banyak jangkauan dipisahkan oleh koma. Input yang dipilih ditulis dalam urutan yang sama dengan waktu dibaca, dan ditulis tepat sekali. Menggunakan warna untuk membedakan tipe berkas adalah tidak aktif baik baku dan dengan --color=never. Dengan --color=auto, ls mengeluarkan kode warna hanya ketika standar keluaran terhubung ke sebuah terminal. Variabel lingkungan LS_COLORS dapat mengubah konfigurasi ini. Gunakan perintah dircolors untuk mengubahnya. Dengan tanpa BERKAS atau jika BERKAS adalah -, baca Standar Masukan. `-F /' secara default. Tanpa BERKAS, atau ketika BERKAS adalah -, baca masukan standar. Dengan tanpa pilihan, menghasilkan keluaran tiga kolom. Kolom satu berisi baris unik ke BERKAS1, kolom dua berisi baris unik ke BERKAS2. dan kolom tiga berisi baris umum ke kedua berkas. Tanpa PILIHAN apapun, menampilkan beberapa informasi identifikasi berguna. Tulis sebuah represetasi ambigu, oktal byte secara default, dari BERKAS ke standar keluaran. Dengan lebih dari satu BERKAS argumen, concatenate mereka dalam daftar urutan ke dalam bentuk masukan. dengan tidak ada BERKAS, atau ketika BERKAS adalah -, baca standar masukan. ??? --backup[=CONTROL] buat sebuah backup untuk setiap berkas tujuan yang sudah ada -b seperti --backup tetapi tidak menerima sebuah argumen -f, --force jangan tanya sebelum menimpa penulisan -i, --interactive tanya sebelum menimpa penulisan ke berkas yang sudah ada Jika anda menspesifikasikan lebih dari salah satu dari -i, -f, -n, hanya yang terakhir yang berpengaruh. --backup[=CONTROL] membuat sebuah backup dari setiap berkas tujuan yang telah ada -b seperti --backup tetapi tidak menerima sebuah argumen -d, -F, --directory membolehkan superuser untuk mencoba link keras direktori (catat: mungkin akan gagal karena adanya pembatasan sistem, bahkan untuk superuser) -f, --force hapus berkas tujuan yang sudah ada --backup[=KONTROL] membuat sebuah backup untuk setiap berkas tujuan yang telah ada -b seperti --backup tetapi tidak menerima sebuah argumen -c (diabaikan) -C, --compare bandingkan setiap pasangan dari berkas sumber dan tujuan, dan dalam kasus tertentu, jangan modifikasi tujuan sama sekali -d, --directory perlakukan seluruh argumen sebagai nama direktori; buat seluruh komponen dari direktori yang dispesifikasikan --batch-size=NMERGE gabungkan di NMERGE masukan dalam satu waktu; untuk penggunaan lebih berkas sementara --block-size=BESAR gunakan BESAR-byte blok. Lihat format BESAR dibawah -B, --ignore-backups jangan mendaftar implied masukan berakhir dengan ~ -c dengan -lt; urutkan, dan tampilkan, ctime (waktu dari informasi status modifikasi berkas terakhir) dengan -l; menampilkan ctime dan urutkan sesuai nama jika tidak; urutkan dengan ctime --complement complement set dari bytes, karakter atau fields yang dipilih --files0-from=F baca masukan dari berkas yang dispesifikasikan oleh nama yang diakhiri-KOSONG dalam berkas F Jika F adalah - maka baca nama dari standar masukan -L, --max-line-length tampilkan panjang dari baris terpanjang -w, --words tampilkan jumlah kata --files0-from=F ringkas penggunaan disk dari NUL-terminated berkas nama dispesifikasikan dalam berkas F jika F adalah - maka baca nama dari standar masukan -H sama dengan --dereference-args (-D) -h, --human-readable menampilkan ukuran dalam format yang mudah dibaca (contoh: 1K 234M 2G) --si seperti -h, tetapi menggunakan kelipatan 1000 bukan 1024 --group-directories-first group direktori sebelum berkas. tambahkan dengan sebuah pilihan --sort, tetapi penggunaan apapun dari --sort=none (-U) menonaktifkan grup --help tampilkan bantuan ini dan keluar --indicator-style=WORD menambahkan indikator dengan style WORD ke nama masukan: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode menampilkan nomor index dari setiap berkas -I, --ignore=POLA jangan mendaftar implied masukan cocok shell POLA -k seperti --block-size=1K --lookup mencoba untuk canonicalize hostname melalui DNS -m hanya hostname dan pengguna yang berhubungan dengan stdin -p, --process menampilkan aktif proses dispawn oleh init --no-preserve-root jangan perlakukan `/' secara spesial --preserve-root jangan menghapus `/' (default) -r, -R, --recursive hapus direktori dan isinya secara rekursif -v, --verbose jelaskan apa yang sedang dilakukan --no-preserve-root jangan perlakukan `/' secara spesial (default) --preserve-root gagal untuk beroperasi secara rekursif di `/' --no-preserve-root jangan perlakukan `/' spesial (default) --preserve-root gagal beroperasi secara rekursif di `/' --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST jangan jaga atribut yang dispesifikasikan --parents gunakan full nama berkas sumber dibawah DIREKTORI --one-file-system ketika menghapus sebuah hierarki secara rekursif, lewati direktori apapun yang ada di sebuah sistem berkas berbeda dari yang berhubungan dengan argumen baris perintah --pid=PID dengan -f, akhiri setelah proses ID, PID selesai -q, --quiet, --silent jangan mengeluarkan header diberikan nama berkas --retry coba terus untuk membuka sebuah berkas walaupun berkas itu telah menjadi tidak dapat diakses; berguna ketika mengikuti nama, contoh, dengan --follow=name --preserve-context jaga SELinux konteks keamanan -Z, --context=CONTEXT set SELinux konteks keamanan dari berkas dan direktori --reference=RFILE gunakan RFILE konteks keamanan daripada menspesifikasikan sebuah nilai KONTEKS -R, --recursive beroperasi di berkas dan direktori secara rekursif -v, --verbose mengeluarkan sebuah diagnosa untuk setiap berkas yang diproses --ufc-3339=TIMESPEC mengeluarkan tanggal dan jam dalam format RFC 3339. TIMESPEC=`tanggal', `detik', atau `ns' untuk tanggal dan jam ke presisi yang diindikasikan. Tanggal dan jam komponen dipisahkan oleh sebuah spasi: 2006-08-07 12:34:56+07:00 -s, --set=STRING set waktu dijelaskan oleh STRING -u, --utc, --universal menampilkan atau menset Coordinated Universal Time --sort=KATA urutkan berdasarkan dari KATA: general-numeric -g, human-numeric -h, month -M, numeric -n, random -R, version -V -V, --version-sort urutan alami dari nomor versi dalam teks --strip-trailing-slashes hapus akhiran slash apapun dari setiap SUMBER argumen -S, --suffix=SUFFIX memaksa akhiran backup biasa --suffix=AKHIR tambahkan AKHIRAN ke TEMPLATE. AKHIRAN tidak boleh berisi slash. Pilihan ini mengindikasikan jika TEMPLATE tidak berakhir dalam X. --time menampilkan waktu dari terakhir modifikasi dari setiap berkas dalam direktori, atau subdirektori apapun --time=WORD menampilkan waktu seperti WORD daripada modifikasi waktu: atime, access, use, ctim, atau status --time-style=STYLE menampilkan waktu menggunakan gaya STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT FORMAT diinterpretasikan seperti `date' --time-style dengan -l, menampilkan waktu menggunakan gaya STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, local, +FORMAT. FORMAT diinterpretasikan seperti `date'; jika FORMAT adalah FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies ke berkas tidak recent dan FORMAT2 ke berkas baru; jika STYLE di awali dengan `posix-', STYLE berpengaruh hanya diluar POSIX locale --verbose tampilkan sebuah diagnosa tepat sebelum setiap berkas keluaran dibuka --version keluarkan informasi versi dan keluar --all tampilkan jumlah dari prosesor yang terpasang --ignore=N jika memungkinkan, abaikan N satuan pemrosesan Besar Isi Sisa Isi%% Inode IIsi IBebas IIsi%% Besar Isi Sisa Isi%% -evenp sama seperti -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase sama seperti xcase iuclc olcuc litout sama seperti -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout sama seperti parenb istrip opost cs7 nl sama seperti -icrnl -onlcr -nl sama seperti icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb gunakan dua stop bit per karakter (satu dengan `-') [-]hup kirim sebuah sinyal hangup ketika proses terakhir tutup dengan tty [-]hupcl sama seperti [-]hup [-]parenb hasilkan bit parity dalam keluaran dan harapkan parity bit dalam masukan [-]parodd set odd parity (bahkan dengan `-') [-]ignpar abaikan karakter dengan parity error * [-]imaxbel beep dan jangan flush sebuah masukan lengkap buffer dalam sebuah karakter [-]inlcr translasikan baris baru ke carriage return [-]inpck aktifkan pengecheckan masukan parity [-]istrip hapus atas (ke 8) bit dari karakter masukan [-]isig aktifkan interupsi, quit, dan suspend spesial karakter [-]noflsh non-aktifkan flushing setelah interupsi dan spesial karakter quit * [-]prterase sama seperti [-]echoprt * [-]tostop hentikan pekerjaan dibelakan yang mencoba untuk menulis ke terminal * [-]xcase dengan icanon, escape dengan `\' untuk karakter huruf besar cooked sama seperti brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof dan eol karakter ke nilai defaultnya -cooked sama seperti mentah crt sama seperti echoe echoctl echoke dec sama seperti echoe echoctl echoke ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq sama seperti [-]ixany ek erase dan kill karakter ke nilai defaultnya evenp sama seperti parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N set kecepatan masukan ke N * line N gunakan line disiplin N min N dengan -icanon, set N karakter minimum untuk sebuah pembacaan selesai ospeed N set kecepatan keluaran ke N oddp sama seperti parenb parodd cs7 -oddp sama seperti -parenb cs8 [-]parity sama seperti [-]evenp pass8 sama seperti -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 sama seperti parenb istrip cs7 raw sama seperti -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw sama seperti cooked sane sama seperti cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke, semua karakter spesial ke nilai defaultnya. stop CHAR CHAR akan menghentikan keluaran susp CHAR CHAR akan mengirim sebuah sinyal berhenti terminal * swtch CHAR CHAR akan mengubah ke lapisan shell yang berbeda * werase CHAR CHAR akan menghapus kata terakhir yang diketik %% sebuah % %b ARGUMEN sebagai sebuah string dengan `\' escapes diinterpretasikan, kecuali oktal tersebut escapes adalah dalam bentuk \0 atau \0NNN dan seluruh spesifikasi C format berakhir dengan satu dari diouxXfeEgGcs, dengan ARGUMEN diubah ke type yang sesuai terlebih dahulu. Lebar variabel ditangani terlebih dahulu. %A locale's nama lengkap hari (contoh, Minggu) %b locale's singkatan nama bulan (contoh, Jan) %B locale's nama lengkap bulan (contoh, Januari) %c locale's tanggal dan waktu (contoh, Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005) %C abad; seperti %Y, kecuali mengabaikan dua digit terakhir (contoh, 20) %d hari dari bulan (contoh, 01) %D tanggal; sama seperti %m/%d/%y %e hari dari bulan, spasi dipadded; sama seperti %_d %F tanggal lengkap; sama seperti %Y-%m-%d %g dua digit terakhir dari tahun dari ISO nomor minggu (lihat %G) %G tahun dari ISO nomor minggu (lihat %V); biasanya berguna hanya dengan %V %S detik (00..60) %t sebuah tab %T waktu; sama seperti %H:%M:%S %u hari dari minggu (1..7); 1 adalah Senin %U nomor minggu dari tahun, dengan Minggu sebagai hari pertama dari minggu (00..53) %V ISO nomor minggu, dengan Senin sebagai hari pertama dari minggu (01..53) %w hari dari minggu (0..6); 0 adalah Minggu %W nomor minggu dari tahun, dengan Senin sebagai hari pertama dari minggu (00..53) %d Nomor perangkat dalam desimal %D Nomor perangkat dalam heksadesimal %f Mode mentah dalam heksadesimal %F Tipe berkas %g Grup ID dari pemilik %G Nama ID dari pemilik %h Jumlah dari hard links %i Jumlah dari inode %n Nama berkas %N Quote nama berkas dengan dereference jika link simbolik %o Ukuran blok I/O %s Ukuran total, dalam bytes %t Tipe perangkat major dalam heksadesimal %T Tipe perangkat minor dalam heksadesimal %h sama seperti %b %H jam (00...23) %I jam (01...12) %j hari dari tahun (001...366) %i ID Sistem Berkas dalam heksadesimal %l Panjang maksimal dari nama berkas %n Nama berkas %s Besar blok (untuk transfer lebih cepat) %S Besar blok fundamental (untuk jumlah blok) %t Tipe dalam heksadesimal %T Tipe dalam format yang mudah dibaca %k jam ( 0..23) %l jam ( 1..12) %m bulan (01..12) %M menit (00..59) %n sebuah baris baru %N nano detik (000000000..999999999) %p persamaan locale's baik AM atau PM; kosong jika tidak diketahui %P seperti %p, tetap menggunakan huruf kecil %r locale's 12-jam waktu (contoh, 11:11:04 PM) %R 24-jam jam dan menit; sama seperti %H:%M %s detik sejak 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u ID Pengguna dari pemilik %U Nama pengguna dari pemilik %x Waktu terakhir diakses %X Waktu terakhir diakses sebagai detik sejak Epoch %y Waktu terakhir dimodifikasi %Y Waktu terakhir dimodifikasi sebagai detik sejak Epoch %z Waktu terakhir diubah %Z Waktu terakhir diubah sebagai detik sejak Epoch %x locale's representasi tanggal (contoh, 12/31/99) %X locale's representasi waktu (contoh, 21:13:48) %y dua digit terakhir dari tahun (00..99) %Y tahun %z +hhmm daerah waktu numerik (contoh, +0700) %:z +hh:mm daerah waktu numerik (contoh, +07:00) %::z +hh:mm:ss daerah waktu numerik (contoh, +07:00:00) %:::z daerah waktu numerik dengan : dibutuhkan untuk presisi (contoh, +07, +08:30) %Z singkatan daerah waktu alphabet (contoh, WIT) + TOKEN interpretasikan TOKEN sebagai sebuah string, walaupun ini adalah sebuah keyword seperti `match'atau sebuah operator seperti `/' ( EXPRESSION ) nilai dari EKSPRESI --output-delimiter=STR pisahkan kolom dengan STR --userspec=PENGGUNA:GRUP spesifikasikan pengguna dan grup (ID atau nama) yang digunakan --groups=G_LIST spesifikasikan grup tambahan sebagai g1,g2,..,gN -0, --null akhiri setiap baris keluaran dengan 0 byte daripada baris baru -A, --address-radix=RADIX tentukan bagaimana berkas ofset ditampilkan -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES lewati BYTES masukan awal byte -A, --auto-reference keluarkan secara otomatis referensi yang dihasilkan -G, --traditional berperilaku lebih seperti System V `ptx' -F, --flag-truncation=STRING gunakan STRING untuk flagging pemotongan baris -B, --block-size=SIZE gunakan SIZE-byte blok -b, --bytes sama seperti `--apparent-size --block-size=1' -c, --total menghasilkan jumlah total -D, --dereference-args dereference hanya symlink yang terdaftar di baris perintah -C mendaftar masukan dengan kolom --color[=KAPAN] mengontrol apakah warna digunakan untuk membedakan tipe berkas. KETIKA bisa `never', `always', atau `auto'. Informasi lebih lanjut dibawah -d, --directory daftar masukan direktori daripada isi, dan jangan mendereference link simbolik -D, --dired menghasilkan keluarkan didesign untuk Emacs' dired mode -D buat seluruh komponen awal dari TUJUAN kecuali terakhir, kemudian salin ASAL ke TUJUAN -g, --group-GROUP set kepemilikan grup, daripada proses' grup sekarang -m, --mode=MODE set mode ijin (seperti dalam chmod), daripa rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=OWNER set kepemilikan (pengguna-super saja) -D, --date-format=FORMAT gunakan FORMAT untuk header tanggal -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand masukan CHAR (TAB) ke LEBAR tab (8) -F, -f, --form-feed gunakan form feed daripada baris baru untuk memisahkan halaman (dengan 3 baris per halaman header dengan -F atau sebuah 5 baris header dan trailer tanpat -F) -G, --no-group dalam sebuah listing panjang, jangan menampilkan nama grup -h, --human-readable dengan -l, menampilkan ukuran dalam format yang mudah dibaca (contoh, 1K 234M 2G) --si sama seperti diatas, tetapi menggunakan kelipatan 1000 bukan 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line ikuti link simbolik terdaftar di baris perintah --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir mengikuti setiap baris perintah link simbolik yang menunjuk ke sebuah direktori --hide=POLA jangan mendaftar implied masukan cocok shell POLA (overriden dengan -a atau -A) -I tanya sekali sebelum menghapus lebih dari tiga berkas, atau ketika menghapus secara rekursif. Kurang intrusive daripada -i, ketika tetap memberikan proteksi terhadap setiap kesalahan --interactive[=WHEN] tanya menurut WHEN: never, once (-I), atau always (-i). Tanpa WHEN, selalu bertanya -L BERKAS BERKAS ada dan ini adalah link simbolik (sama seperti -h) -O BERKAS BERKAS ada dan dimiliki oleh efektif ID pengguna -p BERKAS BERKAS ada dan ini adalah named pipe -r BERKAS BERKAS ada dan ijin membaca diberikan -s BERKAS BERKAS ada dan memiliki ukuran lebih besar dari nol -L, --dereference dereferensikan seluruh link simbolik -P, --nodereference jangan ikuti simbolik link apapun (inidefault) -0, --null akhiri setiap baris keluaran dengan 0 byte daripada baris baru -S, --separate-dirs jangan memasukan ukuran dari subdirektori -s, --summarize tampilkan hanya sebuah total dari setiap argumen -L, --logical gunakan PWD dari lingkungan, bahkan jika itu berisi symlinks -P, --physical hindari semua symlinks -M, --macro-name=STRING nama macro yang digunakan daripada `xx' -O, --format=roff menghasilkan keluaran seperti direktif roff -R, --rigth-side-refs letakan referensi dikanan, tidak dihitung dalam -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP untuk akhir dari baris atau akhir dari kalimat -T, --format=tex menghasilkan keluaran seperti direktif Tex -N, --read-bytes=BYTES batasi dump ke BYTE masukan byte -S, --strings[=BYTES] keluarkan string dari paling tidak karakter BYTES gambar -t, --format=TYPE pilih format keluaran atau format -v, --output-duplicates jangan gunakan * untuk menandai penekanan baris -w, --width[=BYTES] keluarkan byte BYTES per baris keluaran --traditional menerima argumen dalam format tradisional -P, --portability gunakan format keluaran POSIX --sync menjalankan sync sebelum memperoleh informasi penggunaan -t, --type=TYPE membatasi daftar dari sistem berkas dari tipe TIPE -T, --print-type menampilkan tipe sistem berkas -x, --exclude-type=TYPE membatasi daftar dari sistem berkas bukan dari tipe TIPE -v (diabaikan) -S mengurutkan dengan ukuran berkas --sort=WORD urutkan dengan WORD daripada dari nama: none -U, ekstensi -X, besar -S, waktu -t, versi -v --time=WORD dengan -l, menampilkan waktu seperti WORD daripada modifikasi waktu; atime -u; access -u, use -u, ctime -c, atau status -c; gunakan spesifikasi waktu sebagai kunci pengurut jika --sort=time -S BERKAS BERKAS ada dan ini adalah sebuah socket -t FD berkas deskripsi FD dibuka di sebuah terminal -u BERKAS BERKAS ada dan ini memiliki set-user-ID bit diset -w BERKAS BERKAS ada dan ijin tulis diberikan -x BERKAS BERKAS ada dan ijin menjalankan (atau pencarian) ada -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override akhiran backup biasa -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY spesifikasikan DIREKTORI yang akan dibuat untuk link -T, --no-target-directory perlakukan LINK_NAME sama seperti berkas normal -v, --verbose menampilkan nama dari setiap berkas yang terhubung -SSTRING, --sep-string[=STRING] pisahkan kolom dengan STRING, tanpa -S: Pemisah default dengan -J dan jika tidak (sama seperti -S" "), tidak berpengaruh di pilihan kolom -t, --omit-header abaikan header halaman dan akhiran -T, --omit-pagination abaikan header dan trailers halaman, hapus pagination apapun dari form feeds diset dalam berkas masukan -v, --show-nonprinting gunakan notasi oktal backslash -w PAGE_WIDTH, --width=PAGE_WIDTH set lebar halaman ke PAGE_WIDTH (72) karakter untuk keluaran multiple text-kolom saja, -s[char] matikan (72) -T, -w, --mesg menambahkan status pesan pengguna seperti +, - atau ? -u, --users daftar pengguna yang sedang memakai sistem --message sama seperti -T --writable sama seperti -T -W, --page-width=PAGE_WIDTH set lebar halaman ke selalu PAGE_WIDTH (72) karakter, potong baris, kecuali pilihan -J diset, no interference dengan -S atau -s -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP gunakan REGEXP untuk mencocokan setiap keyword -b, --break-file=BERKAS karakter pemisah kata dalam BERKAS ini -f, --ignore-case ubah huruf kecil ke huruf besar untuk pengurutan -g, --gap-size=NUMBER ukuran gap dalam kolom diantara fields keluaran -i, --ignore-file=FILE baca daftar kata yang diabaikan dari BERKAS -o, --only-file=FILE baca hanya daftar kata saja dari BERKAS ini -Z, --context=CTX set konteks keamanan SELinux dari NAMA ke CTX -Z, --context=CTX set konteks keamanan SELinux dari setiap NAMA ke CTX -a ubah hanya waktu akses -c, --no-create jangan buat berkas apapun -d, --date=STRING parse STRING dan gunakan itu daripada waktu sekarang -f (diabaikan) -a, --across menampilkan kolom across daripada turun, gunakan bersama dengan -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars gunakan notasi topi (^G) dan notasi backslash oktal -d, --double-space keluaran menggunakan dua spasi -a, --all termasuk sistem berkas dummy -B, --block-size=SIZE gunakan SIZE-byte blok -h, --human-readable menampilkan ukuran dalam format yang mudah dibaca (contoh , 1K 234 M 2G) -H, --si sama seperti itu, tetapi menggunakan kelipatan dari 1000 bukan 1024 -a, --all tulis jumlah untuk seluruh berkas, tidak hanya direktori --apparent-size menampilkan ukuran sebenarnya, daripada penggunaan disk; walaupun ukuran sebenernya biasanya lebih kecil, tetapi mungkin lebih besar karena adanya holes dalam (`sparse') berkas, internal fragmentasi, blok tidak langsung, dan seperti itu -a, --all mengubah seluruh spasi, daripada menyesuaikan spasi inisial --first-only mengubah hanya awalan urutan dari spasi (overrides -a) -t, --tabs=N memiliki tabs N karakter apart daripada 8 (aktifkan -a) -t, --tabs=LIST menggunakan DAFTAR dipisahkan koma dari posisi tab (aktifkan -a) -a, --archive sama seperti -dR --preserve=all --backup[=KONTROL] buat sebuah backup dari setiap berkas tujuan yang telah ada -b seperti --backup tetapi tidak menerima sebuah argumen --copy-contents salin isi dari berkas spesial ketika rekursif -d sama seperti --no-dereference --preserve=links -a, --suffix-length=N gunakan akhiran dengan panjang N (default %d) -b, --bytes=SIZE pakai UKURAN bytes untuk setiap berkas keluaran -C, --line-bytes=SIZE pakai di hampis UKURAN bytes dari baris setiap berkas keluaran -d, --numeric-suffixes gunakan akhiran numerik daripada alphabet -l, --lines=NUMBER pakai JUMLAH baris setiap berkas keluaran -b, --before pasang pemisah sebelum daripada sesudah -r, --regex interpretasikan pemisah sebagai sebuah ekspresi umum -s, --separator=STRING gunakan STRING sebagai pemisah daripada baris baru -b, --binary baca dalam mode binary -b, --binary baca dalam mode binary (default kecuali membaca tty stdin) -b, --body-numbering=STYLE gunakan STYLE untuk penomoran baris -d, --section-delimiter=CC gunakan CC untuk memisahkan halaman logikal -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE gunakan STYLE untuk penomoran baris footer -b, --bytes hitung byte daripada kolom -s, --spaces break di spaces -w, --width=WIDTH gunakan WIDTH kolom daripada 80 -b, --bytes=LIST pilih hanya bytes ini -c, --character=LIST pilih hanya karakter ini -d, --delimiter=DELIM gunakan DELIM daripada TAB untuk bagian pembatas -b, --ignore-leading-blanks abaikan awalan kosong -d, --dictionary-order pertimbangkan hanya spasi dan karakter huruf dan angka -f, --ignore-case ubah karakter huruf kecil ke huruf besar -b, --suffix-format=FORMAT gunakan sprintf FORMAT daripada %02d -f, --prefix=PREFIX gunakan PREFIX daripada `xx' -k, --keep-files jangan menghapus berkas keluaran di errors -c, --bytes=K keluarkan K bytes terakhir; alternatif, gunakan -c +K untuk mengeluarkan bytes dimulai dengan ke K dari setiap berkas -c, --bytes=[-]K tampilkan K byte pertama dari setiap berkas; dengan awalan `-', menampilkan seluruh tetapi K byte terakhir dari setiap berkas -n, --lines=[-]K menampilkan K baris pertama daripada 10 pertama; dengan awalan `-', menampilkan seluruh tetapi K baris terakhir dari setiap berkas -c, --check baca %s sums dari BERKAS dan periksa mereka -c, --check, --check=diagnose-first periksa untuk masukan terurut; jangan urutkan -C, --check=quiet, --check=silent seperti -c, tetapi jangan laporkan baris pertama buruk --compress-program=PROG compress temporaries dengan PROG; decompress itu dengan PROG -d --files0-from=F baca masukan dari berkas yang dispesifikasikan oleh nama yang diakhiri NUL dalam berkas F -c, --count awali baris dengan jumlah kejadian -d, --repeated hanya menampilkan baris duplikasi -c, --crown-margin jaga indentasi dari dua baris pertama -p, --prefix=STRING reformat hanya baris yang diawali dengan STRING, reattaching prefix ke baris yang diformat -s, --split-only split baris panjang, tetapi jangan refill -c, --no-create jangan buat berkas apapun -d, --delimiters=LIST gunakan karakter dari LIST daripada dari TAB -s, --serial paste satu berkas di satu waktu daripada secara paralel -d, --directory buat sebuah direktori, bukan sebuah berkas -u, --dry-run jangan buat apapun; hanya tampilkan sebuah nama (tidak aman) -q, --quiet tekan diagnosa mengenai kegagalan pembuatan berkas/direktori -e aktifkan interpretasi dari backslash escape -E non-aktifkan interpretasi dari escape backslash (default) -e aktifkan interpretasi dari backslash escape (default) -E non-aktifkan interpretasi dari escape backslash -e, --echo perlakukan setiap ARG sebagai sebuah baris masukan -i, --input-range=LO-HI perlakukan setiap nomor LO sampai HI sebagai sebuah baris masukan -n, --head-count=JUMLAH keluarkan di hampir JUMLAH baris -o, --output=BERKAS tulis hasil ke BERKAS daripada standar keluaran --random-source=FILE dapatkan random bytes dari BERKAS -z, --zero-terminated akhir baris dengan 0 byte, bukan baris baru -f jangan mengurutkan, aktifkan -aU, disable -ls --color -F, --classify tambahkan indicator (satu dari *=>@|) untuk masukan --file-type sama seperti itu, kecuali tidak menambahkan `*' --format=WORD melewati -x, koma -m, horizontal -x. panjang -l, satu-kolom -1, verbose -l, vertikal -C --full-time seperti -l --time-style=full-iso -f mengabaikan baris dari heading kolom dalam format pendek -w mengabaikan nama lengkap pengguna dalam format pendek -i mengabaikan nama lengkap pengguna dan remote host dalam format pendek -q mengabaikan nama lengkap pengguna, remote host dan waktu idle dalam format pendek -f sama seperti -t fF, pilih floats -i sama seperti -t dI, pilih desimal ints -l sama seperti -t dL, pilih desimal longs -o sama seperti -t o2, pilih oktal 2-byte units -s sama seperti -t d2, pilih desimal 2-byte units -x sama seperti -t x2, pilih hexadesimal 2-byte units -f BERKAS BERKAS ada dan ini adalah berkas biasa -g BERKAS BERKAS ada dan ini memiliki set-group-ID -G BERKAS BERKAS ada dan dimiliki oleh efektif grup ID -h BERKAS BERKAS ada dan ini adalah link simbolik (sama seperti -L) -k BERKAS BERKAS ada dan ini memiliki sticky bit diset -f, --canonicalize canonicalize dengan mengikuti setiap symlink dalam setiap komponen yang diberikan nama secara rekursif; semua tetapi komponen terakhir harus ada -e, --canonicalize-existing canonicalize dengan mengikuti setiap symlink dalam setiap komponen dari nama yang diberikan secara rekursif, semua komponen harus ada -f, --fields=LIST pilih hanya bagian ini; juga tampilkan baris apapun yang berisi tidak ada karakter pembatas, kecuali pilihan -s dispesifikasikan -n (diabaikan) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] keluarkan data yang ditambahkan sebagai pertumbuhan berkas; -f, --follow, dan --follow=description adalah sama -F sama seperti --follow=name --retry -f, --force jika sebuah berkas tujuan yang telah ada tidak dapat dibuka, hapus itu dan coba lagi -i, --interaktif tanya sebelum menimpa (memaksa sebuah pilihan -n sebelumnya) -H ikuti baris-perintah link simbolik dalam SUMBER -f, --force ubah ijin untuk mengijinkan menulis jika diperlukan -n, --iterations=N tulis N kali dari pada baku (%d) --random-source=BERKAS peroleh random byte dari BERKAS -s, --size=N shred sebanyak bytes ini (akhiran seperti K, M, G diterima) -f, --silent, --quiet tekan seluruh pesan error -v, --verbose keluarkan sebuah diagnosa untuk setiap berkas yang diproses --reference=RFILE gunakan mode RFILE daripada nilai MODE -R, --recursive ubah berkas dan direktori secara rekursif -f, --silent, --quiet tekan hampir seluruh pesan error --reference=RFILE gunakan RFILE grup daripada menspesifikasikan sebuah nilai GRUP -R, --rekursif beroperasi di berkas dan direktori secara rekursif -v, --verbose keluarkan sebuah diagnosa untuk setiap berkas yang diproses -f, --silent, --quiet tekan hampir seluruh pesan error --reference=RFILE gunakan pemilik dan grup RFILE daripada menspesifikasikan nilai PEMILIK:GRUP -R, --recursive beroperasi di berkas dan direktori secara rekursif -v, --verbose keluarkan sebuah pesan diagnosa untuk setiap berkas yang diproses -g seperti -l, tetapi jangan mendaftar pemilik -g GID[,GID1...] juga menset ID grup utama ke GID numerik, dan (jika dispesifikasikan) tambahkan ID grup ke GID1, ... -g, --general-numeric-sort bandingkan menurut nilai numerik umum -i, --ignore-nonprinting pertimbangkan hanya karakter yang bisa dicetak -M, --month-sort bandingkan (tidak diketahui) < `JAN' < ... < `DEC' -h, --header-numbering=STYLE gunakan STYLE untuk penomoran baris header -i, --line-increment=NUMBER nomor baris dinaikan di setiap baris -l, --join-blank-lines=NUMBER grup dari NOMOR baris kosong dihitung sebagai satu -n, --number-format=FORMAT masukan nomor baris menurut FORMAT -p, --no-renumber jangan reset nomor baris ke logikal halaman -s, --number-separator=STRING tambahkan STRING sesudah (yang mungkin) nomor baris -h, --header=HEADER gunakan HEADER ditengah daripada nama berkas dalam halaman header, -h "" mencetak sebuah baris kosong, jangan menggunakan -h"" -i[CHAR[WIDTH]], --output-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] menggantikan spasi dengan CHAR (TAB) ke LEBAR tab (8) -J, --join-lines gabungkan baris penuh, matikan -W line truncation, tidak ada kolom penyesuaian, --sep-string[=STRING] set pemisah -h, --human-numeric-sort bandingkan dengan angka yang mudah dibaca (seperti, 2K 1G) -h, --no-dereference afek setiap link simbolik daripada referensi apapun berkas (hanya berguna di sistem yang dapat merubah kepemilikan dari link simbolik) -h, --no-dereference afek setiap link simbolik daripada referensi apapun berkas (hanya berguna di sistem yang dapat merubah kepemilikan dari link simbolik) -m ubah hanya waktu modifikasi -i, --ignore-case abaikan perbedaan dalam case ketika membedakan fields -j FIELD sama dengan ke `-1 FIELD -2 FIELD' -o FORMAT patuhi FORMAT ketika membuat baris keluaran -t CHAR gunakan CHAR sebagai pemisah field masukan dan keluaran -i, --initial jangan mengubah tabs setelah bukan kosong -t, --tabs=NOMOR jangan tabs NOMOR karakter apart bukan 8 -i, --inodes daftar informasi inode daripada penggunaan blok -k seperti --block-size=1K -l, --local batasi daftar dari sistem berkas lokal --no-sync jangan menjalankan sync sebelum memperoleh informasi penggunaan (default) -i, --interactive prompt apakah akan menghapus tujuan -L, --logical buat sambungan keras ke referensi sambungan simbolik -n, --no-dereference perlakukan tujuan yang merupakan symlink ke sebuah direktori sama seperti jika ini adalah sebuah berkas normal -P, --physical buat sambungan keras secara langsung ke sambungan simbolik -s, --symbolic buat link simbolik daripada link keras -k seperti --block-size=1K -l, --count-links hitung ukuran beberapa kali jika hard linked -m seperti --block-size=1M -k, --key=POS1[,POS2] awali sebuah kunci di POS1 (asal 1), akhiri di POS2 (default akhir dari baris) -m, --merge gabungkan berkas yang sudah diurutkan, jangan urutkan -l gunakan sebuah format daftar panjang -L, --dereference ketika menampilkan informasi berkas untuk sebuah link simbolik, tampilkan informasi untuk berkas referensi link daripada untuk link itu sendiri -m isi lebar dengan sebuah masukan yang dipisahkan dengan koma -l, --length=PAGE_LENGTH set panjang halaman ke PAGE_LENGTH (66) baris (default jumlah baris dari text 56, dan dengan -F 63) -m, --merge menampilkan seluruh berkas dalam paralel, satu di setiap kolom, truncate baris, tetapi gabungkan baris dari lebar panjang lengkap dengan -J -l, --link berkas link daripada menyalin -L, --dereference selalu mengikuti link simbolik dalam SUMBER -l, --login menampilkan proses sistem login -m, --canonicalize-missing canonicalize dengan mengikuti setiap symlink dalam setiap komponen dari nama yang diberikan secara rekursif, tanpa persyaratan di keberadaan komponen -n, --no-newline jangan mengeluarkan akhiran baris baru -q, --quiet, -s, --silent menekan hampir seluruh pesan error -v, --verbose melaporkan pesan error -m, --mode=MODE set ijin berkas bits ke MODE, bukan a=rw - umask -m, --mode=MODE set mode berkas (seperti dalam chmod), bukan a=rwx - umask -p, --parents tidak error jika sudah ada, buat direktori orang tua jika dibutuhkan -v, --verbose tampilkan sebuah pesan untuk setiap direktori yang dibuat -Z, --context=CTX set konteks keamanan SELinux dari setiap direktori yang dibuat ke CTX -n, --digits=DIGITS gunakan spesifikasi jumlah dari digit daripada 2 -s, --quiet, --silent jangan menampilkan jumlah dari ukuran berkas keluaran -z, --elide-empty-files hapus keluaran berkas kosong -n, --lines=K keluarkan baris K terakhir, daripada terakhir %d; atau gunakan -n +K ke baris keluaran dimulai dengan ke K --max-unchanged-stats=N dengan --follow=name, buka kembali sebuah BERKAS yang belum berubah ukuran setelah N (default %d) iterasi untuk melihat apakah ini telah tidak dilink atau diubah nama (ini biasa untuk berkas log terotasi) -n, --no-clobber jangan paksa menulis sebuah berkas telah ada (memaksa pilihan -i sebelumnya) -P, --no-dereference jangan ikuti link simbolik dalam SUMBER -n, --numeric-sort bandingkan menurut nilai numerik string -R, --random-sort urutkan berdasarkan random hash dari kunci --random-source=BERKAS dapatkan random bytes dari BERKAS -r, --reverse balik hasil dari komparasi -n, --numeric-uid-gid seperti -l, tetapi mendaftar pengguna dan grup ID numerik -N, --literal menampilkan nama masukan raw (jangan perlakukan e.g. kontrol karakter spesial) -o, seperti -l, tetapi tidak mendaftar informasi grup -p, --indicator-style=slash menambahkan / indikator ke direktori -n[SEP[DIGITS]], --number-lines[=SEP[DIGITS]] jumlah baris, gunakan DIGITS (5) digits, kemudian SEP (TAB), default jumlah dimulai dengan baris pertama dari berkas masukan -N, --first-line-number=NUMBER dihitung dimulai dengan NUMBER di baris pertama dari berkas pertama yang ditampilkan (lihat +FIRST_PAGE) -o, --indent=MARGIN ofset setiap baris dengan MARGIN (nol) spasi, jangan pengaruhi dengan -w atau -W, MARGIN akan ditambahkan ke PAGE_WIDTH -r, --no-file-warnings abaikan peringatan ketika sebuah berkas tidak dapat dibuka -o, --output=FILE tulis hasil ke BERKAS daripada ke standar keluaran -s, --stable seimbangkan pengurutan dengan menonaktifkan perbandingan terakhir -S, --buffer-size=SIZE gunakan SIZE untuk buffer memori utama -p sama seperti --preserve=mode,kepemilikan,timestamps --preserve[=ATTR_LIST] jaga atribut yang dispesifikasikan (baku: mode, kepemilikan,timestamps), jika memungkinkan atribut tambahan: context, links, xattr all -p DIREKTORI gunakan DIREKTORI sebagai awalan; mengindikasikan -t [ditinggalkan] -t interpretasikan TEMPLATE sebagai sebuah nama komponen berkas tunggal, relatif ke sebuah direktori: $TMPDIR, jika diset; selain itu direktori relatif melalui -p; selain itu /tmp [ditinggalkan] -p, --parents hapus DIREKTORI dan pendahulunya. Contoh, `rmdir -p a/b/c' adalah sama dengan `rmdir a/b/c a/b c'. -v, --verbose keluarkan sebuah pesan diagnosis untuk setiap direktori yang diproses -p, --preserve-timestamps jalankan akses/modifikasi waktu dari ASAL berkas ke berkas tujuan berhubungan -s, --strip strip tabel simbol --strip-program=APLIKASI APLIKASI digunakan untuk strip binari -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override akhiran backup biasa -t, --target-direktori=DIREKTORI salin seluruh argumen ASAL kedalam DIREKTORI -T, --no-target-direktory perlakukan DEST sebagai sebuah berkas normal -v, --verbose menampilkan nama dari setiap direktori seperti telah dibuat -q, --count seluruh nama login dan jumlah pengguna yang sedang memakai -r, --runlevel menampilkan seluruh runlevel -s, --short menampilkan hanya nama, baris, dan waktu (default) -t, --time menampilkan terakhir waktu sistem berubah -q, --hide-control-chars menampilkan ? daripada karakter bukan gambar --show-control-chars menampilkan karakter bukan gambar seperti itu (default kecuali aplikas adalah `ls' dan output adalah sebuah terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose nama masukan dalam tanda petik --quoting-style-chars gunakan quoting style KATA untuk masukan nama: literal, local, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent jangan menampilkan headers memberikan nama berkas -v, --verbose selalu menampilkan header memberikan nama berkas -r, --reference=FILE menampilkan modifikasi waktu terakhir dari FILE -R, --rfc-2822 keluaran tanggal dan waktu di RFC 2822 format. Contoh: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 +0700 -r, --reference=BERKAS gunakan ukuran BERKAS ini -s, --size=SIZE gunakan UKURAN ini -r, --reference=FILE gunakan waktu berkas ini daripada waktu sekarang -t STAMP gunakan [[CCYY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] daripada waktu sekarang --time=WORD ubah waktu yang dispesifikasikan: WORD adalah akses, atime, atau use; sama dengan -a WORD adalah modify atau mtime: sama dengan -m -r, --references field pertama dari setiap baris adalah sebuah referensi -t, --typeset-mode - tidak diimplementasikan - -w, --width=NUMBER lebar keluaran dalam kolom, referensi diabaikan -r, --reverse balik urutan ketika mengurutkan -R, --recursive daftar subdirektori secara rekursif -s, --size tampilkan ukuran dari setiap berkas yang dialokasikan, dalam blok -s, --only-delimited jangan menampilkan baris tidak berisi pembatas --output-delimiter=STRING gunakan STRING sebagai pembatas keluaran sebagai default yang digunakan sebagai masukan delimiter -s, --sinyal=SINYAL, -SINYAL spesifikasikan nama atau nomor dari sinyal untuk dikirim -l, --list daftar nama sinyal, atau ubah nama sinyal ke/dari nomor -t, --table tampilkan sebuah tabel dari informasi sinyal -s, --sleep-interval=N dengan -f, tidur untuk kira-kira N detik (baku 1.0) diantara interasi. -v, --verbose selalu mengeluarkan header diberikan nama berkas -s, --symbolic-link buat link simbolik daripada menyalin -S, --suffix=SUFFIX memaksa akhir backup biasa -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY salin seluruh argumen SUMBER kedalam DIREKTORI -T, --no-target-directory perlakukan TUJUAN sebagai sebuah berkas normal -s[CHAR], --separator[=CHAR] pisahkan kolom dengan sebuah karakter tunggal, baku untuk CHAR adalah karakter tanpa -w dan 'no char' dengan -w -s[CHAR] mematikan pemotongan baris dari seluruh 3 kolom pilihan (-COLUMN|-a -COLUMN|-m) kecuali -w diset -t urutkan sesuai dengan waktu modifikasi -T, --tabsize=COLS asumsikan tab stops ada di setiap COLS daripada 8 -t sama dengan -vT -T, --show-tabs tampilkan karakter TAB seperti ^I -u (diabaikan) -v, --show-nonprinting gunakan ^ dan M- notasi, kecuali untuk LFD dan TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP gunakan SEP daripada bukan-spase ke perubahan spasi -T, --temporary-directory=DIR gunakan DIR untuk sementara, bukan $TMPDIR atau %s; banyak pilihan menspesifikasikan banyak direktori -u, --unique dengan -c, check untuk pengurutan; tanpa -c, keluarkan hanya pertama dari sebuah jalan pertama -t, --tabs=LIST gunakan daftar dipisahkan dengan koma dari posisi tab explicit -t, --tagged-paragraph indentasi dari baris pertama berbeda dari detik -u, --uniform-spacing satu spasi diantara words, dua setelah kalimat -w, --width=WIDTH lebar baris maksimal (default 75 kolom) -t, --target-directory=DIREKTORI pindahkan seluruh argumen SUMBER kedalam DIREKTORI -T, --no-target-directory perlakukan TUJUAN sebagai sebuah berkas normal -u, --update pindahkan hanya ketika berkas SUMBER adalah lebih baru dari tujuan berkas atau ketika berkas tujuan hilang -v, --verbose jelaskan apa yang sedang dilakukan -t, --text baca dalam mode text (default jika membaca tty stdin) -t, --text baca dalam mode text (default) -u dengan -lt; urutkan dengan, dan tampilkan, waktu akses dengan -l; tampilkan waktu akses dan urutkan dengan nama jika tidak; urutkan dengan waktu akses -U jangan urutkan; daftar masukan dalam urutan direktori -v urutkan sesuai dengan versi -u, --remove potong dan hapus berkas setelah di paksa tulis -v, --verbose tampilkan perkembangan -x, --exact jangan membulatkan ukuran berkas ke blok berikutnya; ini adalah default untuk berkas tidak umum -z, --zero tambahkan sebuah akhir paksa tulis dengan nol untuk menyembunyikan shredding -u, --update salin hanya ketika berkas SUMBER lebih baru daripada berkas tujuan atau ketika berkas tujuan hilang -v, --verbose jelaskan apa yang sedang dilakukan -x, --one-file-system tetap di sistem berkas ini -u, --user=USER set user PENGGUNA dalam target konteks keamanan -r, --role=ROLE set role ROLE dalam target konteks keamanan -t, --type=TYPE set type TIPE dalam target konteks keamanan -l, --range=RANGE set range RANGE dalam target konteks keamanan -v, --kernel-version menampilkan versi dari kernel -m, --machine menampilkan nama perangkat mesin -p, --processor menampilkan tipe prosesor atau "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform menampilkan platform perangkat atau "unknown" -o, --operating-system manampilkan sistem operasi -v, --starting-line-number=NOMOR nomor baris pertama untuk setiap halaman logikal -w, --number-width=NOMOR gunakan NOMOR kolom untuk setiap nomor baris -w, --check-chars=N bandingkan tidak lebih dari N karakter dalam baris -w, -width=COLS asumsikan lebar layar daripada nilai sekarang -x daftar masukan dengan baris daripada dengan kolom -X urutkan secara alphabet dengan ekstensi masukan -X, --context tampilkan konteks keamanan SELinunx apapun untuk setiap berkas -1 tampilkan sat berkas per baris -x, --one-filesystem lewati direktori di sistem berkas berbeda -X, --exclude-from=BERKAS Exclude berkas yang cocok dari pola apapun dalam BERKAS. --exclude=POLA Exclude berkas yang cocok dengan POLA. --max-depth=N menampilkan total untuk sebuah direktori (atau berkas, dengan --all) hanya jika ini adalah N atau level lebih kecil dibawah perintah argumen baris; --max-depth=0 sama seperti dalam --summarize -z, --zero-terminated akhir baris dengan 0 byte, bukan baris baru Proses dalam sebuah keadaan tidur tidak dapat diinterupsi juga berkontribusi terhada beban kerja. [:graph:] seluruh karakter yang bisa dicetak, tidak termasuk spasi [:lower:] seluruh karakter huruf kecil [:print:] seluruh karakter yang bisa dicetak, meliputi spasi [:punct:] seluruh karakter punctuation [:space:] seluruh horisontal dan vertikal spasi [:upper:] seluruh huruf besar [:xdigit:] seluruh angkat heksadesimal [=CHAR=] seluruh karakter yang sama dengan CHAR \ONNN byte dengan nilai oktal NNN (1 sampai 3 digit) \xHH byte dengan nilai heksadesimal HH (1 sampai 2 digit) \NNN karakter dengan nilai oktal NNN (1 sampai 3 digit) \xHH byte dengan nila heksadesimal HH (1 sampai 2 bilangan) \uHHHH Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) karakter dengan nilai heksadesimal HHHH (4 bilangan) \UHHHHHHHH Unicode karakter dengan nilai heksadesimal HHHHHHHH (8 bilangan) \\ backslash \a alert (BEL) \b backspace \c tidak menghasilkan keluaran \e escape \f form feed \n baris baru \r carriage return \t horizontal tab \v vertikal tab \v vertikal tab CHAR1-CHAR2 seluruh karakter dari CHAR1 ke CHAR2 dalam urutan meningkat [CHAR*] dalam SET2, salin CHAR sampai panjang dari SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] ULANG salinan dari CHAR, ULANG oktal jika dimulai dengan 0 [:alnum:] seluruh huruf dan angka [:alpha:] seluruh huruf [:blank:] seluruh horisontal spasi [:cntrl:] seluruh karakter pengontrol [:digit:] seluruh digit ascii dari EBCDIC ke ASCII ebcdic dari ASCII ke EBCDIC ibm dari ASCII ke alternative EBCDIC block pad akhiran baris baru disimpan dengan spasi ke ukuran cbs unblock menimpa akhiran spasi dalam ukuran cbs simpanan dengan baris baru lcase ubah huruf besar ke huruf kecil binary gunakan binary I/O untuk data cio gunakan I/O bersamaan untuk data d[SIZE] signed desimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] oktal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned desimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadesimal, SIZE bytes per integer direct gunakan I/O langsung untuk data direktori gagal kecuali sebuah direktori dsync gunakan I/O tersinkron untuk data fullblock akumulasikan blok penuh dari masukan (hanya iflag) if=FILE baca dari BERKAS daripada dari stdin iflag=FLAGS baca sebagai daftar simbol yang dipisahkan dengan koma obs=BYTES tulis BYTES byte dalam satu waktu of=BERKAS tulis ke BERKAS daripada ke stdout oflag=FLAGS tulis sebagai daftar simbol yang dipisahkan dengan koma seek=BLOK lewati BLOK sebesar obs blok di awal dari keluaran skip=BLOK lewati BLOK sebesar ibs blok di awal dari masukan status=noxfer tekan statistik transfer noatime jangan perbaharui waktu akses nocreat jangan buat berkas keluaran excl gagal jika berkas keluaran telah ada notrunc jangan truncate berkas keluaran ucase ubah huruf kecil ke huruf besar swab swap setiap pasangan dari byte masukan noctty jangan assign pengontrol terminal dari berkas noerror melanjutkan setelah pembacaan error sync pad setiap masukan blok dengan NUL ke ukuran ibs; ketika digunakan dengan blok atau unblok, pad dengan spasi daripada dengan NUL fdatasync secara fisik tulis berkas keluaran data sebelum selesai fsync sama seperti, tetapi juga tulis metadata nofollow jangan ikuti symlinks nolinks gagal jika multiply-linked nonblock gunakan I/O non-blok none, off tidak pernah membuat backup (walaupun jika --backup diberikan) numbered, t buat backup bernomor existing, nil bernomor jika backup bernomor ada, simple jika tidak simple, never selalu membuat backup sederhana sync sama seperti itu, tetapi juga untuk metadata text gunakan teks I/O untuk data %4s-blok Isi Sisa Isi%% %H:%M%P %s-blok Isi Sisa Kapasita (backup: %s) * [-]ctlecho karakter pengontrol echo dalam notasi top (`^c') [-]echo echo karakter masukan * [-]echoctl sama seperti [-]ctlecho [-]echoe sama seperti [-]crterase [-]echok echo sebuah baris baru sesudah karakter hapus * [-]echoke sama seperti [-]crtkill [-]echonl echo baris baru meskipun jika tidak mengecho karakter lain * [-]echoprt echo karakter hapus backward, diantara `\' dan `/' [-]icanon aktifkan erase, kill, werase, dan rprnt karakter spesial [-]iexten aktifkan karakter spesial non-POSIX * [-]iuclc tranlasikan karakter huruf besar ke huruf kecil * [-]ixany biarkan karakter apapun mengulang keluaran, tidak hanya karakter awal [-]ixoff aktifkan pengiriman karakter start/stop [-]ixon aktifkan pengontrol arus XON/XOFF [-]parmrk tandai parity error (dengan sebuah urutan 255-0-karakter) [-]tandem sama seperti [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 asumsikan karakter masukan adalah terenkode dalam UTF-8 * [-]ocrnl translasikan carriage return ke baris baru * [-]ofdel gunakan karakter del untuk mengisi daripada karakter kosong * [-]ofill gunakan isi (tambah) karakter daripada pewaktu untuk delay * [-]olcuc translasikan karakter huruf kecil ke huruf besar * [-]onlcr translasikan baris baru ke carriage return-baris baru * [-]onlret baris baru menperformasikan sebuah carriage return * [-]onocr jangan menampilkan carriage return dalam kolom pertama [-]opost postprocess keluaran * tabN gaya horisontal tab delay, N dalam [0..3] * tabs sama seperti tab0 * -tabs sama seperti tab3 * vtN gaya vertikal tab delay, N dalam [0..1] * eol2 CHAR CHAR alternatif untuk akhir dari baris erase CHAR CHAR akan menghapus akhir dari karakter terakhir yang diketik intr CHAR CHAR akan mengirim sinyal interupsi kill CHAR CHAR akan menghapus baris sekarang * lnext CHAR CHAR akan memasukan karakter berikutnya quoted quit CHAR CHAR akan mengirim sebuah sinyal berhenti * rprnt CHAR CHAR akan menggambar ulang baris sekarang start CHAR CHAR akan mengulang keluaran setelah menyetopnya * rows N beritahu kernel bahwa terminal memiliki N baris * size tampilkan jumlah dari baris dan kolom menurut yang ada di kernel speed tampilkan kecepatan terminal time N Dengan -icanon, set timeout baca untuk N persepuluh dari detik ??:???? Dipasang di TTY konteks=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu groups= lama repetisi di %s % 1% dari memori, b 1, K 1024 (default), dan seterusnya untuk M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Tanpa BERKAS, atau ketika BERKAS adalah -, baca standar masukan. *** PERINGATAN *** Lokal yang dispesifikasikan oleh lingkungan berefek ke cara pengurutan. Set LC_ALL=C untuk memperoleh cara pengurutan tradisional yang menggunakan nilai byte asli. %.*s: spesifikasi konversi tidak valid%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu pengguna%lu pengguna%s%s (untuk regexp %s)%s -> %s (unbackup) %s [-d] berakhir secara tidak normal%s dan %s adalah berkas yang sama%s ada tetapi bukan sebuah direktori%s telah muncul; mengikuti akhir dari berkas baru%s telah menjadi dapat diakses%s telah menjadi tidak dapat diakses%s telah digantikan dengan sebuah berkas 'remote'; menyerah untuk nama ini%s telah diganti dengan berkas yang tidak dapat ditail; menyerah untuk nama ini%s telah diganti; mengikuti akhir dari berkas baru%s memiliki tipe berkas tidak diketahui%s adalah tidak berguna, kelihatannya memiliki ukuran negatif%s halaman rumah: <%s> %s halaman rumah: %s bukan sebuah valid positif integer%s terlalu besar%s mungkin hanya bisa digunakan dalam kernel SELinux%s telah dispesifikasikan tetapi %s belum%s%s argumen `%s' terlalu besar%s: %s terlalu besar yang ini tidak direpresentasikan%s: %s: nomor baris hilang dari jangkauan%s: %s: cocok tidak ditemukan%s: %s:%s: tidak terurut: %s: GAGAL membuka atau membaca %s: Tidak ada pengguna seperti itu%s: `}' dibutuhkan dalam jumlah berulang%s: operator binary diharapkan%s: dapat membuat relative link simbolik hanya dalam direktori sekarang%s: tidak dapat mengubah mode nonblocking%s: tidak dapat menemukan nama untuk ID pengguna %lu %s: tidak dapat mengikuti akhir dari berkas tipe ini; menyerah di nama ini%s: tidak dapat lseek ke posisi original%s: tidak dapat overwrite direktori%s: gagal rewind%s: tidak dapat mencari%s: tidak dapat mencari ofset akhir-relatif %s%s: tidak dapat mencari ofset %s%s: tidak dapat mencari ofset relatif %s%s: tidak dapat menshred tambah-saja berkas deskripsi%s: tidak dapat melewati%s: tidak dapat melewati ofset yang dispesifikasikan%s: menutup delimiter `%c' hilang%s: tidak dapat mereset mode non-blocking%s: berlanjut ke direktori %s? %s: descend ke write-protected direktori %s? %s: akhir dari berkas%s: kelas operand ekuivalen operand harus berupa karakter tunggal%s: error memotong%s: error menulis di ofset %s%s: diperkirakan sebuah nilai numerik%s: gagal untuk menutup%s: gagal untuk membuka untuk menulis%s: gagal untuk menghapus%s: fcntl gagal%s: fdatasync gagal%s: berkas memilik ukuran negatif%s: berkas telah mengecil terlalu banyak%s: berkas terlalu besar%s: berkas terlalu panjang%s: berkas terpotong%s: fstat gagal%s: fsync gagal%s: link keras tidak diijinkan untuk direktori%s: masukan berisi sebuah loop:%s: masukan berisi sebuah angka ganjil dari tokens%s: berkas masukan adalah berkas keluaran%s: integer diperkirakan setelah delimiter%s: PID tidak valid%s: jumlah tidak valid di awal dari %s%s: direktif tidak valid%s: spesifikasi field %s tidak valid%s: ukuran berkas tidak valid%s: tipe berkas tidak valid%s: jumlah maksimal dari statistik tidak diubah tidak valid diantar buka%s: nomor tidak valid%s: jumlah dari bytes tidak valid%s: jumlah dari baris tidak valid%s: jumlah tahap tidak valid%s: jumlah detik tidak valid%s: nomor tidak valid diabaikan%s: pilihan tidak valid -- '%c' %s: pola tidak valid%s: proses id tidak valid%s: ekspresi regular tidak valid: %s%s: sinyal tidak valid%s: panjang akhiran tidak valid%s: nomor baris harus lebih besar dari nol%s: nomor baris hilang dari jangkauan%s: lseek gagal%s: multiple sinyal dispesifikasikan%s: ijin baru adalah %s, bukan %s%s: tidak ada baris checksum %s yang di format secara benar ditemukan%s: tidak ada informasi ukuran untuk perangkat ini%s: tidak mendaftar direktori yang sudah terdaftar%s: jumlah dari byte terlalu besar%s: pilihan '%c%s' tidak memperbolehkan sebuah argumen %s: pilihan '%s' adalah ambigu %s: pilihan '--%s' tidak memperbolehkan sebuah argumen %s: pilihan '-W %s' tidak memperbolehkan sebuah argumen %s: pilihan '-W %s' adalah ambigu %s: pilihan membutuhkan sebuah argumen -- '%c' %s: menimpa %s? %s: tahap %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: tahap %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: tahap %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: error membaca%s: menghapus %s %s? %s: hapus seluruh argumen rekursif? %s: hapus seluruh argumen? %s: menghapus write-protected %s %s? %s: dihapus%s: menghapus%s: diubah namanya menjadi %s%s: menimpa %s? %s: gagal mencari%s: terlalu banyak baris checksum%s: mencoba untuk menulis %s, mengoveride mode %04lo (%s)? %s: tidak dapat menentukan panjang nama berkas maksimal%s: tidak dapat melakukan seluruh operasi yang diminta%s: operator unary diharapkan%s: pilihan tidak dikenal '%c%s' %s: pilihan tidak dikenal '--%s' %s: nilai tidak secara lengkap diubah%s: tulis error%s:%lu: baris tidak valid; hilang token kedua%s:%lu: nama berkas panjang-nol tidak valid%s:%lu: keyword tidak dikenal %s%s}: integer dibutuhkan diantara `{' dan `}''')' diharapkan')' diharapkan, ditemukan %s(C)* sistem berkas yang disimpan di lokasi sementara, seperti di NFS versi 3 klien * sistem berkas terkompres * berstruktur-log atau sistem berkas terjurnal, seperti yang disupply dengan AIX dan Solaris (dan JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, dan lain sebagainya.) * sistem berkas yang menulis data secara redundancy dan membawa bahkan jika beberapa tulis gagal, seperti dalam sistem berkas berbasis RAID * sistem berkas yang membuat snapshot, seperti dalam Network Appliance NFS server , beban rata-rata: %.2f, %g s, %s/s --%s argumen %s terlalu besar--context (-Z) hanya bekerja di kernel dengan SELinux-aktif--reflink hanya dapat digunakan dengan --sparse=auto-R --dereference membutuhkan baik -H atau -L-R -h membutuhkan -P-ef tidak menerima -l-nt tidak menerima -l-ot tidak menerima -l??? ?????BatalkanAlamat untuk hostname tidak dilayaniJam alarmSemua argumen ke pilihan panjang adalah wajib untuk pilihan pendek. Semua permintaan selesaiArgumen buffer terlalu kecilArnold RobbinsPanggilan sistem burukNilai buruk untuk ai_flagsBrian FoxPipa rusakBus errorPERHATIAN: Catat shred bergantung di asumsi sangat penting: bahwa sistem berkas memaksa tulis data di tempat. Ini adalah cara tradisional untuk melakukan itu, tetapi banyak rancangan sistem berkas modern tidak memenuhi asumsi ini. Contoh berikut dari sistem berkas dimana shred tidak efektif, atau tidak digaransi untuk efektif di seluruh mode sistem berkas: KOMENTARbatas waktu CPU dilewatiPanggil fungsi link untuk membuat sebuah link bernama BERKAS2 ke sebuah BERKAS1 yang telah ada. Panggil fungsi unlink untuk menghapus BERKAS yang dispesifikasikan. Ubah efektif id pengguna dan id grup ke PENGGUNA. -, -l, --login buat shell sebagai sebuah login shell -c, --command=COMMAND lewatkan sebuah PERINTAH tunggak ke shell dengan -c -f, --fast lewatkan -f ke shell (untuk csh dan tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment jangan mereset variabel lingkungan -p sama seperti -m -s, --shell=SHELL jalankan SHELL jika /etc/shells membolehkannya Ubah grup dari setiap BERKAS ke GRUP. Dengan --reference, ubah grup dari setiap BERKAS ke RFILE. -c, --changes seperti verbose tetapi hanya melaporkan ketika ada perubahan yang dilakukan --dereference affek referensi untuk setiap link simbolik (ini default), daripada link simbolik itu sendiri Ubah mode dari setiap BERKAS ke MODE. -c, --ubag seperti verbose tetapi hanya melaporkan ketika ada perubahan terjadi Ubah pemilik dan/atau grup dari setiap BERKAS ke PEMILIK dan/atau GRUP. Dengan --reference, ubah pemilik dan grup dari setiap BERKAS ke RFILE. -c, --changes seperti verbose tetapi hanya melaporkan ketika ada sebuah perubahan terjadi --dereference afek referensi dari setiap link simbolik (ini adalah default), daripada link simbolik itu sendiri Ubah konteks keamanan dari setiap BERKAS ke KONTEKS. Dengan --reference, ubah konteks keamanan dari setiap BERKAS ke RFILE. -h, --no-dereference mempengaruhi sambungan simbolik daripada referensi ke berkas apapun Chet RameyAnak keluarColin PlumbBandingkan berkas terurut BERKAS1 dan BERKAS2 baris demi baris. Concatenate BERKAS, atau masukan standar, atau keluaran standar. -A, --show-all sama dengan -vET -b, --number-nonblank jumlah baris keluaran tidak kosong -e sama dengan -vE -E, --show-ends tampilkan $ diakhir setiap baris -n, --number nomori seluruh baris keluaran -s, --squeeze-blank tekan baris keluaran kosong yang berulang DilanjutkanMengubah blank dalam setiap BERKAS ke tabs, menulis ke standar keluaran. Tanpa BERKAS, atau ketika BERKAS adalah -, baca standar masukan. Mengubah tabs di setiap BERKAS ke spasi, menulis ke standard keluaran. Dengan tidak ada BERKAS, atau ketika BERKAS adalah -, baca standar masukan. Salin SUMBER ke TUJUAN, atau multiple SUMBER ke DIREKTORI. Salin sebuah berkas, ubah dan format menurut operand. bs=BYTES baca dan tulis BYTES bytes di satu waktu (lihat juga ibs=,obs=) cbs=BYTES ubah BYTES bytes di satu waktu conv=CONVS ubah file seperti dalam daftar simbol yang dipisahkan dengan koma count=BLOCKS salin hanya BLOK input blok ibs=BYTES baca BYTES byte dalam satu waktu Salin standar masukan untuk setiap BERKAS, dan juga standar keluaran. -a, --append tambahkan ke BERKAS yang diberikan, jangan ditulis -i, --ignore-interrupts abaikan sinyal interupsi Buat sebuah berkas atau direktori sementara, secara aman, dan tampilkan namanya. TEMPLATE harus berisi paling tidak 3 'X' berurutan dalam komponen terakhir. Jika TEMPLATE tidak dispesifikasikan, gunakan tmp.XXXXXXXXXXX. Buat pipe bernama (FIFO) dengan NAMA yang diberikan. Membuat DIREKTORI, jika mereka tidak sudah ada. Buat sebuah berkas spesial NAMA dengan TIPE yang diberikan. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDiagnosa tidak valid atau nama berkas tidak portabel. -p periksa untuk kebanyakan sistem POSIX -P periksa untuk nama kosong dan diawali dengan "-" --portability periksa untuk seluruh sistem POSIX (sama dengan -p -P) Direktori: Menampilkan berkas atau sistem berkas status. -L, --dereference ikuti links -f, --file-system tampilkan status sistem berkas dari pada status berkas Menampilkan waktu sekarang dalam FORMAT yang diberikan, atau menset waktu sistem. -d, --date=STRING menampilkan waktu dijelaskan oleh STIRNG, bukan `now' -f, --file=DATEFILE seperti --date sekali untuk setiap baris dari DATEFILE Dmitry V. LevinTinggalkan grup tambahan apapun, asumsikan ID pengguna dan ID grup dari yang dispesifikasikan PENGGUNA (ID numerik atau nama pengguna), dan jalankan PERINTAH dengan spesifikasi ARGUMEN. Keluar dengan status 111 jika tidak dapat mengasumsikan ID pengguna dan grup yang dibutuhkan. Jika tidak, keluar dengan status keluar dari PERINTAH. Aplikasi ini hanya berguna ketika dijalankan oleh root (ID pengguna nol). jebakan EMTKELUARSetiap jangkauan adalah satu dari: N byte, karakter atau field ke N, dihitung dari 1 N- dari byte, karakter atau field ke N, ke akhir dari baris N-M dari N ke M (termasuk) byte, karakter atau field -M dari pertama ke M (termasuk) byte, karakter atau field Echo STRING ke keluaran standar. -n jangan mengeluarkan akhiran baris baru Eric BlakeKeluar dengan sebuah kode status yang mengindikasikan gagal.Keluar dengan sebuah kode status yang mengindikasikan sukses.Keluar dengan status ditentukan oleh EKSPRESI. François PinardGAGALBETULKAN AKU: tidak diketahuiFORMAT lebih sesuai untuk pencetakan sebuah argumen dari tipe `double'; ini default ke %.PRECf jika PERTAMA, PENINGKATAN, dan TERAKHIR seluruhnya bilangan bulat desimal dengam maksimal presisi PREC, dan sampai %g jika tidak. FIFO tidak memiliki nomor perangkat major dan minor.Batas ukuran berkas dilewatiSistem Berkas Sistem Berkas TipePenyaring selanjutnya mencocokan baris dari MASUKAN (atau standar masukan), menulis ke KELUARAN (atau standar keluaran). Dengan tidak menggunakan pilihan, baris yang cocok digabungkan ke pertemuan pertama. Eksepsi titik pecahanUntuk dokumentasi lengkap, jalankan: info coreutils '%s pemanggilan' Untuk setiap pasang dari baris masukan dengan join field yang identik, tulis sebuah baris ke standar keluaran. Default join field adalah pertama, dipisahkan dengan spasi. Ketika FILE1 atau FILE2 (bukan keduanya) adalah -, baca standar masukan. -a FILENUM menampilkan unpairable baris datang dari berkas FILENUM, dimana FILENUM adalah 1 atau 2, sesuai dengan FILE1 atau FILE2 -e EMPTY menggantikan field masukan yang hilang dengan EMPTY Paksa perubahan block ke disk, update super blok. Bantuan umum menggunakan aplikasi GNU: Giuseppe ScrivanoH. Peter AnvinPutusI/O memungkinkanIDLEIan Lance TaylorIdleJika BERKAS tidak dispesifikasikan, gunakan %s. %s sebagai BERKAS adalah umum. Instruksi tidak legalSebagai tambahan, sistem berkas backup dan remote mirror mungkin berisi salinan dari berkas yang tidak dapat dihapus, dan itu mungkin memungkinkan sebuah berkas yang tershred untuk diselamatkan nanti. Dalam kehidupan nyata: Dalam bentuk pertama, buat sebuah link ke TARGET dengan nama LINK_NAME. Dalam bentuk kedua, buat sebuah link ke TARGET di direktori sekarang. Dalam bentuk ketiga dan keempat, buat link ke setiap TARGET dalam DIREKTORI. Buat link keras secara default, link simbolik dengan --symbolic. Ketika membuat link keras, setiap TARGET harus ada. Link simbolik diinterpretasikan dalam hubungan dengan direktori atasnya. Dalam kasus sistem berkas ext3, disclaimer diatas berjalan (dan shred juga terbatas efektivitasnya) hanya dalam mode data=journal, yang berkas data jurnal dalam tambahan daripada hanya metadata. Dalam keduanya data=ordered (default) dan mode data=writeback, shred bekerja seperti biasa. Mode jurnal ext3 dapat diubah dengan menambahkan pilihan data=sesuatu ke pilihan mount untuk sistem berkas yang bersangkutan di berkas /etc/fstab, seperti yang terdokumentasi dalam halaman manual mount (man mount). Tak terhingga BPermintaan informasiInterupsiInterupsi oleh sebuah sinyalReferensi kembali tidak validNama kelas karakter tidak validKarakter kolasi tidak validIsi dari \{\} tidak validEkspresi regular awal tidak validJangkauan akhir tidak validEkspresi regular tidak validJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfTerbunuhBARISLOGINDaftar informasi mengenai BERKAS (direktori sekarang secara default). Urutkan masukan secara alphabet jika tidak ada dari -cftuvSUX atau --sort. LoginNama login: Argumen wajib untuk pilihan panjang adalah wajib untuk pilihan pendek juga. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnGagal mengalokasikan memoriKehabisan memoriMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNAMANamaNama atau layanan tidak diketahuiTidak ada alamat yang berasosiasi dengan hostnameTidak cocokTidak ada ekspresi regular sebelumnyaGagal tidak dapat diperbaiki dalam resolusi namaOKHanya satu string yang boleh diberikan ketika menghapus tanpa squeezing pengulangan.--string tanpa sebuah nomor mengindikasikan 3. --width tanpa sebuah nomor mengindikasikan 32. Secara default, od menggunakan -A o -t oS -w16. Pilihan pengurutan: Pilihan lain: Keluarkan sebuah index yang termutasi, termasuk konteks, dari kata dalam berkas masukan. Keluarkan perintah untuk menset LS_COLORS variabel lingkungan. Tentukan format dari keluaran: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell keluarkan Bourne shell kode untuk menset LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell keluarkan C shell kode untuk menset LS_COLORS -p, --print-database keluarkan default Keluarkan fixed-size pieces dari MASUKAN ke AWALAHaa, AWALANab, ...; default ukuran adalah 1000 baris, dan default PREFIX adalah `x'. Tanpa MASUKAN, atau ketika MASUKAN adalah -, baca standar masukan. Mengeluarkan bagian dari BERKAS dipisahkan dengan POLA ke berkas `xx00', `xx01', ..., dan jumlah keluaran byte dari setiap potongan ke keluaran standar. Keluarkan batas ketergantungan platform dalam sebuah formay yang berguna untuk shell scripts. Keluarkan yang sedang dilog dalam BERKAS yang berhubung. Jika BERKAS tidak dispesifikasikan, gunakan %s. %s sebagai BERKAS adalah umum. Overwrite BERKAS yang dispesifikasikan secara berulang, dengan tujuan untuk membuatnya susah untuk bahkan perangkat mahal probing untuk menyelematkan data. PIDDipaket oleh %s Dipaket oleh %s (%s) Padraig BradyPaginate atau columnate BERKAS untuk dicetak. Parameter string tidak secara benar dikodekanKata sandi:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatRencana: Kegagalan penyuplai listrikAkhir dari ekspresi regular prematurMenampilkan ARGUMEN menurut FORMAT, atau menjalankan menurut PILIHAN: Tampilkan checksum CRC dan jumlah byte dari setiap BERKAS Tampilkan NAMA dengan komponen awal direktori dihilangkan. Jika dispesifikasikan, juga hapus sebuah akhiran SUFFIX. Menampilkan NAMA dengan akhirannya / komponen dihapus; jika NAMA berisi tidak/, keluar `.' (berarti direktori sekarang). Tampilkan beberapa sistem informasi. Tanpa PILIHAN, sama seperti -s. -a, --all menampilkan seluruh informasi, dalam urutan berikut, kecuali mengabaikan -p dan -i jika tidak diketahui: -s, --kernel-name menampilkan nama kernel -n, --nodename menampilkan network node hostname -r, --kernel-release menampilkan release kernel Tampilkan checksum dan jumlah blok untuk setiap BERKAS. -r gunakan algoritma sum BSD, gunakan 1K blok -s, --sysv gunakan System V algoritma sum, gunakan 512 bytes blok Tampilkan keanggotaan grup untuk setiap NAMA PENGGUNA atau, jika tidak ada NAMA pengguna yang dispesifikasikan, proses sekarang (yang berbeda jika database grup telah berubah). Menampilkan informasi mengenai pengguna yang saat ini sedang logged in. Menampilkan arsitektur mesin. Menampilkan nomor dari PERTAMA hingga TERAKHIR, dalam langkah dari PENINGKATAN. -f, --format=FORMAT gunakan gaya sprintf floating-point FORMAT -s, --separator=STRING gunakan STRING untuk memisahkan nomor (default: \n) -w, --equal-width samakan lebar dengan menambahkan dengan awalan nol Tampilkan atau ubah karakteristik terminal. -a, --all tampilkan seluruh konfigurasi sekarang dalam format yang mudah dibaca -g, --save tampilkan seluruh konfigurasi sekarang dalam format yang bisa dibaca stty -F, --file=DEVICE buka dan gunakan PERANGKAT yang dispesifikasikan daripada stdin Tampilkan bagian dari baris yang dipilih dari setiap BERKAS ke keluaran standar. Menampilkan waktu sekarang, lama sistem telah hidup, jumlah pengguna dari sistem, dan jumlah rata-rata pekerjaan dalam antrian pekerjaan lebih dari terakhir 1, 5 dan 15 menit.Tampilkan nama berkas dari terminal yang terhubung ke standar masukan. -s, --silent, --quiet tampilkan kosong, hanya mengembalikan sebuah status keluar Tampilkan 10 baris pertama dari setiap BERKAS ke standar keluaran. Dengan lebih dari satu BERKAS, awali setiap dengan sebuah header memberikan nama berkas. Dengan tidak ada BERKAS, atau ketika BERKAS adalah -, baca standar masukan. Tampilkan nama berkas lengkap dari direktori kerja sekarang. Tampilkan akhir %d baris dari setiap BERKAS ke standar keluaran. Dengan lebih dari satu BERKAS, awali setiap dengan sebuah header memberikan nama berkas. Tanpa BERKAS, atau ketika BERKAS adalah -, baca standar masukan. Menampilkan nama dari pengguna sekarang. Tampilkan jumlah satuan pemrosesan yang tersedia di proses saat ini, yang mungkin lebih kecil dari jumlah prosesor online Menampilkan faktor prima dari seluruh NOMOR integer yang dispesifikasikan. Jika tidak ada argumen yang dispesifikasikan dalam baris perintah, mereka dibaca dari standar masukan. Menampilkan nama pengguna berasosiasi dengan ID pengguna efektif sekarang. Sama seperti id -un. Tampilkan informasi pengguna dan grup untuk NAMA PENGGUNA yang dispesifikasikan. atau (ketika NAMA PENGGUNA diabaikan) untuk pengguna sekarang. -a abaikan, untuk kompabilitas dengan versi lain -Z, --context tampilkan hanya konteks keamanan dari pengguna sekarang -g, --group tampilkan hanya efektif grup ID -G, --groups tampilkan seluruh grup ID -n, --name tampilkan sebuah nama daripada sebuah nomor, untuk -ugG -r, --real tampilkan real ID daripada efektif ID, dengan -ugG -u, --user tampilkan hanya efektif ID pengguna Tampilkan nilai dari sebuah link atau kanonikal nama berkas Permintaan pemrosesan dalam perkembanganPewaktu profiling habisProjek: Q. Frank XiaBerhentiRandy SmithSinyal waktu-nyata %dReformat setiap paragrap dalam BERKAS, tulis ke standar keluaran. Pilihan -WIDTH adalah kependekan dari bentuk --width=DIGITS. Ekspresi regular terlalu besarHapus (unlink) BERKAS. -f, --force abaikan berkas yang tidak ada, jangan menanyakan -i tanya setiap akan menghapus Hapus DIREKTORI, jika mereka kosong. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty abaikan setiap kegagalan yang hanya disebabkan oleh sebuah direktori yang tidak kosong Mengubah nama SUMBER menjadi TUJUAN, atau memindahkan SUMBER ke DIREKTORI. Secara berulang mengeluarkan sebuah baris dengan seluruh spesifikasi STRING, atau `y'. Laporkan %s bugs ke: %s Laporkan %s bugs terjemahan ke Permintaan dibatalkanPermintaan tidak dibatalkanKehilangan sumber dayaRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonJalankan PERINTAH dengan niceness yang telah disesuaikan, yang berpengaruh ke penjadwalan proses. Dengan tidak ada PERINTAH, menampilkan niceness sekarang. niceness berada di antara %d (yang paling disukai dalam penjadwalan) ke %d (paling tidak disukai). -n, --adjustment=N tambahkan integer N ke niceness (default 10) Jalankan PERINTAH dengan direktori root set ke NEWROOT. Jalankan PERINTAH, mengabaikan sinyal hangup. Jalankan PERINTAH, dengan operasi penyanggaan yang dimodifikasi untuk aliran standar. Jalankan sebuah aplikasi dalah konteks keamanan yang berbeda. Dengan tidak menggunakan KONTEKS atau PERINTAH, tampilkan konteks keamanan sekarang. CONTEXT Lengkapi konteks keamanan -c, --compute hitung proses transisi konteks sebelum memodifikasinya -t, --type=TIPE TIPE (untuk beberapa peran yang sama dengan orang tua) -u, --user=USER identitas pengguna -r, --role=ROLE peran -l, --range=RANGE tingkatjangkauan Russel CokerScott BartramScott MillerKesalahan segmentasiMengirim sinyal ke proses, atau daftar sinyal. Servname tidak dilayani untuk ai_socktypeSet LC_ALL='C' untuk memperbaiki masalah.Set setiap NAMA ke NILAI dalam lingkungan dan jalankan PERINTAH. -i, --ignore-environment awali dengan sebuah environment kosong -0, --null akhiri setiap baris keluaran dengan 0 byte daripada baris baru -u, --unset=NAMA hapus variabel dari environment Shell: Menampilkan informasi mengenai sistem berkas dimana setiap BERKAS berada, atau seluruh sistem berkas dengan default. Kecilkan atau lebarkan ukuran dari setiap BERKAS ke ukuran yang dispesifikasikan Sebuah argumen BERKAS yang tidak ada dibuat. Jika sebuah BERKAS lebih besar dari ukuran yang dispesifikasikan, ekstra data hilang. Jika sebuah BERKAS lebih kecil, ini ditambahkan dan bagian tambahan (lubang) dibaca sebagai byte nol. Simon JosefssonBerkas spesial membutuhkan nomor perangkat major dan minor.Kegagalan stackDihentikanTerhenti (sinyal)Terhenti (masukan tty)Terhenti (keluaran tty)Stuart KempSuksesRingkas penggunaan disk dari setiap BERKAS, secara rekursif untuk direktori. Sistem errorWAKTUKegagalan sementara dalam resolusi namaTerminasiFlag opsional berikut boleh diikuti `%': - (hyphen) jangan pad field _ (garis bawah) pada dengan spasi 0 (nol) pad dengan nol ^ gunakan huruf besar jika mungkin # gunakan kasus sebalik jika mungkin Pilihan berikut memodifikasi bagaimana sebuah hierarki ditelusuri ketika pilihan -R juga dispesifikasikan. Jika lebih dari satu dispesifikasikan, hanya yang terakhir yang memiliki efek. -H jika sebuah argumen baris perintah adalah sebuah link simbolik ke sebuah direktori, telusuri itu -L telusuri ke seluruh link simbolik ke sebuah direktori yang ditemui -P jangan menelusuri link simbolik apapun (default) String yang dibandingkan adalah %s dan %s.Torbjorn GranlundJejak/titik-balik perangkapTambahan backslashTranslasikan, squeeze, dan/atau hapus karakter dari standar masukan, tulis ke standar keluaran. -c, -C, --complement komplemen pertama SET1 -d, --delete hapus karakter dalam SET1, jangan translasikan -s, --squeeze-repeats ganti setiap urutan masukan dari sebuah karakter berulang yang terdaftar dalam SET1 dengan sebuah sekali occurence dari karakter itu -t, --truncate-set1 pertama potong SET1 ke panjang dari SET2 Coba `%s --help' untuk informasi lebih lanjut. Coba `%s ./%s' untuk menghapus berkas %s. Dua string yang boleh diberikan ketika menghapus tanpa squeezing pengulangan.Dua string mungkin diberikan ketika menerjemahkan.Ulrich DrepperError tidak diketahuiSinyal %d tidak diketahuiSystem error tidak diketahuiTidak cocok ( atau \(Tidak cocok ) atau \)Tidak cocok [ atau [^Tidak cocok \{Perbarui waktu akses dan modifikasi dari setiap BERKAS ke waktu sekarang. Sebuah argumen BERKAS yang tidak ada dibuat kosong, kecuali -c atau -h diberikan. Sebuah argumen string BERKAS dari - ditangani secara spesial dan menyebabkan touch untuk mengubah waktu dari berkas yang berasosiasi dengan standar keluaran. Kondisi penting I/OPenggunaan: %s Penggunaan: %s PERINTAH [ARG]... atau: %s PILIHAN Penggunaan: %s CONTEXT PERINTAH [args] atau: %s [ -c ] [-u PENGGUNA] [-r PERAN] [-t TIPE] [-l JANGKAUAN] PERINTAH [args] Penggunaan: %s EKSPRESI atau: %s PILIHAN Penggunaan: %s BERKAS atau: %s PILIHAN Penggunaan: %s BERKAS1 BERKAS2 atau: %s PILIHAN Penggunaan: %s FORMAT [ARGUMEN]... atau: %s PILIHAN Penggunaan: %s NAMA atau: %s PILIHAN Penggunaan: %s NAMA [AKHIRAN] atau: %s PILIHAN Penggunaan: %s NOMOR[AKHIRAN]... atau: %s PILIHAN Berhenti untuk NOMOR detik. AKHIRAN mungkin `s'untuk detik (default), `m' untuk menit, `h' untuk jam atau `d' untuk hari. Tidak seperti kebanyakan implementasi yang membutuhkan NOMOR sebagai sebuah integer, disini NOMOR mungkin bilangan pecahan apapun. Diberikan dua atau lebih argumen, berhenti untuk jumlah waktu yang dispesifikasikan oleh jumlah dari nilainya. Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... PERINTAH Penggunaan: %s PILIHAN... BERKAS... Penggunaan: %s PILIHAN... [BERKAS]... Penggunaan: %s [-F PERANGKAT] [--file=PERANGKAT] [KONFIGURASI]... atau: %s [-F PERANGKAT] [--file=PERANGKAT] [-a|-all] atau: %s [-F PERANGKAT] [--file=PERANGKAT] [-g|--save] Penggunaan: %s [-WIDTH] [PILIHAN]... [BERKAS]... Penggunaan: %s [-s SINYAL | -SINYAL] PID... atau: %s -l [SINYAL]... atau: %s -t [SINYAL]... Penggunaan: %s [BERKAS]... atau: %s [PILIHAN]... Penggunaan: %s [NAMA] atau: %s PILIHAN Menampilkan atau menset nama host dari sistem sekarang. Penggunaan: %s [NOMOR]... atau: %s PILIHAN Penggunaan: %s [OPERAND]... atau: %s PILIHAN Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN] Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN] Tampilkan pengindentifikasi numerik (dalam heksa desimal) untuk host sekarang. Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN] NEWROOT [PERINTAH [ARG]...] atau: %s PILIHAN Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN] [PERINTAH [ARG]...] Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN] [BERKAS] Tulis total daftar terurut konsisten dengan pengurutan partial dalam BERKAS. Tanpa BERKAS, atau ketika BERKAS adalah -, baca standar masukan. Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... BERKAS KONTEKS... atau: %s [PILIHAN]... [-u PENGGUNA] [-r ROLE] [-l JANGKAUAN] [-t TIPE] BERKAS... atau: %s [PILIHAN]... --reference=RFILE BERKAS... Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... DIREKTORI... Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... BERKAS Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... BERKAS POLA... Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... BERKAS... Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... BERKAS1 BERKAS2 Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... BERKAS GRUP... atau: %s [PILIHAN]... --reference=RFILE BERKAS... Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... TERAKHIR atau: %s [PILIHAN]... PERTAMA TERAKHIR atau: %s [PILIHAN]... PERTAMA PENINGKATAN TERAKHIR Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... MODE[,MODE]... BERKAS... atau: %s [PILIHAN]... MODE-OKTAL BERKAS... atau: %s [PILIHAN]... --reference=RFILE BERKAS... Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... NAMA TIPE [MAJOR MINOR] Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... NAMA... Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... SET1 [SET2] Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... [ BERKAS | ARG1 ARG2 ] Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... [+FORMAT] atau: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... [-T] SUMBER TUJUAN atau: %s [PILIHAN]... SUMBER... DIREKTORI atau: %s [PILIHAN]... -t DIREKTORI SUMBER... Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... [-T] ASAL TUJUAN atau: %s [PILIHAN]... ASAL... DIREKTORI atau: %s [PILIHAN]... -t DIREKTORI ASAL... atau: %s [PILIHAN]... -d DIREKTORI... Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (bentuk pertama) atau: %s [PILIHAN]... TARGET (bentuk kedua) atau: %s [PILIHAN]... TARGET... DIREKTORI (bentuk ketiga) atau: %s [PILIHAN]... -t DIREKTORI TARGET...(bentuk keempat) Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... [-] [NAMA=NILAI]... [PERINTAH [ARG]...] Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... [-] [PENGGUNA [ARG]...] Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... [BERKAS] Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... [BERKAS] atau: %s -e [PILIHAN]... [ARG]... atau: %s -i LO-HI [PILIHAN]... Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN] [BERKAS] Base64 enkode atau dekode BERKAS, atau masukan standar, ke keluaran standar. Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... [BERKAS]... Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... [BERKAS]... atau: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [BERKAS] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] atau: %s --traditional [PILIHAN]... [BERKAS] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]] Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... [BERKAS]... atau: %s [PILIHAN]... --files0-from=F Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... [BERKAS]... Tampilkan atau periksa %s (%d-bit) checksums. dengan tanpa BERKAS, atau ketika BERKAS adalah -, baca standar masukan. Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... [MASUKAN [PREFIX]] Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... [MASUKAN]... (tanpa -G) atau: %s -G [PILIHAN]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... [PEMILIK][:[GRUP]] BERKAS... atau: %s [PILIHAN]... --reference=RFILE BERKAS... Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... [TEMPLATE] Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... [NAMA PENGGUNA] Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... [NAMA PENGGUNA]... Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... [PENGGUNA]... Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN]... [VARIABEL]... Tampilkan nilai dari VARIABEL yang dispesifikasikan oleh lingkungan. Jika tidak ada VARIABEL lingkungan yang dispesifikasikan, tampilkan semuanya. Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN-PENDEK]... PERINTAH PENGGUNA [ARGUMEN]... atau: %s PILIHAN-PANJANG Penggunaan: %s [PILIHAN-PENDEK]... [STRING]... atau: %s PILIHAN-PANJANG Penggunaan: %s [STRING]... atau: %s PILIHAN Penggunaan: %s [mengabaikan arguman baris perintah] atau: %s PILIHAN Penggunaan: test EKSPRESI atau: test atau: [ EKSPRESI ] atau: [ ] atau: [ PILIHAN ] Sinyal didefinisikan pengguna 1Sinyal didefinisikan pengguna 2Menggunakan -s mengabaikan -L dan -P. Jika tidak, pilihan terakhir yang dispesifikasikan mengontrol perilaku ketika sumber adalah sebuah link simbolik, baku ke %s. Argumen yang valid adalah:Urutan format yang valid untuk sistem berkas: %a Blok bebas yang ada ke bukan pengguna super %b Total data blok dalam sistem berkas %c Total berkas dalam sistem berkas %d Berkas bebas dalam sistem berkas %f Blok bebas dalam sistem berkas %C String konteks keamanan SELinux Pewaktu maya habisPERINGATAN: --page-increment sudah ditinggalkan; lebih baik gunakan --line-incrementPERINGATAN: --preserve_context sudah ditinggalkan; lebih baik gunakan --preserve-contextPERINGATAN: Struktur direktori circular. Ini kemungkinan besar berarti bahwa anda memiliki sebuah sistem berkas yang terkorupsi. BERITAHU MANAJER SISTEM ANDA. Direktori berikut adalah bagian dari cycle: %s PERINGATAN: mengabaikan --context (-Z); kernel ini bukan SELinux-aktifPERINGATAN: mengabaikan --preserve-context; kernel ini bukan SELinux-aktif.PERINGATAN: mengabaikan pilihan --strip-program karena pilihan -s tidak dispesifikasikanPeringatan: KetikaDimanaJendela berubahDengan --follow (-f), tail secara baku mengikuti pendeskripsi berkas, yang berarti baik jika sebuah berkas yang di-'tail' diubah namanya, 'tail' akan tetap melanjutkan melacaknya sampai akhir. Ini perilaku default jik tidak diinginkan ketika anda benar benar menginginkan untuk mencari jejak nama aktual dari berkas, bukan berkas deskripsi (e.g., log rotasi). Gunakan --follow=nama dalam kasus itu. Yang menyebabkan tail untuk megikuti jejak dari nama berkas dengan membuka kembali secara periodik untuk melihat apakah ini telah dihapus dan dibuat kembali oleh aplikasi lain. Wrap baris masukan dalam setiap BERKAS (standar masukan secara default), tulis ke standar keluaran. Tulis sebuah permutasi random dari baris masukan ke standar keluaran. Tulis setiap BERKAS ke standar keluaran, baris terakhir pertama. Tanpa BERKAS, atau ketika BERKAS adalah -, baca standar masukan. Tulis setiap BERKAS ke standar keluaran, dengan ditambahkan nomor baris. Dengan tidak ada BERKAS, atau ketika BERKAS adalah -, baca standar masukan. Tulis baris berisi dari baris berurut dari setiap BERKAS, dipisahkan dengan TAB, ke standar keluaran. Dengan tidak ada BERKAS, atau ketika BERKAS adalah -, baca standar masukan. Tulis concatenation terurut dari seluruh BERKAS ke standar keluaran. Ditulis oleh %s dan %s. Ditulis oleh %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, dan yang lain. Ditulis oleh %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, dan %s. Ditulis oleh %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, dan %s. Ditulis oleh %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, dan %s. Ditulis oleh %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, dan %s. Ditulis oleh %s, %s, %s, %s, dan %s. Ditulis oleh %s, %s, %s, dan %s. Ditulis oleh %s, %s, dan %s. Ditulis oleh %s. [=c=] ekspresi mungkin timbul dalam string2 ketika menerjemahkan^[tT]^[yY]``-%c' kelebihan karakter atau jumlah tida valid dalam argumen: %s`--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' argumen hilang`-N NOMOR' tidak valid dimulai dibaris nomor: %s`-W PAGE_WIDTH' tidak valid jumlah dari karakter: %s`-l PAGE_LENGTH' nomor baris tidak valid: %s`-o MARGIN' tidak valid di baris ofset: %s`-w PAGE_WIDTH' tidak valid jumlah dari karakter: %ssebuah perintah harus diberikan dengan sebuah adjustmenmengakses %sai_family tidak didukungai_socktype tidak didukungargumen %s ambigu untuk %ssebuah pembatas masukana mungkin dispesifikan hanya ketika beroperasi di fieldsmenambahkan keluaran ke %sbacking up %s akan menghancurkan sumber; %s tidak disalinbacking up %s akan menghancurkan sumber; %s tidak dipindahtipe backupberkas blok spesialblok berkas spesial tidak didukungbaik awalan SI dan IEC ada dalam satuankedua berkas tidak dapat berupa standar masukanbyte offset %s terlalu besartidak dapat mengapply konteks pecahan ke berkas yang tidak bernama %stidak dapat memperoleh konteks prosestidak dapat mengakses %stidak dapat membackup %stidak dapat meringkas dan menampilkan seluruh masukan bersamaantidak dapat mengubah kepemilikan dari %stidak dapat merubah ijin dari %stidak dapat mengubah direktori root ke %stidak dapat berpindah ke direktori %stidak dapat chdir ke direktori roottidak dapat mengkombinasikan --target-directory (-t) dan --no-target-directory (-T)tidak dapat mengkombinasikan --target-directory dan --no-target-directorytidak dapat mengkombinasikan pilihan -e dan -itidak dapat mengkombinasikan dua dari {ascii, ebcdic, ibm}tidak dapat mengkombinasikan blok dan unbloktidak dapat mengkombinasikan excl dan nocreattidak dapat mengkombinasikan huruf kecil dan huruf besartidak dapat mengkombinasikan mode dan pilihan --referencetidak dapat mengkombinasikan sinyal dengan -l atau -ttidak dapat membandingkan nama berkas %s dan %stidak dapat mengubah U+%04X ke karakter set lokaltidak dapat mengubah U+%04X ke karakter set lokal: %stidak dapat menyalin sebuah direktori, %s, kedalam diri sendiri, %stidak dapat menyalin cyclic link simbolik %stidak dapat membuat direktori %stidak dapat membuat fifo %stidak dapat membuah link keras %s ke %stidak dapat membuat link %stidak dapat membuat link %s ke %stidak dapat membuat berkas regular %stidak dapat membuah berkas spesial %stidak dapat membuat link simbolik %stidak dapat membuat link simbolik %s ke %stidak dapat membuat berkas sementara dalam %stidak dapat dereferensi %stidak dapat menentukan perangkat dan inode dari %stidak dapat menentukan nama hosttidak dapat menentukan lokasi dari %s. kembali ke pollingtidak dapat melakukan ioctl di %stidak dapat menemukan nama untuk grup ID %lutidak dapat menemukan nama untuk pengguna ID %lutidak dapat mengikuti %s dengan namatidak dapat memaksa konteks tujuan ke %s dan menjaganyatidak dapat fstat %stidak dapat memperoleh direktori sekarangtidak dapat memperoleh nicenesstidak dapat memperoleh nama sistemtidak dapat lseek %stidak dapat membuat hard dan simbolik linktidak dapat membuat direktori %stidak dapat memindahkan %s ke %stidak dapat memindahkan %s ke sebuah subdirektori dari direktori itu sendiri, %stidak dapat memindahkan direktori ke bukan-direktori: %s -> %stidak dapat membuka %s untuk dibacatidak dapat membuka %s untuk ditulistidak dapat membuka direktori %stidak dapat beroperasi di simlink dangling %stidak dapat menimpa direktori %s dengan bukan-direktoritidak dapat menimpa bukan-direktori %s dengan direktori %sTidak dapat menjalankan keluaran yang terformattidak dapat menjaga atribut ekstensi, cp dibuat tanpa dukungan xattrtidak dapat menjaga konteks keamanan tanpa sebuah kernel SELinux supporttidak dapat menampilkan "only" lebih dari satu pilihantidak dapat menampilkan hanya nama atau ril ID dalam format defaulttidak dapat menampilkan konteks keamanan ketika pengguna dispesifikasikantidak dapat membaca direktori %stidak dapat membaca nama berkas dari %stidak dapat membaca informasi sistem berkas untuk %stidak dapat membaca realtime clocktidak dapat membaca link simbolik %stidak dapat membaca tabel dari sistem berkas yang terpasangtidak dapat menghapus %stidak dapat menghapus direktori: %stidak dapat mereposisi berkas penunjuk untuk %stidak dapat menjalankan %stidak dapat menset %stidak dapat menset tanggaltidak dapat menset id gruptidak dapat menset ID grup ke %lutidak dapat menset gruptidak dapat menset nama host; sistem ini kurang fungsionalitastidak dapat menset nama ke %stidak dapat menset nicenesstidak dapat menset time stamps untuk %stidak dapat menset id penggunatidak dapat menset ID pengguna ke %lutidak dapat melewatkan akhir dari kombinasi masukantidak dapat menspesifikasikan --null (-0) dengan perintahtidak dapat menspesifikasikan baik mencetak across dan mencetak dalam paraleltidak dapat menspesifikasikan jumlah dari kolom ketika menampilkan dalam paraleltidak dapat menspesifikasikan waktu dari lebih dari satu sumbertidak dapat memisahkan lebih dari satu caratidak dapat memperoleh statistik %stidak dapat memperoleh statistik direktori sekarang (sekarang %s)tidak dapat memperoleh statistik standar masukantidak dapat menyentuh %stidak dapat un-backup %stidak dapat unlink %stidak dapat unset %stidak dapat mengamati %stidak dapat mengamati direktori atas dari %stidak dapat bekerja dalam kernel bug ternyataubah grup dari %s ke %s ubah kepemilikan dari %s ke %s mengubah grup dari %smengubah kepemilikan dari %smengubah ijin dari %smengubah konteks keamanan dari %s karakter ofset adalah nolkarakter diluar dari jangkauanberkas karakter spesialkarakter berkas spesial tidak didukungmenghapus ijin untuk %sjam berubahgagal menutupmenutup %smenutup %s (fd=%d)menutup direktori %smenutup berkas masukan %smenutup berkas keluaran %smenutup masukan standarmode kompabilitas melayani di setiap berkas.konflik penggantian string empty-fieldkonteks keamanan konflik dengan spesifikasi yang diberikantidak dapat menset penyangga dari %s untuk mode %s tidak dapat membuat proses untuk %s -dtidak dapat membuat berkas sementaratidak dapat menjalankan %stidak dapat menjalankan %s -dtidak dapat menemukan masukan direktori di %s dengan -node yang cocoktidak dapat memperoleh waktu nyaladirektori %s dibuatmembuat direktori %smembuat berkas %s membuat link keras %smembuat link keras %s => %smembuat link keras ke %.0s%smembuat link simbolik %smembuat link simbolik %s -> %sdaftar pembatas berakhir dengan sebuah unescaped backslash: %sdirektoripembagian dengan noldup2 gagalkosong %s tidak diperbolehkannama berkas kosongempty taberror menutup berkaserror dalam pencocokan ekspresi regularerror dalam pencarian ekspresi regularerror menginisialisasi string bulanerror mengamati inotify eventerror membaca %serror membaca inotify eventerror dalam menunggu perintaherror menulis %skeluar=kelebihan argumen %sextra operand %sekstra operand %s kelebihan operan %s tidak dibolehkan dengan -%cgagal untuk mengubah konteks dari %s ke %sgagal untuk mengubah grup dari %s ke %s gagal untuk mengubah mode dari %s ke %04lo (%s) gagal untuk mengubah kepemilikan dari %s gagal untuk mengubah kepemilikan dari %s ke %s gagal untuk chdir ke %sgagal untuk menutup %sgagal untuk menghitung konteks barugagal untuk membuat direktori melalui template %sgagal untuk membuat berkas melalui template %sgagal untuk membuat konteks keamanan: %sgagal untuk memperoleh atribut dari %sgagal memperolek konteks sekaranggagal memperoleh file sysmte create contextgagal memperoleh grup untuk proses sekaranggagal memperoleh grup untuk user %sgagal untuk memperoleh konteks keamanan dari %sgagal untuk menlookup berkas %sgagal untuk membuka %sgagal untuk menjaga kepengarangan untuk %sgagal untuk menjaga kepemilikan untuk %sgagal untuk menjaga ijin untuk %sgagal untuk menjaga waktu untuk %sgagal untuk meredirect standar errorgagal untuk mengarahkan stderr ke /dev/nullgagal untuk menghapus %sgagal untuk menghapus direktori %sgagal untuk me-'render' masukan baku yang tidak bergunagagal untuk membuka kembali %s dengan mode %sgagal merestore ke default berkas konteks pembuatangagal kembali ke direktori kerja awalgagal menjalankan perintah %sgagal menset %s kontek keamanan komponen ke %sgagal untuk menset grup tambahangagal untuk menset default berkas pembuatan konteks ke %sgagal untuk menset ID grupgagal untuk menset jangkauan baru %sgagal untuk menset peran baru %sgagal untuk menset tipe baru %sgagal untuk menset pengguna baru %sgagal untuk menset grup tambahangagal untuk menset salinan dari stderr untuk ditutup pada saat execgagal untuk menset konteks keamanan dari %s ke %sgagal untuk menset ID penggunagagal memperoleh statistik %sgagal untuk mematikan O_DIRECT: %sgagal untuk memperbarui lingkungan dengan %sfdatasync gagal untuk %sfflush gagalnomor field %s terlalu besarjumlah field adalah nolfields dan posisi dinomori dari 1fifoberkas %d ada dalam keadaan tidak terurutberkas operand tidak dapat dikombinasikan dengan --files0-from.berkas operand tidak dapat dikombinasikan dengan --print-database (-p)sistem berkas tipe %s keduanyan dipilih dan diexcludefork system call gagalformat %s berakhir dalam %%format %s tidak memiliki %% direktifformat %s memiliki terlalu banyak %% direktifformat %s memiliki %%%c direktif tidak diketahuiformat string mungkin tidak dispesifikasikan ketika menampilkan string dengan lebar samafsync gagal untuk %sfts_close gagalfts_read gagalgetpass: tidak dapat membuka /dev/ttymemperoleh atribut baru dari %sgrup dari %s tetap sebagai %s fungsi iconv tidak tersediafungsi iconv tidak bergunaid=mengabaikan seluruh argumenmengabaikan masukanmengabaikan masukan dan menambahkan keluaran ke %smengabaikan masukan dan meredirect stderr ke stdoutmengabaikan ukuran tab tidak valid dalam variabel lingkungan UKURAN TAB: %smengabaikan nilai tidak valid dari variabel lingkungan QUOTING_STYLE: %smengabaikan lebar tidak valid dalam variabel lingkungan KOLOM: %smengabaikan argumen bukan pilihanjoin field tidak kompatible %lu, %luincompatible tabskata kunci tidak benarinotify tidak dapat digunakan, kembali ke pollingmasukan hilangbaris masukan terlalu panjanginter-device pindah gagal; %s ke %s; tidak dapat menghapus targetarguemn `%s' tidak valid %s%sargumen --%s tidak valid %sadjustmen %s tidak validargumen tidak valid %sargumen %s tidak valid untuk %sgaya penomoran body: %s tidak validmode penyangga %s tidak valid untuk %s byte tidak valid atau daftar fieldkarakter `%c' tidak valid dalam tipe string %skarakter kelas %s tidak validkonteks tidak valid: %skonversi tidak validspesifikasi konversi tidak valid dalam akhiran: %cspesifikasi konversi tidak valid dalam akhiran: \%.3otanggal tidak valid %sformat tanggal %s tidak validjangkauan berkurang tidak validperangkat %s %s tidak validtipe perangkat %s tidak validnomor field tidak valid: %sspesifikasi field tidak valid: %slebar field tidak valid: %snomor berkas tidak valid dalam field spec: %sargumen floating point tidak valid: %sgaya penomoran footer: %s tidak validformat presisi tidak validformat lebar tidak validlebar gap tidak valid: %sgrup tidak validgrup tidak valid %sdaftar grup tidak valid %sinvalid grup: %sgaya penomoran header: %s tidak validmasukan tidak validmasukan flag tidak validjangkauan masukan %s tidak validinteger %s tidak validinteger argumen %s tidak validjumlah baris %s tidak validbaris disiplin %s tidak validlebar field nomor baris: %s tidak validnomor baris increment: %s tidak validformat penomoran baris: %s tidak validlebar baris tidak valid: %snomor perangkat major tidak valid %skedalaman maksimal %s tidak validnomor perangkat minor tidak valid %smode tidak validmode tidak valid %smode tidak valid: %snomor %s tidak validjumlah tidak valid setelah `,'jumlah tidak valid setelah `-'jumlah tidak valid setelah `.'jumlah tidak valid di awal fieldjumlah dari baris kosong: %s tidak validjumlah dari byte tidak validjumlah bytes yang dibandingkan tidak validjumlah bytes yang dilewati tidak validjumlah dari kolom tidak valid: %sjumlah bagian yang dilewati tidak validjumlah dari baris tidak validjumlah baris tidak valid: 0pilihan tidak valid -- %cpilihan -- %c tidak valid; -WIDTH dikenali hanya ketika ini merupakan pilihan pertama; gunakan -w N daripadakeluaran alamat radix `%c' tidak valid; ini harus berupa sebuah karakter dari [doxn]keluaran flag tidak validjangkauan halaman %s tidak validpresisi tidak valid: %sjangkauan tidak valid dengan tidak ada endpoint: -jumlah pengulangan %s tidak valid dalam [c*n] contructspesifikasi tidak validawalan nomor baris: %s tidak validstatu flag tidak validakhiran tidak valid %s, berisi pemisah direktoriakhiran dalam %s%s tidak valid argumen `%s'ukuran tab tidak valid: %stemplate tidak valid, %s, berisi pemisah direktoritemplate tidak valid, %s; dengan --tmpdir, ini mungkin bukan absolutjangka waktu %s tidak validformat gaya waktu tidak valid: %sakhiran pilihan tidak valid -- %ctipe string %s tidak validTipe string %s tidak valid; Sistem ini tidak memberikan sebuah %lu-byte tipe floating pointtipe string %s tidak valid; Sistem ini tidak memberikan sebuah tipe %lu-byte integraluniversal nama karakter \%c%0*x tidak validpengguna tidak validpengguna tidak valid %slebar tidak valid: %sukuran wrap tidak valid: %snama berkas panjang-nol tidak validini berbahaya untuk mengoperasikan secara rekursif di %sini berbahaya untuk mengoperasikan secara rekursif di %s (sama seperti %s)terakhir=diawali `-' dalam sebuah komponen dari nama berkas %sbatas %lu dilewati oleh panjang %lu dari nama berkas %sbatas %lu dilewati dengan panjang %lu dari komponen nama berkas %sbaris penyangga stdin tidak berartijumlah baris pilihan -%s%c... terlalu besarnomor baris %s lebih kecil dari nomor baris sebelumnya, %snomor baris overflowmaksimal --%s argumen dengan rlimit sekarang adalah %skehabisan memoripesan antrianargumen %s minimum --%smissaligned [:upper:] dan/atau [:lower:] constructhilang %% spesifikasi konversi di akhiranhilang `]'argumen hilang setelah %sargumen ke %s hilangkarakter hilang dalam nama kelas `[::]'hilang spesifikasi konversi dalam akhiranberkas tujuan operand hilang setelah %shilang karakter kelas ekuivalen `[==]'operand berkas hilanghilang nomor heksadesimal dalam escapehilang daftar dari fieldshilang daftar dari posisioperand hilanghilang operand setelah %smode seharusnya menspesifikasikan hanya berkas ijin bitsmode dari %s diubah menjadi %04lo (%s) mode dari %s dijaga sebagai %04lo (%s) multi-character tab %sbanyak pilihan -i dispesifikasikanmultiple pilihan -l atau -t dispesifikasikanbanyak aplikasi kompresi dispesifikasikanbanyak pembatas dispesifikasikanbanyak tingkat jangkauanbanyak berkas keluaran dispesifikasikanmultiple format keluaran dispesifikasikanbanyak sumber random dispesifikasikanmultiple relatif pengubah dispesifikasikanbanyak peranmultiple target direktori dispesifikasikanbanyak tipebanyak penggunabukan link simbolik %s ataupun referensi yang telah diubah tidak ada variabel SHELL, dan tidak ada pilihan tipe shell yang diberikantidak merubah kepemilikan dari %s tidak ada perintah yang dispesifikasikantidak ada sistem berkas yang diprosestidak ada berkas tersisatidak ada masukan masukan dari %sbukan nama logintidak ada proses ID dispesifikasikantidak ada tipe yang bisa dispesikasikan ketika mendump stringsjika tidak ada spesifikasi nama pengguna; paling tidak satu harus dispesifikasikan ketika menggunakan -lkarakter %s tidak portabel dalam nama berkas %sbukan sebuah ttytidak menulis melalui dangling symlink %sangka dalam %s terlalu besarjumlah dari bytejumlah dari barisoffset overflow ketika membaca berkas %smengabaikan direktori %shanya [c*] ulang construct mungkin timbul dalam string2hanya sebuah perangkat yang dispesifikasikanhanya satu tipe dari daftar yang boleh dispesifikasikangagal membukamembuka %spilihan yang digunakan tidak valid dalam konteks -- %cpilihan --backup dan --no-clobber adalah mutually ekslusifpilihan --compare (C) dan --preserve-timestamps adalah mutually exclusivepilihan --compare (C) dan --strip adalah mutually exclusivepilihan `-%s' tidak kompatibelKehabisan akhiran berkas keluaranextending overflow dari ukuran berkas %spembulatan overflow dari ukuran berkas %skepemilikan dari %s tetap kepemilikan dari %s tetap sebagai %s jumlah halaman berlebihanlebar halaman terlalu kecilmenyimpan permission untuk %smenjaga waktu untuk %smenampilkan seluruh baris duplikat dan jumlah pengulangan adalah tidak berartijangkauan range-endpoint dari `%s-%s' adalah dalam urutan yang terbalikerror bacabaca gagalmembaca %smembaca direktori %srekaman terlalu besarmeredirect stderr ke stdoutberkas kosong regularberkas regularmenghapus %s menghapus direktori: %s menghapus direktori, %stingkat-prosessemaphorepemisah tidak dapat kosongset LC_ALL='C' untuk memperbaiki masalahmenset flag untuk %smenset ijin untuk %smenset waktu dari %sobjek memori dibagiSkip-bytes + read-bytes terlalu besarmelewatkan %s, karena ini ada di perangkat berbedamelewati berkas %s, seperti ini ditimpa ketika sedang disalinsocketstandar errorstandar masukanstandar masukan telah ditutupkeluaran standarstat gagalstderrstdinstdoutkarakter sisa dalam spesifikasi fieldgagal membandingkan stringTransformasi string gagalstrip proses berakhir abnormalmenekan non-delimited baris membuat masuk akal hanya ketika beroperasi di fieldslink simboliksintaks errorsistem bootukuran tab tidak bisa 0ukuran tab berisi karakter tidak valid: %sukuran tab harus ascendingtab stop terlalu besar %snilai tab stop terlalu besartabs terlalu jauh dipisahkantarget %s bukan sebuah direktoridirektori tujuan tidak memperbolehkan ketika memasang sebuah direktoriterm=test dan/atau [Pilihan --binary dan --text tidak berarti ketika memverifikasikan checksumpilihan --compare (-C) diabaikan ketika anda menspesifikasikan sebuah mode dengan bit tanpa-ijinpilihan --context (-Z) adalah kadaluarsa dan akan dihilangkan dalam release selanjutnyapilihan --quiet hanya berguna ketika memverifikasikan checksumpilihan --status hanya berguna ketika memverifikasikan checksumpilihan --warn hanya berguna ketika memverifikasikan checksum[c*] construct mungkin timbul dalam string2 hanya ketika menerjemahkan[c*] mengulang contruct mungkin mungkin timbul dalam string1argumen %s kurang sebuah awalah `+'; ketika menggunakan sebuah pilihan untuk menspesifikasikan tanggal, argumen bukan pilihan apapun harus dalam sebuah format string yang diawali dengan `+'pembatas harus berupa sebuah karakterpilihan untuk gaya verbose dan stty-readable keluaran adalah mutualy exclusivepilihan untuk keluaran dircolors' internal database dan untuk memilih sintak shell adalah mutually exclusifPilihan untuk mencetak dan menset waktu mungkin bisa digunakan bersamaPilihan untuk menspesifikasikan tanggal untuk pencetakan adalah mutually exclusivestring yang dibandingkan adalah %s dan %spilihan strip tidak boleh digunakan ketika memasang sebuah direktoriuntransformasi string adalah %sjam %s adalah diluar jangkauanuntuk menggunakan ID pengguna %s anda juga harus menggunakan pilihan -gterlalu sedikit X dalam template %sterlalu banyak %% spesifikasi konversi dalam akhiranterlalu banyak karakter dalam setterlalu banyak pengulangan baristerlalu banyak templatetotaltraversal gagal: %sobjek memori diketikuid=%lutidak dapat menampilkan pesan kesalahantidak dapat menyimpan direktori kerja sekaranggagal untuk menset konteks keamanan %skegagalan tidak terduga: fts_info=%d: %s mohon laporkan ke %soperator binary tidak diketahuistatus dari perintah (0x%X) tidak diketahuiAliran tidak diketahuiID pengguna tidak diketahui: %snilai tidak dapat diparse untuk variabel lingkungan LS_COLORSoperand %s tidak dikenalprefix tidak dikenal: %snyala %ld hari %2d:%02d, nyala %ld hari %2d:%02d, nyala ???? hari ??:??, gunakan --no-preserve-root untuk memaksa gagal-aman inipengguna %s tidak adamenggunakan %s untuk mengatakan standar masukan tidak bekerja dalam mode sistem berkasmenggunakan aritmetik arbitrary-precisionmenggunakan shell %s terbatasmenggunakan aritmetik single-precisionmenunggu untuk %s [-d]menunggu untuk stripperingatan: %s: karakter mengikuti konstan karakter telah diabaikanperingatan: %s: gagal untuk mengubah konteks ke %speringata: --pid=PID tidak didukung dalam sistem iniperingatan: --retry hanya berguna ketik diikuti dengan namaperingatan: PID diabaikan; --pid=PID hanya berguna ketika mengikutiperingatan: `touch %s' sudah kadaluarsa; gunakan `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'peringatan: sebuah backslash tidak diescape di akhir dari string tidak portabelperingatan: backslash di akhir dari formatperingatan: tidak dapat pindah ke direktori %speringatan: tidak dapat menghapus: %speringatan: mengikuti standar masukan secara tak terhingga adalah tidak efektifperingatan: mengabaikan kelebihan argumen, dimulai dengan %speringatan: berkas ofset tidak valid setelah gagal bacaperingatan: lebar tidak valid %lu; menggunakan %dperingatan: nomor baris %s sama dengan nomor baris sebelumnyaperingatan: berkas sumber %s dispesifikasikan lebih dari sekaliperingatan: meringkas konflik dengan --max-depth=%luperingatan: meringkas adalah sama dengan menggunakan --max-depth=0peringatan: pilihan --%s sudah ditinggalkan; gunakan --referenceperingatan: escape \%c%c%c oktal ambigu sedang diinterpretasikan sebagai urutan 2-byte \0%c%c, %cperingatan: escape tidak dikenal `\%c'peringatan: bekerja dalam lseek kernel bug untuk berkas (%s) dari mt type=0x%00lx -- lihat untuk daftar dari typeberkas anehketika memotong set1, string2 mungkin tidak kosongketika membaca nama berkas dari stdin, tidak ada nama berkas dari %s dibolehkanketika menspesifikasikan gaya keluaran, mode mungkin tidak disetketika menerjemahkan dengan kelas karakter komplemen, string2 harus memetakan seluruh karakter dalam domain ke satuketika menerjemahkan, hanya kelas karakter yang mungkin timbul dalam string2 adalah `upper' dan `lower'tidak akan disalin %s melalui baru-dibuat symlink %stidak akan membuah link keras %s ke direktori %stidak akan menimpa baru dibuat %s dengan %sdengan --parents, tujuan harus berupa sebuah direktoridengan --suffix, template %s harus berakhir dalam Xerror menuliserror dalam penulisan untuk %stulis gagalmenulis %smenulis ke %sanda harus menspesifikasikan -c, -t, -u, -l, -r, atau konteksanda harus menspesifikasikan sebuah daftar dari bytes, karakter, atau fieldsanda harus menspesifikasikan satu dari %s atau %sPRIuMAXPRIdMAX%+% records in %+% records out % truncated record % truncated records % byte (%s) copied% bytes (%s) copiedoffset too large: cannot truncate to a length of seek=% (%lu-byte) blocksfailed to truncate to % bytes in output file %sfailed to allocate a % byte stdio buffer %s: %: improperly formatted %s checksum lineWARNING: % of % listed file could not be readWARNING: % of % listed files could not be readWARNING: % of % computed checksum did NOT matchWARNING: % of % computed checksums did NOT matchstarting page number % exceeds page count %Page %overflow in % * % byte blocks for file %struncating %s at % bytes%+% catatan masuk %+% catatan keluar % rekaman terpotong % rekaman terpotong % byte (%s) tersalin% byte (%s) tersalinofset terlalu besar: tidak dapat memotong ke panjang dari seek=% (%lu-byte) blokgagal untuk memotong % byte dalam berkas keluaran %sgagal untuk mengalokasikan sebuah % byte penyangga stdio %s: %: baris checksum %s terformat secara tidak benarPERINGATAN: % dari % daftar berkas tidak dapat dibacaPERINGATAN: % dari % daftar berkas tidak dapat dibacaPERINGATAN: % dari % checksum yang terhitung TIDAK cocokPERINGATAN: % dari % checksum yang terhitung TIDAK cocoknomor halaman dimulai dari % melebihi jumlah halaman %Halaman %overflow dalam % * % byte blok untuk berkas %smemotong %s di % byte07070100009215000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001600000000reloc/share/locale/it07070100009216000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000002200000000reloc/share/locale/it/LC_MESSAGES07070100009218000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00049902000000660000000300000000000000000000002f00000000reloc/share/locale/it/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo0-Yw x@x{{{||}Z~GMGp!sRw5tR~ |\wT_G85w%?#5Y^Dz~Ti3>ܗ\yR֘){}`v>3M|Kܡ=(lf0ӣAͥYKAX;E9@>z{e9-DtYι}<Fּ=).XQdy65H7PF T AMuq1 =,:!"\|Xn&p5s+ )@I_t> "f] iZW.*&YEe4.cF}4OI   ) 6y TOun\4Q#uA2`B E^"J"" #!$u%&h'l(C)@+.,QM,,r-../>00E`22u4416B667"88):4;=>&?@ ABkDqE,uF;G<HIIJ;LKM2NNPzPxQwR$TTfU5VX1XXHZ;Z\\^n_ql`Ya8c5dT e#bfgNhFj%kl]mU/nVnopoqAr-ssDuIvvwwIy_yW?rD0()Ak0"Ӣ' +/H xǣ#>2"q%B*(GY)i%,֥#"7$Z/Ϧ8ߦ-Li}§ק"4GX'i*ר$ *K"a;7Tr"֪ )&Pm~"1'( C,d,-ܬ (+Tg"ͭ&"" E Q^p50.C_"¯+ү%$)Dn p}l;A We6-)!8O fqv|) ? &5E \ f rk|K8TODtt ~ P [ h3t| %x/x:!u\2c:1 "/ U<\< ++0 -7>M1Oh{<@U7<?t :?S   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INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING length of STRING a number all lines t number only nonempty lines n number no lines pBRE number only lines that contain a match for the basic regular expression, BRE FORMAT is one of: ln left justified, no leading zeros rn right justified, no leading zeros rz right justified, leading zeros b create a block (buffered) special file c, u create a character (unbuffered) special file p create a FIFO # users=%lu -t is implied if PAGE_LENGTH <= 10. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. A field is a run of blanks (usually spaces and/or TABs), then non-blank characters. Fields are skipped before chars. A lightweight `finger' program; print user information. The utmp file will be %s. A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment. A mere - implies -l. If USER not given, assume root. After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number; then an optional modifier, which is either E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available. An omitted EXPRESSION defaults to false. Otherwise, EXPRESSION is true or false and sets exit status. It is one of: As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. BLOCKS and BYTES may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Each CONV symbol may be: Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. Both MAJOR and MINOR must be specified when TYPE is b, c, or u, and they must be omitted when TYPE is p. If MAJOR or MINOR begins with 0x or 0X, it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal; otherwise, as decimal. TYPE may be: By default, rm does not remove directories. Use the --recursive (-r or -R) option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents. By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: By default, sparse SOURCE files are detected by a crude heuristic and the corresponding DEST file is made sparse as well. That is the behavior selected by --sparse=auto. Specify --sparse=always to create a sparse DEST file whenever the SOURCE file contains a long enough sequence of zero bytes. Use --sparse=never to inhibit creation of sparse files. When --reflink[=always] is specified, perform a lightweight copy, where the data blocks are copied only when modified. If this is not possible the copy fails, or if --reflink=auto is specified, fall back to a standard copy. Combination settings: * [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase cbreak same as -icanon -cbreak same as icanon Control settings: [-]clocal disable modem control signals [-]cread allow input to be received * [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8] Display values are in units of the first available SIZE from --block-size, and the %s_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables. Otherwise, units default to 1024 bytes (or 512 if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set). Each FLAG symbol may be: append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc suggested) Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Examples: %s -12 file1 file2 Print only lines present in both file1 and file2. %s -3 file1 file2 Print lines in file1 not in file2, and vice versa. Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Output "stdio". Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Output ".". Examples: %s f - g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. %s Copy standard input to standard output. Examples: %s root /u Change the owner of /u to "root". %s root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to "staff". %s -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root". Examples: %s staff /u Change the group of /u to "staff". %s -hR staff /u Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff". Except for -h and -L, all FILE-related tests dereference symbolic links. Beware that parentheses need to be escaped (e.g., by backslashes) for shells. INTEGER may also be -l STRING, which evaluates to the length of STRING. Exit status is 0 if EXPRESSION is neither null nor 0, 1 if EXPRESSION is null or 0, 2 if EXPRESSION is syntactically invalid, and 3 if an error occurred. Exit status: 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory), 2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument). FORMAT controls the output as in C printf. Interpreted sequences are: \" double quote FORMAT controls the output. Interpreted sequences are: %% a literal % %a locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun) Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. If -e is in effect, the following sequences are recognized: If FILE is -, shred standard output. Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified. The default is not to remove the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda, and those files usually should not be removed. When operating on regular files, most people use the --remove option. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual. If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. If FIRST or INCREMENT is omitted, it defaults to 1. That is, an omitted INCREMENT defaults to 1 even when LAST is smaller than FIRST. FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are interpreted as floating point values. INCREMENT is usually positive if FIRST is smaller than LAST, and INCREMENT is usually negative if FIRST is greater than LAST. If MODE is `0' the corresponding stream will be unbuffered. If MODE is `L' the corresponding stream will be line buffered. This option is invalid with standard input. If a FILE is -, copy again to standard output. If first and second call formats both apply, the second format is assumed if the last operand begins with + or (if there are 2 operands) a digit. An OFFSET operand means -j OFFSET. LABEL is the pseudo-address at first byte printed, incremented when dump is progressing. For OFFSET and LABEL, a 0x or 0X prefix indicates hexadecimal; suffixes may be . for octal and b for multiply by 512. If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). If standard input is a terminal, redirect it from /dev/null. If standard output is a terminal, append output to `nohup.out' if possible, `$HOME/nohup.out' otherwise. If standard error is a terminal, redirect it to standard output. To save output to FILE, use `%s COMMAND > FILE'. If the command times out, then exit with status 124. Otherwise, exit with the status of COMMAND. If no signal is specified, send the TERM signal upon timeout. The TERM signal kills any process that does not block or catch that signal. For other processes, it may be necessary to use the KILL (9) signal, since this signal cannot be caught. If the first character of K (the number of bytes or lines) is a `+', print beginning with the Kth item from the start of each file, otherwise, print the last K items in the file. K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Input settings: [-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal [-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline [-]ignbrk ignore break characters [-]igncr ignore carriage return K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Local settings: [-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings * -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings NOTE: If COMMAND adjusts the buffering of its standard streams (`tee' does for e.g.) then that will override corresponding settings changed by `stdbuf'. Also some filters (like `dd' and `cat' etc.) don't use streams for I/O, and are thus unaffected by `stdbuf' settings. NOTE: [ honors the --help and --version options, but test does not. test treats each of those as it treats any other nonempty STRING. NOTE: your shell may have its own version of %s, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. Note that the -d and -t options accept different time-date formats. Note that the -r and -s options are mutually exclusive. Note, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. Note: 'uniq' does not detect repeated lines unless they are adjacent. You may want to sort the input first, or use `sort -u' without `uniq'. Also, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available. Otherwise MODE is a number which may be followed by one of the following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. In this case the corresponding stream will be fully buffered with the buffer size set to MODE bytes. Output settings: * bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1] * crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3] * ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1] * nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1] Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed to login group if implied by a `:' following a symbolic OWNER. OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic. POS is F[.C][OPTS], where F is the field number and C the character position in the field; both are origin 1. If neither -t nor -b is in effect, characters in a field are counted from the beginning of the preceding whitespace. OPTS is one or more single-letter ordering options, which override global ordering options for that key. If no key is given, use the entire line as the key. SIZE may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 RADIX is d for decimal, o for octal, x for hexadecimal or n for none. BYTES is hexadecimal with 0x or 0X prefix, and may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Adding a z suffix to any type displays printable characters at the end of each output line. Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: Report %s bugs to %s Report bugs to: %s SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIGNAL may be a signal name like `HUP', or a signal number like `1', or the exit status of a process terminated by a signal. PID is an integer; if negative it identifies a process group. SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). SIZE may also be prefixed by one of the following modifying characters: `+' extend by, `-' reduce by, `<' at most, `>' at least, `/' round down to multiple of, `%' round up to multiple of. SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Sending a %s signal to a running `dd' process makes it print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s Options are: Special characters: * dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input) eol CHAR CHAR will end the line Special settings: N set the input and output speeds to N bauds * cols N tell the kernel that the terminal has N columns * columns N same as cols N TYPE is made up of one or more of these specifications: a named character, ignoring high-order bit c ASCII character or backslash escape The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: The data are encoded as described for the base64 alphabet in RFC 3548. When decoding, the input may contain newlines in addition to the bytes of the formal base64 alphabet. Use --ignore-garbage to attempt to recover from any other non-alphabet bytes in the encoded stream. The following three options are useful only when verifying checksums: --quiet don't print OK for each successfully verified file --status don't output anything, status code shows success -w, --warn warn about improperly formatted checksum lines The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. The valid format sequences for files (without --file-system): %a Access rights in octal %A Access rights in human readable form %b Number of blocks allocated (see %B) %B The size in bytes of each block reported by %b %C SELinux security context string This install program copies files (often just compiled) into destination locations you choose. If you want to download and install a ready-to-use package on a GNU/Linux system, you should instead be using a package manager like yum(1) or apt-get(1). In the first three forms, copy SOURCE to DEST or multiple SOURCE(s) to the existing DIRECTORY, while setting permission modes and owner/group. In the 4th form, create all components of the given DIRECTORY(ies). To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo', use one of these commands: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Traditional format specifications may be intermixed; they accumulate: -a same as -t a, select named characters, ignoring high-order bit -b same as -t o1, select octal bytes -c same as -t c, select ASCII characters or backslash escapes -d same as -t u2, select unsigned decimal 2-byte units Translation occurs if -d is not given and both SET1 and SET2 appear. -t may be used only when translating. SET2 is extended to length of SET1 by repeating its last character as necessary. Excess characters of SET2 are ignored. Only [:lower:] and [:upper:] are guaranteed to expand in ascending order; used in SET2 while translating, they may only be used in pairs to specify case conversion. -s uses SET1 if not translating nor deleting; else squeezing uses SET2 and occurs after translation or deletion. Use one, and only one of -b, -c or -f. Each LIST is made up of one range, or many ranges separated by commas. Selected input is written in the same order that it is read, and is written exactly once. Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it. With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. With no options, produce three-column output. Column one contains lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2, and column three contains lines common to both files. Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. ??? --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -f, --force do not prompt before overwriting -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file If you specify more than one of -i, -f, -n, only the final one takes effect. --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories (note: will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the superuser) -f, --force remove existing destination files --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -c (ignored) -C, --compare compare each pair of source and destination files, and in some cases, do not modify the destination at all -d, --directory treat all arguments as directory names; create all components of the specified directories --batch-size=NMERGE merge at most NMERGE inputs at once; for more use temp files --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks. See SIZE format below -B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~ -c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime --complement complement the set of selected bytes, characters or fields --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -L, --max-line-length print the length of the longest line -w, --words print the word counts --files0-from=F summarize disk usage of the NUL-terminated file names specified in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -H equivalent to --dereference-args (-D) -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si like -h, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 --group-directories-first group directories before files. augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping --help display this help and exit --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode print the index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k like --block-size=1K --lookup attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS -m only hostname and user associated with stdin -p, --process print active processes spawned by init --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially --preserve-root do not remove `/' (default) -r, -R, --recursive remove directories and their contents recursively -v, --verbose explain what is being done --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST don't preserve the specified attributes --parents use full source file name under DIRECTORY --one-file-system when removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any directory that is on a file system different from that of the corresponding command line argument --pid=PID with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies -q, --quiet, --silent never output headers giving file names --retry keep trying to open a file even when it is or becomes inaccessible; useful when following by name, i.e., with --follow=name --preserve-context preserve SELinux security context -Z, --context=CONTEXT set SELinux security context of files and directories --reference=RFILE use RFILE's security context rather than specifying a CONTEXT value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC output date and time in RFC 3339 format. TIMESPEC=`date', `seconds', or `ns' for date and time to the indicated precision. Date and time components are separated by a single space: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=STRING set time described by STRING -u, --utc, --universal print or set Coordinated Universal Time --sort=WORD sort according to WORD: general-numeric -g, human-numeric -h, month -M, numeric -n, random -R, version -V -V, --version-sort natural sort of (version) numbers within text --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix --suffix=SUFF append SUFF to TEMPLATE. SUFF must not contain slash. This option is implied if TEMPLATE does not end in X. --time show time of the last modification of any file in the directory, or any of its subdirectories --time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status --time-style=STYLE show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT FORMAT is interpreted like `date' --time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale --verbose print a diagnostic just before each output file is opened --version output version information and exit --all print the number of installed processors --ignore=N if possible, exclude N processing units Size Used Avail Use% Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Size Used Avail Use% -evenp same as -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7 nl same as -icrnl -onlcr -nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-') [-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty [-]hupcl same as [-]hup [-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input [-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-') [-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors * [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character [-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return [-]inpck enable input parity checking [-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters [-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters [-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters * [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal * [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\' for uppercase characters cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values -cooked same as raw crt same as echoe echoctl echoke dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany ek erase and kill characters to their default values evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N set the input speed to N * line N use line discipline N min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read ospeed N set the output speed to N oddp same as parenb parodd cs7 -oddp same as -parenb cs8 [-]parity same as [-]evenp pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7 raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw same as cooked sane same as cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke, all special characters to their default values stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal * swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer * werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed %% a single % %b ARGUMENT as a string with `\' escapes interpreted, except that octal escapes are of the form \0 or \0NNN and all C format specifications ending with one of diouxXfeEgGcs, with ARGUMENTs converted to proper type first. Variable widths are handled. %A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday) %b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan) %B locale's full month name (e.g., January) %c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005) %C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20) %d day of month (e.g, 01) %D date; same as %m/%d/%y %e day of month, space padded; same as %_d %F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d %g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G) %G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V %S second (00..60) %t a tab %T time; same as %H:%M:%S %u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday %U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) %V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53) %w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday %W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53) %d Device number in decimal %D Device number in hex %f Raw mode in hex %F File type %g Group ID of owner %G Group name of owner %h Number of hard links %i Inode number %n File name %N Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link %o I/O block size %s Total size, in bytes %t Major device type in hex %T Minor device type in hex %h same as %b %H hour (00..23) %I hour (01..12) %j day of year (001..366) %i File System ID in hex %l Maximum length of filenames %n File name %s Block size (for faster transfers) %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) %t Type in hex %T Type in human readable form %k hour ( 0..23) %l hour ( 1..12) %m month (01..12) %M minute (00..59) %n a newline %N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) %p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known %P like %p, but lower case %r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM) %R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M %s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u User ID of owner %U User name of owner %x Time of last access %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch %y Time of last modification %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch %z Time of last change %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch %x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99) %X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48) %y last two digits of year (00..99) %Y year %z +hhmm numeric timezone (e.g., -0400) %:z +hh:mm numeric timezone (e.g., -04:00) %::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00) %:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30) %Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT) By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes. + TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like `match' or an operator like `/' ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION --output-delimiter=STR separate columns with STR --userspec=USER:GROUP specify user and group (ID or name) to use --groups=G_LIST specify supplementary groups as g1,g2,..,gN -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -A, --auto-reference output automatically generated references -G, --traditional behave more like System V `ptx' -F, --flag-truncation=STRING use STRING for flagging line truncations -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks -b, --bytes equivalent to `--apparent-size --block-size=1' -c, --total produce a grand total -D, --dereference-args dereference only symlinks that are listed on the command line -C list entries by columns --color[=WHEN] colorize the output. WHEN defaults to `always' or can be `never' or `auto'. More info below -d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links -D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode -D create all leading components of DEST except the last, then copy SOURCE to DEST -g, --group=GROUP set group ownership, instead of process' current group -m, --mode=MODE set permission mode (as in chmod), instead of rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=OWNER set ownership (super-user only) -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names -h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line follow symbolic links listed on the command line --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory --hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A) -I prompt once before removing more than three files, or when removing recursively. Less intrusive than -i, while still giving protection against most mistakes --interactive[=WHEN] prompt according to WHEN: never, once (-I), or always (-i). Without WHEN, prompt always -L FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h) -O FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID -p FILE FILE exists and is a named pipe -r FILE FILE exists and read permission is granted -s FILE FILE exists and has a size greater than zero -L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links -P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default) -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -S, --separate-dirs do not include size of subdirectories -s, --summarize display only a total for each argument -L, --logical use PWD from environment, even if it contains symlinks -P, --physical avoid all symlinks -M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx' -O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives -R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences -T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives -N, --read-bytes=BYTES limit dump to BYTES input bytes -S, --strings[=BYTES] output strings of at least BYTES graphic chars -t, --format=TYPE select output format or formats -v, --output-duplicates do not use * to mark line suppression -w, --width[=BYTES] output BYTES bytes per output line --traditional accept arguments in traditional form -P, --portability use the POSIX output format --sync invoke sync before getting usage info -t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE -T, --print-type print file system type -x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE -v (ignored) -S sort by file size --sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time -S FILE FILE exists and is a socket -t FD file descriptor FD is opened on a terminal -u FILE FILE exists and its set-user-ID bit is set -w FILE FILE exists and write permission is granted -x FILE FILE exists and execute (or search) permission is granted -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create the links -T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file -v, --verbose print name of each linked file -SSTRING, --sep-string[=STRING] separate columns by STRING, without -S: Default separator with -J and otherwise (same as -S" "), no effect on column options -t, --omit-header omit page headers and trailers -T, --omit-pagination omit page headers and trailers, eliminate any pagination by form feeds set in input files -v, --show-nonprinting use octal backslash notation -w, --width=PAGE_WIDTH set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters for multiple text-column output only, -s[char] turns off (72) -T, -w, --mesg add user's message status as +, - or ? -u, --users list users logged in --message same as -T --writable same as -T -W, --page-width=PAGE_WIDTH set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters always, truncate lines, except -J option is set, no interference with -S or -s -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword -b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting -g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields -i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE -o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of NAME to CTX -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each NAME to CTX -a change only the access time -c, --no-create do not create any files -d, --date=STRING parse STRING and use it instead of current time -f (ignored) -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -a, --all include dummy file systems -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks --total produce a grand total -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories --apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be larger due to holes in (`sparse') files, internal fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like -a, --all convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks --first-only convert only leading sequences of blanks (overrides -a) -t, --tabs=N have tabs N characters apart instead of 8 (enables -a) -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated LIST of tab positions (enables -a) -a, --archive same as -dR --preserve=all --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument --copy-contents copy contents of special files when recursive -d same as --no-dereference --preserve=links -a, --suffix-length=N use suffixes of length N (default %d) -b, --bytes=SIZE put SIZE bytes per output file -C, --line-bytes=SIZE put at most SIZE bytes of lines per output file -d, --numeric-suffixes use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic -l, --lines=NUMBER put NUMBER lines per output file -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline -b, --binary read in binary mode -b, --binary read in binary mode (default unless reading tty stdin) -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -b, --bytes=LIST select only these bytes -c, --characters=LIST select only these characters -d, --delimiter=DELIM use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignore leading blanks -d, --dictionary-order consider only blanks and alphanumeric characters -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case characters -b, --suffix-format=FORMAT use sprintf FORMAT instead of %02d -f, --prefix=PREFIX use PREFIX instead of `xx' -k, --keep-files do not remove output files on errors -c, --bytes=K output the last K bytes; alternatively, use -c +K to output bytes starting with the Kth of each file -c, --bytes=[-]K print the first K bytes of each file; with the leading `-', print all but the last K bytes of each file -n, --lines=[-]K print the first K lines instead of the first 10; with the leading `-', print all but the last K lines of each file -c, --check read %s sums from the FILEs and check them -c, --check, --check=diagnose-first check for sorted input; do not sort -C, --check=quiet, --check=silent like -c, but do not report first bad line --compress-program=PROG compress temporaries with PROG; decompress them with PROG -d --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -c, --crown-margin preserve indentation of first two lines -p, --prefix=STRING reformat only lines beginning with STRING, reattaching the prefix to reformatted lines -s, --split-only split long lines, but do not refill -c, --no-create do not create any files -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -d, --directory create a directory, not a file -u, --dry-run do not create anything; merely print a name (unsafe) -q, --quiet suppress diagnostics about file/dir-creation failure -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes -e, --echo treat each ARG as an input line -i, --input-range=LO-HI treat each number LO through HI as an input line -n, --head-count=COUNT output at most COUNT lines -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries --file-type likewise, except do not append `*' --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso -f omit the line of column headings in short format -w omit the user's full name in short format -i omit the user's full name and remote host in short format -q omit the user's full name, remote host and idle time in short format -f same as -t fF, select floats -i same as -t dI, select decimal ints -l same as -t dL, select decimal longs -o same as -t o2, select octal 2-byte units -s same as -t d2, select decimal 2-byte units -x same as -t x2, select hexadecimal 2-byte units -f FILE FILE exists and is a regular file -g FILE FILE exists and is set-group-ID -G FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID -h FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L) -k FILE FILE exists and has its sticky bit set -f, --canonicalize canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively; all but the last component must exist -e, --canonicalize-existing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, all components must exist -f, --fields=LIST select only these fields; also print any line that contains no delimiter character, unless the -s option is specified -n (ignored) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -f, --force if an existing destination file cannot be opened, remove it and try again (redundant if the -n option is used) -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite (overrides a previous -n option) -H follow command-line symbolic links in SOURCE -f, --force change permissions to allow writing if necessary -n, --iterations=N overwrite N times instead of the default (%d) --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -s, --size=N shred this many bytes (suffixes like K, M, G accepted) -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --reference=RFILE use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values -R, --recursive change files and directories recursively -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's group rather than specifying a GROUP value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's owner and group rather than specifying OWNER:GROUP values -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -g like -l, but do not list owner -g GID[,GID1...] also set the primary group-ID to the numeric GID, and (if specified) supplemental group IDs to GID1, ... -g, --general-numeric-sort compare according to general numerical value -i, --ignore-nonprinting consider only printable characters -M, --month-sort compare (unknown) < `JAN' < ... < `DEC' -h, --header-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering header lines -i, --line-increment=NUMBER line number increment at each line -l, --join-blank-lines=NUMBER group of NUMBER empty lines counted as one -n, --number-format=FORMAT insert line numbers according to FORMAT -p, --no-renumber do not reset line numbers at logical pages -s, --number-separator=STRING add STRING after (possible) line number -h, --header=HEADER use a centered HEADER instead of filename in page header, -h "" prints a blank line, don't use -h"" -i[CHAR[WIDTH]], --output-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] replace spaces with CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -J, --join-lines merge full lines, turns off -W line truncation, no column alignment, --sep-string[=STRING] sets separators -h, --human-numeric-sort compare human readable numbers (e.g., 2K 1G) -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the timestamps of a symlink) -m change only the modification time -i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing fields -j FIELD equivalent to `-1 FIELD -2 FIELD' -o FORMAT obey FORMAT while constructing output line -t CHAR use CHAR as input and output field separator -i, --initial do not convert tabs after non blanks -t, --tabs=NUMBER have tabs NUMBER characters apart, not 8 -i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage -k like --block-size=1K -l, --local limit listing to local file systems --no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) -i, --interactive prompt whether to remove destinations -L, --logical make hard links to symbolic link references -n, --no-dereference treat destination that is a symlink to a directory as if it were a normal file -P, --physical make hard links directly to symbolic links -s, --symbolic make symbolic links instead of hard links -k like --block-size=1K -l, --count-links count sizes many times if hard linked -m like --block-size=1M -k, --key=POS1[,POS2] start a key at POS1 (origin 1), end it at POS2 (default end of line) -m, --merge merge already sorted files; do not sort -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -l, --length=PAGE_LENGTH set the page length to PAGE_LENGTH (66) lines (default number of lines of text 56, and with -F 63) -m, --merge print all files in parallel, one in each column, truncate lines, but join lines of full length with -J -l, --link link files instead of copying -L, --dereference always follow symbolic links in SOURCE -l, --login print system login processes -m, --canonicalize-missing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, without requirements on components existence -n, --no-newline do not output the trailing newline -q, --quiet, -s, --silent suppress most error messages -v, --verbose report error messages -m, --mode=MODE set file permission bits to MODE, not a=rw - umask -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each created directory to CTX -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -n, --lines=K output the last K lines, instead of the last %d; or use -n +K to output lines starting with the Kth --max-unchanged-stats=N with --follow=name, reopen a FILE which has not changed size after N (default %d) iterations to see if it has been unlinked or renamed (this is the usual case of rotated log files) -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file (overrides a previous -i option) -P, --no-dereference never follow symbolic links in SOURCE -n, --numeric-sort compare according to string numerical value -R, --random-sort sort by random hash of keys --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -r, --reverse reverse the result of comparisons -n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o like -l, but do not list group information -p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories -n[SEP[DIGITS]], --number-lines[=SEP[DIGITS]] number lines, use DIGITS (5) digits, then SEP (TAB), default counting starts with 1st line of input file -N, --first-line-number=NUMBER start counting with NUMBER at 1st line of first page printed (see +FIRST_PAGE) -o, --indent=MARGIN offset each line with MARGIN (zero) spaces, do not affect -w or -W, MARGIN will be added to PAGE_WIDTH -r, --no-file-warnings omit warning when a file cannot be opened -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output -s, --stable stabilize sort by disabling last-resort comparison -S, --buffer-size=SIZE use SIZE for main memory buffer -p same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps --preserve[=ATTR_LIST] preserve the specified attributes (default: mode,ownership,timestamps), if possible additional attributes: context, links, xattr, all -p DIR use DIR as a prefix; implies -t [deprecated] -t interpret TEMPLATE as a single file name component, relative to a directory: $TMPDIR, if set; else the directory specified via -p; else /tmp [deprecated] -p, --parents remove DIRECTORY and its ancestors; e.g., `rmdir -p a/b/c' is similar to `rmdir a/b/c a/b a' -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every directory processed -p, --preserve-timestamps apply access/modification times of SOURCE files to corresponding destination files -s, --strip strip symbol tables --strip-program=PROGRAM program used to strip binaries -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -v, --verbose print the name of each directory as it is created -q, --count all login names and number of users logged on -r, --runlevel print current runlevel -s, --short print only name, line, and time (default) -t, --time print last system clock change -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -r, --reference=FILE display the last modification time of FILE -R, --rfc-2822 output date and time in RFC 2822 format. Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=FILE use this FILE's size -s, --size=SIZE use this SIZE -r, --reference=FILE use this file's times instead of current time -t STAMP use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time --time=WORD change the specified time: WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent to -a WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to -m -r, --references first field of each line is a reference -t, --typeset-mode - not implemented - -w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded -r, --reverse reverse order while sorting -R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively -s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL specify the name or number of the signal to be sent -l, --list list signal names, or convert signal names to/from numbers -t, --table print a table of signal information -s, --sleep-interval=N with -f, sleep for approximately N seconds (default 1.0) between iterations -v, --verbose always output headers giving file names -s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -s[CHAR], --separator[=CHAR] separate columns by a single character, default for CHAR is the character without -w and 'no char' with -w -s[CHAR] turns off line truncation of all 3 column options (-COLUMN|-a -COLUMN|-m) except -w is set -t sort by modification time -T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP use SEP instead of non-blank to blank transition -T, --temporary-directory=DIR use DIR for temporaries, not $TMPDIR or %s; multiple options specify multiple directories -u, --unique with -c, check for strict ordering; without -c, output only the first of an equal run -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -t, --tagged-paragraph indentation of first line different from second -u, --uniform-spacing one space between words, two after sentences -w, --width=WIDTH maximum line width (default of 75 columns) -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -u, --update move only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -t, --text read in text mode (default if reading tty stdin) -t, --text read in text mode (default) -u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time -U do not sort; list entries in directory order -v natural sort of (version) numbers within text -u, --remove truncate and remove file after overwriting -v, --verbose show progress -x, --exact do not round file sizes up to the next full block; this is the default for non-regular files -z, --zero add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system -u, --user=USER set user USER in the target security context -r, --role=ROLE set role ROLE in the target security context -t, --type=TYPE set type TYPE in the target security context -l, --range=RANGE set range RANGE in the target security context -v, --kernel-version print the kernel version -m, --machine print the machine hardware name -p, --processor print the processor type or "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform print the hardware platform or "unknown" -o, --operating-system print the operating system -v, --starting-line-number=NUMBER first line number on each logical page -w, --number-width=NUMBER use NUMBER columns for line numbers -w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines -w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value -x list entries by lines instead of by columns -X sort alphabetically by entry extension -Z, --context print any SELinux security context of each file -1 list one file per line -x, --one-file-system skip directories on different file systems -X, --exclude-from=FILE exclude files that match any pattern in FILE --exclude=PATTERN exclude files that match PATTERN --max-depth=N print the total for a directory (or file, with --all) only if it is N or fewer levels below the command line argument; --max-depth=0 is the same as --summarize -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline Processes in an uninterruptible sleep state also contribute to the load average. [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \0NNN byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits) \xHH byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits) \NNN byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits) \xHH byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits) \uHHHH Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character with hex value HHHH (4 digits) \UHHHHHHHH Unicode character with hex value HHHHHHHH (8 digits) \\ backslash \a alert (BEL) \b backspace \c produce no further output \e escape \f form feed \n new line \r carriage return \t horizontal tab \v vertical tab \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline lcase change upper case to lower case binary use binary I/O for data cio use concurrent I/O for data d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer direct use direct I/O for data directory fail unless a directory dsync use synchronized I/O for data fullblock accumulate full blocks of input (iflag only) if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin iflag=FLAGS read as per the comma separated symbol list obs=BYTES write BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout oflag=FLAGS write as per the comma separated symbol list seek=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS obs-sized blocks at start of output skip=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS ibs-sized blocks at start of input status=noxfer suppress transfer statistics noatime do not update access time nocreat do not create the output file excl fail if the output file already exists notrunc do not truncate the output file ucase change lower case to upper case swab swap every pair of input bytes noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file noerror continue after read errors sync pad every input block with NULs to ibs-size; when used with block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing fsync likewise, but also write metadata nofollow do not follow symlinks nolinks fail if multiply-linked nonblock use non-blocking I/O none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups sync likewise, but also for metadata text use text I/O for data %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% %H:%M%P %s-blocks Used Available Capacity (backup: %s) * [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c') [-]echo echo input characters * [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho [-]echoe same as [-]crterase [-]echok echo a newline after a kill character * [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill [-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters * [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\' and '/' [-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters [-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters * [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase * [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character [-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters [-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control [-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence) [-]tandem same as [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded * [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline * [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters * [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays * [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase * [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline * [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return * [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column [-]opost postprocess output * tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3] * tabs same as tab0 * -tabs same as tab3 * vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1] * eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line * lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal * rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it * rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows * size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel speed print the terminal speed time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second ??:???? Mounted on TTY context=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu groups= old on repetition %s % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %.*s: invalid conversion specification%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu user%lu users%s%s (for regexp %s)%s -> %s (unbackup) %s [-d] terminated abnormally%s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has appeared; following end of new file%s has become accessible%s has become inaccessible%s has been replaced with a remote file. giving up on this name%s has been replaced with an untailable file; giving up on this name%s has been replaced; following end of new file%s has unknown file type%s has unusable, apparently negative size%s home page: <%s> %s home page: %s is not a valid positive integer%s is too large%s may be used only on a SELinux kernel%s was specified but %s was not%s%s argument `%s' too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s: line number out of range%s: %s: match not found%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: binary operator expected%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot change nonblocking mode%s: cannot find name for user ID %lu %s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot lseek back to original position%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot rewind%s: cannot seek%s: cannot seek to end-relative offset %s%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: cannot seek to relative offset %s%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: cannot skip%s: cannot skip to specified offset%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: couldn't reset non-blocking mode%s: descend into directory %s? %s: descend into write-protected directory %s? %s: end of file%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: error truncating%s: error writing at offset %s%s: expected a numeric value%s: failed to close%s: failed to open for writing%s: failed to remove%s: fcntl failed%s: fdatasync failed%s: file has negative size%s: file has shrunk too much%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: fstat failed%s: fsync failed%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input contains an odd number of tokens%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid count at start of %s%s: invalid directive%s: invalid field specification %s%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of passes%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid number to ignore%s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: lseek failed%s: multiple signals specified%s: new permissions are %s, not %s%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: no size information for this device%s: not listing already-listed directory%s: number of bytes is too large%s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove all arguments recursively? %s: remove all arguments? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s: seek failed%s: too many checksum lines%s: try to overwrite %s, overriding mode %04lo (%s)? %s: unable to determine maximum file name length%s: unable to perform all requested operations%s: unary operator expected%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: value not completely converted%s: write error%s:%lu: invalid line; missing second token%s:%lu: invalid zero-length file name%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}''')' expected')' expected, found %s(C)* file systems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS version 3 clients * compressed file systems * log-structured or journaled file systems, such as those supplied with AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.) * file systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes fail, such as RAID-based file systems * file systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server , load average: %.2f, %g s, %s/s --%s argument %s too large--context (-Z) works only on an SELinux-enabled kernel--reflink can be used only with --sparse=auto-R --dereference requires either -H or -L-R -h requires -P-ef does not accept -l-nt does not accept -l-ot does not accept -l??? ?????AbortedAddress family for hostname not supportedAlarm clockAll arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. All requests doneArgument buffer too smallArnold RobbinsBad system callBad value for ai_flagsBrian FoxBroken pipeBus errorCAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important assumption: that the file system overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern file system designs do not satisfy this assumption. The following are examples of file systems on which shred is not effective, or is not guaranteed to be effective in all file system modes: COMMENTCPU time limit exceededCall the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1. Call the unlink function to remove the specified FILE. Change the effective user id and group id to that of USER. -, -l, --login make the shell a login shell -c, --command=COMMAND pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c -f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment do not reset environment variables -p same as -m -s, --shell=SHELL run SHELL if /etc/shells allows it Change the group of each FILE to GROUP. With --reference, change the group of each FILE to that of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the security context of each FILE to CONTEXT. With --reference, change the security context of each FILE to that of RFILE. -h, --no-dereference affect symbolic links instead of any referenced file Chet RameyChild exitedColin PlumbCompare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output. -A, --show-all equivalent to -vET -b, --number-nonblank number nonempty output lines -e equivalent to -vE -E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line -n, --number number all output lines -s, --squeeze-blank suppress repeated empty output lines ContinuedConvert blanks in each FILE to tabs, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Copy a file, converting and formatting according to the operands. bs=BYTES read and write BYTES bytes at a time (also see ibs=,obs=) cbs=BYTES convert BYTES bytes at a time conv=CONVS convert the file as per the comma separated symbol list count=BLOCKS copy only BLOCKS input blocks ibs=BYTES read BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. -a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals Create a temporary file or directory, safely, and print its name. TEMPLATE must contain at least 3 consecutive `X's in last component. If TEMPLATE is not specified, use tmp.XXXXXXXXXX, and --tmpdir is implied. Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDiagnose invalid or unportable file names. -p check for most POSIX systems -P check for empty names and leading "-" --portability check for all POSIX systems (equivalent to -p -P) Directory: Display file or file system status. -L, --dereference follow links -f, --file-system display file system status instead of file status Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date. -d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not `now' -f, --file=DATEFILE like --date once for each line of DATEFILE Dmitry V. LevinDrop any supplemental groups, assume the user-ID and group-ID of the specified USER (numeric ID or user name), and run COMMAND with any specified ARGUMENTs. Exit with status 111 if unable to assume the required user and group ID. Otherwise, exit with the exit status of COMMAND. This program is useful only when run by root (user ID zero). EMT trapEXITEach range is one of: N N'th byte, character or field, counted from 1 N- from N'th byte, character or field, to end of line N-M from N'th to M'th (included) byte, character or field -M from first to M'th (included) byte, character or field With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Echo the STRING(s) to standard output. -n do not output the trailing newline Eric BlakeExit with a status code indicating failure.Exit with a status code indicating success.Exit with the status determined by EXPRESSION. F. PinardFAILEDFIXME: unknownFORMAT must be suitable for printing one argument of type `double'; it defaults to %.PRECf if FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are all fixed point decimal numbers with maximum precision PREC, and to %g otherwise. Fifos do not have major and minor device numbers.File size limit exceededFilesystem Filesystem TypeFilter adjacent matching lines from INPUT (or standard input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output). With no options, matching lines are merged to the first occurrence. Floating point exceptionFor complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' For each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by whitespace. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input. -a FILENUM print unpairable lines coming from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2 -e EMPTY replace missing input fields with EMPTY Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block. General help using GNU software: Giuseppe ScrivanoH. Peter AnvinHangupI/O possibleIDLEIan Lance TaylorIdleIf FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Illegal instructionIn addition, file system backups and remote mirrors may contain copies of the file that cannot be removed, and that will allow a shredded file to be recovered later. In real life: In the 1st form, create a link to TARGET with the name LINK_NAME. In the 2nd form, create a link to TARGET in the current directory. In the 3rd and 4th forms, create links to each TARGET in DIRECTORY. Create hard links by default, symbolic links with --symbolic. When creating hard links, each TARGET must exist. Symbolic links can hold arbitrary text; if later resolved, a relative link is interpreted in relation to its parent directory. In the case of ext3 file systems, the above disclaimer applies (and shred is thus of limited effectiveness) only in data=journal mode, which journals file data in addition to just metadata. In both the data=ordered (default) and data=writeback modes, shred works as usual. Ext3 journaling modes can be changed by adding the data=something option to the mount options for a particular file system in the /etc/fstab file, as documented in the mount man page (man mount). Infinity BInformation requestInterruptInterrupted by a signalInvalid back referenceInvalid character class nameInvalid collation characterInvalid content of \{\}Invalid preceding regular expressionInvalid range endInvalid regular expressionJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfKilledLINELOGINList information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort. LoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnMemory allocation failureMemory exhaustedMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNAMENameName or service not knownNo address associated with hostnameNo matchNo previous regular expressionNon-recoverable failure in name resolutionOKOnly one string may be given when deleting without squeezing repeats.Option --string without a number implies 3; option --width without a number implies 32. By default, od uses -A o -t oS -w16. Ordering options: Other options: Output a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. Determine format of output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output defaults Output fixed-size pieces of INPUT to PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ...; default size is 1000 lines, and default PREFIX is `x'. With no INPUT, or when INPUT is -, read standard input. Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files `xx00', `xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output. Output platform dependent limits in a format useful for shell scripts. Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. PIDPackaged by %s Packaged by %s (%s) Padraig BradyPaginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Parameter string not correctly encodedPassword:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlan: Power failurePremature end of regular expressionPrint ARGUMENT(s) according to FORMAT, or execute according to OPTION: Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print NAME with its trailing /component removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output `.' (meaning the current directory). Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s. -a, --all print all information, in the following order, except omit -p and -i if unknown: -s, --kernel-name print the kernel name -n, --nodename print the network node hostname -r, --kernel-release print the kernel release Print checksum and block counts for each FILE. -r use BSD sum algorithm, use 1K blocks -s, --sysv use System V sum algorithm, use 512 bytes blocks Print group memberships for each USERNAME or, if no USERNAME is specified, for the current process (which may differ if the groups database has changed). Print information about users who are currently logged in. Print machine architecture. Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT. -f, --format=FORMAT use printf style floating-point FORMAT -s, --separator=STRING use STRING to separate numbers (default: \n) -w, --equal-width equalize width by padding with leading zeroes Print or change terminal characteristics. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the current time, the length of time the system has been up, the number of users on the system, and the average number of jobs in the run queue over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes.Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. -s, --silent, --quiet print nothing, only return an exit status Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the full filename of the current working directory. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the name of the current user. Print the number of processing units available to the current process, which may be less than the number of online processors Print the prime factors of each specified integer NUMBER. If none are specified on the command line, read them from standard input. Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID. Same as id -un. Print user and group information for the specified USERNAME, or (when USERNAME omitted) for the current user. -a ignore, for compatibility with other versions -Z, --context print only the security context of the current user -g, --group print only the effective group ID -G, --groups print all group IDs -n, --name print a name instead of a number, for -ugG -r, --real print the real ID instead of the effective ID, with -ugG -u, --user print only the effective user ID Print value of a symbolic link or canonical file name Processing request in progressProfiling timer expiredProject: Q. Frank XiaQuitRandy SmithReal-time signal %dReformat each paragraph in the FILE(s), writing to standard output. The option -WIDTH is an abbreviated form of --width=DIGITS. Regular expression too bigRemove (unlink) the FILE(s). -f, --force ignore nonexistent files, never prompt -i prompt before every removal Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty ignore each failure that is solely because a directory is non-empty Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Report %s bugs to: %s Report %s translation bugs to Request canceledRequest not canceledResource lostRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonRun COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling. With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Nicenesses range from %d (most favorable scheduling) to %d (least favorable). -n, --adjustment=N add integer N to the niceness (default 10) Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals. Run COMMAND, with modified buffering operations for its standard streams. Run a program in a different security context. With neither CONTEXT nor COMMAND, print the current security context. CONTEXT Complete security context -c, --compute compute process transition context before modifying -t, --type=TYPE type (for same role as parent) -u, --user=USER user identity -r, --role=ROLE role -l, --range=RANGE levelrange Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerSegmentation faultSend signals to processes, or list signals. Servname not supported for ai_socktypeSet LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Set each NAME to VALUE in the environment and run COMMAND. -i, --ignore-environment start with an empty environment -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -u, --unset=NAME remove variable from the environment Shell: Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default. Shrink or extend the size of each FILE to the specified size A FILE argument that does not exist is created. If a FILE is larger than the specified size, the extra data is lost. If a FILE is shorter, it is extended and the extended part (hole) reads as zero bytes. Simon JosefssonSpecial files require major and minor device numbers.Stack faultStoppedStopped (signal)Stopped (tty input)Stopped (tty output)Stuart KempSuccessSummarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. System errorTIMETemporary failure in name resolutionTerminatedThe following optional flags may follow `%': - (hyphen) do not pad the field _ (underscore) pad with spaces 0 (zero) pad with zeros ^ use upper case if possible # use opposite case if possible The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. -H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it -L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered -P do not traverse any symbolic links (default) The strings compared were %s and %s.Torbjorn GranlundTrace/breakpoint trapTrailing backslashTranslate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing to standard output. -c, -C, --complement use the complement of SET1 -d, --delete delete characters in SET1, do not translate -s, --squeeze-repeats replace each input sequence of a repeated character that is listed in SET1 with a single occurrence of that character -t, --truncate-set1 first truncate SET1 to length of SET2 Try `%s --help' for more information. Try `%s ./%s' to remove the file %s. Two strings must be given when both deleting and squeezing repeats.Two strings must be given when translating.Ulrich DrepperUnknown errorUnknown signal %dUnknown system errorUnmatched ( or \(Unmatched ) or \)Unmatched [ or [^Unmatched \{Update the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time. A FILE argument that does not exist is created empty, unless -c or -h is supplied. A FILE argument string of - is handled specially and causes touch to change the times of the file associated with standard output. Urgent I/O conditionUsage: %s Usage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s CONTEXT COMMAND [args] or: %s [ -c ] [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-t TYPE] [-l RANGE] COMMAND [args] Usage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NUMBER[SUFFIX]... or: %s OPTION Pause for NUMBER seconds. SUFFIX may be `s' for seconds (the default), `m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. Unlike most implementations that require NUMBER be an integer, here NUMBER may be an arbitrary floating point number. Given two or more arguments, pause for the amount of time specified by the sum of their values. Usage: %s OPTION... COMMAND Usage: %s OPTION... FILE... Usage: %s OPTION... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [SETTING]... or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-a|--all] or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-g|--save] Usage: %s [-WIDTH] [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NAME] or: %s OPTION Print or set the hostname of the current system. Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPERAND]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] Print the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) for the current host. Usage: %s [OPTION] NEWROOT [COMMAND [ARG]...] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... CONTEXT FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-l RANGE] [-t TYPE] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... or: %s [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form) or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form) Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] or: %s -e [OPTION]... [ARG]... or: %s -i LO-HI [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Base64 encode or decode FILE, or standard input, to standard output. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] or: %s --traditional [OPTION]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Print or check %s (%d-bit) checksums. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [PREFIX]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [TEMPLATE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [VARIABLE]... Print the values of the specified environment VARIABLE(s). If no VARIABLE is specified, print name and value pairs for them all. Usage: %s [SHORT-OPTION]... USER COMMAND [ARGUMENT]... or: %s LONG-OPTION Usage: %s [SHORT-OPTION]... [STRING]... or: %s LONG-OPTION Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [ignored command line arguments] or: %s OPTION Usage: test EXPRESSION or: test or: [ EXPRESSION ] or: [ ] or: [ OPTION User defined signal 1User defined signal 2Using -s ignores -L and -P. Otherwise, the last option specified controls behavior when the source is a symbolic link, defaulting to %s. Valid arguments are:Valid format sequences for file systems: %a Free blocks available to non-superuser %b Total data blocks in file system %c Total file nodes in file system %d Free file nodes in file system %f Free blocks in file system %C SELinux security context string Virtual timer expiredWARNING: --page-increment is deprecated; use --line-increment insteadWARNING: --preserve_context is deprecated; use --preserve-context insteadWARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s WARNING: ignoring --context (-Z); this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --preserve-context; this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --strip-program option as -s option was not specifiedWarning: WhenWhereWindow changedWith --follow (-f), tail defaults to following the file descriptor, which means that even if a tail'ed file is renamed, tail will continue to track its end. This default behavior is not desirable when you really want to track the actual name of the file, not the file descriptor (e.g., log rotation). Use --follow=name in that case. That causes tail to track the named file in a way that accommodates renaming, removal and creation. Wrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write a random permutation of the input lines to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to standard output. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``-%c' extra characters or invalid number in the argument: %s`--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argument`-N NUMBER' invalid starting line number: %s`-W PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %s`-l PAGE_LENGTH' invalid number of lines: %s`-o MARGIN' invalid line offset: %s`-w PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %sa command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sai_family not supportedai_socktype not supportedambiguous argument %s for %san input delimiter may be specified only when operating on fieldsappending output to %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileblock special files not supportedboth SI and IEC prefixes present on unitsboth files cannot be standard inputbyte offset %s is too largecan't apply partial context to unlabeled file %scan't get process contextcannot access %scannot backup %scannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change ownership of %scannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot chdir to root directorycannot combine --target-directory (-t) and --no-target-directory (-T)cannot combine --target-directory and --no-target-directorycannot combine -e and -i optionscannot combine any two of {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}cannot combine block and unblockcannot combine excl and nocreatcannot combine lcase and ucasecannot combine mode and --reference optionscannot combine signal with -l or -tcannot compare file names %s and %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot create temporary file in %scannot dereference %scannot determine device and inode of %scannot determine hostnamecannot determine location of %s. reverting to pollingcannot do ioctl on %scannot find name for group ID %lucannot find name for user ID %lucannot follow %s by namecannot force target context to %s and preserve itcannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot get nicenesscannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open %s for writingcannot open directory %scannot operate on dangling symlink %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot perform formatted outputcannot preserve extended attributes, cp is built without xattr supportcannot preserve security context without an SELinux-enabled kernelcannot print "only" of more than one choicecannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot print security context when user specifiedcannot read directory %scannot read file names from %scannot read file system information for %scannot read realtime clockcannot read symbolic link %scannot read table of mounted file systemscannot remove %scannot remove directory: %scannot reposition file pointer for %scannot run %scannot set %scannot set datecannot set group idcannot set group-ID to %lucannot set groupscannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot set name to %scannot set nicenesscannot set time stamps for %scannot set user idcannot set user-ID to %lucannot skip past end of combined inputcannot specify --null (-0) with commandcannot specify both printing across and printing in parallelcannot specify number of columns when printing in parallelcannot specify times from more than one sourcecannot split in more than one waycannot stat %scannot stat current directory (now %s)cannot stat standard inputcannot touch %scannot un-backup %scannot unlink %scannot unset %scannot watch %scannot watch parent directory of %scannot work around kernel bug after allchanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %schanging security context of %s character offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special filecharacter special files not supportedclearing permissions for %sclock changeclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing directory %sclosing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputcompatibility mode supports at most one fileconflicting empty-field replacement stringsconflicting security context specifiers givencould not set buffering of %s to mode %s couldn't create process for %s -dcouldn't create temporary filecouldn't execute %scouldn't execute %s -dcouldn't find directory entry in %s with matching i-nodecouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %screating file %s creating hard link %screating hard link %s => %screating hard link to %.0s%screating symbolic link %screating symbolic link %s -> %sdelimiter list ends with an unescaped backslash: %sdirectorydivision by zerodup2 failedempty %s not allowedempty file nameempty taberror closing fileerror in regular expression matchererror in regular expression searcherror initializing month stringserror monitoring inotify eventerror reading %serror reading inotify eventerror waiting for commanderror writing %sexit=extra argument %sextra operand %sextra operand %s extra operand %s not allowed with -%cfailed to change context of %s to %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to chdir to %sfailed to clone %sfailed to compute a new contextfailed to create directory via template %sfailed to create file via template %sfailed to create security context: %sfailed to get attributes of %sfailed to get current contextfailed to get file system create contextfailed to get groups for the current processfailed to get groups for user %sfailed to get security context of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to open %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to redirect standard errorfailed to redirect stderr to /dev/nullfailed to remove %sfailed to remove directory %sfailed to render standard input unusablefailed to reopen %s with mode %sfailed to restore the default file creation contextfailed to return to initial working directoryfailed to run command %sfailed to set %s security context component to %sfailed to set additional groupsfailed to set default file creation context to %sfailed to set group-IDfailed to set new range %sfailed to set new role %sfailed to set new type %sfailed to set new user %sfailed to set supplemental group(s)failed to set the copy of stderr to close on execfailed to set the security context of %s to %sfailed to set user-IDfailed to stat %sfailed to turn off O_DIRECT: %sfailed to update the environment with %sfdatasync failed for %sfflush failedfield number %s is too largefield number is zerofields and positions are numbered from 1fifofile %d is not in sorted orderfile operands cannot be combined with --files0-fromfile operands cannot be combined with --print-database (-p)file system type %s both selected and excludedfork system call failedformat %s ends in %%format %s has no %% directiveformat %s has too many %% directivesformat %s has unknown %%%c directiveformat string may not be specified when printing equal width stringsfsync failed for %sfts_close failedfts_read failedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsignoring inputignoring input and appending output to %signoring input and redirecting stderr to stdoutignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %signoring non-option argumentsincompatible join fields %lu, %luincompatible tabsincorrect passwordinotify cannot be used, reverting to pollinginput disappearedinput line is too longinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid %s%s argument `%s'invalid --%s argument %sinvalid adjustment %sinvalid argument %sinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid body numbering style: %sinvalid buffering mode %s for %s invalid byte or field listinvalid character `%c' in type string %sinvalid character class %sinvalid context: %sinvalid conversioninvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid date %sinvalid date format %sinvalid decreasing rangeinvalid device %s %sinvalid device type %sinvalid field number: %sinvalid field specifier: %sinvalid field width: %sinvalid file number in field spec: %sinvalid floating point argument: %sinvalid footer numbering style: %sinvalid format precisioninvalid format widthinvalid gap width: %sinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid group list %sinvalid group: %sinvalid header numbering style: %sinvalid inputinvalid input flaginvalid input range %sinvalid integer %sinvalid integer argument %sinvalid line count %sinvalid line discipline %sinvalid line number field width: %sinvalid line number increment: %sinvalid line numbering format: %sinvalid line width: %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid maximum depth %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid modeinvalid mode %sinvalid mode: %sinvalid number %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of blank lines: %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of columns: %sinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid number of lines: 0invalid option -- %cinvalid option -- %c; -WIDTH is recognized only when it is the first option; use -w N insteadinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid output flaginvalid page range %sinvalid precision: %sinvalid range with no endpoint: -invalid repeat count %s in [c*n] constructinvalid specinvalid starting line number: %sinvalid status flaginvalid suffix %s, contains directory separatorinvalid suffix in %s%s argument `%s'invalid tab size: %sinvalid template, %s, contains directory separatorinvalid template, %s; with --tmpdir, it may not be absoluteinvalid time interval %sinvalid time style format %sinvalid trailing option -- %cinvalid type string %sinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte floating point typeinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte integral typeinvalid universal character name \%c%0*xinvalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sinvalid wrap size: %sinvalid zero-length file nameit is dangerous to operate recursively on %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)last=leading `-' in a component of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name component %sline buffering stdin is meaninglessline count option -%s%c... is too largeline number %s is smaller than preceding line number, %sline number overflowmaximum --%s argument with current rlimit is %smemory exhaustedmessage queueminimum --%s argument is %smisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing `]'missing argument after %smissing argument to %smissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing destination file operand after %smissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing file operandmissing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operandmissing operand after %smode must specify only file permission bitsmode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multi-character tab %smultiple -i options specifiedmultiple -l or -t options specifiedmultiple compress programs specifiedmultiple delimiters specifiedmultiple levelrangesmultiple output files specifiedmultiple output formats specifiedmultiple random sources specifiedmultiple relative modifiers specifiedmultiple rolesmultiple target directories specifiedmultiple typesmultiple usersneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno change to ownership of %s no command specifiedno file systems processedno files remainingno input from %sno login nameno process ID specifiedno type may be specified when dumping stringsno username specified; at least one must be specified when using -lnonportable character %s in file name %snot a ttynot writing through dangling symlink %snumber in %s is too largenumber of bytesnumber of linesoffset overflow while reading file %somitting directory %sonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one device may be specifiedonly one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %soption used in invalid context -- %coptions --backup and --no-clobber are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --preserve-timestamps are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --strip are mutually exclusiveoptions `-%s' are incompatibleoutput file suffixes exhaustedoverflow extending size of file %soverflow rounding up size of file %sownership of %s retained ownership of %s retained as %s page number overflowpage width too narrowpreserving permissions for %spreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedreading %sreading directory %srecord too largeredirecting stderr to stdoutregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %srun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptyset LC_ALL='C' to work around the problemsetting flags for %ssetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectskip-bytes + read-bytes is too largeskipping %s, since it's on a different deviceskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstderrstdinstdoutstray character in field specstring comparison failedstring transformation failedstrip process terminated abnormallysuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errorsystem boottab size cannot be 0tab size contains invalid character(s): %stab sizes must be ascendingtab stop is too large %stab stop value is too largetabs are too far aparttarget %s is not a directorytarget directory not allowed when installing a directoryterm=test and/or [the --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --compare (-C) option is ignored when you specify a mode with non-permission bitsthe --context (-Z) option is obsolete and will be removed in a future releasethe --quiet option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the argument %s lacks a leading `+'; when using an option to specify date(s), any non-option argument must be a format string beginning with `+'the delimiter must be a single characterthe options for verbose and stty-readable output styles are mutually exclusivethe options to output dircolors' internal database and to select a shell syntax are mutually exclusivethe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivethe strings compared were %s and %sthe strip option may not be used when installing a directorythe untransformed string was %stime %s is out of rangeto use user-ID %s you need to use -g tootoo few X's in template %stoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtoo many characters in settoo many repeated linestoo many templatestotaltraversal failed: %styped memory objectuid=%luunable to display error messageunable to record current working directoryunable to set security context %sunexpected failure: fts_info=%d: %s please report to %sunknown binary operatorunknown status from command (0x%X)unknown streamunknown user-ID: %sunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableunrecognized operand %sunrecognized prefix: %sup %ld day %2d:%02d, up %ld days %2d:%02d, up ???? days ??:??, use --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeuser %s does not existusing %s to denote standard input does not work in file system modeusing arbitrary-precision arithmeticusing restricted shell %susing single-precision arithmeticwaiting for %s [-d]waiting for stripwarning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredwarning: %s: failed to change context to %swarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: --retry is useful mainly when following by namewarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: `touch %s' is obsolete; use `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'warning: an unescaped backslash at end of string is not portablewarning: backslash at end of formatwarning: cannot change directory to %swarning: cannot remove: %swarning: following standard input indefinitely is ineffectivewarning: ignoring excess arguments, starting with %swarning: invalid file offset after failed readwarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: line number %s is the same as preceding line numberwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: summarizing conflicts with --max-depth=%luwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0warning: the --%s option is obsolete; use --referencewarning: the ambiguous octal escape \%c%c%c is being interpreted as the 2-byte sequence \0%c%c, %cwarning: unrecognized escape `\%c'warning: working around lseek kernel bug for file (%s) of mt_type=0x%0lx -- see for the list of typesweird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen reading file names from stdin, no file name of %s allowedwhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'will not copy %s through just-created symlink %swill not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swith --parents, the destination must be a directorywith --suffix, template %s must end in Xwrite errorwrite error for %swrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify -c, -t, -u, -l, -r, or contextyou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsyou must specify one of %s or %sProject-Id-Version: GNU coreutils 8.4 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2010-03-12 21:08+0100 Last-Translator: Giorgio Catanzaro Language-Team: Italian MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1); ( ESPRESSIONE ) ESPRESSIONE è vera ! ESPRESSIONE ESPRESSIONE è falsa ESPRESSIONE1 -a ESPRESSIONE2 sia ESPRESSIONE1 che ESPRESSIONE2 sono vere ESPRESSIONE1 -o ESPRESSIONE2 o ESPRESSIONE1 o ESPRESSIONE2 è vera --check-order controlla che l'input sia ordinato correttamente, anche se tutte le righe in input possono essere accoppiate --nocheck-order non controlla che l'input sia ordinato correttamente -1 elimina la colonna 1 (righe presenti solo in FILE1) -2 elimina la colonna 2 (righe presenti solo in FILE2) -3 elimina la colonna 3 (righe presenti in entrambi i file) -a, --all come -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot orario dell'ultimo boot del sistema -d, --dead stampa i processi morti -H, --heading stampa la riga di intestazione delle colonne -b FILE FILE esiste ed è speciale a blocchi -c FILE FILE esiste ed è speciale a caratteri -d FILE FILE esiste ed è una directory -e FILE FILE esiste -l genera il formato di output lungo per gli UTENTI indicati -b omette l'home directory e la shell nel formato lungo -h omette il file del progetto dell'utente nel formato lungo -p omette il file del piano dell'utente nel formato lungo -s usa il formato breve, è l'opzione predefinita -n STRINGA la lunghezza di STRINGA non è zero STRINGA equivale a -n STRINGA -z STRINGA la lunghezza di STRINGA è zero STRINGA1 = STRINGA2 le stringhe sono uguali STRINGA1 != STRINGA2 le stringhe sono diverse ARG1 * ARG2 prodotto aritmetico di ARG1 e ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 quoziente aritmetico di ARG1 diviso ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 resto aritmetico di ARG1 diviso ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 somma aritmetica di ARG1 e ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 differenza aritmetica di ARG1 e ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 è minore di ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 è minore o uguale ad ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 è uguale ad ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 è diverso da ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 è maggiore o uguale ad ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 è maggiore di ARG2 FILE1 -ef FILE2 FILE1 e FILE2 hanno gli stessi numeri di device e di inode FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 è più nuovo (data di modifica) di FILE2 FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 è più vecchio di FILE2 INTERO copia fino a, senza includere il numero di riga specificato /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copia fino a, senza includere la riga specificata %REGEXP%[OFFSET] salta a, senza includere la riga specificata {INTERO} ripete il modello precedente per un numero di volte specificato {*} ripete il modello precedente quante più volte possibile Una riga OFFSET è costituita dal carattere "+" o "-" seguito da un numero intero positivo. INTERO1 -eq INTERO2 INTERO1 è uguale INTERO2 INTERO1 -ge INTERO2 INTERO1 è maggiore o uguale a INTERO2 INTERO1 -gt INTERO2 INTERO1 è maggiore di INTERO2 INTERO1 -le INTERO2 INTERO1 è minore o uguale a INTERO2 INTERO1 -lt INTERO2 INTERO1 è minore di INTERO2 INTERO1 -ne INTERO2 INTERO1 non è uguale a INTERO2 STRINGA : REGEXP ricerca ancorata del modello REGEXP nella STRINGA match STRINGA REGEXP come STRINGA : REGEXP substr STRINGA POS LUNG sottostringa della STRINGA, POS è contata da 1 index STRINGA CAR posizione nella STRINGA di uno dei CAR, se trovato, o 0 length STRINGA lunghezza della STRINGA a numera tutte le righe t numera solo le righe non vuote n non numera nessuna riga pBRE numera solo le righe che corrispondono all'espressione regolare di base BRE FORMATO è uno di: ln giustificato a sinistra, senza zeri iniziali rn giustificato a destra, senza zeri iniziali rz giustificato a destra, con zeri iniziali b crea un file speciale a blocchi (bufferizzato) c, u crea un file speciale a caratteri (non bufferizzato) p crea un FIFO # utenti=%lu -t è implicito se LUNGH_PAG <= 10. Senza FILE, o quando FILE è -, legge lo standard input. Un campo è una sequenza di spazi (di solito spazi o tabulazioni), seguita da caratteri non spazi. I campi vengono saltati prima dei caratteri. Una versione leggera di «finger»; stampa informazioni sugli utenti. Il file utmp sarà %s. Un semplice - implica -i. Se manca COMANDO, stampa l'ambiente risultante. Un semplice - implica -l. Se UTENTE non è specificato, assume root. Dopo qualsiasi flag segue un campo lunghezza opzionale, come numero decimale; poi un modificatore opzionale, che può essere E per usare rappresentazioni localizzate alternative, se definite, o O per usare la rappresentazione localizzata alternativa per i simboli numerici, se definita. Un'ESPRESSIONE omessa restituisce falso. Altrimenti, ESPRESSIONE è vera o falsa e imposta lo stato d'uscita. È uno tra: Come caso particolare, cp fa un backup di ORIGINE quando sono usate le opzioni force e backup e ORIGINE e DEST sono lo stesso nome di un file regolare già esistente. BLOCCHI e BYTE possono essere seguiti da uno di questi suffissi moltiplicatori: c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024 e così via per T, P, E, Z e Y. Ogni simbolo CONV può essere: Si noti che molti operatori devono essere preceduti da "\" (escaped) o protetti da apici a causa delle shell. I confronti sono aritmetici se entrambi gli ARG sono numeri, altrimenti sono lessicografici. I modelli restituiscono la stringa corrispondente tra \( e \) oppure nulla; se \( e \) non sono usati, restituiscono il numero di caratteri corrispondenti oppure 0. Sia MAJOR che MINOR devono essere specificati quando TIPO è b, c o u, e devono essere omessi quando TIPO è p. Se MAJOR o MINOR inizia con 0x o 0X, è interpretato come esadecimale; altrimenti, se inizia con 0, come ottale; altrimenti, come decimale. TIPO può essere: In modo predefinito, rm non rimuove le directory. Usare l'opzione --recursive (-r o -R) per rimuovere ogni directory elencata, insieme ai suoi contenuti. In modo predefinito, seleziona -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC sono due caratteri di delimitazione per separare le pagine logiche, un secondo carattere mancante implica :. Digitare \\ per \. STILE è uno di: Normalmente, i file ORIGINE sparsi sono individuati da un'euristica approssimativa e sono resi sparsi anche i file DEST corrispondenti. Questo è il comportamento selezionabile con --sparse=auto. Specificare --sparse=always per creare un file DEST sparso ogni qualvolta il file ORIGINE contiene una sequenza abbastanza lunga di byte zero. Usare --sparse=never per inibire la creazione dei file sparsi. Quando è specificato --reflink[=always], esegue una copia leggera, dove i blocchi dei dati sono copiati solo se modificati. Se questo non è possibile, la copia fallisce o, se è specificato --reflink=auto, ritorna a una copia standard. Impostazioni combinazione: * [-]LCASE come [-]lcase cbreak come -icanon -cbreak come icanon Impostazioni di controllo: [-]clocal disabilita i segnali di controllo del modem [-]cread permette la ricezione dell'input * [-]crtscts abilita l'handshaking RTS/CTS csN imposta a N bit la dimensione dei caratteri, N tra 5 e 8 I valori mostrati sono nelle unità della prima DIMensione disponibile da --block-size, e dalle variabili di ambiente %s_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE e BLOCKSIZE. Altrimenti, le unità sono predefinite a 1024 byte (o 512 se è impostata POSIXLY_CORRECT). Ciascun simbolo FLAG può essere: append modalità append (ha senso solo per l'output; suggerito conv=notrunc) Ogni MODO è nella forma "[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+". Esempi: %s -12 file1 file2 Stampa solo le righe presenti in entrambi file1 e file2. %s -3 file1 file2 Stampa le righe in file1 non in file2, e viceversa. Esempi: %s /usr/bin/sort Stampa "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Stampa "stdio". Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Stampa "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Stampa ".". Esempi: %s f - g Mostra il contenuto di f, poi dello standard input e poi il contenuto di g. %s Copia lo standard input nello standard output. Esempi: %s root /u Cambia il proprietario di /u in "root". %s root:staff /u Analogo, ma cambia anche il gruppo in "staff". %s -hR root /u Cambia il proprietario di /u e dei file contenuti in "root". Esempi: %s staff /u Cambia il gruppo di /u in "staff". %s -hR staff /u Cambia il gruppo di /u e dei file contenuti in esso in "staff". Eccetto che per -h e -L, tutte le operazioni sui FILE seguono i collegamenti simbolici Si noti che le parentesi hanno bisogno di essere protette (p.es. con backslash) dalla shell. INTERO può anche essere -l STRINGA, che è assume la lunghezza di STRINGA. Lo stato di uscita è 0 se ESPRESSIONE non è null o 0, 1 se ESPRESSIONE è null oppure 0, 2 se ESPRESSIONE non è valida sintatticamente e 3 se è avvenuto un errore. Stato di uscita: 0 se OK, 1 per problemi minori (es.: impossibile accedere alla sottodirectory), 2 per problemi seri (es.: impossibile accedere all'argomento della riga di comando). FORMATO controlla l'output come in printf del C. Le sequenze interpretate sono: \" virgolette doppie FORMATO controlla l'output. Le sequenze interpretate sono: %% un % letterale %a nome localizzato abbreviato del giorno della settimana (es.: dom) Gestisce la linea tty connessa allo standard input. Senza argomenti stampa il baud rate, la disciplina di linea, e le differenze da stty sane. Nelle impostazioni, CAR è preso letteralmente o codificato come in ^c, 0x37, 0177 o 127; i valori speciali ^- o undef sono usati per disabilitare i caratteri speciali. Se è attivo -e, sono riconosciute le seguenti sequenze: Se FILE è -, distrugge lo standard output. Elimina i file solo se è specificato --remove (-u). È predefinito non farlo perché è normale operare su file di dispositivi come /dev/hda, che normalmente non devono essere rimossi. Quando si opera su file regolari, la maggior parte delle persone usano l'opzione --remove. Se FILE non è specificato, usa %s. È comune usare %s come FILE. Se sono dati ARG1 e ARG2, è assunto -m: "am i" o "mom likes" sono comuni. Se FILE è specificato, viene letto per determinare quali colori usare per i diversi tipi di file ed estensioni. Altrimenti è usato un database precompilato. Per conoscere i dettagli sul formato di questi file, eseguire «dircolors --print-database». Se PRIMO o INCREMENTO sono omessi, il valore predefinito è 1. Cioè, se INCREMENTO è omesso, è predefinito a 1 anche se ULTIMO è più piccolo di PRIMO. PRIMO, ULTIMO e INCREMENTO sono interpretati come valori in virgola mobile. INCREMENTO è normalmente positivo se PRIMO è minore di ULTIMO, e INCREMENTO è normalmente negativo se PRIMO è maggiore di ULTIMO. Se MODE è "0" non sarà eseguito il buffering sul flusso corrispondente. Se MODO è "L" verrà eseguito il buffering sul flusso corrispondente. L'opzione non è valida per lo standard input. Se un FILE corrisponde a -, effettua una nuova copia sullo standard output. Se sono applicabili sia il primo che il secondo formato di chiamata, si assume il secondo se l'ultimo operando inizia con un + o (se ci sono due operandi) con una cifra. Un operando OFFSET significa -j OFFSET. ETICH è il pseudo-indirizzo al primo byte stampato, incrementato quando il dump è in corso. Per OFFSET e ETICH, un prefisso 0x o 0X significa esadecimale; i suffissi possono essere . per ottale e b per multipli di 512. Se non è dato alcun comando, esegue «${SHELL} -i» (predefinita: /bin/sh). Se lo standard input è un terminale, lo redirige da /dev/null. Se lo standard output è un terminale, appende l'output a «nohup.out» se possibile, altrimenti a «$HOME/nohup.out». Se lo standard error è un terminale, lo redirige sullo standard output. Per salvare l'output su un FILE, usare «%s COMANDO > FILE». Se scade il tempo del comando, allora esce con lo stato 124, altrimenti esce con lo stato di COMANDO. Se non è specificato alcun segnale, è inviato il segnale TERM. Il segnale TERM uccide ogni processo che non blocca o cattura questo segnale. Per altri processi, può essere necessario usare il segnale KILL (9), dato che questo segnale non può essere catturato. Se il primo carattere di K (il numero di byte o righe) è un "+", stampa iniziando con il K-esimo elemento dall'inizio di ciascun file, altrimenti stampa gli ultimi K elementi nel file. K può avere un suffisso moltiplicativo: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, e così via per T, P, E, Z, Y. Impostazioni dell'input: [-]brkint i break causano un segnale di interrupt [-]icrnl converte i ritorno carrello in ritorno a capo [-]ignbrk ignora i caratteri di break [-]igncr ignora i ritorno carrello K può avere un suffisso moltiplicatore: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, e così via per T, P, E, Z, Y. Licenza GPLv3+: GNU GPL versione 3 o successive Questo è software libero: è possibile modificarlo e ridistribuirlo. Non c'è ALCUNA GARANZIA, nei limiti permessi dalla legge. Impostazioni locali: [-]crterase fa l'echo dei caratteri di erase come backspace-spazio-backspace * crtkill cancella tutte le righe obbedendo alle impostazioni echoprt e echoe * -crtkill cancella tutte le righe obbedendo alle impostazioni echoctl e echok NOTA: Se COMANDO aggiusta il buffering dei suoi flussi standard («tee» per esempio) allora verranno ignorate le impostazioni corrispondenti cambiate da «stdbuf». Inoltre alcuni filtri (come «dd», «cat» etc.) non usano i flussi per l'I/O, e così non sono interessati dalle impostazioni di «stdbuf». NOTA: [ gestisce le opzioni --help e --version, ma test no. test le gestisce come se trattasse qualsiasi altra STRINGA non vuota. NOTA: la shell può avere la sua versione di %s che di solito sostituisce la versione descritta qui. Fare riferimento alla documentazione della shell per i dettagli sulle opzioni supportate. Notare che le opzioni -d e -t accettano differenti formati di orario e data. Notare che le opzioni -r e -s sono mutualmente esclusive. Notare che i confronti rispettano le regole specificate da "LC_COLLATE". Nota: «uniq» non trova righe ripetute a meno che non siano adiacenti. Si consiglia di ordinare prima l'input o di usare «sort -u» senza «uniq». Inoltre, i confronti rispettano le regole specificate da "LC_COLLATE". Un - opzionale prima di un'IMPOSTAZIONE indica la negazione. Un * indica le impostazioni non POSIX. Il sistema sottostante definisce quali impostazioni sono disponibili. Altrimenti MODO è un numero che può essere seguito da uno dei seguenti suffissi: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, e così via per G, T, P, E, Z e Y. In questo caso l'operazione di buffering del flusso corrispondente verrà fatta con un buffer di dimensione MODO byte. Impostazioni dell'output: * bsN stile del ritardo di backspace, N in [0..1] * crN stile del ritardo del ritorno carrello, N in [0..3] * ffN stile del ritardo dell'avanzamento pagina, N in [0..1] * nlN stile del ritardo del ritorno a capo, N in [0..1] Il proprietario resta immutato se mancante. Il gruppo resta immutato se mancante, ma cambiato al gruppo di accesso se reso implicito da un ":" che segue un PROPRIETARIO simbolico. PROPRIETARIO e GRUPPO possono essere sia numerici che simbolici. POS equivale a F[.C][OPZ], dove F è il numero del campo e C la posizione del carattere nel campo; entrambi hanno origine in 1. Se sia -t che -b non sono attivi i caratteri nel campo vengono contati dall'inizio dello spazio bianco precedente. OPZ rappresenta una o più opzioni di ordinamento a lettera singola che rimpiazzano le opzioni di ordinamento globali per quella chiave. Se non è fornita alcuna chiave è usata l'intera linea come chiave. DIM può essere seguita dai seguenti suffissi moltiplicativi: Stampa sullo standard output il valore dell'ESPRESSIONE. Qui sotto, una riga vuota separa gruppi di operatori con precedenza crescente. ESPRESSIONE può essere: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 se non è nullo o 0, altrimenti ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 se nessun argomento è nullo o 0, altrimenti 0 RADICE è d per decimale, o per ottale, x per esadecimale o n per nulla. BYTE è esadecimale con il prefisso 0x or 0X, e può avere un suffisso moltiplicatore: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, e così via per T, P, E, Z, Y. Aggiungendo un suffisso z a ogni tipo mostra i caratteri stampabili alla fine di ciascuna riga di output. Legge da standard input se FILE è -. Ogni MODELLO può essere: Segnalare i bug di %s a <%s> Segnalare i bug a: <%s> Segnalare i bug di traduzione a: I SET sono specificati come stringhe di caratteri. La maggior parte rappresentano loro stessi. Le sequenze interpretate sono: \NNN carattere con valore ottale NNN (da 1 a 3 cifre ottali) \\ backslash \a beep udibile \b backspace \f avanzamento pagina \n nuova riga \r ritorno a capo \t tabulazione orizzontale SEGNALE può essere il nome di un segnale come "HUP" o il numero di un segnale come "1" oppure lo stato di uscita di un processo terminato da un segnale. PID è un intero; se è negativo indica un gruppo di processi. DIM è un numero. Se TIPO è tra doux, DIM può anche essere C per sizeof(char), S per sizeof(short), I per sizeof(int) oppure L per sizeof(long). Se TIPO è f, DIM può essere F per sizeof(float), D per sizeof(double) o L per sizeof(long double). DIM può anche avere come prefisso uno dei seguenti caratteri di modifica: "+" esteso di, "-" ridotto di, "<" al più, ">" almeno, "/" arrotondato in difetto a multipli di, "%" arrotondato in eccesso a multipli di. DIM può essere uno dei seguenti (o opzionalmente un intero seguito da): KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, e così via per G, T, P, E, Z e Y. Mandando un segnale %s ad un processo di «dd» attivo vengono mostrate statistiche di I/O sullo standard error; in seguito verrà ripresa la copia. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 record in 18335302+0 record out 9387674624 byte (9,4 GB) copiati, 34,6279 s, 271 MB/s Le opzioni sono: Caratteri speciali: * dsusp CAR CAR invierà un segnale di stop del terminale dopo il flush dell'input eof CAR CAR invierà un fine file (termina l'input) eol CAR CAR terminerà la riga Impostazioni speciali: N imposta a N baud le velocità di input e output * cols N dice al kernel che il terminale ha N colonne * columns N come cols N TIPO è composto di una o più di queste specifiche: a carattere con nome, ignorando il bit più alto c carattere ASCII o protetto da backslash Il suffisso dei backup è "~", a meno che sia impostato con --suffix oppure SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. Il metodo di controllo di versione può essere scelto con l'opzione --backup o la variabile di ambiente VERSION_CONTROL. I valori sono: I dati sono codificati come descritto nella RFC 3548 per l'alfabeto base64. In fase di decodifica, l'input può contenere caratteri di fine riga in aggiunta ai byte di un formale alfabeto base64. Usare --ignore-garbage per tentare di continuare dopo altri byte non alfabetici nel flusso codificato. Le seguenti tre opzioni risultano utili solo quando si verificano i codici di controllo: --quiet non stampa OK per ogni file verificato con successo --status non restituisce nulla, il codice di stato mostra il successo -w, --warn avvisa della formattazione errata delle righe del codice di controllo Le somme sono calcolate come descritto in %s. Durante il controllo, l'input deve essere un precedente output di questo programma. La modalità predefinita è stampare una riga con il codice di controllo, un carattere indicante il tipo ("*" per binario, " " per testo) e il nome per ogni FILE. Sequenze di formato valido per i file (senza --file-system): %a Diritti di accesso in ottale %A Diritti di accesso in formato leggibile %b Numero di blocchi allocati (consultare %B) %B La dimensione in byte di ciascun blocco riportata da %b %C Stringa del contesto di sicurezza SELinux Questo programma di installazione copia i file (spesso appena compilati) nelle destinazioni scelte. Se si vuole scaricare e installare un pacchetto pronto all'uso su un sistema GNU/Linux, si dovrebbe usare un gestore di pacchetti come yum(1) o apt-get(1). Nelle prime tre forme, copia ORIGINE in DEST o ORIGINE multipli nella DIRECTORY esistente, impostando contemporaneamente i permessi e il proprietario/gruppo. Nella quarta forma, crea tutti i componenti per ogni DIRECTORY indicata. Per rimuovere un file il cui nome inizia con "-", per esempio «-foo», usare uno di questi comandi: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Le specifiche di formato tradizionale possono essere mescolate e si sommano: -a come -t a, seleziona i caratteri con nome, ignorando il bit di ordine più alto -b come -t o1, seleziona byte ottali -c come -t c, seleziona caratteri ASCII o protetti da backslash -d come -t u2, seleziona unità da due byte decimali senza segno La traduzione avviene se non è dato -d e sono presenti sia SET1 che SET2. -t può essere usato solo quando si traduce. SET2 è esteso alla lunghezza di SET1 ripetendo il suo ultimo carattere quando necessario. I caratteri di SET2 in eccesso sono ignorati. È garantita l'espansione in ordine crescente solo con [:lower:] e [:upper:]; usati in SET2 durante la traduzione, possono solo essere impiegati in coppie per specificare la conversione maiuscolo-minuscolo. -s usa SET1 se non traduce e non cancella; altrimenti la compressione usa SET2 e si verifica dopo la traduzione o la cancellazione. Usare uno solo tra -b, -c o -f. Ogni LISTA è costituita da un intervallo unico o da più intervalli separati da virgole. I dati selezionati in ingresso sono scritti soltanto una volta nello stesso ordine in cui sono letti. L'uso dei colori per distingure i tipi di file è disabilitato sia in modo predefinito che con --color=never. Con --color=auto, ls emette i codici di colore solo se lo standard output è connesso a un terminale. La variabile di ambiente LS_COLORS può cambiare queste impostazioni. Usare il comando dircolors per impostarla. Se FILE non è specificato o se FILE è -, legge lo standard input. «-F /» è il predefinito. Senza FILE, o quando FILE è -, legge lo standard input. Senza opzioni, genera un output a tre colonne. La prima colonna contiene le righe presenti solo nel FILE1, la seconda contiene le righe presenti solo nel FILE2, e la terza contiene le righe comuni ad entrambi i file. Senza alcuna OPZIONE, stampa alcune utili informazioni identificative. Scrive una rappresentazione non ambigua, in modo predefinito in byte ottali, di FILE sullo standard output. Con più di un argomento FILE, li concatena nell'ordine elencato per formare l'input. Senza FILE, o quando FILE è -, legge lo standard input. ??? --backup=[CONTROL] fa un backup di ogni file di destinazione esistente -b come --backup ma non accetta argomenti -f, --force sovrascrive le destinazioni esistenti senza chiedere -i, --interactive chiede prima di sovrascrivere -n, --no-clobber non sovrascrive un file esistente Se viene specificato più di uno tra -i, -f, -n, solo l'ultimo ha effetto. --backup[=CONTROL] fa il backup di ogni file di destinazione esistente -b come --backup ma non accetta un argomento -d, -F, --directory permette al superutente di creare collegamenti fisici alle directory (nota: per restrizioni di sistema, può fallire anche ai superuser) -f, --force rimuove i file di destinazione esistenti --backup=[CONTROL] fa un backup di ogni file di destinazione esistente -b come --backup ma non accetta un argomento -c (ignorato) -C, --compare confronta ogni coppia di file sorgente e destinazione e, in alcuni casi, non modifica la destinazione -d, --directory tratta tutti gli argomenti come nomi di directory; crea tutti i componenti delle directory specificate --batch-size=NUM unisce al massimo NUM input contemporaneamente; per un numero maggiore usare file temporanei --block-size=DIM usa blocchi lunghi DIM byte. Consultare il formato di DIM in basso -B, --ignore-backups non elenca le voci che terminano con ~ -c con -lt: mostra e ordina secondo il ctime (ora di modifica delle informazioni di stato del file) con -l: mostra il ctime e ordina secondo il nome altrimenti: ordina secondo il ctime --complement complementa l'insieme dei byte, caratteri o campi selezionati --files0-from=F legge l'input dai file specificati dai nomi nel file F (terminati con NUL); se F è -, legge i nomi dallo standard input -L, --max-line-length stampa la lunghezza della riga più lunga -w, --words stampa il numero di parole --files0-from=F riassume l'uso del disco dei file specificati nel file F (terminati con NUL); se F è -, legge i nomi dallo standard input -H equivalente a --dereference-args (-D) -h, --human-readable stampa le dimensioni in formato leggibile (es.: 1K 234M 2G) --si come -h, ma usa potenze di 1000 non 1024 --group-directories-first raggruppa le directory prima dei file. Più efficace con un'opzione --sort, ma l'uso di --sort=none (-U) disabilita il raggruppamento --help mostra questo aiuto ed esce --indicator-style=TIPO accoda ai nomi delle voci l'indicatore con lo stile TIPO: none (predefinito), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode stampa il numero d'indice di ogni file -I, --ignore=MODELLO non elenca le voci corrispondenti al MODELLO della shell -k come --block-size=1K -l, --lookup cerca di canonicalizzare i nomi host con il DNS -m solo il nome host e l'utente associato a stdin -p, --process stampa i processi attivi figli di init --no-preserve-root non tratta "/" in modo speciale --preserve-root non rimuove "/" (predefinito) -r, -R, --recursive rimuove ricorsivamente le directory e i loro contenuti -v, --verbose spiega cosa sta facendo --no-preserve-root non considera "/" in modo speciale (predefinito) --preserve-root fallisce operando ricorsivamente su "/" --no-preserve-root non considera "/" in modo speciale (predefinito) --preserve-root fallisce operando ricorsivamente su "/" --no-preserve=ELENCO_ATTR non conserva gli attributi specificati --parents utilizza il nome completo della sorgente sotto DIRECTORY --one-file-system quando rimuove ricorsivamente una gerarchia, salta ogni directory che è su un file system differente da quello indicato dall'argomento corrispondente della riga di comando --pid=PID con -f, termina dopo che termina il processo PID -q, --quiet, --silent non stampa mai le intestazioni fornendo i nomi dei file --retry continua a provare ad aprire un file anche se è inaccessibile quando inizia il tail o se lo diventa successivamente; utile se seguito da un nome, per esempio, con --follow=nome --preserve-context preserva il contesto di sicurezza SELinux -Z, --context=CONTEXT imposta il contesto di sicurezza SELinux di file e directory --reference=RFILE usa il contesto di sicurezza di RFILE invece di specificare un valore CONTESTO -R, --recursive opera ricorsivamente su file e directory -v, --verbose mostra una diagnostica per ogni file elaborato --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC stampa data e ora nel formato RFC 3339. TIMESPEC="date", "seconds", o "ns" per indicare la precisione di data e ora. I componenti di data e ora sono separati da un singolo spazio: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=STRINGA imposta l'ora indicata da STRINGA -u, --utc, --universal stampa o imposta il Tempo Coordinato Universale (UTC) --sort=CHIAVE ordina secondo la CHIAVE: numerico generale -g, numerico umano -h, mese -M, numerico -n, casuale -R, versione -V -V, --version-sort ordina naturalmente secondo i numeri (di versione) nel testo --strip-trailing-slashes rimuove gli slash dalla fine di ogni argomento ORIGINE -S, --suffix=SUFFISSO cambia il normale suffisso dei backup --suffix=SUFF appende SUFF al MODELLO. SUFF non deve contenere slash. Questa opzione è implicita se MODELLO non termina con X. --time mostra l'orario dell'ultima modifica di ogni file nella directory, o in ogni sua sottodirectory --time=TIPO mostra l'orario come TIPO invece dell'orario di modifica: atime, access, use, ctime o status --time-style=STILE mostra l'orario usando lo stile STILE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMATO FORMATO è interpretato come «date» --time-style=STILE con -l mostra gli orari usando lo STILE specificato: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMATO. FORMATO è interpretato come da "date"; se è FORMATO1FORMATO2, FORMATO1 è applicato ai file non recenti e FORMATO2 a quelli recenti; se STILE ha il prefisso "posix-" avrà effetto solo fuori dal locale POSIX --verbose stampa una diagnostica prima dell'apertura di ciascun file di output --version stampa le informazioni sulla versione ed esce --all stampa il numero dei processori installati --ignore=N se possibile, esclude N unità di processamento Dim. Usati Disp. Uso% Inode IUsati ILib. IUso% Dim. Usati Disp. Uso% -evenp come -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase come xcase iuclc olcuc litout come -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout come parenb istrip opost cs7 nl come -icrnl -onlcr -nl come icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb usa due bit di stop per carattere (uno con "-") [-]hup invia un signal di hangup quando l'ultimo processo chiude il tty [-]hupcl come [-]hup [-]parenb genera un bit di parità in output e aspetta un bit di parità in input [-]parodd imposta la parità dispari (pari con "-") [-]ignpar ignora i caratteri con errori di parità * [-]imaxbel fa un beep e non fa il flush su un carattere per un buffer di input completo [-]inlcr converte ritorno a capo in ritorno carrello [-]inpck abilita il controllo di parità sull'input [-]istrip azzera il bit più alto (l'ottavo) dei caratteri di input [-]isig abilita i caratteri speciali interrupt, quit, e suspend [-]noflsh disabilita il flushing dopo i caratteri speciali di interrupt e quit * [-]prterase come [-]echoprt * [-]tostop ferma i processi in background che provano a scrivere sul terminale * [-]xcase con icanon, fa l'escape con "\" per i caratteri maiuscoli cooked come brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, i caratteri eof e eol ai loro valori predefiniti -cooked come raw crt come echoe echoctl echoke dec come echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq come [-]ixany ek caratteri di erase e kill ai loro valori predefiniti evenp come parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N imposta a N la velocità di input * line N usa la disciplina di linea N min N con -icanon, imposta a N il mimimo dei caratteri per una lettura completa ospeed N imposta a N la velocità di output oddp come parenb parodd cs7 -oddp come -parenb cs8 [-]parity come [-]evenp pass8 come -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 come parenb istrip cs7 raw come -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw come cooked sane come cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke, tutti i caratteri speciali ai loro valori predefiniti stop CAR CAR fermerà l'output susp CAR CAR invierà il segnale di stop del terminale * swtch CAR CAR passerà ad un diverso livello di shell * werase CAR CAR cancellerà l'ultima parola digitata %% un unico % %b ARGOMENTO è una stringa con le sequenze di escape "\" interpretate, tranne le sequenze di escape ottali che sono della forma \0 o \0NNN e tutte le specifiche di formato C che finiscono con uno dei caratteri diouxXfeEgGcs, con gli ARGOMENTI convertiti prima nel tipo appropriato. Sono gestite le dimensioni variabili. %A nome localizzato completo del giorno della settimana (es.: domenica) %b nome localizzato abbreviato del mese (es.: gen) %B nome localizzato completo del mese (es.: gennaio) %c data e orario localizzate (es.: gio 3 mar 2005 12:02:33 CET) %C secolo; come %Y, tranne che sono omesse le ultime due cifre (es.: 20) %d giorno del mese (es.: 01) %D data; equivalente a %m/%d/%y %e giorno del mese, con spazi; equivalente a %_d %F data in formato completo; equivalente a %Y-%m-%d %g le ultime due cifre dell'anno del numero ISO della settimana (consultare %G) %G anno del numero ISO della settimana (consultare %V); in genere utile solo con %V %S secondi (00..60) %t un tabulatore orizzontale %T ora; come %H:%M:%S %u giorno della settimana (1..7); 1 rappresenta lunedì %U numero della settimana dell'anno con domenica come primo giorno della settimana (00..53) %V numero della settimana ISO con lunedì come primo giorno della settimana (01..53) %w giorno della settimana (0..6); 0 rappresenta domenica %W numero della settimana dell'anno con lunedì come primo giorno della settimana (00..53) %d Numero del device in decimale %D Numero del device in esadecimale %f Modo grezzo in esadecimale %F Tipo di file %g Id del gruppo del proprietario %G Nome del gruppo del proprietario %h Numero di collegamenti fisici %i Numero dell'inode %n Nome del file %N Nome del file protetto e dereferenziato se è un collegamento simbolico %o Dimensioni dei blocchi di IO %s Dimensioni totali, in byte %T Minor number del device in esadecimale %t Major number del device in esadecimale %h come %b %H ora (00..23) %I ora (01..12) %j giorno dell'anno (001..366) %i Id del file system in esadecimale %l Lunghezza massima dei nomi dei file %n Nome del file %s Dimensione dei blocchi (per trasferimenti veloci) %S Dimensione del blocco fondamentale (per il conteggio dei blocchi) %t Tipo in esadecimale %T Tipo in formato leggibile %k ora ( 0..23) %l ora ( 1..12) %m mese (01..12) %M minuto (00..59) %n un ritorno a capo %N nanosecondi (000000000..999999999) %p indicatore AM o PM localizzato; vuoto se non noto %P come %p, ma minuscolo %r orario localizzato, 12-ore (es.: 11:11:04 PM) %R ora, 24-ore; equivalente a %H:%M %s secondi passati dalle 00:00:00 del 1 gen 1970 %U Nome utente del proprietario %u Id utente del proprietario %x Orario dell'ultimo accesso %X Orario dell'ultimo accesso in secondi dall'Epoca %y Orario dell'ultima modifica %Y Orario dell'ultima modifica in secondi dall'Epoca %z Orario dell'ultimo cambiamento %Z Orario dell'ultimo cambiamento in secondi dall'Epoca %x rappresentazione localizzata della data (es.: 31/12/99) %X rappresentazione localizzata dell'orario (es.: 23:13:48) %y ultime due cifre dell'anno (00..99) %Y anno %z +hhmm fuso orario numerico (es: -0400) %:z +hh:mm fuso orario numerico (es: -04:00) %::z +hh:mm:ss fuso orario numerico (es: -04:00:00) %:::z fuso orario numerico con : per la precisione necessaria (es: -04, +05:30) %Z abbreviazione del fuso orario alfabetico (es: EDT) In modo predefinito, date riempie i campi numerici con zeri. + TOKEN interpreta TOKEN come una stringa anche se è una parola chiave come "match" o un operatore come "/" ( ESPRESSIONE ) valore dell'ESPRESSIONE --output-delimiter=STR separa le colonne con STR --userspec=UTENTE:GRUPPO specifica l'id o il nome dell'utente e del gruppo da usare --groups=LISTA_G specifica i gruppi supplementari come g1,g2,..,gN -0, --null termina ogni riga con il byte 0 invece del ritorno a capo -A, --address-radix=RADICE decide come gli offset del file sono stampati -j, --skip-bytes=BYTE salta BYTE input prima -A, --auto-reference stampa i riferimenti generati automaticamente -G, --traditional si comporta come il «ptx di System V» -F, --flag-truncation=STRINGA usa STRINGA per indicare il troncamento di riga -B, --block-size=DIM usa blocchi di DIM byte -b, --bytes equivalente a "--apparent-size --block-size=1" -c, --total genera un totale complessivo -D, --dereference-args dereferenzia solo i collegamenti simbolici che sono elencati sulla riga di comando -C elenca le voci per colonne --color[=QUANDO] colora l'output. QUANDO è predefinito ad "always" o può essere "never" o "auto". Maggiori informazioni in basso -d, --directory elenca le voci di directory invece del contenuto, e non segue i collegamenti simbolici -D, --dired genera un output adatto al modo dired di Emacs -D crea tutti i componenti di DEST tranne l'ultimo, poi copia ORIGINE in DEST -g, --group=GRUPPO imposta il gruppo proprietario, invece del gruppo del processo corrente -m, --mode=PERMESSI imposta i PERMESSI (come in chmod) invece di rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=PROPRIETARIO imposta il PROPRIETARIO (solo per il superuser) -D, --date-format=FORMATO usa FORMATO per l'intestazione della data -e[CAR[LARGH]], --expand-tabs[=CAR[LARGH]] espande i CAR (TAB) in input in tabulatori di larghezza LARGH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed usa i caratteri di avanzamento di pagina invece dei ritorno a capo per separare le pagine (con una intestazione di pagina di 3 righe con -F oppure con una intestazione di 5 righe e trailer senza -F) -G, --no-group con l'elenco lungo non stampa i nomi dei gruppi -h, --human-readable con -l, stampa le dimensioni in formato leggibile (es.: 1K 234M 2G) --si similmente, ma usa multipli di 1000, non 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line segue i collegamenti simbolici elencati sulla riga di comando --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir segue ciascun collegamento simbolico nella riga di comando che punta a una directory --hide=MODELLO non elenca le voci corrispondenti al MODELLO della shell (annullato da -a o -A) -I chiede una volta prima di rimuovere più di tre file, o quando rimuove ricorsivamente. Meno intrusivo di -i, ma fornisce ancora protezione contro la maggior parte degli errori --interactive[=QUANDO] chiede secondo QUANDO: mai, una volta (-I), o sempre (-i). Senza QUANDO, chiede sempre -L FILE FILE esiste ed è un collegamento simbolico (come -h) -O FILE FILE esiste ed è posseduto dall'id utente efficace -p FILE FILE esiste ed è una pipe con nome -r FILE FILE esiste ed è leggibile -s FILE FILE esiste ed ha dimensione maggiore di zero -L, --dereference dereferenzia tutti i collegamenti simbolici -P, --no-dereference non segue nessun collegamento simbolico (predefinito) -0, --null termina ogni riga di output con il byte 0 anziché il ritorno a capo -S, --separate-dirs non include la dimensione delle sottodirectory -s, --summarize mostra solo il totale di ogni argomento -L, --logical usa PWD dall'ambiente, anche se contiene collegamenti simbolici -P, --physical evita tutti i collegamenti simbolici -M, --macro-name=STRINGA nome della macro da usare invece di «xx» -O, --format=roff genera l'output come direttive roff -R, --right-side-refs mette i riferimenti a destra, non contati in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP per fine riga o fine frase -T, --format=tex genera l'output come direttive TeX -N, --read-bytes=BYTE limita il dump alla lettura di BYTE byte -S, --strings[=BYTE] stampa stringhe di almeno BYTE caratteri grafici -t, --format=TIPO imposta il formato o i formati di uscita -v, --output-duplicates non usa * per segnalare la rimozione di una riga -w, --width[=BYTE] stampa BYTE byte per ogni riga di uscita --traditional accetta gli argomenti nella forma tradizionale -P, --portability usa il formato di output POSIX --sync fa sync prima di recuperare le informazioni sull'uso -t, --type=TIPO limita l'elenco ai file system di tipo TIPO -T, --print-type stampa il tipo di file system -x, --exclude-type=TIPO limita l'elenco ai file system non di tipo TIPO -v (ignorato) -S ordina secondo le dimensioni dei file --sort=TIPO ordina per TIPO invece che per nome: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=TIPO con -l, usa il TIPO di orario invece che quello di modifica: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, o status -c; se --sort=time usa l'orario specificato come chiave di ordinamento -S FILE FILE esiste ed è un socket -t [FD] il file descriptor FD è aperto su un terminale -u FILE FILE esiste ed ha il proprio bit set-user-ID impostato -w FILE FILE esiste ed è scrivibile -x FILE FILE esiste ed è eseguibile o ricercabile -S, --suffix=SUFFISSO cambia il normale suffisso di backup -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specifica la DIRECTORY in cui creare i collegamenti -T, --no-target-directory tratta NOME_COLL come un file normale -v, --verbose stampa il nome di ciascun file collegato -SSTRINGA, --sep-string[=STRINGA] separa le colonne con STRINGA, senza -S: Separatore predefinito «TAB» con -J e «spazio» altrimenti (lo stesso di -S" "), nessun effetto sulle opzioni delle colonne -t, --omit-header omette intestazioni e piè di pagina -T, --omit-pagination omette intestazioni e piè di pagina, elimina qualsiasi impaginazione dai caratteri di avanzamento pagina impostati nei file in input -v, --show-nonprinting usa la notazione ottale per il backslash -w, --width=LARGH_PAG imposta la larghezza della pagina a LARGH_PAG (72) caratteri solo per output multipli testo-colonna, -s[char] la disattiva (72) -T, -w, --mesg aggiunge lo stato dei messaggi dell'utente come +, - o ? -u, --users elenca gli utenti collegati --message come -T --writable come -T -W, --page-width=LARGH_PAG imposta la larghezza della pagina sempre su LARGH_PAG (72) caratteri, tronca le righe, a meno che sia impostata l'opzione -J, non interferisce con -S o -s -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP usa REGEXP per trovare ogni parola chiave -b, --break-file=FILE caratteri di separazione delle parole in questo FILE -f, --ignore-case cambia minuscole in maiuscole per l'ordinamento -g, --gap-size=NUMERO dimensione dello spazio fra le colonne tra i campi in output -i, --ignore-file=FILE legge la lista delle parole da ignorare da FILE -o, --only-file=FILE legge la liste delle parole da considerare da questo FILE -Z, --context=CTX imposta il contesto di sicurezza SELinux di NOME in CTX -Z, --context=CTX imposta il contesto di sicurezza SELinux di ciascun NOME in CTX -a cambia solo l'orario di accesso -c, --no-create non crea alcun file -d, --date=STRINGA usa STRINGA invece che l'orario attuale -f (ignorato) -a, --across stampa le colonne orizzontalmente invece che verticalmente, usato con -COLONNE -c, --show-control-chars usa la notazione con l'accento circonflesso (^G) e la notazione ottale con il backslash -d, --double-space raddoppia l'interlinea nell'output -a, --all include i file system lunghi 0 blocchi (dummy) -B, --block-size=DIM usa blocchi lunghi DIM byte --total produce il totale complessivo -h, --human-readable stampa le dimensioni in formato leggibile (es.: 1K, 234M, 2G) -H, --si similmente, ma usa multipli di 1000 invece che di 1024 -a, --all scrive il valore per tutti i file, non solo le directory --apparent-size stampa le dimensioni apparenti, invece dell'utilizzo del disco; anche se la dimensione apparente è di solito più piccola, può essere più grande per buchi nei file ("sparsi"), frammentazione interna, blocchi indiretti e simili. -a, --all converte tutti gli spazi invece di convertire solo quelli iniziali --first-only converte solo le sequenze iniziali di spazi (prevale sul -a) -t, --tabs=N imposta i tabulatori ogni N caratteri invece di 8 (abilita -a) -t, --tabs=LISTA usa una LISTA di posizioni di tabulazione separate da virgola (abilita -a) -a, --archive come -dR --preserve=all --backup[=TIPO] fa il backup di ogni file di destinazione esistente -b come --backup ma non accetta un argomento --copy-contents quando agisce ricorsivamente copia il contenuto dei file speciali -d come --no-dereference --preserve=links -a, --suffix-length=N usa suffissi di lunghezza N (predefinito %d) -b, --bytes=DIM mette DIM byte per file di output -C, --line-bytes=DIM mette al massimo DIM byte di righe per file di output -d, --numeric-suffixes usa suffissi numerici invece che alfabetici -l, --lines=NUMERO mette NUMERO righe per file di output -b, --before aggiunge il separatore prima anziché dopo -r, --regex interpreta il separatore come espressione regolare -s, --separator=STRINGA utilizza STRINGA come separatore anziché il carattere di ritorno a capo -b, --binary legge in modalità binaria -b, --binary legge in modalità binaria (predefinito se non si legge dal tty stdin) -b, --body-numbering=STILE usa STILE per numerare le righe del corpo -d, --section-delimiter=CC usa CC per separare le pagine logiche -f, --footer-numbering=STILE usa STILE per numerare le righe dei piè di pagina -b, --bytes conta i byte invece delle colonne -s, --spaces interrompe se si incontrano spazi -w, --width=LARG usa LARG colonne invece 80 -b, --bytes=LISTA seleziona solo questi byte -c, --characters=LISTA seleziona solo questi caratteri -d, --delimiter=DELIM usa DELIM invece di TAB come delimitatore di campo -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignora gli spazi iniziali -d, --dictionary-order considera solo spazi e caratteri alfanumerici -f, --ignore-case converte i caratteri minuscoli in maiuscoli -b, --suffix-format=FORMATO usa il FORMATO come in sprintf invece di %02d -f, --prefix=PREFISSO usa PREFISSO invece di "xx" -k, --keep-files non rimuove i file di uscita in caso di errori -c, --bytes=K stampa gli ultimi K byte; alternativamente, usare -c +K per stampare i byte che iniziano con il K-esimo di ciascun file -c, --bytes=[-]K stampa i primi K byte di ogni file; con "-", li stampa tutti a parte gli ultimi K byte di ogni file -n, --lines=[-]K stampa le prime K righe invece delle prime 10; con "-", le stampa tutte a parte le ultime K di ogni file -c, --check legge le somme %s dai FILE e le controlla -c, --check, --check=diagnose-first controlla se l'input è ordinato; non ordina -C, --check=quiet, --check=silent come -c, ma non segnala la prima riga errata --compress-program=PROG comprime i file temporanei con PROG; li decomprime con PROG -d --files0-from=F legge l'input dai file specificati dai nomi nel file F (terminati con NUL); se F è -, legge i nomi dallo standard input -c, --count mostra il numero di occorrenze all'inizio di ogni riga -d, --repeated stampa solo le righe duplicate -c, --crown-margin mantiene il rientro delle prime due righe -p, --prefix=STRINGA riformatta solo le righe che iniziano con STRINGA, inserendo il prefisso alle righe riformattate -s, --split-only divide le righe lunghe, ma non le riempie nuovamente -c, --no-create non crea alcun file -d, --delimiters=LISTA riutilizza i caratteri da LISTA invece dei TABulatori -s, --serial incolla un file alla volta invece che in parallelo -d, --directory crea una directory, non un file -u, --dry-run non crea nulla; stampa solo un nome (insicuro) -q, --quiet sopprime la diagnostica su fallimenti di creazione file/dir -e abilita l'interpretazione dei caratteri protetti da backslash -E disabilita l'interpretazione dei caratteri protetti da backslash (predefinito) -e abilita l'interpretazione dei caratteri protetti da backslash(predefinito) -E disabilita l'interpretazione dei caratteri protetti da backslash -e, --echo tratta ciascun ARG come riga di input -i, --input-range=BASSO-ALTO tratta ciascun numero da BASSO ad ALTO come riga di input -n, --head-count=RIGHE mostra al più RIGHE righe -o, --output=FILE scrive i risultati in FILE invece dello standard output --random-source=FILE prende byte casuali da FILE -z, --zero-terminated termina le righe con il byte 0, non con il ritorno a capo -f non ordina, abilita -aU, disabilita -ls --color -F, --classify accoda un indicatore alle voci (uno tra */=>@|) --file-type similmente ma non accoda "*" --format=TIPO across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time come -l --time-style=full-iso -f omette l'intestazione delle colonne nel formato breve -w omette il nome completo dell'utente nel formato breve -i omette il nome completo e l'host remoto nel formato breve -q omette il nome completo, l'host remoto e il tempo di inattività nel formato breve -f come -t fF, seleziona numeri in virgola mobile -i come -t dI, seleziona interi decimali -l come -t dL, seleziona decimali lunghi -o come -t o2, seleziona unità da 2 byte ottali -s come -t d2, seleziona unità da 2 byte decimali -x come -t x2, seleziona unità da 2 byte esadecimali -f FILE FILE esiste ed è un file regolare -g FILE FILE esiste ed è set-group-ID -G FILE FILE esiste ed è posseduto dall'id di gruppo efficace -h FILE FILE esiste ed è un collegamento simbolico (come -L) -k FILE FILE esiste ed ha il suo sticky bit impostato -f, --canonicalize mette in forma canonica seguendo ogni collegamento simbolico ricorsivamente su ogni componente del nome dato; tranne l'ultimo componente, tutti devono esistere -e, --canonicalize-existing mette in forma canonica seguendo ogni collegamento simbolico ricorsivamente su ogni componente del nome dato; tutti i componenti devono esistere -f, --fields=LISTA seleziona solo questi campi; inoltre stampa qualsiasi riga che non contiene alcun carattere delimitatore, a meno che non sia specificata l'opzione -s -n (ignorato) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] aggiunge dati di output man mano che il file cresce; -f, --follow, e --follow=descriptor sono equivalenti -F identico a --follow=name --retry -f, --force se non è possibile aprire un file di destinazione esistente, lo rimuove e riprova (ridondante se è usata l'opzione -n) -i, --interactive chiede prima di sovrascrivere (prevale su una precedente opzione -n) -H segue i collegamenti simbolici sulla riga di comando in ORIGINE -f, --force se necessario cambia i permessi per permettere la scrittura -n, --iterations=N sovrascrive N volte invece che le %d predefinite --random-source=FILE prende i byte casuali da FILE -s, --size=N distrugge solo N byte (sono accettati suffissi come K, M e G) -f, --silent, --quiet nasconde molti messaggi d'errore -v, --verbose mostra una diagnostica per ogni file elaborato --reference=RFILE utilizza il modo di RFILE anziché i valori di MODE -R, --recursive cambia i file e le cartelle ricorsivamente -f, --silent, --quiet sopprime la maggior parte dei messaggi di errore --reference=RFILE usa il gruppo di RFILE piuttosto che specificare GRUPPO -R, --recursive opera ricorsivamente su file e directory -v, --verbose mostra una diagnostica per ogni file elaborato -f, --silent, --quiet sopprime la maggior parte dei messaggi di errore --reference=RFILE usa il proprietario e gruppo di RFILE piuttosto che specificare i valori PROPRIETARIO:GRUPPO -R, --recursive opera ricorsivamente su file e directory -v, --verbose mostra una diagnostica per ogni file elaborato -g come -l, ma non elenca il proprietario -g GID[,GID1...] imposta anche l'id di gruppo primario come il numero GID, e (se specificati) gli ID dei gruppi supplementari come GID1, ... -g, --general-numeric-sort confronta secondo il valore generale numerico -i, --ignore-nonprinting considera solo caratteri stampabili -M, --month-sort confronta (sconosciuto) < "GEN" < ... < "DIC" -h, --header-numbering=STILE usa STILE per numerare le righe di intestazione -i, --page-increment=NUMERO incrementa il numero di riga a ogni riga -l, --join-blank-lines=NUMERO un gruppo di NUMERO righe vuote viene contato come una -n, --number-format=FORMATO inserisce numeri di riga secondo FORMATO -p, --no-renumber non reimposta i numeri di riga alle pagine logiche -s, --number-separator=STRINGA aggiunge STRINGA dopo l'eventuale numero di riga -h, --header=INTESTAZIONE usa un'INTESTAZIONE centrata invece del nome del file nell'intestazione, -h "" stampa una riga vuota, non usare -h"" -i[CAR[LARGH]], --output-tabs[=CAR[LARGH]] sostituisce gli spazi con CAR (TAB) alla LARGHezza dei tabulatori (8) -J, --join-lines unisce righe complete, disattiva il troncamento della riga -W, non allinea le colonne, --sep-string[=STRINGA] imposta i separatori -h, --human-numeric-sort confronta numeri in formato leggibile umano (es.: 2K 1G) -h, --no-dereference agisce sui collegamenti simbolici invece che sui file a cui si riferiscono (utile solo sui sistemi che possono cambiare il proprietario di un collegamento simbolico) -h, --no-dereference agisce sui collegamenti simbolici invece che sui file a cui si riferiscono (utile solo sui sistemi che possono cambiare la data di un collegamento simbolico) -m cambia solo l'orario di modifica -i, --ignore-case ignora le differenze maiuscole/minuscole quando confronta i campi -j CAMPO equivalente a «-1 CAMPO -2 CAMPO» -o FORMATO rispetta il FORMATO mentre costruisce la riga di output -t CAR usa CAR come separatore dei campi di input e output -i, --initial non converte i tabulatori dopo caratteri che non sono spazi -t, --tabs=NUM converte i tabulatori in NUM spazi, non 8 -i, --inodes elenca informazioni sugli inode invece che sui blocchi -k come --block-size=1K -l, --local limita l'elenco ai file system locali --no-sync non fa sync prima di recuperare le informazioni (predefinito) -i, --interactive chiede se rimuovere le destinazioni -L, --logical crea collegamenti fisici direttamente da quelli simbolici -n, --no-dereference tratta la destinazione che è un collegamento simbolico a una directory come se fosse un file normale -P, --physical crea collegamenti fisici direttamente verso collegamenti simbolici -s, --symbolic crea collegamenti simbolici invece di collegamenti fisici -k come --block-size=1K -l, --count-links conta le dimensioni più volte se ci sono collegamenti fisici -m come --block-size=1M -k, --key=POS1[,POS2] inizia l'ordinamento da POS1 (inizia con 1) fino a POS2 (predefinito fine riga) -m, --merge unisce file già ordinati; non ordina -l usa un formato di elenco lungo -L, --dereference quando mostra le informazioni su un collegamento, simbolico, mostra le informazioni sul file a cui si riferisce invece che sul collegamento stesso -m elenca le voci separandole con virgole -l, --length=LUNGH_PAG imposta la lunghezza della pagina a LUNGH_PAG (66) righe (numero predefinito di righe di testo 56, e con -F 63) -m, --merge stampa tutti i file in parallelo, uno in ciascuna colonna, tronca le righe, ma unisce le righe di lunghezza piena con -J -l, --link crea i collegamenti dei file invece di copiarli -L, --dereference segue sempre i collegamenti simbolici in ORIGINE -l, --login stampa i processi di accesso del sistema -m, --canonicalize-missing mette in forma canonica seguendo ogni collegamento simbolico ricorsivamente su ogni componente del nome dato, senza requisiti sull'esistenza dei componenti -n, --no-newline non stampa il ritorno a capo finale -q, --quiet, -s, --silent elimina la maggior parte dei messaggi di errore -v, --verbose riporta i messaggi di errore -m, --mode=MODO imposta i bit dei permessi del file come MODO, non a=rw - umask -m, --mode=MODO imposta i permessi (come in chmod), non a=rwx - umask -p, --parents nessun errore se esiste, crea la directory padre se necessario -v, --verbose stampa un messaggio per ogni directory creata -Z, --context=CTX imposta il contesto di sicurezza SELinux di ciascuna directory creata a CTX -n, --digits=CIFRE utilizza il numero di cifre specificato invece di 2 -s, --quiet, --silent non stampa il conteggio delle dimensioni dei file di output -z, --elide-empty-files rimuove i file di output vuoti -n, --lines=K stampa le ultime K righe, invece delle ultime %d o usa -n +K per stampare le righe dalla K-esima --max-unchanged-stats=N con --follow=nome, riapre un FILE che non ha cambiato dimensione dopo N iterazioni (predefinite %d) per vedere se è stato rimosso o rinominato (questo è il caso normale dei file di log che ruotano) -n, --no-clobber non sovrascrive un file esistente (prevale su una precedente opzione -i) -P, --no-dereference non segue mai i collegamenti simbolici in ORIGINE -n, --numeric-sort confronta secondo il valore numerico delle stringhe -R, --random-sort ordina con un hash casuale di chiavi --random-source=FILE prende byte casuali da FILE -r, --reverse inverte il risultato dei confronti -n, --numeric-uid-gid come -l, ma elenca gli id utente e di gruppo -N, --literal stampa i nomi grezzi (es.: non tratta in modo speciale i caratteri di controllo) -o come -l, ma non elenca le informazioni sul gruppo -p, --indicator-style=slash appende / come indicatore alle directory -n[SEP[NUM]], --number-lines[=SEP[NUM]] numera le righe, usa NUM (5) cifre, poi SEP (TAB), il valore predefinito nella numerazione inizia con la prima riga del file in input -N, --first-line-number=NUMERO inizia la numerazione con NUMERO alla prima riga della prima pagina stampata (consultare +FIRST_PAGE) -o, --indent=MARGINE sposta ogni riga di MARGINE (zero) spazi, non influenza -w o -W, MARGINE sarà sommato a LARGH_PAG -r, --no-file-warnings omette l'avviso quando un file non può essere aperto -o, --output=FILE scrive i risultati in FILE invece dello standard output -s, --stable stabilizza sort disabilitando il confronto "last-resort" -S, --buffer-size=DIM usa DIM per il buffer della memoria principale -p come --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps --preserve[=LISTA_ATTR] preserva gli attributi specificati (predefinito: mode,ownership,timestamps), se possibile gli attributi addizionali: context, links, xattr, all -p DIR usa DIR come prefisso; implica -t [deprecato] -t interpreta MODELLO come una singola parte del nome di un file, relativo a una directory: $TMPDIR, se impostata, altrimenti la directory specificata con -p, altrimenti /tmp [deprecato] -p, --parents rimuove la DIRECTORY e i suoi ascendenti; per esempio, «rmdir -p a/b/c» è simile a «rmdir a/b/c a/b a». -v, --verbose mostra un diagnostico per ogni directory processata -p, --preserve-timestamps applica le date di accesso/modifica dei file di ORIGINE ai file di destinazione corrispondenti -s, --strip esegue lo strip delle tabelle dei simboli --strip-program=PROGR programma usato per eseguire lo strip dei file binari -S, --suffix=SUFF cambia il normale suffisso dei backup -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copia tutti gli argomenti ORIGINE in DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory tratta DEST come un file normale -v, --verbose stampa il nome di ogni directory creata -q, --count tutti i nomi di accesso e il numero di utenti connessi -r, --runlevel stampa il runlevel attuale -s, --short stampa solo il nome, la riga e l'orario (predefinito) -t, --time stampa l'ultima modifica dell'orologio di sistema -q, --hide-control-chars stampa ? al posto dei caratteri non grafici --show-control-chars mostra i caratteri non grafici come sono (predefinito a meno che il programma sia «ls» e l'output un terminale) -Q, --quote-name racchiude tra doppi apici i nomi delle voci --quoting-style=TIPO usa lo stile TIPO con i nomi delle voci: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent non stampa mai le intestazioni che riportano i nomi dei file -v, --verbose stampa sempre le intestazioni che riportano i nomi dei file -r, --reference=FILE visualizza l'orario dell'ultima modifica di FILE -R, --rfc-2822 stampa data e ora conforme al formato RFC 2822. Esempio: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 +0200 -r, --reference=FILE usa la dimensione di questo FILE -s, --size=DIM usa questa DIMensione -r, --reference=FILE usa l'orario di questo file invece di quello attuale -t ORA usa [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] invece che l'orario attuale --time=TIPO imposta l'orario specificata: se TIPO è access, atime o use: come -a se TIPO è mtime o modify: come -m -r, --references il primo campo di ciascuna riga è un riferimento -t, --typeset-mode (non implementato) -w, --width=NUMERO stampa la larghezza in colonne, esclusi i riferimenti -r, --reverse inverte il senso dell'ordinamento -R, --recursive elenca ricorsivamente le sottodirectory -s, --size stampa la dimensione allocata in blocchi di ogni file -s, --only-delimited non stampa le righe che non contengono delimitatori --output-delimiter=STRING utilizza STRING come delimitatore di output il comportamento predefinito è di utilizzare il delimitatore di input -s, --signal=SEGNALE, -SEGNALE specifica il nome o numero del segnale da inviare -l, --list elenca i nomi dei segnali, o li converte da/in numeri -t, --table stampa una tabella di informazioni sui segnali -s, --sleep-interval=N con -f, si ferma per circa N secondi (predefinito 1.0) tra le iterazioni -v, --verbose stampa sempre le intestazioni fornendo i nomi dei file -s, --symbolic-link crea collegamenti simbolici invece di copiare -S, --suffix=SUFFISSO prevale sul normale suffisso dei backup --target-directory=DIRECTORY copia ogni ORIGINE in DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory tratta DEST come un file normale -s[CAR],--separator[=CAR] separa le colonne con un singolo carattere, quello predefinito è il «TAB» senza -w, e «carattere vuoto» con -w -s[CAR] disattiva l'interruzione di riga per le tre opzioni di colonna (-COLONNA|-a -COLONNA|-m), a meno che sia impostato -w -t ordina secondo l'orario di modifica -T, --tabsize=COL assume che le tabulazioni siano ad ogni COL invece di 8 -t equivalente a -vT -T, --show-tabs mostra i caratteri TAB come ^I -u (ignorato) -v, --show-nonprinting usa la notazione ^ e M-, eccetto che per LFD e TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP usa SEP invece delle transizioni da non spazio a spazio -T, --temporary-directory=DIR usa DIR per i file temporanei, non $TMPDIR o %s; opzioni multiple specificano directory multiple -u, --unique con -c, controlla per un ordinamento stretto; senza -c, mostra solo il primo di una sequenza uguale -t, --tabs=LISTA usa una LISTA di posizioni esplicite di tabulatori separata da virgole -t, --tagged-paragraph rientro della prima riga diversa dalla seconda -u, --uniform-spacing uno spazio tra le parole, due dopo le frasi -w, --width=AMPIEZZA larghezza massima della riga (predefinita a 75 colonne) --target-directory=DIRECTORY sposta ogni ORIGINE nella DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory considera DEST come un file normale -u, --update sposta solo quando ORIGINE è più recente del file di destinazione o questo è mancante -v, --verbose spiega cosa sta facendo -t, --text legge in modalità testo (predefinito leggendo da tty stdin) -t, --text legge in modalità testo (predefinito) -u con -lt; ordina secondo l'orario di accesso e lo mostra con -l mostra l'orario di accesso e ordina per nome altrimenti ordina secondo l'orario di accesso -U non ordina; elenca le voci nell'ordine della directory -v ordina naturalmente secondo i numeri (di versione) nel testo -u, --remove tronca e rimuove il file dopo la sovrascrittura -v, --verbose indica il progresso -x, --exact non arrotonda le dimensioni del file fino all'intero blocco (predefinito per i file non regolari) -z, --zero aggiunge una sovrascrittura finale con zeri per nascondere la distruzione -u, --update copia solo quando ORIGINE è più recente del file di destinazione o questo è mancante -v, --verbose spiega cosa sta facendo -x, --one-file-system rimane su questo file system -u, --user=UTENTE imposta l'utente UTENTE nel contesto di sicurezza di destinazione -r, --role=RUOLO imposta il ruolo RUOLO nel contesto di sicurezza di destinazione -t, --type=TIPO imposta il tipo TIPO nel contesto di sicurezza di destinazione -l, --range=RANGE imposta l'INTERVALLO nel contesto di sicurezza di destinazione -v, --kernel-version stampa la versione del kernel -m, --machine stampa il nome dell'hardware della macchina -p, --processor stampa il tipo di processore o "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform stampa la piattaforma hardware o "unknown" -o, --operating-system stampa il sistema operativo -v, --starting-line-number=NUMERO NUMERO della prima riga in ogni pagina logica -w, --number-width=NUMERO utilizza NUMERO colonne per i numeri di riga -w, --check-chars=N non confronta più di N caratteri nelle righe -w, --width=COL considera lo schermo largo COL invece del valore attuale -x elenca le voci per righe invece che per colonne -X ordina alfabeticamente secondo le estensioni -Z, --context stampa il contesto di sicurezza SELinux di ogni file -1 elenca un file per riga -x, --one-file-system salta le directory su file system diversi -X, --exclude-from=FILE esclude i file che corrispondono a ogni modello in FILE --exclude=MODELLO esclude i file che corrispondono a MODELLO --max-depth=N stampa il totale per una directory (o file, con --all) solo se è N o meno livelli sotto l'argomento della riga di comando; --max-depth=0 è lo stesso che --summarize -z, --zero-terminated termina le linee con il byte 0, invece del ritorno a capo Anche i processi in uno stato non interrompibile di riposo contribuiscono al carico medio. [:graph:] tutti i caratteri stampabili, senza spazi [:lower:] tutti i caratteri in minuscolo [:print:] tutti i caratteri stampabili, compresi gli spazi [:punct:] tutti i caratteri di punteggiatura [:space:] tutti gli spazi orizzontali o verticali [:upper:] tutti i caratteri in maiuscolo [:xdigit:] tutte le cifre esadecimali [=CAR=] tutti i caratteri equivalenti a CAR \0NNN byte con valore ottale NNN (da 1 a 3 cifre) \xHH byte con valore esadecimale HH (da 1 a 2 cifre) \NNN byte il cui valore ottale è NNN (da 1 a 3 cifre) \xHH byte il cui valore esadecimale è HH (1 o 2 cifre) \uHHHH carattere Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) il cui valore esadecimale è HHHH (4 cifre) \UHHHHHHHH carattere Unicode il cui valore esadecimale è HHHHHHHH (8 cifre) \\ backslash \a avviso (BEL) \b backspace \c non produce ulteriore output \e escape \f avanzamento pagina \n ritorno a capo \r ritorno carrello \t tabulazione orizzontale \v tabulazione verticale \v tabulazione verticale CAR1-CAR2 tutti i caratteri da CAR1 fino a CAR2 in ordine crescente [CAR*] copia CAR su SET2 tante volte quanto la lunghezza di SET1 [CAR*NUM] NUM copie di CAR, NUM è ottale se inizia con 0 [:alnum:] tutte le lettere e numeri [:alpha:] tutte le lettere [:blank:] tutti gli spazi orizzontali [:cntrl:] tutti i caratteri di controllo [:digit:] tutti i numeri ascii da EBCDIC a ASCII ebcdic da ASCII a EBCDIC ibm da ASCII a EBCDIC alternativo block completa con spazi fino a cbs i record terminati da ritorno a capo unblock sostituisce con ritorno a capo gli spazi alla fine di un record lungo cbs lcase cambia le maiuscole in minuscole binary utilizza I/O binario per i dati cio utilizza I/O concorrente per i dati d[DIM] decimale con segno, DIM byte per intero f[DIM] virgola mobile, DIM byte per intero o[DIM] ottale, DIM byte per intero u[DIM] decimale senza segno, DIM byte per intero x[DIM] esadecimale, DIM byte per intero direct utilizza I/O diretto per i dati directory fallisce a meno che non sia una directory dsync utilizza I/O sincronizzato per i dati fullblock accumula blocchi pieni di input (solo iflag) if=FILE legge da FILE invece che da stdin iflag=FLAGS legge come dalla lista di simboli separati da virgole obs=BYTE scrive BYTE byte per volta (predefinito: 512) of=FILE scrive su FILE invece che su stdout oflag=FLAGS scrive come dalla lista di simboli separati da virgole seek=BLOCCHI salta un numero di BLOCCHI lunghi obs all'inizio dell'output skip=BLOCCHI salta un numero BLOCCHI lunghi ibs all'inizio dell'input status=noxfer nasconde le statistiche di trasferimento noatime non aggiorna l'orario di accesso nocreate non crea il file di output excl fallisce se il file di output già esiste notrunc non effettua il troncamento del file di output ucase cambia i caratteri minuscoli in maiuscoli swab scambia ogni coppia di byte in ingresso noctty non permette il controllo del terminale da file noerror continua dopo errori di lettura sync riempie ogni blocco in input con NUL sino a ibs; se usato con block o unblock, riempie con spazi invece che con NUL fdatasync scrive fisicamente i dati del file di output prima di finire fsync similmente, ma scrive anche i metadati nofollow non segue i collegamenti simbolici nolinks fallisce per collegamenti multipli nonblock utilizza I/O non bloccante none, off non fa mai backup (anche se è specificato --backup) numbered, t fa backup numerati existing, nil numerati se esistono backup numerati, altrimenti semplici simple, never fa sempre backup semplici sync similmente, ma anche per metadati text utilizza I/O testuale per i dati blocchi di %-5sUsati Dispon. Uso%% %H:%M%P blocchi di %s Usati Dispon. Capacità (backup: %s) * [-]ctlecho fa l'echo dei caratteri di controllo nella notazione "^c" [-]echo fa l'echo dei caratteri in input * [-]echoctl come [-]ctlecho [-]echoe come [-]crterase [-]echok fa l'echo di un ritorno a capo dopo un carattere di kill * [-]echoke come [-]crtkill [-]echonl fa l'echo di un ritorno a capo anche se non fa l'echo degli altri caratteri * [-]echoprt fa l'echo al contrario dei caratteri cancellati, tra "\" e "/" [-]icanon abilita i caratteri speciali erase, kill, werase, e rprnt [-]iexten abilita i caratteri speciali non POSIX * [-]iuclc converte i caratteri maiuscoli in minuscoli * [-]ixany permette a qualsiasi carattere di far ripartire l'output, non solo al carattere di start [-]ixoff abilita l'invio dei caratteri di start/stop [-]ixon abilita il controllo di flusso XON/XOFF [-]parmrk indica gli errori di parità (con una sequenza 255-0-carattere) [-]tandem come [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 assume che i caratteri in ingresso siano codificati UTF-8 * [-]ocrnl converte ritorno carrello in ritorno a capo * [-]ofdel usa per il riempimento caratteri di delete invece di null * [-]ofill usa caratteri di riempimento (padding) invece di temporizzazioni per i ritardi * [-]olcuc converte i caratteri minuscoli in maiuscoli * [-]onlcr converte ritorno a capo in ritorno carrello-ritorno a capo * [-]onlret ritorno a capo esegue un ritorno carrello * [-]onocr non stampa i ritorno carrello nella prima colonna [-]opost postprocessa l'output * tabN stile del ritardo del tabulatore orizzontale, N in [0..3] * tabs come tab0 * -tabs come tab3 * vtN stile del ritardo del tabulatore verticale, N in [0..1] * eol2 CAR CAR alternativo per terminare la riga erase CAR CAR cancellerà l'ultimo carattere digitato intr CAR CAR invierà un segnale di interrupt kill CAR CAR cancellerà la riga corrente * lnext CAR CAR inserirà il carattere successivo in modo letterale quit CAR CAR invierà un segnale di quit * rprnt CAR CAR ridisegnerà la riga corrente start CAR CAR farà ripartire l'output dopo averlo fermato * rows N dice al kernel che il terminale ha N righe * size stampa il numero di righe e colonne secondo il kernel speed stampa la velocità del terminale time N con -icanon, imposta a N decimi di secondo il timeout in lettura ??:???? Montato su TTY contesto=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu gruppi= fa su ripetizione %s % 1% di memoria, b 1, K 1024 (predefinito), e così via per M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Senza FILE, o quando FILE è -, legge lo standard input. *** ATTENZIONE *** Il locale specificato dall'ambiente influisce sull'ordinamento. Impostare LC_ALL=C per avere l'ordinamento tradizionale che usa i valori nativi dei byte. %.*s: specificatore di conversione non valido%e %b %Y%e %b %H.%M%lu utente%lu utenti%s%s (per regexp %s)%s -> %s (annullamento backup) %s [-d] terminato in modo anomalo%s e %s sono lo stesso file%s esiste ma non è una directory%s è comparso; si sta seguendo la fine del nuovo file%s è divenuto accessibile%s è diventato inaccessibile%s è stato sostituito con un file remoto; operazione annullata per questo nome%s è stato sostituito con un file su cui non è possibile eseguire tail; operazione annullata per questo nome%s è stato sostituito; si sta seguendo la fine del nuovo file%s presenta un tipo di file sconosciuto%s non è usabile, apparentemente ha dimensioni negativeSito web di %s: <%s> Sito web di %s: %s non è un intero positivo valido%s è troppo grande%s può essere usato solo su un kernel SElinuxera specificato %s ma non %sl'argomento «%3$s» di %1$s%2$s è troppo grande%s: %s è così grande che è impossibile rappresentarlo%s: %s: numero di riga fuori dall'intervallo%s: %s: occorrenza non trovata%s: %s:%s: fuori ordine: %s: apertura o lettura NON RIUSCITA %s: Questo utente non esiste%s: "}" è richiesto nel conteggio delle ripetizioni%s: atteso un operatore binario%s: è possibile creare collegamenti simbolici relativi solo nella directory corrente%s: impossibile azzerare il modo non bloccante%s: impossibile trovare il nome per l'id utente %lu %s: non si può continuare fino alla fine di questo tipo di file; elaborazione terminata per questo nome%s: impossibile fare lseek alla posizione originale%s: impossibile sovrascrivere una directory%s: impossibile riavvolgere%s: impossibile fare il seek%s: impossibile posizionarsi all'offset %s relativo alla fine%s: impossibile posizionarsi all'offset %s%s: impossibile posizionarsi all'offset relativo %s%s: impossibile distruggere un descrittore di file append only%s: impossibile saltare%s: impossibile saltare all'offset specificato%s: manca il delimitatore di chiusura "%c"%s: impossibile azzerare il modo non bloccante%s: entrare nella directory %s? %s: entrare nella directory protetta dalla scrittura %s? %s: fine del file%s: l'operando di equivalenza classi deve essere un singolo carattere%s: errore durante il troncamento%s: errore di scrittura all'offset %s%s: atteso un valore numerico%s: chiusura non riuscita%s: apertura per la scrittura non riuscita%s: rimozione non riuscita%s: fcntl non riuscito%s: fdatasync non riuscito%s: il file ha dimensioni negative%s: il file si è ridotto eccessivamente%s: file troppo grande%s: file troppo lungo%s: file troncato%s: fstat non riuscito%s: fsync non riuscito%s: non è possibile fare un collegamento fisico a una directory%s: l'input contiene un ciclo:%s: l'input contiene un numero dispari di token%s: il file di input coincide con quello di output%s: intero atteso dopo il delimitatore%s: PID non valido%s: conteggio non valido all'inizio di %s%s: direttiva non valida%s: specifica di campo %s non valida%s: dimensione del file non valida%s: tipo di file non valido%s: numero massimo di stat non cambiate tra le aperture non valido%s: numero non valido%s: numero di byte non valido%s: numero di righe non valido%s: numero di passi non valido%s: numero di secondi non valido%s: numero di esclusioni non valido%s: opzione -- «%c» non valida %s: modello non valido%s: id del processo non valido%s: espressione regolare non valida: %s%s: segnale non valido%s: lunghezza del suffisso non valida%s: il numero di riga deve essere maggiore di zero%s: numero di riga fuori dall'intervallo%s: lseek non riuscito%s: sono stati specificati segnali multipli%s: i nuovi permessi sono %s, non %s%s: non è stata trovata alcuna riga del codice di controllo %s formattata correttamente%s: non ci sono informazioni sulle dimensioni di questo dispositivonon viene elencata la directory già elencata: %s%s: il numero di byte è troppo grande%s: l'opzione «%c%s» non accetta alcun argomento %s: l'opzione «%s» è ambigua %s: l'opzione «--%s» non accetta alcun argomento %s: l'opzione «-W %s» non accetta alcun argomento %s: l'opzione «-W %s» è ambigua %s: l'opzione richiede un argomento -- «%c» %s: sovrascrivere %s? %s: passo %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: passo %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: passo %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: errore di lettura%s: rimuovere %s %s? %s: rimuovere ricorsivamente tutti gli argomenti? %s: rimuovere tutti gli argomenti? %s: rimuovere il %s protetto dalla scrittura %s? %s: rimosso%s: rimozione%s: rinominato in %s%s: sostituire %s? %s: seek non riuscito%s: troppe righe del codice di controllo%s: provare a sovrascrivere %s, ignorando il modo %04lo (%s)? %s: impossibile determinare la lunghezza massima del nome del file%s: impossibile eseguire tutte le operazioni richieste%s: atteso un operatore unario%s: opzione «%c%s» non riconosciuta %s: opzione «--%s» non riconosciuta %s: valore non completamente convertito%s: errore di scrittura%s:%lu: riga non valida; manca il secondo token%s:%lu: nome di file di lunghezza nulla non valido%s:%lu: parola chiave non riconosciuta %s%s}: intero richiesto tra "{" e "}""atteso ")"atteso ")", trovato %s©* file system che conservano la cache in posizioni temporanee, come i client NFS versione 3 * file system compressi * file system con logging o journaling come quelli forniti con AIX e Solaris (e JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, ext3, ecc...) * file system che scrivono dati ridondanti e continuano a scrivere anche se alcune scritture falliscono, come i file system basati su RAID * file system che fanno snapshot, come quello dei server NFS di Network Appliance , carico medio: %.2f, %g s, %s/s l'argomento %2$s di --%1$s è troppo grande--context (-Z) funziona solo su un kernel con SELinux abilitato--reflink può essere usato solo con --sparse=auto-R --dereference richiede -H o -L-R -h richiede -P-ef non accetta -l-nt non accetta -l-ot non accetta -l??? ?????AnnullatoFamiglia di indirizzi per il nome host non supportataSvegliaTutti gli argomenti per le opzioni lunghe sono obbligatori per quelle corte. Completate tutte le richiesteBuffer per l'argomento troppo piccoloArnold RobbinsChiamata di sistema errataValore errato per ai_flagsBrian FoxPipe interrottaErrore di busATTENZIONE: ricordare che shred si basa su una importante supposizione, cioè che il file system sovrascriva i dati dove stanno. Questo è il metodo tradizionale, ma molti file system moderni non soddisfano questa assunzione. Questi sono esempi di file system su cui shred non ha effetto o non è garantito che sia efficace: COMMENTOSuperato il limite di tempo CPUChiama la funzione link per creare un collegamento chiamato FILE2 a un FILE1 esistente. Chiama la funzione unlink per rimuovere il FILE indicato. Cambia gli id utente e di gruppo efficaci come quelli di UTENTE. -, -l, --login rende la shell una shell di accesso -c, --commmand=COMANDO passa con -c un COMANDO singolo alla shell -f, --fast passa -f alla shell (per csh o tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment non reinizializza le variabili d'ambiente -p come -m -s, --shell=SHELL esegue SHELL se /etc/shells lo permette Cambia l'appartenenza al gruppo di ogni FILE in GRUPPO. Con --reference, cambia l'appartenenza al gruppo di ogni FILE col gruppo di RFILE. -c, --changes come verbose ma segnala solo i cambiamenti --dereference agisce sul file a cui si riferisce ogni collegamento simbolico (predefinito) invece che sul collegamento stesso Cambia il modo di ogni FILE in MODE. -c, --changes come "verbose" ma mostra un resoconto solo quando viene effettuato un cambiamento Cambia il proprietario o il gruppo di ogni FILE in PROPRIETARIO o GRUPPO. Con --reference, cambia il proprietario e il gruppo di ciascun FILE con quello di RFILE. -c, --changes come verbose ma segnala solo le modifiche effettuate --dereference agisce sul file a cui si riferisce ogni collegamento simbolico (predefinito) invece che sul collegamento stesso Cambia il contesto di sicurezza di ciascun FILE in CONTESTO. Con --reference, cambia il contesto di sicurezza di ciascun FILE in quello di RFILE. -h, --no-dereference interessa i collegamenti simbolici invece di ogni file referenziato Chet RameyProcesso figlio uscitoColin PlumbConfronta i file ordinati FILE1 e FILE2 riga per riga. Concatena uno o più FILE, o lo standard input, sullo standard output. -A, --show-all equivalente a -vET -b, --number-nonblank numera le righe di output non vuote -e equivalente a -vE -E, --show-ends visualizza il carattere $ alla fine di ogni riga -n, --number numera tutte le righe in output -s, --squeeze-blank elimina le righe di output vuote ripetute ContinuatoConverte gli spazi in tabulazioni in ogni FILE e scrive sullo standard output. Senza FILE, o quando FILE è -, legge lo standard input. Converte i tabulatori in spazi in ogni FILE, scrivendo sullo standard output. Senza FILE, o quando FILE è -, legge lo standard input. Copia ORIGINE su DEST, od ORIGINI multiple su DIRECTORY. Copia un file, convertendolo e formattandolo secondo gli operandi. bs=BYTE legge e scrive BYTE byte per volta (consultare anche ibs=,obs=) cbs=BYTE converte BYTE byte per volta conv=CONV converte il file secondo la lista di simboli separati da virgole count=BLOCCHI copia dall'input solo BLOCCHI blocchi ibs=BYTE legge BYTE byte per volta (predefinito: 512) Copia lo standard input in ogni FILE e anche sullo standard output. -a, --append accoda ai FILE specificati, non sovrascrive -i, --ignore-interrupts ignora i segnali di interrupt Crea un file o una directory temporanea, in modo sicuro, e stampa il suo nome. MODELLO deve contenere almeno tre "X" consecutive nell'ultima parte. Se MODELLO non è specificato, usa tmp.XXXXXXXXXX e --tmpdir è implicita. Crea pipe con nome (FIFO) per ogni NOME dato. Crea le DIRECTORY, se non esistono già. Crea il file speciale NOME del TIPO dato. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreControlla nomi di file non corretti o non portabili. -p controlla la compatibilità con la maggior parte dei sistemi POSIX -P controlla se il nome è vuoto o se inizia con "-" --portability controlla la compatibilità con tutti i sistemi POSIX (equivalente a -p -P) Directory: Mostra lo stato del file o del file system. -L, --dereference segue i collegamenti -f, --file-system visualizza lo stato del file system invece di quello del file Visualizza l'orario corrente nel FORMATO dato, o imposta la data di sistema. -d, --date=STRINGA visualizza l'orario specificato da STRING, non "now" -f, --file=FILEDATA come --date una per ogni riga di FILEDATA Dmitry V. LevinScarta ogni gruppo supplementare, assume l'id utente e di gruppo dell'UTENTE specificato (id numerico o nome utente), ed esegue COMANDO con ciascun ARGOMENTO specificato. Esce con lo stato 111 se incapace di assumere gli id utente e di gruppo richiesti. Altrimenti, esce con lo stato di uscita di COMANDO. Questo programma è utile solo se eseguito da root (id utente zero). Rilevato EMTUSCITAOgni intervallo è uno tra: N N-esimo byte, carattere o campo, contato da 1 N- dal N-esimo byte, carattere o campo, alla fine della riga N-M dal N-esimo al M-esimo byte (incluso), carattere o campo -M dal primo al M-esimo byte (incluso), carattere o campo Senza FILE, o quando FILE è -, legge lo standard input. Stampa la STRINGA (o le stringhe) sullo standard output. -n non stampa il ritorno a capo finale Eric BlakeTermina con un codice di stato indicante fallimento.Termina con un codice di stato indicante successo.Esce con lo stato determinato dall'ESPRESSIONE. François PinardNON RIUSCITODA SISTEMARE: sconosciutoFORMATO deve essere adatto a stampare un argomento di tipo "double"; è predefinito a %.PRECf se PRIMO, INCREMENTO e ULTIMO sono tutti numeri decimali a virgola fissa con la precisione massima PREC, altrimenti a %g. I fifo non hanno i numeri major e minor del dispositivoSuperato il limite di dimensione fileFile system File system TipoFiltra righe adiacenti corrispondenti da INPUT (o dallo standard input), scrivendo su OUTPUT (o sullo standard output). Senza opzioni, le righe corrispondenti sono unite alla prima occorrenza. Eccezione in virgola mobilePer la documentazione completa, eseguire: info coreutils %s invocation Per ogni coppia di righe di input con campi di unione identici, scrive una riga sullo standard output. Il campo predefinito di unione è il primo, delimitato da uno spazio bianco. Quando FILE1 o FILE2 (non entrambi) è -, legge lo standard input. -a NUMFILE stampa righe non accoppiabili da NUMFILE, dove NUMFILE è 1 o 2. corrispondente a FILE1 o FILE2 -e VUOTO sostuituisce i campi di input mancanti con VUOTO Forza la scrittura su disco dei blocchi cambiati, aggiorna il super block. Aiuto sull'uso del software GNU in generale: Giuseppe ScrivanoH. Peter AnvinChiusuraI/O consentitoINATTIVOIan Lance TaylorInatt.Se FILE non è specificato, usa %s. %s è comunemente usato come FILE. Istruzione non consentitaInoltre, i backup dei file system e i mirror remoti possono contenere copie del file impossibili da rimuovere e che permetterebbero di recuperare un file distrutto. Nella vita reale: Nella prima forma, crea un collegamento a DEST con il nome NOME_COLL. Nella seconda forma, crea un collegamento a DEST nella directory corrente. Nella terza e quarta forma, crea i collegamenti a ogni DEST nella DIRECTORY. Crea collegamenti fisici in maniera predefinita e collegamenti simbolici con --symbolic. Con i collegamenti fisici, ogni DEST deve esistere. I collegamenti simbolici possono contenere testo arbitrario; se risolto dopo, un collegamento relativo è interpretato in relazione alla sua directory padre. Nel caso di file system ext3, la liberatoria precedente si applica (e shred ha così un'efficacia limitata) solo nel modo data=journal, che effettua il journaling dei dati dei file in aggiunta ai soli metadata. In entrambi i modi data=ordered (predefinito) e data=writeback, shred lavora come al solito. I modi di journaling di ext3 possono essere cambiati aggiungendo l'opzione data=qualcosa alle opzioni di mount per un particolare file system nel file /etc/fstab, come documentato nella pagina del manuale di mount (man mount). B illimitatoRichiesta informazioniInterruzioneInterrotta da un segnaleRiferimento all'indietro non validoNome della classe di caratteri non validoCarattere di collazione non validoContenuto di \{\} non validoEspressione regolare precedente non validaFine dell'intervallo non validaEspressione regolare non validaJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfUccisoLINEAACCESSOElenca informazioni sui FILE (predefinito: la directory corrente). Ordina alfabeticamente le voci se non è usato uno di -cftuvSUX oppure --sort. AccessoNome di accesso: Gli argomenti obbligatori per le opzioni lunghe lo sono anche per quelle brevi. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnFallimento nell'allocazione della memoriaMemoria esauritaMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNOMENomeNome o servizio sconosciutoNessun indirizzo associato con il nome hostNessuna corrispondenzaNessuna espressione regolare precedenteFallimento irrecuperabile nella risoluzione del nomeOKSolo una stringa può essere fornita durante la cancellazione senza omissione delle ripetizioni.L'opzione --string senza un numero implica 3; l'opzione --width senza un numero implica 32. In modo predefinito, od usa -A o -t d2 -w16. Opzioni di ordinamento: Altre opzioni: Restituisce un indice permutato, incluso il contesto, delle parole nei file di input. Stampa i comandi per impostare la variabile di ambiente LS_COLORS Determina il formato dell'output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell stampa istruzioni per la Bourne shell -c, --csh, --c-shell stampa istruzioni per la C shell -p, --print-database stampa le impostazioni predefinite Trasforma l'INPUT in parti con lunghezza fissa del tipo PREFISSOaa, PREFISSOab, ...; la dimensione predefinita è di 1000 righe, e il PREFISSO predefinito è "x". Senza INPUT, o se INPUT è -, legge dallo standard input. Stampa parti di FILE separate dal/i MODELLO/I sui file "xx00", "xx01", ..., e stampa su stdout la dimensione in byte di ogni parte. Stampa i limiti dipendenti dalla piattaforma in un formato utile per gli script di shell. Stampa chi è attualmente connesso basandosi su FILE. Se FILE non è specificato, usa %s. %s è comunemente usato come FILE. Sovrascrive ripetutamente i FILE specificati in modo da rendere più difficile recuperare i dati anche con indagini hardware molto costose. PIDImpacchettato da %s Impacchettato da %s (%s) Padraig BradyImpagina o incolonna i FILE per la stampa. Stringa dei parametri codificata non correttamentePassword:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPiano: Mancanza alimentazione elettricaFine prematura dell'espressione regolareStampa gli ARGOMENTI secondo il FORMATO, o esegue secondo OPZIONE: Stampa il checksum CRC e la dimensione in byte di ogni FILE. Stampa NOME rimuovendo tutte le componenti di directory iniziali. Se specificato, rimuove anche un SUFFISSO finale. Stampa NOME rimuovendo il componente finale separato da /; se NOME non contiene un /, stampa "." (intendendo la directory corrente). Stampa alcune informazioni sul sistema. Senza una OPZIONE è come -s. -a, --all stampa tutte le informazioni, nel seguente ordine: omettendo -p e -i se sconosciute: -s, --kernel-name stampa il nome del kernel -n, --nodename stampa il nome host del nodo di rete -r, --kernel-release stampa il rilascio del kernel Stampa il codice di controllo e il numero dei blocchi per ogni FILE. -r usa l'algoritmo di somma BSD, usa blocchi da 1K -s, --sysv usa l'algoritmo di somma System V, usa blocchi da 512 byte Stampa le appartenenze ai gruppi per ogni NOMEUTENTE o, se non ne è specificato alcuno, sul processo corrente (che è diverso se il database dei gruppi è cambiato). Stampa le informazioni sugli utenti che sono attualmente nel sistema. Stampa l'architettura della macchina. Stampa i numeri da PRIMO a ULTIMO, in passi di INCREMENTO. -f, --format=FORMATO usa il FORMATO in virgola mobile in stile printf -s, --separator=STRINGA usa STRINGA per separare i numeri (predefinito: \n) -w, --equal-width rende uguale la larghezza riempiendo con zeri iniziali Stampa o modifica le caratteristiche del terminale. -a, --all stampa tutte le impostazioni correnti in un formato comprensibile -g, --save stampa tutte le impostazioni correnti in un formato leggibile da stty -F, --file=DEVICE apre e usa il DEVICE specificato invece di stdin Stampa le parti di riga selezionate da ogni FILE sullo standard ouput. Stampa l'orario corrente, da quanto tempo il sistema è attivo, il numero di utenti sul sistema e il numero medio di processi nella coda di esecuzione negli ultimi 1, 5 e 15 minuti.Stampa il nome del file del terminale connesso allo standard input. -s, --silent, --quiet non stampa niente, restituisce solo uno stato d'uscita Stampa le prime 10 righe di ogni FILE sullo standard output. Con più di un FILE, le fa precedere da una intestazione riportante il nome del file. Senza FILE, o quando FILE è -, legge lo standard input. Stampa il nome del file completo della directory di lavoro corrente. Stampa le ultime %d righe di ogni FILE sullo standard output. Con più di un FILE, ciascuno viene preceduto da un'intestazione che riporta il nome del file. Con nessun FILE, o quando il FILE è -, legge lo standard input. Stampa il nome dell'utente corrente. Stampa il numero delle unità di processamento disponibili per il processo corrente, che può essere inferiore al numero dei processori disponibili Stampa i fattori primi di tutti i NUMERI interi specificati. Se non sono specificati sulla riga di comando, li legge da standard input. Stampa il nome dell'utente associato all'attuale id utente efficace. Come id -un. Stampa informazioni sull'utente e sul gruppo di NOMEUTENTE o (se NOMEUTENTE è omesso) dell'utente corrente. -a ignorato, per compatibilità con altre versioni -Z, --context stampa solo il contesto di sicurezza dell'utente corrente -g, --group stampa solo l'id efficace del gruppo -G, --groups stampa gli id di tutti i gruppi -n, --name stampa un nome invece di un numero, per -ugG -r, --real stampa l'id reale invece dell'id efficace, con -ugG -u, --user stampa solo l'id efficace dell'utente Stampa il valore del collegamento simbolico o il nome canonico del file Elaborazione della richiesta in corsoTimer di profiling terminatoProgetto: Q. Frank XiaUscita (con core dump)Randy SmithSegnale in tempo reale %dRiformatta ogni paragrafo nei FILE, scrivendo sullo standard output. L'opzione -LARGH è una forma abbreviata di --width=NUMERI. Espressione regolare troppo grandeRimuove (con unlink) i FILE. -f, --force ignora file non esistenti, non chiede mai conferma -i chiede conferma prima di ogni rimozione Rimuove le DIRECTORY, se vuote. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty ignora ogni errore causato dal solo fatto che la directory non è vuota Rinomina ORIGINE in DEST o sposta ORIGINE nella DIRECTORY. Stampa in continuazione una riga con ogni STRINGA specificata oppure "y". Segnalare i bug di %s a: <%s> Segnalare i bug di traduzione di %s a Richiesta annullataRichiesta non annullataRisorsa persaRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonEsegue il COMANDO con una priorità di scheduling (nice) modificata. Se il COMANDO manca, stampa la priorità di scheduling corrente. L'intervallo varia da %d (priorità massima) a %d (minima). -n, --adjustment=N aggiunge l'intero N alla priorità (predefinito 10) Esegue il COMANDO con la root directory impostata a NUOVAROOT. Esegue il COMANDO, ignorando i segnali di sospensione. Esegue COMANDO, con operazioni di buffering modificate per i suoi flussi standard. Esegue un programma in un contesto di sicurezza diverso. Senza CONTESTO o COMANDO, stampa il contesto di sicurezza corrente. CONTESTO Contesto di sicurezza completo -c, --compute calcola il contesto del processo di transizione prima di modificare -t, --type=TIPO tipo (per lo stesso ruolo del genitore) -u, --user=UTENTE identità utente -r, --role=RUOLO ruolo -l, --range=INTERVALLO intervallo del livello Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerErrore di segmentazioneManda segnali ai processi o elenca i segnali. Servname non supportato per ai_socktypeImpostare LC_ALL='C' per aggirare il problema.Imposta nell'ambiente ogni NOME a VALORE ed esegue COMANDO. -i, --ignore-environment inizia con un ambiente vuoto -0, --null termina ogni riga in output con un byte 0 invece di un ritorno a capo -u, --unset=NOME rimuove la variabile dall'ambiente Shell: Mostra informazioni sul file system su cui risiede ogni FILE, oppure in modo predefinito su tutti i file system. Riduce o estende la dimensione di ciascun FILE alla dimensione specificata Un argomento FILE inesistente viene creato. Se un FILE è più grande di quanto è specificato, i dati in eccesso sono persi. Se un FILE è più corto, è esteso e la parte estesa (buco) viene letta come byte zero. Simon JosefssonI file speciali richiedono i numeri major e minor del dispositivoErrore sullo stackFermato (da terminale)FermatoFermato per input ttyFermato per output ttyStuart KempSuccessoRiassume l'uso del disco di ogni FILE, ricorsivamente per le directory. Errore di sistemaORAFallimento temporaneo nella risoluzione del nomeTerminatoI seguenti flag opzionali possono seguire "%": - (trattino) non riempie il campo _ (sottolineatura) riempie con spazi 0 (zero) riempie con zeri ^ usa la maiuscola se possibile # usa l'opposto se possibile Le opzioni seguenti modificano il modo in cui una gerarchia viene attraversata quando è specificata anche l'opzione -R. Se viene specificata più volte, soltanto l'ultima ha effetto. -H se l'argomento della riga di comando è un collegamento simbolico a una directory, lo percorre -L percorre ogni collegamento simbolico incontrato a una directory -P non percorre alcun collegamento simbolico (predefinito) Le stringhe confrontate erano %s e %s.Torbjorn GranlundRilevato trace/breakpointBackslash finaleTraduce, comprime o elimina caratteri dallo standard input, scrivendo sullo standard output. -c, -C, --complement complementa SET1 -d, --delete elimina i caratteri in SET1 senza tradurre -s, --squeeze-repeats sostituisce ogni sequenza di un carattere ripetuto che è elencato in SET1 con una singola occorrenza di quel carattere -t, --truncate-set1 tronca prima SET1 alla lunghezza di SET2 Usare «%s --help» per ulteriori informazioni. Usare «%s ./%s» per rimuovere il file %s. Due stringhe devono essere fornite durante la cancellazione e l'omissione delle ripetizioni.Devono essere fornite due stringhe durante la traduzione.Ulrich DrepperErrore sconosciutoSegnale sconosciuto %dErrore di sistema sconosciuto( o \( non accoppiata) o \) non accoppiata[ o [^ non accoppiata\{ non accoppiataAggiorna gli orari di accesso e modifica di ogni FILE a quello attuale. Se un argomento FILE non esiste viene creato vuoto, a meno che non sia dato -c o -h. Un argomento FILE come "-" è trattato in modo speciale e forza touch a cambiare gli orari del file associato allo standard output. Condizione di I/O urgenteUso: %s Uso: %s COMANDO [ARG]... o: %s OPZIONE Uso: %s CONTESTO COMANDO [argomenti] o: %s [ -c ] [-u UTENTE] [-r RUOLO] [-t TIPO] [-l INTERVALLO] COMANDO [argomenti] Uso: %s ESPRESSIONE o: %s OPZIONE Uso: %s FILE o: %s OPZIONE Uso: %s FILE1 FILE2 o: %s OPZIONE Uso: %s FORMATO [ARGOMENTO]... o: %s OPZIONE Uso: %s NOME o: %s OPZIONE Uso: %s NOME [SUFFISSO] o: %s OPZIONE Uso: %s NUMERO[SUFFISSO]... o: %s OPZIONE Fa una pausa di NUMERO secondi. SUFFISSO può essere "s" per secondi (predefinito), "m" per minuti, "h" per ore o "d" per giorni. Diversamente dalla maggior parte delle implementazioni che richiedono che NUMERO sia un intero, qui può essere un numero in virgola mobile arbitrario. Con due o più argomenti, fa una pausa per una quantità di tempo data dalla somma dei loro valori. Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... COMANDO Uso: %s OPZIONE... [FILE]... Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... [FILE]... Uso: %s [-F DEVICE] | --file=DEVICE] [IMPOSTAZIONE]... or: %s [-F DEVICE] | --file=DEVICE] [-a|--all] or: %s [-F DEVICE] | --file=DEVICE] [-g|--save] Uso: %s [-LARGH] [OPZIONE]... [FILE]... Uso: %s [-s SEGNALE | -SEGNALE] PID... o: %s -l [SEGNALE]... o: %s -t [SEGNALE]... Uso: %s [FILE]... o: %s [OPZIONE] Uso: %s [NOME] o: %s OPZIONE Stampa o imposta il nome host del sistema. Uso: %s [NUMERO]... o: %s OPZIONE Uso: %s [OPERANDO]... o: %s OPZIONE Uso: %s [OPZIONE] Uso: %s [OPZIONE] Stampa l'identificativo numerico (in esadecimale) dell'host corrente. Uso: %s [OPZIONE] NUOVAROOT [COMANDO [ARG]...] o: %s OPZIONE Uso: %s [OPZIONE] [[COMANDO [ARG]...] Uso: %s [OPZIONE] [FILE] Scrive un elenco totalmente ordinato di un FILE rispettando l'ordinamento parziale. Senza FILE, o quando FILE è -, legge lo standard input. Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... CONTESTO FILE... o: %s [OPZIONE]... [-u UTENTE] [-r RUOLO] [-l INTERVALLO] [-t TIPO] FILE... o: %s [OPZIONE]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... DIRECTORY... Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... FILE Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... FILE MODELLO... Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... FILE... Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... FILE1 FILE2 Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... GRUPPO FILE... o: %s [OPZIONE]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... ULTIMO o: %s [OPZIONE]... PRIMO ULTIMO o: %s [OPZIONE]... PRIMO INCREMENTO ULTIMO Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... MODO[,MODO]... FILE... o: %s [OPZIONE]... MODO-OTTALE FILE... o: %s [OPZIONE]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... NOME TIPO [MAJOR MINOR] Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... NOME... Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... SET1 [SET2] Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... [+FORMATO] o: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... [-T] ORIGINE DESTINAZIONE o: %s [OPZIONE]... ORIGINE... DIRECTORY o: %s [OPZIONE]... -t DIRECTORY ORIGINE... Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... [-T] ORIGINE DESTINAZIONE o: %s [OPZIONE]... ORIGINE... DIRECTORY o: %s [OPZIONE]... -t DIRECTORY ORIGINE... o: %s [OPZIONE]... -d DIRECTORY... Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... [-T] DEST NOME_COLL (1a forma) o: %s [OPZIONE]... DEST (2a forma) o: %s [OPZIONE]... DEST... DIRECTORY (3a forma) o: %s [OPZIONE]... -t DIRECTORY DEST... (4a forma) Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... [-] [NOME=VALORE]... [COMANDO [ARG]...] Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... [-] [UTENTE [ARG]...] Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... [FILE]... Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... [FILE] o: %s -e [OPZIONE]... [ARG]... o: %s -i BASSO-ALTO [OPZIONE]... Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... [FILE] Codifica o decodifica in base64 FILE, o lo standard input, sullo standard output. Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... [FILE]... Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... [FILE]... o: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] o: %s --traditional [OPZIONE]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][ETICH][.][b]] Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... [FILE]... o: %s [OPZIONE]... --files0-from=F Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... [FILE]... Stampa o verifica i codici di controllo %s (%d-bit). Senza FILE, o quando FILE è -, legge lo standard input. Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... [INPUT [PREFISSO]] Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... [INPUT]... (senza -G) o: %s -G [OPZIONE]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... [PROPRIETARIO][:[GRUPPO]] FILE... o: %s [OPZIONE]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... [MODELLO] Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... [NOMEUTENTE] Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... [NOMEUTENTE]... Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... [UTENTE]... Uso: %s [OPZIONE]... [VARIABILE]... Stampa il valore di ogni VARIABILE di ambiente specificata. Se non è specificata alcuna VARIABILE, stampa per tutte le coppie nome/valore. Uso: %s [OPZIONE-CORTA]... UTENTE COMANDO [ARGOMENTO]... o: %s OPZIONE-LUNGA Uso: %s [OZIONE-CORTA]... [STRINGA]... o: %s OPZIONE-LUNGA Uso: %s [STRINGA]... o: %s OPZIONE Uso: %s [argomenti in linea di comando ignorati] o: %s OPZIONE Uso: test ESPRESSIONE o: test o: [ ESPRESSIONE ] o: [ ] o: [ OPZIONE Segnale 1 definito dall'utenteSegnale 2 definito dall'utenteUsando -s sono ignorate -L e -P. Altrimenti, l'ultima opzione specificata controlla il comportamento quando l'origine è un collegamento simbolico, predefinendolo a %s. Sono argomenti validi:Sequenze di formato valide per i filesystem: %a Blocchi liberi disponibili ai non superutenti %b Numero totale di blocchi di dati nel file system %c Numero totale di inode nel file system %d Numero di inode liberi nel file system %f Numero di blocchi liberi file system %C Stringa del contesto di sicurezza SELinux Timer virtuale terminatoATTENZIONE: --page-increment è deprecato; usare invece --line-incrementATTENZIONE: --preserve_context è deprecato; usare invece --preserve-contextATTENZIONE: struttura di directory circolare. Questo significa quasi sicuramente che il file system è danneggiato. INFORMARE L'AMMINISTRATORE DI SISTEMA. La seguente directory è parte del ciclo: %s ATTENZIONE: ignorato --context (-Z); questo non è un kernel con SELinux abilitatoATTENZIONE: ignorato --preserve-context; questo non è un kernel con SELinux abilitatoATTENZIONE: l'opzione --strip-program è ignorata non essendo stata specificata l'opzione -sAttenzione: QuandoDoveFinestra modificataCon --follow (-f), tail è predefinito a seguire il descrittore del file, che significa che anche se un file passato come argomento a tail è rinominato, tail continuerà a seguire la sua fine. Questo comportamento predefinito non è auspicabile quando si vuole tracciare il nome effettivo del file e non il descrittore dello stesso (es. rotazione dei log). Usare --follow=nome in questo caso. Questo fa in modo che tail segua il file nominato in un modo che tenga conto di operazione di rinomina, rimozione e creazione. Manda a capo le righe lette in ogni FILE (lo standard input come predefinito), scrivendo sullo standard output. Scrive una permutazione casuale delle righe di ingresso nello standard output. Scrive ogni FILE nello standard output, dall'ultima riga alla prima. Senza FILE, o quando FILE è -, legge lo standard input. Scrive ogni FILE sullo standard output aggiungendo i numeri di riga. Senza FILE, o quando FILE è -, legge lo standard input. Scrive le righe che corrispondono sequenzialmente a ciascun FILE, separate da TAB, sullo standard output. Senza FILE, o quando FILE è -, legge dallo standard input. Scrive una concatenazione ordinata di tutti i FILE sullo standard output. Scritto da %s e %s. Scritto da %s, %s, %s %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s e altri. Scritto da %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s e %s. Scritto da %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s e %s. Scritto da %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s e %s. Scritto da %s, %s, %s, %s, %s e %s. Scritto da %s, %s, %s, %s e %s. Scritto da %s, %s, %s, e %s. Scritto da %s, %s e %s. Scritto da %s. le espressioni [=c=] non dovrebbero apparire in string2 durante la traduzione^[nN]^[sSyY]"«-%c» caratteri in più o numero non valido nell'argomento: %s«--pages=PRIMA_PAG[:ULTIMA_PAG]» argomento mancante«-N NUMERO» numero di inizio riga non valido: %s«-W LARGH_PAGINA» numero di caratteri non valido: %s«-l LUNGH_PAG» numero di righe non valido: %s«-o MARGINE» offset di riga non valido: %s«-w LARGH_PAGINA» numero di caratteri non valido: %sun comando deve essere specificato con un aggiustamentoaccesso a %sai_family non supportataai_socktype non supportatoargomento %s ambiguo per %sè possibile specificare un delimitatore di input solo quando si opera sui campioutput accodato a %sil backup di %s distruggerebbe l'origine; %s non copiatoil backup di %s distruggerebbe l'origine; %s non spostatotipo di backupfile speciale a blocchii file speciali a blocchi non sono supportatientrambi i prefissi SI and IEC sono presenti in unitsentrambi i file non possono essere lo standard inputl'offset in byte %s è troppo grandenon è possibile applicare un contesto parziale al file non etichettato %simpossibile recuperare il contesto del processoimpossibile accedere a %simpossibile fare il backup di %simpossibile riassumere e contemporaneamente mostrare tutte le vociimpossibile cambiare il proprietario di %simpossibile cambiare i permessi di %simpossibile cambiare la root directory a %simpossibile entrare nella directory %simpossibile fare chdir alla root directoryimpossibile combinare --target-directory (-t) e --no-target-directory (-T)impossibile utilizzare sia --target-directory che --no-target-directorynon è possibile combinare le opzioni -e e -inon è possibile combinare qualunque coppia di {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}non è possibile combinare block e unblocknon è possibile combinare excl e nocreatnon è possibile combinare lcase e ucasenon è possibile combinare i modi e le opzioni --referencenon è possibile combinare un segnale con -l o -timpossibile confrontare i nomi dei file %s e %simpossibile convertire U+%04X nell'insieme di caratteri localeimpossibile convertire U+%04X nell'insieme di caratteri locale: %simpossibile copiare una directory, %s, dentro sé stessa, %simpossibile copiare il collegamento simbolico ciclico %simpossibile creare la directory %simpossibile creare il fifo %simpossibile creare il collegamento fisico %s a %simpossibile creare il collegamento %simpossibile creare il collegamento %s a %simpossibile creare il file regolare %simpossibile creare il file speciale %simpossibile creare il collegamento simbolico %simpossibile creare il collegamento simbolico %s a %simpossibile creare file temporanei in %simpossibile dereferenziare %simpossibile determinare device e inode di %simpossibile determinare il nome hostimpossibile determinare la posizione di %s, ritorno al pollingimpossibile eseguire ioctl su %simpossibile trovare il nome del gruppo con id %luimpossibile trovare il nome dell'utente con id %luimpossibile seguire %s per nomeimpossibile forzare il contesto destinazione in %s e preservarloimpossibile fare fstat di %simpossibile determinare la directory correnteimpossibile determinare la priorità di schedulingimpossibile recuperare il nome del sistemaimpossibile fare lseek in %simpossibile creare contemporaneamente collegamenti fisici e simboliciimpossibile creare la directory %simpossibile spostare %s in %simpossibile spostare %s in una sottodirectory di sé stessa, %simpossibile spostare una directory in una non-directory: %s -> %simpossibile aprire %s per la letturaimpossibile aprire %s per la scritturaimpossibile aprire la directory %simpossibile operare sul collegamento simbolico con obiettivo non esistente %simpossibile sovrascrivere la directory %s con una non-directoryimpossibile sovrascrivere la non-directory %s con la directory %simpossibile eseguire l'output formattatoimpossibile preservare gli attributi estesi, cp è compilato senza supporto per xattrimpossibile preservare un contesto di sicurezza senza un kernel con SELinux abilitatoimpossibile stampare "solo" più di una sceltaimpossibile stampare solo i nomi o gli id reali nel formato predefinitoimpossibile stampare il contesto di sicurezza quando si specifica un utenteimpossibile leggere la directory %simpossibile leggere i nomi dei file da %simpossibile leggere le informazioni del file system per %simpossibile leggere l'orologio realtimeimpossibile leggere il collegamento simbolico %simpossibile leggere la tabella dei file system montatiimpossibile rimuovere %simpossibile rimuovere la directory: %simpossibile reimpostare la posizione del file per %simpossibile eseguire %simpossibile impostare %simpossibile impostare la dataimpossibile impostare l'id del gruppoimpossibile impostare l'id di gruppo a %luimpossibile impostare i gruppiimpossibile impostare il nome host; questo sistema non ha questa funzionalitàimpossibile impostare il nome a %simpossibile impostare la priorità di schedulingimpossibile impostare l'orario di %simpossibile impostare l'id utenteimpossibile impostare l'id utente a %luimpossibile saltare oltre la fine di un input combinatoimpossibile specificare --null (-0) con un comandoimpossibile specificare sia la stampa verticale che in paralleloimpossibile specificare il numero di colonne quando si stampa in paralleloimpossibile specificare l'orario da più di una fonteimpossibile suddividere in più di un modoimpossibile eseguire stat di %simpossibile determinare la directory corrente (ora %s)impossibile effettuare lo stat dello standard inputimpossibile fare touch di %simpossibile annullare il backup di %simpossibile scollegare %simpossibile azzerare %simpossibile controllare %simpossibile controllare la directory padre di %snon si può aggirare il bug del kernel, dopo tuttoil gruppo di %s è stato cambiato in %s il proprietario di %s è stato cambiato in %s cambiamento del gruppo di %scambiamento del proprietario di %scambio dei permessi di %scambio del contesto di sicurezza di %s l'offset del carattere è zerocarattere fuori dall'intervallofile speciale a caratterii file speciali a caratteri non sono supportatiazzeramento dei permessi per %scambio orarioclose non riuscitachiusura di %schiusura di %s (fd=%d)chiusura della directory %schiusura del file di input %schiusura del file di output %schiusura dello standard inputla modalità compatibile supporta al massimo un file.conflitto fra le stringhe di sostituzione per i campi vuotiforniti specificatori di contesto di sicurezza in conflittoimpossibile impostare il buffering di %s nel modo %s impossibile creare il processo per %s -dimpossibile creare il file temporaneoimpossibile eseguire %simpossibile eseguire %s -dimpossibile trovare la directory in %s con l'i-node corrispondenteimpossibile determinare l'orario di avviodirectory %s creatacreazione della directory %screazione di %s creazione del collegamento fisico %screazione del collegamento fisico %s => %screazione del collegamento fisico a %.0s%screazione del collegamento simbolico %screazione del collegamento simbolico %s -> %sla lista dei delimitatori termina con un backslash non protetto: %sdirectorydivisione per zerodup2 non riuscita%s vuoto non permessonome di file vuototabulatore vuotoerrore nel chiudere il fileerrore nel controllo dell'espressione regolareerrore nella ricerca con espressione regolareerrore di inizializzazione delle stringhe dei mesierrore monitorando l'evento inotifyerrore leggendo %serrore leggendo l'evento inotifyerrore aspettando il comandoerrore scrivendo %sexit=argomento %s in piùoperando %s in piùoperando %s in più operando %s in più non permesso con -%ccambio del contesto di %s in %s non riuscitocambio del gruppo di %s in %s non riuscito cambio del modo di %s in %04lo (%s) non riuscito cambio del proprietario di %s non riuscito cambio del proprietario di %s in %s non riuscito cambio della directory %s non riuscitoclonazione di %s non riuscitaelaborazione di un nuovo contesto non riuscitacreazione della directory con il modello %s non riuscitacreazione del file con il modello %s non riuscitacreazione del contesto di sicurezza %s non riuscitarecupero degli attributi di %s non riuscitorecupero del contesto corrente non riuscitorecupero del contesto di creazione del file system non riuscitorecupero dei gruppi per il processo corrente non riuscitorecupero dei gruppi per l'utente %s non riuscitorecupero del contesto di sicurezza di %s non riuscitolookup del file %s non riuscitoapertura di %s non riuscitapreservazione dei diritti di %s non riuscitaimpossibile preservare il proprietario di %simpossibile preservare i permessi di %simpossibile preservare gli orari di %sreindirizzamento dello standard error non riuscitoreindirizzamento dello stderr in /dev/null non riuscitorimozione di %s non riuscitarimozione della directory %s non riuscitarendere inutilizzabile lo standard input non riuscitoriapertura di %s con il modo %s non riuscitaripristino del contesto predefinito di creazione dei file non riuscitoritorno alla directory iniziale di lavoro non riuscitoimpossibile eseguire il comando %simpostazione del componente del contesto di sicurezza %s in %s non riuscitaimpostazione dei gruppi supplementari non riuscitaimpostazione del contesto predefinito di creazione dei file in %s non riuscitaimpostazione dell'id di gruppo non riuscitaimpostazione del nuovo range %s non riuscitaimpostazione del nuovo ruolo %s non riuscitaimpostazione del nuovo tipo %s non riuscitaimpostazione del nuovo utente %s non riuscitaimpostazione del gruppo supplementare non riuscitaimpostazione della copia di stderr alla chiusura dell'esecuzione non riuscitaimpostazione del contesto di sicurezza di %s in %s non riuscitaimpostazione dell'id utente non riuscitastat di %s non riuscitoazzeramento di O_DIRECT non riuscito: %saggiornamento dell'ambiente con %s non riuscitofdatasync non riuscito per %sfflush non riuscitail numero di campo %s è troppo grandeil numero di campi è zerocampi e posizioni sono numerati da 1fifoil file %d non è ordinatogli operandi dei file non possono essere combinati con --files0-fromgli operandi di tipo file non possono essere combinati con --print-database (-p)il tipo di file system %s è stato sia selezionato che esclusochiamata di sistema fork non riuscitail formato %s termina in %%il formato %s non ha una direttiva %%il formato %s ha troppe direttive %%il formato %s ha una direttiva %%%c sconosciutala stringa di formato non può essere specificata quando si stampano stringhe di larghezza ugualefsync non riuscito per %sfts_close non riuscitafts_read non riuscitogetpass: impossibile aprire /dev/ttyrecupero dei nuovi attributi di %sil gruppo di %s è stato mantenuto pari a %s funzione iconv non disponibilefunzione iconv non utilizzabileid=ignorati tutti gli argomentiinput ignoratoinput ignorato e output accodato a %sinput ignorato e stderr reindirizzato in stdoutignorata la larghezza del tabulatore non valida nella variabile di ambiente TABSIZE: %signorato il valore non valido della variabile di ambiente QUOTING_STYLE: %signorata la larghezza non valida nella variabile di ambiente COLUMNS: %sgli argomenti che non sono opzioni sono stati ignoraticampi di unione incompatibili %lu, %lutabulatori incompatibilipassword sbagliatainotify non può essere usato, ritorno al pollingl'input è scomparsola riga di input è troppo lungaspostamento tra dispositivi non riuscito: %s in %s; impossibile rimuovere la destinazionel'argomento «%3$s» di %1$s%2$s non è validol'argomento %2$s di --%1$s non è validoaggiustamento %s non validoargomento %s non validoargomento %s non valido per %sstile di numerazione del corpo non valido: %smodo di buffering %s non valido per %s elenco di campi o byte non validocarattere "%c" non valido nella stringa di tipo %sclasse di carattere non valida %scontesto non valido: %sconversione non validaspecificatore di conversione non valido nel suffisso: %cspecificatore di conversione non valido nel suffisso: \%.3odata %s non validaformato di data %s non validointervallo decrescente non validodispositivo %s %s non validotipo del dispositivo %s non validonumero di campo non valido: %sspecificatore di campo non valido: %slarghezza del campo non valida: %snumero di file non valido nello specificatore di campo: %sargomento in virgola mobile non valido: %sstile di numerazione del piè di pagina non valido: %sprecisione del formato non validalarghezza del formato non validalarghezza dello spazio non valida: %sgruppo non validogruppo %s non validoelenco dei gruppi %s non validogruppo non valido: %sstile di numerazione dell'intestazione non valido: %sinput non validoflag di input non validointervallo di input %s non validointero non valido %sargomento intero %s non validonumero di riga %s non validodisciplina di riga non valida %scampo del numero di righe non valido: %sincremento del numero di riga non valido: %sformato del numero di righe non valido: %slarghezza della riga non valida: %smajor number del dispositivo %s non validoprofondità massima %s non validaminor number del dispositivo %s non validomodo non validomodo %s non validomodo non valido: %snumero %s non validonumero non valido dopo ","numero non valido dopo "-"numero non valido dopo "."numero non valido all'inizio del camponumero di righe vuote non valido: %snumero di byte non validonumero di byte da confrontare non validonumero di byte da saltare non validonumero di colonne non valido: %snumero di campi da saltare non validonumero di righe non validonumero di righe non valido: 0opzione non valida -- %copzione non valida -- %c; -WIDTH è riconosciuto solo quando è la prima opzione; utilizzare -w Nradice dell'indirizzo di output "%c" non valida; deve essere un carattere tra [doxn]flag di output non validointervallo di pagine non valido %sprecisione non valida: %sintervallo non valido senza punto finale: -conteggio delle ripetizioni %s non valido nel costrutto [c*n]spec non validanumero di riga iniziale non valido: %sflag di stato non validosuffisso %s non valido, contiene separatori di directoryil suffisso nell'argomento «%3$s» di %1$s%2$s non è validodimensioni di tabulazione non valide: %smodello non valido, %s, contiene separatori di directorymodello non valido, %s; con --tmpdir non può essere assolutointervallo di tempo non valido: %sformato dello stile dell'ora %s non validoopzione finale non valida -- %cstringa di tipo non valida: %sstringa di tipo non valida %s; questo sistema non fornisce un tipo a virgola mobile a %lu bytestringa di tipo non valida %s; questo sistema non fornisce un tipo intero a %lu bytenome del carattere universale \%c%0*x non validoutente non validoutente %s non validolarghezza non valida: %sdimensione di ritorno a capo non valida: %snome di file di lunghezza zero non validoè pericoloso operare ricorsivamente su %sè pericoloso operare ricorsivamente su %s (come con %s)last=il nome del file %s ha un componente che inizia con "-"limite %lu superato dalla lunghezza %lu del nome del file %slimite %lu superato dalla lunghezza %lu del componente %s del nome del fileil buffering di righe su stdin non ha significatol'opzione per il conteggio delle righe -%s%c... è troppo grandeil numero di riga %s è più piccolo del numero di riga precedente, %snumero di riga eccessivoil massimo dell'argomento --%s con l'attuale rlimit è %smemoria esauritacoda di messaggiil minimo dell'argomento --%s è %scostrutto disallineato [:upper:] o [:lower:]manca la specifica di conversione %% nel suffissomanca un "]"manca l'argomento dopo %smanca l'argomento per %scarattere di classe "[::]" mancantemanca lo specificatore di conversione nel suffissomanca l'operando per il file di destinazione dopo %scarattere "[==]" di equivalenza classe mancantemanca il file operandomanca il numero esadecimale nella sequenza di escapemanca l'elenco dei campimanca l'elenco delle posizionioperando mancantemanca l'operando dopo %sil modo deve specificare solo i bit di permesso del fileil modo di %s è stato cambiato in %04lo (%s) il modo di %s è stato mantenuto pari a %04lo (%s) tabulatore multicarattere %sspecificate opzioni -i multiplesono state specificate opzioni -l o -t multipleè stato specificato più di un programma di compressionespecificati delimitatori multiplimultipli levelrangeè stato specificato più di un file di outputspecificati formati di output multiplisono state specificate sorgenti casuali multiplespecificati modificatori multipli relativiruoli multiplispecificate directory multiple di destinazionetipi multipliutenti multipliné il collegamento simbolico %s né il file di riferimento sono cambiati manca la variabile di ambiente SHELL e non è stata usata l'opzione per selezionare il tipo della shellnessun cambiamento al proprietario di %s nessun comando specificatonessun file system processatonessun file rimastonessun input da %snome di accesso inesistentenessun id del processo specificatonessun tipo può essere specificato mentre si stampano le stringhenon è stato indicato nessun nome utente; quando si usa -l bisogna indicarne almeno unocarattere non portabile %s nel nome del file %snon è un ttynon è possibile scrivere attraverso il collegamento simbolico con obiettivo non esistente %sil numero in %s è troppo grandenumero di bytenumero di righeoffset eccessivo leggendo il file %sdirectory %s omessasolo un costrutto ripetuto [c*] dovrebbe apparire in string2può essere specificato un solo dispositivopuò essere specificato solo un tipo di elencoopen non riuscitaapertura di %sopzione usata in un contesto non valido -- %cle opzioni --backup e --no-clobber sono mutualmente esclusivele opzioni --compare (-C) e --preserve-timestamps sono mutualmente esclusivele opzioni --compare (-C) e --strip sono mutualmente esclusivele opzioni «-%s» sono incompatibilii suffissi dei file di output sono esauritioverflow estendendo la dimensione del file %soverflow arrotondando la dimensione del file %sil proprietario di %s è stato mantenuto il proprietario di %s è stato mantenuto pari a %s overflow del numero di paginalarghezza della pagina troppo strettapreservazione dei permessi per %spreservati gli orari di %sè senza senso stampare tutte le righe duplicate e il numero delle ripetizionii limiti dell'intervallo «%s-%s» sono in ordine inversoerrore di letturaread non riuscitalettura di %slettura della directory %srecord troppo grandestderr reindirizzato in stdoutfile regolare vuotofile regolare%s rimosso directory rimossa: %s rimozione della directory, %srun-levelsemaforoil separatore non può essere vuotoimpostare LC_ALL='C' per aggirare il problemaimpostazione dei flag %simpostazione dei permessi per %simpostazione degli orari di %soggetto di memoria condivisail numero di byte saltati + byte letti è troppo grandesaltato %s, dato che è su un dispositivo diversofile %s saltato perché è stato sostituito mentre veniva copiatosocketstandard errorstandard inputlo standard input è chiusostandard outputstat non riuscitastderrstdinstdoutcarattere estraneo nella specifica del campoconfronto tra stringhe non riuscitotrasformazione stringa non riuscitaprocesso di strip terminato in modo anomaloeliminare le righe non delimitate ha senso solo quando si sta operando sui campicollegamento simbolicoerrore di sintassiavvio di sistemala grandezza del tabulatore non può essere 0la grandezza del tabulatore contiene caratteri non validi: %sle grandezze dei tabulatori devono essere crescenti%s: posizione del tabulatore troppo grandeil valore della posizione del tabulatore è troppo grandei tabulatori sono troppo grandil'obiettivo %s non è una directoryla directory di destinazione non è permessa durante l'installazione di una directoryterm=test o [le opzioni --binary e --text non hanno significato quando si stanno verificando i codici di controllol'opzione --compare (-C) è ignorata se è specificato un modo senza i bit di permessol'opzione --context (-Z) è obsoleta e sarà rimossa in una versione futural'opzione --quiet ha significato solo quando si stanno verificando i codici di controllol'opzione --status ha significato solo quando si stanno verificando i codici di controllol'opzione --warn ha significato solo quando si stanno verificando i codici di controlloil costrutto [c*] potrebbe apparire in string2 solo durante la traduzioneil costrutto ripetuto [c*] non dovrebbe apparire in string1manca un «+» davanti all'argomento %s; quando si usa un'opzione per specificare una o più date, qualsiasi argomento che non sia un'opzione deve essere una stringa di formato che inizia con «+»il delimitatore deve essere un singolo caratterele opzioni per gli stili dell'output "verbose" e "stty-readable" sono mutualmente esclusivele opzioni per stampare il database interno di dircolors e per selezionare una sintassi di shell sono mutualmente esclusivele opzioni per stampare e impostare l'orario non possono essere usate insiemele opzioni per specificare la stampa di date sono mutualmente esclusivele stringhe confrontate erano %s e %sl'opzione strip non può essere usata per installare una directoryla stringa non trasformata era %sl'orario %s è fuori dal limiteper usare l'id utente %s bisogna usare anche -gpoche X nel modello %stroppe specifiche di conversione %% nel suffissotroppi caratteri nell'insiemetroppe righe ripetutetroppi modellitotaletraversamento non riuscito: %soggetto di memoria tipizzatouid=%luimpossibile mostrare il messaggio di erroreimpossibile registrare l'attuale directory di lavoroimpossibile impostare il contesto di sicurezza %sfallimento non atteso: fts_info=%d: %s segnalare a %soperatore binario sconosciutostato sconosciuto dal comando (0x%X)flusso sconosciutoid utente sconosciuto: %svalore non interpretabile nella variabile di ambiente LS_COLORSoperando %s non riconosciutoprefisso non riconosciuto: %sattivo %ld giorno %2d:%02d, attivo %ld giorni %2d:%02d, attivo ???? giorni ??:??, usare --no-preserve-root per scavalcare questa protezionel'utente %s non esisteusare %s per indicare che lo standard input non lavora in modalità file systemè in uso l'aritmetica con precisione arbitrariaviene usata la shell ristretta %sè in uso l'aritmetica con precisione singolaattesa di %s [-d]in attesa dello stripattenzione: %s: i caratteri che seguono la costante carattere sono stati ignoratiattenzione: %s: cambio del contesto in %s non riuscitoattenzione: --pid=PID non è supportato su questo sistemaattenzione: --retry è utile principalmente se seguito da un nomeattenzione: PID ignorato; --pid=PID è utile solo seguendoattenzione: «touch %s» è obsoleto; usare «touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d»attenzione: un "\" (backslash) non protetto a fine stringa non è portabileattenzione: backslash alla fine del formatoattenzione: impossibile cambiare la directory in %simpossibile rimuovere %sattenzione: seguire lo standard input in modo indefinito non è efficaceattenzione: gli argomenti in eccesso sono stati ignorati, a partire da %sattenzione: offset di file non valido dopo una lettura non riuscitaattenzione: larghezza %lu non valida; usare invece %dattenzione: il numero di riga %s è lo stesso del precedenteattenzione: il file di origine %s è stato specificato più di una voltaattenzione: riassumere è in conflitto con --max-depth=%luattenzione: riassumere è lo stesso che usare --max-depth=0attenzione: l'opzione --%s è obsoleta; usare --referenceattenzione: il codice ottale ambiguo \%c%c%c sarà interpretato come sequenza di due byte \0%c%c, %cattenzione: sequenza di escape «\%c» non riconosciutaattenzione: si sta aggirando il bug del kernel di lseek per il file (%s) di mt_type=0x%0lx -- consultare per l'elenco dei tipifile stranose set1 non viene troncato, string2 non deve essere vuotaquando i nomi dei file sono letti dallo stdin, un nome come %s non è permessoquando si specifica uno stile dell'output, non si possono impostare i modidurante la traduzione con classi di caratteri complementati, string2 deve mappare tutti i caratteri nel dominio a unodurante la traduzione, le uniche classi di caratteri che possono apparire in string2 sono "upper" e "lower"non sarà copiato %s attraverso il collegamento simbolico %s appena creatoimpossibile creare il collegamento fisico %s alla directory %s%s appena creato non sarà sovrascritto da %scon --parents, la destinazione deve essere una directorycon --suffix, il modello %s deve terminare con Xerrore di scritturaerrore di scrittura per %swrite non riuscitascrittura di %sscrittura di %sdeve essere specificato -c, -t, -u, -l, -r, o il contestoè necessario specificare una elenco di byte, caratteri o campiè necessario specificare uno tra %s o %sPRIuMAXPRIdMAX%+% records in %+% records out % truncated record % truncated records % byte (%s) copied% bytes (%s) copiedoffset too large: cannot truncate to a length of seek=% (%lu-byte) blocksfailed to truncate to % bytes in output file %sfailed to allocate a % byte stdio buffer %s: %: improperly formatted %s checksum lineWARNING: % of % listed file could not be readWARNING: % of % listed files could not be readWARNING: % of % computed checksum did NOT matchWARNING: % of % computed checksums did NOT matchstarting page number % exceeds page count %Page %overflow in % * % byte blocks for file %struncating %s at % bytes%+% record dentro %+% record fuori % record troncato % record troncati % byte (%s) copiato% byte (%s) copiatioffset troppo grande: impossibile interrompere a una lunghezza di seek=% (%lu-byte) blocchiinterruzione a % byte nel file di output %s non riuscitaallocazione di un buffer di stdio di % byte non riuscita %s: %: riga del codice di controllo %s non formattata correttamenteATTENZIONE: % di % file elencato non può essere lettoATTENZIONE: % di % file elencati non possono essere lettiATTENZIONE: % di % codice di controllo calcolato NON corrispondeATTENZIONE: % di % codici di controllo calcolati NON corrispondonoil numero della pagina iniziale % supera il numero di pagine %Pagina %overflow in % * % blocchi di byte per il file %sinterruzione di %s a % byte07070100009219000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001600000000reloc/share/locale/ja0707010000921a000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000002200000000reloc/share/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES0707010000921b000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00016c31000000660000000300000000000000000000002f00000000reloc/share/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo\(()*G8+,p;-!-./w5152T3G84844#[56zD77\88|::Ab;;o<:=">>?9@@t@lB^C+DEFyGHG7GFHWH,DI5qII)JKIMYN1O$PPQRZSWS2T}TyU\ WfX Y Z[\j]u]s^4_ 8`fCabqcPdffVg(hiIi=2jCpk?kkm8o3p%q 7qEq,-rXZs|t0vDwxx yz zz-{B{ ^{{{0{{/{|3|L|#]|>|B|,}$0}U}8e}}}}}}~4~;D~~~~~~"<)V1',C,a- (݀2M \ hu.Ձ")BDH ^i)n ?  &.F x:ȅ2:1&60;ls7?ć $ 3=Ur IĈ(9>#X|*ωN҉!o3*-.&\  2hՌw>B;%z א8@N̑1-%*S~ÒؒA "/$4 Y$d& “Г  -):Yd'T;&֕"" YCc '"ZJї  XljtטL;3M/+'ݚ#)Ie<u1* *B\2y1 ޜ#*!L#l,0#-(Gp5%"82&k!ßޟ/F ] jw Ϡ٠" 1BH#Y*} ǡ-+.0_}Ӣ=@/:pУ*-1 _ m{Ƥ" ?`Gx ͥ,9JP a/o-#ͦ&*$Ch!"˧#7=J- ɨӨ4&( O[{>ǩB I T` s )ت#2AZ jv}Jޫ )7LhHn?=>53t(>ѭ/0`f*3 H%2n=,߯0 7=tu 35)j__ʱ** U a7nDn߶N_EUnf~U{7[ ]qM  +7-eY3.WrffKfTn6^<*WvT@ [TGs,C:6$i;*fy"m^M@AV/O s Ta 0RvI/P["6Yn-%?*1\<|.;1Z6^">F*LG+7"./JFz%1%3Yy%%#1 F5 | 4 I :!FP!)!F!G",P"7}";"" #)#C#Z#)n#I#4#4$1L$5~$$$$$ $O$ 6%SB%'%'% %% &$&4&(3(:(X)\)M@*e*M*B+R+0Y++0+q+`4,,,,, ,-,!,-8-T-[- b-o-S--$-.*.?B..'.B./\/cd/01m2Aq2K22 33I,3v3434h5]6?6 37'>8'f89888!8!9h&9V949':0C:t:N::M:F8; ;;;;;;;k;S<i<-p< <*<<3<=-=F=!e=!=!==@=g">@>>K?@A@?@/@{@nA5B;JB{BC"CBC'SC{C CC\CCDE_FVzFFFAG:ZG4G.G)G"#H FHVTHHHHDHBHAI.WI0I.IgIdNJJ'J9J]1K3KLK=LANLFL.L$MH+M4tMEMWM9GNBNN\N?@O-OO/O,O'P'CPkP*~PPP P%P!Q-5QcQvQ!Q*QQQRR;/R@kR3R=R?S$^SSUS$S'T8+T*dTTTVTI UMSUUU7UNV+fV.VVV.V.W.KW?zW0W0W6X<SX*XX>YWY<wYKYZ$Z-Z9FZ+Z+Z6Z1[8A[-z['[![4[='\@e\S\m\*h]3]] ]]`]BV^^5^^3_'5_W]_B__``7` J` T`3a`H`-`' a!4a Vaca sa'a aaa a a9a2b'Nbvvbb- c?7cwcYcTcR.dRdTd<)eNfe"e.ef0fH?ff5f*f(g?+gNkgugM0hB~h8hhiliMjdjlk>skkkUk?k6KDW; c38' oua6ALB(*M2q+S>Cb<R!,{4; .NwIvv 7[l"N@9{&Zy`4gJ`dH}~ipreRSD"e&]UKF<m_VE?|o:)xhGxut\f]1~ZG'Uj Ayj3CWn=OkmErf$7lb ^_Ms@5Jz^9/  IBs/L+|  YaQ51.0c[qiTz>-0PY PXH$(%Q:nO\# !V)*#Fp%hd=gt-2T}wX8, ( EXPRESSION ) EXPRESSION is true ! EXPRESSION EXPRESSION is false EXPRESSION1 -a EXPRESSION2 both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true EXPRESSION1 -o EXPRESSION2 either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true -a, --all same as -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot time of last system boot -d, --dead print dead processes -H, --heading print line of column headings -b FILE FILE exists and is block special -c FILE FILE exists and is character special -d FILE FILE exists and is a directory -e FILE FILE exists -l produce long format output for the specified USERs -b omit the user's home directory and shell in long format -h omit the user's project file in long format -p omit the user's plan file in long format -s do short format output, this is the default ARG1 * ARG2 arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 is less than ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 is equal to ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 is unequal to ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2 FILE1 -ef FILE2 FILE1 and FILE2 have the same device and inode numbers FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2 FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 is older than FILE2 INTEGER copy up to but not including specified line number /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copy up to but not including a matching line %REGEXP%[OFFSET] skip to, but not including a matching line {INTEGER} repeat the previous pattern specified number of times {*} repeat the previous pattern as many times as possible A line OFFSET is a required `+' or `-' followed by a positive integer. INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING length of STRING A lightweight `finger' program; print user information. The utmp file will be %s. A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment. A mere - implies -l. If USER not given, assume root. As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: Combination settings: * [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase cbreak same as -icanon -cbreak same as icanon Control settings: [-]clocal disable modem control signals [-]cread allow input to be received * [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8] Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Output "stdio". Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual. If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). Input settings: [-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal [-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline [-]ignbrk ignore break characters [-]igncr ignore carriage return License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Local settings: [-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings * -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available. Output settings: * bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1] * crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3] * ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1] * nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1] Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: Report bugs to: %s SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). Special characters: * dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input) eol CHAR CHAR will end the line The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: The data are encoded as described for the base64 alphabet in RFC 3548. When decoding, the input may contain newlines in addition to the bytes of the formal base64 alphabet. Use --ignore-garbage to attempt to recover from any other non-alphabet bytes in the encoded stream. The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo', use one of these commands: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit -evenp same as -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7 nl same as -icrnl -onlcr -nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-') [-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty [-]hupcl same as [-]hup [-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input [-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-') [-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors * [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character [-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return [-]inpck enable input parity checking [-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters [-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters [-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters * [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal * [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\' for uppercase characters cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values -cooked same as raw crt same as echoe echoctl echoke dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany ek erase and kill characters to their default values evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N set the input speed to N * line N use line discipline N min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read ospeed N set the output speed to N oddp same as parenb parodd cs7 -oddp same as -parenb cs8 [-]parity same as [-]evenp pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7 raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw same as cooked stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal * swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer * werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed %h same as %b %H hour (00..23) %I hour (01..12) %j day of year (001..366) %k hour ( 0..23) %l hour ( 1..12) %m month (01..12) %M minute (00..59) + TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like `match' or an operator like `/' ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx' -O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives -R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences -T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives -T, -w, --mesg add user's message status as +, - or ? -u, --users list users logged in --message same as -T --writable same as -T -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword -b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting -g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields -i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE -o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -f omit the line of column headings in short format -w omit the user's full name in short format -i omit the user's full name and remote host in short format -q omit the user's full name, remote host and idle time in short format -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -q, --count all login names and number of users logged on -r, --runlevel print current runlevel -s, --short print only name, line, and time (default) -t, --time print last system clock change -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -r, --references first field of each line is a reference -t, --typeset-mode - not implemented - -w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL specify the name or number of the signal to be sent -l, --list list signal names, or convert signal names to/from numbers -t, --table print a table of signal information -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system -w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% (backup: %s) * [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c') [-]echo echo input characters * [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho [-]echoe same as [-]crterase [-]echok echo a newline after a kill character * [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill [-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters * [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\' and '/' [-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters [-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters * [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase * [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character [-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters [-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control [-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence) [-]tandem same as [-]ixoff * [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline * [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters * [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays * [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase * [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline * [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return * [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column [-]opost postprocess output * tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3] * tabs same as tab0 * -tabs same as tab3 * vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1] * eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line * lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal * rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it * rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows * size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel speed print the terminal speed time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second Mounted on groups= old % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %s -> %s (unbackup) %s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has unknown file type%s home page: <%s> %s home page: %s is too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: couldn't reset non-blocking mode%s: end of file%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: expected a numeric value%s: file has negative size%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: input contains a loop:%s: input file is output file%s: invalid PID%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: invalid pattern%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: multiple signals specified%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: no size information for this device%s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: read error%s: removed%s: removing%s: replace %s? %s: unable to perform all requested operations%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: value not completely converted%s}: integer required between `{' and `}''(C), load average: %.2f??? Address family for hostname not supportedAlarm clockAll arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. All requests doneArgument buffer too smallBroken pipeBus errorCOMMENTCPU time limit exceededChange the effective user id and group id to that of USER. -, -l, --login make the shell a login shell -c, --command=COMMAND pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c -f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment do not reset environment variables -p same as -m -s, --shell=SHELL run SHELL if /etc/shells allows it Child exitedContinuedConvert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. -a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. David MacKenzieEXITExit with the status determined by EXPRESSION. FAILEDFile size limit exceededForce changed blocks to disk, update the super block. General help using GNU software: HangupIdleIllegal instructionIn real life: InterruptInterrupted by a signalInvalid character class nameInvalid content of \{\}Invalid regular expressionKilledLINELoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Memory allocation failureMemory exhaustedNAMEName or service not knownNo address associated with hostnameNo matchNo previous regular expressionNon-recoverable failure in name resolutionOKOutput a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. Determine format of output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output defaults Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. PIDPaginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Parameter string not correctly encodedPassword:Plan: Power failurePrint CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print NAME with its trailing /component removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output `.' (meaning the current directory). Print or change terminal characteristics. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. -s, --silent, --quiet print nothing, only return an exit status Print the full filename of the current working directory. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the name of the current user. Processing request in progressProfiling timer expiredProject: QuitReal-time signal %dRegular expression too bigRename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Report %s bugs to: %s Request canceledRequest not canceledRichard M. StallmanRun COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Segmentation faultSend signals to processes, or list signals. Set LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Shell: Simon JosefssonStoppedStopped (signal)Stopped (tty input)Stopped (tty output)SuccessSummarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. System errorTIMETemporary failure in name resolutionTerminatedThe strings compared were %s and %s.Torbjorn GranlundTry `%s --help' for more information. Unknown errorUnknown signal %dUnknown system errorUnmatched ( or \(Unmatched ) or \)Unmatched [ or [^Unmatched \{Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NAME] or: %s OPTION Print or set the hostname of the current system. Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Base64 encode or decode FILE, or standard input, to standard output. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] User defined signal 1User defined signal 2Valid arguments are:Virtual timer expiredWarning: WhenWhereWrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argumenta command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sai_family not supportedai_socktype not supportedambiguous argument %s for %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileboth files cannot be standard inputcannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change permissions of %scannot combine signal with -l or -tcannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot determine hostnamecannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot open %s for readingcannot perform formatted outputcannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot read realtime clockcannot reposition file pointer for %scannot set datecannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot skip past end of combined inputcannot split in more than one waycannot stat %schanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing ownership of %scharacter offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special fileclock changeclose failedclosing %s (fd=%d)closing output file %sclosing standard inputcouldn't get boot timedirectorydivision by zeroerror closing fileerror in regular expression searcherror reading %serror writing %sexit=extra operand %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to get attributes of %sfailed to reopen %s with mode %sfailed to return to initial working directoryfield number is zerofifofile system type %s both selected and excludedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %sincorrect passwordinput disappearedinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid byte or field listinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid groupinvalid inputinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid userinvalid wrap size: %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)last=memory exhaustedmessage queuemisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operandmode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multiple -l or -t options specifiedneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno files remainingno type may be specified when dumping stringsnot a ttynumber of bytesnumber of linesonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one type of list may be specifiedopen failedownership of %s retained as %s page width too narrowpreserving permissions for %spreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedregular empty fileregular filerun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptyset LC_ALL='C' to work around the problemsetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstderrstdinstdoutstray character in field specstring comparison failedstring transformation failedsuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linktab size cannot be 0tab sizes must be ascendingterm=the --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the delimiter must be a single characterthe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe untransformed string was %stoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtotalunable to display error messageunable to record current working directoryunknown streamunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableuser %s does not existusing restricted shell %swarning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredwarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0warning: working around lseek kernel bug for file (%s) of mt_type=0x%0lx -- see for the list of typesweird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'will not overwrite just-created %s with %swrite errorwrite failedyou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsProject-Id-Version: GNU coreutils 8.4 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2010-03-09 17:40+0900 Last-Translator: Yasuaki Taniguchi Language-Team: Japanese MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0; ( 式 ) 式 は真 ! 式 式 は偽 式1 -a 式2 式1 と 式2 の両方が真 式1 -o 式2 式1 または 式2 のどちらかが真 -a, --all -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u と同じ -b, --boot 最後にシステムが起動した時刻 -d, --dead 終了したプロセスを表示 -H, --heading ヘッダ行を表示 -b FILE FILE が存在し, 且つブロックデバイスである -c FILE FILE が存在し, 且つキャラクタデバイスである -d FILE FILE が存在し, 且つディレクトリである -e FILE FILE が存在する -l 指定されたユーザに対して長形式で出力 -b 長形式でユーザのホームディレクトリとシェルを省略 -h 長形式でユーザのプロジェクトファイルを省略 -p 長形式でユーザのプランファイルを省略 -s 短形式で出力 (標準) ARG1 * ARG2 ARG1 と ARG2 の掛け算 ARG1 / ARG2 ARG1 の ARG2 による割り算 ARG1 % ARG2 ARG1 の ARG2 による割り算のあまり ARG1 + ARG2 ARG1 と ARG2 の足し算 ARG1 - ARG2 ARG1 と ARG2 の引き算 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 が ARG2 より小さい ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 が ARG2 より小さいか等しい ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 が ARG2 と等しい ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 が ARG2 と等しくない ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 が ARG2 より大きいか等しい ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 が ARG2 より大きい FILE1 -ef FILE2 FILE1 と FILE2 が同じデバイスで inode も等しい FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 が FILE2 より (更新された時刻が) 新しい FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 が FILE2 より古い 行数 指定行の直前まで(その行は含まれない)を書き込む /正規表現/[オフセット] 一致する行の直前までを書き込む %%正規表現%%[オフセット] 一致する行の直前までをスキップ {整数値} 直前のパターンを指定した数だけ繰り返す {*} 直前のパターンを可能なだけ繰り返す オフセットの指定には `+' または `-' に正の整数値を続けて指定します. INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 が INTEGER2 に等しい INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 が INTEGER2 以上 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 が INTEGER2 より大きい INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 が INTEGER2 以下 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 が INTEGER2 未満 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 が INTEGER2 に等しくない STRING : REGEXP STRING における正規表現 REGEXP によるパターン照合 match STRING REGEXP STRING : REGEXP と同じ substr STRING POS LENGTH STRING の部分文字列を返す, POS は 1から始まる index STRING CHARS STRING から CHARS が見つかった場所を返す. 見つからなければ 0 length STRING STRING の長さ 軽い `finger' プログラム; ユーザ情報を表示. utmp ファイルは %s. - だけを指定した場合は -i を指定したことになります. コマンドが指定されなければ, 最終的な環境変数を表示します. - だけを指定した場合は -l を指定したことになります. USER が指定されなければ, root が指定されたことになります. 特別な場合として、cp は -f と -b オプションが与えられ、SOURCE と DEST が 同一ファイルである時は、SOURCE のバックアップを作成する。 多くの演算子はシェルに渡すためにエスケープするか引用符で囲む必要があります. 比較は ARG がいずれも数値であれば大きさにより, それ以外の場合には辞書順に より行われます. パターン照合は, \( と \) の間, もしくはヌル文字に一致した 文字列を返します. \( と \) を使わない場合は一致する文字数か 0 を返します. オプションの指定が無ければ, プログラムは -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn, -hn, -bt, -fn として動作します. CC 値は 論理ページの区切り記号を指定するための 2 つの文字です. 2つめの文字が指定されない場合には, 暗黙に : が指定されます. `\\' を 指定したければ, `\\' を使うようにしてください. STYLE は, 以下のうちの 1 つを指定します. 組合せ設定: * [-]LCASE [-]lcase と同じ cbreak -icanon と同じ -cbreak icanon と同じ 制御設定: [-]clocal モデム制御信号を無効に [-]cread 受け取る入力を許可 * [-]crtscts RTS/CTS ハンドシェイクを有効に csN 文字の大きさを N ビットに設定, N の範囲は [5..8] 例: %s /usr/bin/sort 出力 "sort"。 %s include/stdio.h .h 出力 "stdio"。 標準入力とつながった端末を制御します. 引数がなければ, ボーレート, 回線制御規則および stty sane からのずれを表示します. 設定の際には, CHAR は文字通りに扱われるか, ^c, 0x37, 0177 または 127 のように コード化されます. 特別な値 ^- または undef は特殊文字を無効にするのに 使われます. ファイルが指定されない場合は, %s を使用. ファイルとして %s が指定されると, これまでの累積データを表示. 引数1 引数2 が指定されると, -m が仮定: 通常は `am i' または `mom likes'. ファイルを指定したときは、ファイルタイプや拡張子毎にどの色を使うかについて、 そのファイルを読んで決定します。それ以外の時は予めコンパイルされたデータ ベースが使われます。こういったファイルのフォーマットの詳細が知りたければ、 `dircolors --print-database' を実行してください。 もしコマンドが指定されなければ, ``${SHELL} -i'' を実行 (標準: /bin/sh). 入力設定: [-]brkint ブレイクで割り込みシグナルを発生 [-]icrnl 復帰 (CR) を改行 (LF) に翻訳 [-]ignbrk ブレイク文字を無視 [-]igncr 復帰 (CR) を無視 ライセンス GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. ローカル設定: [-]crterase backspace-space-backspace として削除文字をエコー * crtkill echoprt と echoe の設定にしたがって全ての行を削除 * -crtkill echoctl と echok の設定にしたがって全ての行を削除 「設定」の前に - を付けると, 否定を表わします. 以下の * (アスタリスク) 記号 は非 POSIX 設定であることを示しています. 使っているシステムによって, どの設定が有効なのかが決まります. 出力設定: * bsN バックスペースの遅延スタイル. N の範囲は [0..1] * crN 復帰 (CR) 遅延スタイル. N の範囲は [0..3] * ffN 用紙送り遅延スタイル. N の範囲は [0..1] * nlN 改行 (LF) 遅延スタイル. N の範囲は [0..1] 式の値を標準出力に表示. 以下の一覧では, 式を評価する際の優先順位ごとに 空行で区分けしています. 式として使えるのは: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 がヌルでも 0 でもなければ ARG1 を返し, それ以外の場合は ARG2 を返す ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1, ARG2 ともにヌルでも 0 でもなければ ARG1 を返し, それ以外の場合は 0 を返す ファイルが - ならば標準入力を読み込みます. 各々のパターンは: バグを発見したら <%s> に報告して下さい。 翻訳に関するバグはに報告してください。 SET は文字列によって指定します. 多くの場合その文字自身を表現します. 解釈のされ方は以下の通り: \NNN 文字の 8 進数表現(1 から 3 個の 8 進数値) \\ バックスラッシュ \a ベル \b バックスペース \f フォームフィード \n 改行 \r 復帰 \t 水平タブ ここでのサイズの指定は数字です. タイプが doux に含まれるなら, サイズに は,C は sizeof(char) として, S は sizeof(short) として, I は sizeof(int), または Lは sizeof(long) も指定できます. またタイプが f ならば, さらに F は sizeof(float) として, D は sizeof(double) として, または L は sizeof(long double) として指定できます. 特殊文字: * dsusp CHAR CHAR は入力が読み込まれると, 端末停止シグナルを送信 eof CHAR CHAR はファイル終端を送信 (入力の終了) eol CHAR CHAR は行末 バックアップ接尾辞は、--suffix や SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX が設定されないと `~' に なります。バージョン管理方法は --backup オプションや VERSION_CONTROL 環境変数 を通じて選択できます。以下がその際の値です: データを RFC 3548 で定義された base64 英字にエンコード・デコードします。 デコード時には入力には正式な base64 英字に加えて改行文字が含まれている 場合があります。入力ストリームに他の非英字バイトが含まれていて回復 したい場合は --ignore-garbage を使用してください。 チェックサムは %s に記されている通りに計算されます. 照合の際に入力 するファイルは, このプログラムによって出力された形式でなければなりません. 特にオプションを指定しないで実行した場合には, それぞれのファイル毎に チェックサム, タイプに関する印(バイナリには `*', テキストには ` '), 及びファイル名を表示します. `-' で始まる名前のファイルを削除するには、例えば `-foo' というファイルなら こういうコマンドを使いましょう %s -- -foo %s ./-foo FILE が指定されない, もしくは FILE が - の場合, 標準入力が読み込まれます. ファイルの指定がなかったり, - であった場合, 標準入力から読み込みます. オプションが無い場合はユーザ情報のうち有用なものを表示. ファイルの明確な表現を標準出力に書き込む. 特に指定がなければ, 8 進数で 表現します. ファイル指定されない, あるいは `-' が指定された場合には, 標準入力を読み込みます. --help この使い方を表示して終了 --version バージョン情報を表示して終了 -evenp -parenb cs8 と同じ * [-]lcase xcase iuclc olcuc と同じ litout -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 と同じ -litout parenb istrip opost cs7 と同じ nl -icrnl -onlcr と同じ -nl icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret と同じ [-]cstopb 1文字あたり 2ストップビットを使用 (1 の場合は `-' を付ける) [-]hup 最後のプロセスが tty を閉じたらハングアップシグナルを送る [-]hupcl [-]hup と同じ [-]parenb パリティビットを出力し, 入力にパリティビットがあるとする [-]parodd 奇パリティを設定 (偶は `-') [-]ignpar パリティエラーのある文字を無視 * [-]imaxbel 発信音を鳴らし, 文字に全入力バッファを吐き出さない [-]inlcr 改行 (LF) を復帰 (CR) に翻訳 [-]inpck 入力パリティのチェックを可能に [-]istrip 入力文字の最上位 (第8) ビットを落とす [-]isig 割り込み (interrupt), 終了 (quit) および中断 (suspend) 特殊文字を使用可能に [-]noflsh 割り込み (interrupt) と終了 (quit) 特殊文字の後の出力を無効に * [-]prterase [-]echoprt と同じ * [-]tostop 端末に書き込もうとするバックグラウンドジョブを停止 * [-]xcase icanon と共に使い, 大文字に対して `\' でエスケープ cooked brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig と同じ icanon, eof および eol 文字は標準の値 -cooked raw と同じ crt echoe echoctl echoke と同じ dec echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u と同じ * [-]decctlq [-]ixany と同じ ek erase と kill 文字を標準の値に evenp parenb -parodd cs7 と同じ ispeed N 入力速度を N に設定 * line N 回線制御規則 N を使用 min N -icanon と共に使い, 完全な読込みに対して最低 N 文字を設定 ospeed N 出力速度を N に設定 oddp parenb parodd cs7 と同じ -oddp -parenb cs8 と同じ [-]parity [-]evenp と同じ pass8 -parenb -istrip cs8 と同じ -pass8 parenb istrip cs7 と同じ raw -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 と同じ -raw cooked と同じ stop CHAR CHAR 出力を停止 susp CHAR CHAR は端末停止シグナルを送信 * swtch CHAR CHAR は別のシェル層に切り替え * werase CHAR CHAR は最後にタイプされた単語を削除 %h %b と同じ %H 時 (00〜23) %I 時 (01〜12) %j 年日付 (001〜366) %k 時 ( 0〜23) %l 時 ( 1〜12) %m 月 (01〜12) %M 分 (00〜59) + TOKEN TOKEN が `match' のようなキーワードや `/' の ような演算子であって文字列として解釈. ( 式 ) 式の値 -A, --address-radix=RADIX ファイルオフセットの表示形式を指定 -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES ファイルの先頭より BYTES 分スキップ -D, --date-format=FORMAT ヘッダの日付の形式として FORMAT を用いる -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] 入力された CHAR を幅 WIDTH の空白に拡げる CHAR, WIDTH の指定がなければ CHAR は TAB, WIDTH は 8 に変更 -F, -f, --form-feed 改ページの際に改行ではなく, 改ページコードを使用 (-f と共に 3行分, -f を指定しない場合 5行分のヘッダを出力) -M, --macro-name=STRING `xx' の代わりに使うマクロ名を指定 -O, --format=roff roff 命令で出力を生成 -R, --right-side-refs 参照文を右に. ただし -w の勘定には入らない -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP 行末または文末を表現する正規表現を指定 -T, --format=tex TeX 命令で出力を生成 -T, -w, --mesg ユーザのメッセージ状態を +, - または ? で追記 -u, --users ログイン中のユーザを一覧 --message -T と同じ --writable -T と同じ -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP キーワードに対して REGEXP で一致を調べる -b, --break-file=FILE この FILE 中から単語を分割する文字を取得 -f, --ignore-case 小文字を大文字に変えて並び替え -g, --gap-size=NUMBER 出力のフィールド間の列中の隙間の大きさ -i, --ignore-file=FILE FILE から無視する単語一覧を読み込む -o, --only-file=FILE この FILE から単語一覧のみを読み込む -a, --across 各行を段組の横方向へ順に出力 -COLUMN オプションと共に使用 -c, --show-control-chars コントロールキャラクタにハットをつけ(例 ^G), その他の 印字不能な文字にはバックスラッシュと 8 進数で表示 -d, --double-space 行間に空行を挿入 -b, --before 区切り文字列をレコードの前ではなく後ろに -r, --regex 区切り文字列を正規表現として解釈 -s, --separator=STRING 改行文字の代わりに STRING を区切り文字列に -b, --body-numbering=STYLE 本文の行番号を STYLE の形式に -d, --section-delimiter=CC 論理ページの区切り記号に CC を利用 -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE フッタの行番号を STYLE の形式に -b, --bytes カラム数ではなくバイト数でカウント -s, --spaces 空白の位置で折り返す -w, --width=WIDTH 80 の代わりに 1 行の幅を指定 -c, --count 入力中に続けて出現した行の回数を表示 -d, --repeated 重複した行のみを出力 -d, --delimiters=LIST タブ文字の代わりに, LIST の文字を区切りとして使用 -s, --serial 一行毎ではなく, 一度に 1 つのファイルを貼付ける -f 短形式でヘッダ行を省略 -w 短形式でユーザのフルネームを省略する -i 短形式でユーザのフルネームとログイン元を省略 -q 短形式でユーザのフルネーム, ログイン元および待機時間を省略 -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] ファイルが大きくなるたびに追加されたデータを出力 -f, --follow および --follow=descriptor は同じ -F --follow=name --retry と同じ -l 詳細リスト形式を表示する -L, --dereference シンボリックリンクのファイル情報を表示するときは リンクそのものではなくリンク参照先のファイル 情報を表示する -m 項目のリストをカンマで区切り、一行に詰め込む -n, --digits=DIGITS 2 の代わりに指定された数字を使う -s, --quiet, --silent 出力ファイルの大きさを表示しない -z, --elide-empty-files 空の出力ファイルを削除 -q, --count ログイン中のユーザのログイン名とユーザ数 -r, --runlevel 現在のランレベルを表示 -s, --short 名前, 行および時間のみを表示 (標準) -t, --time 最後にシステムの時刻が変更された時刻を表示 -q, --hide-control-chars 表示不可能な文字を ? に置き換える --show-control-chars 表示不可能な文字をそのまま表示 (プログラムが `ls' でなかったり出力が端末でない場合の初期状態) -Q, --quote-name ファイル名をダブルクォート(")で囲む --quoting-style=WORD 項目名のクォートに WORD 文字を使う: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent ファイルごとのヘッダの出力を行わない -v, --verbose ファイルごとにヘッダを出力 -r, --references 各行の第1フィールドを参照文と見なす -t, --typeset-mode - 未実装 - -w, --width=NUMBER 列の出力幅を指定. 参照文を除いて数える -s, --only-delimited 区切り文字を含まない行を出力させない --output-delimiter=STRING 出力の区切り文字として STRING を使用 デフォルトでは入力の区切り文字を使用 -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL 送信されるシグナルの名前または番号 -l, --list シグナル名および番号の一覧 -t, --table シグナル情報の一覧表を表示 -t -vTと同じ -T, --show-tabs TAB文字を`^I'で表示 -u (無視) -v, --show-nonprinting 非表示文字と`^'や`^'を付けて表示 (LFDとTABは除く) -t, --tabs=リスト コンマ(,)で区切られたリストにタブストップを設定 -u, --update SOURCE ファイルがコピー先ファイルより新しいか 存在しない時だけコピーする -v, --verbose 実行されたことを説明する -x, --one-file-system このファイルシステムだけで実行する -w, --check-chars=N 行中, N 文字以上を比較しない -z, --zero-terminated 文字列の最後に改行でなくヌル文字を付加 [:graph:] 全ての表示可能文字, 空白は含まない [:lower:] 全ての小文字アルファベット [:print:] 全ての表示可能文字, 空白も含む [:punct:] 全ての句読点 [:space:] 全ての水平及び垂直タブ文字 [:upper:] 全ての大文字アルファベット [:xdigit:] 全ての 16 進数数値 [=CHAR=] 全ての CHAR と等価な文字. 等価クラス \v 垂直タブ CHAR1-CHAR2 CHAR1 から CHAR2 までを昇順に展開した文字列 [CHAR1-CHAR2] SET1 と SET2 の両方で指定した場合には CHAR1-CHAR2 と同じ [CHAR*] SET2 として, CHAR を SET1 の長さ分展開した文字列 [CHAR*REPEAT] CHAR を REPEAT 個展開した文字列, REPEAT の値を 0 から 始めた場合には, 8 進数として解釈 [:alnum:] 全てのアルファベットと数字 [:alpha:] 全てのアルファベット [:blank:] 全ての水平方向空白文字 [:cntrl:] 全ての制御文字 [:digit:] 全ての数字 d[サイズ] 符号付き10進数 1 整数(integer)のサイズ指定 f[サイズ] 浮動小数点 1 整数(integer)のサイズ指定 o[サイズ] 8進数 1 整数(integer)のサイズ指定 u[サイズ] 符号なし10進数 1 整数(integer)のサイズ指定 x[サイズ] 16進数 1 整数(integer)のサイズ指定 none, off バックアップを作らない (--backup をつけた時でも) numbered, t 番号つきバックアップを作成する existing, nil 番号つきバックアップがあれば番号つき、 そうでなければ、simple で simple, never 常に簡易バックアップを作成 %4s-ブロック 使用 使用可 使用%% (バックアップ: %s) * [-]ctlecho ハット記号 (`^c') で制御文字をエコー [-]echo 入力文字をエコー * [-]echoctl [-]ctlecho と同じ [-]echoe [-]crterase と同じ [-]echok 削除文字の後で改行をエコー * [-]echoke [-]crtkill と同じ [-]echonl 他の文字をエコーしなくても改行をエコー * [-]echoprt `\' と '/' の間で, 削除された文字を逆順にエコー [-]icanon erase, kill, werase および rprnt 特殊文字を使用可能に [-]iexten 非 POSIX 特殊文字を使用可能に * [-]iuclc 大文字を小文字に翻訳 * [-]ixany 開始文字だけでなく, 任意の文字で出力を再開 [-]ixoff 開始および停止文字の送信を可能に [-]ixon XON/XOFF フロー制御を可能に [-]parmrk パリティーエラーをマーク (255-0 文字のシーケンスで) [-]tandem [-]ixoff と同じ * [-]ocrnl 復帰 (CR) を改行 (LF) に翻訳 * [-]ofdel ヌル文字の代わりに埋める文字として削除文字を使用 * [-]ofill 遅延のタイミングの代わりに埋める文字を使用 * [-]olcuc 小文字を大文字に翻訳 * [-]onlcr 改行 (LF) を復帰改行 (CR-LF) に翻訳 * [-]onlret 改行 (LF) が復帰 (CR) として振舞う * [-]onocr 1桁目の復帰 (CR) を表示しない [-]opost プロセス後出力 * tabN 水平タブ遅延スタイル. N の範囲は [0..3] * tabs tab0 と同じ * -tabs tab3 と同じ * vtN 垂直タブ遅延スタイル. N の範囲は [0..1] * eol2 CHAR 行末を示す別の CHAR erase CHAR CHAR は最後にタイプされた文字を削除 intr CHAR CHAR は割り込みシグナルを送信 kill CHAR CHAR は現在の行を削除 * lnext CHAR CHAR は引用された次の文字を入力 quit CHAR CHAR は終了シグナルを送信 * rprnt CHAR CHAR は現在の行を再表示 start CHAR CHAR は停止した出力を再開 * rows N タームなるが N 行であることをカーネルに通知 * size カーネルに対応した行数と桁数を表示 speed 端末速度を表示 time N -icanon と共に使い, 読込みのタイムアウトを 10 分の N 秒に設定 マウント位置 所属グループ= 昔 メモリの % 1%, b は 1, K は 1024 (標準) のように M, G, T, P, E, Z, T. *** 警告 *** 環境変数によって指定されたロカールで並び替えの順番が変わります. 本来のバイト単位の数値で昔ながらの並び替え順にしたいならば LC_ALL=C を指定. %s -> %s (復元) %s と %s は同じファイルです%s は存在しますがディレクトリではありません%s のファイルタイプが不明です%s のホームページ: <%s> %s のホームページ: %s は長すぎます%s: %s は大きすぎて表示できません%s: %s:%s: 順序が不規則: %s: オープンまたは読み込みに失敗しました %s: そのようなユーザは存在しません%s: 繰り返しカウントには `}' が必要です%s: カレントディレクトリ上でのみ相対シンボリックリンクができます%s: このタイプのファイルの終端を捕捉できないので, このファイルについては処理を終了します%s: 追加用ファイル記述子には shred できません%s: 非ブロッキングモードを再設定できませんでした%s: ファイル終了 (EOF)%s: 等価クラス演算子は一つの文字でなければなりません%s: 数値による指定をして下さい%s: ファイルが負の大きさになっています%s: ファイルが長すぎます%s: ファイルが切り詰められました%s: 入力にループが含まれています:%s: 入力ファイルが出力ファイルが同じファイルです%s: 無効なプロセス番号です%s: 無変化の状態の最大数が無効です%s: 無効な番号です%s: 無効なバイト数表記です%s: 無効な行数表記です%s: 無効な秒数です%s: 無効なオプション -- '%c' %s: 無効なパターン指定です%s: 無効な正規表現です: %s%s: 接尾辞の長さが正しくありません%s: 行番号はゼロより大きい数でなければなりません%s: 範囲外の行番号%s: 複数のシグナルが指定されています%s: %s チェックサムとして適切な書式の行がありません%s: このデバイスのサイズ情報がありません%s: オプション '%c%s' は引数を取ることができません %s: オプション '%s' は曖昧です %s: オプション '--%s' は引数を取ることができません %s: オプション '-W %s' は引数を取ることができません %s: オプション '-W %s' は曖昧です %s: オプションには引数が必要です -- '%c' %s: %s を上書きしてもよろしいですか(yes/no)? %s: 経過 %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: 経過 %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: 読み込みエラー%s: 削除しました%s: 削除します%s: %s を置き換えますか(yes/no)? %s: 要求された処理の全てを実行することができません%s: オプション '%c%s' を認識できません %s: オプション '--%s' を認識できません %s: 値は完全には変換されていません%s}: `{' と `}' の間には整数値が必要です'(C), 平均負荷率: %.2f<内部>(不明) ホスト名に対する Address family がサポートされていません。Alarm clock長いオプションに必須の引数は短いオプションにも必須です. すべての要求が完了しました引数バッファが小さすぎますBroken pipeバスエラーコメントCPU時間制限を超過しました実効ユーザ ID およびグループ ID を USER のものに変更. -, -l, --login シェルをログインシェルに -c, --command=COMMAND 単一の COMMAND を -c 付きのシェルに渡す -f, --fast -f をシェルに渡す (csh または tcsh 用) -m, --preserve-environment 環境変数を再設定しない -p -m と同じ -s, --shell=SHELL /etc/shells が許せば SHELL を実行 子プロセス終了継続各々のファイル内のタブをスペースに変換し, 標準出力に書き出します. ファイルの指定がなかったり, `-'であった場合, 標準入力から読み込みます. SOURCE から DEST へ、或いは FILE (複数可)を DIRECTORY へコピーする。 標準入力を各々のファイルにコピーし, 標準出力にも出力. -a, --append 指定されたファイルに追加し, 上書きしない -i, --ignore-interrupts 割込みシグナルを無視 与えられた `名前' で名前付きパイプ (FIFO) を作成する。 ディレクトリを作成する。ただし既にディレクトリがあれば何もしない。 与えられた TYPE のスペシャルファイル NAME を作成する。 David MacKenzie終了式によって決められた状態で終了. 失敗ファイルサイズ制限を超過しました強制的にディスクを変更されたブロックに変更し、スーパーブロックを更新する。 GNU ソフトウェアを使用する際の一般的なヘルプ: Hangup待機Illegal instruction実名: Interruptシグナル割り込みが発生しました無効な文字クラス名です\{\} の中身が無効です無効な正規表現ですKilled端末ログインログイン名: 長いオプションに必須の引数は短いオプションにも必須です. メモリ配置失敗メモリを使い果たしました名前名前またはサービスが不明ですホスト名にアドレスが割り当てられていません一致しません以前に正規表現がありません名前解決でリカバリできない失敗が発生しました完了入力ファイルに含まれる単語の索引を並べ替え, 前後を含めて出力. 環境変数 LS_COLORS の定義するためのコマンドを出力します。 出力フォーマットの決定: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell Bourne シェル形式で LS_COLORS を出力する -c, --csh, --c-shell C シェル形式で LS_COLORS を出力する -p, --print-database デフォルト値を標準出力に表示する ファイルに従い, 現在ログインしているユーザを表示. ファイルが指定されていなければ %s を使用. ファイルとして %s が指定されると, これまでの累積データを表示. 指定されたファイルに対して上書きを繰り返し、非常に高価な機械でさえも データ復元の為の調査を行う事が非常に困難となるようにします。 PID印字のために, ページ付けや段組を行ないます. パラメーター文字列が正しくエンコードされていませんパスワード:プラン: 電源エラーCRC チェックサムと各々のファイルのバイト数を表示. パス名からディレクトリ部分を取りのぞいた名前を表示します。 指定があれば、末尾の接尾辞も取り除きます。 パス名からディレクトリ名を切り出す. パス名にディレクトリが含まれない場合 カレントディレクトリと見なして `.' を出力する. ターミナル属性の表示, 変更. -a, --all 現在のすべての設定を人間に読める形式で出力 -g, --save 現在のすべての設定を別の stty が読める形式で出力 -F, --file=デバイス 標準入力の代わりに指定されたデバイスを使用 ファイルの各行から選択した部分だけを切り出して, 標準出力に表示します. 標準入力に接続されている端末のファイル名を出力. -s, --silent, --quiet 何も表示しない, 終了状態だけを返す 現在の作業ディレクトリのフルパス名を表示. 各々の FILE の最後の %d 行を標準出力に書き出します. 複数の FILE が指定された場合は, ファイル名がヘッダ情報として出力されます. FILE が指定されないか, FILE が - の場合は, 標準入力が読まれます. 現在のユーザの名前を表示. 要求された処理は実行中ですプロファイリングタイマーが終了しましたプロジェクト: Quitリアルタイムシグナル %d正規表現が大きすぎますファイル名の変更、もしくは複数のファイルをディレクトリへ移動します。 指定された全ての文字列または `y' からなる行を繰り返し出力. %s のバグは <%s> に報告してください。 要求がキャンセルされました要求がキャンセルされませんでしたRichard M. Stallmanルートディレクトリを NEWROOT に設定してコマンドを実行. Segmentation faultプロセスにシグナルを送信, またはシグナルを一覧表示. 問題を回避するために LC_ALL='C' を指定してください.シェル: Simon Josefsson停止停止 (シグナル)停止 (tty 入力)停止 (tty 出力)成功ファイル毎のディスク使用量を集計する。ディレクトリは再帰的に処理する。 システムエラー時間名前解決に一時的に失敗しましたTerminated比較した文字列は %s と %s です.Torbjorn Granlund詳しくは `%s --help' を実行して下さい. 不明なエラー不明なシグナル %d不明なシステムエラー( または \( が不一致です) または \) が不一致です[ または [^ が不一致です\{ が不一致です使用法: %s 名前 [接尾辞] または: %s オプション 使用法: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... または: %s -l [SIGNAL]... または: %s -t [SIGNAL]... 使用法: %s [ファイル]... または: %s [オプション] 使用法: %s [ホスト名] もしくは: %s オプション 現在のシステムのホスト名を表示または設定. 使用法: %s [オプション] [ファイル] ファイル中の順序にしたがって, 全てを順序化して出力します. ファイルが指定されない, もしくはファイルが - の場合は標準入力を読み込みます. 使用法: %s [オプション]... ファイル パターン... 使用法: %s [オプション]... ファイル1 ファイル2 使用法: %s [オプション]... SET1 [SET2] 使用法: %s [オプション]... [+フォーマット] もしくは: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] 使用法: %s [オプション]... [ファイル] ファイルまたは標準入力を Base64 エンコード・デコードして標準出力に出力します。 使用法: %s [オプション]... [ファイル]... 使用法: %s [オプション]... [入力元 [出力先]] 使用法: %s [オプション]... [入力元]... (-G なし) 又は: %s -G [オプション]... [入力元 [出力先]] ユーザー定義シグナル1ユーザー定義シグナル2有効な引数:仮想タイマーが終了しました警告: 開始時刻ログイン元ファイルの各行の折り返しを行い, 結果を標準出力に書き込みます. ファイル毎に行を逆順にして標準出力に書き込みます FILE が指定されないか FILE として - が指定された場合, 標準入力を読み込みます 指定したそれぞれのファイルに行番号を付け足して, 標準出力に書き込みます. ファイルの指定が無いか, `-' を指定した場合には, 標準入力を読み込みます. FILE の各行から, 一致する行をタブ文字で区切り, 順に標準出力に書き込みます. FILE が指定されない, あるいは `-' を指定した場合には標準入力を読み込みます. 作者 %s および %s。 作者 %s、 %s、 %s、 %s、 %s、 %s、 %s、 %s、 %s、 および他の方々。 作者 %s、 %s、 %s、 %s、 %s、 %s、 %s、 %s、および %s。 作者 %s、 %s、 %s、 %s、 %s、 %s、 %s、 および %s。 作者 %s、 %s、 %s、 %s、 %s、 %s、および %s。 作者 %s、 %s、 %s、 %s、 %s、および %s。 作者 %s、 %s、 %s、 %s、および %s。 作者 %s、 %s、 %s、 および %s。 作者 %s、 %s、および %s。 作者 %s。 置換の時には, 2 つ目の文字列中で [=c=] 形式の表現はできません^[nN]^[yY]``--pages=開始ページ[:終了ページ]' 指定がありません(引数を持つ) コマンドを与えなくてはなりません%s にアクセス中ai_family はサポートされていませんai_socktype はサポートされていません`%2$s' に対する引数 %1$s が曖昧です%s をバックアップすると元ファイルが壊れます -- %s をコピーしませんでした%s をバックアップすると元ファイルが壊れます -- %s を移動しませんでしたバックアップタイプブロックスペシャルファイル両方のファイルを標準入力にはできません合計と全エントリの表示の両方を、一度に指定することはできません%s のパーミッションを変更できません-l または -t とシグナルを組み合わせることができませんU+%04X をローカル文字セットに変換できませんU+%04X をローカル文字セット %s に変換できません循環するシンボリックリンク %s はコピーできませんディレクトリ %s を作成できませんホスト名を特定できませんハードリンクもシンボリックリンクも作成できません%s を 読み込み用でオープンできません書式設定を行った出力を実行することができません標準の形式では, 名前または ID だけを表示することはできません実時間の時計を読み取ることができません%s に対するファイルポインタを再配置できません日時を設定できませんホスト名を設定できません; このシステムは機能的に不足しています入力の終端を越えて読みとばす事はできません複数の分割方法は指定できません%s を stat できません%s のグループを %s に変更しました %s の所有者を %s に変更しました %s の所有権を変更中文字のオフセットがゼロです範囲外の文字キャラクタスペシャルファイル時刻の変更クローズ失敗%s を閉じています (fd=%d)出力ファイル %s をクローズ標準入力を閉じていますブート時刻を得られませんでしたディレクトリゼロでの割り算ファイルクローズエラー正規表現による検索中のエラー%s の読み込みエラー%s の書き込みエラー終了=余分な演算子 %s%s のグループを %s に変更できませんでした %s のモードを %04lo (%s) に変更できませんでした %s の属性情報を取得できませんでした%s をモード %s で再度開くことに失敗しました初期作業ディレクトリに戻るのに失敗しましたフィールド番号がゼロですfifo%s 形式ファイルシステムが選択/非選択の両方で指定されましたgetpass: /dev/tty を開けません%s の新たな属性情報を取得中%s のグループは %s のまま保留されました iconv 関数が有効ではありませんiconv 関数が使えませんID=環境変数 TABSIZE の値(%s) が不適切なタブサイズなので無視します環境変数 QUOTING_STYLE の値(%s)が不適切なので無視します環境変数 COLUMNS の値(%s) が不適切な行幅なので無視しますパスワードが違います入力が無くなりました`%2$s' に対する引数 %1$s が間違っていますバイト数もしくはフィールドの範囲指定が間違っています末尾の変換修飾子が無効です: %c末尾の変換修飾子が無効です: \%.3oグループ指定が不正無効な入力`,' の後の数字が正しくありません`-' の後の数字が正しくありません`.' の後の数字が正しくありませんフィールドの開始点の数字が正しくありませんバイト数の指定が正しくありません比較するバイト数の指定が無効ですスキップするバイト数の指定が無効ですスキップするフィールド数の指定が無効です行数の指定が正しくありません無効な出力アドレスの基数 `%c' が指定されました -- doxn のいずれかを指定してくださいユーザ指定が不正無効な折り返し列数: %s%s に関して再帰的に操作することは危険です%s に関して再帰的に操作することは危険です (%s も同様)最後=メモリを使い果たしましたメッセージキュー[:upper:] と [:lower:] との構成が一致しません末尾の %% 変換修飾子が無効です文字クラス名がありません `[::]'末尾の変換修飾子が指定されていません等価クラスの文字がありません `[==]'エスケープ中に16進数の数値がありませんフィールドのリストがありません位置指定リストがありませんオペランドがありません%s のモードを %04lo (%s) に変更しました %s のモードは %04lo (%s) として保留されました -l または -t オプションが複数指定されていますシンボリックリンク %s もその参照先も変更されませんでした 環境変数 SHELL が定義されておらず、シェル型のオプションも与えられていません何もファイルは残っていません文字列ダンプ時の型は指定できませんtty ではありませんバイト数行数[c*] 繰り返し回数指定は, 2 つめの文字列中では 1 つだけ利用できません切り出し方として指定できるのは 1 種類だけですオープン失敗%s の所有者は %s のまま保留されました ページ幅が狭すぎます%s のパーミッションを保存しています%s のタイムスタンプを保存中全ての重複行と繰り返し回数を表示することに意味がありません範囲指定 `%s-%s' の端点が逆順に指定されています読み込みエラー読込み失敗通常の空ファイル通常ファイルrun-levelセマフォ区切り文字が空であってはなりません問題を回避するために LC_ALL='C' を指定してください。%s のパーミッションを設定します%s のタイムスタンプを設定中共有メモリオブジェクトソケット標準エラー標準入力標準入力が閉じられています標準出力状態検知失敗標準エラー出力標準入力標準出力フィールド指定に使えない文字があります文字列の比較に失敗文字列の変換に失敗しました区切られていない行の抑制が有効なのは, フィールドを指定して実行するときだけですシンボリックリンクタブサイズは0(ゼロ)にできませんタブサイズの指定は昇順でなければなりません端末=--binary と --text オプションはチェックサムの確認時には無意味です--status オプションはチェックサムの確認時のみ意味を持ちます--warn オプションはチェックサムの確認時のみ意味を持ちます置換を行なう場合 [c*] は, 2 つ目の文字列でのみ利用できます[c*] 繰り返し回数指定は, 1 つ目の文字列中では利用できません区切り文字に指定できるのは 1 文字だけです表示オプションと設定オプションは同時に指定できません変換前の文字列は %s です末尾の %% 変換修飾子が多すぎます合計エラーメッセージを表示できません現在の作業ディレクトリを記録することができません不明なストリーム環境変数 LS_COLORS の値を解釈できません%s というユーザは存在しません制限付きシェル %s を使います警告: %s: 文字定数の後の文字が無視されました警告: --pid=PID はこのシステムではサポートされていません警告: PID は無視されます. --pid=PID は --follow (-f) を指定している場合のみ意味があります警告: 幅 %lu は無効な値です. -- 代わりに %d を使用します警告: コピー元ファイル %s が複数指定されました警告: 統計(-s)と -max-depth=0 は同じ用法です警告: lseek のカーネルバグに対処します。 ファイル (%s) の mt_type=0x%0lx -- のタイプリストを見て下さい不明なファイルSET1 を切り捨てるのではない場合は, 2 つめの文字列を指定しなければなりません出力形式を指定した場合, モードを設定してはいけません補集合文字クラスで置換を行なうとき, 2 つ目の文字列は該当する文字の全ての 置換結果を特定できなければなりません置換の時, 2 つめの文字列中で利用できる文字クラスは, 大文字と小文字だけですたった今作成した %s には %s で上書きしません書き込みエラー書き込み失敗バイト, 文字, もしくはフィールドのリストを指定してください0707010000921c000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001600000000reloc/share/locale/ko0707010000921d000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000002200000000reloc/share/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES0707010000921e000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c0000959f000000660000000300000000000000000000002f00000000reloc/share/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo3 %9t$H7,5}U\c b p!N"!#u#*$ $%&''(I)C)?*R*+- ../ ///010G0#`0>0B01,18E1~111'1122;/2k2~2222"2 3)%3O31l3333 3 3)3$4 &4?14xq44I4;5N>5-525B516*6$7&<7c7'x77&;8"b88" 9 /9'P9Zx99 9X9lK:t:-;;<;(<.<4<16<h< <<#<*<<,=0@=q=(=%=&=!>$>=>T> k>x> >">>>#>*>)?>?C?_?|?=?:?@!@<@*W@-@ @@@@ A'A"?AbA AAGA BB !B//B-_B#B&B*BCC!4C"VC7yC=CC-D0D@D4PD&D DDD>DB%E hE sEE E EEEEEEEF &F2FPFJiF FFFHF?G3G(-HfVH<H/H*I30I2dI=I,I7J :J3EJjyJ_J DK PK7]KsK MN)OjP6Q(RSzUL}U+U<V<3WpW,XZ$[W]_%_azaUb<cTdCee fg_hK0iT|iiikR?m nn;p7Upp7p$p q+'q]SqlqrF=rHr+rrs40s4es+ssMs)t$Atftttt!t+t"uCBuuuuu u-u&v(vA1vsvwR#wvwi}wlwNTxJx"x6z.Hz9wzz4z{1{0 |;|2|*}0,}m]}}}n}X~~mCр׀݀B߀$" GU6jK'@DV*EƂ> 9K<ƒ& F!S&u!6F<X/]**ZS>''Ά.1%W!h!!$·3.F1ufˆ)= T9b-1ʉ*1'Yw66̊ZM^$Dы  $M2BÌ،HJ` ΍ 95S Z hv !&͎qf'w+XˏN$LsK> .KzD1@r1yDc9TCғX<e͔ 3AHVz[ X)fdG7CQ3J_195&|q{Hn\i^Y p(L0c:m]ys+?PAU%-64`ZF! rETeOW2"x#}hukjKV/ Rb~;tI@vMwD ,aSg=<N8>*$o.'lB INTEGER copy up to but not including specified line number /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copy up to but not including a matching line %REGEXP%[OFFSET] skip to, but not including a matching line {INTEGER} repeat the previous pattern specified number of times {*} repeat the previous pattern as many times as possible A line OFFSET is a required `+' or `-' followed by a positive integer. As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx' -O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives -R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences -T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword -b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting -g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields -i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE -o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -r, --references first field of each line is a reference -t, --typeset-mode - not implemented - -w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer (backup: %s)% 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %s -> %s (unbackup) %s exists but is not a directory%s is too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot rewind%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: file has negative size%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input file is output file%s: invalid PID%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid pattern%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: read error%s: removed%s: removing%s}: integer required between `{' and `}''All arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. FAILEDMandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. OKOutput a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Paginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Set LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.The strings compared were %s and %s.Try `%s --help' for more information. Unknown system errorUsage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Valid arguments are:Warning: Wrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argumentambiguous argument %s for %sbackup typeblock special fileboth files cannot be standard inputcannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change permissions of %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot create directory %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot reposition file pointer for %scannot skip past end of combined inputcannot split in more than one waycharacter offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special fileclose failedclosing %s (fd=%d)directoryerror in regular expression searcherror reading %serror writing %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) field number is zerofifogroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %sinput disappearedinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid byte or field listinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid groupinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid usermemory exhaustedmessage queuemisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) neither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno files remainingno type may be specified when dumping stringsnumber of bytesnumber of linesonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one type of list may be specifiedopen failedpage width too narrowpreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedregular empty fileregular filesemaphoreseparator cannot be emptyshared memory objectsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstray character in field specstring comparison failedsuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linktab size cannot be 0tab sizes must be ascendingthe --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the delimiter must be a single characterthe options to output dircolors' internal database and to select a shell syntax are mutually exclusivethe strip option may not be used when installing a directorytoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtotalunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variablewarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0weird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'write errorwrite failedyou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsProject-Id-Version: GNU textutils 2.0.22 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2002-07-22 20:02+0900 Last-Translator: Changwoo Ryu Language-Team: Korean MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit <정수> 지정한 줄번호 앞까지 복사합니다 /<정규식>/[<오프셋>] 정규식에 맞는 줄 앞까지 복사합니다 %<정규식>%[<오프셋>] 정규식에 맞는 줄 앞까지 건너 뜁니다 {<정수>} 바로 앞의 패턴을 지정한 횟수만큼 반복합니다 {*} 바로 앞의 패턴을 가능한한 많이 반복합니다 줄 <오프셋>은 `+' 혹은 `-' 다음에 0보다 큰 정수이어야 합니다 특별한 경우로, 강제와 백업 옵션이 주어지며 SOURCE와 DEST가 이름이 같고, 존재하는 일반 파일일 때 cp는 SOURCE의 백업을 만듭니다. 기본 옵션은, `-v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn'입니다. <구분>은 논리적 페이지를 구분하는 데 쓰이는 두 개의 문자이고, 두 번째 문자가 없다면 `.'이 쓰입니다: `.'을 쓰려면 `\\'라고 쓰십시오. <스타일>은 다음 중 하나입니다. <파일>이 `-'이면 표준 입력을 읽습니다. 각 <패턴>에는 다음을 쓸 수 있습니다: SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN 8진수 값 NNN의 문자 (1개에서 3개의 8진수 숫자) \\ 백슬래쉬 \a 소리나는 BEL \b 백스페이스 \f 폼피드 \n 줄바꿈 \r 리턴 \t 수평 탭 <크기>는 숫자입니다. doux에서 <타입>의 경우, <크기>는 sizeof(char)의 경우 C, sizeof(short)는 S, sizeof(int)는 I, sizeof(long)은 L로 쓸 수 있습니다. <타입>이 f인 경우 <크기>는 sizeof(float)이 되고, D는 sizeof(double), L은 (long double)이 됩니다. 체크섬은 %s에 기술된 대로 계산됩니다. 검사할 때, 입력은 이 프로그램의 출력물이어야 합니다. 기본 모드는 체크섬, 타입을 나타내는 문자 (이진 파일은 `*', 문서 파일은 ` '), 그리고 각 <파일>의 이름입니다. <파일>이 주어지지 않거나, <파일>이 `-'이면, 표준 입력을 읽습니다. `-F /'가 기본값입니다. <파일>이 주어지지 않거나 - 이면 표준 입력을 읽습니다. <파일>의 내용을, 기본값으로는 8진수 바이트값으로, 표준 출력에 씁니다. <파일> 인자가 두 개 이상 있는 경우, 그 파일들을 연결해서 입력으로 이용합니다. <파일>이 주어지지 않거나, <파일>이 `-'이면, 표준 입력을 읽습니다. --help 이 도움말을 표시하고 끝냅니다 --version 버전 정보를 출력하고 끝냅니다 -A, --address-radix=<기수> 파일 오프셋을 출력하는 방법을 지정합니다 -j, --skip-bytes=<바이트> 입력의 첫 번째 <바이트> 바이트를 건너 뜁니다 -D, --date-format=<형식> 윗단의 날짜 표시를 <형식>대로 합니다 -e[<문자>[<폭>]], --expand-tabs[=<문자>[<폭>]] 입력된 <문자> 문자를 <폭>개의 탭(8)으로 바꿉니다. -F, -f, --form-feed 페이지를 구분하는 데 newline 대신 form feed를 씁니다 (-F는 3줄의 페이지 헤더, -F 없이는 5줄의 헤더와 trailer) -M, --macro-name=<문자열> `xx' 대신에 사용할 매크로 이름 -O, --format=roff 출력을 roff로 합니다 -R, --right-side-refs 참조를 오른 쪽에 씁니다. -w의 경우 효과 없음 -S, --sentence-regexp=<정규식> 줄의 끝이나 문자의 끝을 나타내는 정규식 -T, --format=tex 출력을 TeX으로 합니다 -W, --word-regexp=<정규식> 키워드를 구분하는 데 <정규식>을 씁니다 -b, --break-file=<파일> 이 <파일>에 단어 구분 문자가 들어 있습니다 -f, --ignore-case 정렬에서 소문자와 대문자를 구별하지 않습니다 -g, --gap-size=<개수> 출력할 필드에서 열 사이의 간격 -i, --ignore-file=<파일> 이 <파일>에 들어 있는 단어들을 무시합니다 -o, --only-file=<파일> 이 <파일>에 들어 있는 단어들만 읽습니다 -a, --across 한 줄 한 줄을 여러 열에 걸쳐서 인쇄합니다. -<열> 옵션과 같이 씁니다. -c, --show-control-chars (^G와 같이) ^ 표시를 쓰지 않고 8진수 백슬래쉬 표시를 씁니다 -d, --double-space 한 줄씩 띄워서 인쇄합니다 -b, --before 구분자를 뒤에 놓지 않고 앞에 놓습니다 -r, --regex 구분자를 정규식으로 생각합니다 -s, --separator=<문자열> 줄바꿈 대신에 <문자열>을 구분자로 씁니다 -b, --body-numbering=<스타일> 본문에 번호를 붙이는 데 <스타일>을 씁니다 -d, --section-delimiter=<구분> 논리적 페이지를 구분하는 데 <구분>을 씁니다 -f, --footer-numbering=<스타일> 아래단에 번호를 붙이는 데 <스타일>을 씁니다 -b, --bytes 열이 아니라 바이트 수를 셉니다 -s, --spaces 공백에서 줄을 나눕니다 -w, --width=<폭> 80열 대신에 <폭>열을 이용합니다 -c, --count 줄 앞에 반복된 회수를 씁니다 -d, --repeated 반복된 줄만 표시합니다 -d, --delimiters=<리스트> 탭 대신에 <리스트> 안에 있는 문자들을 사용합니다 -s, --serial 동시에 하지 않고 한 번에 한 개의 파일을 씁니다 -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] 파일이 늘어남에 다라 추가된 데이타를 출력합니다; -f, --follow, --follow=descriptor는 같은 기능을 합니다 -F --follow=name --retry와 같습니다 -n, --digits=숫자들 2 대신에 지정한 숫자들의 개수를 이용합니다 -s, --quiet, --silent 출력 파일의 크기를 표시하지 않습니다 -z, --elide-empty-files 빈 출력 파일을 지웁니다 -q, --quiet, --silent 파일이름을 나타내는 헤더를 표시하지 않습니다 -v, --verbose 언제나 파일이름을 나타내는 헤더를 표시합니다 -r, --references 각 줄의 첫 번째 필드가 참조입니다 -t, --typeset-mode - 구현되지 않았음 - -w, --width=<개수> 출력할 열의 폭 (참조는 제외하고) -s, --only-delimited 구분자가 들어 있지 않은 줄은 표시하지 않습니다 --output-delimiter=<문자열> <문자열>을 출력 구분자로 사용합니다 기본값은 입력 구분자로 사용하는 것입니다 -t -vT와 같음 -T, --show-tabs 탭 문자를 ^I로 표시합니다 -u (무시됨) -v, --show-nonprinting ^ 와 M- 표기법을 사용합니다 (LFD와 TAB 제외) -t, --tabs=리스트 탭 위치를 직접 쉼표로 구분한 리스트로 나타냅니다 -w, --check-chars=N 한 줄에 N개의 문자까지만 비교합니다 -z, --zero-terminated 줄의 끝에 줄바꿈 대신 바이트 0을 씁니다 [:graph:] 모든 표시 가능한 문자, 공백은 포함하지 않음 [:lower:] 모든 소문자 [:print:] 모든 표시 가능한 문자, 공백 포함 [:punct:] 모든 문장 기호 문자 [:space:] 모든 수평 및 수직 공백문자 [:upper:] 모든 대문자 [:xdigit:] 모든 16진수 숫자 [=CHAR=] CHAR와 동일한 모든 문자 \v 수직 탭 CHAR1-CHAR2 CHAR1에서 CHAR2까지의 (커지는 순서대로) 모든 문자 [CHAR*] <집합2>에서, <집합1>의 길이만큼 CHAR를 복사 [CHAR*REPEAT] CHAR의 REPEAT번 반복, REPEAT가 0으로 시작하면 8진수 [:alnum:] 모든 문자 및 숫자 [:alpha:] 모든 문자 [:blank:] 모든 수평 공백문자들 [:cntrl:] 모든 컨트롤 문자 [:digit:] 모든 숫자 d[<크기>] 부호있는 10진수, 각 숫자마다 <크기> 바이트 f[<크기>] 부동 소수점, 각 숫자마다 <크기> 바이트 o[<크기>] 8진수, 각 숫자마다 <크기> 바이트 u[<크기>] 부호없는 10진수, 각 숫자마다 <크기> 바이트 x[<크기>] 16진수, 각 숫자마다 <크기> 바이트 (백업: %s)%% 문자는 메모리의 1퍼센트, b는 1, k는 1024 (기본값), 그 외에 M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. <파일>이 주어지지 않거나, <파일>이 `-'이면, 표준 입력을 읽습니다. *** 경고 *** 환경변수에 지정된 로케일이 정렬 순서에 영향을 줍니다. 바이트값에 따라 정렬된 전통적인 정렬 방식을 원한다면 "LC_ALL=C"로 환경변수를 세팅하십시오 %s -> %s (백업 해제) %s이(가) 존재하지만 디렉토리가 아닙니다%s은(는) 너무 큽니다%s: %s은(는) 너무 커서 표시할 수 없습니다%s: %s:%s: 순서가 맞지 않음: %s: 열기 또는 읽기 실패 %s: 반복 횟수에 `}'가 필요합니다%s: 현재 디렉토리 안에서만 상대적인 심볼릭 링크를 만들 수 있습니다`%s'은(는) 이런 종류의 파일 뒤에 이어서 나올 수 없습니다; 이 이름은 포기합니다%s: 돌아갈 수 없습니다%s: 쓰기 전용 파일 디스크립터는 파기할 수 없습니다%s: 동일 클래스 피연산자는 하나의 문자이어야 합니다%s: 파일이 음의 크기를 갖습니다%s: 파일이 너무 깁니다%s: 파일이 잘렸음%s: 디렉토리는 하드링크할 수 없습니다%s: 입력에 루프가 들어가 있습니다 loop:%s: 입력 파일이 출력 파일입니다%s: 부적절한 PID%s: 열기중에 바뀌지 않은 stat의 최대 개수가 부적절합니다%s: 부적절한 숫자%s: 부적절한 바이트의 개수%s: 부적절한 행의 개수%s: 부적절한 초%s: 부적절한 패턴%s: 부적절한 정규식: %s%s: 부적절한 접미어 길이%s: 행번호는 영보다 커야 합니다%s: 범위를 벗어난 행 번호%s: 올바른 형식을 갖춘 %s 체크섬 행을 찾지 못했음%s: 진행중 %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: 진행중 %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: 읽기 오류%s: 삭제되었음%s: 삭제중%s}: `{'과 `}' 사이에 정수가 필요함'<내장>긴 옵션의 인수는 짧은 옵션에도 꼭 필요합니다. 각 <파일>들의 탭을 공백으로 바꾸고, 표준 출력에 씁니다. <파일>이 주어지지 않거나, <파일>이 `-'이면, 표준 입력을 읽습니다. 실패긴 옵션에서 꼭 필요한 인수는 짧은 옵션에도 꼭 필요합니다. 성공입력 파일에 들어 있는 단어들의 permuated 인덱스를 그 문맥과 함께 출력합니다 <파일>(들)을 페이지별로 나누거나 여러 열로 나누어 인쇄하기 좋도록 만듭니다. 각 <파일>에 대해 CRC 체크섬과 바이트 개수를 출력합니다. 각 <파일>에서 선택한 줄들만 표준 출력에 표시합니다. 각 <파일>의 맨 마지막 %d줄을 표준 출력에 표시합니다. 두 개 이상의 <파일>의 경우, 각각의 파일마다 파일이름을 나타내는 헤더를 먼저 표시합니다. <파일>이 주어지지 않거나, <파일>이 `-'이면, 표준 입력을 읽습니다. 이 문제를 피해 가려면 LC_ALL='C'하십시오.비교한 문자열은 %s과(와) %s입니다.더 많은 정보를 보려면 `%s --help' 하십시오. 알 수 없는 시스템 오류사용법: %s [<파일>]... 혹은: %s [<옵션>] 사용법: %s [옵션] [<파일>] <파일>의 partial 정렬에 따르는 완전히 정렬된 리스트를 씁니다. <파일>이 주어지지 않거나, <파일>이 `-'이면, 표준 입력을 읽습니다. 사용법: %s [<옵션>]... <파일> <패턴>... 사용법: %s [<옵션>]... <파일1> <파일2> 사용법: %s [옵션]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... 또는: %s [옵션]... 8진수-MODE FILE... 또는: %s [옵션]... --reference=RFILE FILE... 사용법: %s [<옵션>]... <집합1> [<집합2>] 사용법: %s [<옵션>]... [<파일>]... 사용법: %s [옵션]... [<입력> [<출력>]] 사용법: %s [<옵션>]... [<입력>]... (-G 없이) 혹은: %s -G [<옵션>]... [<입력> [<출력>]] 올바른 인자는:경고: 각 <파일>에서 (기본값은 표준입력에서) 입력된 줄을 나눠서, 표준 출력에 씁니다. 각 <파일>을 마지막 줄부터 표준 출력에 씁니다. <파일>이 주어지지 않거나, <파일>이 `-'이면, 표준 입력을 읽습니다. 각 <파일>을 줄번호를 붙여서 표준 출력에 씁니다. <파일>이 주어지지 않거나, <파일>이 `-'이면, 표준 입력을 읽습니다. 순서대로 각 <파일>에서 대응되는 줄들을, TAB으로 구분되어 구성해, 표준 출력으로 출력합니다. <파일>이 주어지지 않거나, <파일>이 `-'이면, 표준 입력을 읽습니다. %s이(가) 만들었습니다. [=c=] 표현은 옮김의 경우 string2에서 쓸 수 없습니다^[nN]^[yY]``--pages=<첫_페이지>[:<끝_페이지>]' 인수가 없습니다%2$s에 대해 애매한 인자 %1$s백업 종류블록 특수 파일두 파일이 모두 표준 입력이면 안 됩니다모든 디렉토리 내용을 표시하면서 요약할 수는 없습니다%s의 허가를 바꿀 수 없습니다U+%04X을(를) 로칼 문자셋으로 변환할 수 없습니다U+%04X을(를) 로칼 문자셋으로 변환할 수 없습니다: %s%s 디렉토리를 만들 수 없습니다하드링크와 심볼릭 링크를 동시에 만들 수 없습니다%s에 대한 파일 포인터를 재위치할 수 없습니다결합된 입력의 끝을 넘어갈 수는 없습니다.한 가지 이상의 방법으로 분할할 수 없습니다문자 오프셋이 0입니다범위를 벗어난 문자문자 특수 파일파일 닫기 실패%s(fd=%d)을(를) 닫습니다 디렉토리정규식 탐색에 오류 발생%s을(를) 읽는 도중 오류 발생%s에 쓰는 도중 오류 발생%s의 그룹을 %s로 바꾸는데 실패했습니다 %s의 모드를 %04lo(%s)으로 변경하는데 실패하였습니다 필드 개수가 0입니다FIFO%s의 그룹이 %s으로 보존되었습니다 iconv 함수를 사용할 수 없습니다iconv 함수를 사용할 수 없습니다환경변수 TABSIZE의 값에 다음의 잘못된 탭 크기가 지정되었습니다: %s환경변수 COLUMNS의 값에 다음의 잘못된 폭이 지정되었습니다: %s입력이 사라짐%2$s에 대해 부적절한 인자 %1$s부적절한 바이트나 필드 목록접미사에 부적절한 변환 지정자: %c접미사에 부적절한 변환 지정자: \%.3o잘못된 그룹`,' 다음에 부적절한 숫자`-' 다음에 부적절한 숫자`.' 다음에 부적절한 숫자필드 처음에 부적절한 숫자%s: 부적절한 바이트 수비교할 바이트의 개수가 부적절합니다건너 뛸 바이트 수가 부적절합니다건너 뛸 필드의 개수가 부적절합니다부적절한 행의 개수출력 주소 기수 `%c'이(가) 부적절합니다; [odxn]중의 하나의 문자이어야 합니다잘못된 사용자메모리가 바닥남메세지 큐맞지 않는 [:upper:] 그리고/혹은 [:lower:] 구성접미사에 %% 변환 지정자가 빠졌음문자 클래스 이름이 빠졌습니다 `[::]'접미사에 변환 지정자가 빠졌음동격 클래스 문자가 빠졌습니다 `[==]'필드의 목록이 빠졌음위치의 목록이 빠졌음%s의 모드를 %04lo(%s)으로 변경하였습니다 %s의 모드를 %04lo(%s)으로 유지하였습니다 심볼릭 링크 %s도, 이를 가리치는 원래 파일도 변경되지 않았습니다 SHELL환경변수가 없고 쉘 형태 옵션을 지정하지 않았습니다파일이 남아 있지 않습니다문자열을 덤프할 때에는 타입이 지정되면 안됩니다바이트 수행의 개수[c*] 반복 구성문은 string2에서 오직 한 개만 쓸 수 있습니다오직 한가지 형태의 목록만이 지정될 수 있습니다파일 열기 실패페이지 폭이 너무 좁음%s의 시간을 유지합니다반복된 줄을 표시하고 회수를 세는 것은 무의미합니다범위 지정 `%s-%s'은(는) 순서가 사전순서의 역방향입니다읽기 오류파일 읽기 실패일반 빈 파일일반 파일세마포어구분 단위가 빈 문자열이 될 수는 없습니다공유 메모리 오브젝트소켓표준 오류표준 입력표준 입력이 닫혔음표준 출력stat 실패필드 스펙에 벗어난 문자문자열 비교가 실패했습니다구분자가 없는 줄을 무시하는 것은 필드에 관해 동작하는 경우에만 이치에 맞습니다심볼릭 링크탭 크기는 0이 될 수 없습니다탭 크기들은 점점 커져야 합니다--binary와 --text 옵션은 오직 체크섬을 검사할 때만 의미가 있습니다--status 옵션은 오직 체크섬을 검사할 때만 의미가 있습니다--warn 옵션은 오직 체크섬을 검사할 때만 의미가 있습니다번역할 때에만 [c*] 구문이 문자열2에 나타날 수 있습니다[c*] 반복 구성문은 string1에서는 쓸 수 없습니다구획 문자는 단일 문자여야 합니다dircolor의 내부 데이터베이스를 출력하는 옵션과 쉘 문법을 선택하는 옵션은 같이 쓸 수 없습니다strip옵션은 디렉토리를 설치할 때는 쓸 수 없습니다접미사에 %% 변환 지정자가 너무 많음합계LS_COLORS환경변수의 해석할 수 없는 값경고: `--pid=PID'는 이 시스템에서 지원하지 않습니다경고: PID 무시; `--pid=PID'는 --follow 옵션과 같이 사용했을 경우만 유효합니다경고: 부적절한 폭 %lu; 대신 %d을(를) 사용함경고: 요약은 --max-depth=0을 사용하는 것과 같습니다괴상한 파일집합1이 잘려나가지 않는다면, string2는 빈 집합이어서는 안 됩니다문자 클래스의 여집합으로 옮길 경우에는, string2는 그 도메인의 모든 문자를 하나의 문자로 매핑해야 합니다옮김의 경우, string2에 나타날 수 있는 문자 클래스는 `upper'와 `lower'뿐입니다쓰기 오류파일 쓰기 실패바이트, 문자, 또는 필드로 된 목록을 지정해야 합니다0707010000921f000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001600000000reloc/share/locale/lt07070100009220000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000002200000000reloc/share/locale/lt/LC_MESSAGES07070100009221000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c0000954d000000660000000300000000000000000000002f00000000reloc/share/locale/lt/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mod 9##\##y$B%A% &9&'9'(7( W(,c(5((w)e*,+%, &, 4,A, F, P,\,o,r,, ,,, ,-&-#7-[->x---"- ..,.>.Y.$w.....".)/8 L8&Y8*88 88 88$89$::& ;4; C;Q;f;x;; ; ;,; ;)<,<I<)h<'<'<<&<=#4=X=&t=="==d>+>Y>* ?4? R?'s?'?`?!$@!F@$h@ @'@@ @@@A;A3SA/A+A'A# B/BOBkB{BBB BBBBAB2'C1ZC CCCCC"CD+/D#[D,D0D,D# E.EIE _EEEEE$EF,FBFRFoF(FFF.F2G8GSGnG0G3GGH"H 3HAHQH`HtHHHHHHI %I0IEI\IpIIII IIIIJJ(J9J#JJ*nJ!J'JJKK$-K#RK%vKKK-KKL L?L$]LLLLLLMMM0M;GMMMMM MMM NN +N8NHN YNfNvN,N9N8N(O 9O GOSO)mOOOOOO!P"(P!KP%mP7PPP PQQ&Q&YT@T#TTUU*U*2U]UuUUU0UU&U<V0\V V,V*V3V $W0W CW NW7\W WWYsYYZX[I[@\G$]l]Mb^'^N^ '_43_@h__o`kaLb&bc1cBcGcPc,_ccccccc"d2dMd1gd$d>d!de-8efexeee*e3ef5fLfif)f2ff"g%g9gMg-dg!g-gg gg#h5h$Hh:mhhhhhh+h$i8iHiXihimisiii i ii \j gjJsjjj jjj k kk)k=kLkSkdklkkk%kk k k kl l l2lCl KlYljlll l l l lll+m%,mRmUmm m+ n 6n Dn PnE[nfnAo<Jo'oo o o oOoBpVplpp pKp p p q)q7TkryQ# $DCiD!',L0T Ւ<1)HSr8Ɠ5(DGmĔ ֔ 4($}/]1Mj<5|mlFc\4J4a#2N?1~VqK0OwS![DQ )bx0@* +bZz>c*l,K:e5."e%LW6~+#<vCC=y.kmI -{BZ(U!'X9P"thDY;;/_A]G|N$(8O{67&\%i$EV zJdofPo FsfnjT `pgTqh3a)B ru9[,Gr`R7ps_}3yg:iM xWt2vX&Ydu'SQnA  ?8L=IkUR@^HwH>-^E  Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Output "stdio". Examples: %s f - g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. %s Copy standard input to standard output. Examples: %s root /u Change the owner of /u to "root". %s root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to "staff". %s -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root". Examples: %s staff /u Change the group of /u to "staff". %s -hR staff /u Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff". If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Note that the -r and -s options are mutually exclusive. Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed to login group if implied by a `:' following a symbolic OWNER. OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic. Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: Report %s bugs to %s With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. ??? --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit -b, --bytes=LIST select only these bytes -c, --characters=LIST select only these characters -d, --delimiter=DELIM use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter -f, --fields=LIST select only these fields; also print any line that contains no delimiter character, unless the -s option is specified -n (ignored) -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% (backup: %s) Mounted on TTY%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu user%lu users%s%s -> %s (unbackup) %s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has unknown file type%s is too large%s: %s: line number out of range%s: %s: match not found%s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: binary operator expected%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot skip%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: end of file%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: input contains a loop:%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid directive%s: invalid file size%s: invalid number%s: invalid pattern%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: new permissions are %s, not %s%s: overwrite %s? %s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove all arguments recursively? %s: remove all arguments? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: replace %s? %s: unary operator expected%s: write error%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}''')' expected')' expected, found %s(C), load average: %.2f-R --dereference requires either -H or -L-R -h requires -P-ef does not accept -l-nt does not accept -l-ot does not accept -l??? ?????All requests doneArgument buffer too smallBad value for ai_flagsBrian FoxCOMMENTChange the mode of each FILE to MODE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made Chet RameyColin PlumbCompare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDmitry V. LevinEXITF. PinardFAILEDFilesystem Filesystem TypeH. Peter AnvinIDLEIan Lance TaylorIdleIn real life: Interrupted by a signalInvalid content of \{\}Invalid regular expressionJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfLINEMark KettenisMatthew BradburnMemory allocation failureMemory exhaustedMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNAMENameName or service not knownNo address associated with hostnameNon-recoverable failure in name resolutionOKOutput pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files `xx00', `xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output. PIDPadraig BradyParameter string not correctly encodedPassword:Paul EggertPaul RubinPrint CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print information about users who are currently logged in. Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the name of the current user. Processing request in progressProject: Q. Frank XiaRandy SmithRepeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Request canceledRequest not canceledRichard M. StallmanRoland McGrathRoss PatersonRun COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerServname not supported for ai_socktypeSet LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Simon JosefssonStuart KempSuccessSystem errorTIMETemporary failure in name resolutionThe following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. -H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it -L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered -P do not traverse any symbolic links (default) The strings compared were %s and %s.Torbjorn GranlundTry `%s --help' for more information. Ulrich DrepperUnknown errorUnknown system errorUnmatched ( or \(Unmatched ) or \)Unmatched [ or [^Unmatched \{Usage: %s Usage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s OPTION... FILE... Usage: %s OPTION... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-WIDTH] [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [PREFIX]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [TEMPLATE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Valid arguments are:Warning: WhenWhereWritten by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. ^[nN]^[yY]`accessing %sai_family not supportedai_socktype not supportedambiguous argument %s for %san input delimiter may be specified only when operating on fieldsbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special filecannot access %scannot backup %scannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot chdir to root directorycannot combine mode and --reference optionscannot compare file names %s and %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot dereference %scannot do ioctl on %scannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open %s for writingcannot open directory %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot read directory %scannot read symbolic link %scannot remove %scannot run %scannot set datecannot stat %scannot un-backup %schanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %scharacter out of rangecharacter special fileclosing %sclosing directory %sclosing standard inputcouldn't execute %scouldn't execute %s -dcreated directory %screating directory %screating file %s directorydivision by zeroempty %s not allowedempty file nameerror closing fileerror reading %serror writing %sextra operand %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to get attributes of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to open %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to remove %sfailed to return to initial working directoryfield number %s is too largefifofile %d is not in sorted orderformat %s has no %% directiveformat %s has unknown %%%c directivefts_read failedgetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsincorrect passwordinput line is too longinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid argument %sinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid date %sinvalid date format %sinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid group: %sinvalid inputinvalid integer %sinvalid modeinvalid mode %sinvalid mode: %sinvalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)line number %s is smaller than preceding line number, %smemory exhaustedmessage queuemissing `]'missing argument after %smissing destination file operand after %smissing file operandmissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operandmissing operand after %smode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multiple output formats specifiedmultiple target directories specifiedneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no change to ownership of %s no files remainingnot a ttynumber of bytesnumber of linesomitting directory %sonly one type of list may be specifiedopening %soptions --backup and --no-clobber are mutually exclusiveownership of %s retained ownership of %s retained as %s preserving times for %sread errorreading %sreading directory %srecord too largeregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %ssemaphoreseparator cannot be emptyset LC_ALL='C' to work around the problemsetting permissions for %sshared memory objectskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard outputstderrstdoutstring comparison failedsuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errorsystem boottarget %s is not a directorythe delimiter must be a single characterthe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivethe strings compared were %s and %stoo many templatestotaltyped memory objectuid=%luunable to record current working directoryunknown binary operatorunknown streamunknown user-ID: %sunrecognized prefix: %suse --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeuser %s does not existwarning: cannot change directory to %swarning: line number %s is the same as preceding line numberwarning: source file %s specified more than onceweird filewill not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swith --parents, the destination must be a directorywrite errorwrite error for %swriting %swriting to %syou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsyou must specify one of %s or %sProject-Id-Version: coreutils-7.1 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2009-03-25 17:13+0200 Last-Translator: Gintautas Miliauskas Language-Team: Lithuanian MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2; Pavyzdžiai: %s /usr/bin/sort Išvedimas „sort“. %s include/stdio.h .h Išvedimas „stdio“. Pavyzdžiai: %s f - g Išvesti f turinį, tada standartinę įvestį, poto g turinį. %s Kopijuoti standartinę įvestį į standartinę išvestį. Pavyzdžiai: %s root /u Pakeisti valdytoją /u į "root". %s root:staff /u Panašiai, bet ir pakeisti grupę į "staff". %s -hR root /u Pakeisti valdytoją /u ir pofailius į "root". Pavyzdžiai: %s staff /u Grupės /u pakeitimas į „staff“. %s -hR staff /u Grupės /u ir jos pofailių pakeitimas į „staff“. Jei nenurodyta komanda, vykdyti ``${SHELL} -i'' (numatytasis: /bin/sh). Licencija GPLv3+: GNU GPL versija 3 arba naujesnė . Tai yra laisva programinė įranga: jūs esate laisvas keisti ir platinti ją. Nėra JOKIOS GARANTIJOS, kiek tik tą leidžia įstatymas. Atkreipkite dėmesį, kad negalima kartu naudoti parametrų -r ir -s. Savininkas nebus pakeistas, jei nebuvo duotas. Grupė nebus pakeista, jei nebuvo duota; bet bus pakeista į pagrindinę grupę, jei po SAVININKO buvo pateiktas „:“. SAVININKAI ir GRUPĖ gali būti pateikti kaip skaitiniai arba simboliniai. Jeigu FAILAS yra -, skaityti iš standartinės įvesties. Galimi ŠABLONAI: Apie %s klaidas praneškite adresu %s Kai nenurodytas FAILAS, arba FAILAS yra -, nuskaityti standartinę įvestį. ??? --help parodyti šią pagalbą ir išeiti --version išvesti informaciją apie versiją ir išeiti -b, --bytes=SĄRAŠAS įrašyti tik tuos baitus -c, --characters=SĄRAŠAS įrašyti tik tuos ženklus -d, --delimiter=SKIRTUKAS panaudoti SKIRTUKĄ vietoj TABo kaip laukų skirtuką. -f, --fields=SĄRAŠAS pasirinkti tik tuos laukus; taip pat spausdinti linijas, kurios neturi skirtuko ženklo, nebent -s parametras yra apibrėžtas -n (ignoruojama) -n, --digits=SKAITMENYS naudoti duotą skaičių skaitmenų vietoj dviejų -s, --quiet, --silent nerodyti baitų skaičiaus paskirties failuose -z, --elide-empty-files pašalinti tuščius paskirties failus -t tas pats kaip -vT -T, --show-tabs rodyti TAB simbolį kaip ^I -u (ignoruojamas) -v, --show-nonprinting naudoti ^ ir M- žymėjimą, išskyrus LFD ir TAB %4s-blokų Naud Laisva Nd %% (atsarginė kopija: %s) Prijungta prie TTY%Y-%m-%d%Y-%m-%d %H:%M%lu naudotojas%lu naudotojai%lu naudotojų%s%s -> %s (atkurti) %s ir %s yra tas pats failas%s jau yra, bet nėra aplankas%s yra nežinomo tipo failas%s yra per didelis%s: %s: eilutės numeris už ribų%s: %s: nerasta atitikimų%s: nėra tokio naudotojo%s: „}“ yra privalomas kartojimo skaičiavime%s: tikėtasi binarinio operatoriaus%s: galima daryti simbolines nuorodas tik dabartiniame aplanke%s: nepavyksta perrašyti aplanko%s: nepavyksta praleisti%s: trūksta „%c“ uždarančiojo skirtuko%s: failo pabaiga%s: failas per didelis%s: failas per ilgas%s: įvestis turi ciklą:%s: įvesties failas yra išvesties failas%s: po skirtuko tikimasi rasti sveikąjį skaičių%s: netinkama direktyva%s: blogas failo dydis%s: netaisyklingas skaičius%s: netaisyklingas šablonas%s: netaisyklinga paprasta išraiška: %s%s: eilutės numeris turi būti didesnis už nulį%s: eilutės numeris už ribų%s: naujos teisės yra %s, o ne %s%s: perrašyti %s? %s: skaitymo klaida%s: pašalinti %s %s? %s: rekursyviai pašalinti visus argumentus? %s: pašalinti visus argumentus? %s: pašalinti apsaugotą nuo rašymo %s %s? %s: pašalinta%s: šalinama%s: pakeisti %s? %s: tikėtasi unarinio operatoriaus%s: rašymo klaida%s:%lu: neatpažintas raktažodis %s%s}: tarp „{“ ir „}“ reikalingas sveikas skaičius“tikėtasi „)“tikėtasi „)“, rasta %s©, vidutinė apkrova: %.2f-R --dereference reikalauja bent -H arba -L-R -h reikalauja -P-ef nepriima -l-nt nepriima -l-ot nepriima -l??? ?????Visos užklausos baigtosArgumento buferis per mažasBloga ai_flags reikšmėBrian FoxKOMENTARASTeisių pakeitimas kiekvienam FAILAUI į TEISES. -c, --changes kaip verbose, bet pranešti tik kai atliktas pakeitimas Chet RameyColin PlumbPalyginti surikiuotus failus FAILAS1 ir FAILAS2 pagal kiekvieną eilutę. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDmitry V. LevinIŠEITIF. PinardNEPAVYKOFailų sistema Failų sist. TipasH. Peter AnvinLAISVAIan Lance TaylorLaisvasTikrame gyvenime: Nutraukta signaloNetinkamas \{\} turinysNetaisyklinga reguliarioji išraiškaJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfEILUTĖMark KettenisMatthew BradburnAtminties išskyrimo klaidaBaigėsi atmintisMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerPAVADINIMASVardasVardas arba paslauga nežinomiSu kompiuterio vardu nėra susietas adresasNeatstatoma klaida su vardo susiejimuOKIšvedamos FAILO dalių, atskirtų ŠABLONU, į failus „xx00“, „xx01“, ..., ir į standartinę išvestį išvedamas baitų skaičius kiekvienoje dalyje. PIDPadraig BradyNetaisyklingai užkoduota parametro eilutėSlaptažodis:Paul EggertPaul RubinIšrašo patikrinimo sumą CRC ir kiekvieno FAILO baitų skaičių. Spausdinti VARDĄ su pašalintais aplankų komponentais. Jei nurodyta, taip pat pašalinti SUFIKSĄ. Išvesti informaciją apie šiuo metu prisijungusius naudotojus. Spausdinti pasirinktas eilutes ekrane iš kiekvieno FAILO. išvesti dabartinio naudotojo vardą. Vyksta užklausos apdorojimasProjektas: Q. Frank XiaRandy SmithPakartotinai išvesti eilutę su nurodyta EILUTĖ(čių) reikšme, arba `y'. Užklausa nutrauktaUžklausa nenutrauktaRichard M. StallmanRoland McGrathRoss PatersonĮvykdyti KOMANDĄ su šakniniu aplanku, kuris nustatytas į NAUJAŠAKNIS Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerServname nėra suderinamas su ai_socktypeNustatykite LC_ALL='C', jei norite išvengti problemos.Simon JosefssonStuart KempSėkmėSistemos klaidaLAIKASLaikina vardo ieškos (name resolution) klaidaSekantys parametrai pakeičia aplankų peržiūrėjimo būdą, kai yra pateiktas parametras -R. Jei yra pateikta daugiau parametrų, tada yra naudojama tik paskutinis. -H jei komandinės eilutės argumentas yra simbolinė nuoroda į aplanką, tada pakeis jį -L pakeisti kiekvieną simbolinę nuorodą į aplanką, į kurį rodo simbolinė nuoroda -P be simbolinių nuorodų pakeitimų (nutylint) Lygintos eilutės %s ir %s.Torbjorn GranlundBandykite „%s –help“, jei norite išsamesnės informacijos. Ulrich DrepperNežinoma klaidaNežinoma sistemos klaidaNesuderintas ( arba \(Nesuderintas ) arba \)Nesuderintas [ arba [^Nesuderintas \{Naudojimas: %s Naudojimas: %s KOMANDA [ARG]... arba: %s PARAMETRAS Naudojimas: %s PAVADINIMAS arba: %s PARAMETRAS Naudojimas: %s VARDAS [GALŪNĖ] arba: %s PARINKTIS Naudojimas: %s PARAMETRAS... FAILAS... Naudojimas: %s PARAMETRAS... [FAILAS]... Naudojimas: %s [-PLOTIS] [PARAMETRAS]... [FAILAS]... Naudojimas: %s [FAILAS]... arba: %s [PARAMETRAS] Naudojimas: %s [SKAIČIUS]... arba: %s PARAMETRAS Naudojimas: %s [PARAMETRAS] Naudojimas: %s [PARAMETRAS] [KOMANDA [ARG]...] Naudojimas: %s [PARAMETRAS]... Naudojimas: %s [PARAMETRAS]... APLANKAS... Naudojimas: %s [PARAMETRAS]... FAILAS Naudojimas: %s [PARAMETRAS]... FAILŲ ŠABLONAS... Naudojimas: %s [PARAMETRAS]... FAILAS... Naudojimas: %s [PARAMETRAS]... FAILAS1 FAILAS2 Naudojimas: %s [PARAMETRAS]... BŪSENA[,BŪSENA]... FAILAS... arba: %s [PARAMETRAS]... AŠTUNT_BŪSENA FAILAS... arba: %s [PARAMETRAS]... --reference=NUOR_FAILAS FAILAS... Naudojimas: %s [PARAMETRAS]... PAVADINIMAS?... Naudojimas: %s [PARAMETRAS]... [ FAILAS | ARG1 ARG2 ] Naudojimas: %s [PARAMETRAS]... [+FORMATAS] arba: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Naudojimas: %s [PARAMETRAS]... [-] [NAUDOTOJAS [ARG]...] Naudojimas: %s [PARAMETRAS]... [FAILAS] Naudojimas: %s [PARAMETRAI]... [FAILAS]... Naudojimas: %s [PARAMETRAS]... [ĮVESTIS [IŠVESTIS]] Naudojimas: %s [PARAMETRAS]... [ĮVESTIS [PRIEŠDĖLIS]] Naudojimas: %s [NUSTATYMAS]... [SAVININKAS][:[GRUPĖ]] FAILAS... arba: %s [NUSTATYMAS]... --reference=RFAILAS FAILAS... Naudojimas: %s [PARAMETRAS]... [ŠABLONAS] Naudojimas: %s [PARAMETRAS]... [NAUDOTOJOVARDAS] Naudojimas: %s [PARAMETRAS]... [NAUDOTOJO_VARDAS]... Naudojimas: %s [PARAMETRAS]... [NAUDOTOJAS]... Naudojimas: %s [EILUTĖ]... arba: %s PARINKTIS Galimi argumentai:Dėmesio: KadaKurParašė %s ir %s. Parašė %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s ir kiti. Parašė %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s ir %s. Parašė %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s ir %s. Parašė %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s ir %s. Parašė %s, %s, %s, %s, %s ir %s. Parašė %s, %s, %s, %s ir %s. Parašė %s, %s, %s ir %s. Parašė %s, %s ir %s. Parašė %s. ^[nN]^[yYtT]„dirbama su %sai_family nepalaikomaai_socktype nėra palaikomasdviprasmis argumentas %s %sskirtukas gali būti pateiktas tik operacijoms su laukaissaugojant %s būtų sunaikintas šaltinis; %s nenukopijuotasaugojant %s būtų sunaikinta šaltinis; %s neperkeltaatsarginės kopijos tipasblokinis specialus failasnegaliu pasiekti %snepavyko padaryti atsarginės %s kopijosneįmanoma pakeisti %s teisiųnepavyko pakeisti šakninio aplanko į %snepavyko atverti šakninio aplankonepavyksta suderinti režimo ir --reference parametronegalima palyginti failų vardų %s ir %snegalima paversti U+%04X į vietinį simbolių rinkinįnegalima paversti U+%04X į vietinį simbolių rinkinį: %snegalima kopijuoti aplanko %s į patį save, %snegalima nukopijuoti cikliškos simbolines nuorodos %sneįmanoma sukurti %s aplankonegalima sukūrti fifo %snepavyko sukurti kietosios nuorodos %s į %snegaliu sukurti nuorodos %snepavyko sukurti paprasto failo %snepavyksta sukurti specialaus failo %snegaliu sukurti simbolinės nuorodos %snepavyksta susieti %s su %snegalima nuimti rodyklės nuo %snegaliu įvykdyti ioctl %snepavyksta įvykdyti fstat %snepavyko gauti esamo aplankonepavyko įvykdyti lseek failui %snepavyksta sukurti simbolinių bei kietųjų saitųnegalima sukerti %s aplankonegaliu perkelti %s į %snepavyko perkelti %s į žemiau esantį savo aplanką, %snepavyko perkelti aplanko ant ne aplanko: %s -> %snepavyksta atverti skaitymui %snepavyksta atverti %s rašymuinepavyko atverti aplanko %snepavyko pakeisti aplanko %s su ne aplankunepavyksta perrašyti ne aplanką %s naudojant aplanką %snegaliu perskaityti %s aplanko turinionegaliu perskaityti simbolinės nuorodos %snepavyko pašalinti %snepavyksta paleisti %snegalima nustatyti datosnepavyksta patikrinti %snepavyko atkurti %s%s grupė pakeista į %s %s savininkas pakeistas į %s keičiama %s grupėkeičiamas %s savininkaskeičiamos %s teisėssimbolis už intervalo ribųspecialus simbolinis failasuždaroma %sužveriamas aplankas %sužveriama standartinė įvestisnepavyksta įvykdyti %snepavyksta įvykdyti %s -dsukurtas aplankas %skuriamas aplankas %skuriamas failas %s aplankasdalyba iš nulioneleidžiamas tuščias %stuščias failo pavadinimasklaida užveriant failąklaida skaitant %sklaida rašant %spapildomas operandas %sNepavyko pakeisti %s grupės į %s nepavyko pakeisti %s teisių į %04lo (%s) nepavyko pakeisti %s savininko Nepavyko pakeisti %s savininko į %s nepavyko gauti %s parametrųnepavyko rasti failo %snepavyko atverti %snepavyko išlaikyti %s autoriausnepavyko išlaikyti %s savininkonepavyko išlaikyti %s teisiųnepavyko išlaikyti %s laikųnepavyko pašalinti %snepavyko grįžti į pradinį darbinį aplankąlaukelio numeris %s per didelisfifofailas %d nesurikiuotasformatas %s neturi %% direktyvosformatas %s turi nežinomą %%%c direktyvąnepavyko fts_readgaunami nauji %s parametrai%s grupė išliko %s nėra iconv funkcijosiconv funkcija nepanaudojamaid=ignoruojami visi argumentaineteisingas slaptažodisįvesties eilutė per ilganepavyko perkėlimas tarp įrenginių: %s į %s; nepavyksta pašalinti tikslonetinkamas argumentas %snetaisyklingas argumentas %s %sklaidinga data %snetaisyklingas datos formatas %snesama grupėnetinkama grupė %snesama grupė: %snetinkama įvestisnetinkamas sveikasis skaičius %snetaisyklinga veiksenanetinkamos teisės %snetinkamas režimas: %snesamas naudotojasnetinkamas naudotojas %snetinkamas plotis: %spavojinga dirbti rekursyviai su %spavojinga dirbti rekursyviai su %s (kaip ir %s)eilutės numeris %s mažesnis už prieš ją esančios eilutės numeris %sbaigėsi atmintispranešimų eilėtrūksta „]“trūksta argumento po %strūksta paskirties failo operando po %strūksta failo operandotrūksta laukų sąrašotrūksta pozicijų sąrašotrūksta operandopo %s trūksta operando%s teisės buvo pakeistos į %04lo (%s) %s teisės išlaikytos kaip %04lo (%s) buvo pateikta daug išeities formatųnurodyta keletas tikslo aplankųnei simbolinė nuoroda %s nei referentas nebuvo pakeisti nepakeistas %s savininkas nebeliko failųne ttybaitų skaičiuseilučių skaičiuspraleidžiamas aplankas %sgali būti nurodytas tik vienas sąrašo tipasatveriamas %sparametrai --backup ir --no-clobber negali būti naudojami kartu%s sąvininkas išlaikytas %s savininkas išliko %s išlaikomos %s datosskaitymo klaidaskaitoma %sskaitomas aplankas %sįrašas per didelispaprastas tuščias failaspaprastas failaspašalintas %s šalinamas aplankas: %s šalinamas aplankas, %ssemaforasatskyriklis negali būti tuščiasnustatykite LC_ALL='C', kad išvengtumėte problemosnustatomos %s teisėsbendrosios atmintinės objektasfailas %s praleidžiamas, jis buvo pakeistas, kol buvo kopijuojamaslizdasstandartinė klaidastandartinė įvestisstandartinė išvestisstderrstdoutnepavyko eilučių palyginimaslinijų be skirtukų rodymo blokavimas yra prasmingas tik operacijoms su laukaissimbolinė nuorodasintaksės klaidasistemos įkrovapaskirties vieta %s yra ne aplankasskirtukas turi būti vienas simbolisparametrai datos ir laiko spausdinimui negali būti naudojami kartuparametrai specifikuojantys datas spausdinimui išskiria vieni kitusbuvo palygintos eilutės %s ir %sper daug šablonųvisotipizuotos atmintinės objektasuid=%luneįmanoma įrašyti dabartinio darbinio aplankonežinomas binarinis operatoriusnežinomas srautasnežinomas naudotojo-ID: %sneatpažintas priešdėlis: %sNorėdami apeiti šią apsaugą naudokite --no-preserve-rootnaudotojas %s nerastasdėmesio: nepavyko pakeisti aplanko į %sperspėjimas: eilutės numeris %s yra toks pats, kaip prieš ją esančios eilutėsperspėjimas: išeities failas %s nurodytas kelis kartuskeistas failasnepavyko sukurti kietosios nuorodos %s į aplanką %snebus perrašoma, tik sukuriama %s su %snaudojant --parents parametrą, paskirties vieta privalo būti aplankasrašymo klaida%s rašymo klaidarašoma %srašoma į %sturite pateikti baitų, ženklų ar laukų sąrašąprivalote nurodyti vieną iš %s arba %s07070100009222000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001600000000reloc/share/locale/ms07070100009223000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000002200000000reloc/share/locale/ms/LC_MESSAGES07070100009224000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00006844000000660000000300000000000000000000002f00000000reloc/share/locale/ms/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo&L |7FZ0Wg%; a o|    /L#]>' 4Rh~")9'X"  )4^` vK:2 :C 1~       I 6!;!>!P" T"h^"B"% #80#1i#-#*#A#6$$;$&`$$&$ $'$ %)-%YW%'%T%'.&V&j&#&&&&"&T'c'.'Y(=s(( (!() ')X1)))))*) ))2)10* b*n*!*#*****+"4+W+u+#+#+,+0 ,,:,#g,,, ,,,---K-$j-'-----(.1.J.._.2...0.3&/5Z//*///080K0.i0000001141O1f1%}1 11111 22 42>2"O2#r2*2'223$!3#F3%j33-3333444Q4k4o4=4@4:5@5S5;e555*5-606G6\6 t666666 77707H7`7u77 7777 7-78.8!H8"j8#878=8'9 ?9I9Y9&i9 9 9999 9 : : : 3: @:L:c:z::::::: : ; #; 1;>;(D;>m;@;<;/*<Z<3`<<<0<7< ,=57=,m=*= = = =7=t">@?O?b(@T@@hA&@B gBuB BB B BBB#B, C6C7NCC'CEC D1DPD/iD!DDDDEE)-EWE/mE EE(EFF)F!;F ]F iFvFF#F,FFF GGOG8iG/G'G-G(H/H5HHH\HaHQgHHH!HI IoIBcJ"J?J> K8HK,KHKK'K)$L!NL+pL'L.L'L1MfMM.MZM.>NmNN(N)N#N&O_=OO41P`fPBP$ Q$/Q)TQ~QQ^QQ RRR+R DRQR3lR7R RR!R-SHS_S6sSS#SS!T-*T%XT,~T0T,T) U3USU(nUU"U U#U%V+BV-nVVVVV2V1WNW2kW7WWW0X9EX=XX.X$ Y0YFY:bY%Y2YYZ Z!5Z!WZyZZZZZ#Z [[([?[T[g[|[ [[)[ ['[ %\!F\h\"~\"\#\\/]7]<]!Z]|]] ]]]H]I8^E^^^C^._!I_4k_7___ `%`8`N`!h``!` ```` a"a9aPapaa aa a0aa b!&b Hb!ib:bJbc,c ;cIc)Xcc cccc c c dd 1d efff3f: g Eg5Pg3g+g g gg4h|O~'IoA4 /*"3j51!k# }a&-2N,Zp7g T(] \ $#%lCwYJ=K%LG !R" )W@n8?xF^Us&yid m`  .b9Ez[H$Q tfh{Pv; u_c+><0V6MqSrBeXD: With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information. %h same as %b %H hour (00..23) %I hour (01..12) %j day of year (001..366) %k hour ( 0..23) %l hour ( 1..12) %m month (01..12) %M minute (00..59) -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% (backup: %s) Mounted on groups= old %b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%s -> %s (unbackup) %s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has unknown file type%s is too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: file has negative size%s: file too long%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input file is output file%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid number%s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: multiple signals specified%s: no size information for this device%s: overwrite %s? %s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}'', load average: %.2fCOMMENTCall the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. EXITFAILEDFilesystem Filesystem TypeIDLELINEMandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. NAMEOKOutput commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. Determine format of output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output defaults PIDPassword:Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the name of the current user. Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Send signals to processes, or list signals. Set LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Summarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. TIMEThe strings compared were %s and %s.Try `%s --help' for more information. Unknown system errorUsage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NAME] or: %s OPTION Print or set the hostname of the current system. Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Valid arguments are:Warning: Wrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Written by %s. ^[nN]^[yY]`a command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sambiguous argument %s for %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileblock special files not supportedboth files cannot be standard inputcannot access %scannot backup %scannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot chdir to root directorycannot combine signal with -l or -tcannot compare file names %s and %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot determine device and inode of %scannot determine hostnamecannot fstat %scannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open directory %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot read directory %scannot read file system information for %scannot read symbolic link %scannot remove %scannot set datecannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot set time stamps for %scannot specify times from more than one sourcecannot stat %scannot un-backup %scannot unlink %schanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %scharacter out of rangecharacter special filecharacter special files not supportedclosing %sclosing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputcouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %sdirectorydivision by zeroerror in regular expression searchfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to get attributes of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to return to initial working directoryfifofork system call failedgetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %sincorrect passwordinput disappearedinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid byte or field listinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid date format %sinvalid device %s %sinvalid field width: %sinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid line width: %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid maximum depth %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid modeinvalid mode %sinvalid number %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of linesinvalid option -- %cinvalid tab size: %sinvalid time style format %sinvalid userinvalid user %slast=memory exhaustedmessage queuemissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multiple -l or -t options specifiedneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno process ID specifiednot a ttynumber of bytesnumber of linesonly one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %sownership of %s retained as %s page width too narrowpreserving times for %sread errorreading %sreading directory %sregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %sseparator cannot be emptysetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectsocketstandard inputstandard outputstat failedstring comparison failedsymbolic linksyntax errorterm=the delimiter must be a single characterthe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivethe strip option may not be used when installing a directorytoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtotalunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableunrecognized prefix: %suser %s does not existwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0weird filewhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwill not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swrite errorwriting %swriting to %syou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsProject-Id-Version: coreutils 5.0.90 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2003-08-10 16:00+0800 Last-Translator: Hasbullah Bin Pit Language-Team: Malay MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Dengan tiada FAIL, atau bila FAIL adalah -, baca input piawai. Tanpa sebarang OPSYEN, cetak semua set berguna bagi maklumat yg dikenalpasti. %h sama sebagai %b %H Jam (00..23) %I jam (01..12) %j hari dalam tahun (001..366) %k jam ( 0..23) %l jam ( 1..12) %m bulan (01..12) %M minit (00..59) -q, --quiet, --silent tidak cetak pengepala nama fail diberi -v, --verbose sentiasa cetak pengepala nama fail diberi -t setara dengan -vT -T, --show-tabs papar aksara TAB sebagai ^I -u (diabaikan) -v, --show-nonprinting guna notasi ^ and M- , kecuali bagi LFD dan TAB %4s-blok Diguna Ada Guna%% (backup: %s) Dilekapkan pada kumpulan= tua %b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%s -> %s (nyahbackup) %s dan %s adalah fail yang sama%s wujud tapi ianya bukan direktori%s mempunyai jenis fail yang tidak diketahui%s adalah terlalu besar%s: %s adalah terlalu besar dan tak boleh diperwakilkan%s: Tiada pengguna sebegitu%s: `}' diperluka untuk kiraan ulangan%s: hanya boleh membuat pautan simbolik relatif pada direktori semasa%s: tak dapat menindih direktori%s: fail mempunya saiz negatif%s: fail terlalu panjang%s: pautan keras tidak diizinkan bagi direktori%s: fail input adalah fail output%s: fail saiz tidak sah%s: jenis fail tidak sah%s: nombor tidak sah%s: corak tidak sah%s: id proses tidak sah%s: ungkapan biasa (regexp) tidak sah: %s%s: isyarat tidak sah%s: bilangan baris mesti lebih besar drpd sifar%s: bilangan baris di luar julat%s: banyak isyarat dinyatakan%s: tiada maklumat saiz bagi peranti ini%s: tindih %s? %s: ralat penulisan%s: buang %s %s? %s: buang write-protected %s %s? %s: dibuang%s: membuang%s: ditukarnama ke %s%s: mengganti %s? %s:%lu: katakunci tidak dikenali %s%s}: integer diperlukan diantara `{' dan `}'`, purata muatan: %.2fKOMENPanggil fungsi pautan untuk mencipta pautan bernama FAIL2 ke FILE1 sedia ada. Salin SUMBER ke DEST, atau banyak SUMBER ke DIREKTORI. Cipta paip bernama (FIFO) dengan NAMA diberi. Cipta DIREKTORI, jika ia belum wujud. Cipta NAMA fail istimewa bagi JENIS diberi. KELUARGAGALSistem fail Sistem fail JenisLEKABARISHujah mandatori kepada opsyen panjang andalah mandatori bagi opsyen pendek juga. NAMAOKArahan output untuk menetapkan persekitaran pembolehubah LS_COLORS. Tentukan format output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell kod output shell Bourne shell menetapkan LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell kod output shell C menetapkan LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output default PIDKatalaluan:Cetak NAMA dengan komponen direktori awalan telah dibuang. Jika dinyatakan, juga akan membuang DUFFIKS ekoran. Cetak bahagian ibaris dipilih drpd setiap FAIL ke output piawai. Cetak nama bagi pengguna semasa. Tukarnama SUMBER ke DEST, atau pindahkan SUMBER ke DIREKTORI. Laksana ARAHAN dengan direktori root ditetapkan ke ROOTBARU. Menghantar isyarat ke proses, atau senaraikan isyarat. Tetapkan LC_ALL='C' untuk mengatasi masalah.Ringkasan penggunaan cakera bagi setiap FAIL, rekursif bagi direktori. MASARentetan dibandingkan adalah %s dan %s.Cuba `%s --help' untuk maklumat lanjut . Ralat sistem yang tidak diketahuiPengunaan: %s UNGKAPAN atau: %s OPSYEN Pengunaan: %s FAIL atau: %s OPSYEN Penggunaan: %s FAIL1 FAIL2 atau: %s OPSYEN Pengunaan: %s FAIL atau: %s OPSYEN Pengunaan: %s NAMA [SUFFIKS] atau: %s OPSYEN Penggunaan: %s [-s ISYARAT | -ISYARAT] PID... atau: %s -l [ISYARAT]... atau: %s -t [ISYARAT]... Pengunaan: %s [FAIL]... atau: %s [OPSYEN] Penggunaan: %s [NAMA] atau: %s OPSYEN Cetak atau tetapkan namahos bagi sistem semasa. Pengunaan: %s [NOMBOR]... atau: %s OPSYEN Pengunan: %s [OPSYEN] Pengunaan: %s [OPSYEN]... Penggunaan: %s [OPSYEN]... DIREKTORI... Penggunaan: %s [OPSYEN]... FAIL CORAK... Penggunaan: %s [OPSYEN]... FAIL... Penggunaan: %s [OPSYEN]...FAIL1 FAIL2 Penggunaan: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... atau: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Penggunaan: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... atau: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... atau: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Penggunaan: %s [OPSYEN]... NAMA JENIS [MAJOR MINOR] Penggunaan: %s [OPSYEN]... [+FORMAT] atau: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Penggunaan: %s [OPSYEN]... [-] [NAMA=NILAI]...[ARAHAN [HUJAH]...] Penggunaan: %s [OPSYEN]...[FAIL]... Penggunaan: %s [OPSYEN]...[FAIL]... Penggunaan: %s [OPSYEN]...[NAMAPENGGUNA] Hujah sah adalah:Amaran: Balut baris input pada setiap FAIL (pinput piawai secara default), menulis keoutput piawai. Ditulis oleh %s. ^[tT]^[yY]`arahan mesti diberi dengan satu penyesuaianmengakses %shujah ambiguous %s bagi %sbackup %s akan memusnahkan sumber; %s tidak disalinbackup %s akan memusnahkan sumber; %s tidak dipindahkanjenis backupfail istimewa blokfail istimewa blok tidak disokongkedua-dua fail tak boleh menjadi input piawaiTak dapat mengakses %stak dapat backup %stak dapat meringkaskan dan menunjukkan semua kemasukantak dapat menukar keizinan %sGagal menukar direktori root ke %s Gagal menukar direktori %s tak dapat chdir ke direktori roottak boleh gabungkan isyarat dengan -l atau -ttak boleh banding nama fail %s dan %stak dapat menukar U+%04X ke set aksara lokaltak dapat menukar U+%04X ke set aksara lokal: %stak dapat salin direktori, %s ke dirinya, %stak boleh salin pautan simbolik cyclic %stak dapat mencipta direktori %stak boleh mencipta fifo %stak dapat mencipta pautan keras %s ke %stak boleh mencipta pautan %stak dapat mencipta pautan %s ke %stak dapat memcipta fail biasa %stak boleh mencipta fail istimewa %stak dapat mencipta pautan simbolik %stak dapat mencipta pautan simbolik %s ke %stak dapat menentukan peranti dan inod bagi %stak dapat menentukan namahostak dapat fstat %stak dapat perolehi nama sistemtak dapat lseek %stak dapat buat kecua-dua pautan simbolik dan kerastak dapat cipta direktori %stak dapat pindahkan %s ke %stak dapat pindahkan %s ke subdirektori dirinya, %stak dapat pindah direktori ke bukan-direktori: %s -> %stak dapat buka %s untuk dibacatak dapat membuka direktori %stak boleh menindih direktori %s dengan direktoritak boleh menindih bukan-direktori %s dengan direktori %stak dapat cetak hanya nama atau ID sebenar dlm format defaulttak dapat membaca direktori %stak dapat membaca maklumat sistem fail bagi %stak dapat membaca pautan simbolik %stak dapat membuang %stak dapat menetapkan tarikhtak dapat menetapkan namahos, sistem ini kekurangan fungsiTak dapat tetapkan setem masa bagi %stak boleh nyatakan masa lebih daripada satu sumbertak dapat stat %stak dapat nyahbackup %stakboleh nyahpaut %skumpulan %s telah bertukar ke %s hakmilik %s telah bertukar ke %s penukaran kumpulan %spenukaran hakmilik %smenukar keizinan %saksara di luar julatfail istimewa aksarafail istimewa aksara tidak disokongmenutup %smenutup fail input %smenutup fail output %smenutup input piawaitak dapat masa butdirektori %s diciptamencipta direktori %sdirektoridibahagi dengan sifarralat pada carian ungkapan biasa (regexp)gagal menukar kumpulan %s ke %s gagal menukar mod %s kepada %04lo (%s) gagal menukar hakmilik %s ke %s gagal mendapatkan atribut bagi %sgagal mencari fail %sgagal mengekalkan hakmilik bagi %sgagal mengekalkan hakmilik bagi %sgagal mengekalkan keizinan bagi %sgagal mengekalkan masa bagi %sgagal untuk kembali ke direktori kerja pemulaanfifopanggilan sistem fork() gagalmendapatkan atribut baru untuk %skumpulan %s kekal sebagai %s fungsi iconv tidak adafungsi iconv tak boleh digunakanid=mengabaikan segala hujahmengabai saiz tab yg. tak sah pada pembolehubah persekitaran TABSIZE: %smengabai nilai pembolehubah persekitaran QUOTING_STYLE yang tidak sah: %smengabai lebar yg. tak sah pada pembolehubah persekitaran COLUMNS: %skatalaluan salahinput menghilangpindahan antara-peranti gagak: %s ke %s; tak dapat memindah sasaranhujah tidak sah %s bagi %sbyte atau senarai medan tidak sahPengspesifikasi penukaran tidak sah pada suffiks: %cpengspesifikasi penukaran tidak sah pada suffiks: \%.3oformat tarikh tidak sah %speranti tidak sah %s %slebar medan tidak sah: %skumpulan tidak sahkumpulan tidak sah %slebar baris tidak sah: %snombor peranti major tidak sah %sKedalaman maksimum %snombor peranti minor tidak sah %smod tak sahmod tak sah %snombor tidak sah %sbilangan byte tidak sahbilangan baris tidak sahopsyen tidak sah -- %csaiz tab tidak sah: %sformat gaya tarikh tidak sah %spengguna tidak sahpengguna tidak sah %sterkahir=memori keletihangiliran mesejkehilangan spesifikasi penukaran %% pada suffikskehilangan senarai medankehilangan senarai posisimod %s berubah kepada %04lo (%s) mod %s kekal sebagai %04lo (%s) banyak opsyen -l or -t dinyatakankedua-duanya pautan simbolik %s dan rujukan telah berubah tiada pembolehubah persekitaran SHELL; dan tiada opsyen jenis shell diberitiada ID proses dinyatakanbukan satu ttybilangan bytebilangan barishanya satu jenis senarai boleh dinyatakanpembukaan gagalMembuka %shakmilik %s kekal sebagai %s Lebar halaman terlalu sempitmengekalkan masa pada %sralat membacamembaca %smembaca direktori %sfail kosong biasafail biasa%s dibuang direktori dibuang: %s membuang direktori, %spemisah tak boleh kosongmenetapkan keizinan pada %smenetapkan masa untuk %sobjek memori terkongsisoketinput piawaioutput standardstat gagalperbandingan rentetan gagalpautan simbolikRalat sintaksterm=pemisah mestilah aksara tunggalopsyen untuk mencetak dan menetapkan masa tak boleh digunakan bersamaopseyn untuk menyatakan tarikh untuk dicetak adalah eksklusifopsyen dikikis tak boleh digunakan bila memasang direktoriterlalu banyak spesifikasi penukaran %% pada suffiksjumlahnilai pembolehubah persekitaran LS_COLORS tidak boleh dihantarprefix tidak dikenali: %spengguna %s tidak wujudAmaran: fail sumber %s dinyatakan lebih drpd sekaliamaran: peringkasan sama seperti menggunakan --max-depth=0fail pelikbila menyatakan gaya output, mod tak boleh ditetapkantidak akan mencipta pautan keras %s ke direktori %stak akan menindih baru-dicipta %s dengan %sralat menulismenulis %sMenulis ke %s.anda mesti nyatakan senarai byte, aksara, atau medan07070100009225000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001600000000reloc/share/locale/nb07070100009226000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000002200000000reloc/share/locale/nb/LC_MESSAGES07070100009227000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00007211000000660000000300000000000000000000002f00000000reloc/share/locale/nb/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.moT  9xt'H7[,5}a\N ud ju< !`"I4#?~##Y%'' ):)/J)z))#)B)8*I*[*n***;**+"+>+\+"p+)++1+ ,),E,xG,,I,-N-2c-B--*.$.&. /' /H/&/" 0"-0 P0'q0Z00X 1lb1t1D22<3?3E31G3y3#33,34&"4!I4k4 44"444445+5*F5-q5 555556.6 N6o6G6 66/6-7#K7&o7*7777-838C84S8&8 88>8B9 S9 ^9j99999 999J:Y:n:H:?:=;>Q;3;(;/;<2#<=V<,<3<j<_`= = =7=m>?=A<A)BCDWE;3FoF3G/CGsGGIdK\MrNlblxlHl?lmm.mMm `mmm m m mmTm$-n'RnKzn?n=o:Do6o&o3op7pBPp/p:p_pX^qqq5q?)\ &AF|% @Y"{}N~PlK!;= ij: -ECWUh[,m4`pL(]gXu'RyS+rBbfZo/D^1dq63G$ O2H5a<QIsv>ekTz x7*0MVcJ#.w89tn_ INTEGER copy up to but not including specified line number /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copy up to but not including a matching line %REGEXP%[OFFSET] skip to, but not including a matching line {INTEGER} repeat the previous pattern specified number of times {*} repeat the previous pattern as many times as possible A line OFFSET is a required `+' or `-' followed by a positive integer. By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx' -O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives -R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences -T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword -b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting -g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields -i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE -o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -r, --references first field of each line is a reference -t, --typeset-mode - not implemented - -w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %s exists but is not a directory%s is too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: input contains a loop:%s: input file is output file%s: invalid PID%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid pattern%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: read error%s}: integer required between `{' and `}''Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. FAILEDMandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. OKOutput a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Set LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.The strings compared were %s and %s.Try `%s --help' for more information. Unknown system errorUsage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Valid arguments are:Wrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]``--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argumentambiguous argument %s for %sboth files cannot be standard inputcannot change permissions of %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot create directory %scannot skip past end of combined inputcannot split in more than one waycharacter offset is zeroclose failedclosing %s (fd=%d)error in regular expression searcherror reading %serror writing %sfield number is zeroinput disappearedinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid byte or field listinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid groupinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid usermemory exhaustedmisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsno files remainingno type may be specified when dumping stringsnumber of bytesnumber of linesonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one type of list may be specifiedopen failedpage width too narrowprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedseparator cannot be emptystandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstray character in field specstring comparison failedsuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldstab size cannot be 0tab sizes must be ascendingthe --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the delimiter must be a single charactertoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtotalwarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'write errorwrite failedyou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsProject-Id-Version: GNU textutils 2.0.20 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2002-01-27 21:35+0100 Last-Translator: Eivind Tagseth Language-Team: Norwegian MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8-bit HELTALL kopiér opp til, men ikke inkludert spesifisert linjenummer /REGEXP/[POSISJON] kopiér opp til, men ikke inkludert passende linje %REGEXP%[POSISJON] hopp over fram til, men ikke inkludert passende linje {HELTALL} gjenta forrige mønster spesifisert antall ganger {*} gjenta forrige mønster så mange ganger som mulig En linje-POSISJON er en «+» eller «-» fulgt av et positivt heltall. Forvalgt er -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC er to skilletegn for å skille logiske sider, et manglende andretegn impliserer «:». Bruk \\ for \. STIL er en av: Les standard inn hvis FIL er -. Hvert MØNSTER må være: SETT er spesifisert med strenger av tegn. De fleste tegnene står for seg selv. Følgende sekvenser tolkes spesielt: \NNN tegn med oktalverdi NNN (1 til 3 oktale siffer) \\ backslash \a beep \b backspace \f sideskift (FF) \n linjeskift (LF) \r vognretur (CR) \t horisontal tabulator STØRRELSE er et tall. For TYPE lik d, o, u eller x, kan STØRRELSE også være C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) eller L for sizeof(long). Når TYPE er f, kan STØRRELSE være F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) eller L for sizeof(long double). Summene blir beregnet som beskrevet i %s. Ved sjekking skal inndata være tidligere utdata fra dette programmet. Forvalgt modus er å skrive ut en linje med sjekksum, et tegn som indikerer type («*» for binær, « » for tekst), og navnet til hver FIL Ved ingen FIL eller hvis FIL er -, leses det fra standard inn. «-F /» er forvalgt. Når ingen FIL eller når FIL er -, les fra standard inn. Skriv en entydig representasjon, oktale bytes forvalgt, av FIL til standard ut. Dersom ingen FIL er spesifisert, eller FIL er -, leses det fra standard inn. --help vis denne hjelpteksten og avslutt --version vis programversjon og avslutt -A, --address-radix=RADIX bestem hvordan filoffset'er skrives -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES hopp over første BYTES fra hver fil -D, --date-format=FORMAT bruk FORMAT for topptekst-dato -e[TEGN[BREDDE]], --expand-tabs[=TEGN[BREDDE]] ekspander inn-TEGN (TAB) til tabulator-BREDDE (8) -F, -f, --form-feed bruk sideskift isteden for linjeskift for å separere sider. (ved en 3-linjers topptekst med -F eller en 5-linjers topptekst og bunntekst uten -F) -M, --macro-name=STRENG makronavn å bruke istedenfor «xx» -O, --format=roff generer utskrift som roff-direktiver -R, --right-side-refs plassér referansene på høyre side, ikke telt med i -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for slutten av linjer eller slutten av setninger -T, --format=tex generer utskrift som TeX-direktiver -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP bruk REGEXP for å treffe hvert nøkkelord -b, --break-file=FIL tegn for orddeling i denne FILen -f, --ignore-case gjør om små bokstaver til store for sortering -g, --gap-size=TALL størrelse på mellomrom mellom spalter i utfelt -i, --ignore-file=FIL les liste over ord som skal ignoreres fra FIL -o, --only-file=FIL les liste over ord som *ikke* skal ignoreres fra FIL -a, --across skriv kolonner på tvers isteden for nedover, brukes sammen med -KOLONNE -c, --show-control-chars bruk hatt-notasjon (^G) og oktal backslah-notasjon -d, --double-space bruk dobbel linjeavstand -b, --body-numbering=STIL bruk STIL for nummerering -d, --section-delimiter=CC bruk CC for å skille logiske sider -f, --footer-numbering=STIL bruk STIL for å nummerere bunntekst -b, --bytes tell bytes istedet for kolonner -s, --spaces brekk om ved mellomrom -w, --width=BREDDE bruk BREDDE kolonner istedet for 80 -c, --count begynn linjer med antall forekomster -d, --repeated skriv bare ut linjer det er flere av -d, --delimiters=LISTE bruk tegn fra LISTE istedet for tabulatorer -s, --serial ta en fil om gangen i steder for i parallell -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] skriv ut mer data etter hvert som filen vokser; -f, --follow og --follow=descriptot er de samme -F samme som --follow=name --retry -n, --digits=SIFFER bruk spesifisert antall siffer isteden for 2 -s, --quiet, --silent ikke skriv ut utfil-størrelser -z, --elide-empty-files fjern tomme ut-filer -q, --quiet, --silent ikke skriv ut filnavnene først -v, --verbose skriv alltid filnavnene først -r, --references første felt av hver linje er en referanse -t, --typeset-mode - ikke implementert - -w, --width=BREDDE utskriftbredde for spalter, eksklusive referanser -s, --only-delimited skriv ikke ut linjer som ikke inneholder skilletegn --output-delimiter=STRENG bruk STRENG som ut-skilletegn forvalgt er å bruke inn-skilletegnet -t samme som -vT -T, --show-tabs vis tabulatortegn som ^I -u (ignorert) -v, --show-nonprinting bruk ^ og M-notasjon, unntatt for LFD og TAB -t, --tabs=LISTE bruk komma-separert LISTE med tab-posisjoner -z, --zero-terminated avslutt linjer med en 0-oktett, ikke linjeskift [:graph:] alle skrivbare tegn, unntatt blanke tegn [:lower:] alle små bokstaver [:print:] alle skrivbare tegn, inkludert blanke tegn [:punct:] alle tegnsettingstegn [:space:] alle horisontale og vertikale blanke tegn [:upper:] alle store bokstaver [:xdigit:] alle hexadesimale siffer [=TEGN=] alle tegn som er like TEGN \v vertikal tabulator TEGN1-TEGN2 alle tegn fra TEGN1 til TEGN2, stigende [TEGN1-TEGN2] samme som TEGN1-TEGN2, dersom begge sett bruker dette [TEGN*] i SETT2, kopier av TEGN inntil samme lengde til SETT1 [TEGN*ANT] ANT kopier av TEGN, ANT er oktal, hvis det begynner med 0 [:alnum:] alle bokstaver og tall [:alpha:] alle bokstaver [:blank:] alle horisontale blanke tegn [:cntrl:] alle kontrolltegn [:digit:] alle siffer d[STØRRELSE] desimal med fortegn, STØRRELSE bytes per tall f[STØRRELSE] flyttall, STØRRELSE bytes per tall o[STØRRELSE] oktal, STØRRELSE bytes per tall u[STØRRELSE] desimal uten fortegn, STØRRELSE bytes per tall x[STØRRELSE] hexadesimal, STØRRELSE bytes per tall % 1% av minne, b 1, K 1024 (forvalgt) og så videre for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Dersom ingen FIL er oppgitt eller FIL er -, leses det fra standard inn. *** ADVARSEL *** Lokalet spesifisert av miljøet påvirker sorteringsrekkefølge. Sett LC_ALL=C for å få den tradisjonelle sorteringsrekkefølgen som bruker negative oktett-verdier. %s eksisterer men er ikke en katalog%s er for stor%s: %s er så stor at den ikke kan representeres%s: %s:%s: uorden: %s: FEIL ved åpning eller lesing %s: «}» er nødvendig i gjentagelsesantall%s: kan ikke følge slutten av en fil av denne typen; gir opp denne%s: ekvivalensklasseoperanden må være et enkelt tegn%s: fil for lang%s: fil trunkert%s: inndata inneholder en løkke:%s: innfil er utfil%s: ugyldig prosess-id%s: ugyldig maksimum antall av uendrete resultat av kall til stat() mellom kall til open()%s: ugyldig nummer%s: ugyldig antall bytes%s: ugyldig antall linjer%s: ugyldig antall sekunder%s: ugyldig mønster%s: ugyldig regulært uttrykk: %s%s: linjenummeret må være større enn null%s: linjenummer utenfor tillatte verdier%s: ingen riktig formatterte %s-sjekksumlinjer funnet%s: lesefeil%s}: heltall kreves mellom «{» og «}»»Konverter tabulatorer i hver FIL til mellomrom, skriv til standard ut. Dersom ingen FIL er spesifisert, eller FIL er -, leses det fra standard inn. FEILObligatoriske argmenter til lange flagg er obligatoriske også for korte. OKSkriv ut en permutert indeks, inkludert kontekst, av ordene i innfilene Skriv CRC-sjekksum og oktett-antall for hver FIL. Skriv ut valgte deler av linjer fra hver FIL til standard ut. Skriv de siste %d linjene av hver FIL til standard ut. Med mer enn én FIL, innled hver med en topptekst med filnavnet. Med ingen FILer eller hvis FIL er -, les fra standard inn. Sett LC_ALL='C' for å omgå problemet.Strengene som ble sammenlignet var «%s» og «%s».Prøv med «%s --help» for mer informasjon. Ukjent systemfeilBruk: %s [FIL]... eller: %s [FLAGG] Bruk: %s [FLAGG] [FIL] Skriv en fullstendig sortert liste konsistent med den delvise sorteringen i FIL. Hvis ingen FIL eller hvis FIL er -, leses fra standard inn. Bruk: %s [FLAGG]... FIL MØNSTER... Bruk: %s [FLAGG]... FIL1 FIL2 Bruk: %s [FLAGG]... SETT1 [SETT2] Bruk: %s [FLAGG]... [FIL]... Bruk: %s [FLAGG]... [INN [UT]] Bruk : %s [FLAGG]... [INN]... (uten -G) eller: %s -G [FLAGG]... [INN [UT]] Gyldige argument er:Brekk om linjene i hver FIL (standard inn), skriv til standard ut Skriv hver FIL til standard ut, siste linje først. Dersom ingen FIL er spesifisert, eller FIL er -, leses det fra standard inn. Skriv hver fil til standard ut, med linjenummer lagt til. Dersom ingen FIL er spesifisert, eller FIL er -, leses det fra standard inn. Skriv linjer som består av de sekvensielt tilsvarende linjene fra hver FIL separert med tabulatorer til standard ut. Dersom ingen FIL er spesifisert, eller FIL er -, leses det fra standard inn. Skrevet av %s. [=c=]-uttrykk kan ikke opptre i streng2 under oversetting^[nN]««--pages=FØRSTE_SIZE[:SISTE_SIDE]» mangler argumentflertydig argument %s for %sbegge filene kan ikke være standard innkan ikke endre rettigheter til %skan ikke konvertere U+%04X til lokalt tegnsettkan ikke opprette katalog %skan ikke hoppe til bak slutten av kombinert inndatakan ikke dele opp på mer enn én måtetegn-posisjon er nullfeil ved lukking av fillukker %s (fd=%d)feil i søk med regulært uttrykkfeil ved lesing av %sfeil ved skriving til %sfelt-nummer er nullinput forsvantugyldig argument %s for %sugyldig byte- eller felt-listeugyldig konvertingsspesifikator i suffiks: %cugyldig konverteringsspesifikator i suffiks: \%.3ougyldig gruppeugyldig tall etter «,»ugyldig tall etter «-»ugyldig tall etter «.»ugyldig tall i feltstartugyldig antall bytesugyldig antall oktetter å hoppe overugyldig antall felt å hoppe overugyldig antall linjerugyldig ut-adresse radix «%c»; det må være ett av tegnene [doxn]ugyldig brukervirtuelt minne oppbruktfeilplassert [:upper:]- og/eller [:lower:]-konstruksjonmanglende %%-konverteringsspesifikasjon i suffiksmangler tegn-klassenavn «[::]»manglende konverteringsspesifikator i suffiksmangler ekvivalensklassetegn «[==]»feltliste manglerposisjonsliste mangleringen filer igjeningen type kan spesifiseres ved dumping av strengerantall bytesantall linjerkun ett [c*] gjentagelseskonstrukt kan opptre i streng2bare en liste-type kan spesifiseresåpning av fil feiletsidebredde for smalå skrive alle dupliserte linjer *og* gjentagelsesantall er meningsløstrekke-sluttpunkt i «%s-%s» er i omvendt sorteringsrekkefølgelesefeilfeil ved lesingseparatoren kan ikke være tomstandard feilkanalstandard innstandard inn er lukketstandard utstat feiletugyldig tegn i feltspesifikasjonstrengsammenligning feiletfjerning av linjer uten skilletegn er meningsløst dersom en ikke opererer med felttabulatorstørrelse kan ikke være 0tabulatorstørrelser må være stigendeflaggene --binary og --text er meningsløse ved verifisering av sjekksummerflagget --status har bare betydning ved sjekking av sjekksummerflagget --warn har bare betydning ved sjekking av sjekksummer[c*]-konstruktet kan bare opptre i streng2 ved oversettinggjentagelseskonstruktet [c*] kan ikke opptre i streng1skilletegnet må være ett enkelt tegnfor mange %%-konverteringsspesifikasjoner i suffikstotaltadvarsel: --pid=PID er ikke støttet på dette systemetadvarsel: PID ignoreres; --pid=PID er bare nyttid når man følgeradvarsel: ugyldig bredde %lu; bruker %d istedetnår sett1 ikke blir forkortet, kan ikke streng2 være tomnår det oversettes med komlementerte tegnklasser må streng2 mappe alle tegn i domenet til énved oversetting er de eneste tegnklassene som kan være i streng2 «upper» og «lower»feil ved skrivingfeil ved skrivingdu må spesifisere en liste av bytes, tegn eller felt07070100009228000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001600000000reloc/share/locale/nl07070100009229000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000002200000000reloc/share/locale/nl/LC_MESSAGES0707010000922a000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00049e4e000000660000000300000000000000000000002f00000000reloc/share/locale/nl/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo0-Yw x@x{{{||}Z~GMGp!sRw5tR~ |\wT_G85w%?#5Y^Dz~Ti3>ܗ\yR֘){}`v>3M|Kܡ=(lf0ӣAͥYKAX;E9@>z{e9-DtYι}<Fּ=).XQdy65H7PF T AMuq1 =,:!"\|Xn&p5s+ )@I_t> "f] iZW.*&YEe4.cF}4OI   ) 6y TOun\4Q#uA2`B E^"J"" #!$u%&h'l(C)@+.,QM,,r-../>00E`22u4416B667"88):4;=>&?@ ABkDqE,uF;G<HIIJ;LKM2NNPzPxQwR$TTfU5VX1XXHZ;Z\\^n_ql`Ya8c5dT e#bfgNhFj%kl]mU/nVnopoqAr-ssDuIvvwwIy_yW?rD0()Ak0"Ӣ' +/H xǣ#>2"q%B*(GY)i%,֥#"7$Z/Ϧ8ߦ-Li}§ק"4GX'i*ר$ *K"a;7Tr"֪ )&Pm~"1'( C,d,-ܬ (+Tg"ͭ&"" E Q^p50.C_"¯+ү%$)Dn p}l;A We6-)!8O fqv|) ? &5E \ f rk|K8TODtt ~ P [ h3t| %x/x:!u\2c:1 "/ U<\< ++0 -7>M1Oh{<@U7<?t :?S   -$Ej|      I  7H W e r~#*E~bNUgHoW -&C j t   #H2hMwi.C; 8FBIE;%%T 7 Dc {  9T8@D2w  1'7K_ , : HU-h&*d Vc5s  A  MZ$_ a$1Vh~&t%C+1 @N`u $ ,j*& '0 6)W~:Y)Y'tT'(BXV?&#f&"Tgd.S"+Y~Jn=S*^c9   Fa } '& 'N Zv ` !2 !T $v   Mc > ' <TUbwEI4DH3G| XCl:t? ;!3]/+'#9Yu<<1 ,?0l,#0* JWoA212 dp!)#0@Zk*|"&EE; , 6V+u##,0,G#t   : X $w "  '  5!M!!c! !!1!!""2"I"(Y"""."2"#-#H#%a#0#3##F $BS$+$5$1$*%C%*b%%%)%%&%& B& P&^&n&&&8&&&'0'C'&]'''<':'.$(!S(u(&(((((( )#)'?)g))))) ) *$*;*%R*x* * * *****+,%++R+-~+)+!++,+,8B,{,,,,,,--8-3X- -- --- --#-". <.].|........%/$5/#Z/*~/!/'// 00*<0%g0%000(0,1 F1$g111$1#1%2&2!F2&h222(2 23 3-?3m313313 4!4<4V4p4#414.45%575(W55 555(5663%6;Y6.6666$7$47DY7777778*8G8a8e8|8)8/8=8@#9:d99!999,:1:C:;Z:::::: ;!0;R;(m;;;;*;-<1<A<X<q<<<<<%<#="4=W=p== ===="= >>&>=>P>l>>#>!>!>??;?T? s????????!@>@"V@y@@ @@@ A] AG~AAAA!B*(B SB `BB/B$BB2B;2CnCCCCRCL,D(yD DDDDD,E92ElE*rE0E:E# F'-F8UFF/FF FF/G->G lGxGG#G&G)G*HIH$^HHHHH+H! 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INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING length of STRING a number all lines t number only nonempty lines n number no lines pBRE number only lines that contain a match for the basic regular expression, BRE FORMAT is one of: ln left justified, no leading zeros rn right justified, no leading zeros rz right justified, leading zeros b create a block (buffered) special file c, u create a character (unbuffered) special file p create a FIFO # users=%lu -t is implied if PAGE_LENGTH <= 10. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. A field is a run of blanks (usually spaces and/or TABs), then non-blank characters. Fields are skipped before chars. A lightweight `finger' program; print user information. The utmp file will be %s. A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment. A mere - implies -l. If USER not given, assume root. After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number; then an optional modifier, which is either E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available. An omitted EXPRESSION defaults to false. Otherwise, EXPRESSION is true or false and sets exit status. It is one of: As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. BLOCKS and BYTES may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Each CONV symbol may be: Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. Both MAJOR and MINOR must be specified when TYPE is b, c, or u, and they must be omitted when TYPE is p. If MAJOR or MINOR begins with 0x or 0X, it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal; otherwise, as decimal. TYPE may be: By default, rm does not remove directories. Use the --recursive (-r or -R) option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents. By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: By default, sparse SOURCE files are detected by a crude heuristic and the corresponding DEST file is made sparse as well. That is the behavior selected by --sparse=auto. Specify --sparse=always to create a sparse DEST file whenever the SOURCE file contains a long enough sequence of zero bytes. Use --sparse=never to inhibit creation of sparse files. When --reflink[=always] is specified, perform a lightweight copy, where the data blocks are copied only when modified. If this is not possible the copy fails, or if --reflink=auto is specified, fall back to a standard copy. Combination settings: * [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase cbreak same as -icanon -cbreak same as icanon Control settings: [-]clocal disable modem control signals [-]cread allow input to be received * [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8] Display values are in units of the first available SIZE from --block-size, and the %s_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables. Otherwise, units default to 1024 bytes (or 512 if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set). Each FLAG symbol may be: append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc suggested) Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Examples: %s -12 file1 file2 Print only lines present in both file1 and file2. %s -3 file1 file2 Print lines in file1 not in file2, and vice versa. Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Output "stdio". Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Output ".". Examples: %s f - g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. %s Copy standard input to standard output. Examples: %s root /u Change the owner of /u to "root". %s root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to "staff". %s -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root". Examples: %s staff /u Change the group of /u to "staff". %s -hR staff /u Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff". Except for -h and -L, all FILE-related tests dereference symbolic links. Beware that parentheses need to be escaped (e.g., by backslashes) for shells. INTEGER may also be -l STRING, which evaluates to the length of STRING. Exit status is 0 if EXPRESSION is neither null nor 0, 1 if EXPRESSION is null or 0, 2 if EXPRESSION is syntactically invalid, and 3 if an error occurred. Exit status: 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory), 2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument). FORMAT controls the output as in C printf. Interpreted sequences are: \" double quote FORMAT controls the output. Interpreted sequences are: %% a literal % %a locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun) Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. If -e is in effect, the following sequences are recognized: If FILE is -, shred standard output. Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified. The default is not to remove the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda, and those files usually should not be removed. When operating on regular files, most people use the --remove option. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual. If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. If FIRST or INCREMENT is omitted, it defaults to 1. That is, an omitted INCREMENT defaults to 1 even when LAST is smaller than FIRST. FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are interpreted as floating point values. INCREMENT is usually positive if FIRST is smaller than LAST, and INCREMENT is usually negative if FIRST is greater than LAST. If MODE is `0' the corresponding stream will be unbuffered. If MODE is `L' the corresponding stream will be line buffered. This option is invalid with standard input. If a FILE is -, copy again to standard output. If first and second call formats both apply, the second format is assumed if the last operand begins with + or (if there are 2 operands) a digit. An OFFSET operand means -j OFFSET. LABEL is the pseudo-address at first byte printed, incremented when dump is progressing. For OFFSET and LABEL, a 0x or 0X prefix indicates hexadecimal; suffixes may be . for octal and b for multiply by 512. If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). If standard input is a terminal, redirect it from /dev/null. If standard output is a terminal, append output to `nohup.out' if possible, `$HOME/nohup.out' otherwise. If standard error is a terminal, redirect it to standard output. To save output to FILE, use `%s COMMAND > FILE'. If the command times out, then exit with status 124. Otherwise, exit with the status of COMMAND. If no signal is specified, send the TERM signal upon timeout. The TERM signal kills any process that does not block or catch that signal. For other processes, it may be necessary to use the KILL (9) signal, since this signal cannot be caught. If the first character of K (the number of bytes or lines) is a `+', print beginning with the Kth item from the start of each file, otherwise, print the last K items in the file. K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Input settings: [-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal [-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline [-]ignbrk ignore break characters [-]igncr ignore carriage return K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Local settings: [-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings * -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings NOTE: If COMMAND adjusts the buffering of its standard streams (`tee' does for e.g.) then that will override corresponding settings changed by `stdbuf'. Also some filters (like `dd' and `cat' etc.) don't use streams for I/O, and are thus unaffected by `stdbuf' settings. NOTE: [ honors the --help and --version options, but test does not. test treats each of those as it treats any other nonempty STRING. NOTE: your shell may have its own version of %s, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. Note that the -d and -t options accept different time-date formats. Note that the -r and -s options are mutually exclusive. Note, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. Note: 'uniq' does not detect repeated lines unless they are adjacent. You may want to sort the input first, or use `sort -u' without `uniq'. Also, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available. Otherwise MODE is a number which may be followed by one of the following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. In this case the corresponding stream will be fully buffered with the buffer size set to MODE bytes. Output settings: * bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1] * crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3] * ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1] * nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1] Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed to login group if implied by a `:' following a symbolic OWNER. OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic. POS is F[.C][OPTS], where F is the field number and C the character position in the field; both are origin 1. If neither -t nor -b is in effect, characters in a field are counted from the beginning of the preceding whitespace. OPTS is one or more single-letter ordering options, which override global ordering options for that key. If no key is given, use the entire line as the key. SIZE may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 RADIX is d for decimal, o for octal, x for hexadecimal or n for none. BYTES is hexadecimal with 0x or 0X prefix, and may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Adding a z suffix to any type displays printable characters at the end of each output line. Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: Report %s bugs to %s Report bugs to: %s SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIGNAL may be a signal name like `HUP', or a signal number like `1', or the exit status of a process terminated by a signal. PID is an integer; if negative it identifies a process group. SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). SIZE may also be prefixed by one of the following modifying characters: `+' extend by, `-' reduce by, `<' at most, `>' at least, `/' round down to multiple of, `%' round up to multiple of. SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Sending a %s signal to a running `dd' process makes it print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s Options are: Special characters: * dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input) eol CHAR CHAR will end the line Special settings: N set the input and output speeds to N bauds * cols N tell the kernel that the terminal has N columns * columns N same as cols N TYPE is made up of one or more of these specifications: a named character, ignoring high-order bit c ASCII character or backslash escape The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: The data are encoded as described for the base64 alphabet in RFC 3548. When decoding, the input may contain newlines in addition to the bytes of the formal base64 alphabet. Use --ignore-garbage to attempt to recover from any other non-alphabet bytes in the encoded stream. The following three options are useful only when verifying checksums: --quiet don't print OK for each successfully verified file --status don't output anything, status code shows success -w, --warn warn about improperly formatted checksum lines The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. The valid format sequences for files (without --file-system): %a Access rights in octal %A Access rights in human readable form %b Number of blocks allocated (see %B) %B The size in bytes of each block reported by %b %C SELinux security context string This install program copies files (often just compiled) into destination locations you choose. If you want to download and install a ready-to-use package on a GNU/Linux system, you should instead be using a package manager like yum(1) or apt-get(1). In the first three forms, copy SOURCE to DEST or multiple SOURCE(s) to the existing DIRECTORY, while setting permission modes and owner/group. In the 4th form, create all components of the given DIRECTORY(ies). To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo', use one of these commands: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Traditional format specifications may be intermixed; they accumulate: -a same as -t a, select named characters, ignoring high-order bit -b same as -t o1, select octal bytes -c same as -t c, select ASCII characters or backslash escapes -d same as -t u2, select unsigned decimal 2-byte units Translation occurs if -d is not given and both SET1 and SET2 appear. -t may be used only when translating. SET2 is extended to length of SET1 by repeating its last character as necessary. Excess characters of SET2 are ignored. Only [:lower:] and [:upper:] are guaranteed to expand in ascending order; used in SET2 while translating, they may only be used in pairs to specify case conversion. -s uses SET1 if not translating nor deleting; else squeezing uses SET2 and occurs after translation or deletion. Use one, and only one of -b, -c or -f. Each LIST is made up of one range, or many ranges separated by commas. Selected input is written in the same order that it is read, and is written exactly once. Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it. With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. With no options, produce three-column output. Column one contains lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2, and column three contains lines common to both files. Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. ??? --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -f, --force do not prompt before overwriting -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file If you specify more than one of -i, -f, -n, only the final one takes effect. --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories (note: will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the superuser) -f, --force remove existing destination files --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -c (ignored) -C, --compare compare each pair of source and destination files, and in some cases, do not modify the destination at all -d, --directory treat all arguments as directory names; create all components of the specified directories --batch-size=NMERGE merge at most NMERGE inputs at once; for more use temp files --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks. See SIZE format below -B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~ -c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime --complement complement the set of selected bytes, characters or fields --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -L, --max-line-length print the length of the longest line -w, --words print the word counts --files0-from=F summarize disk usage of the NUL-terminated file names specified in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -H equivalent to --dereference-args (-D) -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si like -h, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 --group-directories-first group directories before files. augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping --help display this help and exit --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode print the index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k like --block-size=1K --lookup attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS -m only hostname and user associated with stdin -p, --process print active processes spawned by init --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially --preserve-root do not remove `/' (default) -r, -R, --recursive remove directories and their contents recursively -v, --verbose explain what is being done --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST don't preserve the specified attributes --parents use full source file name under DIRECTORY --one-file-system when removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any directory that is on a file system different from that of the corresponding command line argument --pid=PID with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies -q, --quiet, --silent never output headers giving file names --retry keep trying to open a file even when it is or becomes inaccessible; useful when following by name, i.e., with --follow=name --preserve-context preserve SELinux security context -Z, --context=CONTEXT set SELinux security context of files and directories --reference=RFILE use RFILE's security context rather than specifying a CONTEXT value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC output date and time in RFC 3339 format. TIMESPEC=`date', `seconds', or `ns' for date and time to the indicated precision. Date and time components are separated by a single space: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=STRING set time described by STRING -u, --utc, --universal print or set Coordinated Universal Time --sort=WORD sort according to WORD: general-numeric -g, human-numeric -h, month -M, numeric -n, random -R, version -V -V, --version-sort natural sort of (version) numbers within text --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix --suffix=SUFF append SUFF to TEMPLATE. SUFF must not contain slash. This option is implied if TEMPLATE does not end in X. --time show time of the last modification of any file in the directory, or any of its subdirectories --time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status --time-style=STYLE show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT FORMAT is interpreted like `date' --time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale --verbose print a diagnostic just before each output file is opened --version output version information and exit --all print the number of installed processors --ignore=N if possible, exclude N processing units Size Used Avail Use% Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Size Used Avail Use% -evenp same as -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7 nl same as -icrnl -onlcr -nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-') [-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty [-]hupcl same as [-]hup [-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input [-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-') [-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors * [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character [-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return [-]inpck enable input parity checking [-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters [-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters [-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters * [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal * [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\' for uppercase characters cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values -cooked same as raw crt same as echoe echoctl echoke dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany ek erase and kill characters to their default values evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N set the input speed to N * line N use line discipline N min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read ospeed N set the output speed to N oddp same as parenb parodd cs7 -oddp same as -parenb cs8 [-]parity same as [-]evenp pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7 raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw same as cooked sane same as cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke, all special characters to their default values stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal * swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer * werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed %% a single % %b ARGUMENT as a string with `\' escapes interpreted, except that octal escapes are of the form \0 or \0NNN and all C format specifications ending with one of diouxXfeEgGcs, with ARGUMENTs converted to proper type first. Variable widths are handled. %A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday) %b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan) %B locale's full month name (e.g., January) %c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005) %C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20) %d day of month (e.g, 01) %D date; same as %m/%d/%y %e day of month, space padded; same as %_d %F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d %g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G) %G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V %S second (00..60) %t a tab %T time; same as %H:%M:%S %u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday %U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) %V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53) %w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday %W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53) %d Device number in decimal %D Device number in hex %f Raw mode in hex %F File type %g Group ID of owner %G Group name of owner %h Number of hard links %i Inode number %n File name %N Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link %o I/O block size %s Total size, in bytes %t Major device type in hex %T Minor device type in hex %h same as %b %H hour (00..23) %I hour (01..12) %j day of year (001..366) %i File System ID in hex %l Maximum length of filenames %n File name %s Block size (for faster transfers) %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) %t Type in hex %T Type in human readable form %k hour ( 0..23) %l hour ( 1..12) %m month (01..12) %M minute (00..59) %n a newline %N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) %p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known %P like %p, but lower case %r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM) %R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M %s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u User ID of owner %U User name of owner %x Time of last access %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch %y Time of last modification %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch %z Time of last change %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch %x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99) %X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48) %y last two digits of year (00..99) %Y year %z +hhmm numeric timezone (e.g., -0400) %:z +hh:mm numeric timezone (e.g., -04:00) %::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00) %:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30) %Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT) By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes. + TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like `match' or an operator like `/' ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION --output-delimiter=STR separate columns with STR --userspec=USER:GROUP specify user and group (ID or name) to use --groups=G_LIST specify supplementary groups as g1,g2,..,gN -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -A, --auto-reference output automatically generated references -G, --traditional behave more like System V `ptx' -F, --flag-truncation=STRING use STRING for flagging line truncations -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks -b, --bytes equivalent to `--apparent-size --block-size=1' -c, --total produce a grand total -D, --dereference-args dereference only symlinks that are listed on the command line -C list entries by columns --color[=WHEN] colorize the output. WHEN defaults to `always' or can be `never' or `auto'. More info below -d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links -D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode -D create all leading components of DEST except the last, then copy SOURCE to DEST -g, --group=GROUP set group ownership, instead of process' current group -m, --mode=MODE set permission mode (as in chmod), instead of rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=OWNER set ownership (super-user only) -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names -h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line follow symbolic links listed on the command line --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory --hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A) -I prompt once before removing more than three files, or when removing recursively. Less intrusive than -i, while still giving protection against most mistakes --interactive[=WHEN] prompt according to WHEN: never, once (-I), or always (-i). Without WHEN, prompt always -L FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h) -O FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID -p FILE FILE exists and is a named pipe -r FILE FILE exists and read permission is granted -s FILE FILE exists and has a size greater than zero -L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links -P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default) -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -S, --separate-dirs do not include size of subdirectories -s, --summarize display only a total for each argument -L, --logical use PWD from environment, even if it contains symlinks -P, --physical avoid all symlinks -M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx' -O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives -R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences -T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives -N, --read-bytes=BYTES limit dump to BYTES input bytes -S, --strings[=BYTES] output strings of at least BYTES graphic chars -t, --format=TYPE select output format or formats -v, --output-duplicates do not use * to mark line suppression -w, --width[=BYTES] output BYTES bytes per output line --traditional accept arguments in traditional form -P, --portability use the POSIX output format --sync invoke sync before getting usage info -t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE -T, --print-type print file system type -x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE -v (ignored) -S sort by file size --sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time -S FILE FILE exists and is a socket -t FD file descriptor FD is opened on a terminal -u FILE FILE exists and its set-user-ID bit is set -w FILE FILE exists and write permission is granted -x FILE FILE exists and execute (or search) permission is granted -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create the links -T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file -v, --verbose print name of each linked file -SSTRING, --sep-string[=STRING] separate columns by STRING, without -S: Default separator with -J and otherwise (same as -S" "), no effect on column options -t, --omit-header omit page headers and trailers -T, --omit-pagination omit page headers and trailers, eliminate any pagination by form feeds set in input files -v, --show-nonprinting use octal backslash notation -w, --width=PAGE_WIDTH set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters for multiple text-column output only, -s[char] turns off (72) -T, -w, --mesg add user's message status as +, - or ? -u, --users list users logged in --message same as -T --writable same as -T -W, --page-width=PAGE_WIDTH set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters always, truncate lines, except -J option is set, no interference with -S or -s -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword -b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting -g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields -i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE -o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of NAME to CTX -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each NAME to CTX -a change only the access time -c, --no-create do not create any files -d, --date=STRING parse STRING and use it instead of current time -f (ignored) -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -a, --all include dummy file systems -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks --total produce a grand total -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories --apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be larger due to holes in (`sparse') files, internal fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like -a, --all convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks --first-only convert only leading sequences of blanks (overrides -a) -t, --tabs=N have tabs N characters apart instead of 8 (enables -a) -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated LIST of tab positions (enables -a) -a, --archive same as -dR --preserve=all --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument --copy-contents copy contents of special files when recursive -d same as --no-dereference --preserve=links -a, --suffix-length=N use suffixes of length N (default %d) -b, --bytes=SIZE put SIZE bytes per output file -C, --line-bytes=SIZE put at most SIZE bytes of lines per output file -d, --numeric-suffixes use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic -l, --lines=NUMBER put NUMBER lines per output file -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline -b, --binary read in binary mode -b, --binary read in binary mode (default unless reading tty stdin) -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -b, --bytes=LIST select only these bytes -c, --characters=LIST select only these characters -d, --delimiter=DELIM use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignore leading blanks -d, --dictionary-order consider only blanks and alphanumeric characters -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case characters -b, --suffix-format=FORMAT use sprintf FORMAT instead of %02d -f, --prefix=PREFIX use PREFIX instead of `xx' -k, --keep-files do not remove output files on errors -c, --bytes=K output the last K bytes; alternatively, use -c +K to output bytes starting with the Kth of each file -c, --bytes=[-]K print the first K bytes of each file; with the leading `-', print all but the last K bytes of each file -n, --lines=[-]K print the first K lines instead of the first 10; with the leading `-', print all but the last K lines of each file -c, --check read %s sums from the FILEs and check them -c, --check, --check=diagnose-first check for sorted input; do not sort -C, --check=quiet, --check=silent like -c, but do not report first bad line --compress-program=PROG compress temporaries with PROG; decompress them with PROG -d --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -c, --crown-margin preserve indentation of first two lines -p, --prefix=STRING reformat only lines beginning with STRING, reattaching the prefix to reformatted lines -s, --split-only split long lines, but do not refill -c, --no-create do not create any files -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -d, --directory create a directory, not a file -u, --dry-run do not create anything; merely print a name (unsafe) -q, --quiet suppress diagnostics about file/dir-creation failure -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes -e, --echo treat each ARG as an input line -i, --input-range=LO-HI treat each number LO through HI as an input line -n, --head-count=COUNT output at most COUNT lines -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries --file-type likewise, except do not append `*' --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso -f omit the line of column headings in short format -w omit the user's full name in short format -i omit the user's full name and remote host in short format -q omit the user's full name, remote host and idle time in short format -f same as -t fF, select floats -i same as -t dI, select decimal ints -l same as -t dL, select decimal longs -o same as -t o2, select octal 2-byte units -s same as -t d2, select decimal 2-byte units -x same as -t x2, select hexadecimal 2-byte units -f FILE FILE exists and is a regular file -g FILE FILE exists and is set-group-ID -G FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID -h FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L) -k FILE FILE exists and has its sticky bit set -f, --canonicalize canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively; all but the last component must exist -e, --canonicalize-existing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, all components must exist -f, --fields=LIST select only these fields; also print any line that contains no delimiter character, unless the -s option is specified -n (ignored) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -f, --force if an existing destination file cannot be opened, remove it and try again (redundant if the -n option is used) -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite (overrides a previous -n option) -H follow command-line symbolic links in SOURCE -f, --force change permissions to allow writing if necessary -n, --iterations=N overwrite N times instead of the default (%d) --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -s, --size=N shred this many bytes (suffixes like K, M, G accepted) -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --reference=RFILE use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values -R, --recursive change files and directories recursively -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's group rather than specifying a GROUP value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's owner and group rather than specifying OWNER:GROUP values -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -g like -l, but do not list owner -g GID[,GID1...] also set the primary group-ID to the numeric GID, and (if specified) supplemental group IDs to GID1, ... -g, --general-numeric-sort compare according to general numerical value -i, --ignore-nonprinting consider only printable characters -M, --month-sort compare (unknown) < `JAN' < ... < `DEC' -h, --header-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering header lines -i, --line-increment=NUMBER line number increment at each line -l, --join-blank-lines=NUMBER group of NUMBER empty lines counted as one -n, --number-format=FORMAT insert line numbers according to FORMAT -p, --no-renumber do not reset line numbers at logical pages -s, --number-separator=STRING add STRING after (possible) line number -h, --header=HEADER use a centered HEADER instead of filename in page header, -h "" prints a blank line, don't use -h"" -i[CHAR[WIDTH]], --output-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] replace spaces with CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -J, --join-lines merge full lines, turns off -W line truncation, no column alignment, --sep-string[=STRING] sets separators -h, --human-numeric-sort compare human readable numbers (e.g., 2K 1G) -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the timestamps of a symlink) -m change only the modification time -i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing fields -j FIELD equivalent to `-1 FIELD -2 FIELD' -o FORMAT obey FORMAT while constructing output line -t CHAR use CHAR as input and output field separator -i, --initial do not convert tabs after non blanks -t, --tabs=NUMBER have tabs NUMBER characters apart, not 8 -i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage -k like --block-size=1K -l, --local limit listing to local file systems --no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) -i, --interactive prompt whether to remove destinations -L, --logical make hard links to symbolic link references -n, --no-dereference treat destination that is a symlink to a directory as if it were a normal file -P, --physical make hard links directly to symbolic links -s, --symbolic make symbolic links instead of hard links -k like --block-size=1K -l, --count-links count sizes many times if hard linked -m like --block-size=1M -k, --key=POS1[,POS2] start a key at POS1 (origin 1), end it at POS2 (default end of line) -m, --merge merge already sorted files; do not sort -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -l, --length=PAGE_LENGTH set the page length to PAGE_LENGTH (66) lines (default number of lines of text 56, and with -F 63) -m, --merge print all files in parallel, one in each column, truncate lines, but join lines of full length with -J -l, --link link files instead of copying -L, --dereference always follow symbolic links in SOURCE -l, --login print system login processes -m, --canonicalize-missing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, without requirements on components existence -n, --no-newline do not output the trailing newline -q, --quiet, -s, --silent suppress most error messages -v, --verbose report error messages -m, --mode=MODE set file permission bits to MODE, not a=rw - umask -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each created directory to CTX -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -n, --lines=K output the last K lines, instead of the last %d; or use -n +K to output lines starting with the Kth --max-unchanged-stats=N with --follow=name, reopen a FILE which has not changed size after N (default %d) iterations to see if it has been unlinked or renamed (this is the usual case of rotated log files) -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file (overrides a previous -i option) -P, --no-dereference never follow symbolic links in SOURCE -n, --numeric-sort compare according to string numerical value -R, --random-sort sort by random hash of keys --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -r, --reverse reverse the result of comparisons -n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o like -l, but do not list group information -p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories -n[SEP[DIGITS]], --number-lines[=SEP[DIGITS]] number lines, use DIGITS (5) digits, then SEP (TAB), default counting starts with 1st line of input file -N, --first-line-number=NUMBER start counting with NUMBER at 1st line of first page printed (see +FIRST_PAGE) -o, --indent=MARGIN offset each line with MARGIN (zero) spaces, do not affect -w or -W, MARGIN will be added to PAGE_WIDTH -r, --no-file-warnings omit warning when a file cannot be opened -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output -s, --stable stabilize sort by disabling last-resort comparison -S, --buffer-size=SIZE use SIZE for main memory buffer -p same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps --preserve[=ATTR_LIST] preserve the specified attributes (default: mode,ownership,timestamps), if possible additional attributes: context, links, xattr, all -p DIR use DIR as a prefix; implies -t [deprecated] -t interpret TEMPLATE as a single file name component, relative to a directory: $TMPDIR, if set; else the directory specified via -p; else /tmp [deprecated] -p, --parents remove DIRECTORY and its ancestors; e.g., `rmdir -p a/b/c' is similar to `rmdir a/b/c a/b a' -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every directory processed -p, --preserve-timestamps apply access/modification times of SOURCE files to corresponding destination files -s, --strip strip symbol tables --strip-program=PROGRAM program used to strip binaries -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -v, --verbose print the name of each directory as it is created -q, --count all login names and number of users logged on -r, --runlevel print current runlevel -s, --short print only name, line, and time (default) -t, --time print last system clock change -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -r, --reference=FILE display the last modification time of FILE -R, --rfc-2822 output date and time in RFC 2822 format. Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=FILE use this FILE's size -s, --size=SIZE use this SIZE -r, --reference=FILE use this file's times instead of current time -t STAMP use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time --time=WORD change the specified time: WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent to -a WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to -m -r, --references first field of each line is a reference -t, --typeset-mode - not implemented - -w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded -r, --reverse reverse order while sorting -R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively -s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL specify the name or number of the signal to be sent -l, --list list signal names, or convert signal names to/from numbers -t, --table print a table of signal information -s, --sleep-interval=N with -f, sleep for approximately N seconds (default 1.0) between iterations -v, --verbose always output headers giving file names -s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -s[CHAR], --separator[=CHAR] separate columns by a single character, default for CHAR is the character without -w and 'no char' with -w -s[CHAR] turns off line truncation of all 3 column options (-COLUMN|-a -COLUMN|-m) except -w is set -t sort by modification time -T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP use SEP instead of non-blank to blank transition -T, --temporary-directory=DIR use DIR for temporaries, not $TMPDIR or %s; multiple options specify multiple directories -u, --unique with -c, check for strict ordering; without -c, output only the first of an equal run -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -t, --tagged-paragraph indentation of first line different from second -u, --uniform-spacing one space between words, two after sentences -w, --width=WIDTH maximum line width (default of 75 columns) -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -u, --update move only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -t, --text read in text mode (default if reading tty stdin) -t, --text read in text mode (default) -u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time -U do not sort; list entries in directory order -v natural sort of (version) numbers within text -u, --remove truncate and remove file after overwriting -v, --verbose show progress -x, --exact do not round file sizes up to the next full block; this is the default for non-regular files -z, --zero add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system -u, --user=USER set user USER in the target security context -r, --role=ROLE set role ROLE in the target security context -t, --type=TYPE set type TYPE in the target security context -l, --range=RANGE set range RANGE in the target security context -v, --kernel-version print the kernel version -m, --machine print the machine hardware name -p, --processor print the processor type or "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform print the hardware platform or "unknown" -o, --operating-system print the operating system -v, --starting-line-number=NUMBER first line number on each logical page -w, --number-width=NUMBER use NUMBER columns for line numbers -w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines -w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value -x list entries by lines instead of by columns -X sort alphabetically by entry extension -Z, --context print any SELinux security context of each file -1 list one file per line -x, --one-file-system skip directories on different file systems -X, --exclude-from=FILE exclude files that match any pattern in FILE --exclude=PATTERN exclude files that match PATTERN --max-depth=N print the total for a directory (or file, with --all) only if it is N or fewer levels below the command line argument; --max-depth=0 is the same as --summarize -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline Processes in an uninterruptible sleep state also contribute to the load average. [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \0NNN byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits) \xHH byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits) \NNN byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits) \xHH byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits) \uHHHH Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character with hex value HHHH (4 digits) \UHHHHHHHH Unicode character with hex value HHHHHHHH (8 digits) \\ backslash \a alert (BEL) \b backspace \c produce no further output \e escape \f form feed \n new line \r carriage return \t horizontal tab \v vertical tab \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline lcase change upper case to lower case binary use binary I/O for data cio use concurrent I/O for data d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer direct use direct I/O for data directory fail unless a directory dsync use synchronized I/O for data fullblock accumulate full blocks of input (iflag only) if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin iflag=FLAGS read as per the comma separated symbol list obs=BYTES write BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout oflag=FLAGS write as per the comma separated symbol list seek=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS obs-sized blocks at start of output skip=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS ibs-sized blocks at start of input status=noxfer suppress transfer statistics noatime do not update access time nocreat do not create the output file excl fail if the output file already exists notrunc do not truncate the output file ucase change lower case to upper case swab swap every pair of input bytes noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file noerror continue after read errors sync pad every input block with NULs to ibs-size; when used with block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing fsync likewise, but also write metadata nofollow do not follow symlinks nolinks fail if multiply-linked nonblock use non-blocking I/O none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups sync likewise, but also for metadata text use text I/O for data %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% %H:%M%P %s-blocks Used Available Capacity (backup: %s) * [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c') [-]echo echo input characters * [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho [-]echoe same as [-]crterase [-]echok echo a newline after a kill character * [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill [-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters * [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\' and '/' [-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters [-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters * [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase * [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character [-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters [-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control [-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence) [-]tandem same as [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded * [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline * [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters * [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays * [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase * [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline * [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return * [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column [-]opost postprocess output * tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3] * tabs same as tab0 * -tabs same as tab3 * vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1] * eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line * lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal * rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it * rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows * size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel speed print the terminal speed time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second ??:???? Mounted on TTY context=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu groups= old on repetition %s % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %.*s: invalid conversion specification%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu user%lu users%s%s (for regexp %s)%s -> %s (unbackup) %s [-d] terminated abnormally%s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has appeared; following end of new file%s has become accessible%s has become inaccessible%s has been replaced with a remote file. giving up on this name%s has been replaced with an untailable file; giving up on this name%s has been replaced; following end of new file%s has unknown file type%s has unusable, apparently negative size%s home page: <%s> %s home page: %s is not a valid positive integer%s is too large%s may be used only on a SELinux kernel%s was specified but %s was not%s%s argument `%s' too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s: line number out of range%s: %s: match not found%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: binary operator expected%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot change nonblocking mode%s: cannot find name for user ID %lu %s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot lseek back to original position%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot rewind%s: cannot seek%s: cannot seek to end-relative offset %s%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: cannot seek to relative offset %s%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: cannot skip%s: cannot skip to specified offset%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: couldn't reset non-blocking mode%s: descend into directory %s? %s: descend into write-protected directory %s? %s: end of file%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: error truncating%s: error writing at offset %s%s: expected a numeric value%s: failed to close%s: failed to open for writing%s: failed to remove%s: fcntl failed%s: fdatasync failed%s: file has negative size%s: file has shrunk too much%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: fstat failed%s: fsync failed%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input contains an odd number of tokens%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid count at start of %s%s: invalid directive%s: invalid field specification %s%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of passes%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid number to ignore%s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: lseek failed%s: multiple signals specified%s: new permissions are %s, not %s%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: no size information for this device%s: not listing already-listed directory%s: number of bytes is too large%s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove all arguments recursively? %s: remove all arguments? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s: seek failed%s: too many checksum lines%s: try to overwrite %s, overriding mode %04lo (%s)? %s: unable to determine maximum file name length%s: unable to perform all requested operations%s: unary operator expected%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: value not completely converted%s: write error%s:%lu: invalid line; missing second token%s:%lu: invalid zero-length file name%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}''')' expected')' expected, found %s(C)* file systems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS version 3 clients * compressed file systems * log-structured or journaled file systems, such as those supplied with AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.) * file systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes fail, such as RAID-based file systems * file systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server , load average: %.2f, %g s, %s/s --%s argument %s too large--context (-Z) works only on an SELinux-enabled kernel--reflink can be used only with --sparse=auto-R --dereference requires either -H or -L-R -h requires -P-ef does not accept -l-nt does not accept -l-ot does not accept -l??? ?????AbortedAddress family for hostname not supportedAlarm clockAll arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. All requests doneArgument buffer too smallArnold RobbinsBad system callBad value for ai_flagsBrian FoxBroken pipeBus errorCAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important assumption: that the file system overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern file system designs do not satisfy this assumption. The following are examples of file systems on which shred is not effective, or is not guaranteed to be effective in all file system modes: COMMENTCPU time limit exceededCall the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1. Call the unlink function to remove the specified FILE. Change the effective user id and group id to that of USER. -, -l, --login make the shell a login shell -c, --command=COMMAND pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c -f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment do not reset environment variables -p same as -m -s, --shell=SHELL run SHELL if /etc/shells allows it Change the group of each FILE to GROUP. With --reference, change the group of each FILE to that of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the security context of each FILE to CONTEXT. With --reference, change the security context of each FILE to that of RFILE. -h, --no-dereference affect symbolic links instead of any referenced file Chet RameyChild exitedColin PlumbCompare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output. -A, --show-all equivalent to -vET -b, --number-nonblank number nonempty output lines -e equivalent to -vE -E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line -n, --number number all output lines -s, --squeeze-blank suppress repeated empty output lines ContinuedConvert blanks in each FILE to tabs, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Copy a file, converting and formatting according to the operands. bs=BYTES read and write BYTES bytes at a time (also see ibs=,obs=) cbs=BYTES convert BYTES bytes at a time conv=CONVS convert the file as per the comma separated symbol list count=BLOCKS copy only BLOCKS input blocks ibs=BYTES read BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. -a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals Create a temporary file or directory, safely, and print its name. TEMPLATE must contain at least 3 consecutive `X's in last component. If TEMPLATE is not specified, use tmp.XXXXXXXXXX, and --tmpdir is implied. Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDiagnose invalid or unportable file names. -p check for most POSIX systems -P check for empty names and leading "-" --portability check for all POSIX systems (equivalent to -p -P) Directory: Display file or file system status. -L, --dereference follow links -f, --file-system display file system status instead of file status Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date. -d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not `now' -f, --file=DATEFILE like --date once for each line of DATEFILE Dmitry V. LevinDrop any supplemental groups, assume the user-ID and group-ID of the specified USER (numeric ID or user name), and run COMMAND with any specified ARGUMENTs. Exit with status 111 if unable to assume the required user and group ID. Otherwise, exit with the exit status of COMMAND. This program is useful only when run by root (user ID zero). EMT trapEXITEach range is one of: N N'th byte, character or field, counted from 1 N- from N'th byte, character or field, to end of line N-M from N'th to M'th (included) byte, character or field -M from first to M'th (included) byte, character or field With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Echo the STRING(s) to standard output. -n do not output the trailing newline Eric BlakeExit with a status code indicating failure.Exit with a status code indicating success.Exit with the status determined by EXPRESSION. F. PinardFAILEDFIXME: unknownFORMAT must be suitable for printing one argument of type `double'; it defaults to %.PRECf if FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are all fixed point decimal numbers with maximum precision PREC, and to %g otherwise. Fifos do not have major and minor device numbers.File size limit exceededFilesystem Filesystem TypeFilter adjacent matching lines from INPUT (or standard input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output). With no options, matching lines are merged to the first occurrence. Floating point exceptionFor complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' For each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by whitespace. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input. -a FILENUM print unpairable lines coming from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2 -e EMPTY replace missing input fields with EMPTY Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block. General help using GNU software: Giuseppe ScrivanoH. Peter AnvinHangupI/O possibleIDLEIan Lance TaylorIdleIf FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Illegal instructionIn addition, file system backups and remote mirrors may contain copies of the file that cannot be removed, and that will allow a shredded file to be recovered later. In real life: In the 1st form, create a link to TARGET with the name LINK_NAME. In the 2nd form, create a link to TARGET in the current directory. In the 3rd and 4th forms, create links to each TARGET in DIRECTORY. Create hard links by default, symbolic links with --symbolic. When creating hard links, each TARGET must exist. Symbolic links can hold arbitrary text; if later resolved, a relative link is interpreted in relation to its parent directory. In the case of ext3 file systems, the above disclaimer applies (and shred is thus of limited effectiveness) only in data=journal mode, which journals file data in addition to just metadata. In both the data=ordered (default) and data=writeback modes, shred works as usual. Ext3 journaling modes can be changed by adding the data=something option to the mount options for a particular file system in the /etc/fstab file, as documented in the mount man page (man mount). Infinity BInformation requestInterruptInterrupted by a signalInvalid back referenceInvalid character class nameInvalid collation characterInvalid content of \{\}Invalid preceding regular expressionInvalid range endInvalid regular expressionJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfKilledLINELOGINList information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort. LoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnMemory allocation failureMemory exhaustedMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNAMENameName or service not knownNo address associated with hostnameNo matchNo previous regular expressionNon-recoverable failure in name resolutionOKOnly one string may be given when deleting without squeezing repeats.Option --string without a number implies 3; option --width without a number implies 32. By default, od uses -A o -t oS -w16. Ordering options: Other options: Output a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. Determine format of output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output defaults Output fixed-size pieces of INPUT to PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ...; default size is 1000 lines, and default PREFIX is `x'. With no INPUT, or when INPUT is -, read standard input. Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files `xx00', `xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output. Output platform dependent limits in a format useful for shell scripts. Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. PIDPackaged by %s Packaged by %s (%s) Padraig BradyPaginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Parameter string not correctly encodedPassword:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlan: Power failurePremature end of regular expressionPrint ARGUMENT(s) according to FORMAT, or execute according to OPTION: Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print NAME with its trailing /component removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output `.' (meaning the current directory). Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s. -a, --all print all information, in the following order, except omit -p and -i if unknown: -s, --kernel-name print the kernel name -n, --nodename print the network node hostname -r, --kernel-release print the kernel release Print checksum and block counts for each FILE. -r use BSD sum algorithm, use 1K blocks -s, --sysv use System V sum algorithm, use 512 bytes blocks Print group memberships for each USERNAME or, if no USERNAME is specified, for the current process (which may differ if the groups database has changed). Print information about users who are currently logged in. Print machine architecture. Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT. -f, --format=FORMAT use printf style floating-point FORMAT -s, --separator=STRING use STRING to separate numbers (default: \n) -w, --equal-width equalize width by padding with leading zeroes Print or change terminal characteristics. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the current time, the length of time the system has been up, the number of users on the system, and the average number of jobs in the run queue over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes.Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. -s, --silent, --quiet print nothing, only return an exit status Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the full filename of the current working directory. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the name of the current user. Print the number of processing units available to the current process, which may be less than the number of online processors Print the prime factors of each specified integer NUMBER. If none are specified on the command line, read them from standard input. Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID. Same as id -un. Print user and group information for the specified USERNAME, or (when USERNAME omitted) for the current user. -a ignore, for compatibility with other versions -Z, --context print only the security context of the current user -g, --group print only the effective group ID -G, --groups print all group IDs -n, --name print a name instead of a number, for -ugG -r, --real print the real ID instead of the effective ID, with -ugG -u, --user print only the effective user ID Print value of a symbolic link or canonical file name Processing request in progressProfiling timer expiredProject: Q. Frank XiaQuitRandy SmithReal-time signal %dReformat each paragraph in the FILE(s), writing to standard output. The option -WIDTH is an abbreviated form of --width=DIGITS. Regular expression too bigRemove (unlink) the FILE(s). -f, --force ignore nonexistent files, never prompt -i prompt before every removal Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty ignore each failure that is solely because a directory is non-empty Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Report %s bugs to: %s Report %s translation bugs to Request canceledRequest not canceledResource lostRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonRun COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling. With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Nicenesses range from %d (most favorable scheduling) to %d (least favorable). -n, --adjustment=N add integer N to the niceness (default 10) Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals. Run COMMAND, with modified buffering operations for its standard streams. Run a program in a different security context. With neither CONTEXT nor COMMAND, print the current security context. CONTEXT Complete security context -c, --compute compute process transition context before modifying -t, --type=TYPE type (for same role as parent) -u, --user=USER user identity -r, --role=ROLE role -l, --range=RANGE levelrange Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerSegmentation faultSend signals to processes, or list signals. Servname not supported for ai_socktypeSet LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Set each NAME to VALUE in the environment and run COMMAND. -i, --ignore-environment start with an empty environment -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -u, --unset=NAME remove variable from the environment Shell: Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default. Shrink or extend the size of each FILE to the specified size A FILE argument that does not exist is created. If a FILE is larger than the specified size, the extra data is lost. If a FILE is shorter, it is extended and the extended part (hole) reads as zero bytes. Simon JosefssonSpecial files require major and minor device numbers.Stack faultStoppedStopped (signal)Stopped (tty input)Stopped (tty output)Stuart KempSuccessSummarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. System errorTIMETemporary failure in name resolutionTerminatedThe following optional flags may follow `%': - (hyphen) do not pad the field _ (underscore) pad with spaces 0 (zero) pad with zeros ^ use upper case if possible # use opposite case if possible The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. -H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it -L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered -P do not traverse any symbolic links (default) The strings compared were %s and %s.Torbjorn GranlundTrace/breakpoint trapTrailing backslashTranslate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing to standard output. -c, -C, --complement use the complement of SET1 -d, --delete delete characters in SET1, do not translate -s, --squeeze-repeats replace each input sequence of a repeated character that is listed in SET1 with a single occurrence of that character -t, --truncate-set1 first truncate SET1 to length of SET2 Try `%s --help' for more information. Try `%s ./%s' to remove the file %s. Two strings must be given when both deleting and squeezing repeats.Two strings must be given when translating.Ulrich DrepperUnknown errorUnknown signal %dUnknown system errorUnmatched ( or \(Unmatched ) or \)Unmatched [ or [^Unmatched \{Update the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time. A FILE argument that does not exist is created empty, unless -c or -h is supplied. A FILE argument string of - is handled specially and causes touch to change the times of the file associated with standard output. Urgent I/O conditionUsage: %s Usage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s CONTEXT COMMAND [args] or: %s [ -c ] [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-t TYPE] [-l RANGE] COMMAND [args] Usage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NUMBER[SUFFIX]... or: %s OPTION Pause for NUMBER seconds. SUFFIX may be `s' for seconds (the default), `m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. Unlike most implementations that require NUMBER be an integer, here NUMBER may be an arbitrary floating point number. Given two or more arguments, pause for the amount of time specified by the sum of their values. Usage: %s OPTION... COMMAND Usage: %s OPTION... FILE... Usage: %s OPTION... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [SETTING]... or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-a|--all] or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-g|--save] Usage: %s [-WIDTH] [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NAME] or: %s OPTION Print or set the hostname of the current system. Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPERAND]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] Print the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) for the current host. Usage: %s [OPTION] NEWROOT [COMMAND [ARG]...] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... CONTEXT FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-l RANGE] [-t TYPE] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... or: %s [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form) or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form) Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] or: %s -e [OPTION]... [ARG]... or: %s -i LO-HI [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Base64 encode or decode FILE, or standard input, to standard output. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] or: %s --traditional [OPTION]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Print or check %s (%d-bit) checksums. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [PREFIX]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [TEMPLATE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [VARIABLE]... Print the values of the specified environment VARIABLE(s). If no VARIABLE is specified, print name and value pairs for them all. Usage: %s [SHORT-OPTION]... USER COMMAND [ARGUMENT]... or: %s LONG-OPTION Usage: %s [SHORT-OPTION]... [STRING]... or: %s LONG-OPTION Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [ignored command line arguments] or: %s OPTION Usage: test EXPRESSION or: test or: [ EXPRESSION ] or: [ ] or: [ OPTION User defined signal 1User defined signal 2Using -s ignores -L and -P. Otherwise, the last option specified controls behavior when the source is a symbolic link, defaulting to %s. Valid arguments are:Valid format sequences for file systems: %a Free blocks available to non-superuser %b Total data blocks in file system %c Total file nodes in file system %d Free file nodes in file system %f Free blocks in file system %C SELinux security context string Virtual timer expiredWARNING: --page-increment is deprecated; use --line-increment insteadWARNING: --preserve_context is deprecated; use --preserve-context insteadWARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s WARNING: ignoring --context (-Z); this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --preserve-context; this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --strip-program option as -s option was not specifiedWarning: WhenWhereWindow changedWith --follow (-f), tail defaults to following the file descriptor, which means that even if a tail'ed file is renamed, tail will continue to track its end. This default behavior is not desirable when you really want to track the actual name of the file, not the file descriptor (e.g., log rotation). Use --follow=name in that case. That causes tail to track the named file in a way that accommodates renaming, removal and creation. Wrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write a random permutation of the input lines to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to standard output. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``-%c' extra characters or invalid number in the argument: %s`--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argument`-N NUMBER' invalid starting line number: %s`-W PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %s`-l PAGE_LENGTH' invalid number of lines: %s`-o MARGIN' invalid line offset: %s`-w PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %sa command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sai_family not supportedai_socktype not supportedambiguous argument %s for %san input delimiter may be specified only when operating on fieldsappending output to %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileblock special files not supportedboth SI and IEC prefixes present on unitsboth files cannot be standard inputbyte offset %s is too largecan't apply partial context to unlabeled file %scan't get process contextcannot access %scannot backup %scannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change ownership of %scannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot chdir to root directorycannot combine --target-directory (-t) and --no-target-directory (-T)cannot combine --target-directory and --no-target-directorycannot combine -e and -i optionscannot combine any two of {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}cannot combine block and unblockcannot combine excl and nocreatcannot combine lcase and ucasecannot combine mode and --reference optionscannot combine signal with -l or -tcannot compare file names %s and %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot create temporary file in %scannot dereference %scannot determine device and inode of %scannot determine hostnamecannot determine location of %s. reverting to pollingcannot do ioctl on %scannot find name for group ID %lucannot find name for user ID %lucannot follow %s by namecannot force target context to %s and preserve itcannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot get nicenesscannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open %s for writingcannot open directory %scannot operate on dangling symlink %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot perform formatted outputcannot preserve extended attributes, cp is built without xattr supportcannot preserve security context without an SELinux-enabled kernelcannot print "only" of more than one choicecannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot print security context when user specifiedcannot read directory %scannot read file names from %scannot read file system information for %scannot read realtime clockcannot read symbolic link %scannot read table of mounted file systemscannot remove %scannot remove directory: %scannot reposition file pointer for %scannot run %scannot set %scannot set datecannot set group idcannot set group-ID to %lucannot set groupscannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot set name to %scannot set nicenesscannot set time stamps for %scannot set user idcannot set user-ID to %lucannot skip past end of combined inputcannot specify --null (-0) with commandcannot specify both printing across and printing in parallelcannot specify number of columns when printing in parallelcannot specify times from more than one sourcecannot split in more than one waycannot stat %scannot stat current directory (now %s)cannot stat standard inputcannot touch %scannot un-backup %scannot unlink %scannot unset %scannot watch %scannot watch parent directory of %scannot work around kernel bug after allchanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %schanging security context of %s character offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special filecharacter special files not supportedclearing permissions for %sclock changeclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing directory %sclosing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputcompatibility mode supports at most one fileconflicting empty-field replacement stringsconflicting security context specifiers givencould not set buffering of %s to mode %s couldn't create process for %s -dcouldn't create temporary filecouldn't execute %scouldn't execute %s -dcouldn't find directory entry in %s with matching i-nodecouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %screating file %s creating hard link %screating hard link %s => %screating hard link to %.0s%screating symbolic link %screating symbolic link %s -> %sdelimiter list ends with an unescaped backslash: %sdirectorydivision by zerodup2 failedempty %s not allowedempty file nameempty taberror closing fileerror in regular expression matchererror in regular expression searcherror initializing month stringserror monitoring inotify eventerror reading %serror reading inotify eventerror waiting for commanderror writing %sexit=extra argument %sextra operand %sextra operand %s extra operand %s not allowed with -%cfailed to change context of %s to %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to chdir to %sfailed to clone %sfailed to compute a new contextfailed to create directory via template %sfailed to create file via template %sfailed to create security context: %sfailed to get attributes of %sfailed to get current contextfailed to get file system create contextfailed to get groups for the current processfailed to get groups for user %sfailed to get security context of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to open %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to redirect standard errorfailed to redirect stderr to /dev/nullfailed to remove %sfailed to remove directory %sfailed to render standard input unusablefailed to reopen %s with mode %sfailed to restore the default file creation contextfailed to return to initial working directoryfailed to run command %sfailed to set %s security context component to %sfailed to set additional groupsfailed to set default file creation context to %sfailed to set group-IDfailed to set new range %sfailed to set new role %sfailed to set new type %sfailed to set new user %sfailed to set supplemental group(s)failed to set the copy of stderr to close on execfailed to set the security context of %s to %sfailed to set user-IDfailed to stat %sfailed to turn off O_DIRECT: %sfailed to update the environment with %sfdatasync failed for %sfflush failedfield number %s is too largefield number is zerofields and positions are numbered from 1fifofile %d is not in sorted orderfile operands cannot be combined with --files0-fromfile operands cannot be combined with --print-database (-p)file system type %s both selected and excludedfork system call failedformat %s ends in %%format %s has no %% directiveformat %s has too many %% directivesformat %s has unknown %%%c directiveformat string may not be specified when printing equal width stringsfsync failed for %sfts_close failedfts_read failedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsignoring inputignoring input and appending output to %signoring input and redirecting stderr to stdoutignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %signoring non-option argumentsincompatible join fields %lu, %luincompatible tabsincorrect passwordinotify cannot be used, reverting to pollinginput disappearedinput line is too longinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid %s%s argument `%s'invalid --%s argument %sinvalid adjustment %sinvalid argument %sinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid body numbering style: %sinvalid buffering mode %s for %s invalid byte or field listinvalid character `%c' in type string %sinvalid character class %sinvalid context: %sinvalid conversioninvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid date %sinvalid date format %sinvalid decreasing rangeinvalid device %s %sinvalid device type %sinvalid field number: %sinvalid field specifier: %sinvalid field width: %sinvalid file number in field spec: %sinvalid floating point argument: %sinvalid footer numbering style: %sinvalid format precisioninvalid format widthinvalid gap width: %sinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid group list %sinvalid group: %sinvalid header numbering style: %sinvalid inputinvalid input flaginvalid input range %sinvalid integer %sinvalid integer argument %sinvalid line count %sinvalid line discipline %sinvalid line number field width: %sinvalid line number increment: %sinvalid line numbering format: %sinvalid line width: %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid maximum depth %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid modeinvalid mode %sinvalid mode: %sinvalid number %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of blank lines: %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of columns: %sinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid number of lines: 0invalid option -- %cinvalid option -- %c; -WIDTH is recognized only when it is the first option; use -w N insteadinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid output flaginvalid page range %sinvalid precision: %sinvalid range with no endpoint: -invalid repeat count %s in [c*n] constructinvalid specinvalid starting line number: %sinvalid status flaginvalid suffix %s, contains directory separatorinvalid suffix in %s%s argument `%s'invalid tab size: %sinvalid template, %s, contains directory separatorinvalid template, %s; with --tmpdir, it may not be absoluteinvalid time interval %sinvalid time style format %sinvalid trailing option -- %cinvalid type string %sinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte floating point typeinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte integral typeinvalid universal character name \%c%0*xinvalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sinvalid wrap size: %sinvalid zero-length file nameit is dangerous to operate recursively on %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)last=leading `-' in a component of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name component %sline buffering stdin is meaninglessline count option -%s%c... is too largeline number %s is smaller than preceding line number, %sline number overflowmaximum --%s argument with current rlimit is %smemory exhaustedmessage queueminimum --%s argument is %smisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing `]'missing argument after %smissing argument to %smissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing destination file operand after %smissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing file operandmissing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operandmissing operand after %smode must specify only file permission bitsmode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multi-character tab %smultiple -i options specifiedmultiple -l or -t options specifiedmultiple compress programs specifiedmultiple delimiters specifiedmultiple levelrangesmultiple output files specifiedmultiple output formats specifiedmultiple random sources specifiedmultiple relative modifiers specifiedmultiple rolesmultiple target directories specifiedmultiple typesmultiple usersneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno change to ownership of %s no command specifiedno file systems processedno files remainingno input from %sno login nameno process ID specifiedno type may be specified when dumping stringsno username specified; at least one must be specified when using -lnonportable character %s in file name %snot a ttynot writing through dangling symlink %snumber in %s is too largenumber of bytesnumber of linesoffset overflow while reading file %somitting directory %sonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one device may be specifiedonly one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %soption used in invalid context -- %coptions --backup and --no-clobber are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --preserve-timestamps are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --strip are mutually exclusiveoptions `-%s' are incompatibleoutput file suffixes exhaustedoverflow extending size of file %soverflow rounding up size of file %sownership of %s retained ownership of %s retained as %s page number overflowpage width too narrowpreserving permissions for %spreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedreading %sreading directory %srecord too largeredirecting stderr to stdoutregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %srun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptyset LC_ALL='C' to work around the problemsetting flags for %ssetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectskip-bytes + read-bytes is too largeskipping %s, since it's on a different deviceskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstderrstdinstdoutstray character in field specstring comparison failedstring transformation failedstrip process terminated abnormallysuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errorsystem boottab size cannot be 0tab size contains invalid character(s): %stab sizes must be ascendingtab stop is too large %stab stop value is too largetabs are too far aparttarget %s is not a directorytarget directory not allowed when installing a directoryterm=test and/or [the --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --compare (-C) option is ignored when you specify a mode with non-permission bitsthe --context (-Z) option is obsolete and will be removed in a future releasethe --quiet option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the argument %s lacks a leading `+'; when using an option to specify date(s), any non-option argument must be a format string beginning with `+'the delimiter must be a single characterthe options for verbose and stty-readable output styles are mutually exclusivethe options to output dircolors' internal database and to select a shell syntax are mutually exclusivethe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivethe strings compared were %s and %sthe strip option may not be used when installing a directorythe untransformed string was %stime %s is out of rangeto use user-ID %s you need to use -g tootoo few X's in template %stoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtoo many characters in settoo many repeated linestoo many templatestotaltraversal failed: %styped memory objectuid=%luunable to display error messageunable to record current working directoryunable to set security context %sunexpected failure: fts_info=%d: %s please report to %sunknown binary operatorunknown status from command (0x%X)unknown streamunknown user-ID: %sunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableunrecognized operand %sunrecognized prefix: %sup %ld day %2d:%02d, up %ld days %2d:%02d, up ???? days ??:??, use --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeuser %s does not existusing %s to denote standard input does not work in file system modeusing arbitrary-precision arithmeticusing restricted shell %susing single-precision arithmeticwaiting for %s [-d]waiting for stripwarning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredwarning: %s: failed to change context to %swarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: --retry is useful mainly when following by namewarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: `touch %s' is obsolete; use `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'warning: an unescaped backslash at end of string is not portablewarning: backslash at end of formatwarning: cannot change directory to %swarning: cannot remove: %swarning: following standard input indefinitely is ineffectivewarning: ignoring excess arguments, starting with %swarning: invalid file offset after failed readwarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: line number %s is the same as preceding line numberwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: summarizing conflicts with --max-depth=%luwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0warning: the --%s option is obsolete; use --referencewarning: the ambiguous octal escape \%c%c%c is being interpreted as the 2-byte sequence \0%c%c, %cwarning: unrecognized escape `\%c'warning: working around lseek kernel bug for file (%s) of mt_type=0x%0lx -- see for the list of typesweird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen reading file names from stdin, no file name of %s allowedwhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'will not copy %s through just-created symlink %swill not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swith --parents, the destination must be a directorywith --suffix, template %s must end in Xwrite errorwrite error for %swrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify -c, -t, -u, -l, -r, or contextyou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsyou must specify one of %s or %sProject-Id-Version: coreutils 8.3 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2010-01-08 11:53+0100 Last-Translator: Freek de Kruijf Language-Team: Dutch MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=n != 1; X-Generator: KBabel 1.11.4 ( EXPRESSIE ) waar als EXPRESSIE waar is ! EXPRESSIE waar als EXPRESSIE onwaar is EXPRESSIE1 -a EXPRESSIE2 waar als beide expressies waar zijn EXPRESSIE1 -o EXPRESSIE2 onwaar als beide expressies onwaar zijn --check-order controleren of de invoer juist gesorteerd is, zelfs als van alle invoerregels paren gemaakt kunnen worden --nocheck-order niet controleren of de invoer juist gesorteerd is -1 kolom 1 (regels uniek in BESTAND1) onderdrukken -2 kolom 2 (regels uniek in BESTAND2) onderdrukken -3 kolom 3 (regels die in beide bestanden zitten) onderdrukken -a, --all hetzelfde als '-b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u' -b, --boot tijdstip van de laatste systeemstart tonen -d, --dead dode processen tonen -H, --heading een regel met kolomkoppen tonen -b BESTAND waar als bestand een blok-apparaat is -c BESTAND waar als bestand een byte-apparaat is -d BESTAND waar als bestand een map is -e BESTAND waar als bestand bestaat -l de lange uitvoer tonen (voor de gegeven GEBRUIKER(s)) -b de standaardmap en -shell weglaten in de lange uitvoer -h het projectbestand weglaten in de lange uitvoer -p het planbestand weglaten in de lange uitvoer -s de korte uitvoer tonen (standaard) -n TEKST waar als de lengte van TEKST niet nul is TEKST hetzelfde als '-n TEKST' -z TEKST waar als de lengte van TEKST nul is TEKST1 = TEKST2 waar als de twee teksten gelijk zijn TEKST1 != TEKST2 waar als de twee teksten verschillend zijn ARG1 * ARG2 rekenkundig product van ARG1 en ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 rekenkundig quotient van ARG1 gedeeld door ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 rekenkundige rest van ARG1 gedeeld door ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 rekenkundige som van ARG1 en ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 rekenkundig verschil van ARG1 en ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 1 als ARG1 kleiner is dan ARG2, anders 0 ARG1 <= ARG2 1 als ARG1 kleiner of gelijk is aan ARG2, anders 0 ARG1 = ARG2 1 als ARG1 gelijk is aan ARG2, anders 0 ('==' = '=') ARG1 != ARG2 1 als ARG1 niet gelijk is aan ARG2, anders 0 ARG1 >= ARG2 1 als ARG1 groter of gelijk is aan ARG2, anders 0 ARG1 > ARG2 1 als ARG1 groter is dan ARG2, anders 0 BESTAND1 -ef BESTAND2 waar als hun apparaat- en inode-nummers gelijk zijn BESTAND1 -nt BESTAND2 waar als BESTAND1 nieuwer is dan BESTAND2 BESTAND1 -ot BESTAND2 waar als BESTAND1 ouder is dan BESTAND2 GEHEEL_GETAL kopiëren tot het gegeven regelnummer (niet tot en met) /REGEXP/[POSITIE] kopiëren tot de overeenkomende regel (niet tot en met) %REGEXP%[POSITIE] overslaan tot de overeenkomende regel (niet tot en met) {AANTAL} het voorgaande patroon dit aantal keren herhalen {*} het voorgaande patroon zo vaak als mogelijk herhalen Een regel-POSITIE bevat een '+' of '-' gevolgd door een positief geheel getal. GETAL1 -eq GETAL2 waar als de twee gehele getallen gelijk zijn GETAL1 -ge GETAL2 waar als GETAL1 groter of gelijk is aan GETAL2 GETAL1 -gt GETAL2 waar als GETAL1 groter is dan GETAL2 GETAL1 -le GETAL2 waar als GETAL1 kleiner of gelijk is aan GETAL2 GETAL1 -lt GETAL2 waar als GETAL1 kleiner is dan GETAL2 GETAL1 -ne GETAL2 waar als GETAL1 en GETAL2 verschillend zijn TEKENREEKS : REGEXP de tekens vanaf het begin van de TEKENREEKS die voldoen aan de reguliere expressie REGEXP match TEKENREEKS REGEXP hetzelfde als 'TEKENREEKS : REGEXP' substr TEKENREEKS POSITIE LENGTE subreeks van TEKENREEKS; POSITIE telt van 1 index TEKENREEKS TEKENS laagste index in TEKENREEKS waar een teken uit TEKENS gevonden is, anders 0 length TEKENREEKS de lengte van de TEKENREEKS a alle regels nummeren t alleen niet-lege regels nummeren n geen regels nummeren pBRE alleen regels nummeren waarvan een deel voldoet aan deze gewone reguliere expressie (BRE) OPMAAK is één van: ln links uitgelijnd, geen voorloopnullen rn rechts uitgelijnd, geen voorloopnullen rz rechts uitgelijnd, met voorloopnullen b een blok-apparaatbestand aanmaken (gebufferd) c, u een byte-apparaatbestand aanmaken (ongebufferd) p een FIFO aanmaken aantal gebruikers=%lu Optie '-t' is standaard als PAGINALENGTE kleiner of gelijk aan 10 is. Zonder BESTAND, of wanneer BESTAND - is, wordt van standaardinvoer gelezen. Een veld is witruimte (gewoonlijk spaties en/of tabs), daarna tekens die geen witruimte zijn. Eerst worden velden overgeslagen, dan tekens. Een lichtgewicht 'finger'-programma dat gebruikersinformatie toont. Het gebruikte utmp-bestand is %s. Een losse '-' betekent hetzelfde als '-i'. Zonder COMMANDO wordt de resulterende omgeving getoond. Een simpele - betekent -l. Als geen GEBRUIKER gegeven is, wordt root begrepen. Na een opmaakcode mag nog een veldbreedte (een decimaal getal) volgen. Bij sommige opmaakletters mag nog een aanpasser gebruikt worden: een E betekent alternatieve representaties uit de taalregio gebruiken, en een O betekent alternatieve cijfers uit de taalregio te gebruiken, waarbij voor beide geldt: indien beschikbaar. Een ontbrekende EXPRESSIE evalueert tot onwaar. Voor het overige kan de EXPRESSIE waar of onwaar zijn, en mag één van de volgende zijn: Speciaal geval: 'cp' maakt een reservekopie van BRON als de opties '--force' en '--backup' gegeven zijn én BRON en BESTEMMING dezelfde naam van een bestaand gewoon bestand zijn. BLOKKEN en BYTES kunnen de volgende vermenigvuldigingsachtervoegsels krijgen: c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M, GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024, en zo verder voor T, P, E, Z en Y. Elk CONVS symbool mag zijn: Wees erop bedacht dat in de meeste shells veel operatoren op de een of andere manier aangehaald moeten worden. Vergelijkingen zijn rekenkundig als beide argumenten getallen zijn, anders lexicografisch. Patroonovereenkomsten geven de gevonden tekenreeks tussen \( en \) terug of een lege tekenreeks; zonder \( en \) geven ze het aantal overeenkomende tekens terug, of 0. Zowel HOOFD- als SUBNUMMER moeten gegeven worden wanneer TYPE 'b', 'c' of 'u' is, en weggelaten als TYPE 'p' is. Als HOOFD- of SUBNUMMER begint met '0x' of '0X', dan is de interpretatie hexadecimaal; anders, als het begint met 0, octaal; anders decimaal. TYPE mag zijn: Standaard verwijdert 'rm' geen mappen. Gebruik de optie '--recursive' ('-r' of '-R') om ook iedere genoemde map en diens inhoud te verwijderen. De standaardopties zijn '-v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn'. TT zijn twee tekens voor het scheiden van logische pagina's; een ontbrekend tweede teken betekent een ':'. Geef \\ voor \. STIJL is één van: BRONbestanden met gaten worden standaard via een ruwe regel gedetecteerd, waarna de overeenkomstige BESTEMMINGsbestanden ook met gaten worden gemaakt. Dit is het gedrag dat geselecteerd wordt met '--sparse=auto'. Specificeer '--sparse=always' om een BESTEMMINGsbestand met gaten te maken wanneer het BRONbestand een voldoend lange reeks nul-bytes bevat. Gebruik '--sparse=never' om het aanmaken van bestanden met gaten te voorkomen. Als '--reflink[=always]' is gespecificeerd, doe dan een lichtgewicht kopieeropdracht, waar de datablokken alleen worden gekopieerd als ze zijn gewijzigd. Als dat niet mogelijk is dan mislukt het kopiëren of als --reflink=auto is gespecificeerd, wordt teruggevallen op standaard kopiëren. Combinatie-instellingen: * [-]LCASE hetzelfde als '[-]lcase' cbreak hetzelfde als '-icanon' -cbreak hetzelfde als 'icanon' Besturingsinstellingen: [-]clocal modem-besturingssignalen uitschakelen [-]cread het ontvangen van invoer toestaan * [-]crtscts RTS/CTS-handshake inschakelen csN tekengrootte op N bits instellen; N in [5..8] Getoonde waarden zijn in eenheden van de eerst beschikbare GROOTTE van --block-size, en de %s_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE en BLOCKSIZE omgevingsvariabelen. Ander zijn eenheden standaard 1024 bytes (of 512 als POSIXLY_CORRECT is gezet). VLAGGEN is een kommagescheiden lijst uit de volgende eigenschappen: append achtervoegen (alleen zinvol bij uitvoer; suggestie: conv=notrunc) Iedere MODUS is van de vorm '[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Voorbeelden: %s -12 bestand1 bestand2 Toon alleen regels in beide, bestand1 en bestand2. %s -3 bestand1 bestand2 Toon regels in bestand1 niet in bestand2, en vice versa. Voorbeelden: %s /usr/bin/sort Uitvoer is "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Uitvoer is "stdio". Voorbeelden: %s /usr/bin/sort Voert "/usr/bin" uit. %s stdio.h Voert "." uit. Voorbeelden: %s f - g Inhoud van f tonen, dan standaardinvoer, dan inhoud van g. %s Standaardinvoer naar standaarduitvoer kopiëren. Voorbeelden: %s root /u Verandert de eigenaar van /u naar "root". %s root:staff /u Evenzo, maar verandert ook de groep naar "staff". %s -hR root /u Verandert de eigenaar van /u en subbestanden naar "root". Voorbeelden: %s staff /u Verandert de groep van /u naar "staff". %s -hR staff /u Verandert de groep van /u en subbestanden naar "staff". Behalve bij '-h' en '-L', volgen alle testen op BESTANDen eventuele symbolische koppelingen. Wees erop bedacht dat in de meeste shells haakjes aangehaald moeten worden (bijvoorbeeld met backslashes). GETAL mag ook '-l TEKST' zijn, wat evalueert tot de lengte van TEKST. De afsluitwaarde is 0 als EXPRESSIE noch leeg noch 0 is, 1 als EXPRESSIE leeg of 0 is, 2 als EXPRESSIE syntactisch ongeldig is, en 3 als er een fout optrad. Uitgang-status: 0 indien OK, 1 bij klein probleem (bijv., geen toegang tot submap), 2 bij groot probleem (bijv., kan geen toegang krijgen tot argument in commandoregel). De OPMAAK bestuurt de uitvoer net als bij printf() in de taal C. Begrepen sequenties zijn: \" een aanhalingsteken (") OPMAAK bestuurt de uitvoer. Begrepen codes zijn: %% het procentteken %a de afkorting van de dag volgens de taalregio (bijv. zo) 'stty' bestuurt de TTY die met standaardinvoer verbonden is. Zonder argumenten worden baudrate, lijnprotocol, en afwijkingen van 'stty sane' getoond. Bij instellingen wordt TEKEN letterlijk gebruikt, of gecodeerd als in ^c, 0x37, 0177 of 127; de speciale waarden '^-' of 'undef' kunnen gebruikt worden om speciale tekens inactief te maken. Als -e actief is, dan worden de volgende sequenties herkent: Als BESTAND - is, dan standaarduitvoer shredden. Als '--remove' (-u) gegeven is, worden de gegeven BESTANDen verwijderd. Standaard worden bestanden niet verwijderd omdat 'shred' vaak toegepast wordt op apparaatbestanden (zoals /dev/hda) en die moeten meestal niet verwijderd worden. Wanneer 'shred' toegepast wordt op gewone bestanden, gebruiken de meeste mensen de optie '--remove'. Als geen BESTAND gegeven is, wordt %s gebruikt. Vaak wordt %s als BESTAND gegeven. Als ARG1 ARG2 gegeven zijn, dan wordt '-m' begrepen; de combinaties 'am i' or 'mom likes' zijn gebruikelijk. Als BESTAND gegeven is, wordt dat gelezen om te bepalen welke kleuren voor welke bestandstypes gebruikt moeten worden. Anders wordt een standaardlijst gebruikt. Typ 'dircolors -p' voor details over de opmaak van deze bestanden. Als EERSTE of STAP weggelaten wordt, dan wordt 1 gebruikt. Dat betekent dat een weggelaten STAP ook 1 is als LAATSTE kleiner is dan EERSTE. EERSTE, STAP en LAATSTE worden geïnterpreteerd als drijvendekommagetallen. STAP zal gewoonlijk positief zijn als EERSTE kleiner is dan LAATSTE, en negatief als EERSTE kleiner is dan LAATSTE. Als MODUS is `0' zal de overeenkomstige stream niet gebufferd zijn. Als MODUS `L' is zal de overeenkomende stream lijngebufferd zijn. Deze optie is ongeldig met standaard invoer. Als een BESTAND - is, dan nog eens naar standaarduitvoer kopiëren. Als niet '--traditional' gebruikt is, dan geldt de tweede vorm van 'Gebruik' wanneer het laatste argument met een '+' begint of (bij twee argumenten) met een cijfer. Een POSITIE-argument betekent hetzelfde als '-j POSITIE'. LABEL is een pseudo-adres voor de eerste getoonde byte, wordt tussen haakjes getoond, en wordt net als het echte adres opgehoogd tijdens de voortgang. Voor POSITIE en LABEL betekenen een voorgevoegde '0x' of '0X' hexadecimaal; het achtervoegsel '.' betekent octaal en 'b' vermenigvuldiging met 512. Als geen commando gegeven is, dan '${SHELL} -i' uitvoeren (standaard: /bin/sh). Als standaardinvoer een terminal is, dan deze naar '/dev/null' omleiden. Als standaarduitvoer een terminal is, dan eventuele uitvoer zo mogelijk aan 'nohup.out' toevoegen, anders aan '$HOME/nohup.out'. Als standaardfoutuitvoer een terminal is, dan deze naar standaarduitvoer omleiden. Gebruik '%s COMMANDO > BESTAND' om de uitvoer naar een BESTAND te sturen. Als de time-out van het commando verloopt, dan wordt gestopt met exit-status 124. Anders wordt een normale exit-status van COMMANDO teruggegeven. Als er geen signaal is gespecificeerd, dan wordt bij time-out het TERM signaal gezonden. Het TERM signaal breekt processen af die dit signaal niet netjes opvangen of blokkeren. Voor andere processen, kan het nodig zijn om het KILL (9) signaal te gebruiken, omdat dit signaal niet netjes opgevangen kan worden. Als K (het aantal bytes of regels) begint met een '+', wordt alles vanaf het Kde item vanaf het begin van elk bestand getoond, anders de laatste K items van elk bestand. K mag een vermenigvuldigingsachtervoegsel hebben: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, en zo verder voor T, P, E, Z, Y. Invoerinstellingen: [-]brkint een break veroorzaakt een interruptsignaal [-]icrnl CR-teken (naar regelbegin) omzetten in LF-teken (nieuweregel) [-]ignbrk break-tekens negeren [-]igncr CR-tekens negeren Getal K mag gevolgd worden door een vermenigvuldigingsachtervoegsel: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, en zo verder voor T, P, E, Z en Y. De licentie is GPLv3+: GNU General Public License versie 3 of later . Dit is vrije software: u mag het vrijelijk wijzigen en verder verspreiden. Deze software kent GEEN GARANTIE, voor zover de wet dit toestaat. Lokale instellingen: [-]crterase erase-tekens echoën als backspace-spatie-backspace * crtkill gehele regel verwijderen via 'echoprt' en 'echoe' * -crtkill gehele regel verwijderen via 'echoctl' en 'echok' OPMERKING: Als COMMANDO de buffering van zijn standaard streams aanpast (zoals `tee' bijv. doet) dan zal dat de overeenkomstige instellingen die zijn gewijzigd door `stdbuf' overheersen. Ook somige filters (zoals `dd', `cat' etc.) gebruiken geen streams voor I/O, en worden dus niet geraakt door instellingen van `stdbuf'. Opmerking: '[' kent de opties '--help' en '--version', maar 'test' niet; 'test' behandelt deze opties zoals het elke andere niet-lege tekenreeks behandelt. Opmerking: Uw shell kan een eigen versie van %s hebben, die gewoonlijk prevaleert boven de hier beschreven versie. Kijk in de documentatie van uw shell voor details over de ondersteunde opties. Merk op dat '-d' en '-t' een verschillende opmaak van datum+tijd verwachten. Merk op dat de opties '-r' en '-s' elkaar uitsluiten. Opmerking, vergelijken doet recht aan de regels gespecificeerd door `LC_COLLATE'. Opmerking: 'uniq' detecteert herhaalde regels niet als ze niet bij elkaar staan. U zou de invoer eerst kunnen sorteren, of 'sort -u' gebruiken zonder 'uniq'. Ook, vergelijken doet recht aan de regels gespecificeerd door `LC_COLLATE'. De optionele '-' voor een INSTELLING betekent negatie (oftewel 'niet-'). Niet-POSIX-instellingen zijn met een '*' gemarkeerd. Het hangt van het onderliggende systeem af welke instellingen beschikbaar zijn. Anders is MODUS een geheel getal gevolgd door één van de volgende: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, enz. voor G, T, P, E, Z en Y. In dat geval zal de overeenkomstige stream volledig gebufferd zijn met de ingesteld op MODUS bytes. Uitvoerinstellingen: * bsN backspace-vertragingsstijl; N in [0..1] * crN 'carriage return'-vertragingsstijl, N in [0..3] * ffN 'form feed'-vertragingsstijl; N in [0..1] * nlN nieuweregel-vertragingsstijl; N in [0..1] Als EIGENAAR ontbreekt, blijft deze onveranderd. Als GROEP ontbreekt, blijft deze onveranderd, tenzij de inloggroep impliciet gegeven is door een ':' na een symbolische EIGENAAR. Verder mogen EIGENAAR en GROEP zowel numeriek als symbolisch zijn. POS1 en POS2 zijn van de vorm VN[.TP][OPTIES], waarin VN het veldnummer is en TP de tekenpositie in het veld, beiden tellend vanaf 1. Als noch '-t' noch '-b' gegeven is, worden tekens in een veld geteld vanaf het begin van de voorafgaande witruimte. OPTIES bestaat uit één of meer sorteeropties, die andere interpretaties van die sorteersleutel overstijgen. Als er geen enkele sleutel gegeven is, dan wordt de hele regel als sleutel gebruikt. GROOTTE mag gevolgd worden door een vermenigvuldigingsachtervoegsel: De waarde van EXPRESSIE naar standaarduitvoer sturen. EXPRESSIE mag zijn (een lege regel scheidt groepen met verschillende, oplopende voorrang): ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 als deze niet leeg of 0 is, anders ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 als beide argumenten noch leeg noch 0 zijn, anders 0 GROND is d voor decimaal, o voor octaal, x voor hexadecimaal, of n voor geen. Met voorvoegsel 0x of 0X is AANTAL hexadecimaal; mogelijke vermenigvuldigings- achtervoegsels zijn: b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024, en zo verder voor T, P, E, Z, Y. Met een achtergevoegde z worden aan het eind van iedere regel met bytes de corresponderende afdrukbare tekens toegevoegd. Als BESTAND - is, wordt van standaardinvoer gelezen. Elk PATROON mag zijn: Rapporteer %s-gebreken(bugs) aan %s Rapporteer gebreken in het programma aan: %s; meld fouten in de vertaling aan: vertaling@vrijschrift.org SETs worden gegeven als tekenreeksen. De meeste tekens representeren zichzelf. Begrepen codes zijn: \NNN het teken met ASCII-code NNN (octaal, 1 tot 3 cijfers) \\ een backslash (\) \a geluidssignaal \b backspace \f nieuwe pagina (FF-teken) \n nieuwe regel (LF-teken) \r naar begin van regel (CR-teken) \t horizontale tab SIGNAAL mag een signaalnaam zijn zoals 'HUP', of een signaalnummer zoals '1', of de afsluitwaarde van een proces dat beëindigd wordt door een signaal. PID is een geheel getal; als het negatief is dan duidt het een procesgroep aan. AANTAL is een getal. Als TYPE een van 'doux' is, dan mag AANTAL ook zijn: C voor sizeof(char), S voor sizeof(short), I voor sizeof(int), of L voor sizeof(long). Als TYPE f is, mag AANTAL ook zijn: F voor sizeof(float), D voor sizeof(double), of L voor sizeof(long double). (De machineafhankelijke functie sizeof() geeft de lengte in bytes aan van de gegeven eenheid.) GROOTTE mag ook een voorvoegsel hebben als volgt: `+' maak groter met, `-' verminder met, `<' maximaal, `>' minstens, `/' naar beneden afronden op een veelvoud van, `%' naar boven afronden op een veelvoud van. GROOTTE mag (of een geheel getal eventueel gevolgd door) één van de volgende zijn: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, enz. voor G, T, P, E, Z en Y. Het zenden van een %s-signaal naar een werkend 'dd'-proces zorgt ervoor dat I/O-statistieken naar standaardfoutuitvoer gaan, waarna het kopiëren doorgaat. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 10899206+0 records gelezen 10899206+0 records geschreven 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) gekopieerd, 34.6279 seconden, 271 MB/s Opties zijn: Speciale tekens: * dsusp TEKEN TEKEN zendt een terminal-stopsignaal nadat invoer verwijderd is eof TEKEN TEKEN zendt een einde van bestand (beëindigt de invoer) eol TEKEN TEKEN beëindigt de regel Speciale instellingen: N de invoer- en uitvoersnelheid op N bits per seconde zetten * cols N de kernel laten weten dat de terminal N kolommen heeft * columns N hetzelfde als 'cols N' TYPE bestaat uit één of meer van de volgende aanduidigen: a tekennaam, het hoogste bit negerend c ASCII-teken of backslash-code Het reservekopie-achtervoegsel is '~', tenzij anders ingesteld met '--suffix' of via omgevingsvariable SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. Het versiebeheer kan worden ingesteld met de optie '--backup' of via omgevingsvariabele VERSION_CONTROL; dit zijn de mogelijke waarden (methodes): De gegevens zijn gecodeerd in het base64-alfabet zoals beschreven in RFC 3548. Bij decodering mag de invoer naast de formele tekens van het base64-alfabet ook nog nieuweregel-tekens bevatten. Met --ignore-garbage kunt u proberen over andere niet-alfabetische tekens in de gecodeerde reeks bytes te stappen. De volgende drie opties gelden alleen bij het controleren van controlesommen: --quiet toon geen OK voor elk met succes gecontroleerd bestand --status niets naar de uitvoer sturen; de afsluitwaarde toont succes -w, --warn waarschuwen bij verkeerd opgemaakte controlesomregels De sommen worden berekend zoals beschreven in %s. Bij het controleren moet de invoer voormalige uitvoer van dit programma zijn. De standaardmodus toont voor elk BESTAND een regel met een controlesom, een teken die het type aangeeft ('*' voor binair, ' ' voor tekst), en de naam van het bestand. Geldige opmaakspecificaties voor bestanden (zonder '--file-system') zijn: %a toegangsrechten in octale vorm %A toegangsrechten in leesbare vorm %b aantal toegewezen blokken (zie %B) %B de grootte in bytes van elk blok gerapporteerd door %b %C SELinux-beveiligingscontext-tekenreeks Dit programma, install, kopieert bestanden (vaak zojuist gecompileerd) naar door u gekozen bestemmingen. Als u een kant-en-klaar pakket wilt downloaden en installeren op een GNU/Linux-systeem dan zou u beter een pakketbeheerder zoals yum(1) of apt-get(1) kunnen gebruiken. Bij de eerste drie aanroepvormen wordt BRON naar DOEL gekopieerd, of BRONnen naar een bestaande MAP, terwijl rechten en eigenaar en groep ingesteld worden. Bij de vierde vorm worden alle componenten van de gegeven MAP(pen) aangemaakt. Om een bestand te verwijderen dat begint met een '-', bijvoorbeeld '-foo', kunt u een van deze commando's gebruiken: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Traditionele opmaakspecificaties mogen ook gebruikt worden; zij tellen op: -a als '-t a', tekennamen tonen, het hoogste bit negerend -b als '-t o1', octale getallen van 1 byte tonen -c als '-t c', ASCII-tekens of backslash-codes tonen -d als '-t u2', decimale getallen van 2 bytes zonder teken tonen Vertaling treedt op als -d niet gegeven is en beide SET1 en SET2 aanwezig zijn. -t mag alleen gebruikt worden bij vertalen. SET2 wordt vergroot tot de lengte van SET1 door het laatste teken te herhalen. Teveel tekens in SET2 worden genegeerd. Alleen [:lower:] en [:upper:] worden gegarandeerd uitgebreid in toenemende volgorde; in SET2 gebruikt tijdens vertaling, zij kunnen alleen in paren gevbruit worden voor hoofd/kleine letter conversie. -s gebruikt SET1 bij niet-vertalen noch verwijderen; anders gebruikt samendrukken SET2 en dat gebeurt na vertaling of verwijdering. Van de opties '-b', '-c' en '-f' mag er slechts één gegeven worden. Een LIJST bestaat uit één of meer bereiken gescheiden door komma's, bijvoorbeeld: 1-4,7,9,12-15. Geselecteerde invoer wordt uitgevoerd in dezelfde volgorde als ze gelezen werd en slechts precies één keer. Gebruik van kleur om bestandstypes te onderscheiden is uitgeschakeld zowel standaard als met --color=never. Met --color=auto, stuurt ls alleen kleurcodes uit als standaarduitvoer verbonden is met een terminal. De omgevingsvariabele LS_COLORS kan de instellingen wijzigen. Gebruik het commando 'dircolors' om het in te stellen. Zonder BESTAND, of wanneer BESTAND - is, wordt standaardinvoer gelezen. Optie '-F /' is standaard. Zonder BESTAND, of wanneer BESTAND - is, wordt standaardinvoer gelezen. Zonder opties worden drie kolommen getoond. De eerste kolom bevat de regels die uniek zijn voor BESTAND1, de tweede kolom de regels die uniek zijn voor BESTAND2, en de derde kolom de regels die in beide bestanden voorkomen. Zonder enige OPTIE, een nuttige set identificatie-informatie tonen. Een eenduidige representatie (standaard octale bytes) van het gegeven BESTAND naar standaarduitvoer sturen. Bij meer dan één BESTAND, deze in de gegeven volgorde achter elkaar plakken om de invoer te vormen. Zonder BESTAND, of wanneer BESTAND - is, wordt standaardinvoer gelezen. ??? --backup[=METHODE] van elk bestemmingsbestand een reservekopie maken -b zoals --backup, maar accepteert geen argument -f, --force bij overschrijven geen vraag stellen -i, --interactive voor overschrijven om toestemming vragen -n, --no-clobber geen bestaand bestand overschrijven Als u meer dan één van -i, -f, -n specificeert dan is alleen de laatste effectief. --backup[=METHODE] van elk bestemmingsbestand een reservekopie maken -b als '--backup', maar accepteert geen argument -d, -F, --directory de systeembeheerder toestaan een harde koppeling te maken naar mappen (hoewel dit waarschijnlijk niet zal werken, vanwege systeembeperkingen) -f, --force bestaande bestemmingsbestanden verwijderen --backup[=METHODE] van elk bestaand bestemmingsbestand een reservekopie maken -b zoals --backup, maar accepteert geen argument -c (genegeerde optie) -C, --compare vergelijk elk paar bron- en bestemmingsbestand en, in sommige gevallen, wijzig helemaal niets aan de bestemming -d, --directory alle argumenten als mapnamen behandelen; van de ingegeven mappen alle componenten aanmaken --batch-size=NMERGE voeg hoogstens NMERGE invoeren ineens samen; voor meer, gebruik tijdelijke bestanden --block-size=GROOTTE te gebruiken blokgrootte (in bytes; zie onder) -B, --ignore-backups geen namen tonen die eindigen op '~' -c met '-lt': op 'ctime' sorteren en deze tonen (de tijd van de laatste statusinformatiewijziging); met '-l': op naam sorteren en 'ctime' tonen; anders: op 'ctime' sorteren --complement het complement maken van de set van geselecteerde bytes, tekens of velden --files0-from=LST invoer lezen uit de bestanden die opgesomd staan in bestand LST, waar elke naam eindigt op een 0-byte; als LST - is, lees dan de namen van standaardinvoer -L, --max-line-length de lengte van de langste regel tonen -w, --words het aantal woorden tonen --files0-from=LST het schijfgebruik tonen van de bestanden die opgesomd staan in bestand LST, waar elke naam eindigt op NUL; als LST - is lees dan de namen van standaardinvoer -H hetzelfde als --dereference-args (-D) -h, --human-readable groottes in leesbare vorm tonen (bijv. 15K, 234M, 2G) --si idem, maar machten van 1000 i.p.v. 1024 gebruiken --group-directories-first mappen vóór bestanden groeperen; kan aangevuld worden met een '--sort', maar gebruik van '--sort=none' of '-U' deactiveert groepering --help deze hulptekst tonen en stoppen --indicator-style=WIJZE op deze wijze achter elk item het type aanduiden; WIJZE kan zijn: 'none' (standaard), 'slash' (-p), 'file-type' (--file-type) of 'classify' (-F) -i, --inode met '-l': het indexnummer van elk bestand tonen -I, --ignore=PATROON de namen die voldoen aan PATROON niet tonen -k hetzelfde als '--block-size=1K' --lookup proberen de echte hostnamen te vinden via DNS -m alleen hostnaam en gebruiker verbonden met standaardinvoer -p, --process de actieve processen gestart door 'init' tonen --no-preserve-root '/' niet speciaal behandelen --preserve-root op '/' niet recursief werken (standaard) -r, -R, --recursive mappen en hun inhoud recursief verwijderen -v, --verbose tonen wat er gedaan wordt --no-preserve-root '/' niet speciaal behandelen (standaard) --preserve-root op '/' niet recursief werken --no-preserve-root '/' niet speciaal behandelen (standaard) --preserve-root op '/' niet recursief werken --no-preserve=LIJST de genoemde attributen juist niet behouden --parents volledige naam gebruiken van bronbestand onder MAP --one-file-system bij recursief verwijderen, mappen overslaan die zich op een ander bestandssysteem bevinden dan het bijbehorende opdrachtregelargument --pid=PID met -f: afsluiten wanneer proces PID eindigt -q, --quiet, --silent geen bestandsnaamkopjes tonen --retry blijf proberen om een bestand te openen zelfs het niet toegankelijk is of wordt; bruikbaar indien gevolgd door een naam, dwz., met --follow=name --preserve-context de SELinux-beveiligingscontext behouden -Z, --context=CONTEXT beveiligingscontext van bestanden en mappen instellen --reference=REFBESTAND de beveiligingscontext van REFBESTAND gebruiken in plaats van een CONTEXT-waarde -R, --recursive bestanden en mappen recursief behandelen -v, --verbose een melding geven voor elk gezien bestand --rfc-3339=SOORT datum en tijd in RFC 3339-opmaak tonen; 'date' toont alleen de datum, 'seconds' toont ook de tijd, 'ns' toont ook de nanoseconden; -s, --set=DATUMTIJD deze tijd en/of datum instellen -u, --utc, --universal de standaard wereldtijd gebruiken --sort=WOORD sorteer volgens WOORD: algemeen-numeriek -g, gewoon leesbaar -h, maand -M, numeriek -n,willekeurig -R, versie -V -V, --version-sort natuurlijk sorteren van (versie)nummers in de tekst --strip-trailing-slashes schuine strepen achter elke BRON verwijderen -S, --suffix=SUFFIX te gebruiken achtervoegsel voor reservekopieën --suffix=SUFF voeg SUFF achter SJABLOON. SUFF mag geen schuine streep bevatten. Deze optie is impliciet als SJABLOON niet met X eindigt. --time tijden van laatste wijziging tonen --time=SOORT te tonen soort tijd in plaats van wijzigingstijd; mogelijke waarden zijn 'atime', 'access', 'use', 'ctime' of 'status' --time-style=STIJL te gebruiken opmaak voor tijdsstempels; mogelijke waarden zijn 'iso', 'long-iso', 'full-iso', of '+OPMAAK' (zie bij 'date' voor de mogelijkheden) --time-style=STIJL met '-l': tijden volgens deze stijl tonen; STIJL kan zijn: 'iso', 'long-iso', 'full-iso', 'locale', of '+OPMAAK'; OPMAAK wordt geïnterpreteerd zoals bij 'date'; als OPMAAK de vorm OPMAAK1OPMAAK2 heeft, dan geldt OPMAAK1 voor oude bestanden en OPMAAK2 voor recente bestanden; als STIJL 'posix-' als voorvoegsel heeft, dan geldt deze alleen buiten de POSIX-taalregio --verbose een melding tonen vóór openen van elk uitvoerbestand --version programmaversie tonen en stoppen --all toon het aantal geïnstalleerde processoren --ignore=N indien mogelijk, sluit N processoreenheden uit Grtte Gebr Besch Geb% Inodes IGebr IVrij IGeb% Grtte Gebr Besch Geb% -evenp hetzelfde als '-parenb cs8' * [-]lcase hetzelfde als 'xcase iuclc olcuc' litout hetzelfde als '-parenb -istrip -opost cs8' -litout hetzelfde als 'parenb istrip opost cs7' nl hetzelfde als '-icrnl -onlcr -nl hetzelfde als 'icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret' [-]cstopb twee stopbits per teken gebruiken (één met '-') [-]hup 'opgehangen'-signaal sturen wanneer laatste proces de TTY sluit [-]hupcl hetzelfde als '[-]hup' [-]parenb pariteitsbit in uitvoer genereren en in invoer verwachten [-]parodd oneven pariteit instellen (even met '-') [-]ignpar tekens met een pariteitsfout negeren * [-]imaxbel piep geven en een volle invoerbuffer niet legen bij een teken [-]inlcr LF-teken (nieuweregel) omzetten in CR-teken (naar regelbegin) [-]inpck controle op invoerpariteit inschakelen [-]istrip hoogste bit (het achtste) van invoertekens nul maken [-]isig speciale tekens voor interrupt, quit, en suspend inschakelen [-]noflsh legen van buffer na interrupt of quit uitschakelen * [-]prterase hetzelfde als '[-]echoprt' * [-]tostop achtergrondtaken stoppen die naar de terminal willen schrijven * [-]xcase met 'icanon': '\' voor kleine letter maakt hoofdletter cooked hetzelfde als 'brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon', met eof- en eol-tekens op hun standaardwaarden -cooked hetzelfde als 'raw' crt hetzelfde als 'echoe echoctl echoke' dec hetzelfde als 'echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u' * [-]decctlq hetzelfde als '[-]ixany' ek de erase- en kill-tekens op hun standaardwaarden zetten evenp hetzelfde als 'parenb -parodd cs7' ispeed N de invoersnelheid op N zetten * line N lijnprotocol N gebruiken min N met '-icanon': minimum voor complete leesopdracht is N tekens ospeed N de uitvoersnelheid op N zetten oddp hetzelfde als 'parenb parodd cs7' -oddp hetzelfde als '-parenb cs8' [-]parity hetzelfde als '[-]evenp' pass8 hetzelfde als '-parenb -istrip cs8' -pass8 hetzelfde als 'parenb istrip cs7' raw hetzelfde als '-ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0' -raw hetzelfde als 'cooked' sane hetzelfde als 'cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke', met alle speciale tekens op hun standaardwaarden stop TEKEN TEKEN stopt de uitvoer susp TEKEN TEKEN zendt een terminal-stopsignaal * swtch TEKEN TEKEN schakelt naar een andere shell-laag * werase TEKE TEKEN verwijdert het laatst getypte woord %% een enkele % %b ARGUMENT interpreteren als tekenreeks met bovenstaande '\'-codes, behalve dat octale codes van de vorm \0 of \0NNN zijn Verder worden alle C-opmaakcodes begrepen die eindigen op een van de tekens uit 'diouxXfeEgGcs', waarbij de ARGUMENTen eerst geconverteerd worden naar het juiste type. Variabele breedtes worden begrepen. %A de volledige naam van de dag volgens de taalregio, (bijv. zondag) %b de afgekorte naam van de maand volgens de taalregio (bijv. jan) %B de volledige naam van de maand volgens de taalregio (bijv. januari) %c de datum/tijd volgens de taalregio (bijv. za 01 okt 2005 16:57:09 CEST) %C de eeuw; als %Y maar zonder de laatste twee cijfers (bijv. 20) %d de dag in de maand (bijv. 01) %D de datum op Amerikaanse manier; hetzelfde als %m/%d/%y %e de dag in de maand, met voorloopspatie; hetzelfde als %_d %F de volledige datum op ISO-manier; hetzelfde als %Y-%m-%d %g de laatste twee cijfers van het jaar van het ISO-weeknummer (zie %G) %G het jaar van het ISO-weeknummer (zie %V); normaal alleen nuttig met %V %S de seconde (00...60) (60 kan ook, vanwege schrikkelseconde) %t een horizontale tab %T de tijd; hetzelfde als %H:%M:%S %u de dag van de week (1...7); 1 is maandag %U weeknummer in het jaar, met zondag als eerste dag van de week (00...53) %V ISO-weeknummer, met maandag als eerste dag van de week (01...53) %w de dag van de week (0...6); 0 is zondag %W weeknummer in het jaar, met maandag als eerste dag van de week (00...53) %d apparaatnummer in decimaal %D apparaatnummer in hex %f ruwe modus in hex %F bestandstype %g groeps-ID van eigenaar %G groepsnaam van eigenaar %h aantal harde koppelingen %i inode-nummer %n bestandsnaam %N aangehaalde bestandsnaam (plus doel bij een symbolische koppeling) %o IO-blokgrootte %s totale grootte, in bytes %t hoofdapparaattype in hex %T subapparaattype in hex %h hetzelfde als %b %H het uur (00...23) %I het uur (01...12) %j de dag in het jaar (001...366) %i bestandssysteem-ID in hex %l maximum lengte van bestandsnamen %n bestandsnaam %s optimale grootte van transportblok %S fundamentele blokgrootte (voor blokaantallen) %t type in hex %T type in leesbare vorm %k het uur ( 0...23) %l het uur ( 1...12) %m de maand (01...12) %M de minuut (00...59) %n een nieuwe regel %N de nanoseconden (000000000...999999999) %p het equivalent van AM of PM volgens de taalregio; meestal blanco %P als %p maar in kleine letters %r de tijd in 12-uursaanduiding volgens de taalregio (bijv. 11:11:04 PM) %R de tijd in 24-uursaanduiding; hetzelfde als %H:%M %s de seconden sinds 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u gebruiker-ID van eigenaar %U gebruikersnaam van eigenaar %x tijdstip van laatste toegang %X tijdstip van laatste toegang in seconden sinds Epoch %y tijdstip van laatste wijziging %Y tijdstip van laatste wijziging in seconden sinds Epoch %z tijdstip van laatste verandering %Z tijdstip van laatste verandering in seconden sinds Epoch %x de datumweergave volgens de taalregio (bijv. 31-12-05) %X de tijdweergave volgens de taalregio (bijv. 23:13:48) %y de laatste twee cijfers van het jaar (00...99) %Y het jaar %z numerieke tijdzone in de vorm +hhmm (bijv. -0400) %:z numerieke tijdzone in de vorm +hh:mm (bijv. -04:00) %::z numerieke tijdzone in de vorm +hh:mm:ss (bijv. -04:00:00) %:::z numerieke tijdzone zonder onnodige nakomende nullen (bijv. -04) %Z Engelse letterafkorting voor de tijdzone (bijv. CEST) Standaard gebruikt 'date' voorloopnullen bij numerieke velden. + SYMBOOL SYMBOOL als tekenreeks interpreteren, zelfs als het een sleutelwoord of operator is, zoals 'match' of '/' ( EXPRESSIE ) waarde van EXPRESSIE --output-delimiter=STR kolommenscheiding is STR --userspec=GEBRUIKER:GROEP specificeer gebruiker en groep (ID of naam) --groups=G_LIJST specificeer extra groepen als g1,g2,..,gN -0, --null elke regels afsluiten met 0-byte, niet met nieuweregel -A, --address-radix=GROND te gebruiken grondtal voor adressen (o, d, x, n) -j, --skip-bytes=AANTAL dit aantal bytes aan begin van invoer overslaan -A, --auto-reference bestandsnaam- en regelnummer toevoegen -G, --traditional meer doen zoals de oude 'ptx' van System V -F, --flag-truncation=TEKST tekenreeks die zinsafbrekingen aangeeft -B, --block-size=GROOTTE te gebruiken blokgrootte (in bytes) -b, --bytes hetzelfde als '--apparent-size --block-size=1' -c, --total een eindtotaal tonen -D, --dereference-args alleen direct gegeven symbolische koppelingen volgen -C de items in kolommen presenteren --color[=WANNEER] bestandstypen met kleuren onderscheiden; WANNEER is 'always' (altijd), 'never' (nooit), of 'auto' (uitvoerapparaatafhankelijk). Meer informatie hieronder -d, --directory de mappen zelf tonen in plaats van hun inhoud, en symbolische koppelingen niet volgen -D, --dired uitvoer produceren voor de 'dired'-modus van Emacs -D alle componenten van DOEL aanmaken behalve de laatste, dan BRON naar DOEL kopiëren -g, --group=GROEP deze groep instellen i.p.v. groep van huidig proces -m, --mode=MODUS deze toegangsrechten instellen i.p.v. 'rwxr-xr-x' -o, --owner=GEBRUIKER deze eigenaar instellen (alleen voor systeembeheerder) -D, --date-format=OPMAAK te gebruiken opmaak voor de kopdatum -e, --expand-tabs[=TEKEN[BREEDTE]] elk TEKEN (standaard de tab) in de invoer vervangen door BREEDTE (standaard 8) aan spaties -F, -f, --form-feed nieuwepagina-tekens i.p.v. nieuweregel-tekens gebruiken om pagina's te scheiden; paginakop bekorten van 5 tot 3 regels en geen paginavoet printen -G, --no-group bij een uitgebreide lijst geen groepsnaam tonen -h, --human-readable groottes in leesbare vorm tonen (bijv. 15K, 234M) --si idem, maar machten van 1000 i.p.v. 1024 gebruiken -H, --dereference-command-line symbolische koppelingen op opdrachtregel volgen --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir symbolische koppelingen op opdrachtregel die naar een map verwijzen volgen --hide=PATROON de namen die voldoen aan PATROON niet tonen (geldt niet samen met '-a' of '-A') -I voor het verwijderen van meer dan drie bestanden, of bij recursieve verwijdering, om bevestiging vragen; dit is minder omslachtig dan '-i', maar biedt toch bescherming tegen de meeste vergissingen --interactive[=WANNEER] al dan niet om bevestiging vragen; WANNEER kan zijn: 'never' (nooit), 'once' (-I), of 'always' (-i); zonder WANNEER altijd vragen -L BESTAND waar als bestand een symbolische koppeling is (== '-h') -O BESTAND waar als uw effectieve gebruiker-ID het bestand bezit -p BESTAND waar als bestand een benoemde pijp is -r BESTAND waar als bestand voor u leesbaar is -s BESTAND waar als bestand niet leeg is -L, --dereference alle symbolische koppelingen volgen -P, --no-dereference symbolische koppelingen niet volgen (standaard) -0, --null regels afsluiten met 0-byte, niet met nieuweregel -S, --separate-dirs de grootte van submappen niet meetellen -s, --summarize voor elk gegeven argument alleen een totaal tonen -L, --logical gebruik PWD uit de omgeving, zelfs als deze symbolische koppelingen bevat -P, --physical vermijd alle symbolische koppelingen -M, --macro-name=NAAM te gebruiken macronaam in plaats van 'xx' -O, --format=roff als uitvoer 'nroff'-directieven produceren -R, --right-side-refs referenties rechts, niet meetellen in '-w' -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP definieert eind van regels of eind van zinnen -T, --format=tex als uitvoer 'TeX'-directieven produceren -N, --read-bytes=AANTAL uitvoer beperken tot dit aantal bytes van invoer -S, --strings[=AANTAL] alleen symboolnamen tonen, van minstens deze lengte -t, --format=TYPE te gebruiken type opmaak voor de uitvoer -v, --output-duplicates duplicaten tonen, i.p.v. '*' voor regelweglating -w, --width[=AANTAL] aantal te tonen bytes per uitvoerregel --traditional ook argumenten in traditionele vorm accepteren -P, --portability de POSIX-uitvoeropmaak gebruiken --sync een 'sync' doen vóór het ophalen van gebruiksinfo -t, --type=TYPE alleen bestandssystemen van dit type tonen -T, --print-type van elk bestandssysteem ook het type tonen -x, --exclude-type=TYPE bestandssystemen van dit type niet tonen -v (genegeerde optie) -S op bestandsgrootte sorteren --sort=WIJZE te gebruiken sorteerwijze; WIJZE kan zijn: 'none' (-U), 'extension' (-X), 'version' (-v) 'size' (-S), 'time' (-t), --time=SOORT met '-l': te tonen soort tijd; SOORT kan zijn: 'atime' of 'access' of 'use' (-u), 'ctime' of 'status' (-c) -S BESTAND waar als bestand een socket is -t DSCRIPTR waar als deze bestandsdescriptor geopend is op een terminal -u BESTAND waar als bestand SETUID is -w BESTAND waar als bestand voor u schrijfbaar is -x BESTAND waar als bestand door u uitvoerbaar (of doorzoekbaar) is -S, --suffix=SUFFIX te gebruiken achtervoegsel voor reservekopieën -t, --target-directory=MAP map waarin de koppelingen gemaakt moeten worden -T, --no-target-directory KOPPELINGSNAAM als een normaal bestand behandelen -v, --verbose naam en doel van elke gemaakte koppeling tonen -STEKST, --sep-string[=TEKST] kolommen scheiden door TEKST zonder -S: standaard een tab met -J en anders een spatie (hetzelfde als '-S" "'); geen invloed op kolomopties -t, --omit-header paginakop- en voetteksten weglaten -T, --omit-pagination paginakop- en voetteksten weglaten en nieuwepagina-tekens in de invoer negeren -v, --show-nonprinting octale backslash- notatie gebruiken voor stuurcodes -w, --width=PAGINABREEDTE te gebruiken paginabreedte (standaard 72) bij meerdere tekstkolommen; -s[TEKEN] schakelt de standaardbreedte uit -T, -w, --mesg berichtenstatus van gebruiker toevoegen als '+', '-' of' ?' -u, --users de ingelogde gebruikers tonen --message hetzelfde als '-T' --writable hetzelfde als '-T' -W, --page-width=PAGINABREEDTE te gebruiken paginabreedte (standaard 72); lange regels afkappen, tenzij '-J' gegeven is; '-S' en '-s' hebben geen invloed -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP REGEXP definieert sleutelwoorden -b, --break-file=BESTAND woordafbreektekens staan in dit BESTAND -f, --ignore-case kleine letters als hoofdletters beschouwen -g, --gap-size=GETAL ruimte (in kolommen) tussen uitvoervelden -i, --ignore-file=BESTAND BESTAND met woorden die niet meedoen -o, --only-file=BESTAND BESTAND met woorden die alleen meedoen -Z, --context=CTX te gebruiken beveiligingscontext voor NAAM -Z, --context=CTX te gebruiken beveiligingscontext voor elke gemaakte pijp -a alleen de toegangstijd veranderen -c, --no-create geen nieuwe bestanden aanmaken -d, --date=TEKST deze TEKST interpreteren en als tijdsstempel gebruiken in plaats van de huidige tijd -f (genegeerd) -a, --across kolommen horizontaal i.p.v. verticaal afdrukken (wordt samen met -KOLOMMEN gebruikt) -c, --show-control-chars dakje-notatie (^G) en octale backslash-notatie gebruiken -d, --double-space tussen elk paar regels een lege regel toevoegen -a, --all ook pseudobestandssystemen tonen -B, --block-size=GROOTTE te gebruiken blokgrootte (in bytes) --total levert een totaal over alles -h, --human-readable groottes in leesbare vorm tonen (bijv. 1K, 234M 2G) -H, --si idem, maar machten van 1000 i.p.v. 1024 gebruiken -a, --all waardes tonen van alle bestanden, niet alleen mappen --apparent-size werkelijke groottes tonen in plaats van schijfbeslag; hoewel meestal kleiner, kan de werkelijke grootte ook groter zijn dan het schijfbeslag, bijvoorbeeld bij luchtige bestanden (met onopgeslagen gaten) -a, --all alle witruimte omzetten, niet alleen die aan regelbegin --first-only alleen beginwitruimte omzetten (gaat boven '-a') -t, --tabs=GETAL te gebruiken tabbreedte in plaats van 8 (activeert '-a') -t, --tabs=LIJST kommagescheiden lijst van te gebruiken tabposities (idem) -a, --archive hetzelfde als -dR --preserve=all --backup[=METHODE] van elk bestemmingsbestand een reservekopie maken -b zoals --backup, maar accepteert geen argument --copy-contents de inhoud van speciale bestanden kopiëren als er recursief gekopieerd wordt -d hetzelfde als '--no-dereference --preserve=links' -a, --suffix-length=L achtervoegsels gebruiken met deze lengte (standaard %d) -b, --bytes=N dit aantal bytes in elk uitvoerbestand plaatsen -C, --line-bytes=N als '-b' maar bij voorkeur afbreken op regeleinden -d, --numeric-suffixes cijfers i.p.v. letters als achtervoegsels gebruiken -l, --lines=AANTAL dit aantal regels in elk uitvoerbestand plaatsen -b, --before scheider vóór i.p.v. achter de regel plaatsen -r, --regex scheider als reguliere expressie interpreteren -s, --separator=TEKST deze scheider gebruiken in plaats van nieuweregel -b, --binary in binaire modus lezen -b, --binary in binaire modus lezen (standaard, tenzij bij lezen van standaardinvoer) -b, --body-numbering=STIJL te gebruiken stijl voor regelnummering -d, --section-delimiter=TT te gebruiken tekenpaar voor paginascheiding -f, --footer-numbering=STIJL stijl voor de nummering van voetregels -b, --bytes bytes tellen in plaats van tekens -s, --spaces bij voorkeur afbreken op spaties -w, --width=GETAL te gebruiken afbreekbreedte in plaats van 80 -b, --bytes=LIJST alleen deze bytes tonen -c, --characters=LIJST alleen deze tekens tonen -d, --delimiter=TEKEN dit veldscheidingsteken gebruiken in plaats van TAB -b, --ignore-leading-blanks voorloopwitruimte negeren -d, --dictionary-order alleen witruimte, letters en cijfers beschouwen -f, --ignore-case kleine letters als hoofdletters beschouwen -b, --suffix-format=OPMAAK te gebruiken sprintf-opmaak in plaats van '%02d' -f, --prefix=VOORVOEGSEL te gebruiken voorvoegsel in plaats van 'xx' -k, --keep-files uitvoerbestanden niet verwijderen bij fouten -c, --bytes=K voer de laatste K bytes uit; alternatief is, gebruik -c +K om bytes uit te voeren beginnend met de Kde van elk bestand -c, --bytes=[-]K de eerste K bytes van elk bestand tonen; met een minteken vooraf, toon alle bytes behalve de laatste K van elk bestand -n, --lines=[-]K de eerste K regels in plaats van de eerste 10 tonen; met een minteken vooraf, toon alle regels behalve de laatste K van elk bestand -c, --check %s-controlesommen uit BESTAND(en) lezen en controleren -c, --check, --check=diagnose-first controleren of invoer gesorteerd is; niet sorteren -C, --check=quiet, --check=silent zoals -c, maar geen melding geven bij de eerste slechte regel --compress-program=PG tijdelijke bestanden met PG comprimeren; decomprimeren met PG -d --files0-from=F lees invoer uit de bestanden gespecificeerd door op NUL eindigende namen in bestand F; als F - is, lees dan de namen van standaardinvoer -c, --count het aantal gelijke regels vooraan de regel zetten -d, --repeated alleen de regels tonen die meerdere keren voorkomen -c, --crown-margin inspringing van eerste twee regels behouden -p, --prefix=TEKST alleen regels die beginnen met deze TEKST opnieuw indelen, daarbij TEKST opnieuw voorvoegen -s, --split-only lange regels splitsen maar niet opnieuw uitvullen -c, --no-create geen bestanden aanmaken -d, --delimiters=LIJST te gebruiken scheidingstekens in plaats van tabs -s, --serial de bestanden als rijen samenvoegen -d, --directory maak een map aan, geen bestand -u, --dry-run niets aanmaken; maar toon een naam (onveilig) -q, --quiet onderdruk foutmeldingen over bestand/map-aanmaken mislukkingen -e interpretatie van backslash escape-tekens inschakelen -E interpretatie van backslash escape-tekens uitschakelen (standaard) -e interpretatie van onderstaande codes inschakelen (standaard) -E interpretatie van onderstaande codes uitschakelen -e, --echo gegeven ARGUMENTen als invoerregels gebruiken -i, --input-range=LG-HG getallenreeks van LG tot HG als invoerregels zien -n, --head-count=AANTAL maximum aantal uit te voeren regels -o, --output=BESTAND uitvoer naar BESTAND i.p.v. naar standaarduitvoer --random-source=BSTND bestand BSTND is bron van willekeurige bytes -z, --zero-terminated regels afsluiten met 0-byte, niet met nieuweregel -f hetzelfde als '-a -U' zonder '-l -s --color' -F, --classify achter elk item het type aanduiden (één van */=@|) --file-type idem, maar '*' niet tonen --format=WOORD te gebruiken opmaak; WOORD kan zijn 'commas' (-m), 'across' of 'horizontal' (-x), 'vertical' (-C), 'long' of 'verbose' (-l), 'single-column' (-1) --full-time hetzelfde als '-l --time-style=full-iso' -f de kopregel weglaten in de korte uitvoer -w de volledige naam van de gebruiker weglaten in de korte uitvoer -i de volledige naam en de externe host weglaten in de korte uitvoer -q volledige naam, externe host en inactief weglaten in de korte uitvoer -f als '-t fF', drijvendekommagetallen tonen -i als '-t dI', decimale korte gehele getallen tonen -l als '-t dL', decimale lange gehele getallen tonen -o als '-t o2', octale getallen van 2 bytes tonen -s als '-t d2', decimale getallen van 2 bytes tonen -x als '-t x2', hexadecimale getallen van 2 bytes tonen -f BESTAND waar als bestand een gewoon bestand is -g BESTAND waar als het bestand SETGUID is -G BESTAND waar als uw effectieve groep het bestand bezit -h BESTAND waar als bestand een symbolische koppeling is (== '-L') -k BESTAND waar als bestand het "sticky"-bit aan heeft staan -f, --canonicalize canoniek maken door elke koppeling in elke component van het pad recursief te volgen; alle behalve laatste component moeten bestaan -e, --canonicalize-existing canoniek maken door elke koppeling in elke component van het pad recursief te volgen; alle componenten moeten bestaan -f, --fields=LIJST alleen deze velden tonen; ook alle regels tonen die geen scheidingsteken bevatten, tenzij '-s' gegeven -n (genegeerde optie) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] toegevoegde gegevens tonen terwijl bestand groeit; '-f', '--follow' en '--follow=descriptor' zijn equivalent -F hetzelfde als '--follow=name --retry' -f, --force als bestaand bestemmingsbestand niet geopend kan worden, het verwijderen en het opnieuw proberen (overbodig als de -n optie wordt gebruikt) -i, --interactive voor overschrijven om toestemming vragen (gaat boven een voorgaand gebruikte -n optie) -H gegeven symbolische koppelingen in BRON volgen -f, --force zo nodig toegangsrechten wijzigen om schrijven toe te staan -n, --iterations=N dit aantal malen overschijven (i.p.v. de standaard %d) --random-source=BSTND bestand BSTND is bron van willekeurige bytes -s, --size=N dit aantal bytes vernietigen (achtervoegsels als K, M, G mogen) -f, --silent, --quiet de meeste foutmeldingen onderdrukken -R, --recursive bestanden en mappen recursief behandelen --reference=RFBSTND modus van RFBSTND gebruiken i.p.v. een MODUS-waarde -v, --verbose een melding geven voor elk gezien bestand -f, --silent, --quiet de meeste foutmeldingen onderdrukken --reference=RFBSTND de groep van RFBSTND gebruiken in plaats van GROEP -R, --recursive bestanden en mappen recursief behandelen -v, --verbose een melding geven voor elk gezien bestand -f, --silent, --quiet de meeste foutmeldingen onderdrukken --reference=RFBSTND eigenaar en groep van RFBSTND gebruiken -R, --recursive bestanden en mappen recursief behandelen -v, --verbose een melding geven voor elk gezien bestand -g als '-l', maar geen eigenaar tonen -g GID[,GID1...] primaire groeps-ID instellen op gegeven numeriek GID, en (indien gegeven) aanvullende groeps-ID's op GID1,... -g, --general-numeric-sort vergelijk volgens algemene numerieke waarden -i, --ignore-nonprinting neem alleen te printen tekens mee -M, --month-sort vergelijk (onbekend) < `JAN' < ... < `DEC' -h, --header-numbering=STIJL stijl voor de nummering van kopregels -i, --page-increment=GETAL regelnummer na elke regel met dit getal ophogen -l, --join-blank-lines=AANTAL dit aantal lege regels als één regel tellen -n, --number-format=OPMAAK te gebruiken OPMAAK voor regelnummers -p, --no-renumber regelnummer niet resetten bij logische pagina's -s, --number-separator=TEKST toe te voegen tekst na (mogelijk) regelnummer -h, --header=KOPTEKST gecentreerde tekst i.p.v. de bestandsnaam gebruiken in de paginakop, '-h ""' zou een blanco regel printen, gebruik niet '-h""' -i[TEKEN[BREEDTE]], --output-tabs[=TEKEN[BREEDTE]] BREEDTE (standaard 8) aan spaties vervangen door TEKEN (standaard een tab) -J, --join-lines volle regels aan elkaar plakken; schakelt '-W' regelafbreking uit; kolommen niet uitlijnen, --sep-string[=TEKST] stelt scheidingstekens in -h, --human-numeric-sort vergelijk gewoon leesbare nummers (bijv., 2K 1G) -h --no-dereference symbolische koppelingen bewerken in plaats van de bestanden waarnaar ze verwijzen (alleen nuttig op systemen waar de eigenaar van een symbolische koppeling veranderd kan worden) -h --no-dereference symbolische koppelingen bewerken in plaats van de bestanden waarnaar ze verwijzen (alleen nuttig op systemen waar het tijdstempel van een symbolische koppeling veranderd kan worden) -m wijzig alleen het wijzigingstijdstip -i, --ignore-case verschil in hoofd- en kleine letters negeren -j VELD hetzelfde als '-1 VELD -2 VELD' -o OPMAAK te gebruiken opmaak (zie onder) van elke uitvoerregel -t TEKEN te gebruiken veldscheidingsteken voor invoer en uitvoer -i, --initial tabs na niet-witruimte niet converteren -t, --tabs=GETAL te gebruiken tabbreedte in plaats van 8 -i, --inodes inode-informatie tonen in plaats van blokgebruik -k hetzelfde als '--block-size=1K' -l, --local de opsomming beperken tot lokale bestandssystemen --no-sync geen 'sync' doen vóór ophalen van info (standaard) -i, --interactive vragen of bestemmingen verwijderd moeten worden -L, --logical referenties van harde koppelingen naar symbolische koppelingen maken -n, --no-dereference een bestemming die een symbolische koppeling naar een map is als een normaal bestand behandelen -P, --physical van harde koppelingen direct symbolische maken -s, --symbolic symbolische in plaats van harde koppelingen maken -k hetzelfde als '--block-size=1K' -l, --count-links de grootte tellen voor elke harde koppeling -m hetzelfde als '--block-size=1M' -k, --key=POS1[,POS2] sorteersleutel begint op POS1 (begin 1), eindigt op POS2 (standaard eind van de regel) -m, --merge gesorteerde bestanden samenvoegen; niet sorteren -l uitgebreide bestandsinformatie tonen -L, --dereference bij het tonen van bestandsinformatie voor een symbolische koppeling, informatie over het bestand waar de koppeling naar verwijst tonen in plaats van over de koppeling zelf -m geen kolommen maar kommagescheiden lijst tonen -l, --length=PAGINALENGTE te gebruiken paginalengte (standaard 66 regels -- waarvan 56 regels tekst en met '-F 63') -m, --merge de bestanden naast elkaar printen, elk in een kolom; lange regels afkappen, tenzij '-J' gegeven is -l, --link harde koppelingen maken in plaats van kopieën -L, --dereference symbolische koppelingen in BRON altijd volgen -l, --login de inlogprocessen tonen -m, --canonicalize-missing canoniek maken door elke koppeling in elke component van het pad recursief te volgen; geen van de componenten hoeft te bestaan -n, --no-newline geen nieuweregel-teken achtervoegen -q, --quiet de meeste foutmeldingen onderdrukken -s, --silent de meeste foutmeldingen onderdrukken -v, --verbose meer foutmeldingen tonen -m, --mode=MODUS stel bestandsrechten in op MODUS (zie 'chmod'), niet 'a=rw - umask' -m, --mode=MODUS in te stellen rechten (zie 'chmod'), niet 'a=rwx - umask' -p, --parents bovenliggende mappen aanmaken, indien nodig; en geen fout melden als een map al bestaat -v, --verbose een melding geven voor elke aangemaakte map -Z, --context=CTX te gebruiken beveiligingscontext voor elke aangemaakte map -n, --digits=AANTAL te gebruiken aantal cijfers in plaats van 2 -s, --quiet, --silent de lengte van de uitvoerbestanden niet tonen -z, --elide-empty-files lege uitvoerbestanden verwijderen -n, --lines=K de laatste K regels tonen i.p.v. de laatste %d; of gebruik -n +K om de regels vanaf de Kde te tonen --max-unchanged-stats=N met '--follow=name', een BESTAND heropenen als diens grootte na N iteraties (standaard %d) onveranderd is, om te zien of het is ontkoppeld of hernoemd (gebruikelijk bij roterende logbestanden) -n, --no-clobber geen bestaand bestand overschrijven (gaat boven een eerdere -i optie) -P, --no-dereference geen symbolische koppelingen in BRON volgen -n, --numeric-sort vergelijk volgens numerieke waarden in een tekenreeks -R, --random-sort sorteer door willekeurige hash van sleutels --random-source=BSTND haal willekeurige bytes uit BSTND -r, --reverse keer het resultaat van de vergelijking om -n, --numeric-uid-gid als '-l', met numerieke gebruiker- en groepsID's -N, --literal de ruwe itemnamen tonen (dus bijvoorbeeld stuurcodes niet speciaal behandelen) -o als '-l', maar groepsinformatie niet tonen -p, --indicator-style=slash een '/'-indicator achter mapnamen toevoegen -n[TEKEN[AANTAL]], --number-lines[=TEKEN[AANTAL]] regels nummeren (met gegeven AANTAL cijfers (standaard 5) en daarna TEKEN (standaard een tab)); het tellen begint standaard bij de eerste regel van het invoerbestand -N, --first-line-number=GETAL te gebruiken regelnummer voor de eerste te printen regel op de eerste te printen pagina (zie +EERSTEPAGINA) -o, --indent=MARGE elke regel dit aantal spaties (standaard nul) naar rechts verschuiven; heeft geen invloed op '-w' en '-W'; de MARGE wordt opgeteld bij PAGINABREEDTE -r, --no-file-warnings geen waarschuwing geven als bestand niet geopend kan worden -o, --output=BESTAND resultaat naar BESTAND i.p.v. naar standaarduitvoer -s, --stable het sorteren stabiliseren door uitschakelen van de noodvergelijking als niets werkt -S, --buffer-size=GROOTTE te gebruiken grootte voor hoofdgeheugenbuffer -p hetzelfde als '--preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps' --preserve[=LIJST] de genoemde attributen indien mogelijk behouden (standaard zijn: mode,ownership,timestamps -- oftewel modus, eigenaarschap en tijdsstempels); verdere mogelijkheden: context, links, xattr, all -p MAP gebruik MAP als een prefix; impliceert -t [verouderd] -t SJABLOON als een enkele bestandsnaamcomponent gebruiken, relatief ten opzichte een map: $TMPDIR, indien ingesteld; anders de map gegeven via '-p'; anders /tmp [verouderd] -p, --parents de gegeven MAP en ieder onderdeel van diens pad verwijderen; bijv. 'rmdir -p a/b/c' is gelijk aan 'rmdir a/b/c a/b a' -v, --verbose tonen wat er gedaan wordt -p, --preserve-timestamps toegang- en wijzigingstijdsstempels van BRONbestanden overnemen in de overeenkomstige bestemmingsbestanden -s, --strip symbooltabellen uit programma's verwijderen -S, --suffix=SUFFIX te gebruiken achtervoegsel voor reservekopieën -t, --target-directory=MAP alle BRON-argumenten naar MAP kopiëren -T, --no-target-directory DOEL als een normaal bestand behandelen -v, --verbose de naam van elke aangemaakte map tonen -q, --count de namen van en het totaal aantal ingelogde gebruikers -r, --runlevel het huidige run-level tonen -s, --short alleen naam, lijn, en inlogtijd tonen (standaard) -t, --time de laatste wijziging van de systeemklok tonen -q, --hide-control-chars eem '?' tonen in plaats van niet-grafische tekens --show-control-chars niet-grafische tekens tonen zoals ze zijn (standaard, tenzij uitvoer naar terminal gaat) -Q, --quote-name items met aanhalingstekens omsluiten --quoting-style=STIJL te gebruiken aanhalingsstijl voor items; STIJL kan zijn: 'literal' (-N), 'locale', 'shell', 'shell-always', 'c' (-Q), 'escape' (-b) -q, --quiet, --silent geen bestandsnaamkopjes tonen -v, --verbose altijd bestandsnaamkopjes tonen -r, --reference=BESTAND de laatste wijzigingtijd van dit bestand tonen -R, --rfc-2822 datum en tijd in RFC 2822-opmaak tonen; bijvoorbeeld: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=BESTAND gebruik de grootte van dit BESTAND -s, --size=SIZE gebruik deze GROOTTE -r, --reference=BESTAND de tijdsstempels van dit bestand gebruiken -t STEMPEL [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] gebruiken i.p.v. huidige tijd --time=SOORT alleen dit soort tijdsstempel instellen; SOORT mag zijn: 'access', 'atime' of 'use': hetzelfde als '-a'; 'modify' of 'mtime': hetzelfde als '-m' -r, --references eerste veld van elke regel is een referentie -t, --typeset-mode (niet geïmplementeerd) -w, --width=GETAL uitvoerbreedte in kolommen, zonder referentie -r, --reverse de sorteervolgorde omdraaien -R, --recursive submappen recursief tonen -s, --size de toegekende grootte van ieder bestand in blokken tonen -s, --only-delimited alleen regels tonen die scheidingstekens bevatten --output-delimiter=TEKST deze tekst als uitvoerscheiding gebruiken; standaard het invoerscheidingsteken -s, --signal=SIGNAAL, -SIGNAAL naam of nummer van het te verzenden signaal -l, --list alle beschikbare signaalnamen opsommen, of een gegeven signaalnaam converteren naar een nummer of omgekeerd -t, --table een tabel met signaalnummers, -namen en betekenissen tonen -s, --sleep-interval=N met '-f': tussen de iteraties ongeveer N seconden slapen (standaard 1,0) -v, --verbose altijd bestandsnaamkopjes tonen -s, --symbolic-link symbolische koppeling maken i.p.v. kopie -S, --suffix=SUFFIX te gebruiken achtervoegsel voor reservekopieën -t, --target-directory=MAP alle BRON-argumenten naar MAP kopiëren -T, --no-target-directory BESTEMMING behandelen als een normaal bestand -s[TEKEN], --separator[=TEKEN] kolommen scheiden door een enkel TEKEN, standaard het -teken zonder -w en 'no char' met -w -s[TEKEN] schakelt regelafkapping uit voor de drie kolomopties ('-KOLOMMEN'|'-a -KOLOMMEN'|'-m') behalve als ook '-w' gegeven is -t op de tijd van laatste wijziging sorteren -T, --tabsize=AANTAL te gebruiken tabbreedte in plaats van 8 -t hetzelfde als '-vT' -T, --show-tabs tab-tekens weergeven met ^I -u (genegeerde optie) -v, --show-nonprinting notatie met ^ en M- gebruiken, behalve voor LF/TAB -t, --field-separator=TKN veldscheidingsteken i.p.v. overgang naar witruimte -T, --temporary-directory=MAP te gebruiken map voor tijdelijke bestanden, in plaats van $TMPDIR of %s; meerdere opties geven meerdere mappen -u, --unique zonder '-c': van gelijken alleen de eerste tonen; met '-c': op strikte ordening controleren -t, --tabs=LIJST kommagescheiden lijst met te gebruiken tab-posities -t, --tagged-paragraph inspringing van eerste regel verschilt van tweede -u, --uniform-spacing één spatie tussen woorden, twee na een zin -w, --width=GETAL maximum regelbreedte (standaard is 75) -t, --target-directory=MAP alle BRON-argumenten naar MAP verplaatsen -T, --no-target-directory BESTEMMING als een normaal bestand behandelen -u, --update alleen verplaatsen als BRON nieuwer is dan de bestemming of wanneer deze niet bestaat -v, --verbose tonen wat er gedaan wordt -t, --text in tekstmodus lezen (standaard bij lezen van standaardinvoer) -t, --text in tekstmodus lezen (standaard) -u met -lt: op laatste toegangstijd sorteren met -l: toon toegangstijd en op naam sorteren anders: op laatste toegangstijd sorteren -U de items ongesorteerd tonen, op plaatsingsvolgorde -v natuurlijk sorteren op (versie)nummers in de tekst -u, --remove het bestand na het overschrijven afkappen en verwijderen -v, --verbose tonen wat er gedaan wordt -x, --exact bestandslengtes niet naar boven op een vol blok afronden; dit is standaard voor niet-reguliere bestanden -z, --zero tot slot met nullen overschrijven om vernietiging te verhullen -u, --update alleen kopiëren als BRON nieuwer is dan bestemming of wanneer dit bestand niet bestaat -v, --verbose tonen wat er gedaan wordt -x, --one-file-system binnen dit bestandssysteem blijven -u, --user=GEBRUIKER deze gebruiker instellen in doel-beveiligingscontext -r, --role=ROL deze rol instellen in de doel-beveiligingscontext -t, --type=TYPE dit type instellen in de doel-beveiligingscontext -l, --range=BEREIK dit bereik instellen in de doel-beveiligingscontext -v, --kernel-version compilatienummer en -datum van de kernel tonen -m, --machine de hardwareklasse van de machine tonen -p, --processor de processornaam tonen (of "unknown") -i, --hardware-platform het hardwareplatform tonen (of "unknown") -o, --operating-system het soort besturingssysteem tonen -v, --starting-line-number=GETAL het eerste regelnummer op elke logische pagina -w, --number-width=AANTAL aantal te gebruiken kolommen voor regelnummers -w, --check-chars=N niet meer dan N tekens per regel vergelijken -w, --width=BREEDTE te gebruiken schermbreedte i.p.v. huidige waarde -x de items per regel tonen i.p.v. in kolommen -X alfabetisch sorteren op bestandsextensie -Z, --context SELinux-beveiligingscontexten tonen -1 één item per regel tonen -x, --one-file-system mappen op andere bestandssystemen overslaan -X, --exclude-from=LST bestanden uitsluiten die overeenkomen met een patroon uit het bestand LST --exclude=PATROON bestanden uitluiten die overeenkomen met PATROON --max-depth=GETAL het totaal voor een map (of bestand, met --all) alleen tonen als deze GETAL of minder niveaus onder het begin ligt dat is aangegeven door de parameter op de commandoregel; '--max-depth=0' is hetzelfde als '--summarize' -z, --zero-terminated regels afsluiten met 0-byte, niet met nieuweregel Processen in een niet-onderbreekbare slaapstatus dragen ook bij aan het belastingsgemiddelde. [:graph:] alle afdrukbare tekens, exclusief de spatie [:lower:] alle kleine letters [:print:] alle afdrukbare tekens, inclusief spatie [:punct:] alle interpunctietekens [:space:] alle horizontale en verticale witruimte [:upper:] alle hoofdletters [:xdigit:] alle hexadecimale tekens [=TEKEN=] alle tekens die equivalent zijn aan TEKEN \0NNN byte met octale waarde NNN (1 tot 3 cijfers) \xHH byte met hexadecimale waarde HH (1 tot 2 cijfers/letters) \NNN byte met octale waarde NNN (1 tot 3 cijfers) \xHH byte met hexadecimale waarde HH (1 of 2 cijfers) \uHHHH Unicode-teken (ISO/IEC 10646) met hexadecimale waarde HHHH (4 cijfers) \UHHHHHHHH Unicode-teken met hexadecimale waarde HHHHHHHH (8 cijfers) \\ backslash \a alert (BEL) \b backspace \c geen verdere uitvoer produceren \e escape \f nieuwe pagina (FF-teken) \n nieuwe regel (LF-teken) \r naar begin van regel (CR-teken) \t horizontale tab \v verticale tab \v verticale tab TEKEN1-TEKEN2 alle tekens van TEKEN1 t/m TEKEN2 in oplopende volgorde [TEKEN*] in SET2: kopieën van TEKEN tot de lengte van SET1 [TEKEN*AANTAL] een specifiek aantal kopieën van TEKEN; AANTAL is octaal als het begint met 0 [:alnum:] alle letters en cijfers [:alpha:] alle letters [:blank:] alle horizontale witruimte [:cntrl:] alle stuurtekens [:digit:] alle cijfers ascii van EBCDIC naar ASCII ebcdic van ASCII maar EBCDIC ibm van ASCII naar alternatieve EBCDIC block met LF afgesloten records met spaties uitvullen tot 'cbs'-lengte unblock nakomende spaties in records met 'cbs'-lengte vervangen door LF lcase hoofdletters vervangen door kleine letters binary binaire I/O gebruiken voor de gegevens cio gelijktijdige I/O gebruiken voor de gegevens d[AANTAL] decimaal getal met plus- of minteken, met AANTAL bytes per getal f[AANTAL] drijvendekommagetal, met AANTAL bytes per getal o[AANTAL] octaal getal, met AANTAL bytes per getal u[AANTAl] decimaal getal zonder teken, met AANTAL bytes per getal x[AANTAL] hexadecimaal getal, met AANTAL bytes per getal direct directe I/O gebruiken voor de gegevens directory mislukt tenzij het een map is dsync gesynchroniseerde I/O gebruiken voor de gegevens fullblock verzamelt volledige blokken invoer (alleen iflag) if=BESTAND uit dit bestand lezen i.p.v. van standaardinvoer iflag=VLAGGEN lezen met deze kommagescheiden eigenschappen obs=BYTES schrijf BYTES bytes tegelijk (standaard; 512) of=BESTAND naar BESTAND schrijven i.p.v. naar standaarduitvoer oflag=VLAGGEN schrijven met deze kommagescheiden eigenschappen seek=BLOKKEN aantal BLOKKEN met obs-blokgrootte aan begin van uitvoer overslaan skip=BLOKKEN aantal BLOKKEN met ibs-blokgrootte aan begin van invoer overslaan status=noxfer statistieken van de verplaatsing onderdrukken noatime toegangstijdsstempels niet wijzigen nocreat geen uitvoerbestand aanmaken excl weigeren als het uitvoerbestand al bestaat notrunc een bestaand uitvoerbestand niet korter maken ucase kleine letters vervangen door hoofdletters swab ieder paar bytes uit de invoer omwisselen noctty bestand is geen besturende terminal noerror doorgaan ook na leesfouten sync ieder blok uitvullen met nul-bytes tot de 'ibs'-grootte; als samen met 'block' of 'unblock', dan uitvullen met spaties fdatasync het uitvoerbestand fysiek naar schijf schrijven vóór afsluiten fsync idem, maar ook de metagegevens schrijven nofollow symbolische koppelingen niet volgen nolinks weigeren als bestand meer dan één harde koppeling heeft nonblock niet-blokkerende I/O gebruiken none, off nooit reservekopieën maken (zelfs niet met '--backup') numbered, t genummerde reservekopieën maken existing, nil genummerde reserves maken als er al zijn, anders simpele simple, never altijd simpele reservekopieën maken sync idem, maar ook voor de metagegevens text tekst-I/O gebruiken voor de gegevens %4s-blokken Gebruikt Beschikbr Geb%% %H:%M%P %s-blokken Gebruikt Beschikbr Vulgraad (reservekopie: %s) * [-]ctlecho stuurtekens in dakjesnotatie tonen (^c) [-]echo invoertekens echoën * [-]echoctl hetzelfde als '[-]ctlecho' [-]echoe hetzelfde als '[-]crterase' [-]echok een nieuweregel-teken echoën na een kill-teken * [-]echoke hetzelfde als '[-]crtkill' [-]echonl nieuweregel echoën zelfs als geen andere tekens worden geëchood * [-]echoprt verwijderde tekens achterwaarts echoën, tussen '\' en '/' [-]icanon speciale tekens voor erase, kill, werase, en rprnt inschakelen [-]iexten niet-POSIX speciale tekens inschakelen * [-]iuclc hoofdletters omzetten in kleine letters * [-]ixany elk teken de uitvoer laten herstarten, niet alleen startteken [-]ixoff het zenden van start-/stoptekens inschakelen [-]ixon XON/XOFF-besturing inschakelen [-]parmrk pariteitsfouten markeren (met een 255-0-tekencombinatie) [-]tandem hetzelfde als '[-]ixoff' * [-]iutf8 aannemen dat invoertekens in UTF-8 gecodeerd zijn * [-]ocrnl CR-teken (naar regelbegin) omzetten in LF-teken (nieuweregel) * [-]ofdel als opvulling DEL-tekens gebruiken in plaats van NUL-tekens * [-]ofill voor vertragingen opvultekens gebruiken in plaats van pauzes * [-]olcuc kleine letters omzetten in hoofdletters * [-]onlcr LF-teken (nieuweregel) omzetten in CR-teken (naar regelbegin) * [-]onlret 'nieuweregel' voert ook een 'naar regelbegin' uit * [-]onocr geen 'naar regelbegin' uitvoeren wanneer in de eerste kolom [-]opost na-proces-uitvoer * tabN vertragingsstijl voor horizontale tab; N in [0..3] * tabs hetzelfde als 'tab0' * -tabs hetzelfde als 'tab3' * vtN vertragingsstijl voor verticale tab; N in [0..1] * eol2 TEKEN alternatief TEKEN voor regeleinde erase TEKEN TEKEN verwijdert het laatst getypte teken intr TEKEN TEKEN zendt een interruptsignaal kill TEKEN TEKEN verwijdert de huidige regel * lnext TEKEN TEKEN voert het volgende TEKEN aangehaald in quit TEKEN TEKEN zendt een afsluitingssignaal * rprnt TEKEN TEKEN herschrijft de huidige regel start TEKEN TEKEN herstart de uitvoer nadat deze is gestopt * rows N de kernel laten weten dat de terminal N rijen heeft * size het aantal rijen en kolommen volgens de kernel tonen speed de snelheid van de terminal tonen time N met '-icanon': leestijdslimiet op N tiende seconde instellen ??:???? Aangekoppeld op TTY context=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu groepen= oud tijdens herhaling %s % =1% van het geheugen, b =1, K =1024 (standaard), M =1024*1024, G =1024*M. Zonder BESTAND, of wanneer BESTAND - is, wordt standaardinvoer gelezen. **WAARSCHUWING**: De taalregio gespecificeerd in de omgeving beïnvloedt de sorteervolgorde. Stel 'LC_ALL=C' in voor de traditionele sorteervolgorde die de gewone bytewaarde gebruikt. %.*s: ongeldige conversiespecificatie%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu gebruiker%lu gebruikers%s%s (voor reguliere expressie %s)%s -> %s (uit reservekopie hersteld) %s [-d] is niet normaal beëindigd%s en %s zijn hetzelfde bestand%s bestaat maar is geen map%s is verschenen; het einde van het nieuwe bestand wordt gevolgd%s is toegankelijk geworden%s is ontoegankelijk geworden%s is vervangen door een bestand op afstand, gestopt met volgen van deze naam%s is vervangen door een bestand dat niet gevolgd kan worden; gestopt met volgen van deze naam%s is vervangen; het einde van het nieuwe bestand wordt gevolgd%s heeft onbekend bestandstype%s: bestand heeft onbruikbare, kennelijk negatieve grootte%s homepage: <%s> %s webpagina: %s is geen geldig positief geheel getal%s is te groot%s kan alleen worden gebruikt in een SELinux-kernel%s is gespecificeerd maar %s nietargument van %s%s is te groot: '%s'%s: %s is zo groot dat het niet weergegeven kan worden%s: %s: regelnummer buiten bereik%s: %s: geen overeenkomst gevonden%s: %s:%s: wanorde: %s: openen of lezen is MISLUKT %s: Onbekende gebruiker%s: '}' is vereist bij een herhalingsaantaltweezijdige operator werd verwacht, %s gevonden%s: kan relatieve symbolische koppelingen alleen in huidige map maken%s: kan de niet-blokkerende modus niet herstellen%s: kan geen gebruikersnaam vinden voor gebruiker-ID %lu %s: kan het einde van dit type bestand niet volgen; gestopt met volgen van deze naam%s: kan niet terugspringen naar de originele positie%s: kan de map niet overschrijven%s: kan niet terugspoelen%s: kan geen 'seek' doen%s: kan niet naar eind-relatieve positie %s springen%s: kan niet naar positie %s springen%s: kan niet naar relatieve positie %s springen%s: kan een alleen-toevoegen-bestand niet vernietigen%s: kan niet overslaan%s: kan niet naar de gespecificeerde positie springen%s: afsluitend scheidingsteken '%c' ontbreekt%s: kan de niet-blokkerende modus niet herstellen%s: afdalen in map %s? %s: afdalen in voor schrijven beschermde map %s? %s: einde van bestand%s: de inhoud van een equivalentieklasse moet een enkel teken zijn%s: fout bij inkorten%s: fout tijdens schrijven op positie %s%s: een numerieke waarde werd verwacht%s: sluiten is mislukt%s: openen voor schrijven is mislukt%s: verwijderen is mislukt%s: manipuleren van bestandsdescriptor is mislukt%s: synchronisatie van data in geheugen en op schijf (fdatasync) is mislukt%s: bestand heeft een negatieve grootte%s: bestand is te veel geslonken%s: bestand is te groot%s: bestand is te lang%s: bestand is ingekort%s: opvragen van bestandsstatus is mislukt%s: synchronisatie van data in geheugen en op schijf (fsync) is mislukt%s: een harde koppeling naar een map is niet toegestaan%s: invoer bevat een lus:%s: invoer bevat een oneven aantal elementen%s: invoerbestand is gelijk aan uitvoerbestand%s: geheel getal verwacht na scheidingsteken%s: ongeldig procesnummer%s: ongeldig aantal bij het begin van %s%s: ongeldige directief%s: ongeldige veldspecificatie %s%s: ongeldige bestandsgrootte%s: ongeldig bestandstype%s: ongeldig maximum aantal onveranderde statusopvragingen%s: ongeldig getal%s: ongeldig aantal bytes%s: ongeldig aantal regels%s: ongeldig aantal doorlopen%s: ongeldig aantal seconden%s: ongeldig aantal uit te sluiten%s: ongeldige optie -- %c %s: ongeldig patroonongeldig proces-ID: %s%s: ongeldige reguliere expressie: %songeldig signaal: %s%s: ongeldige lengte voor achtervoegsel%s: regelnummer moet groter zijn dan nul%s: regelnummer buiten bereik%s: 'lseek' is misluktmeer dan één signaal gegeven: %s%s: nieuwe toegangsrechten zijn %s, niet %s%s: geen correct opgemaakte regels met %s-controlesommen gevonden%s: geen grootte-informatie voor dit apparaat%s: map wordt niet opnieuw getoond%s: aantal bytes is te groot%s: optie '%c%s' staat geen argument toe %s: optie '%s' is niet eenduidig %s: optie '--%s' staat geen argument toe %s: optie '-W %s' staat geen argument toe %s: optie '-W %s' is niet eenduidig %s: optie vereist een argument -- %c' %s: %s overschrijven? %s: doorloop %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: doorloop %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: doorloop %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: fout bij lezen%s: %s %s verwijderen? %s: alle argumenten recursief verwijderen? %s: alle argumenten verwijderen? %s: %s %s (schrijfbeveiligd) verwijderen? %s: verwijderd%s: verwijderen%s: hernoemd tot %s%s: %s vervangen? %s: 'seek' is mislukt%s: te veel regels met controlesommen%s: proberen om %s te overschrijven, modus %04lo (%s) negeren? %s: kan maximum lengte van een bestandsnaam niet bepalen%s: kan niet alle gevraagde acties uitvoereneenzijdige operator werd verwacht, %s gevonden%s: onbekende optie '%c%s' %s: onbekende optie '--%s' %s: waarde is niet volledig geconverteerd%s: fout bij schrijven%s:%lu: ongeldige regel; tweede token ontbreekt%s:%lu: ongeldige bestandsnaam (lengte nul)%s:%lu: niet-herkend sleutelwoord %s%s}: geheel getal is vereist tussen '{' en '}'’')' werd verwacht')' werd verwacht, %s gevonden©* bestandssystemen die een cache bijhouden in tijdelijke locaties, zoals versie 3 NFS-cliënten * gecomprimeerde bestandssystemen * log- of journal-bestandssystemen, zoals meegeleverd met AIX en Solaris (en ook JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, enzovoort) * bestandssystemen die redundante gegevens wegschrijven en zelfs doorgaan als het schrijven fout gaat, zoals RAID-gebaseerde bestandssystemen * bestandssystemen die snapshots maken, zoals NFS-server van Network Appliance , gemiddelde belasting: %.2f, %g s, %s/s --%s argument %s is te grootoptie '-Z' of '--context' werkt alleen in een kernel met SELinux--reflink kan alleen worden gebruikt met --sparse=auto-R --dereference vereist of -H of -L-R -h vereist -P-ef accepteert geen -l-nt accepteert geen -l-ot accepteert geen -l(onbekend) ?????AfgebrokenAdresfamilie voor hostnaam wordt niet ondersteundWekker(Een verplicht argument bij een lange optie geldt ook voor de korte vorm.) Alle verzoeken zijn gedaanArgumentenbuffer is te kleinArnold RobbinsNiet bestaande systeemoproepOngeldige waarde voor 'ai_flags'Brian FoxPipe niet in ordeBusfoutWAARSCHUWING: Het commando 'shred' neemt aan dat het bestandssysteem de bestandsinhoud ter plekke overschrijft. Dit is de traditionele manier van doen, maar veel moderne bestandssystemen werken niet meer zo. Op de volgende bestandssystemen is 'shred' niet effectief of is het niet gegarandeerd dat het werkt in elke modus van het bestandssysteem: NOTITIELimiet op CPU-tijd overschredenEen harde koppeling maken met de naam BESTAND2 naar bestaand BESTAND1. Het gegeven BESTAND verwijderen. Het effectieve gebruiker-ID en groeps-ID wijzigen in die van GEBRUIKER. -, -l, --login van de shell een login-shell maken -c, --command=COMMANDO een enkel COMMANDO naar de shell sturen met '-c' -f, --fast '-f' aan de shell meegeven (voor csh of tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment de omgevingsvariabelen niet resetten -p hetzelfde als '-m' -s, --shell=SHELL SHELL uitvoeren (als /etc/shells dit toestaat) De groep van elk gegeven BESTAND veranderen naar de gegeven GROEP, of naar de groep van REFERENTIEBESTAND. -c, --changes een melding geven voor elk veranderd bestand --dereference niet de symbolische koppelingen zelf bewerken, maar de bestanden waarnaar ze verwijzen (standaard) De modus van elk gegeven BESTAND veranderen naar de gegeven MODUS, of naar de modus van REFERENTIEBESTAND. -c, --changes een melding geven voor elk veranderd bestand De eigenaar en/of groep van elk gegeven BESTAND veranderen naar de gegeven EIGENAAR en/of GROEP, of naar de eigenaar en groep van REFERENTIEBESTAND. -c, --changes een melding geven voor elk veranderd bestand --dereference niet de symbolische koppelingen zelf bewerken, maar de bestanden waarnaar ze verwijzen (standaard) De beveiligingscontext van elk gegeven BESTAND veranderen naar CONTEXT. Met --reference, wijzig deze van BESTAND naar de beveiligingscontext van REFERENTIEBESTAND. -h --no-dereference symbolische koppelingen bewerken in plaats van de bestanden waarnaar ze verwijzen Chet RameyKindproces beëindigdColin PlumbDe gesorteerde bestanden BESTAND1 en BESTAND2 regel voor regel vergelijken. Gegeven bestanden (of standaardinvoer) samenvoegen naar standaarduitvoer. -A, --show-all hetzelfde als '-vET' -b, --number-nonblank niet-blanco uitvoerregels nummeren -e hetzelfde als '-vE' -E, --show-ends een $ weergeven aan het einde van alle regels -n, --number alle uitvoerregels nummeren -s, --squeeze-blank herhaalde blanco regels negeren DoorgegaanElk BESTAND naar standaarduitvoer sturen met witruimte geconverteerd naar tabs. Zonder BESTAND, of wanneer BESTAND - is, wordt standaardinvoer gelezen. Elk BESTAND naar standaarduitvoer sturen met tabs geconverteerd naar spaties. Zonder BESTAND, of wanneer BESTAND - is, wordt standaardinvoer gelezen. Een BRON naar een BESTEMMING kopiëren, of BRON(nen) naar een MAP. Een bestand kopiëren, converteren en opmaken aan de hand van de argumenten. bs=BYTES lees en schrijf telkens BYTES bytes (zie ook ibs= en obs=) cbs=BYTES steeds dit aantal bytes tegelijk converteren conv=CONVERSIES bestand converteren volgens deze kommagescheiden methodes count=BLOKKEN slechts BLOKKEN invoerblokken kopiëren ibs=BYTES lees BYTES bytes tegelijk (standaard: 512) Standaardinvoer naar elk gegeven BESTAND kopiëren, én naar standaarduitvoer. -a, --append aan BESTAND(en) toevoegen, niet overschrijven -i, --ignore-interrupts interruptsignalen negeren Een tijdelijk bestand of map op een veilige manier aanmaken en de naam tonen. SJABLOON moet minstens 3 elkaar opvolgende X-en bevatten in de laatste component. Als geen SJABLOON gegeven is, wordt 'tmp.XXXXXXXXXX' gebruikt en --tmpdir is impliciet. Voor elke gegeven NAAM een benoemde pijp (FIFO) aanmaken. De gegeven MAP(pen) aanmaken (als ze nog niet bestaan). Het speciale bestand NAAM aanmaken van het gegeven TYPE. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreOp ongeldige of niet-overdraagbare bestandsnamen controleren. -p controle uitvoeren voor de meeste POSIX-systemen -P controle uitvoeren op lege namen en "-" vooraan --portability controle voor alle POSIX-systemen (hetzelfde als -p -P) Map: Toon bestand of status van bestandssysteem. -L, --dereference symbolische koppelingen volgen -f, --file-system status tonen van bestandssysteem i.p.v. van bestand De huidige datum en/of tijd tonen (in de gegeven OPMAAK), of de systeemdatum en/of -tijd instellen (Maand, Dag, uren, minuten). -d, --date=DATUMTIJD deze DATUMTIJD tonen i.p.v. de huidige tijd -f, --file=DATUMTIJDBESTAND als '--date' voor elke regel in DATUMTIJDBESTAND Dmitry V. LevinAlle aanvullende groepen vergeten, gebruiker-ID en groeps-ID van de gegeven GEBRUIKERSNAAM (naam of numeriek) aannemen, en het gegeven COMMANDO uitvoeren met de eventuele ARGUMENTen. De afsluitwaarde is 111 als gevraagde gebruiker-ID en groeps-ID niet ingesteld konden worden, anders de afsluitwaarde van het COMMANDO. Dit programma is alleen nuttig voor root (gebruiker-ID nul). EMT-trapAFSLUITINGEen bereik kan zijn: N N-de byte, teken of veld (tellend vanaf 1) N- van N-de byte, teken of veld, tot het einde van de regel N-M van N-de tot en met M-de byte, teken of veld -M van eerste tot en met M-de byte, teken of veld Zonder BESTAND, of wanneer BESTAND - is, wordt standaardinvoer gelezen. De gegeven TEKENREEKS(en) naar standaarduitvoer sturen. -n geen nieuweregel-teken achtervoegen Eric BlakeEindigen met de afsluitwaarde die mislukking aangeeft.Eindigen met de afsluitwaarde die succes aangeeft.Eindigen met de afsluitwaarde die bepaald wordt door de gegeven EXPRESSIE. François PinardMISLUKT(onbekend)OPMAAK moet passend zijn voor het tonen van één argument van het type 'double'; de standaardopmaak is %.PRECf als EERSTE, STAP en LAATSTE allemaal decimale vastekommagetallen zijn met een maximale precisie PREC, anders %g. FIFO's hebben geen hoofd- en subapparaatnummers.Limiet op bestandsgrootte overschredenBestandssysteem Bestandssystm TypeBij elkaar staande gelijke regels uit INVOER (of standaardinvoer) uitfilteren en eenmalig schrijven naar UITVOER (of standaarduitvoer). Zonder opties worden gelijke regels samengevoegd bij eerst voorkomen. Drijvende-komma-uitzonderingVoor volledige documentatie, geef commando: info coreutils '%s invocation' Voor elk paar invoerregels met identieke samenvoegvelden een regel naar standaarduitvoer sturen. Het standaard samenvoegveld is het eerste veld, afgebakend door witruimte. Als ofwel BESTAND1 ofwel BESTAND2 gelijk aan '-' is, wordt standaardinvoer gelezen. -a NUMMER onpaarbare regels uit bestand NUMMER tonen, waar NUMMER 1 of 2 is, overeenkomend met BESTAND1 of BESTAND2 -e TEKST ontbrekende invoervelden vervangen door "TEKST" Veranderde blokken naar schijf schrijven, het superblok bijwerken. Algemene hulp bij gebruik van GNU-software: Giuseppe ScrivanoH. Peter AnvinOphangenI/O mogelijkLEDIGIan Lance TaylorLedigAls geen BESTAND gegeven is, wordt %s gebruikt. Gebruik van %s als BESTAND is algemeen. Niet bestaande instructieSpiegellocaties en reservekopieën van bestandssystemen kunnen kopieën van vernietigde bestanden bevatten die door 'shred' niet gezien worden, zodat het dus mogelijk is dat de bestanden later toch hersteld worden. Echte naam: In de 1ste vorm: een koppeling naar DOEL maken met de naam KOPPELINGSNAAM. In de 2de vorm: een koppeling naar DOEL maken in de huidige MAP. In de 3de en 4de vorm: koppelingen maken naar elk DOEL in MAP. Standaard wordt een harde koppeling gemaakt, met --symbolic een symbolische. Bij het maken van een harde koppeling moet elk DOEL bestaan. Symbolische koppelingen kunnen een willekeurige tekst bevatten; bij het later oplossen wordt een relatieve koppeling geïnterpreteerd in relatie tot zijn ouder-map. In het geval van het ext3-bestandssysteem is de bovenstaande uitzondering van toepassing (en is 'shred' dus beperkt effectief) enkel in de modus data=journal, waarbij behalve van de metagegevens ook van de bestandsgegevens een journal gemaakt wordt. In de modussen data=ordered (standaard) en data=writeback werkt 'shred' normaal. De ext3-journal-modus kan gewijzigd worden door in /etc/fstab een optie 'data=IETS' op te nemen bij de mount-opties voor een bestandssysteem, zoals gedocumenteerd in de man-pagina van mount ('man mount'). oneindigInformatieverzoekInterruptOnderbroken door een signaalOngeldige terugverwijzingOngeldige tekenklassenaamOngeldig samengesteld tekenOngeldige inhoud van \{\}Ongeldige voorafgaande reguliere expressieOngeldig bereikeindeOngeldige reguliere expressieJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfAfgebrokenLIJNLOGINInformatie tonen over de gegeven BESTANDen (standaard over de huidige map). De items worden alfabetisch gesorteerd als geen van de opties '-cftuvSUX' noch '--sort' gegeven is. NaamGebruikersnaam: (Een verplicht argument bij een lange optie geldt ook voor de korte vorm.) Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnOnvoldoende geheugen beschikbaarOnvoldoende geheugen beschikbaarMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNAAMVolledige naamNaam of dienst is onbekendAan hostnaam is geen adres verbondenGeen overeenkomstenGeen eerdere reguliere expressieOnherstelbaar probleem in naamsherleidingOKSlechts één tekenreeks mag gegeven worden bij verwijderen zonder samendrukken. Optie '--string' zonder een getal betekent 3; '--width' zonder een getal betekent 32. Standaard voor 'od' is '-A o -t oS -w16'. Sorteeropties: Andere opties: Een gepermuteerde index produceren, inclusief context, van de woorden in de invoerbestanden. De commando's het voor instellen van de omgevingsvariabele LS_COLOR tonen. -b, --sh, --bourne-shell Bourne shell-code tonen -c, --csh, --c-shell C shell-code tonen -p, --print-database de standaard kleurenlijst tonen Stukken van de INVOER met een vaste grootte schrijven naar VOORVOEGSELaa, VOORVOEGSELab, VOORVOEGSELac, ... De standaard grootte is 1000 regels en het standaard VOORVOEGSEL is 'x'. Zonder INVOER, of wanneer INVOER - is, wordt standaardinvoer gelezen. Het gegeven BESTAND opdelen aan de hand van het gegeven PATROON of de gegeven patronen, de delen naar de bestanden 'xx00', 'xx01', 'xx02', enz. schrijven, en het aantal bytes van elk deel op standaarduitvoer tonen. Voer platformafhankelijke limieten uit in een formaat dat bruikbaar is in shell-scripts. Tonen wie er (volgens BESTAND) momenteel ingelogd zijn. Als geen BESTAND gegeven is, wordt %s gebruikt. Gebruik van %s als BESTAND is algemeen. Gegeven BESTAND(en) meerdere malen overschrijven, om het zelfs voor heel dure apparatuur moeilijk te maken de inhoud ervan te herstellen. PIDIn pakketvorm gebracht door %s In pakketvorm gebracht door %s (%s) Padraig BradyVan de gegeven BESTAND(en) pagina's of kolommen maken om af te drukken. Parametertekst is niet juist gecodeerdWachtwoord:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlan: EnergieuitvalVoortijdig einde van reguliere expressieDe gegeven OPMAAK gebruiken om eventuele ARGUMENTen weer te geven. De CRC-controlesom en het aantal bytes tonen van elk gegeven BESTAND. De NAAM zonder de voorafgaande mapcomponenten tonen. Indien gegeven, ook het ACHTERVOEGSEL verwijderen. De gegeven NAAM tonen zonder het laatste '/...'-element; als NAAM geen '/' bevat, dan '.' tonen (de huidige map). Bepaalde systeeminformatie tonen. Geen OPTIE is hetzelfde als '-s'. -a, --all alle informatie in de onderstaande volgorde tonen (maar '-p' en '-i' welaten als deze onbekend zijn) -s, --kernel-name het soort kernel tonen -n, --nodename de hostnaam van de machine tonen -r, --kernel-release het versienummer van de kernel tonen Voor elk BESTAND een controlesom en het aantal blokken tonen. -r BSD-sommatie-algoritme gebruiken en 1K-blokken -s, --sysv System V-sommatie-algoritme gebruiken en blokken van 512 bytes Toon het lidmaatschap van groepen voor elke GEBRUIKERSNAAM of, als er geen GEBRUIKERSNAAM is, voor het huidige proces (die kunnen verschillen als de groepenadministratie gewijzigd is). Toon informatie over gebruikers die nu zijn ingelogd. De machinearchitectuur tonen. De getallen van EERSTE tot LAATSTE tonen, met stapgrootte STAP. -f, --format=OPMAAK te gebruiken drijvendekomma-opmaak (als bij 'printf') -s, --separator=TEKST te gebruiken getallenscheiding (standaard: \n) -w, --equal-width breedte gelijkmaken door toevoegen van voorloopnullen Terminalkarakteristieken tonen of instellen. -a, --all alle huidige instellingen in leesbare vorm tonen -g, --save alle huidige instellingen in herbruikbare vorm tonen -F, --file=APPARAAT te gebruiken apparaat in plaats van standaardinvoer De geselecteerde delen van regels uit elk BESTAND naar standaarduitvoer sturen. De huidige tijd tonen, de tijdsduur dat het systeem in bedrijf is, het aantal gebruikers op het systeem, en het gemiddelde aantal taken dat uitgevoerd werd in de laatste 1, 5 en 15 minuten.De bestandsnaam tonen van de terminal die verbonden is met standaardinvoer. -s, --silent, --quiet niets tonen, alleen een afsluitwaarde retourneren De eerste 10 regels van elk gegeven BESTAND naar standaarduitvoer kopiëren. Als meer dan één BESTAND gegeven is, wordt de uitvoer van elk bestand voorafgegaan door een kopje met de bestandsnaam. Zonder BESTAND, of wanneer BESTAND - is, wordt standaardinvoer gelezen. De volledige bestandsnaam van de huidige werkmap tonen. De laatste %d regels van elk gegeven BESTAND naar standaarduitvoer kopiëren. Als meer dan één BESTAND gegeven is, wordt de uitvoer van elk bestand voorafgegaan door een kopje met de bestandsnaam. Zonder BESTAND, of wanneer BESTAND - is, wordt standaardinvoer gelezen. De naam van de huidige gebruiker tonen. Toon het aantal processoreenheden die beschikbaar zijn voor het huidige proces, dit kan minder zijn dan het aantal processoren dat online is Toon de priemgetallen waaruit elk gegeven geheel GETAL is opgebouwd. Zonder argumenten op de commandoregel, worden deze van standaardinvoer gelezen. De gebruikersnaam tonen die hoort bij het huidige effectieve gebruiker-ID. Hetzelfde als 'id -un'. Gebruikers- en groepsinformatie tonen van GEBRUIKERSNAAM, of, bij weglaten van GEBRUIKERSNAAM, die van de huidige gebruiker tonen. -a genegeerde optie, voor compatibiliteit met andere versies -Z, --context alleen de beveiligingscontext van huidige gebruiker tonen -g, --group alleen het effectieve groeps-ID tonen -G, --groups alle groeps-ID's tonen -n, --name namen in plaats van nummers tonen, bij -ugG -r, --real echte ID in plaats van effectieve ID tonen, bij -ugG -u, --user alleen het effectieve gebruikers-ID tonen De waarde van een symbolische koppeling of echte naam tonen Bezig met verwerken van verzoekTimer voor profilering afgelopenProject: Q. Frank XiaAfsluitenRandy SmithRealtime signaal %dDeel de alinea's in het/de BESTAND(en) opnieuw in en schrijf naar standaarduitvoer. De optie -BREEDTE is een afkorting van --width=GETAL. Reguliere expressie is te grootGegeven BESTAND(en) verwijderen. -f, --force niet-bestaande bestanden negeren, geen vragen stellen -i voor elke verwijdering om bevestiging vragen Verwijder de MAP(pen), als ze leeg zijn. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty negeer elke fout die alleen voortkomt uit een niet-lege map BRON hernoemen naar BESTEMMING, of BRON(nen) verplaatsen naar MAP. Voortdurend een regel met de gegeven TEKST (of anders 'y') produceren. Rapporteer %s-gebreken(bugs) aan: %s Rapporteer %s-vertalingsfouten aan of kijk op Verzoek is geannuleerdVerzoek is niet geannuleerdHulpbron verlorenRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonHet gegeven COMMANDO uitvoeren met een aangepaste procesbeleefdheid; als geen COMMANDO gegeven is, dan de huidge procesbeleefdheid tonen. Beleefdheidswaarden lopen van %d (krijgt meeste tijd) tot %d (minste tijd). -n, --adjustment=GETAL dit getal (standaard 10) optellen bij de beleefdheid Het gegeven COMMANDO (plus ARGUMENTEN) uitvoeren met NIEUWEROOT als basismap. Het gegeven COMMANDO uitvoeren, 'hangup'-signalen negerend. Voer COMMANDO uit met gewijzigde bufferingsoperaties voor zijn standaard streams. Het gegeven COMMANDO in een andere beveiligingscontext uitvoeren. Zonder CONTEXT of COMMANDO, de huidige beveiligingscontext tonen. CONTEXT is een volledige SELinux-beveiligingscontext. -c, --compute procesovergangscontext berekenen voor het wijzigen -l, --range=BEREIK te gebruiken niveaubereik -r, --role=ROL te gebruiken rol -t, --type=TYPE te gebruiken type (voor dezelfde rol als de ouder) -u, --user=GEBRUIKER te gebruiken gebruikersidentiteit Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerSegmentatiefoutSignalen naar processen zenden, of signaalnamen opsommen. Servicenaam wordt niet ondersteund voor 'ai_socktype'Zet LC_ALL='C' om het probleem te omzeilen.De gegeven WAARDE aan omgevingsvariabele NAAM toekennen en COMMANDO uitvoeren. -i, --ignore-environment alle ongenoemde omgevingsvariabelen verwijderen -0, --null beëindig elke regel met een 0-byte, niet met nieuweregel -u, --unset=NAAM de genoemde variabele uit de omgeving verwijderen Shell: Gebruikte en beschikbare ruimte tonen van alle aangekoppelde bestandssystemen, of van de bestandssystemen waarop de gegeven BESTANDen zich bevinden. Vergroot of verklein elk BESTAND tot de gespecificeerde grootte Een BESTAND argument dat niet bestaat wordt aangemaakt. Als een BESTAND groter is dan de gespecificeerde grootte, dan gaan de extra gegevens verloren. Als een BESTAND kleiner is, dan wordt het uitgebreid en het uitgebreide deel (gat) leest als nul-bytes. Simon JosefssonSpeciale bestanden vereisen hoofd- en subapparaatnummers.Fout in de stackGestoptGestopt (signaal)Gestopt (tty-invoer)Gestopt (tty-uitvoer)Stuart KempGeluktHet schijfgebruik samenvatten van elk gegeven BESTAND, recursief voor mappen. SysteemfoutTIJDTijdelijk probleem in naamsherleidingBeëindigdDe volgende opmaakcodes mogen direct na elke '%' ingevoegd worden: - (koppelteken) geen voorloop gebruiken _ (liggend streepje) voorloopspaties gebruiken 0 (nul) voorloopnullen gebruiken (standaard) ^ hoofdletters gebruiken, indien mogelijk # hoofd- in kleine letters wijzigen en omgekeerd, indien mogelijk De volgende opties veranderen de wijze van doorlopen van de mappenhiërarchie als optie '-R' gegeven is. Bij meerdere van deze opties, geldt de laatste. -H als een argument op de opdrachtregel een symbolische koppeling naar een map is, dan deze map doorlopen -L elke symbolische koppeling naar een map volgen -P symbolische koppelingen niet volgen (standaard) De te vergelijken tekenreeksen waren %s en %s.Torbjörn GranlundTraceer-/breekpunt-trapBackslash aan het eindTekens van standaardinvoer vertalen, samendrukken en/of verwijderen, en naar standaarduitvoer sturen. -c, -C, --complement het complement van SET1 gebruiken -d, --delete tekens in SET1 verwijderen, niet vertalen -s, --squeeze-repeats herhalingen van een teken uit SET1 vervangen door slechts één zo'n teken -t, --truncate-set1 SET1 eerst afkappen tot de lengte van SET2 Typ '%s --help' voor meer informatie. Typ '%s ./%s' om het bestand %s te verwijderen. Er moeten twee tekenreeken gegeven worden wanneer beiden, verwijderen en samendrukken, zich herhaalt.Bij omzetting zijn twee tekenreeksen nodig.Ulrich DrepperOnbekende foutOnbekend signaal %dOnbekende systeemfoutOngepaarde ( of \(Ongepaarde ) of \)Ongepaarde [ of [^Ongepaarde \{De toegangs- en wijzigingstijden van elk BESTAND op de huidige tijd instellen. Elk BESTANDsargument dat niet bestaat wordt als een leeg bestand aangemaakt, tenzij -c of -h wordt meegegeven. Het BESTANDsargument '-' wordt speciaal behandeld: het zorgt ervoor dat 'touch' de tijdsstempels van het bestand verbonden met standaarduitvoer wijzigt. Urgente I/O-conditieGebruik: %s Gebruik: %s COMMANDO [ARGUMENT]... of: %s OPTIE Gebruik: %s CONTEXT COMMANDO [ARGUMENTEN] of: %s [OPTIE]... COMMANDO [ARGUMENTEN] Gebruik: %s EXPRESSIE of: %s OPTIE Gebruik: %s BESTAND of: %s OPTIE Gebruik: %s BESTAND1 BESTAND2 of: %s OPTIE Gebruik: %s OPMAAK [ARGUMENT]... of: %s OPTIE Gebruik: %s NAAM of: %s OPTIE Gebruik: %s NAAM [ACHTERVOEGSEL] of: %s OPTIE Gebruik: %s AANTAL[ACHTERVOEGSEL]... of: %s OPTIE Gedurende het gegeven AANTAL seconden pauzeren. Het ACHTERVOEGSEL mag respectievelijk 's' zijn voor seconden (standaard), 'm' voor minuten, 'h' voor uren, of 'd' voor dagen. Het AANTAL mag een willekeurig drijvendepuntgetal zijn. Bij twee of meer AANTALlen wordt er gepauzeerd gedurende een tijd die de som is van de waarden. Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... COMMANDO Gebruik: %s OPTIE... BESTAND... Gebruik: %s OPTIE... [BESTAND]... Gebruik: %s [-F APPARAAT | --file=APPARAAT] [INSTELLING]... of: %s [-F APPARAAT | --file=APPARAAT] [-a|--all] of: %s [-F APPARAAT | --file=APPARAAT] [-g|--save] Gebruik: %s [-BREEDTE] [OPTIE]... [BESTAND]... Gebruik: %s [-s SIGNAAL | -SIGNAAL] PID... of: %s -l [SIGNAAL]... of: %s -t [SIGNAAL]... Gebruik: %s [BESTAND]... of: %s [OPTIE] Gebruik: %s [NAAM] of: %s OPTIE De hostnaam van het huidige systeem tonen of instellen. Gebruik: %s [GETAL]... of: %s OPTIE Gebruik: %s [ARGUMENT]... of: %s OPTIE Gebruik: %s [OPTIE] Gebruik: %s [OPTIE] De numerieke aanduiding (in hexadecimaal) van de huidige host tonen. Gebruik: %s [OPTIE] NIEUWEROOT [COMMANDO [ARGUMENT]...] of: %s OPTIE Gebruik: %s [OPTIE] [COMMANDO [ARGUMENT]...] Gebruik: %s [OPTIE] [BESTAND] Een volledig, topologisch gesorteerde lijst produceren, overeenkomend met de gegeven bestaande volgorde. Zonder BESTAND, of wanneer BESTAND - is, wordt standaardinvoer gelezen. Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... CONTEXT BESTAND... of: %s [OPTIE]... [-u GBRKR] [-r ROL] [-l BEREIK] [-t TYPE] BESTAND... of: %s [OPTIE]... --reference=REFERENTIEBESTAND BESTAND... Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... MAP... Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... KOPPELINGSNAAM Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... BESTAND PATROON... Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... BESTAND... Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... BESTAND1 BESTAND2 Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... GROEP BESTAND... of: %s [OPTIE]... --reference=REFERENTIEBESTAND BESTAND... Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... LAATSTE of: %s [OPTIE]... EERSTE LAATSTE of: %s [OPTIE]... EERSTE STAP LAATSTE Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... MODUS[,MODUS]... BESTAND of: %s [OPTIE]... OCTALE_MODUS BESTAND... of: %s [OPTIE]... --reference=REFERENTIEBESTAND BESTAND... Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... NAAM TYPE [HOOFDNUMMER SUBNUMMER] Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... NAAM... Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... SET1 [SET2] Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... [ BESTAND | ARG1 ARG2 ] Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... [+OPMAAK] of: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] MMDDuumm[[EE]JJ][.ss] Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... [-T] BRON BESTEMMING of: %s [OPTIE]... BRON... MAP of: %s [OPTIE]... -t MAP BRON... Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... [-T] BRON DOEL of: %s [OPTIE]... BRON... MAP of: %s [OPTIE]... -t MAP BRON... of: %s [OPTIE]... -d MAP... Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... [-T] DOEL KOPPELINGSNAAM (1ste vorm) of: %s [OPTIE]... DOEL (2de vorm) of: %s [OPTIE]... DOEL... MAP (3de vorm) of: %s [OPTIE]... -t MAP DOEL... (4de vorm) Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... [-] [NAAM=WAARDE]... [COMMANDO [ARGUMENT]...] Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... [-] [GEBRUIKER [ARGUMENT]...] Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... [BESTAND] Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... BESTAND of: %s -e [OPTIE]... [ARGUMENT]... of: %s -i LAAG-HOOG [OPTIE]... Gebruik: %s [OPTIE] [BESTAND] Het gegeven BESTAND (of standaardinvoer) volgens de base64-methode coderen of decoderen naar standaarduitvoer. Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... [BESTAND]... Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... [BESTAND]... of: %s [-abcdfilosx] [BESTAND] [[+]POSITIE[.][b]] of: %s --traditional [OPTIES] [BSTND] [[+]POSITIE[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]] Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... [BESTAND]... of: %s [OPTIE]... --files0-from=LIJSTBESTAND Gebruik: %s [OPTIE] [BESTAND]... Toon of controleer %s (%d bits) controlesommem. Zonder BESTAND, of wanneer BESTAND - is, wordt van standaardinvoer gelezen. Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... [INVOER [UITVOER]] Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... [INVOER [VOORVOEGSEL]] Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... [INVOER]... (zonder -G) of: %s -G [OPTIE]... [INVOER [UITVOER]] Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... [EIGENAAR][:[GROEP]] BESTAND... of: %s [OPTIE]... --reference=REFERENTIEBESTAND BESTAND... Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... [SJABLOON] Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... [GEBRUIKERSNAAM] Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... [GEBRUIKERSNAAM] Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... [GEBRUIKER]... Gebruik: %s [OPTIE]... [VARIABELE]... De waarde van de gegeven omgevingsVARIABELE(n) weergeven. Wanneer geen VARIABELE is gegeven de waarden van alle omgevingsvariabelen. Gebruik: %s [KORTE-OPTIE]... GEBRUIKERSNAAM COMMANDO [ARGUMENT]... of: %s LANGE-OPTIE Gebruik: %s [KORTE-OPTIE] ... [TEKST]... of: %s LANGE-OPTIE Gebruik: %s [TEKST] of: %s OPTIE Gebruik: %s [argumenten worden genegeerd] of: %s OPTIE Gebruik: test EXPRESSIE of: test of: [ EXPRESSIE ] of: [ ] of: [ OPTIE Gebruikergedefinieerd signaal 1Gebruikergedefinieerd signaal 2Gebruik van -s negeert -L en -P. Anders controleert de laatst gespecificeerde optie het gedrag wanneer de bron een symbolische koppeling is, standaard wordt dit %s. Geldige argumenten zijn:Geldige opmaakspecificaties voor bestandssystemen zijn: %a beschikbare vrije blokken voor niet-systeembeheerders %b totaal aantal blokken met gegevens in bestandssysteem %c totaal aantal inodes in bestandssysteem %d aantal vrije inodes in bestandssysteem %f aantal vrije blokken in bestandssysteem %C SELinux-beveiligingscontext-tekenreeks Virtuele timer afgelopenWAARSCHUWING:chuwiageiiner-menreserve-context' is verouderd; gebruik in plaline-incrementeserve-contextWaarschuwing: optie '--preserve-context' is verouderd; gebruik in plaats daarvan --preserve-contextWAARSCHUWING: Oneindige lus gevonden in de mappenstructuur. Dit betekent vrijwel zeker dat het bestandssysteem beschadigd is. ** MELD DIT AAN UW SYSTEEMBEHEERDER. ** De volgende map is onderdeel van de lus: %s Waarschuwing: optie '--context' (-Z) wordt genegeerd; deze kernel heeft geen SELinux ingesteldWaarschuwing: optie '--preserve-context' wordt genegeerd; deze kernel heeft geen SELinux ingesteldWaarschuwing: optie --strip-program wordt genegeerd omdat optie -s niet is gespecificeerdWaarschuwing: IngelogdWaarVenster gewijzigdMet --follow (-f) volgt 'tail' de bestandsdescriptor, wat betekent dat het bestand nog steeds gevolgd wordt als de bestandsnaam is gewijzigd. Dit standaard gedrag is niet gewenst als u echt de naam wilt volgen en niet de bestandsdescriptor, bijvoorbeeld bij logrotatie. Gebruik in dat geval '--follow=name'. Dat maakt dat 'tail' het genoemde bestand volgt op een manier die is aangepast aan wanneer het wordt hernoemd, verwijderd en opnieuw aangemaakt. Elk BESTAND naar standaarduitvoer sturen met de regels op een bepaalde lengte afgebroken. Zonder argumenten wordt standaardinvoer gelezen. Een willekeurige verwisseling van de invoerregels naar standaarduitvoer sturen. Elk gegeven BESTAND naar standaarduitvoer schrijven, laatste regel eerst. Zonder BESTAND, of wanneer BESTAND - is, wordt standaardinvoer gelezen. Elk gegeven BESTAND naar standaarduitvoer sturen, met regelnummers toegevoegd. Zonder BESTAND, of wanneer BESTAND - is, wordt standaardinvoer gelezen. De overeenkomstige regels uit de gegeven BESTANDen scheiden met tabs en naar naar standaarduitvoer sturen. Oftewel: de bestanden als kolommen samenvoegen. Zonder BESTAND, of wanneer BESTAND - is, wordt standaardinvoer gelezen. Gegeven BESTAND(en) samenvoegen en gesorteerd naar standaarduitvoer sturen. Geschreven door %s en %s. Geschreven door %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s en anderen. Geschreven door %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s en %s. Geschreven door %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s en %s. Geschreven door %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s en %s. Geschreven door %s, %s, %s, %s, %s en %s. Geschreven door %s, %s, %s, %s en %s. Geschreven door %s, %s, %s en %s. Geschreven door %s, %s en %s. Geschreven door %s. bij omzetting mogen '[=t=]'-expressies niet voorkomen in SET2^[nN]^[jJyY]‘'-%c', overtollige tekens of ongeldig getal in het argument: %s'--pages=EERSTE[:LAATSTE]', ontbrekend argument'-N AANTAL', ongeldig beginregelnummer: %s'-W PAGINABREEDTE', ongeldig aantal tekens: %s'-l PAGINALENGTE', ongeldig aantal regels: %s'-o MARGE', ongeldige regelpositie: %s'-w PAGINABREEDTE', ongeldig aantal tekens: %sbij een aanpassing moet er een commando gegeven wordentoegangzoeken tot %s'ai_family' wordt niet ondersteund'ai_socktype' wordt niet ondersteundargument %s van %s is niet eenduidigeen scheidingsteken mag alleen gegeven worden als met velden gewerkt wordtuitvoer wordt aan %s toegevoegdeen reservekopie van %s zou de bron vernietigen; %s is niet gekopieerdeen reservekopie van %s zou de bron vernietigen; %s is niet verplaatstreservekopiemethodeblok-apparaatblok-apparaatbestanden worden niet ondersteundbeide SI en IEC voorvoegsels aanwezig als eenhedenniet beide bestanden mogen de standaardinvoer zijnbyte-positie %s is te grootkan gedeeltelijke context niet toepassen op ongelabeld bestand %skan de context van het proces niet verkrijgenkan geen toegang krijgen tot %skan geen reservekopie maken van %skan niet zowel alleen totalen tonen als alle items tonenkan de eigenaar van %s niet veranderenkan de toegangsrechten van %s niet veranderenkan '%s' niet als basismap instellenkan niet naar map %s gaankan hoofdmap niet als huidige map instellenopties '--target-directory' (-t) en '--no-target-directory' (-T) gaan niet samenopties '--target-directory' en '--no-target-directory' gaan niet samenopties '-e' en '-i' gaan niet samenslechts één van {ascii,ebcdic,ibm} is mogelijk'block' en 'unblock' gaan niet samen'excl' en 'nocreat' gaan niet samen'lcase' en 'ucase' gaan niet sameneen expliciete modus gaat niet samen met optie '--reference'een signaal gaat niet samen met optie '-l' of '-t'kan de bestandsnamen %s en %s niet vergelijkenkan U+%04X niet converteren naar de lokale tekensetkan U+%04X niet converteren naar de lokale tekenset: %skan map %s niet kopiëren naar in zichzelf (%s)kan cyclische symbolische koppeling %s niet kopiërenkan map %s niet aanmakenkan fifo %s niet aanmakenkan geen harde koppeling %s maken naar %skan koppeling %s niet aanmakenkan de koppeling %s naar %s niet aanmakenkan het normale bestand %s niet aanmakenkan speciaal bestand %s niet aanmakenkan symbolische koppeling %s niet aanmakenkan symbolische koppeling %s naar %s niet aanmakenkan tijdelijk bestand %s niet aanmakenkan koppeling(en) %s niet volgenkan het apparaat en de inode van %s niet bepalenkan hostnaam niet achterhalenkan de locatie van '%s' niet bepalen, terugleren naar pollenkan geen ioctl() doen op '%s'kan geen naam vinden bij groeps-ID %lukan geen naam vinden bij gebruiker-ID %lukan %s niet op naam volgenkan doelcontext niet zowel behouden als op %s instellenkan status van %s niet opvragenkan huidige map niet opvragenkan de huidige beleefdheidswaarde niet verkrijgen kan de naam van het systeem niet verkrijgenkan geen 'lseek' doen op %skan niet zowel harde als symbolische koppelingen makenkan map %s niet aanmakenkan %s niet verplaatsten naar %skan %s niet verplaatsten naar een submap van zichzelf, %skan een map niet verplaatsten naar een niet-map: %s -> %skan %s niet openen om te lezenkan %s niet openen om te schrijvenkan map %s niet openenkan niet werken op loze symbolische koppeling %skan map %s niet overschrijven met een niet-mapkan niet-map %s niet overschrijven met map %skan geformatteerde uitvoer niet uitvoerenkan de uitgebreide attributen niet bewaren, cp is gebouwd zonder xattr-ondersteuningkan beveiligingscontext niet behouden zonder een kernel met SELinuxkan niet meer dan één ding "alleen" tonenkan in standaardinformatie niet alleen namen of alleen echte ID's tonenkan beveiligingscontext niet tonen als een gebruikersnaam gegeven iskan map %s niet lezenkan geen bestandsnamen uit %s lezenkan informatie in bestandssysteem niet lezen voor %skan de realtime-klok niet lezenkan symbolische koppeling %s niet lezenkan tabel van aangekoppelde bestandssystemen niet lezenkan %s niet verwijderenkan map '%s' niet verwijderenkan de bestandspositieaanduider van %s niet verplaatsenkan %s niet uitvoerenkan %s geen waarde gevenkan datum niet instellenkan groeps-ID niet instellenkan groeps-ID niet op %lu instellenkan de groepen niet instellenkan hostnaam niet instellen; dit systeem biedt deze functionaliteit nietkan de naam niet wijzigen naar %skan beleefdheidswaarde niet instellenkan de tijdsstempels van %s niet instellenkan gebruiker-ID niet instellenkan gebruiker-ID niet op %lu instellenkan niet voorbij het einde van de gecombineerde invoer springenkan --null (-0) niet met dit commando specificerenkan niet zowel verticaal als horizontaal afdrukkenbij horizontaal afdrukken kan het aantal kolommen niet worden opgegevenoptie '-t' gaat niet samen met '-d' of '-r'kan niet op meerdere manieren splitsenkan status van %s niet opvragenkan status van huidige map %s niet opvragenkan stat niet toepassen op standaardinvoerkan tijdsstempels van %s niet wijzigenkan %s niet uit reservekopie herstellenkan %s niet verwijderenkan %s niet verwijderenkan %s niet bewakenkan de hogere map van %s niet bewakenkan toch niet om de 'kernel bug' heen werkende groep van %s is veranderd naar %s de eigenaar van %s is veranderd naar %s veranderen van de groep van %sveranderen van de eigenaar van %sveranderen van toegangsrechten van %sveranderen van beveiligingscontext van %s tekenpositie is nulteken ligt buiten het toegestane bereikbyte-apparaatbyte-apparaatbestanden worden niet ondersteundwissen van toegangsrechten van %sklok is verzetsluiten is mislukt%s wordt geslotensluiten van %s (bestandsdescriptor=%d)sluiten van map %ssluiten van invoerbestand %ssluiten van uitvoerbestand %sstandaardinvoer wordt geslotencompatibiliteitsmodus mag hooguit met één bestandconflicterende vervangingstekenreeksen voor lege veldenconflicterende specificaties voor beveiligingscontext gegeveninstellen van buffering van %s in modus %s kan niet kan geen proces voor '%s -d' aanmakenkan geen tijdelijk bestand aanmakenkan %s niet uitvoerenkan '%s -d' niet uitvoerenkan geen mapitem vinden in %s met een overeenkomende inodekan de opstarttijd niet vindenmap %s is aangemaaktaanmaken van map %saanmaken van bestand %s aanmaken van harde koppeling %saanmaken van harde koppeling %s => %saanmaken van harde koppeling naar %.0s%saanmaken van symbolische koppeling %saanmaken van symbolische koppeling %s -> %slijst met scheidingstekens eindigt met onaangehaalde backslash: %smapdeling door nuldup2() is mislukteen lege %s is niet toegestaanlege bestandsnaamlege tabfout bij sluiten van bestandfout in zoeken met reguliere expressiefout in zoeken met reguliere expressieFout bij het initialiseren van maand-tekenreeksenfout bij monitoren van inotify-gebeurtenisfout bij lezen van %sfout bij lezen van inotify-gebeurtenisfout bij het wachten op een commandofout bij schrijven van %sexit=overtollig argument: %sovertollig argument: %sextra operand: %s overtollig argument %s is niet toegestaan bij -%ckan de context van %s niet veranderen naar %skan de groep van %s niet veranderen naar %s kan modus van %s niet in %04lo (%s) veranderen kan de eigenaar van %s niet veranderen kan de eigenaar van %s niet veranderen naar %s kan niet naar map %s gaankan %s niet klonenkan geen nieuwe context berekenenkan geen map aanmaken via sjabloon %skan geen bestand aanmaken via sjabloon %skan beveiligingscontext niet aanmaken: %skan de attributen van %s niet verkrijgenkan de huidige context niet verkrijgenkan de aanmaakcontext van het bestandssysteem niet verkrijgenkan de groepen van het huidige proces niet verkrijgenkan de groepen van gebruiker %s niet verkrijgenkan de beveiligingscontext van %s niet verkrijgenkan bestand %s niet vindenkan %s niet openenbehouden van het auteurschap van %s is misluktbehouden van het eigenaarschap van %s is misluktbehouden van de toegangsrechten van %s is misluktbehouden van de tijdsstempels van %s is misluktkan standaardfoutuitvoer niet omleidenkan standaardfoutuitvoer niet omleiden naar /dev/nullkan %s niet verwijderenkan map %s niet verwijderenkan standaardinvoer niet als niet bruikbaar interpreterenopnieuw openen van %s in modus %s is misluktkan de standaard aanmaakcontext niet herstellenkan niet terugkeren naar de initiële werkmapkan commando %s niet uitvoerenkan component %s van beveiligingscontext niet instellen op %saanvullende groepen instellen is misluktkan de standaard aanmaakcontext niet instellen op %sinstellen van groep-ID is misluktkan nieuw bereik %s niet instellenkan nieuwe rol %s niet instellenkan nieuw type %s niet instellenkan nieuwe gebruiker %s niet instellenkan geen aanvullende groep(en) instellenkan kopie van standaardfoutuitvoer niet instellen om te sluiten bij uitvoeringkan de beveiligingscontext van %s niet naar %s verandereninstellen van gebruiker-ID is misluktkan status van %s niet opvragenO_DIRECT afschakelen is mislukt: %shet bijwerken van de omgeving met %s is mislukt'fdatasync' is mislukt voor %salles naar schijf wegschrijven (fflush) is misluktveldnummer %s is te grootveldnummer is nulvelden en posities worden genummerd vanaf 1fifobestand %d is niet gesorteerdbestandsargumenten gaan niet samen met de optie '--files0-from'optie '--print-database' (-p) gaat niet samen met bestanden als parameterbestandssysteemtype %s is zowel gekozen als uitgeslotenkan geen nieuw proces startenhet formaat %s eindigt in %%het formaat %s heeft geen %% aanwijzinghet formaat %s heeft teveel %% aanwijzingenhet formaat %s heeft een onbekende %%%c aanwijzingeen opmaak en uitvoer van gelijke breedte gaan niet samen'fsync' is mislukt voor %sfts_close is misluktfts_read() is misluktgetpass: kan /dev/tty niet openenverkrijgen van nieuwe attributen van %sde groep van %s blijft %s de functie iconv() is niet beschikbaarde functie iconv() is onbruikbaarid=alle argumenten worden genegeerdinvoer wordt genegeerdinvoer wordt genegeerd en uitvoer wordt aan %s toegevoegdinvoer wordt genegeerd en standaardfoutuitvoer gaat naar standaarduitvoerongeldige tab-grootte %s in omgevingsvariabele TABSIZE wordt genegeerdongeldige waarde %s van omgevingsvariabele QUOTING_STYLE wordt genegeerdongeldige breedte %s in omgevingsvariabele COLUMNS wordt genegeerdargumenten die geen optie zijn worden genegeerdincompatibele join-velden: %lu, %luincompatibele tabsonjuist wachtwoordinotify kan niet worden gebruikt, terugkeren naar polleninvoer is verdweneninvoerregel is te langverplaatsing tussen apparaten is mislukt: %s naar %s; kan het doel niet verwijderenongeldig argument van %s%s: '%s'ongeldig --%s argument %songeldige aanpassing %songeldig argument: %songeldig argument %s van %songeldige stijl voor regelnummers: %songeldige bufferingmodus %s voor %s ongeldige lijst van bytes of veldenongeldig teken '%c' in opmaakreeks %songeldige tekenklasse %songeldige context: %songeldige conversiespecificatie voor conversie in het achtervoegsel is ongeldig: %cspecificatie voor conversie in het achtervoegsel is ongeldig: \%.3oongeldige datum: %songeldige datumopmaak %songeldig aflopend bereikongeldig apparaat %s %songeldig apparaattype %songeldig veldnummer: %songeldige veldspecificatie: %songeldige veldbreedte: %songeldig bestandsnummer in veldspecificatie: %songeldig drijvendekomma-argument: %songeldige stijl voor voetregelnummering: %songeldige opmaakprecisieongeldige opmaakbreedteongeldige breedte van tussenruimte: %songeldige groepongeldige groep: %songeldige groepslijst: %songeldige groep: %songeldige stijl voor kopregelnummering: %songeldige invoerongeldige invoervlagongeldig invoerbereik %songeldig geheel getal %songeldig geheelgetal-argument %songeldig aantal regels %songeldig lijnprotocol: %songeldige veldbreedte voor regelnummer: %songeldige ophoging voor regelnummers: %songeldig opmaak voor nummering: %songeldige regelbreedte: %songeldig hoofdapparaatnummer %songeldige maximum diepte %songeldig subapparaatnummer %songeldige modusongeldige modus %songeldige modus: %songeldig getal: %songeldig getal na ','ongeldig getal na '-'ongeldig getal na '.'ongeldig getal aan het begin van een veldongeldig aantal lege regels: %songeldig aantal bytesongeldig aantal bytes om te vergelijkenongeldig aantal bytes om over te slaanongeldige afbreekbreedte: %songeldig aantal velden om over te slaanongeldig aantal regelsongeldig aantal regels: 0ongeldige optie: %congeldige optie: '%c'; -GETAL wordt alleen herkend als het het eerste argument is; gebruik anders '-w GETAL'ongeldige adressengrondtalcode '%c'; kies een teken uit [doxn]ongeldige uitvoervlagongeldige paginareeks %songeldige precisie: %songeldig bereik zonder eindpunt: -ongeldig herhalingsaantal %s in '[t*n]'-constructieongeldige aanduidingongeldig regelnummer voor beginregel: %songeldige statusvlagongeldige sjabloon %s; bevat mapscheidingstekenongeldige suffix in argument van %s%s: '%s'ongeldige tab-grootte: %songeldig sjabloon %s; bevat mapscheidingstekenongeldig sjabloon %s; met '--tmpdir' mag deze niet absoluut zijnongeldig tijdsinterval %songeldige opmaakstijl %s voor de tijdongeldige optie aan het eind: %congeldig type: %songeldig type: %s; dit systeem kent geen %lu-bytes drijvendekommagetalongeldig type: %s; dit systeem kent geen %lu-bytes geheel getalongeldige universele tekennaam \%c%0*xongeldige gebruikerongeldige gebruiker: %songeldige breedte: %songeldige waarde van -w/--wrap: %songeldige bestandsnaam (lengte nul)het is gevaarlijk om recursief op %s te werkenhet is gevaarlijk om recursief op %s te werken (hetzelfde als %s)vorige=een '-' aan het begin van een component in bestandsnaam %slimiet %lu is overschreden door de lengte %lu van bestandsnaam %slimiet %lu is overschreden door de lengte %lu van bestandsnaamcomponent %sregelbuffering van stdin is zonder zinoptie voor regellengte -%s%c... is te grootregelnummer %s is kleiner dan het voorgaande regelnummer, %sregelnummer loopt overmaximum --%s argument met huidige rlimit is %sonvoldoende geheugen beschikbaarberichtenwachtrijminimum --%s argument is %sverkeerd uitgelijnde constructie met [:upper:] en/of [:lower:]ontbrekende specificatie voor %%-conversie in achtervoegselontbrekende ']'ontbrekend argument na %sontbrekend argument van %sontbrekende naam in tekenklasse '[::]'specificatie voor conversie ontbreekt in achtervoegselontbrekende bestemming na %sontbrekend teken in equivalentieklasse '[==]'geen bestand opgegevenontbrekende hexadecimale cijfersontbrekende lijst van veldenontbrekende lijst van positiesontbrekend argumentontbrekend argument na %sde modus mag alleen bestandstoegangsrechten opgevenmodus van %s is veranderd in %04lo (%s) modus van %s blijft %04lo (%s) meerdere tekens in tab %smeer dan één optie '-i' gegevenmeer dan één optie '-l' of '-t' gegevenmeer dan één compressieprogramma opgegevenmeer dan één scheiding gegevenmeerdere niveaubereiken gegevenmeer dan één uitvoerbestand gegevenmeer dan één uitvoeropmaak opgegevenmeer dan één bron van willekeurige bytes gegevenmeer dan één relatieve wijziging opgegevenmeerdere rollen gegevenmeer dan één bestemmingsmap opgegevenmeerdere typen gegevenmeerdere gebruikers gegevennoch de symbolische koppeling %s noch de referent is veranderd geen omgevingsvariabele SHELL en geen shell-optie gegevende eigenaar van %s is onveranderd geen commando gegevengeen bestandssystemen verwerktgeen bestanden meer overgeen invoer van %sgeen inlognaamgeen proces-ID gegevener mag geen opmaaktype gegeven worden als symboolnamen getoond wordenals '-l' wordt gebruikt, moet minstes één gebruikersnaam gegeven wordenniet-overdraagbaar teken %s in bestandsnaam %sgeen TTYkan niet schrijven via loze symbolische koppeling %sgetal in %s is te grootaantal bytesaantal regelspositie werd te groot tijdens lezen van bestand %smap %s wordt overgeslagenslechts één '[t*]'-herhalingsconstructie mag voorkomen in SET2er mag slechts één apparaat gegeven wordener mag slechts één soort lijst worden opgegevenopenen is misluktopenen van %soptie is gebruikt in een ongeldige context -- %cde opties --backup en --no-clobber sluiten elkaar uitde opties --compare (-C) en --preserve-timestamps sluiten elkaar uitde opties --compare (-C) en --strip sluiten elkaar uitopties '-%s' gaan niet samenachtervoegsels voor uitvoerbestanden zijn verbruiktoverloop bij het vergroten van de grootte van bestand %soverloop bij naar boven afronden van de grootte van bestand %sde eigenaar van %s blijft dezelfde de eigenaar van %s blijft %s paginanummer loopt overte smalle paginabreedtebehouden van toegangsrechten van %sbehouden van tijdsstempels van %salle herhaalde regels én de herhalingsaantallen tonen is onzinde eindpunten van bereik '%s-%s' staan in omgekeerde volgordefout bij lezenlezen is misluktlezen van %slezen van map %srecord is te grootstandaardfoutuitvoer gaat naar standaarduitvoerleeg normaal bestandnormaal bestand%s is verwijderd map %s is verwijderd verwijderen vam map %srun-levelsemafoorscheidingsteken kan niet leeg zijnzet LC_ALL='C' om het probleem te omzeileninstellen van vlaggen voor %sinstellen van toegangsrechten van %sinstellen van tijdsstempels van %sgedeeld geheugenobjectde som van de argumenten van -j en -N is te groot%s wordt overgeslagen, omdat deze zich op een ander apparaat bevindtbestand %s wordt overgeslagen, omdat het werd vervangen tijdens het kopiërensocketstandaardfoutuitvoerstandaardinvoerstandaardinvoer is geslotenstandaarduitvoeropvragen van bestandsstatus is misluktstandaardfoutuitvoerstandaardinvoerstandaarduitvoerloos teken in veldspecificatievergelijking van tekenreeksen is mislukttransformatie van tekenreeks is mislukthet proces 'strip' is niet normaal beëindigdhet onderdrukken van onbegrensde regels heeft alleen zin als met velden gewerkt wordtsymbolische koppelingsyntaxfoutgestarttab-grootte of -positie mag niet 0 zijntab-grootte of -positie bevat ongeldig(e) teken(s): %stab-posities moeten toenementab-positie is te groot: %stabpositie is te groottabs staan te ver van elkaardoel %s is geen mapdoelmap is niet toegestaan bij het installeren van een mapterm='test'/'['de opties '--binary' en '--text' gelden niet voor het verifiëren van controlesommende optie --compare (-C) wordt genegeerd bij een modus met geen-permissie bitsde --context (-Z) optie is verouderd en zal worden verwijderd in een toekomstige releasede optie '--quiet' geldt alleen voor het verifiëren van controlesommende optie '--status' geldt alleen voor het verifiëren van controlesommende optie '--warn' geldt alleen voor het verifiëren van controlesommenbij omzetting mag de '[c*]'-constructie alleen in SET2 voorkomende '[t*]'-herhalingsconstructie mag niet voorkomen in SET1het argument %s begint niet met een plusteken; als een optie gebruikt wordt om een datum op te geven, moet een gewoon argument een opmaaktekenreeks zijn die begint met '+'het scheidingsteken moet een enkel teken zijnde opties voor duidelijke en voor 'stty'-leesbare uitvoer gaan niet samende opties voor syntax en kleurenlijst gaan niet samende opties om de tijd te tonen en in te stellen gaan niet samende gegeven opties om datums te tonen gaan niet samende te vergelijken tekenreeksen waren %s en %sde strip-optie mag niet gebruikt worden bij het installeren van een mapde niet-getransformeerde tekenreeks was %stijd %s valt buiten bereikom gebruiker-ID %s te kunnen gebruiken moet u ook '-g' gebruikente weinig X'en in sjabloon %ste veel specificaties voor %%-conversie in achtervoegselte veel tekens in de sette veel herhaalde regelste veel sjablonentotaaldoorlopen is mislukt: %szelfstandig geheugenobjectuid=%lufoutmelding kon niet getoond wordenkan de huidige werkmap niet vastleggenkan beveiligingscontext %s niet instellenonverwachte fout: fts_info=%d: %s gaarne rapporteren aan %sonbekende binaire operatoronbekende status van commando (0x%X)onbekende gegevensstroomonbekend gebruiker-ID: %sniet-ontleedbare waarde in omgevingsvariabele LS_COLORSniet-herkend argument: %sniet-herkend voorvoegsel: %sin bedrijf %ld dag %2d:%02d, in bedrijf %ld dagen %2d:%02d, in bedrijf ???? dagen ??:??, gebruik '--no-preserve-root' om deze drempel te omzeilengebruiker %s bestaat nietgebruik van %s om standaardinvoer aan te duiden werkt niet in bestandssysteem-moduswillekeurige precisie berekeningen wordt gebruiktbeperkte shell %s wordt gebruiktenkele precisie berekeningen worden gebruiktwacht op %s [-d]wachten op 'strip'waarschuwing: %s: tekens na tekenconstante zijn genegeerdwaarschuwing: %s: kan beveiligingscontext niet wijzigen naar %swaarschuwing: '--pid=PID' wordt niet ondersteund op dit systeemwaarschuwing: '--retry' is gewoonlijk alleen nuttig bij volgen op naamwaarschuwing: procesnummer is genegeerd; '--pid=PID' is alleen zinvol bij volgenwaarschuwing: 'touch %s' is verouderd; gebruik 'touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'waarschuwing: een onaangehaalde backslash aan het eind van een tekenreeks is niet overdraagbaarwaarschuwing: backslash aan eind van opmaakaanduidingwaarschuwing: kan map niet wijzigen in %swaarschuwing: kan %s niet verwijderenwaarschuwing: het volgen van standaardinvoer zonder beperking is niet effectiefwaarschuwing: overbodige argumenten worden genegeerd, beginnend bij %swaarschuwing: positie in bestand klopt niet meer na mislukte leesopdrachtwaarschuwing: ongeldige breedte %lu; zal %d gebruikenwaarschuwing: regelnummer %s is hetzelfde als het voorgaande regelnummerwaarschuwing: bronbestand %s komt meer dan één keer voorfout: totalen tonen gaat niet samen met '--max-depth=%lu'opmerking: totalen tonen is hetzelfde als '--max-depth=0'waarschuwing: de optie --%s is verouderd; gebruik --referencewaarschuwing: de octale code \%c%c%c is niet eenduidig en wordt hier geïnterpreteerd als de volgende twee bytes: \0%c%c, %cwaarschuwing: onbekende stuurcode '\%c'waarschuwing: er wordt om de 'lseek kernel bug' heen gewerkt voor bestand %s met mt_type=0x%0lx -- zie voor de lijst met typenmerkwaardig bestandals SET1 niet ingekort wordt, mag SET2 niet leeg zijnbij het lezen van bestandsnamen van standaardinvoer is bestandsnaam %s niet toegestaanals een uitvoerstijl gegeven is mogen geen modussen ingesteld wordenbij omzetting met gecomplementeerde tekenklassen moet SET2 alle tekens in het domein naar één afbeeldenbij omzetting zijn in SET2 alleen de tekenklassen 'upper' en 'lower' toegestaanzal %s niet kopiëren via zojuist gemaakte symbolische koppeling %szal geen harde koppeling %s maken naar map %szal zojuist gemaakte %s niet overschrijven met %smet '--parents' moet de bestemming een map zijnmet --suffix, moet sjabloon %s eindigen met Xfout bij schrijvenfout bij schrijven naar %sschrijven is misluktschrijven van %sschrijven naar %su moet -c, -t, -u, -l, -r, of een context opgevenu moet een lijst van bytes, tekens, of velden gevenu moet er één uit %s of %s specificerenPRIuMAXPRIdMAX%+% records in %+% records out % truncated record % truncated records % byte (%s) copied% bytes (%s) copiedoffset too large: cannot truncate to a length of seek=% (%lu-byte) blocksfailed to truncate to % bytes in output file %sfailed to allocate a % byte stdio buffer %s: %: improperly formatted %s checksum lineWARNING: % of % listed file could not be readWARNING: % of % listed files could not be readWARNING: % of % computed checksum did NOT matchWARNING: % of % computed checksums did NOT matchstarting page number % exceeds page count %Page %overflow in % * % byte blocks for file %struncating %s at % bytes%+% records gelezen %+% records geschreven % afgebroken record % afgebroken records % byte (%s) gekopieerd% bytes (%s) gekopieerdpositie is te groot: kan niet afkorten tot een lengte van seek=% (%lu-byte) blokkenafkorten op % bytes van uitvoerbestand %s is mislukttoekennen van een stdio-buffer van % bytes is mislukt %s: %: onjuist opgemaakte regel met %s-controlesomWAARSCHUWING: % van % getoonde bestanden kan niet gelezen wordenWAARSCHUWING: % van % getoonde bestanden kunnen niet gelezen wordenWAARSCHUWING: % van % berekende controlesommen komt NIET overeenWAARSCHUWING: % van % berekende controlesommen komen NIET overeenstartpaginanummer % is hoger dan het aantal pagina's %Pagina %overloop in % * % byte blokken voor bestand %safkorten van %s op % bytes0707010000922b000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001600000000reloc/share/locale/pl0707010000922c000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000002200000000reloc/share/locale/pl/LC_MESSAGES0707010000922d000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c0004b07a000000660000000300000000000000000000002f00000000reloc/share/locale/pl/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo0-Yw x@xL{M{O{H|}}~G5}wp2!Ńw,5Rڈ~- \wTG8,ewU͍o#e)Dz3ic>͗ \RY0`E)>>3}|.K =Xl04AYKqҬkE*9p>B?&e9#]ttlFM˿mJ)^yf5H7HF= q}u%q1;m,jQR\ Vp5%s[  ')FpIn9*"9iH>Z W.Z&EO4^F}dOy   Y fy  On\dQSq2r  E"J"# #!%u"&&'l(C,*p+.N,Q},,-5../n0 1E22u4*51@6r677R88Y:4;1=C>V? 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EXPRESSION EXPRESSION is false EXPRESSION1 -a EXPRESSION2 both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true EXPRESSION1 -o EXPRESSION2 either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true --check-order check that the input is correctly sorted, even if all input lines are pairable --nocheck-order do not check that the input is correctly sorted -1 suppress column 1 (lines unique to FILE1) -2 suppress column 2 (lines unique to FILE2) -3 suppress column 3 (lines that appear in both files) -a, --all same as -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot time of last system boot -d, --dead print dead processes -H, --heading print line of column headings -b FILE FILE exists and is block special -c FILE FILE exists and is character special -d FILE FILE exists and is a directory -e FILE FILE exists -l produce long format output for the specified USERs -b omit the user's home directory and shell in long format -h omit the user's project file in long format -p omit the user's plan file in long format -s do short format output, this is the default -n STRING the length of STRING is nonzero STRING equivalent to -n STRING -z STRING the length of STRING is zero STRING1 = STRING2 the strings are equal STRING1 != STRING2 the strings are not equal ARG1 * ARG2 arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 is less than ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 is equal to ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 is unequal to ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2 FILE1 -ef FILE2 FILE1 and FILE2 have the same device and inode numbers FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2 FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 is older than FILE2 INTEGER copy up to but not including specified line number /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copy up to but not including a matching line %REGEXP%[OFFSET] skip to, but not including a matching line {INTEGER} repeat the previous pattern specified number of times {*} repeat the previous pattern as many times as possible A line OFFSET is a required `+' or `-' followed by a positive integer. INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING length of STRING a number all lines t number only nonempty lines n number no lines pBRE number only lines that contain a match for the basic regular expression, BRE FORMAT is one of: ln left justified, no leading zeros rn right justified, no leading zeros rz right justified, leading zeros b create a block (buffered) special file c, u create a character (unbuffered) special file p create a FIFO # users=%lu -t is implied if PAGE_LENGTH <= 10. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. A field is a run of blanks (usually spaces and/or TABs), then non-blank characters. Fields are skipped before chars. A lightweight `finger' program; print user information. The utmp file will be %s. A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment. A mere - implies -l. If USER not given, assume root. After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number; then an optional modifier, which is either E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available. An omitted EXPRESSION defaults to false. Otherwise, EXPRESSION is true or false and sets exit status. It is one of: As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. BLOCKS and BYTES may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Each CONV symbol may be: Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. Both MAJOR and MINOR must be specified when TYPE is b, c, or u, and they must be omitted when TYPE is p. If MAJOR or MINOR begins with 0x or 0X, it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal; otherwise, as decimal. TYPE may be: By default, rm does not remove directories. Use the --recursive (-r or -R) option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents. By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: By default, sparse SOURCE files are detected by a crude heuristic and the corresponding DEST file is made sparse as well. That is the behavior selected by --sparse=auto. Specify --sparse=always to create a sparse DEST file whenever the SOURCE file contains a long enough sequence of zero bytes. Use --sparse=never to inhibit creation of sparse files. When --reflink[=always] is specified, perform a lightweight copy, where the data blocks are copied only when modified. If this is not possible the copy fails, or if --reflink=auto is specified, fall back to a standard copy. Combination settings: * [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase cbreak same as -icanon -cbreak same as icanon Control settings: [-]clocal disable modem control signals [-]cread allow input to be received * [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8] Display values are in units of the first available SIZE from --block-size, and the %s_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables. Otherwise, units default to 1024 bytes (or 512 if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set). Each FLAG symbol may be: append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc suggested) Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Examples: %s -12 file1 file2 Print only lines present in both file1 and file2. %s -3 file1 file2 Print lines in file1 not in file2, and vice versa. Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Output "stdio". Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Output ".". Examples: %s f - g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. %s Copy standard input to standard output. Examples: %s root /u Change the owner of /u to "root". %s root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to "staff". %s -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root". Examples: %s staff /u Change the group of /u to "staff". %s -hR staff /u Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff". Except for -h and -L, all FILE-related tests dereference symbolic links. Beware that parentheses need to be escaped (e.g., by backslashes) for shells. INTEGER may also be -l STRING, which evaluates to the length of STRING. Exit status is 0 if EXPRESSION is neither null nor 0, 1 if EXPRESSION is null or 0, 2 if EXPRESSION is syntactically invalid, and 3 if an error occurred. Exit status: 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory), 2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument). FORMAT controls the output as in C printf. Interpreted sequences are: \" double quote FORMAT controls the output. Interpreted sequences are: %% a literal % %a locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun) Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. If -e is in effect, the following sequences are recognized: If FILE is -, shred standard output. Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified. The default is not to remove the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda, and those files usually should not be removed. When operating on regular files, most people use the --remove option. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual. If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. If FIRST or INCREMENT is omitted, it defaults to 1. That is, an omitted INCREMENT defaults to 1 even when LAST is smaller than FIRST. FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are interpreted as floating point values. INCREMENT is usually positive if FIRST is smaller than LAST, and INCREMENT is usually negative if FIRST is greater than LAST. If MODE is `0' the corresponding stream will be unbuffered. If MODE is `L' the corresponding stream will be line buffered. This option is invalid with standard input. If a FILE is -, copy again to standard output. If first and second call formats both apply, the second format is assumed if the last operand begins with + or (if there are 2 operands) a digit. An OFFSET operand means -j OFFSET. LABEL is the pseudo-address at first byte printed, incremented when dump is progressing. For OFFSET and LABEL, a 0x or 0X prefix indicates hexadecimal; suffixes may be . for octal and b for multiply by 512. If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). If standard input is a terminal, redirect it from /dev/null. If standard output is a terminal, append output to `nohup.out' if possible, `$HOME/nohup.out' otherwise. If standard error is a terminal, redirect it to standard output. To save output to FILE, use `%s COMMAND > FILE'. If the command times out, then exit with status 124. Otherwise, exit with the status of COMMAND. If no signal is specified, send the TERM signal upon timeout. The TERM signal kills any process that does not block or catch that signal. For other processes, it may be necessary to use the KILL (9) signal, since this signal cannot be caught. If the first character of K (the number of bytes or lines) is a `+', print beginning with the Kth item from the start of each file, otherwise, print the last K items in the file. K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Input settings: [-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal [-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline [-]ignbrk ignore break characters [-]igncr ignore carriage return K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Local settings: [-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings * -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings NOTE: If COMMAND adjusts the buffering of its standard streams (`tee' does for e.g.) then that will override corresponding settings changed by `stdbuf'. Also some filters (like `dd' and `cat' etc.) don't use streams for I/O, and are thus unaffected by `stdbuf' settings. NOTE: [ honors the --help and --version options, but test does not. test treats each of those as it treats any other nonempty STRING. NOTE: your shell may have its own version of %s, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. Note that the -d and -t options accept different time-date formats. Note that the -r and -s options are mutually exclusive. Note, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. Note: 'uniq' does not detect repeated lines unless they are adjacent. You may want to sort the input first, or use `sort -u' without `uniq'. Also, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available. Otherwise MODE is a number which may be followed by one of the following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. In this case the corresponding stream will be fully buffered with the buffer size set to MODE bytes. Output settings: * bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1] * crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3] * ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1] * nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1] Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed to login group if implied by a `:' following a symbolic OWNER. OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic. POS is F[.C][OPTS], where F is the field number and C the character position in the field; both are origin 1. If neither -t nor -b is in effect, characters in a field are counted from the beginning of the preceding whitespace. OPTS is one or more single-letter ordering options, which override global ordering options for that key. If no key is given, use the entire line as the key. SIZE may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 RADIX is d for decimal, o for octal, x for hexadecimal or n for none. BYTES is hexadecimal with 0x or 0X prefix, and may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Adding a z suffix to any type displays printable characters at the end of each output line. Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: Report %s bugs to %s Report bugs to: %s SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIGNAL may be a signal name like `HUP', or a signal number like `1', or the exit status of a process terminated by a signal. PID is an integer; if negative it identifies a process group. SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). SIZE may also be prefixed by one of the following modifying characters: `+' extend by, `-' reduce by, `<' at most, `>' at least, `/' round down to multiple of, `%' round up to multiple of. SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Sending a %s signal to a running `dd' process makes it print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s Options are: Special characters: * dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input) eol CHAR CHAR will end the line Special settings: N set the input and output speeds to N bauds * cols N tell the kernel that the terminal has N columns * columns N same as cols N TYPE is made up of one or more of these specifications: a named character, ignoring high-order bit c ASCII character or backslash escape The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: The data are encoded as described for the base64 alphabet in RFC 3548. When decoding, the input may contain newlines in addition to the bytes of the formal base64 alphabet. Use --ignore-garbage to attempt to recover from any other non-alphabet bytes in the encoded stream. The following three options are useful only when verifying checksums: --quiet don't print OK for each successfully verified file --status don't output anything, status code shows success -w, --warn warn about improperly formatted checksum lines The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. The valid format sequences for files (without --file-system): %a Access rights in octal %A Access rights in human readable form %b Number of blocks allocated (see %B) %B The size in bytes of each block reported by %b %C SELinux security context string This install program copies files (often just compiled) into destination locations you choose. If you want to download and install a ready-to-use package on a GNU/Linux system, you should instead be using a package manager like yum(1) or apt-get(1). In the first three forms, copy SOURCE to DEST or multiple SOURCE(s) to the existing DIRECTORY, while setting permission modes and owner/group. In the 4th form, create all components of the given DIRECTORY(ies). To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo', use one of these commands: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Traditional format specifications may be intermixed; they accumulate: -a same as -t a, select named characters, ignoring high-order bit -b same as -t o1, select octal bytes -c same as -t c, select ASCII characters or backslash escapes -d same as -t u2, select unsigned decimal 2-byte units Translation occurs if -d is not given and both SET1 and SET2 appear. -t may be used only when translating. SET2 is extended to length of SET1 by repeating its last character as necessary. Excess characters of SET2 are ignored. Only [:lower:] and [:upper:] are guaranteed to expand in ascending order; used in SET2 while translating, they may only be used in pairs to specify case conversion. -s uses SET1 if not translating nor deleting; else squeezing uses SET2 and occurs after translation or deletion. Use one, and only one of -b, -c or -f. Each LIST is made up of one range, or many ranges separated by commas. Selected input is written in the same order that it is read, and is written exactly once. Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it. With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. With no options, produce three-column output. Column one contains lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2, and column three contains lines common to both files. Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. ??? --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -f, --force do not prompt before overwriting -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file If you specify more than one of -i, -f, -n, only the final one takes effect. --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories (note: will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the superuser) -f, --force remove existing destination files --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -c (ignored) -C, --compare compare each pair of source and destination files, and in some cases, do not modify the destination at all -d, --directory treat all arguments as directory names; create all components of the specified directories --batch-size=NMERGE merge at most NMERGE inputs at once; for more use temp files --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks. See SIZE format below -B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~ -c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime --complement complement the set of selected bytes, characters or fields --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -L, --max-line-length print the length of the longest line -w, --words print the word counts --files0-from=F summarize disk usage of the NUL-terminated file names specified in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -H equivalent to --dereference-args (-D) -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si like -h, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 --group-directories-first group directories before files. augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping --help display this help and exit --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode print the index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k like --block-size=1K --lookup attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS -m only hostname and user associated with stdin -p, --process print active processes spawned by init --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially --preserve-root do not remove `/' (default) -r, -R, --recursive remove directories and their contents recursively -v, --verbose explain what is being done --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST don't preserve the specified attributes --parents use full source file name under DIRECTORY --one-file-system when removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any directory that is on a file system different from that of the corresponding command line argument --pid=PID with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies -q, --quiet, --silent never output headers giving file names --retry keep trying to open a file even when it is or becomes inaccessible; useful when following by name, i.e., with --follow=name --preserve-context preserve SELinux security context -Z, --context=CONTEXT set SELinux security context of files and directories --reference=RFILE use RFILE's security context rather than specifying a CONTEXT value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC output date and time in RFC 3339 format. TIMESPEC=`date', `seconds', or `ns' for date and time to the indicated precision. Date and time components are separated by a single space: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=STRING set time described by STRING -u, --utc, --universal print or set Coordinated Universal Time --sort=WORD sort according to WORD: general-numeric -g, human-numeric -h, month -M, numeric -n, random -R, version -V -V, --version-sort natural sort of (version) numbers within text --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix --suffix=SUFF append SUFF to TEMPLATE. SUFF must not contain slash. This option is implied if TEMPLATE does not end in X. --time show time of the last modification of any file in the directory, or any of its subdirectories --time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status --time-style=STYLE show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT FORMAT is interpreted like `date' --time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale --verbose print a diagnostic just before each output file is opened --version output version information and exit --all print the number of installed processors --ignore=N if possible, exclude N processing units Size Used Avail Use% Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Size Used Avail Use% -evenp same as -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7 nl same as -icrnl -onlcr -nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-') [-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty [-]hupcl same as [-]hup [-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input [-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-') [-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors * [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character [-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return [-]inpck enable input parity checking [-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters [-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters [-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters * [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal * [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\' for uppercase characters cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values -cooked same as raw crt same as echoe echoctl echoke dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany ek erase and kill characters to their default values evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N set the input speed to N * line N use line discipline N min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read ospeed N set the output speed to N oddp same as parenb parodd cs7 -oddp same as -parenb cs8 [-]parity same as [-]evenp pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7 raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw same as cooked sane same as cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke, all special characters to their default values stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal * swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer * werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed %% a single % %b ARGUMENT as a string with `\' escapes interpreted, except that octal escapes are of the form \0 or \0NNN and all C format specifications ending with one of diouxXfeEgGcs, with ARGUMENTs converted to proper type first. Variable widths are handled. %A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday) %b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan) %B locale's full month name (e.g., January) %c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005) %C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20) %d day of month (e.g, 01) %D date; same as %m/%d/%y %e day of month, space padded; same as %_d %F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d %g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G) %G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V %S second (00..60) %t a tab %T time; same as %H:%M:%S %u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday %U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) %V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53) %w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday %W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53) %d Device number in decimal %D Device number in hex %f Raw mode in hex %F File type %g Group ID of owner %G Group name of owner %h Number of hard links %i Inode number %n File name %N Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link %o I/O block size %s Total size, in bytes %t Major device type in hex %T Minor device type in hex %h same as %b %H hour (00..23) %I hour (01..12) %j day of year (001..366) %i File System ID in hex %l Maximum length of filenames %n File name %s Block size (for faster transfers) %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) %t Type in hex %T Type in human readable form %k hour ( 0..23) %l hour ( 1..12) %m month (01..12) %M minute (00..59) %n a newline %N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) %p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known %P like %p, but lower case %r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM) %R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M %s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u User ID of owner %U User name of owner %x Time of last access %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch %y Time of last modification %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch %z Time of last change %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch %x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99) %X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48) %y last two digits of year (00..99) %Y year %z +hhmm numeric timezone (e.g., -0400) %:z +hh:mm numeric timezone (e.g., -04:00) %::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00) %:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30) %Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT) By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes. + TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like `match' or an operator like `/' ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION --output-delimiter=STR separate columns with STR --userspec=USER:GROUP specify user and group (ID or name) to use --groups=G_LIST specify supplementary groups as g1,g2,..,gN -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -A, --auto-reference output automatically generated references -G, --traditional behave more like System V `ptx' -F, --flag-truncation=STRING use STRING for flagging line truncations -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks -b, --bytes equivalent to `--apparent-size --block-size=1' -c, --total produce a grand total -D, --dereference-args dereference only symlinks that are listed on the command line -C list entries by columns --color[=WHEN] colorize the output. WHEN defaults to `always' or can be `never' or `auto'. More info below -d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links -D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode -D create all leading components of DEST except the last, then copy SOURCE to DEST -g, --group=GROUP set group ownership, instead of process' current group -m, --mode=MODE set permission mode (as in chmod), instead of rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=OWNER set ownership (super-user only) -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names -h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line follow symbolic links listed on the command line --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory --hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A) -I prompt once before removing more than three files, or when removing recursively. Less intrusive than -i, while still giving protection against most mistakes --interactive[=WHEN] prompt according to WHEN: never, once (-I), or always (-i). Without WHEN, prompt always -L FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h) -O FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID -p FILE FILE exists and is a named pipe -r FILE FILE exists and read permission is granted -s FILE FILE exists and has a size greater than zero -L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links -P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default) -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -S, --separate-dirs do not include size of subdirectories -s, --summarize display only a total for each argument -L, --logical use PWD from environment, even if it contains symlinks -P, --physical avoid all symlinks -M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx' -O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives -R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences -T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives -N, --read-bytes=BYTES limit dump to BYTES input bytes -S, --strings[=BYTES] output strings of at least BYTES graphic chars -t, --format=TYPE select output format or formats -v, --output-duplicates do not use * to mark line suppression -w, --width[=BYTES] output BYTES bytes per output line --traditional accept arguments in traditional form -P, --portability use the POSIX output format --sync invoke sync before getting usage info -t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE -T, --print-type print file system type -x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE -v (ignored) -S sort by file size --sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time -S FILE FILE exists and is a socket -t FD file descriptor FD is opened on a terminal -u FILE FILE exists and its set-user-ID bit is set -w FILE FILE exists and write permission is granted -x FILE FILE exists and execute (or search) permission is granted -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create the links -T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file -v, --verbose print name of each linked file -SSTRING, --sep-string[=STRING] separate columns by STRING, without -S: Default separator with -J and otherwise (same as -S" "), no effect on column options -t, --omit-header omit page headers and trailers -T, --omit-pagination omit page headers and trailers, eliminate any pagination by form feeds set in input files -v, --show-nonprinting use octal backslash notation -w, --width=PAGE_WIDTH set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters for multiple text-column output only, -s[char] turns off (72) -T, -w, --mesg add user's message status as +, - or ? -u, --users list users logged in --message same as -T --writable same as -T -W, --page-width=PAGE_WIDTH set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters always, truncate lines, except -J option is set, no interference with -S or -s -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword -b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting -g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields -i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE -o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of NAME to CTX -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each NAME to CTX -a change only the access time -c, --no-create do not create any files -d, --date=STRING parse STRING and use it instead of current time -f (ignored) -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -a, --all include dummy file systems -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks --total produce a grand total -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories --apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be larger due to holes in (`sparse') files, internal fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like -a, --all convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks --first-only convert only leading sequences of blanks (overrides -a) -t, --tabs=N have tabs N characters apart instead of 8 (enables -a) -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated LIST of tab positions (enables -a) -a, --archive same as -dR --preserve=all --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument --copy-contents copy contents of special files when recursive -d same as --no-dereference --preserve=links -a, --suffix-length=N use suffixes of length N (default %d) -b, --bytes=SIZE put SIZE bytes per output file -C, --line-bytes=SIZE put at most SIZE bytes of lines per output file -d, --numeric-suffixes use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic -l, --lines=NUMBER put NUMBER lines per output file -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline -b, --binary read in binary mode -b, --binary read in binary mode (default unless reading tty stdin) -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -b, --bytes=LIST select only these bytes -c, --characters=LIST select only these characters -d, --delimiter=DELIM use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignore leading blanks -d, --dictionary-order consider only blanks and alphanumeric characters -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case characters -b, --suffix-format=FORMAT use sprintf FORMAT instead of %02d -f, --prefix=PREFIX use PREFIX instead of `xx' -k, --keep-files do not remove output files on errors -c, --bytes=K output the last K bytes; alternatively, use -c +K to output bytes starting with the Kth of each file -c, --bytes=[-]K print the first K bytes of each file; with the leading `-', print all but the last K bytes of each file -n, --lines=[-]K print the first K lines instead of the first 10; with the leading `-', print all but the last K lines of each file -c, --check read %s sums from the FILEs and check them -c, --check, --check=diagnose-first check for sorted input; do not sort -C, --check=quiet, --check=silent like -c, but do not report first bad line --compress-program=PROG compress temporaries with PROG; decompress them with PROG -d --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -c, --crown-margin preserve indentation of first two lines -p, --prefix=STRING reformat only lines beginning with STRING, reattaching the prefix to reformatted lines -s, --split-only split long lines, but do not refill -c, --no-create do not create any files -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -d, --directory create a directory, not a file -u, --dry-run do not create anything; merely print a name (unsafe) -q, --quiet suppress diagnostics about file/dir-creation failure -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes -e, --echo treat each ARG as an input line -i, --input-range=LO-HI treat each number LO through HI as an input line -n, --head-count=COUNT output at most COUNT lines -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries --file-type likewise, except do not append `*' --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso -f omit the line of column headings in short format -w omit the user's full name in short format -i omit the user's full name and remote host in short format -q omit the user's full name, remote host and idle time in short format -f same as -t fF, select floats -i same as -t dI, select decimal ints -l same as -t dL, select decimal longs -o same as -t o2, select octal 2-byte units -s same as -t d2, select decimal 2-byte units -x same as -t x2, select hexadecimal 2-byte units -f FILE FILE exists and is a regular file -g FILE FILE exists and is set-group-ID -G FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID -h FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L) -k FILE FILE exists and has its sticky bit set -f, --canonicalize canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively; all but the last component must exist -e, --canonicalize-existing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, all components must exist -f, --fields=LIST select only these fields; also print any line that contains no delimiter character, unless the -s option is specified -n (ignored) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -f, --force if an existing destination file cannot be opened, remove it and try again (redundant if the -n option is used) -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite (overrides a previous -n option) -H follow command-line symbolic links in SOURCE -f, --force change permissions to allow writing if necessary -n, --iterations=N overwrite N times instead of the default (%d) --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -s, --size=N shred this many bytes (suffixes like K, M, G accepted) -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --reference=RFILE use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values -R, --recursive change files and directories recursively -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's group rather than specifying a GROUP value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's owner and group rather than specifying OWNER:GROUP values -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -g like -l, but do not list owner -g GID[,GID1...] also set the primary group-ID to the numeric GID, and (if specified) supplemental group IDs to GID1, ... -g, --general-numeric-sort compare according to general numerical value -i, --ignore-nonprinting consider only printable characters -M, --month-sort compare (unknown) < `JAN' < ... < `DEC' -h, --header-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering header lines -i, --line-increment=NUMBER line number increment at each line -l, --join-blank-lines=NUMBER group of NUMBER empty lines counted as one -n, --number-format=FORMAT insert line numbers according to FORMAT -p, --no-renumber do not reset line numbers at logical pages -s, --number-separator=STRING add STRING after (possible) line number -h, --header=HEADER use a centered HEADER instead of filename in page header, -h "" prints a blank line, don't use -h"" -i[CHAR[WIDTH]], --output-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] replace spaces with CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -J, --join-lines merge full lines, turns off -W line truncation, no column alignment, --sep-string[=STRING] sets separators -h, --human-numeric-sort compare human readable numbers (e.g., 2K 1G) -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the timestamps of a symlink) -m change only the modification time -i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing fields -j FIELD equivalent to `-1 FIELD -2 FIELD' -o FORMAT obey FORMAT while constructing output line -t CHAR use CHAR as input and output field separator -i, --initial do not convert tabs after non blanks -t, --tabs=NUMBER have tabs NUMBER characters apart, not 8 -i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage -k like --block-size=1K -l, --local limit listing to local file systems --no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) -i, --interactive prompt whether to remove destinations -L, --logical make hard links to symbolic link references -n, --no-dereference treat destination that is a symlink to a directory as if it were a normal file -P, --physical make hard links directly to symbolic links -s, --symbolic make symbolic links instead of hard links -k like --block-size=1K -l, --count-links count sizes many times if hard linked -m like --block-size=1M -k, --key=POS1[,POS2] start a key at POS1 (origin 1), end it at POS2 (default end of line) -m, --merge merge already sorted files; do not sort -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -l, --length=PAGE_LENGTH set the page length to PAGE_LENGTH (66) lines (default number of lines of text 56, and with -F 63) -m, --merge print all files in parallel, one in each column, truncate lines, but join lines of full length with -J -l, --link link files instead of copying -L, --dereference always follow symbolic links in SOURCE -l, --login print system login processes -m, --canonicalize-missing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, without requirements on components existence -n, --no-newline do not output the trailing newline -q, --quiet, -s, --silent suppress most error messages -v, --verbose report error messages -m, --mode=MODE set file permission bits to MODE, not a=rw - umask -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each created directory to CTX -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -n, --lines=K output the last K lines, instead of the last %d; or use -n +K to output lines starting with the Kth --max-unchanged-stats=N with --follow=name, reopen a FILE which has not changed size after N (default %d) iterations to see if it has been unlinked or renamed (this is the usual case of rotated log files) -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file (overrides a previous -i option) -P, --no-dereference never follow symbolic links in SOURCE -n, --numeric-sort compare according to string numerical value -R, --random-sort sort by random hash of keys --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -r, --reverse reverse the result of comparisons -n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o like -l, but do not list group information -p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories -n[SEP[DIGITS]], --number-lines[=SEP[DIGITS]] number lines, use DIGITS (5) digits, then SEP (TAB), default counting starts with 1st line of input file -N, --first-line-number=NUMBER start counting with NUMBER at 1st line of first page printed (see +FIRST_PAGE) -o, --indent=MARGIN offset each line with MARGIN (zero) spaces, do not affect -w or -W, MARGIN will be added to PAGE_WIDTH -r, --no-file-warnings omit warning when a file cannot be opened -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output -s, --stable stabilize sort by disabling last-resort comparison -S, --buffer-size=SIZE use SIZE for main memory buffer -p same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps --preserve[=ATTR_LIST] preserve the specified attributes (default: mode,ownership,timestamps), if possible additional attributes: context, links, xattr, all -p DIR use DIR as a prefix; implies -t [deprecated] -t interpret TEMPLATE as a single file name component, relative to a directory: $TMPDIR, if set; else the directory specified via -p; else /tmp [deprecated] -p, --parents remove DIRECTORY and its ancestors; e.g., `rmdir -p a/b/c' is similar to `rmdir a/b/c a/b a' -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every directory processed -p, --preserve-timestamps apply access/modification times of SOURCE files to corresponding destination files -s, --strip strip symbol tables --strip-program=PROGRAM program used to strip binaries -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -v, --verbose print the name of each directory as it is created -q, --count all login names and number of users logged on -r, --runlevel print current runlevel -s, --short print only name, line, and time (default) -t, --time print last system clock change -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -r, --reference=FILE display the last modification time of FILE -R, --rfc-2822 output date and time in RFC 2822 format. Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=FILE use this FILE's size -s, --size=SIZE use this SIZE -r, --reference=FILE use this file's times instead of current time -t STAMP use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time --time=WORD change the specified time: WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent to -a WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to -m -r, --references first field of each line is a reference -t, --typeset-mode - not implemented - -w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded -r, --reverse reverse order while sorting -R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively -s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL specify the name or number of the signal to be sent -l, --list list signal names, or convert signal names to/from numbers -t, --table print a table of signal information -s, --sleep-interval=N with -f, sleep for approximately N seconds (default 1.0) between iterations -v, --verbose always output headers giving file names -s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -s[CHAR], --separator[=CHAR] separate columns by a single character, default for CHAR is the character without -w and 'no char' with -w -s[CHAR] turns off line truncation of all 3 column options (-COLUMN|-a -COLUMN|-m) except -w is set -t sort by modification time -T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP use SEP instead of non-blank to blank transition -T, --temporary-directory=DIR use DIR for temporaries, not $TMPDIR or %s; multiple options specify multiple directories -u, --unique with -c, check for strict ordering; without -c, output only the first of an equal run -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -t, --tagged-paragraph indentation of first line different from second -u, --uniform-spacing one space between words, two after sentences -w, --width=WIDTH maximum line width (default of 75 columns) -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -u, --update move only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -t, --text read in text mode (default if reading tty stdin) -t, --text read in text mode (default) -u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time -U do not sort; list entries in directory order -v natural sort of (version) numbers within text -u, --remove truncate and remove file after overwriting -v, --verbose show progress -x, --exact do not round file sizes up to the next full block; this is the default for non-regular files -z, --zero add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system -u, --user=USER set user USER in the target security context -r, --role=ROLE set role ROLE in the target security context -t, --type=TYPE set type TYPE in the target security context -l, --range=RANGE set range RANGE in the target security context -v, --kernel-version print the kernel version -m, --machine print the machine hardware name -p, --processor print the processor type or "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform print the hardware platform or "unknown" -o, --operating-system print the operating system -v, --starting-line-number=NUMBER first line number on each logical page -w, --number-width=NUMBER use NUMBER columns for line numbers -w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines -w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value -x list entries by lines instead of by columns -X sort alphabetically by entry extension -Z, --context print any SELinux security context of each file -1 list one file per line -x, --one-file-system skip directories on different file systems -X, --exclude-from=FILE exclude files that match any pattern in FILE --exclude=PATTERN exclude files that match PATTERN --max-depth=N print the total for a directory (or file, with --all) only if it is N or fewer levels below the command line argument; --max-depth=0 is the same as --summarize -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline Processes in an uninterruptible sleep state also contribute to the load average. [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \0NNN byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits) \xHH byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits) \NNN byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits) \xHH byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits) \uHHHH Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character with hex value HHHH (4 digits) \UHHHHHHHH Unicode character with hex value HHHHHHHH (8 digits) \\ backslash \a alert (BEL) \b backspace \c produce no further output \e escape \f form feed \n new line \r carriage return \t horizontal tab \v vertical tab \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline lcase change upper case to lower case binary use binary I/O for data cio use concurrent I/O for data d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer direct use direct I/O for data directory fail unless a directory dsync use synchronized I/O for data fullblock accumulate full blocks of input (iflag only) if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin iflag=FLAGS read as per the comma separated symbol list obs=BYTES write BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout oflag=FLAGS write as per the comma separated symbol list seek=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS obs-sized blocks at start of output skip=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS ibs-sized blocks at start of input status=noxfer suppress transfer statistics noatime do not update access time nocreat do not create the output file excl fail if the output file already exists notrunc do not truncate the output file ucase change lower case to upper case swab swap every pair of input bytes noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file noerror continue after read errors sync pad every input block with NULs to ibs-size; when used with block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing fsync likewise, but also write metadata nofollow do not follow symlinks nolinks fail if multiply-linked nonblock use non-blocking I/O none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups sync likewise, but also for metadata text use text I/O for data %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% %H:%M%P %s-blocks Used Available Capacity (backup: %s) * [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c') [-]echo echo input characters * [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho [-]echoe same as [-]crterase [-]echok echo a newline after a kill character * [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill [-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters * [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\' and '/' [-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters [-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters * [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase * [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character [-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters [-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control [-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence) [-]tandem same as [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded * [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline * [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters * [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays * [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase * [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline * [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return * [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column [-]opost postprocess output * tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3] * tabs same as tab0 * -tabs same as tab3 * vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1] * eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line * lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal * rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it * rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows * size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel speed print the terminal speed time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second ??:???? Mounted on TTY context=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu groups= old on repetition %s % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %.*s: invalid conversion specification%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu user%lu users%s%s (for regexp %s)%s -> %s (unbackup) %s [-d] terminated abnormally%s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has appeared; following end of new file%s has become accessible%s has become inaccessible%s has been replaced with a remote file. giving up on this name%s has been replaced with an untailable file; giving up on this name%s has been replaced; following end of new file%s has unknown file type%s has unusable, apparently negative size%s home page: <%s> %s home page: %s is not a valid positive integer%s is too large%s may be used only on a SELinux kernel%s was specified but %s was not%s%s argument `%s' too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s: line number out of range%s: %s: match not found%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: binary operator expected%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot change nonblocking mode%s: cannot find name for user ID %lu %s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot lseek back to original position%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot rewind%s: cannot seek%s: cannot seek to end-relative offset %s%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: cannot seek to relative offset %s%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: cannot skip%s: cannot skip to specified offset%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: couldn't reset non-blocking mode%s: descend into directory %s? %s: descend into write-protected directory %s? %s: end of file%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: error truncating%s: error writing at offset %s%s: expected a numeric value%s: failed to close%s: failed to open for writing%s: failed to remove%s: fcntl failed%s: fdatasync failed%s: file has negative size%s: file has shrunk too much%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: fstat failed%s: fsync failed%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input contains an odd number of tokens%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid count at start of %s%s: invalid directive%s: invalid field specification %s%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of passes%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid number to ignore%s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: lseek failed%s: multiple signals specified%s: new permissions are %s, not %s%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: no size information for this device%s: not listing already-listed directory%s: number of bytes is too large%s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove all arguments recursively? %s: remove all arguments? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s: seek failed%s: too many checksum lines%s: try to overwrite %s, overriding mode %04lo (%s)? %s: unable to determine maximum file name length%s: unable to perform all requested operations%s: unary operator expected%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: value not completely converted%s: write error%s:%lu: invalid line; missing second token%s:%lu: invalid zero-length file name%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}''')' expected')' expected, found %s(C)* file systems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS version 3 clients * compressed file systems * log-structured or journaled file systems, such as those supplied with AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.) * file systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes fail, such as RAID-based file systems * file systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server , load average: %.2f, %g s, %s/s --%s argument %s too large--context (-Z) works only on an SELinux-enabled kernel--reflink can be used only with --sparse=auto-R --dereference requires either -H or -L-R -h requires -P-ef does not accept -l-nt does not accept -l-ot does not accept -l??? ?????AbortedAddress family for hostname not supportedAlarm clockAll arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. All requests doneArgument buffer too smallArnold RobbinsBad system callBad value for ai_flagsBrian FoxBroken pipeBus errorCAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important assumption: that the file system overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern file system designs do not satisfy this assumption. The following are examples of file systems on which shred is not effective, or is not guaranteed to be effective in all file system modes: COMMENTCPU time limit exceededCall the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1. Call the unlink function to remove the specified FILE. Change the effective user id and group id to that of USER. -, -l, --login make the shell a login shell -c, --command=COMMAND pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c -f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment do not reset environment variables -p same as -m -s, --shell=SHELL run SHELL if /etc/shells allows it Change the group of each FILE to GROUP. With --reference, change the group of each FILE to that of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the security context of each FILE to CONTEXT. With --reference, change the security context of each FILE to that of RFILE. -h, --no-dereference affect symbolic links instead of any referenced file Chet RameyChild exitedColin PlumbCompare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output. -A, --show-all equivalent to -vET -b, --number-nonblank number nonempty output lines -e equivalent to -vE -E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line -n, --number number all output lines -s, --squeeze-blank suppress repeated empty output lines ContinuedConvert blanks in each FILE to tabs, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Copy a file, converting and formatting according to the operands. bs=BYTES read and write BYTES bytes at a time (also see ibs=,obs=) cbs=BYTES convert BYTES bytes at a time conv=CONVS convert the file as per the comma separated symbol list count=BLOCKS copy only BLOCKS input blocks ibs=BYTES read BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. -a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals Create a temporary file or directory, safely, and print its name. TEMPLATE must contain at least 3 consecutive `X's in last component. If TEMPLATE is not specified, use tmp.XXXXXXXXXX, and --tmpdir is implied. Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDiagnose invalid or unportable file names. -p check for most POSIX systems -P check for empty names and leading "-" --portability check for all POSIX systems (equivalent to -p -P) Directory: Display file or file system status. -L, --dereference follow links -f, --file-system display file system status instead of file status Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date. -d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not `now' -f, --file=DATEFILE like --date once for each line of DATEFILE Dmitry V. LevinDrop any supplemental groups, assume the user-ID and group-ID of the specified USER (numeric ID or user name), and run COMMAND with any specified ARGUMENTs. Exit with status 111 if unable to assume the required user and group ID. Otherwise, exit with the exit status of COMMAND. This program is useful only when run by root (user ID zero). EMT trapEXITEach range is one of: N N'th byte, character or field, counted from 1 N- from N'th byte, character or field, to end of line N-M from N'th to M'th (included) byte, character or field -M from first to M'th (included) byte, character or field With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Echo the STRING(s) to standard output. -n do not output the trailing newline Eric BlakeExit with a status code indicating failure.Exit with a status code indicating success.Exit with the status determined by EXPRESSION. F. PinardFAILEDFIXME: unknownFORMAT must be suitable for printing one argument of type `double'; it defaults to %.PRECf if FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are all fixed point decimal numbers with maximum precision PREC, and to %g otherwise. Fifos do not have major and minor device numbers.File size limit exceededFilesystem Filesystem TypeFilter adjacent matching lines from INPUT (or standard input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output). With no options, matching lines are merged to the first occurrence. Floating point exceptionFor complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' For each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by whitespace. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input. -a FILENUM print unpairable lines coming from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2 -e EMPTY replace missing input fields with EMPTY Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block. General help using GNU software: Giuseppe ScrivanoH. Peter AnvinHangupI/O possibleIDLEIan Lance TaylorIdleIf FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Illegal instructionIn addition, file system backups and remote mirrors may contain copies of the file that cannot be removed, and that will allow a shredded file to be recovered later. In real life: In the 1st form, create a link to TARGET with the name LINK_NAME. In the 2nd form, create a link to TARGET in the current directory. In the 3rd and 4th forms, create links to each TARGET in DIRECTORY. Create hard links by default, symbolic links with --symbolic. When creating hard links, each TARGET must exist. Symbolic links can hold arbitrary text; if later resolved, a relative link is interpreted in relation to its parent directory. In the case of ext3 file systems, the above disclaimer applies (and shred is thus of limited effectiveness) only in data=journal mode, which journals file data in addition to just metadata. In both the data=ordered (default) and data=writeback modes, shred works as usual. Ext3 journaling modes can be changed by adding the data=something option to the mount options for a particular file system in the /etc/fstab file, as documented in the mount man page (man mount). Infinity BInformation requestInterruptInterrupted by a signalInvalid back referenceInvalid character class nameInvalid collation characterInvalid content of \{\}Invalid preceding regular expressionInvalid range endInvalid regular expressionJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfKilledLINELOGINList information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort. LoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnMemory allocation failureMemory exhaustedMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNAMENameName or service not knownNo address associated with hostnameNo matchNo previous regular expressionNon-recoverable failure in name resolutionOKOnly one string may be given when deleting without squeezing repeats.Option --string without a number implies 3; option --width without a number implies 32. By default, od uses -A o -t oS -w16. Ordering options: Other options: Output a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. Determine format of output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output defaults Output fixed-size pieces of INPUT to PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ...; default size is 1000 lines, and default PREFIX is `x'. With no INPUT, or when INPUT is -, read standard input. Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files `xx00', `xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output. Output platform dependent limits in a format useful for shell scripts. Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. PIDPackaged by %s Packaged by %s (%s) Padraig BradyPaginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Parameter string not correctly encodedPassword:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlan: Power failurePremature end of regular expressionPrint ARGUMENT(s) according to FORMAT, or execute according to OPTION: Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print NAME with its trailing /component removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output `.' (meaning the current directory). Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s. -a, --all print all information, in the following order, except omit -p and -i if unknown: -s, --kernel-name print the kernel name -n, --nodename print the network node hostname -r, --kernel-release print the kernel release Print checksum and block counts for each FILE. -r use BSD sum algorithm, use 1K blocks -s, --sysv use System V sum algorithm, use 512 bytes blocks Print group memberships for each USERNAME or, if no USERNAME is specified, for the current process (which may differ if the groups database has changed). Print information about users who are currently logged in. Print machine architecture. Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT. -f, --format=FORMAT use printf style floating-point FORMAT -s, --separator=STRING use STRING to separate numbers (default: \n) -w, --equal-width equalize width by padding with leading zeroes Print or change terminal characteristics. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the current time, the length of time the system has been up, the number of users on the system, and the average number of jobs in the run queue over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes.Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. -s, --silent, --quiet print nothing, only return an exit status Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the full filename of the current working directory. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the name of the current user. Print the number of processing units available to the current process, which may be less than the number of online processors Print the prime factors of each specified integer NUMBER. If none are specified on the command line, read them from standard input. Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID. Same as id -un. Print user and group information for the specified USERNAME, or (when USERNAME omitted) for the current user. -a ignore, for compatibility with other versions -Z, --context print only the security context of the current user -g, --group print only the effective group ID -G, --groups print all group IDs -n, --name print a name instead of a number, for -ugG -r, --real print the real ID instead of the effective ID, with -ugG -u, --user print only the effective user ID Print value of a symbolic link or canonical file name Processing request in progressProfiling timer expiredProject: Q. Frank XiaQuitRandy SmithReal-time signal %dReformat each paragraph in the FILE(s), writing to standard output. The option -WIDTH is an abbreviated form of --width=DIGITS. Regular expression too bigRemove (unlink) the FILE(s). -f, --force ignore nonexistent files, never prompt -i prompt before every removal Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty ignore each failure that is solely because a directory is non-empty Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Report %s bugs to: %s Report %s translation bugs to Request canceledRequest not canceledResource lostRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonRun COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling. With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Nicenesses range from %d (most favorable scheduling) to %d (least favorable). -n, --adjustment=N add integer N to the niceness (default 10) Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals. Run COMMAND, with modified buffering operations for its standard streams. Run a program in a different security context. With neither CONTEXT nor COMMAND, print the current security context. CONTEXT Complete security context -c, --compute compute process transition context before modifying -t, --type=TYPE type (for same role as parent) -u, --user=USER user identity -r, --role=ROLE role -l, --range=RANGE levelrange Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerSegmentation faultSend signals to processes, or list signals. Servname not supported for ai_socktypeSet LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Set each NAME to VALUE in the environment and run COMMAND. -i, --ignore-environment start with an empty environment -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -u, --unset=NAME remove variable from the environment Shell: Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default. Shrink or extend the size of each FILE to the specified size A FILE argument that does not exist is created. If a FILE is larger than the specified size, the extra data is lost. If a FILE is shorter, it is extended and the extended part (hole) reads as zero bytes. Simon JosefssonSpecial files require major and minor device numbers.Stack faultStoppedStopped (signal)Stopped (tty input)Stopped (tty output)Stuart KempSuccessSummarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. System errorTIMETemporary failure in name resolutionTerminatedThe following optional flags may follow `%': - (hyphen) do not pad the field _ (underscore) pad with spaces 0 (zero) pad with zeros ^ use upper case if possible # use opposite case if possible The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. -H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it -L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered -P do not traverse any symbolic links (default) The strings compared were %s and %s.Torbjorn GranlundTrace/breakpoint trapTrailing backslashTranslate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing to standard output. -c, -C, --complement use the complement of SET1 -d, --delete delete characters in SET1, do not translate -s, --squeeze-repeats replace each input sequence of a repeated character that is listed in SET1 with a single occurrence of that character -t, --truncate-set1 first truncate SET1 to length of SET2 Try `%s --help' for more information. Try `%s ./%s' to remove the file %s. Two strings must be given when both deleting and squeezing repeats.Two strings must be given when translating.Ulrich DrepperUnknown errorUnknown signal %dUnknown system errorUnmatched ( or \(Unmatched ) or \)Unmatched [ or [^Unmatched \{Update the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time. A FILE argument that does not exist is created empty, unless -c or -h is supplied. A FILE argument string of - is handled specially and causes touch to change the times of the file associated with standard output. Urgent I/O conditionUsage: %s Usage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s CONTEXT COMMAND [args] or: %s [ -c ] [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-t TYPE] [-l RANGE] COMMAND [args] Usage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NUMBER[SUFFIX]... or: %s OPTION Pause for NUMBER seconds. SUFFIX may be `s' for seconds (the default), `m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. Unlike most implementations that require NUMBER be an integer, here NUMBER may be an arbitrary floating point number. Given two or more arguments, pause for the amount of time specified by the sum of their values. Usage: %s OPTION... COMMAND Usage: %s OPTION... FILE... Usage: %s OPTION... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [SETTING]... or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-a|--all] or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-g|--save] Usage: %s [-WIDTH] [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NAME] or: %s OPTION Print or set the hostname of the current system. Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPERAND]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] Print the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) for the current host. Usage: %s [OPTION] NEWROOT [COMMAND [ARG]...] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... CONTEXT FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-l RANGE] [-t TYPE] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... or: %s [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form) or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form) Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] or: %s -e [OPTION]... [ARG]... or: %s -i LO-HI [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Base64 encode or decode FILE, or standard input, to standard output. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] or: %s --traditional [OPTION]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Print or check %s (%d-bit) checksums. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [PREFIX]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [TEMPLATE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [VARIABLE]... Print the values of the specified environment VARIABLE(s). If no VARIABLE is specified, print name and value pairs for them all. Usage: %s [SHORT-OPTION]... USER COMMAND [ARGUMENT]... or: %s LONG-OPTION Usage: %s [SHORT-OPTION]... [STRING]... or: %s LONG-OPTION Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [ignored command line arguments] or: %s OPTION Usage: test EXPRESSION or: test or: [ EXPRESSION ] or: [ ] or: [ OPTION User defined signal 1User defined signal 2Using -s ignores -L and -P. Otherwise, the last option specified controls behavior when the source is a symbolic link, defaulting to %s. Valid arguments are:Valid format sequences for file systems: %a Free blocks available to non-superuser %b Total data blocks in file system %c Total file nodes in file system %d Free file nodes in file system %f Free blocks in file system %C SELinux security context string Virtual timer expiredWARNING: --page-increment is deprecated; use --line-increment insteadWARNING: --preserve_context is deprecated; use --preserve-context insteadWARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s WARNING: ignoring --context (-Z); this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --preserve-context; this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --strip-program option as -s option was not specifiedWarning: WhenWhereWindow changedWith --follow (-f), tail defaults to following the file descriptor, which means that even if a tail'ed file is renamed, tail will continue to track its end. This default behavior is not desirable when you really want to track the actual name of the file, not the file descriptor (e.g., log rotation). Use --follow=name in that case. That causes tail to track the named file in a way that accommodates renaming, removal and creation. Wrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write a random permutation of the input lines to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to standard output. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``-%c' extra characters or invalid number in the argument: %s`--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argument`-N NUMBER' invalid starting line number: %s`-W PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %s`-l PAGE_LENGTH' invalid number of lines: %s`-o MARGIN' invalid line offset: %s`-w PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %sa command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sai_family not supportedai_socktype not supportedambiguous argument %s for %san input delimiter may be specified only when operating on fieldsappending output to %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileblock special files not supportedboth SI and IEC prefixes present on unitsboth files cannot be standard inputbyte offset %s is too largecan't apply partial context to unlabeled file %scan't get process contextcannot access %scannot backup %scannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change ownership of %scannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot chdir to root directorycannot combine --target-directory (-t) and --no-target-directory (-T)cannot combine --target-directory and --no-target-directorycannot combine -e and -i optionscannot combine any two of {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}cannot combine block and unblockcannot combine excl and nocreatcannot combine lcase and ucasecannot combine mode and --reference optionscannot combine signal with -l or -tcannot compare file names %s and %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot create temporary file in %scannot dereference %scannot determine device and inode of %scannot determine hostnamecannot determine location of %s. reverting to pollingcannot do ioctl on %scannot find name for group ID %lucannot find name for user ID %lucannot follow %s by namecannot force target context to %s and preserve itcannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot get nicenesscannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open %s for writingcannot open directory %scannot operate on dangling symlink %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot perform formatted outputcannot preserve extended attributes, cp is built without xattr supportcannot preserve security context without an SELinux-enabled kernelcannot print "only" of more than one choicecannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot print security context when user specifiedcannot read directory %scannot read file names from %scannot read file system information for %scannot read realtime clockcannot read symbolic link %scannot read table of mounted file systemscannot remove %scannot remove directory: %scannot reposition file pointer for %scannot run %scannot set %scannot set datecannot set group idcannot set group-ID to %lucannot set groupscannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot set name to %scannot set nicenesscannot set time stamps for %scannot set user idcannot set user-ID to %lucannot skip past end of combined inputcannot specify --null (-0) with commandcannot specify both printing across and printing in parallelcannot specify number of columns when printing in parallelcannot specify times from more than one sourcecannot split in more than one waycannot stat %scannot stat current directory (now %s)cannot stat standard inputcannot touch %scannot un-backup %scannot unlink %scannot unset %scannot watch %scannot watch parent directory of %scannot work around kernel bug after allchanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %schanging security context of %s character offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special filecharacter special files not supportedclearing permissions for %sclock changeclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing directory %sclosing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputcompatibility mode supports at most one fileconflicting empty-field replacement stringsconflicting security context specifiers givencould not set buffering of %s to mode %s couldn't create process for %s -dcouldn't create temporary filecouldn't execute %scouldn't execute %s -dcouldn't find directory entry in %s with matching i-nodecouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %screating file %s creating hard link %screating hard link %s => %screating hard link to %.0s%screating symbolic link %screating symbolic link %s -> %sdelimiter list ends with an unescaped backslash: %sdirectorydivision by zerodup2 failedempty %s not allowedempty file nameempty taberror closing fileerror in regular expression matchererror in regular expression searcherror initializing month stringserror monitoring inotify eventerror reading %serror reading inotify eventerror waiting for commanderror writing %sexit=extra argument %sextra operand %sextra operand %s extra operand %s not allowed with -%cfailed to change context of %s to %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to chdir to %sfailed to clone %sfailed to compute a new contextfailed to create directory via template %sfailed to create file via template %sfailed to create security context: %sfailed to get attributes of %sfailed to get current contextfailed to get file system create contextfailed to get groups for the current processfailed to get groups for user %sfailed to get security context of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to open %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to redirect standard errorfailed to redirect stderr to /dev/nullfailed to remove %sfailed to remove directory %sfailed to render standard input unusablefailed to reopen %s with mode %sfailed to restore the default file creation contextfailed to return to initial working directoryfailed to run command %sfailed to set %s security context component to %sfailed to set additional groupsfailed to set default file creation context to %sfailed to set group-IDfailed to set new range %sfailed to set new role %sfailed to set new type %sfailed to set new user %sfailed to set supplemental group(s)failed to set the copy of stderr to close on execfailed to set the security context of %s to %sfailed to set user-IDfailed to stat %sfailed to turn off O_DIRECT: %sfailed to update the environment with %sfdatasync failed for %sfflush failedfield number %s is too largefield number is zerofields and positions are numbered from 1fifofile %d is not in sorted orderfile operands cannot be combined with --files0-fromfile operands cannot be combined with --print-database (-p)file system type %s both selected and excludedfork system call failedformat %s ends in %%format %s has no %% directiveformat %s has too many %% directivesformat %s has unknown %%%c directiveformat string may not be specified when printing equal width stringsfsync failed for %sfts_close failedfts_read failedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsignoring inputignoring input and appending output to %signoring input and redirecting stderr to stdoutignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %signoring non-option argumentsincompatible join fields %lu, %luincompatible tabsincorrect passwordinotify cannot be used, reverting to pollinginput disappearedinput line is too longinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid %s%s argument `%s'invalid --%s argument %sinvalid adjustment %sinvalid argument %sinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid body numbering style: %sinvalid buffering mode %s for %s invalid byte or field listinvalid character `%c' in type string %sinvalid character class %sinvalid context: %sinvalid conversioninvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid date %sinvalid date format %sinvalid decreasing rangeinvalid device %s %sinvalid device type %sinvalid field number: %sinvalid field specifier: %sinvalid field width: %sinvalid file number in field spec: %sinvalid floating point argument: %sinvalid footer numbering style: %sinvalid format precisioninvalid format widthinvalid gap width: %sinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid group list %sinvalid group: %sinvalid header numbering style: %sinvalid inputinvalid input flaginvalid input range %sinvalid integer %sinvalid integer argument %sinvalid line count %sinvalid line discipline %sinvalid line number field width: %sinvalid line number increment: %sinvalid line numbering format: %sinvalid line width: %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid maximum depth %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid modeinvalid mode %sinvalid mode: %sinvalid number %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of blank lines: %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of columns: %sinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid number of lines: 0invalid option -- %cinvalid option -- %c; -WIDTH is recognized only when it is the first option; use -w N insteadinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid output flaginvalid page range %sinvalid precision: %sinvalid range with no endpoint: -invalid repeat count %s in [c*n] constructinvalid specinvalid starting line number: %sinvalid status flaginvalid suffix %s, contains directory separatorinvalid suffix in %s%s argument `%s'invalid tab size: %sinvalid template, %s, contains directory separatorinvalid template, %s; with --tmpdir, it may not be absoluteinvalid time interval %sinvalid time style format %sinvalid trailing option -- %cinvalid type string %sinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte floating point typeinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte integral typeinvalid universal character name \%c%0*xinvalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sinvalid wrap size: %sinvalid zero-length file nameit is dangerous to operate recursively on %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)last=leading `-' in a component of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name component %sline buffering stdin is meaninglessline count option -%s%c... is too largeline number %s is smaller than preceding line number, %sline number overflowmaximum --%s argument with current rlimit is %smemory exhaustedmessage queueminimum --%s argument is %smisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing `]'missing argument after %smissing argument to %smissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing destination file operand after %smissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing file operandmissing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operandmissing operand after %smode must specify only file permission bitsmode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multi-character tab %smultiple -i options specifiedmultiple -l or -t options specifiedmultiple compress programs specifiedmultiple delimiters specifiedmultiple levelrangesmultiple output files specifiedmultiple output formats specifiedmultiple random sources specifiedmultiple relative modifiers specifiedmultiple rolesmultiple target directories specifiedmultiple typesmultiple usersneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno change to ownership of %s no command specifiedno file systems processedno files remainingno input from %sno login nameno process ID specifiedno type may be specified when dumping stringsno username specified; at least one must be specified when using -lnonportable character %s in file name %snot a ttynot writing through dangling symlink %snumber in %s is too largenumber of bytesnumber of linesoffset overflow while reading file %somitting directory %sonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one device may be specifiedonly one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %soption used in invalid context -- %coptions --backup and --no-clobber are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --preserve-timestamps are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --strip are mutually exclusiveoptions `-%s' are incompatibleoutput file suffixes exhaustedoverflow extending size of file %soverflow rounding up size of file %sownership of %s retained ownership of %s retained as %s page number overflowpage width too narrowpreserving permissions for %spreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedreading %sreading directory %srecord too largeredirecting stderr to stdoutregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %srun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptyset LC_ALL='C' to work around the problemsetting flags for %ssetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectskip-bytes + read-bytes is too largeskipping %s, since it's on a different deviceskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstderrstdinstdoutstray character in field specstring comparison failedstring transformation failedstrip process terminated abnormallysuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errorsystem boottab size cannot be 0tab size contains invalid character(s): %stab sizes must be ascendingtab stop is too large %stab stop value is too largetabs are too far aparttarget %s is not a directorytarget directory not allowed when installing a directoryterm=test and/or [the --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --compare (-C) option is ignored when you specify a mode with non-permission bitsthe --context (-Z) option is obsolete and will be removed in a future releasethe --quiet option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the argument %s lacks a leading `+'; when using an option to specify date(s), any non-option argument must be a format string beginning with `+'the delimiter must be a single characterthe options for verbose and stty-readable output styles are mutually exclusivethe options to output dircolors' internal database and to select a shell syntax are mutually exclusivethe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivethe strings compared were %s and %sthe strip option may not be used when installing a directorythe untransformed string was %stime %s is out of rangeto use user-ID %s you need to use -g tootoo few X's in template %stoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtoo many characters in settoo many repeated linestoo many templatestotaltraversal failed: %styped memory objectuid=%luunable to display error messageunable to record current working directoryunable to set security context %sunexpected failure: fts_info=%d: %s please report to %sunknown binary operatorunknown status from command (0x%X)unknown streamunknown user-ID: %sunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableunrecognized operand %sunrecognized prefix: %sup %ld day %2d:%02d, up %ld days %2d:%02d, up ???? days ??:??, use --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeuser %s does not existusing %s to denote standard input does not work in file system modeusing arbitrary-precision arithmeticusing restricted shell %susing single-precision arithmeticwaiting for %s [-d]waiting for stripwarning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredwarning: %s: failed to change context to %swarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: --retry is useful mainly when following by namewarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: `touch %s' is obsolete; use `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'warning: an unescaped backslash at end of string is not portablewarning: backslash at end of formatwarning: cannot change directory to %swarning: cannot remove: %swarning: following standard input indefinitely is ineffectivewarning: ignoring excess arguments, starting with %swarning: invalid file offset after failed readwarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: line number %s is the same as preceding line numberwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: summarizing conflicts with --max-depth=%luwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0warning: the --%s option is obsolete; use --referencewarning: the ambiguous octal escape \%c%c%c is being interpreted as the 2-byte sequence \0%c%c, %cwarning: unrecognized escape `\%c'warning: working around lseek kernel bug for file (%s) of mt_type=0x%0lx -- see for the list of typesweird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen reading file names from stdin, no file name of %s allowedwhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'will not copy %s through just-created symlink %swill not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swith --parents, the destination must be a directorywith --suffix, template %s must end in Xwrite errorwrite error for %swrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify -c, -t, -u, -l, -r, or contextyou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsyou must specify one of %s or %sProject-Id-Version: coreutils 8.3 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2010-01-23 23:15+0100 Last-Translator: Rafał Maszkowski Language-Team: Polish MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8-bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n==1 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n%10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2); ( WYRAŻENIE ) WYRAŻENIE jest prawdziwe ! WYRAŻENIE WYRAŻENIE jest fałszywe WYRAŻENIE1 -a WYRAŻENIE2 WYRAŻENIE1 i WYRAŻENIE2 są prawdziwe WYRAŻENIE1 -o WYRAŻENIE2 WYRAŻENIE1 lub WYRAŻENIE2 jest prawdziwe --check-order sprawdzenie czy dane wejściowe są prawidłowo posortowane, nawet jeżeli wszystkie linie mogą być sparowane --nocheck-order bez sprawdzenia czy dane wejściowe są prawidłowo posortowane -1 bez kolumny 1 (linii, które są tylko w PLIKU1 -2 bez kolumny 2 (linii, które są tylko w PLIKU2 -3 bez kolumny 3 (linii, które są w obu plikach -a, --all to samo co -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot czas ostatniego uruchomienia systemu -d, --dead wypisanie martwych procesów -H, --heading wypisanie linii nagłówków kolumn -b PLIK PLIK istnieje i jest urządzeniem blokowym -c PLIK PLIK istnieje i jest urządzeniem znakowym -d PLIK PLIK istnieje i jest katalogiem -e PLIK PLIK istnieje -l wyświetlenie szczegółowych informacji o UŻYTKOWNIKU -b pominięcie katalogu domowego i powłoki użytkownika w formacie szczegółowym -h pominięcie projektu użytkownika w formacie szczegółowym -p pominięcie planu użytkownika w formacie szczegółowym -s wyświetlenie informacji w formacie skróconym (domyślnie) [-n] NAPIS NAPIS ma długość różną od zera NAPIS równoważne z -n NAPIS -z NAPIS NAPIS ma długość równą zero NAPIS1 = NAPIS2 napisy są równe NAPIS1 != NAPIS2 napisy są różne ARG1 * ARG2 arytmetyczny iloczyn ARG1 i ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 arytmetyczny iloraz ARG1 przez ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 arytmetyczna reszta z dzielenia ARG1 przez ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 arytmetyczna suma ARG1 i ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 arytmetyczna różnica ARG1 i ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 jest mniejszy od ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 jest mniejszy lub równy ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 jest równy ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 nie jest równy ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 jest większy lub równy ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 jest większy od ARG2 PLIK1 -ef PLIK2 PLIK1 i PLIK2 mają ten sam numer urządzenia i i-węzła PLIK1 -nt PLIK2 PLIK1 jest nowszy niż PLIK2 (wg daty modyfikacji) PLIK1 -ot PLIK2 PLIK1 jest starszy niż PLIK2 LICZBA_CAŁKOWITA kopiowanie do podanej linii o numerze LICZBA_CAŁKOWITA, oprócz tej linii /REGEXP/[PRZESUNIĘCIE] kopiowanie do pasującej linii, oprócz tej linii %REGEXP%[PRZESUNIĘCIE] przeskoczenie do pasującej linii, ale bez niej samej {LICZBA_CAŁKOWITA} powtórzenie poprzedniego wzorca podaną liczbę razy {*} powtórzenie poprzedniego wzorca tyle razy ile się da PRZESUNIĘCIE linii musi się składać z `+' albo `-' oraz liczby całkowitej. LICZBA1 -eq LICZBA2 LICZBA1 równa LICZBIE2 (liczby całkowite) LICZBA1 -ge LICZBA2 LICZBA1 większa lub równa LICZBIE2 LICZBA1 -gt LICZBA2 LICZBA1 większa od LICZBY2 LICZBA1 -le LICZBA2 LICZBA1 mniejsza lub równa LICZBIE2 LICZBA1 -lt LICZBA2 LICZBA1 mniejsza od LICZBY2 LICZBA1 -ne LICZBA2 LICZBA1 jest różna od LICZBY2 NAPIS : WYR_REG dopasowanie wyrażenia regularnego WYR_REG do NAPISU match NAPIS WYR_REG tak jak NAPIS : WYR_REG substr NAPIS POZ DŁUGOŚĆ część NAPISU od POZYCJI liczonej od 1 index NAPIS ZNAKI położenie jednego ze ZNAKÓW w NAPISIE, lub 0 length NAPIS długość NAPISU a numerowanie wszystkich linii t numerowanie tylko niepustych linii n bez numerowania linii pPODST_WYR_REG numerowanie tylko linii pasujących do PODSTAWOWEGO_WYRAŻENIA_REGULARNAEGO FORMAT to jeden z: ln dosunięte do lewej, bez zer na początku rn dosunięte do prawej, bez zer na początku rz dosunięte do prawej, z zerami na początku b specjalny plik blokowy (buforowany) c, u specjalny plik znakowy (niebuforowany) p potok (FIFO) liczba użytkowników=%lu -t jest włączane jeżeli DŁUGOŚĆ_STRONY <= 10. Jeżeli PLIK nie jest podany albo podany jako -, czytane jest standardowe wejście. Pole to ciąg znaków odstępu (zwykle spacji i/lub znaków TAB), za którym są znaki nie będące znakami odstepu. Pola są przeskakiwane przed przeskakiwaniem znaków. Uproszczona wersja programu `finger'. Wyświetla informacje o użytkownikach. Ścieżka do pliku utmp: %s . Argument - implikuje -i. Jeśli nie podano POLECENIA, wyświetla otrzymane środowisko. Sam - jest równoznaczny -l. Jeśli brak UŻYTKOWNIKA, domyślnym jest root. Po dowolnej fladze może opcjonalnie wystąpić szerokość pola w postaci liczby dziesiętnej, potem opcjonalny modyfikator: E - żeby użyć alternatywnej reprezentacji lokalnej albo O - żeby użyć alternatywnych symboli numerycznych, jeżeli są dostepne Jeżeli brakuje WYRAŻENIA, domyślna wartość to fałsz. W przeciwnym przypadku WYRAŻENIE jest prawdziwe lub fałszywe i wynika z niego kod stanu - jeden z: W przypadku specjalnym cp robi kopię zapasową ŹRÓDŁA jeżeli są podane opcje force i backup, a ŹRÓDŁO i CEL są tą samą nazwą istniejącego pliku zwykłego BLOKI i BAJTY mogą mieć następujące przyrostki mnożące: c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024, itd. dla T, P, E, Z, Y. Każde SŁOWO_KL może być: Większość operatorów musi być chroniona przed interpretacją przez powłokę znakiem `\' lub cudzysłowami. Porównania są arytmetyczne, jeśli obydwa ARGUMENTY są liczbami, w przeciwnym wypadku - leksykograficzne. Dopasowania zwracają napis zgodny ze wzorcem zawartym pomiędzy \( i \) lub 0; jeśli \( i \) nie zostały użyte, dopasowanie zwraca liczbę zgodnych znaków lub 0. Dla TYPÓW b, c i u musi być podany zarówno WIĘKSZY jak MNIEJSZY numer urządzenia. Oba numery muszą być pominięte jeżeli TYP to p. Jeżeli WIĘKSZY lub MNIEJSZY zaczyna się od 0x albo 0X, jest interpretowany jako liczba szesnastkowa. Jeżeli zaczyna się od 0 - jako ósemkowa. W innych wypadkach - jako dzięsiątkowa. TYP może być: Domyślnie rm nie usuwa katalogów. Użyj opcji --recursive (albo -r albo -R) żeby skasować również wszystkie podane katalogi z zawartością. Domyślnie wybrane są -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC to dwa ograniczniki oddzielające strony logiczne. Jeżeli brakuje drugiego przyjmowana jest wartość :. Napisz \\ żeby uzyskać \. STYL to jeden z: Domyślnie ŹRÓDŁOWE pliki rzadkie są wykrywane prostą heurystyką i odpowiedni plik CEL jest tworzony też jako rzadki. Takie zachowanie jest wybierane przez --sparse=auto. Podaj --sparse=always (zawsze) żeby utworzyć rzadki plik CEL zawsze gdy plik ŹRÓDŁOWY zawiera wystarczająco długą sekwencję zer. Użyj --sparse=never (nigdy) żeby zakazać tworzenia plików rzadkich. Jeżeli podane jest --reflink[=always] zostanie wykonane lekkie kopiowanie, co oznacza, że bloki z danymi będą skopiowane w inne miejsce tylko gdy zostaną później zmodyfikowane. Jeżeli takie kopiowanie nie jest możliwe, polecenie nie wykona kopiowania i zwróci błąd. Jeżeli podane jest --reflink=auto, w razie niemożności wykonania lekkiego kopiowania zostanie wykonane kopiowanie zwykłe. Kombinacje ustawień: * [-]LCASE jak [-]lcase cbreak jak -icanon -cbreak jak icanon Ustawienia sterujące: [-]clocal wyłączenie sygnałów sterowania modemu [-]cread włączenie odbioru z wejścia * [-]crtscts włączenie protokołu RTS/CTS (handshaking) csN ustawienie wielkości znaku na N bitów, N w zakresie [5..8] Wartości są wypisywane w jednostkach pierwszego dostępnego ROZMIARU z opcji --block-size i ze zmiennych środowiskowych %s_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE i BLOCKSIZE. Jeżeli jednostka nie jest dostępna to domyślnie wynosi 1024 bajty albo 512 bajtów jeżeli ustawiona jest zmienna POSIXLY_CORRECT. Do FLAG należą: append tryb dopisywania (ma sens tylko dla wyjścia) UPRAWNIENIA mają formę `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Przykłady: %s -12 plik1 plik2 Wypisanie tylko linii obecnych zarówno w pliku1 jak w pliku2 %s -3 plik1 plik2 Wypisanie linie, które są w pliku1, a nie ma ich w pliku2 i odwrotnie Przykłady: %s /usr/bin/sort Wynik: "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Wynik: "stdio". Przykłady: %s /usr/bin/sort Wynik: "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Wynik: ".". Przykłady: %s f - g Skopiowanie zawartości f na standardowe wyjście, potem zawartości g. %s Skopiowanie standardowego wejścia na standardowe wyjście. Przykłady: %s root /u Zmiana właściciela /u na "root". %s root:staff /u Podobnie, ale również zmiana grupy na "staff". %s -hR root /u Zmiana właściciela /u i zawartości na "root". Przykłady: %s staff /u Zmiana grupy /u na "staff". %s -hR staff /u Zmiana grupy /u i zawartości na "staff". Wszystkie testy dotyczące PLIKÓW oprócz -h i -L rozwijają łącza symboliczne. Należy zwrócić uwagę na to, że nawiasy muszą być chronione (np. przez `\') przed interpretacją przez powłokę. LICZBA musi być całkowita i może mieć także postać -l NAPIS czyli długość NAPISU. Status wyjściowy jest zerem jeżeli WYRAŻENIE nie ma wartości null ani 0, 1 - jeżeli WYRAŻENIE ma wartośc null albo 0, 2 - jeżeli WYRAŻENIE ma błąd składni, 3 - jeżeli został wykryty inny błąd Kod wyjściowy: 0 jeżeli bez błędów, 1 przy drobnych problemach (np. brak dostępu do podkatalogu), 2 przy poważnych problemach (np. brak dostępu do podanego argumentu). FORMAT wyjścia jak w funkcji C printf. Rozpoznawane sekwencje: \" cudzysłów FORMAT steruje wyjściem. Rozpoznawane sekwencje: %% znak procenta % %a lokalny skrót nazwy dnia tygodnia (np. pon) Obsługa linii terminalowej podłączonej do standardowego wejścia. Bez argumentów wyświetla prędkość transmisji, rygor linii i odchylenia od stty sane. W ustawieniach ZNAK powinien być podany dosłownie lub zakodowany np. ^c, 0x37, 0177 lub 127; wartość ^- lub słowo undef są używane do wyłączania znaków specjalnych. Jeżeli jest włączona opcja -e, rozpoznawane są następujące sekwencje: Jeżeli PLIK jest podany jako -, zamazywane jest standardowe wyjście. Jeżeli podana jest opcja --remove (-u) PLIK jest kasowany. Domyślnie PLIK nie jest kasowany, ponieważ często operacje dotyczą plików urządzeń, jak /dev/hda, a takie pliki zwykle nie powinny być usuwane. Przy zamazywaniu zwykłych plików zwykle używa się opcji --remove. Jeśli nie podano PLIKU, używany jest %s. Często podaje się %s. Obecność ARG1 ARG2 implikuje -m. Typowe wywołania: `am i', `mom likes'. Jeżeli jest podany PLIK, jest czytany dla określenia jakie kolory są użyte z jakimi rozszerzeniami. W przeciwnym wypadku użyta jest wkompilowana baza danych. Szczegóły formatu tych plików można zobaczyć przez `dircolors --print-database'. Jeżeli PIERWSZA lub KROK są pominięte, mają domyślną wartość 1. Tzn. jeżeli KROK jest pominięty, domyślnie ma wartość 1, nawet jeżeli OSTATNIA jest mniejsza od PIERWSZEJ. PIERWSZA, KROK i OSTATNIA są interpretowane jako liczby zmiennoprzecinkowe. KROK zwykle jest dodatni, jeśli PIERWSZA jest mniejsza od OSTATNIEJ, KROK jest zwykle ujemny, jeśli PIERWSZA jest większa od OSTATNIEJ. Jeżeli TRYB to `0', odpowiedni strumień nie będzie buforowany. Jeżeli TRYB to `L', odpowiedni strumień będzie buforowany liniami. Opcja jest błędna dla standardowego wejścia. Jeżeli PLIK podany jest jako -, dane są kopiowane na standardowe wyjście. Jeżeli i pierwszy i drugi format pasuje do użytej składni, a ostatni argument zaczyna się od + albo (w przypadku dwóch argumentów) od cyfry, zakłada się, że został użyty format trzeci. PRZESUNIĘCIE oznacza to samo co -j PRZESUNIĘCIE. ETYKIETA to pseudo-adres wypisanego bajtu, zwiększa się w trakcie pracy programu. Dla PRZESUNIĘCIA i ETYKIETY przedrostek 0x lub 0X oznacza zapis szesnastkowy, zapis ósemkowy jest oznaczany przez przyrostek . , a przyrostek b oznacza wielokrotność 512. Jeżeli nie jest podane żadne polecenie, uruchamiany jest ``${SHELL} -i'' (domyślnie: /bin/sh). Jeżeli standardowym wejściem jest terminal, przekierowany jest do niego /dev/null . Jeżeli standardowym wyjściem jest terminal, dane wyjściowe, będą dołączone do `nohup.out' a jeżeli to niemożliwe, do `$HOME/nohup.out'. Jeżeli standardowe wyjście błędów jest terminalem, zostanie przekierowane na standardowe wyjście. Żeby zapisać dany wyjściowe do PLIKU należy użyć `%s POLECENIE > PLIK'. Jeżeli polecenie wyczerpie czas, program podaje status wyjściowy 124. W przeciwnym przypadku zwraca status polecenia. Jeżeli nie jest podany sygnał, wysyłany jest sygnał TERM. TERM zabija procesy, które nie przechwytują tego sygnału. Dla innych procesów może być konieczne użycie sygnału KILL (9), który nie może być przechwycony. Jeżeli pierwszy znak N (liczby bajtów lub linii) to `+', pisanie zaczyna się od N-tego elementu od początku każdego pliku. W przeciwnym wypadku wypisywane jest ostatnich N elementów pliku. N może mieć przyrostek mnożący: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024 itd. dla T, P, E, Z, Y. Ustawienia wejścia: [-]brkint znaki break powodują wysłanie sygnału przerwania [-]icrnl zamienianie znaków CR na NL [-]ignbrk ignorowanie znaku break [-]igncr ignorowanie znaku CR N może mieć przyrostek mnożący: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, itd. dla T, P, E, Z, Y. Licencja GPLv3+: GNU GPL wersja 3 albo późniejsza http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html To jest wolne oprogramowanie: masz prawo je zmieniać i rozpowszechniać. Autorzy nie dają ŻADNYCH GWARANCJI w granicach dozwolonych prawem. Ustawienia lokalne: [-]crterase wyświetlanie znaku erase jako BS-spacja-BS * crtkill kasowanie całej linii zgodnie z ustawieniami echoprt i echoe * -crtkill kasowanie całej linii zgodnie z ustawieniami echoctl i echok UWAGA: Jeżeli POLECENIE zmienia sposób buforowania swoich standardowych strumieni (robi to np. `tee'), przestawi wtedy ustawienia zmienione przez `stdbuf'. Niektóre filtry (jak `dd', `cat' itp.) nie używają strumienia dla operacji wejścia/wyjścia i ich parametry nie bedą zmienione przez `stdbuf'. UWAGA: [ interpretuje opcje --help i --version, ale test tego nie robi. test traktuje je jak każdy inny niepusty NAPIS. UWAGA: używana przez ciebie powłoka systemowa może mieć własną wersję %s, która zwykle zasłania wersję tu opisaną. Szczegóły opcji tego polecenia opisuje dokumentacja. Należy zauważyć, że opcje -d i -t akceptują różne formaty daty/czasu. Należy zauważyć, że opcje -r i -s wzajemnie się wykluczają. Zauważ, że porównania odbywają się zgodnie z regułami podanymi przez `LC_COLLATE'. Uwaga: `uniq' nie wykrywa powtórzeń linii, które nie następują bezpośrednio po sobie. Dane wejściowe można najpierw posortować albo użyć `sort -u' zamiast `uniq'. Porównania odbywają się zgodnie z regułami podanymi przez `LC_COLLATE'. Opcjonalny minus przed USTAWIENIEM oznacza zaprzeczenie. Gwiazdka * oznacza ustawienia spoza POSIX. System sam określa, które ustawienia są dostępne. W przeciwnym przypadku TRYB jest liczbą, do której można dodać jeden z przyrostków: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024 itd. dla G, T, P, E, Z, Y. W tym przypadku odpowiedni strumień będzie buforowany w buforze o rozmiarze MODE bajtów. Ustawienia dla wyjścia: * bsN styl opóźnienia po znaku BS, N w zakresie [0..1] * crN styl opóźnienia po znaku CR, N w zakresie [0..3] * ffN styl opóźnienia po znaku FF, N w zakresie [0..1] * nlN styl opóźnienia po znaku NL, N w zakresie [0..1] Właściciel nie będzie zmieniony, jeżeli nie został podany. Grupa nie będzie zmieniona, jeżeli nie została podana; będzie zmieniona na grupę główną, jeżeli po WŁAŚCICIELU został podany `:'. WŁAŚCICIEL i GRUPA mogą być podane zarówno numerycznie jak symbolicznie. POZ to P[.Z][OPCJE], gdzie P jest numerem pola, a Z pozycją znaku w polu; oba liczone od jedynki. Jeżeli nie jest użyta opcja -t ani -b, znaki w polu są liczone do początku poprzedzającego odstępu. OPCJE zawierają jedną lub więcej liter, które dla tego klucza są ważniejsze niż opcje globalne. Jeżeli nie jest podany klucz, cała linia jest używana jako klucz. ROZMIAR może być uzupełniony o następujące mnożniki: Wypisanie wartości WYRAŻENIA na standardowym wyjściu. Puste linie poniżej rozdzielają grupy o wzrastającym pierwszeństwie. WYRAŻENIE ma postać: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 jeśli nie jest pusty ani równy 0, inaczej ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 jeśli żaden argument nie jest pusty ani 0, inaczej 0 BAZĘ oznacza się d jeżeli jest dziesiętna, o - ósemkowa, x - szesnastkowa, n - żadna. BAJTY są w zapisie szesnastkowym jeżeli maja przedrostek 0x albo 0X; mogą mieć przyrostek mnożący: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024 itd. dla T, P, E, Z, Y. Dodanie przyrostka `z' do dowolnego typu dodaje wyświetlanie znaków drukowalnych na końcu każdej linii. Jeżeli PLIK jest podany jako -, czytane jest standardowe wejście. Możliwe WZORCE: Raporty o błędach %s wysyłaj do %s O błędach programu poinformuj %s O błędach tłumaczenia poinformuj translation-team-pl@lists.sourceforge.net ZBIORY są podawane jako ciągi znaków. Większość znaków reprezentuje same siebie. Specjalnie interpretowane ciągi to: \NNN znak o wartości ósemkowej NNN (od 1 do 3 cyfr ósemkowych) \\ ukośnik odwrotny \a znak BEL \b backspace \f nowa strona \n nowa linia \r powrót karetki \t tabulacja pozioma SYGNAŁ może być podany przez nazwę jak `HUP', numer jak `1' albo jako status wyjściowy procesu zakończonego przez sygnał. PID jest liczbą całkowitą, jeżeli ujemną, to oznacza grupę procesów. ROZMIAR jest liczbą. Dla TYPÓW d, o, u, x ROZMIAR może być też C dla sizeof(char), S dla sizeof(short), I dla sizeof(int) albo L dla sizeof(long). Jeżeli TYP to f, ROZMIAR może być też F dla sizeof(float), D dla sizeof(double) albo L dla sizeof(long double). ROZMIAR może być też poprzedzony przez jeden z następujących przedrostków: `+' zwiększ o, `-' zmniejsz o, `<' najwyżej, `>' co najmniej, `/' zaokrągl w dół do wielokrotności, `%' zaokrągl w górę do wielokrotności. ROZMIAR może być podany jako przyrostek albo jako liczba całkowita z przyrostkiem: kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024 itd. dla G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Wysłanie sygnału %s do działającego programu `dd' powoduje wypisanie statystyki wejścia i wyjścia na standardowym wyjściu błędów i kontynuację kopiowania. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s Znaki specjalne: * dsusp ZNAK ZNAK wysyła do terminala sygnał stopu po opróżnieniu wejścia eof ZNAK ZNAK wysyła znak końca pliku (końca wejścia) eol ZNAK ZNAK wysyła znak końca linii Ustawienia specjalne: N ustawienie prędkości wyjściowej i wejściowej na N bodów * cols N ustawienie szerokości terminala na N kolumn * columns N to samo co cols N TYP składa się z jednej lub więcej następujących specyfikacji: a nazwy znaków po zignorowaniu najstarszego bitu c znaki ASCII lub kody znaków z ukośnikiem odwrotnym Rozszerzenie nazwy kopii zapasowej to `~', jeżeli nie jest ustawione inaczej przez --suffix albo SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. Traktowanie wersji może być ustawione przez opcję --backup albo przez zmienną środowiska VERSION_CONTROL. Możliwe wartości: Dane są kodowane według opisu dla alfabetu o podstawie 64 (base64) w RFC 3548. Przy dekodowaniu oprócz znaków formalnego alfabetu base64 można napotkać znaki nowej linii. Program wywołany z opcją --ignore-garbage będzie próbował opuścić jakiekolwiek inne znaki nie z alfabetu base64. Następujące opcje są przydatne tylko przy sprawdzaniu sum kontrolnych: --quiet bez wypisywania OK dla każdego pozytywnie zweryfikowanego pliku --status bez wypisywania niczego, kod wyjścia przekazuje wynik -w, --warn ostrzeganie o niepoprawnie sformatowanych liniach sum Sumy są liczone wg opisu w %s. Przy sprawdzaniu dane wejściowe powinny być takie jak wygenerowane przez ten program na wyjściu. Domyślny tryb to wypisanie linii z sumą kontrolną, znaku wskazującego typ (`*' binarny, ` ' tekstowy) i nazwy każdego PLIKU. Prawidłowe specyfikacje formatu dla plików (bez opcji --file-system): %a prawa dostępu ósemkowo %A prawa dostępu w postaci czytelnej dla człowieka %b liczba zajętych bloków (zobacz %B) %B rozmiar w bajtach każdego bloku podanego przez `%b' %C kontekst bezpieczeństwa SELinuksa Program install kopiuje pliki (często dopiero co skompilowane) do docelowych lokalizacji wybranych przez użytkownika. Zamiast programu install można użyć programu do zarządzania pakietami takiego jak np. yum(1) albo apt-get(1), który może skopiować z sieci i zainstalować gotowy do użytku pakiet programów. W pierwszych trzech formatach kopiowane jest ŹRÓDŁO do CELU lub wiele ŹRÓDEŁ do istniejącego KATALOGU i ustawiane są uprawnienia oraz właściciel i grupa. W czwartym formacie tworzone są wszystkie katalogi składowe podanej ścieżki KATALOGU/ÓW. Żeby usunąć plik z nazwą zaczynająca się od `-', np. `-foo', można użyć jednego z poleceń: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Tradycyjne specyfikacje formatu mogą być mieszane, akumulują się: -a to samo co -t a, nazwy znaków po zignorowaniu najstarszego bitu -b to samo co -t o1, bajty ósemkowo -c to samo co -t c, znaki ASCII lub kody znaków z ukośnikiem odwrotnym -d to samo co -t u2, dziesiętnie liczby 2-bajtowe bez znaku Zamiana następuje gdy nie jest podana opcja -d i są podane oba zbiory, ZBIÓR1 i ZBIÓR2. Opcja -t może być użyta tylko przy zamianie. W razie potrzeby ZBIÓR2 jest uzupełniany do długości ZBIORU1 przez powtórzenie ostatniego znaku. Nadmiarowe znaki ZBIORU2 są ignorowane. Tylko [:lower:] i [:upper:] będą na pewno rozwinięte w porządku rosnącym; użyte w ZBIORZE2 przy zamianie, mogą być tylko zestawione w parach dla konwersji małe-wielkie litery. Jeżeli operacją nie jest ani zamiana ani kasowanie, -s używa ZBIORU1. W przeciwnym wypadku używa ZBIORU2 i kompresja powtórzeń zachodzi po zamianie i kasowaniu. Użyć można tylko jednej z opcji -b, -c albo -f. Każda LISTA składa się z jednego zakresu lub wielu zakresów oddzielonych przecinkami. Przefiltrowane dane wejściowe są wypisywane w tym samym porządku, w jakim są czytane i są wypisywane tylko raz. Używanie kolorów do wyróżnienia typów plików jest wyłączone domyślnie albo jeżeli użyta jest opcja --color=never. Przy --color-auto polecenie ls wysyła kody kolorów tylko jeżeli jest połączone z terminalem. Zmienna środowiskowa LS_COLORS może zmienić te ustawienia. Można ją ustawić przy pomocy polecenia dircolors. Jeżeli PLIK nie jest podany albo podany jako -, czytane jest standardowe wejście. Domyślnie użyta jest opcja `-F /'. Jeżeli nie został podany PLIK albo podany jest jako -, czytane jest standardowe wejście. Bez opcji wypisuje wyniki w trzech kolumnach. Pierwsza zawiera linie występujące tylko w PLIKU1, druga - tylko w PLIKU2, trzecia - występujące w obu plikach. Bez żadnych OPCJI wyświetla zestaw użytecznych informacji, które udało się zidentyfikować. Wypisanie jednoznacznej reprezentacji PLIKU, domyślnie bajty ósemkowo, na standardowe wyjście. Jeżeli PLIK nie jest podany albo podany jako -, czytane jest standardowe wejście. ??? --backup[=TRYB] zrobienie kopii zapasowej każdego istniejącego pliku docelowego -b jak --backup, ale bez podawania argumentu -f, --force bez pytania przed zamazaniem pliku -i, --interactive pytanie przed zamazaniem -n, --no-clobber bez nadpisywania istniejących plików --backup[=TRYB] zrobienie kopii zapasowej przed skasowaniem -b jak --backup, ale bez argumentu -d, -F, --directory administrator może robić dowiązania zwykłe do katalogów (uwaga: prawdopodobnie bez powodzenia ze względu na ograniczenia systemowe obowiązujące nawet administratora) -f, --force skasowanie istniejących CELÓW bez pytania --backup[=TRYB] robienie kopii zapasowej przed zamazaniem pliku -b jak --backup, ale bez podawania argumentu -c (ignorowane) -C, --compare porównanie wszystkich par plików źródłowych i docelowych i, w niektórych przypadkach, odstapienie od modyfikacji pliku docelowego -d, --directory traktowanie wszystkich argumentów jako nazw katalogów; tworzenie katalogów składowych podanych katalogów --batch-size=POŁĄCZN łączenie najwyżej POŁĄCZN plików wejściowych naraz; dla większej liczby użyte będą pliki tymczasowe --block-size=ROZMIAR użycie bloków o podanym w bajtach ROZMIARZE. Zobacz też opis formatu ROZMIARU. -B, --ignore-backups bez pokazania plików kończących się na ~ -c z -lt: sortowanie wg i wypisanie ctime (czasu ostatniej modyfikacji danych o pliku) z -l: wypisanie ctime i sortowanie wg nazw w przeciwnym przypadku: sortowanie wg ctime --complement użycie dopełnienia zbioru wybranych bajtów, znaków albo pól --files0-from=PLIK pliki wejściowe są PLIKU, oddzielone NUL-ami Jeżeli PLIK to -, nazwy czytane są ze standardowego wejścia -L, --max-line-length wypisanie długości najdłuższej linii -w, --words wypisanie liczby słów --files0-from=PLIK podsumowanie zajętości dysku przez pliki podane w PLIKU (nazwy zakończone przez NUL) Jeżeli PLIK to -, nazwy czytane są ze standardowego wejścia -H to samo co --dereference-args (-D) -h, --human-readable rozmiary w formacie czytelnym dla ludzi (np. 1K 234M 2G) --si podobnie, ale z użyciem potęg 1000, nie 1024 --group-directories-first wypisanie wszystkich katalogów przed plikami; ta opcja może być uzupełniona opcją --sort, ale wyłącza ją użycie opcji --sort=none (-U) --help wyświetlenie tego opisu i zakończenie --indicator-style=SŁOWO dodanie wskaźników typów plików w stylu SŁOWO: none (domyślnie), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode pokazywanie numeru i-węzła każdego pliku -I, --ignore=WZÓR bez pokazywania plików pasujących do shellowego WZORU -k jak --block-size=1K --lookup rozwiązywanie nazw systemów poprzez DNS -m wyświetlenie tylko nazwy systemu i użytkownika związanego ze standardowym wejściem -p, --process aktywne procesy uruchomione przez init --no-preserve-root bez traktowania katalogu '/' w specjalny sposób (domyślnie) --preserve-root odmowa usunięcia '/' (domyslnie) -r, -R, --recursive usuwanie katalogów z zawartością rekursywnie -v, --verbose wyjaśnianie co się dzieje --no-preserve-root bez traktowania katalogu '/' w specjalny sposób (domyślnie) --preserve-root odmowa rekusywnego działania na '/' --no-preserve-root bez traktowania katalogu `/' w specjalny sposób (domyślnie) --preserve-root odmowa rekusywnego działania na `/' --no-preserve=LISTA_ATR bez zachowania podanych atrybutów --parents użycie pełnej ścieżki źródłowej KATALOG --one-file-system poddczas rekurencyjnego usuwania katalogu pomijane są katalogi znajdujące się na innym systemie plików niż ten, na którym znajduje się argument polecenia --pid=PID z -f - zakończenie pracy po zakończeniu procesu o numerze PID -q, --quiet, --silent bez wypisywania nagłówków z nazwami plików --retry stałe ponawianie próby otwierania pliku, nawet jeżeli jest niedostępny albo staje się niedostępny później; użyteczne do śledzenia wg nazwy, np. z --follow=name --preserve-context zachowanie kontekstu bezpieczeństwa SELinux -Z, --context=KONTEKST ustawienie kontekstu bezpieczeństwa SELinux dla plików i katalogów --reference=PLIK_WZ użycie kontekstu bezpieczeństwa pliku PLIK_WZ zamiast podanego KONTEKSTU -R, --recursive zmiany też w plikach w podkatalogach -v, --verbose wypisanie informacji o każdym przetwarzanym pliku --rfc-3339=CZAS wypisuje data i czas w formacie RFC 3339. Dla osiągnięcia żądanej dokładności należy podać CZAS=`date', `seconds' albo `ns'. Składniki data i czas są oddzielone przez pojedynczą spację: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=SPECYFIKACJA ustawia czas podany w SPECYFIKACJI -u, --utc, --universal wyświetla lub ustawia czas uniwersalny --sort=SŁOWO sortowanie wg SŁOWA: general-numeric (liczbowe) -g, human-numeric (liczbowe ludzkie) -h, month (miesięcy) -M, numeric (liczbowe) -n, random (losowe) -R, version (wersji) -V -V, --version-sort sortowanie wg liczb (numerów wersji) zawartych w tekście --strip-trailing-slashes usunięcie końcowych ukośników z każdego argumentu ZRÓDŁOWEGO -S, --suffix=ROZSZERZ zmiana domyślnego rozszerzenia kopii zapasowej --suffix=PRZYR dodanie PRZYROSTKA do WZORCA. PRZYROSTEK nie może zawierać ukośnika. Ta opcja jest domyślnie używana gdy WZORZEC nie kończy się znakiem X. --time pokazanie czasu ostatniej modyfikacji dowolnego pliku w katalogu albo dowolnego podkatalogu tego katalogu --time=SŁOWO zamiast czasu modyfikacji pokazuje czas wg SŁOWA: atime, access, use, ctime albo status --time-style=STYL pokazanie czasu w STYLU: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT FORMAT jest interpretowany jak dla `date' --time-style=STYL z opcją -l: pokazanie czasów przy użyciu STYLU: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT FORMAT jest interpretowany jak w `date'. Jeżeli FORMAT to FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 dotyczy dawniejszych plików, FORMAT2 nowszych. Jeżeli STYL zaczyna się od posix-, STYL jest używany tylko dla locale nie POSIX --verbose przed otwarciem każdego pliku wypisanie komunikatów diagnostycznych --version wyświetlenie informacji o wersji i zakończenie --all liczba zainstalowanych procesorów --ignore=N jeżeli to możliwe, wyłączenie N procesorów rozm. użyte dost. %uż. iwęzły użyteI wolneI %uż.I rozm. użyte dost. %uż. -evenp jak -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase jak xcase iuclc olcuc litout jak -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout jak parenb istrip opost cs7 nl jak -icrnl -onlcr -nl jak icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb użycie dwóch bitów stopu na znak (jeden z `-') [-]hup wysłanie sygnału rozłączenia gdy ostatni proces zamknie terminal [-]hupcl to samo co [-]hup [-]parenb włączenie ustawiania i sprawdzania bitu parzystości [-]parodd włączenie parzystości nieparzystej (parzystej z `-') [-]ignpar ignorowanie znaków z błędami parzystości * [-]imaxbel piszczenie przy pełnym buforze (bez jego opróżniania) po wprowadzeniu znaku [-]inlcr zamienianie znaków NL na CR [-]inpck włączenie kontroli parzystości na wejściu [-]istrip zerowanie najstarszego (ósmego) bitu znaków na wejściu [-]isig wyświetlanie znaków intr, quit i susp [-]noflsh bez opróżniania bufora po znakach intr i quit * [-]prterase to samo co [-]echoprt * [-]tostop zatrzymywanie procesów w tle, próbujących pisać na terminal * [-]xcase z icanon: wyświetlanie wielkich liter jako `\mała-litera' cooked jak brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof i eol ustawione na wartości domyślne -cooked jak raw crt jak echoe echoctl echoke dec jak echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq jak [-]ixany ek ustawienie znaków erase i kill na wartości domyślne evenp jak parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N ustawienie prędkości wejściowej na N * line N użycie rygoru linii (line discipline) N min N z -icanon ustawienie minimum N znaków pełnego odczytu ospeed N ustawienie prędkości wyjściowej na N oddp jak parenb parodd cs7 -oddp jak -parenb cs8 [-]parity jak [-]evenp pass8 jak -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 jak parenb istrip cs7 raw jak -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw jak cooked sane jak cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke, wszystkie znaki specjalne przybierają standardowe wartości stop ZNAK ZNAK wstrzymuje wyświetlanie susp ZNAK ZNAK wysyła do terminala sygnał stop * swtch ZNAK ZNAK włącza inną warstwę powłoki * werase ZNAK ZNAK kasuje ostatnie wprowadzone słowo %% pojedynczy % %b ARGUMENT ze zinterpretowanymi sekwencjami `\' oprócz sekwencji ósemkowych, które mają formę \0 albo \0NNN i wszystkie specyfikacje formatu C zakończone jednym ze znaków diouxXfeEgGcs z ARGUMENTAMI przekształconymi najpierw do odpowiednich typów. Są obsługiwane zmienne szerokości. %A lokalna pełna nazwa dnia tygodnia (np. poniedziałek) %b lokalny skrót nazwy miesiąca (np. sty) %B lokalna pełna nazwa miesiąca (np. styczeń) %c lokalna data i czas (np. czw mar 03 23:05:25 MEST 2005) %C stulecie; jak %Y, ale bez dwóch ostatnich cyfr (np. 20) %d dzień miesiąca (np. 01) %D data; to samo co %m/%d/%y %e dzień miesiąca uzupełniony spacjami; to samo co %_d %F pełna data; to samo co %Y-%m-%d %g dwie ostatnie cyfry roku odpowiadające numerowi tygodnia ISO (zobacz %G) %G rok odpowiadający numerowi tygodnia ISO (zob. %V); zwykle użyteczne tylko z %V %S sekunda (00...60) %t tabulator poziomy %T czas; to samo co %H:%M:%S %u dzień tygodnia (1..7); 1 to poniedziałek %U numer tygodnia w roku, niedziela zaczyna tydzień (00...53) %V numer tygodnia ISO, poniedziałek zaczyna tydzień (01...53) %w numer dnia tygodnia (0...6), 0 oznacza niedzielę %W numer tygodnia w roku, poniedziałek zaczyna tydzień (00...53) %d numer urządzenia dziesiętnie %D numer urządzenia szesnastkowo %f tryb surowy, szesnastkowo %F typ pliku %g numer grupy właściciela pliku %G nazwa grupy właściciela pliku %h liczba dowiązań zwykłych %i numer i-węzła %n nazwa pliku %N nazwa pliku w cudzysłowach, rozwiązana jeżeli dowiązanie symboliczne %o rozmiar bloku wejścia/wyjścia %s całkowity rozmiar w bajtach %t większy numer urządzenia szesnastkowo %T mniejszy numer urządzenia szesnastkowo %h to samo co %b %H godzina (00...23) %I godzina (01...12) %j dzień roku (001...366) %i identyfikator systemu plików szesnastkowo %l maksymalna długość nazw plików %n nazwa pliku %s optymalny rozmiar bloku przy zapisie/odczycie %S Podstawowy rozmiar bloku (dla zliczeń bloków) %t typ szesnastkowo %T typ w formie czytelnej dla człowieka %k godzina ( 0...23) %l godzina ( 1...12) %m miesiąc (01...12) %M minuta (00...59) %n znak nowej linii %N nanosekundy (000000000..999999999) %p lokalny odpowiednik AM lub PM; pusty jeżlei nieznany %P jak %p, ale małymi literami %r czas w formacie 12-godzinnym (np. 11:11:04 PM) %R czas w formacie 24-godzinnym; to samo co %H:%M %s liczba sekund od godz. 00:00:00, 1 stycznia 1970 UTC %u numer użytkownika właściciela %U nazwa właściciela %x czas ostatniego czytania %X czas ostatniego czytania w sekundach od Epoki %y czas ostatniej modyfikacji %Y czas ostatniej modyfikacji w sekundach od Epoki %z czas ostatniej zmiany czasu %Z czas ostatniej zmiany czasu w sekundach od Epoki %x lokalna reprezentacja daty (np. 12/31/99) %X lokalna reprezentacja czasu (np. 21:13:48) %y dwie ostatnie cyfry roku (00...99) %Y rok %z strefa czasowa liczbowo +hhmm (np. -0400) %:z strefa czasowa liczbowo +hh:mm (np. -04:00) %::z strefa czasowa liczbowo +hh:mm:ss (np. -04:00:00) %:::z strefa czasowa liczbowo z : dla sprecyzowania dokładności (np. -04, +05:30) %Z literowy skrót strefy czasowej (np. EDT) Domyślnie numeryczne pola daty są dopełniane zerami. + SŁOWO SŁOWO interpretowane jako napis, nawet jeżeli jest to słowo kluczowe, jak 'match' albo operator jak '/' ( WYRAŻENIE ) wartość WYRAŻENIA --output-delimiter=NAPIS oddzielenie kolumn przez NAPIS --userspec=UŻYTK:GRUPA podanie użytkownika i grupy (liczbowo lub przez nazwę) --groups=LISTA_GRUP podanie grup dodatkowych w postaci g1,g2,..,gN -0, --null zakończenie linii bajtem 0 zamiast znakiem nowej linii -A, --address-radix=BAZA postać wypisywania pozycji -j, --skip-bytes=BAJTY ominięcie tylu początkowych BAJTÓW każdego pliku -A, --auto-reference wypisanie automatycznie wygenerowanych odnośników -G, --traditional zachowanie zgodności z wersją ptx z Systemu V -F, --flag-truncation=NAPIS użycie NAPISU do zaznaczania wyciętych linii -B, --block-size=ROZM użycie bloków o podanym ROZMIARZE w bajtach -b, --bytes równoważne `--apparent-size --block-size=1' -c, --total wypisanie podsumowania całości -D, --dereference-args rozwijanie dowiązań symbolicznych podanych jako argumenty -C wypisanie plików w kolumnach --color[=GDY] kolorowanie informacji. GDY to domyslnie 'always' (zawsze), może być też `never' (nigdy), albo `auto' (automatyczne) -d, --directory pokazanie katalogów zamiast ich zawartości, bez rozwiązywania dowiązań symbolicznych -D, --dired dane wyjściowe dla trybu dired Emacsa -D tworzenie wszystkich części składowych CELU, oprócz ostatniej, potem skopiowanie ŹRÓDŁA do CELU -g, --group=GRUPA ustawienie GRUPY zamiast bieżącej grupy -m, --mode=UPRAWNIENIA ustawienie UPRAWNIEŃ (jak w chmod) zamiast rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=WŁAŚCICIEL ustawienie WŁAŚCICIELA (tylko super-user) -D, --date-format=FORMAT FORMAT daty w nagłówku -e[ZNAK[SZER]], --expand-tabs[=ZNAK[SZER]] rozwijanie ZNAKÓW wejściowych (TABów) do tej SZERokości (8) -F, -f, --form-feed do odzielania stron będzie użyty znak nowej strony zamiast znaku nowej linii (przez 3-liniowy nagłówek strony z -F lub 5-liniowy nagłówek i stopkę bez -F) -G, --no-group bez pokazania informacji o grupach -h, --human-readable z opcją -l podaje rozmiary w formacie czytelnym dla ludzi (np. 1K 234M 2G) --si podobnie, ale z użyciem potęg 1000, nie 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line rozwiązywanie dowiązań symbolicznych podanych jako argumenty --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir rozwiązywanie dowiązań symbolicznych podanych jako argumenty jeżeli wskazują na katalogi --hide=WZÓR bez wypisywania nazw pasujących do WZORU (wyłączane przez -a albo -A) -I pojedyncze pytanie przez usunięciem więcej niż trzech plików przy usuwaniu rekursywnym. Mniej przeszkadzające niż -i, ale nadal zabezpieczające przed większością błędów --interactive[=KIEDY] pytania zależnie od KIEDY: never (nigdy), once (raz, -I) albo always (zawsze, -i). Bez KIEDY zawsze jest zadawane pytanie -L PLIK PLIK istnieje i jest dowiązaniem symbolicznym (to samo co -h) -O PLIK PLIK istnieje i jego właścicielem jest efektywny użytkownik -p PLIK PLIK istnieje i jest potokiem z nazwą (named pipe) -r PLIK PLIK istnieje i może być czytany -s PLIK PLIK istnieje i ma długość większą od zera -L, --dereference rozwinięcie wszystkich dowiązań symbolicznych -P, --no-dereference bez rozwijania dowiązań symbolicznych (domyślnie) -0, --null po każdej linii znak 0 zamiast znaku nowej linii -S, --separate-dirs bez uwzględniania rozmiarów podkatalogów -s, --summarize wypisanie tylko podsumowań dla każdego argumentu -L, --logical użycie katalogu ze zmiennej środowiskowej, nawet jeżeli zawiera łącza symboliczne -P, --physical unikanie łącz symbolicznych -M, --macro-name=NAZWA NAZWA makra używanego zamiast `xx' -O, --format=roff wyjście w postaci dyrektyw roff-a -R, --right-side-refs umieszczenie odnośników po prawej, nie liczone w -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP REGEXP dla określenia końców linii lub zdań -T, --format=tex generowanie wyjścia w postaci dyrektyw TeX-a -N, --read-bytes=BAJTY ograniczenie wielkości do BAJTÓW -S, --strings[=BAJTY] wypisanie przynajmniej tylu BAJTÓW znaków graficznych -t, --format=TYP wybranie formatu/formatów danych wyjściowych -v, --output-duplicates bez używania * do zaznaczania powtórzonych linii -w, --width[=BAJTY] wypisanie tylu BAJTÓW w każdej linii wyjściowej --traditional akceptowanie argumentów w tradycyjnym formacie -P, --portability użycie formatu zgodnego z POSIX-em --sync wywołanie sync przed pobraniem informacji -t, --type=TYP pokazanie tylko systemów plików tego TYPU -T, --print-type wypisanie typów systemów plików -x, --exclude-type=TYP pokazanie tylko systemów plików nie tego TYPU -v (ignorowane) -S sortowanie według rozmiaru --sort=SŁOWO sortowanie wg SŁOWA zamiast wg nazw: none -U (wcale), extension -X (rozszerzenia), size -S (rozmiaru), time -t (czasu), version -v (wersji) --time=SŁOWO z opcją -l: pokazanie czasu określonego SŁOWEM, a nie czasu modyfikacji: czas odczytu - atime, access, use - -u, czas zmiany informacji o pliku - ctime, status - -c; użycie podanego czasu do sortowania gdy podano --sort=time -S PLIK PLIK istnieje i jest gniazdem -t DP deskryptor pliku DP jest otwarty na terminalu -u PLIK PLIK istnieje i ma atrybut set-user-id -w PLIK PLIK istnieje i może być zapisywany -x PLIK PLIK istnieje i jest wykonywalny albo przeszukiwalny -S, --suffix=ROZSZERZENIE zmiana domyślnego ROZSZERZENIA kopii zapasowej -t, --target-directory=KATALOG podanie KATALOGU, w którym mają być tworzone dowiązania -T, --no-target-directory traktowanie NAZWY_DOWIAZANIA jak zwykłego pliku -v, --verbose wypisanie nazw plików przed dowiązaniem -SSTRING, --sep-string[=STRING] oddzielenie kolumn przez NAPIS, bez -S: z opcją -J domyślny separator to TAB, bez -J - spacja (to samo co -S" "), nie wpływa na opcje dotyczące kolumn -t, --omit-header bez wypisywania nagłówków i stopek stron -T, --omit-pagination bez wypisywania nagłówków i stopek stron, wyłączenie formatowania stron przez znaki nowej strony w plikach wejściowych -v, --show-nonprinting użycie zapisu ósemkowego z backslashem -w, --width=SZEROKOŚĆ_STRONY ustawienie SZEROKOŚCI_STRONY w kolumnach (72), tylko dla wydruku wielokolumnowego, -s[ZNAK] wyłącza wartość domyślną (72) -T, -w, --mesg zaznaczenie czy użytkownik przyjmuje komunikaty: +, - lub ? -u, --users wypisanie zalogowanych użytkowników --message to samo co -T --writable to samo co -T -W, --page-width=SZEROKOŚĆ_STRONY ustawienie szerokości strony zawsze do SZEROKOŚCI_STRONY (72), obcinanie linii, chyba że jest użyta opcja -J; nie przeszkadza opcjom -S ani -s. -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP użycie REGEXPa do rozpoznawania słów kluczowych -b, --break-file=PLIK znaki rozdzielające słowa są w tym PLIKU -f, --ignore-case traktowanie małych liter jak wielkich przy sortowaniu -g, --gap-size=LICZBA odstęp w kolumnach między polami wyjściowymi -i, --ignore-file=PLIK czytanie listy ignorowanych słów z PLIKU -o, --only-file=FILE uwzględnienie tylko słów z PLIKU -Z, --context=KONT ustawienie kontekstu bezpieczeństwa SELinux dla NAZWY jako KONT -Z, --context=KONT ustawienie kontekstu bezpieczeństwa SELinux dla każdej NAZWY jako KONT -a zmiana tylko czasu dostępu -c, --no-create bez tworzenia nowych plików -d, --date=SPECYFIKACJA użycie SPECYFIKACJI zamiast bieżącego czasu -f (ignorowane) -a, --across kolejne linie będą wypisane w kolejnych kolumnach, nie po kolei od góry do dołu; używa się razem z -KOLUMNY -c, --show-control-chars użycie zapisu z daszkiem (np. ^G) i ósemkowych numerów znaków z backslashem -d, --double-space podwójny odstęp na wyjściu -a, --all pokazanie specjalnych systemów plików -B, --block-size=ROZMIAR użycie bloków o podanym ROZMIARZE w bajtach --total wypisanie podsumowania całości -h, --human-readable rozmiary w formacie czytelnym dla ludzi (np. 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si podobnie, ale z użyciem potęg 1000, nie 1024 -a, --all podanie podliczenia dla plików, nie samych katalogów --apparent-size podanie rozmiarów pozornych zamiast zużycia dysku; chociaż rozmiar pozorny jest zwykle mniejszy, może być też większy z powodu dziur (plików rzadkich - sparse), wewnętrznej fragmentacji, bloków pośrednich itp. -a, --all zamiana wszystkich odstępów, nie tylko początkowych --first-only zamiana tylko początkowych odstępów (wyłącza -a) -t, --tabs=N kolejne TABy co N znaków zamiast 8 (włącza -a) -t, --tabs=LISTA użycie oddzielanej przecinkami LISTY pozycji TABów (włącza -a) -a, --archive to samo co -dR --preserve=all --backup[=TRYB] robienie kopii zapasowej każdego istniejącego pliku docelowego -b jak --backup, ale bez podawania argumentu --copy-contents kopiowanie zawartości pliku specjalnego w przypadku rekursji -d to samo co --no-dereference --preserve=links -a, --suffix-length=N użycie przyrostków o długości N (domyślnie %d) -b, --bytes=ROZMIAR zapisanie po ROZMIAR bajtów do plików wyjściowych -C, --line-bytes=ROZMIAR zapisanie najwyżej ROZMIAR bajtów pełnych linii -d, --numeric-suffixes użycie przyrostków liczbowych zamiast literowych -l, --lines=ILE zapis ILU linii do każdego pliku wyjściowego -b, --before dołączenie separatora przed zamiast po -r, --regex interpretowanie separatora jako wyr. regularnego -s, --separator=NAPIS użycie NAPISU jako separatora zamiast nowej linii -b, --binary czytanie w trybie binarnym. -b, --binary czytanie plików w trybie binarnym (domyślne jeżeli nie jest czytane tty przez standardowe wejście) -b, --body-numbering=STYL użycie STYLU do numerowania linii treści -d, --section-delimiter=CC użycie CC do oddzielania stron logicznych -f, --footer-numbering=STYL użycie STYLU do numerowania linii stopek -b, --bytes liczenie bajtów zamiast kolumn -s, --spaces łamanie na spacjach -w, --width=SZER użycie SZER kolumn zamiast 80 -b, --bytes=LISTA wypisanie tylko tych bajtów -c, --characters=LISTA wypisanie tylko tych znaków -d, --delimiter=OGRANICZNIK użycie OGRANICZNIKA zamiast TABa jako separatora -b, --ignore-leading-blanks zignorowanie początkowych spacji -d, --dictionary-order branie pod uwagę tylko znaków odstępu i alfanumerycznych -f, --ignore-case traktowanie małych liter jak wielkich -b, --suffix-format=FORMAT użycie FORMATU sprintf zamiast %02d -f, --prefix=PRZEDROSTEK użycie PRZEDROSTKA zamiast `xx' -k, --keep-files bez kasowania plików wyjściowych w razie błędów -c, --bytes=N wypisanie ostatnich N bajtów; alternatynie użyj -c +K aby wypisać od N-tego bajtu z każdego z plików -c, --bytes=[-]ILE wypisanie pierwszych ILE bajtów z każdego pliku; ILE z `-' na początku - wypisanie wszystkich oprócz ostatnich ILE bajtów każdego pliku -n, --lines=[-]ILE wypisanie pierwszych ILE linii zamiast 10 ILE z `-' na początku - wypisanie wszystkich oprócz ostatnich ILE linii każdego pliku -c, --check sprawdzanie sum %s zapisanych w PLIKACH -c, --check, --check=diagnose-first sprawdzenie czy dane są posortowane, ale bez sortowania -C, --check=quiet, --check=silent jak -c, ale bez informowania o pierwszej złej linii --compress-program=PROG kompresowanie plików tymczasowych przez PROG; dekompresowanie przez PROG -d --files0-from=P dane wejściowe będą czytane z plików rozdzielonych znakiem NUL, podanych w pliku P Jeżeli PLIK to -, nazwy czytane są ze standardowego wejścia -c, --count poprzedzenie linii liczbą powtórzeń -d, --repeated wypisanie tylko powtórzonych linii -c, --crown-margin zachowanie wcięć w pierwszych dwóch liniach -p, --prefix=ZNAKI przeformatowanie tylko linii mających przedrostek ZNAKI, dołączenie ZNAKÓW do przeformatowych linii -s, --split-only podzielenie długich linii, ale bez wyrównania -c, --no-create bez tworzenia nowych plików -d, --delimiters=LISTA użycie kolejnych znaków z LISTY zamiast TABów -s, --serial przepisanie plików po kolei zamiast równolegle -d, --directory utworzenie katalogu, nie pliku -u, --dry-run bez tworzenia pliku/katalogu, tylko wypisanie nazwy (niebezpieczne) -q, --quiet wyłączenie komunikatów o błędach tworzenia plików/katalogów -e włączenie interpretacji sekwencji z ukośnikiem odwrotnym -E wyłączenie interpretacji sekwencji z ukośnikiem odwrotnym (domyślnie) -e włączenie interpretacji sekwencji z ukośnikiem odwrotnym (domyślnie) -E wyłączenie interpretacji sekwencji z ukośnikiem odwrotnym -e, --echo traktowanie każdego argumentu jako linii wejściowej -i, --input-range=LO-HI traktowanie każdej liczby od LO do HI jako linii wejściowej -n, --head-lines=LICZBA najwyżej taka LICZBA linii będzie zapisana na wyjściu -o, --output=PLIK zapis wyników do PLIKU zamiast do standardowego wyjścia --random-source=PLIK pobranie losowych bajtów z PLIKU -z, --zero-terminated zakończenie linii przez bajt 0, nie przez znak nowej linii -f bez sortowania, włączenie -aU, wyłączenie -lst -F, --classify dopisanie znaków wskazujących typ każdego elementu (jednego z */=>@|) --file-type podobnie, ale oprócz `*' --format=SŁOWO across (poziomo), odpowiada opcji -x, commas (oddzielone przecinkami) -m, horizontal (poziomo) -x, long (długi, z dodatkowymi informacjami) -l, single-column (w jednej kolumnie) -1, verbose (długi, z dodatkowymi informacjami) -l, vertical (pionowy, w kolumnach) -C --full-time jak -l --time-style=full-iso -f pominięcie nagłówków kolumn w formacie skróconym -w pominięcie nazwiska użytkownika w formacie skróconym -i pominięcie nazwiska i zdalnego systemu w formacie skróconym -q pominięcie nazwiska, zdalnego system oraz czasu bezczynności w formacie skróconym -f to samo co -t fF, zmiennoprzecinkowo float -i to samo co -t dI, dziesiętnie integer -l to samo co -t dL, dziesiętnie long -o to samo co -t o2, ósemkowo 2-bajtowo -s to samo co -t d2, dziesiętnie 2-bajtowo -x to samo co -t x2, szesnastkowo 2-bajtowo -f PLIK PLIK istnieje i jest zwykłym plikiem -g PLIK PLIK istnieje i ma atrybut set-group-id -G PLIK PLIK istnieje i jego właścicielem jest efektywna grupa -h PLIK PLIK istnieje i jest dowiązaniem symbolicznym (to samo co -L) -k PLIK PLIK istnieje i ma ustawiony bit ochrony (sticky bit) -f, --canonicalize doprowadzenie do postaci kanonicznej przez rekursywne rozwiązanie wszystkich łącz symbolicznych we wszystkich składnikach danej nazwy; muszą istnieć wszystkie składniki oprócz ostatniego -e, --canonicalize-existing doprowadzenie do postaci kanonicznej przez rekursywne rozwiązanie wszystkich łącz symbolicznych we wszystkich składnikach danej nazwy; muszą istnieć wszystkie składniki -f, --fields=LISTA wypisanie tylko tych pól oraz linii, które nie zawierają znaku ogranicznika, chyba że podana jest opcja -s -n (ignorowane) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] wypisywanie nowych danych kiedy plik rośnie; -f, --follow i --follow=descriptor są równoważne -F to samo co --follow=name --retry -f, --force jeżeli istniejący plik docelowy nie daje się otworzyć, będzie skasowany i otwierany ponownie (niepotrzebne jeżeli użyta jest opcja -n) -i, --interactive pytanie przed zamazaniem (wyłącza opcję -n) -H podążanie za dowiązaniami symbolicznymi w ŹRÓDLE podanymi jako argumenty polecenia -f, --force zmiana uprawnień w razie potrzeby, żeby pozwolić na zapis -n, --iterations=N zamazanie N razy zamiast domyślnych %d razy --random-source=PLIK pobranie losowych bajtów z PLIKU -s, --size=N zamazanie N bajtów (można używać przyrostków takich jak K, M, G) Zmienia uprawnienia do każdego PLIKU do UPRAWN. -f, --silent, --quiet wyłączenie większości komunikatów o błędach -v, --verbose wypisanie informacji o każdym przetwarzanym pliku --reference=PLIK_WZ użycie uprawnień pliku PLIK_WZ zamiast wartości UPRAWN -R, --recursive zmiany też w plikach w podkatalogach -f, --silent, --quiet wyłączenie większości komunikatów o błędach --reference=PLIK_WZ użycie grupy pliku PLIK_WZ zamiast podanej nazwy GRUPY -R, --recursive zmiany też w plikach w podkatalogach -v, --verbose wypisanie informacji o każdym przetwarzanym pliku -f, --silent, --quiet wyłączenie większości komunikatów o błędach --reference=PLIK_WZ użycie właściciela i grupy PLIK_WZ zamiast podanych wartości WŁAŚCICIEL:GRUPA -R, --recursive zmiany też w plikach w podkatalogach -v, --verbose wypisanie informacji o każdym przetwarzanym pliku -g jak -l, ale nie pokazuje właściciela -g GID[,GID1...] również ustawienie identyfikatora grupy głównej zgodnie z numerycznym GID, a identyfikatorów dodatkowych grup - jeżeli podane - jako GID1, ... -g, --general-numeric-sort porównywanie według wartości liczbowej -i, --ignore-nonprinting branie pod uwagę tylko znaków drukowalnych -M, --month-sort porządek: (nieznany) < `JAN' < ... < `DEC' -h, --header-numbering=STYL użycie STYLU do numeracji linii nagłówka -i, --page-increment=ILE przyrost numeracji linii dla każdej linii -l, --join-blank-lines=ILE grupa ILU pustych linii liczona jako jedna -n, --number-format=FORMAT dopisanie numerów linii zgodnie z FORMATEM -p, --no-renumber bez zerowania numeracji na początkach stron logicznych -s, --number-separator=NAPIS dodanie NAPISU po ewentualnym numerze linii -h, --header=NAGŁÓWEK użycie wycentrowanego NAGŁÓWKA zamiast nazwy pliku w nagłówkach, -h "" drukuje pustą linie, nie używaj -h"" -i[ZNAK[SZER]], --output-tabs[=ZNAK[SZER]] zamiana spacji na ZNAKI (TABy) do tej SZEROKOŚCI (8) -J, --join-lines połączenie pełnych linii, wyłącza obcinanie linii przez -W, bez wyrównania kolumn, -sep-string[-NAPIS] ustawia separatory -h, --human-numeric-sort porównanie liczb z przyrostkami (np. 2K 1G) -h, --no-dereference operowanie na dowiązaniach symbolicznych zamiast na wskazywanych plikach (tylko dla systemów, które umieją zmienić właściciela dowiązania symbolicznego) -h, --no-dereference operowanie na dowiązaniach symbolicznych zamiast na wskazywanych plikach (tylko dla systemów, które umieją zmienić właściciela dowiązania symbolicznego) -m zmiana tylko czasu modyfikacji -i, --ignore-case porównując pola ignoruje różnice między małymi i wielkimi literami -j POLE równoważne `-j 1 POLE -j 2 POLE' -o FORMAT zachowanie FORMATU przy tworzeniu linii wyjściowej -t ZNAK użycie ZNAKU jako separatora pól linii wej. i wyj. -i, --initial bez zamiany znaków tabulacji po znaku innym niż odstęp -t, --tabs=ILE użycie znaków tabulacji co ILE znaków, nie co 8 -i, --inodes wypisanie informacji o i-węzłach zamiast o blokach -k jak --block-size=1K -l, --local ograniczenie spisu do lokalnych systemów plików --no-sync bez wywołania sync przed pobraniem informacji o systemach plików (domyślnie) -i, --interactive program pyta czy usunąć CELE -L, --logical łącza zwykle do plików wskazywanych przez łącza symboliczne -n, --no-dereference jeżeli CEL jest dowiązaniem symbolicznym do katalogu, traktowany jest jak zwykły plik -s, --symbolic tworzenie dowiązań symbolicznych zamiast zwykłych -k, --kilobytes to samo co --block-size=1K -l, --count-links liczenie rozmiaru wielokrotnie jeżeli plik ma dowiązania zwykłe -m jak dla --block-size=1M -k, --key=POZ1[,POZ2] klucz zaczyna się od POZYCJI1 i kończy na POZYCJI2 (numeracja od 1) -m, --merge połączenie już posortowanych plików, bez sortowania -l użycie długiego formatu wyjściowego -L, --dereference pokazanie informacji o pliku wskazywanym przez dowiązanie symboliczne zamiast informacji o samym dowiązaniu -m pisanie do pełnej szerokości, oddzielanie przecinkami -l, --length=DŁUGOŚĆ_STRONY ustawienie takiej DŁUGOŚCI_STRONY w liniach (66) (domyślna liczba linii tekstu: 56; dla -F 63) -m, --merge wypisanie wszystkich plików równolegle, każdy w jednej kolumnie, linie są obcinane, ale linie o pełnej długości są łączone przez -J -l, --link dowiązania zwykłe zamiast kopiowania -L, --dereference podążanie za wszystkimi dowiązaniami symbolicznymi w ŹRÓDLE -l, --login wypisanie systemowych procesów login -m, --canonicalize-missing doprowadzenie do postaci kanonicznej przez rekursywne rozwiązanie wszystkich łącz symbolicznych we wszystkich składnikach danej nazwy; składniki nie muszą istnieć -n, --no-newline bez wypisania końcowego znaku nowej linii -q, --quiet, -s, --silent wyłączenie większości komunikatów o błędach -v, --verbose wypisywanie komunikatów o błędach -m, --mode=UPRAWN ustawienie UPRAWNIEŃ zamiast a=rw - umask -m, --mode=UPRAWN ustawienie uprawnień (jak w chmod), nie a=rwx - umask -p, --parents bez błędu gdy istnieje, utworzenie całej ścieżki katalogów -v, --verbose wypisanie komunikatu o każdym utworzonym katalogu -Z, --context=KONT ustawienie kontekstu bezpieczeństwa SELinuksa dla każdego tworzonego katalogu -n, --digits=CYFRY użycie podanej liczby CYFR zamiast dwóch -s, --quiet, --silent bez podawania liczby bajtów w plikach wyjściowych -z, --elide-empty-files usunięcie pustych plików wyjściowych -n, --lines=N wypisanie ostatnich N linii zamiast ostatnich %d albo użyj -n +K dla wypisania linii od N-tej --max-unchanged-stats=N z --follow=name powoduje ponowne otwieranie PLIKU, który nie zmienił rozmiaru po N (domyślnie %d) iteracjach, dla sprawdzenia czy został usunięty albo przemianowany (częsty przypadek dla logów) -n, --no-clobber bez nadpisywania istniejących plików (wyłącza opcję -i) -P, --no-dereference bez podążania za dowiązaniami symbolicznymi w ŹRÓDLE -n, --numeric-sort porównywanie według wartości liczbowych napisów -R, --random-sort sortowanie wg losowego skrótu kluczy --random-source=PLIK losowe bajty z PLIKU -r, --reverse odwrotny porządek sortowania -n, --numeric-uid-gid jak -l, ale pokazanie UID i GID liczbowo -N, --literal wypisanie nazwy dokładnie (bez specjalnego traktowania np. znaków sterujących) -o jak -l, ale bez informacji o grupie -p, --indicator-style=slash dodanie / do nazw katalogów -n[SEP[CYFRY]], --number-lines[=SEP[CYFRY]] numerowanie linii tyloma CYFRAMI (5), potem SEPARATOREM (TAB), domyślnie liczone od pierwszej linii pliku wejściowego -N, --first-line-number=LICZBA początek liczenia od LICZBY przy pierwszej linii pierwszej drukowanej strony (zob. +PIERWSZA_STRONA) -o, --indent=MARGINES Przesunięcie każdej linii o MARGINES (zero) spacji, nie wpływa na -w ani -W, MARGINES zostanie dodany do SZEROKOŚCI_STRONY -r, --no-file-warnings bez ostrzeżeń kiedy plik nie może być otwarty -o, --output=PLIK zapisanie wyniku w PLIKU zamiast na standardowym wyjściu -s, --stable stabilizacja sortowania przez zablokowanie porównania końcowego -S, --buffer-size=ROZM ROZMIAR głównego bufora pamięci -p to samo co --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps --preserve[=LISTA_ATR] zachowanie podanych atrybutów (domyślnie: mode (uprawnienia), ownership (właściciel, grupa), timestamps (czasy)); jeżeli możliwe, to również dodatkowych atrybutów: context, links (dowiązania), xattr (rozszerzone atrybuty), all (wszystkie) -p KATALOG użycie KATALOGU jako przedrostka, włącza opcję -t [przestarzałą] -t interpretowanie WZORCA jako nazwy podanej względem katalogu $TMPDIR, a jeżeli nie jest ustawiony, katalogu podanego przez opcję -p, w innym przypadku - /tmp [przestarzałe] -p, --parents usunięcie KATALOGU, potem próba usunięcia każdego katalogu nadrzędnego tej ścieżki. Np,. `rmdir -p a/b/c jest podobne do `rmdir a/b/c a/b a'. -v, --verbose informacja diagnostyczna o każdym przetworzonym katalogu -p, --preserve-timestamps ustawienie plikom docelowym czasów dostępu i modyfikacji, jak w odpowiednich plikach ŹRÓDŁOWYCH -s, --strip skasowanie tablicy symboli --strip-program=PROGRAM program do kasowania tablicy symboli -S, --suffix=ROZSZERZ zmiana domyślnego ROZSZERZENIA kopii zapasowej -t, --target-directory=KATALOG skopiowanie wszystkich ŹRÓDEŁ do KATALOGU -T, --no-target-directory traktowanie CELU jak zwykłego pliku -v, --verbose wypisanie nazwy każdego tworzonego katalogu -q, --count wszystkie nazwy i liczba zalogowanych użytkowników -r, --runlevel bieżący runlevel -s, --short wypisanie tylko użytkownika, terminala i czasu (domyślnie) -t, --time podanie ostatniej zmiany zegara systemowego -q, --hide-control-chars pisanie ? zamiast znaków sterujących --show-control-chars pokazanie znaków niedrukowalnych (domyślnie, chyba że program nazywa się `ls' i pisze na terminalu) -Q, --quote-name ujęcie nazw w cudzysłowy --quoting-style=SŁOWO zabezpieczenie znaków specjalnych w stylu SŁOWO: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent bez wypisywania nagłówków z nazwami plików -v, --verbose zawsze wypisywane są nagłówki z nazwami plików -r, --reference=PLIK wyświetla czas ostatniej modyfikacji PLIKU -R, --rfc-822 wypisuje datę i czas zgodnie z RFC 2822 -r, --reference=PLIK użycie rozmiaru tego PLIKU -s, --size=ROZMIAR użycie takiego ROZMIARU -r, --reference=PLIK użycie czasu tego PLIKU zamiast czasu bieżącego -t CZAS użycie [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] zamiast bieżącego czasu --time=SŁOWO ustawienie czasu wg SŁOWA: access atime use (czas dostępu, to samo co -a), modify mtime (czas modyfikacji, to samo co -m) -r, --references pierwsze pole każdej linii jest odnośnikiem -t, --typeset-mode - nie zaimplementowane - -w, --width=NUMBER szerokość wyjścia w kolumnach, bez odnośników -r, --reverse odwrotny porządek sortowania -R, --recursive rekursywne listowanie katalogów -s, --size wypisanie liczby bloków zajętych przez każdy plik -s, --only-delimited bez wypisywania linii nie zawierających ogranicznika --output-delimiter=NAPIS użycie NAPISU jako separatora danych wyjściowych, domyślnie używany jest separator danych wejściowych -s, --signal=SYGNAŁ, -SYGNAŁ nazwa albo numer SYGNAŁU do wysłania -l, --list lista nazw sygnałów albo konwersja nazw na/z numery -t, --table tablica informacji o sygnałach -s, --sleep-interval=S z -f - odczekanie po S sekund (domyślnie 1,0 s) między iteracjami -v, --verbose wypisywanie zawsze nagłówków z nazwami plików -s, --symbolic-link dowiązywanie symboliczne zamiast kopiowania -S, --suffix=ROZSZERZENIE zmiana domyślnego rozszerz. kopii zapasowej -t, --target-directory=KATALOG skopiowanie wszystkich ŹRÓDEŁ do KATALOGU -T, --no-target-directory traktowanie CELU jak zwykłego pliku -s[ZNAK], --separator[=ZNAK] oddzielanie kolumn pojedynczym ZNAKIEM, domyślnie TABem, jeżeli bez opcji -w, 'no char' z opcją -w -s[ZNAK] wyłącza obcinanie linii we wszystkich 3 układach kolumn (-COLUMN|-a -COLUMN|-m), chyba że użyto opcji -w -t sortowanie wg czasu modyfikacji -T, --tabsize=KOLUMNA TAB co tyle KOLUMN, zamiast co 8 -t równoważne -vT -T, --show-tabs wypisanie znaków TAB jako ^I -u (ignorowane) -v, --show-nonprinting użycie zapisu ^ i M-, oprócz LFD i TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP użycie SEPARATORA zamiast przejścia odstęp - nie-odstęp -T, --temporary-directory=KATALOG użycie KATALOGU na pliki tymczasowe zamiast $TMPDIR lub %s; opcja użyta więcej razy definiuje więcej katalogów -u, --unique z -c: sprawdzenie uporządkowania; bez -c: wypisanie tylko pierwszej z identycznych linii -t, --tabs=LISTA użycie listy pozycji TABów oddzielanych przecinkami -t, --tagged-paragraph wcięcie pierwszej linii inne niż drugiej -u, --uniform-spacing jedna spacja między słowami, dwie między zdaniami -w, --width=ILE maksymalna szerokość linii (domyślnie 75 kolumn) -t, --target-directory=KATALOG przeniesienie wszystkich argumentów ŹRÓDŁOWYCH do KATALOGU -T, --no-target-directory traktowanie CELU jak zwykłego pliku -u, --update przenoszenie tylko gdy ŹRÓDŁO jest nowsze od CELU albo nie ma CELU -v, --verbose wyjaśnianie co się dzieje -t, --text czytanie plików w trybie tekstowym (domyślne jeżeli czytane jest tty przez standardowe wejście) -t, --text czytanie plików w trybie tekstowym (domyślnie) -u z -lt: sortowanie wg czasu i wypisanie czasu ostatniego dostępu; z -l: wypisanie czasu dostępu i sortowanie wg nazw; w przeciwnym przypadku: sortowanie wg czasu dostępu -U bez sortowania, wypisanie kolejności jak w katalogu -v sortowanie wg liczb (numerów wersji) zawartych w nazwach plików -u, --remove skrócenie i skasowanie pliku po zamazaniu -v, --verbose pokazywanie przebiegu zamazywania -x, --exact bez zaokrąglania rozmiarów plików w górę do pełnych bloków, domyślnie dla plików innych niż zwykłe -z, --zero dodatkowe zamazanie zerami, aby ukryć zamazywanie -u, --update kopiowanie tylko plików, dla których ŹRÓDŁO jest nowsze niż CEL albo brakuje CELU -v, --verbose wyjaśnianie co się dzieje -x, --one-file-system pozostanie w jednym systemie plików -u, --user=UŻYTKOWNIK ustawienie UŻYTKOWNIKA w docelowym kontekscie bezpieczeństwa -r, --role=ROLA ustawienie ROLI w docelowym kontekscie bezpieczeństwa -t, --type=TYP ustawienie TYPU w docelowym kontekscie bezpieczeństwa -l, --range=ZAKRES ustawienie ZAKRESU w docelowym kontekscie bezpieczeństwa -v, --kernel-version pokazanie numeru wersji jądra systemu -m, --machine pokazanie nazwy sprzętu (architektury) -p, --processor pokazanie typu procesora albo "unknown" (nieznany) -i, --hardware-platform pokazanie platformy sprzętowej albo "unknown" -o, --operating-system pokazanie nazwy systemu operacyjnego -v, --starting-line-number=NUMER NUMER pierwszej linii na stronie logicznej -w, --number-width=ILE ILE kolumn na numery linii -w, --check-chars=N porównanie najwyżej N znaków w liniach -w, --width=KOLUMNY przyjęcie takiej szerokości ekranu zamiast wartości bieżącej -x wypisanie nazw w kolejnych liniach, nie kolumnach -X sortowanie alfabetyczne wg rozszerzeń -Z, --context wypisanie kontekstu bezpieczeństwa SELinuksa -1 listowanie po jednym pliku w linii -x, --one-file-system ominięcie katalogów będących w innych systemach plików -X --exclude-from=PLIK pominięcie plików pasujących do wzorców w PLIKU --exclude=WZÓR pominięcie plików pasujących do WZORU --max-depth=N wypisanie podsumowania dla katalogu (lub pliku - z --all) tylko jeżeli jest N lub mniej poziomów poniżej podanego jako argument komendy; --max-depth=0 jest tym samym co -summarize -z, --zero-terminated zakończenie linii bajtem 0 zamiast znakiem nowej linii Procesy w stanie nieprzrywalnego snu też wpływają na średnie obciążenie. [:graph:] wszystkie znaki drukowalne oprócz spacji [:lower:] wszystkie małe litery [:print:] wszystkie znaki drukowalne włącznie ze spacją [:punct:] wszystkie znaki przestankowe [:space:] wszystkie odstępy poziome i pionowe [:upper:] wszystkie wielkie litery [:xdigit:] wszystkie cyfry szesnastkowe [=ZNAK=] wszystkie znaki równoważne ZNAKOWI \0NNN znak o kodzie ASCII wynoszącym NNN (ósemkowo, 1 do 3 cyfr) \xHH znak o kodzie ASCII wynoszącym HH (szestnastkowo, 1 do 2 cyfr) \NNN bajt o ósemkowej wartości NNN (1 do 3 cyfr) \xHH bajt szesnastkowej wartości HH (1 do 2 cyfr) \uHHHH znak Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) o szesnastkowej wartości HHHH (4 cyfry) \UHHHHHHHH znak Unicode o szesnastkowej wartości HHHHHHHH (8 cyfr) \\ ukośnik odwrotny (backslash) \a dzwonek (BEL) \b znak cofania (backspace) \c zatrzymanie dalszego wyświetlania \e escape \f wysunięcie strony (FF) \n znak nowej linii \r znak powrotu karetki (CR) \t tabulator poziomy \v tabulator pionowy \v tabulacja pionowa ZNAK1-ZNAK2 wszystkie znaki od ZNAK1 do ZNAK2, rosnąco [ZNAK*] w ZBIORZE2 kopiuje ZNAK uzupełniając do długości ZBIORU1 [ZNAK*POWTÓRZ] POWTÓRZ kopii ZNAKU, ósemkowo gdy zaczyna się od 0 [:alnum:] wszystkie litery i cyfry [:alpha:] wszystkie litery [:blank:] wszystkie odstępy poziome [:cntrl:] wszystkie znaki sterujące [:digit:] wszystkie cyfry ascii z EBCDIC do ASCII ebcdic z ASCII do EBCDIC ibm z ASCII do alternatywnego EBCDIC block wyrównanie rekordów zakończonych znakami nowej linii spacjami do rozmiaru cbs unblock zamiana końcowych spacji w rekordach o rozmiarze cbs na znak nowej linii lcase zamiana wielkich liter na małe binary użycie binarnego I/O dla danych cio użycie równoległego I/O dla danych d[ROZMIAR] dziesiętny ze znakiem, liczba o takim ROZMIARZE w bajtach f[ROZMIAR] zmiennoprzecinkowy, liczba o takim ROZMIARZE w bajtach o[ROZMIAR] ósemkowy, liczba o takim ROZMIARZE w bajtach u[ROZMIAR] dziesiętny bez znaku, liczba o takim ROZMIARZE w bajtach x[ROZMIAR] szesnastkowy, liczba o takim ROZMIARZE w bajtach direct dane zapisywane przez bezpośrednie I/O directory błąd jeżeli nie katalog dsync dane zapisywane przez synchronizowane I/O fullblock odczekiwanie na pełne bloki na wejściu (tylko iflag) if=PLIK czytanie z PLIKU zamiast ze standardowego wejścia iflag=FLAGI czytanie zgodnie z podaną listą słów kluczowych oddzielonych przecinkami obs=BAJTÓW zapisanie tylu BAJTÓW naraz (domyślnie: 512) of=PLIK zapisanie do PLIKU zamiast do standardowego wyjścia oflag=FLAGI pisanie zgodnie z podaną listą słów kluczowych oddzielonych przecinkami seek=BLOKÓW przeskoczenie tylu BLOKÓW o rozmiarze obs na wyjściu skip=BLOKÓW przeskoczenie tylu BLOKÓW o rozmiarze ibs na wejściu status=noxfer bez statystyki kopiowania noatime bez aktualizacji czasu dostępu nocreat bez tworzenia pliku wyjściowego excl zakończenie jeżeli plik wyjściowy już istnieje notrunc bez skrócenia pliku wyjściowego ucase zamiana małych liter na wielkie swab zamiana każdej pary bajtów noctty bez przyporządkowywania terminala sterującego - pliku noerror kontynuowanie mimo błędów czytania sync dopełnienie każdego bloku wejściowego zerami do rozmiaru ibs, jeżeli użyte z block albo unblock, dopełnienie spacjami zamiast NULami fdatasync wymuszenie fizycznego zapisu danych przed zakończeniem fsync jak fdatasync, ale też dla metadanych nofollow bez rozwijania dowiązań symbolicznych nolinks błąd jeżeli wielokrotnie dołączony nonblock użycie nie blokującego I/O none, off nigdy nie są tworzone kopie zapasowe (nawet gdy jest podana opcja --backup) numbered, t tworzenie numerowanych kopii zapasowych existing, nil numerowane jeżeli takie już istnieją, jeżeli nie - proste simple, never tworzenie zawsze prostych kopii zapasowych sync podobnie, ale też dla metadanych text użycie tekstowego I/O dla danych bl.%4s B użyte dostępne %%uż. %H:%M bl.%s-B użyte dostępne pojemność (kopia zapasowa: %s) * [-]ctlecho wyświetlanie znaków kontrolnych jako `^c' itp. [-]echo wyświetlanie każdego znaku z wejścia * [-]echoctl to samo co [-]ctlecho [-]echoe to samo co [-]crterase [-]echok wyświetlanie znaku nowej linii po znaku kill * [-]echoke to samo co [-]crtkill [-]echonl wyświetlanie znaku NL nawet jeśli inne nie są wyświetlane * [-]echoprt wyświetlanie skasowanych znaków wstecz między `\' i `/' [-]icanon wyświetlanie znaków erase, kill, werase i rprnt [-]iexten wyświetlanie znaków spoza specyfikacji POSIX * [-]iuclc zamienianie wielkich liter na małe * [-]ixany każdy znak wznawia transmisję, nie tylko start [-]ixoff włączenie wysyłania znaków start/stop [-]ixon włączenie protokołu sterowania przepływem XON/XOF [-]parmrk zaznaczanie błędów parzystości sekwencją 255-0-znak [-]tandem to samo co [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 program zakłada, że znaki wejściowe są zakodowane w UTF-8 * [-]ocrnl zamienianie znaku CR na NL * [-]ofdel używanie znaku DEL zamiast NUL jako znaku wypełniającego * [-]ofill używanie znaków wypełniających zamiast opóźnień transmisji * [-]olcuc zamienianie małych liter na wielkie * [-]onlcr zamienianie znaków NL na sekwencje CR-NL * [-]onlret znak NL powoduje powrót karetki (carriage return) * [-]onocr bez wysyłania znaków CR w pierwszej kolumnie [-]opost przetwarzanie znaków wyjściowych * tabN styl opóźnienia po tabulatorze poziomym, N w zakresie [0..3] * tabs to samo co tab0 * -tabs to samo co tab3 * vtN styl opóźnienia po tabulatorze pionowym, N w zakresie [0..1] * eol2 ZNAK alternatywny ZNAK końca linii erase ZNAK ZNAK kasuje ostatni wprowadzony znak intr ZNAK ZNAK wysyła sygnał przerwania kill ZNAK ZNAK kasuje bieżącą linię * lnext ZNAK ZNAK wprowadza następny znak w cudzysłowie quit ZNAK ZNAK wysyła sygnał wyjścia * rprnt ZNAK ZNAK powtarza bieżącą linię start ZNAK ZNAK wznawia wyświetlanie * rows N ustawienie długości terminala na N wierszy * size wyświetlenie liczby wierszy i kolumn według ustawień jądra speed wyświetlenie prędkości terminala time N z -icanon ustawienie timeout na N dziesiątych sekundy ??:???? zamont. na TTY kontekst=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu grupy=dawno przy powtórzeniu %s % - 1% pamięci, b - 1, K - 1024 (domyślnie) itd. dla M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Jeżeli PLIK nie jest podany albo podany jako -, czytane jest standardowe wejście *** UWAGA *** Locale ustawione przez zmienne środowiskowe wpływa na porządek sortowania. Ustaw LC_ALL=C żeby przywrócić tradycyjny porządek sortowania, który używa dosłownych wartości bajtów. %.*s: błędna specyfikacja przekształcenia%Y-%m-%d %m-%d %H:%M%lu użytkownik%lu użytkownicy%lu użytkowników%s%s (dla wyr. regularnego %s)%s -> %s (przywrócenie kopii zapasowej) %s [-d] zakończone nieprawidłowo%s i %s to ten sam plik%s istnieje, ale nie jest katalogiem%s pojawił się; śledzenie końca nowego pliku%s stał się dostępny%s stał się niedostępny%s został zamieniony na plik zdalny. koniec śledzenia tej nazwy%s został zamieniony na plik, którego nie można śledzić tailem; koniec śledzenia%s został podmieniony; śledzenie końca nowego pliku%s to nieznany typ plikuplik %s ma zły rozmiat, wyglądający na ujemnystrona domowa %s: %s strona domowa %s: http://www.gnu.org/software/%s/ %s nie jest poprawną dodatnią liczbą całkowitą%s jest za duża%s może być użyty tylko z jądrem SELinuxzostał podany %s, ale nie %s%s%s `%s' jest za duże%s: %s jest tak duża, że nie może zostać wyrażona%s: %s: numer linii spoza zakresu%s: %s: nie pasuje%s: %s:%s: nieuporządkowanie: %s: NIEPOWODZENIE otwarcia lub odczytu %s: Nie ma takiego użytkownika%s: '}' jest wymagany w liczniku powtórzeń%s: spodziewany operator dwuargumentowy%s: można zrobić tylko względne dowiązanie symboliczne w bieżącym katalogu%s: zresetowanie trybu nie blokującego nie było możliwe%s: nie można znaleźć nazwy użytkownika o ID %lu %s: pliku tego typu nie można śledzić%s: nie można ustawić pozycji wyjściowej%s: nie można zamazać katalogu%s: nie można przewinąć%s: nie można ustawić pozycji na wyjściu%s: nie można ustawić pozycji %s względem końca pliku%s: nie można ustawić pozycji %s%s: nie można ustawić pozycji względnej %s%s: nie można zamazywać pliku tylko do dopisywania%s: nie przeskoczyć na wejściu%s: nie można przeskoczyć do podanej pozycji na wejściu%s: brak zamykającego ogranicznika `%c'%s: zresetowanie trybu nie blokującego nie było możliwe%s: przejść do katalogu %s? %s: wejść w katalog %s, zabezpieczony przed zapisem? %s: koniec pliku%s: operand klasy równoważności musi być pojedynczym znakiem%s: błąd obcinania%s: błąd zapisu na pozycji %s%s: spodziewana wartość liczbowa%s: błąd przy zamykaniu pliku%s: błąd przy otwieraniu do zapisu%s: błąd przy kasowaniu pliku%s: błąd fcntl%s: błąd fdatasync%s: plik ma ujemny rozmiar%s: plik się za bardzo zmniejszył%s: plik jest za duży%s: za długi plik%s: plik obcięty%s: błąd fstat%s: błąd fsync%s: nie można zrobić dowiązania zwykłego do katalogu%s: dane wejściowe zawierają pętlę:%s: dane wejściowe zawierają nieparzystą liczbę elementów%s: plik wejściowy jest plikiem wyjściowym%s: po ograniczniku powinna być liczba całkowita%s: błędny PID%s: błędna liczba na początku %s%s: błędna dyrektywa%s: błędna specyfikacja pola %s%s: błędny rozmiar pliku%s: błędny typ pliku%s: błędna maksymalna liczba braków zmian stanów między otwarciami pliku%s: błędna liczba%s: błędna liczba bajtów%s: błędna liczba linii%s: błędna liczba przebiegów%s: błędna liczba sekund%s: błędna liczba do zignorowania%s: błędna opcja -- '%c' %s: błędny wzorzec%s: błędny identyfikator procesu%s: błędne wyrażenie regularne: %s%s: błędny sygnał%s: błędna długość przyrostka%s: numer linii musi być większy od zera%s: numer linii spoza zakresu%s: nie udało się ustawienie pozycji lseek%s: podano wiele sygnałów%s: nowe uprawnienia to %s, nie %s%s: brak poprawnie sformatowanych linii sumy kontrolnej %s%s: brak informacji o wielkości tego urządzenia%s: nie będzie wylistowany katalog już wylistowany poprzednio%s: ilość bajtów jest za duża%s: opcja '%c%s' nie może mieć argumentu %s: opcja '%s' jest niejednoznaczna %s: opcja '--%s' nie może mieć argumentu %s: opcja '-W %s' nie może mieć argumentu %s: opcja '-W %s' jest niejednoznaczna %s: opcja wymaga argumentu -- '%c' %s: zamazać %s? %s: przebieg %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: przebieg %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: przebieg %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: błąd odczytu%s: usunąć %s %s? %s: usunąć wszystkie argumenty rekursywnie? %s: usunąć wszystkie argumenty? %s: usunąć zabezpieczony przed zapisem %s %s? %s: skasowany%s: usuwanie%s: przemianowany na %s%s: zastąpić %s? %s: nie udało się ustawienie pozycji%s: za dużo linii z sumami kontrolnymi%s: zamazywanie %s, obejść uprawnienia %04lo (%s)? %s: nie można ustalić maksymalnej długości nazwy pliku%s: wykonanie wszystkich żądanych operacji było niemożliwe%s: spodziewany operator jednoargumentowy%s: nierozpoznana opcja '%c%s' %s: nierozpoznana opcja '--%s' %s: wartość nie przekształcona w całości%s: błąd zapisu%s:%lu: błędna linia, brakuje drugiego słowa%s:%lu: błędna nazwa pliku - o zerowej długości%s:%lu: nierozpoznane słowo kluczowe %s%s}: między `{' a `}' musi być liczba całkowita'spodziewany `)'spodziewany `)', a jest %s(C)* używającymi tymczasowego cache'a, jak klient wersji 3 NFS * kompresowanymi * opartymi na logowaniu i journalingu, jak dostarczane z AIXem i Solarisem (oraz JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3 itd.) * takimi, które zapisują dane na dodatkowych dyskach i kontynuują pracę, nawet jeżeli nie udają się niektóre operacje zapisu, jak systemy plików oparte na RAID * które zapisują stan chwilowy, jak serwer NFS Network Appliance , średnie obciążenie: %.2f, %g s, %s/s opcja --%s ma za duży argument %sopcja --context (-Z) działa tylko z jądrem systemu z włączonym SELinuksem.opcji --reflink można użyć tylko ze --sparse=auto-R --dereference wymaga -H albo -L-R -h wymagają podania -P-ef nie dopuszcza -l-nt nie dopuszcza -l-ot nie dopuszcza -l??? ?????SkasowaneRodzina adresów nie obsługiwana przez ten systemZegar alarmowyArgumenty obowiązkowe dla opcji długich obowiązują dla krótkich. Wszystkie żądania wypełnioneZa mały bufor argumentówArnold RobbinsBłędne wywołanie systemoweZła wartość ai_flagsBrian FoxUrwany potokBłąd szynyUWAGA: Należy pamiętać, że shred opiera się na ważnym założeniu: że system plików zamazuje dane w tym samym miejscu, gdzie je pierwotnie zapisał. Tak dzieje się tradycyjnie, ale wiele nowoczesnych systemów plików tak nie robi. Z następującymi systemami plików shred nie działa efektywnie albo nie ma gwarancji, że działa efektywnie we wszystkich trybach pracy systemu plików: KOMENTARZPrzekroczony limit czasu procesoraUżycie funkcji link do utworzenia dowiązania o nazwie PLIK2 do istniejącego PLIKU1. Wywołanie funkcji unlink (usuń) aby usunąć podany PLIK. Zmiana efektywnego identyfikatora użytkownika i grupy na identyfikator UŻYTKOWNIKA. -, -l, --login uruchomienie powłoki podstawowej (login shell) -c, --command=POLECENIE przekazanie POLECENIA powłoce opcją -c -f, --fast przekazanie -f powłoce (dla csh lub tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment bez kasowania zmiennych środowiskowych -p to samo co -m -s, --shell=POWŁOKA uruchomienie POWŁOKI, jeśli /etc/shells pozwala Zmiana grupy każdego PLIKU na GRUPĘ. Z opcją --reference zmiana grupy każdego PLIKU na taką jaką ma PLIK_WZ. -c, --changes jak verbose, ale informowanie tylko gdy zaszła zmiana --dereference zmiany mają dotyczyć plików wskazywanych przez dowiązania symboliczne, a nie samych dowiązań (domyślnie) Zmiana uprawnień do każdego PLIKU na UPRAWN. -c, --changes jak -v, ale podanie tylko kiedy zaszła zmiana Zmiana właściciela i/lub grupy każdego PLIKU na WŁAŚCICIELA i/lub GRUPĘ. Z opcją --reference zmiana właściciela i grupy każdego PLIKU na taką jaką ma PLIK_WZ. -c, --changes jak verbose, ale podanie tylko kiedy zaszła zmiana --dereference zmiany mają dotyczyć plików wskazywanych przez dowiązania symboliczne, a nie samych dowiązań (domyślnie) Zmiana kontekstu bezpieczeństwa każdego PLIKU na KONTEKST. Z opcją --reference: zmiana kontekstu bezpieczeństwa każdego PLIKU na taki jaki ma PLIK_WZ. -h, --no-dereference zmiany mają dotyczyć samych dowiązań symbolicznych, a nie plików przez nie wskazywanych Chet RameyKoniec działania procesu potomnegoColin PlumbPorównanie posortowanych plików PLIK1 i PLIK2 linia po linii. Połączenie PLIKU(ÓW) albo przekazanie ze standardowego wejścia na wyjście. -A, --show-all równoważne -vET -b, --number-nonblank numerowanie niepustych linii na wyjściu -e równoważne -vE -E, --show-ends wypisanie $ na końcu każdej linii -n, --number numerowanie wszystkich linii na wyjściu -s, --squeeze-blank nigdy więcej niż jedna pusta linia KontynuacjaW każdym PLIKU spacje zamieniane są na TABy, wynik jest wypisywany na standardowe wyjście. Jeżeli PLIK nie jest podany albo podany jako -, czytane jest standardowe wejście. Zamiana TAB-ów we wszystkich PLIKACH na spacje, wynik na standardowym wyjściu. Jeżeli PLIK nie jest podany albo podany jako -, czytane jest standardowe wejście. Skopiowanie ŹRÓDŁA do CELU lub ŹRÓDŁA/ŹRÓDEŁ do KATALOGU. Kopiowanie pliku z przekształcaniem i formatowaniem zgodnie z argumentami. bs=BAJTÓW czytanie i zapisywanie tylu BAJTÓW za jednym razem (zobacz też ibs= i obs=) cbs=BAJTÓW przekształcenie tylu BAJTÓW za jednym razem conv=SŁOWA_KL przekształcenie pliku wg listy słów kluczowych oddzielonych przecinkami count=BLOKÓW skopiowanie tylko tyle BLOKÓW z wejścia ibs=BAJTÓW czytanie tylu BAJTÓW naraz (domyślnie: 512) Kopiuje standardowe wejście do każdego PLIKU oraz na standardowe wyjście. -a, --append dopisywanie do PLIKU, nie nadpisywanie -i, --ignore-interrupts ignorowanie sygnałów przerwania Bezpieczne utworzenie tymczasowego pliku albo katalogu i wypisanie jego nazwy. WZORZEC musi zawierać co najmniej trzy kolejne znaki 'X' w ostatniej części. Jeżeli WZORZEC nie jest podany, użyty będzie wzorzec tmp.XXXXXXXXXX i domyślna wartość --tmpdir . Tworzenie nazwanych potoków (pipes, FIFOs) o podanych NAZWACH. Utworzenie KATALOGU/ÓW, jeżeli jeszcze nie istnieją. Utworzenie pliku specjalnego o podanej NAZWIE i TYPIE. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDiagnozowanie błędnych i nieprzenośnych nazw plików. -p sprawdzenie dla większości systemów POSIX -P sprawdzenie pustych nazw i początkowych "-" --portability sprawdzenie dla wszystkich systemów POSIX (równoważne -p -P) Katalog: Pokazanie danych pliku albo systemu plików -L, --dereference rozwiązywanie dowiązań symbolicznych -f, --file-system pokazanie danych systemu plików, a nie pliku Wypisanie bieżącego czasu w podanym formacie albo ustawienie czasu systemowego. -d, --date=SPECYFIKACJA wypisanie czasu podanego przez SPECYFIKACJĘ, nie bieżącego (now) -f, --file=PLIKDAT jak --date, dla każdej linii PLIKUDAT Dmitry V. LevinPozbycie się wszystkich dodatkowych grup, przyjęcie identyfikatora i grupy UŻYTKOWNIKA (numerycznego albo nazwy) i wykonanie POLECENIA z podanymi ARGUMENTAMI. Wyjście ze statusem 111, jeżeli nie da się przyjąć wymaganych identyfikatorów użytkownika i grupy. W przeciwnym przypadku wyjście ze statusem wyjściowym POLECENIA. Ten program jest przydatny tylko jeżeli jest uruchomiony przez roota (użytkownika o identyfikatorze zero) Pułapka EMTWYJŚCIEKażdy zakres to: N N-ty bajt, znak lub pole, liczone od 1 N- od N-tego bajtu, znaku lub pola do końca linii N-M od N-tego do M-tego (włącznie) bajtu, znaku lub pola -M od pierwszego do M-tego (włącznie) bajtu, znaku lub pola Jeżeli PLIK nie jest podany albo podany jako -, czytane jest standardowe wejście. Powtórzenie NAPISU na standardowym wyjściu. -n bez powtarzania końcowego znaku nowej linii Eric BlakeWyjście z kodem oznaczającym błąd.Wyjście z kodem oznaczającym powodzenie.Zakończenie pracy z kodem wyjścia zależnym od WYRAŻENIA. F. PinardNIEPOWODZENIEFIXME: nieznanyFORMAT musi umożliwiać wypisanie jednego argumentu typu `double'; domyślnie jest to %.DOKŁf jeżeli PIERWSZA, KROK i OSTATNIA są wszystkie całkowite, z maksymalną dokładnością DOKŁ albo %g w przeciwnym przypadku. Potoki nie mają numerów większych ani mniejszych.Przekroczony limit rozmiaru plikówSystem plików System plików TypOdfiltrowanie sąsiadujących identycznych linii z WEJŚCIA (albo standardowego wejścia), wynik zapisywany do WYJŚCIA (albo standardowego wyjścia). Jeżeli nie są podane żadne opcje, z identycznych linii pozostawiana jest pierwwsza. Wyjątej operacji zmiennoprzecinkowejŻeby przeczytać kompletną dokumentację uruchom: info coreutils '%s invocation' Dla każdej pary linii z identycznymi polami łączącymi wypisywana jest linia na standardowym wyjściu. Domyślnie pole łączące jest pierwsze i oddzielone odstępem. Gdy PLIK1 albo PLIK2 (nie oba) to -, czytane jest standardowe wejście. -a NUMER wypisanie linii nie do pary z pliku NUMER, gdzie numer to 1 albo 2, odpowiadający PLIKOWI1 albi PLIKOWI2 -e PUSTE zamiana brakujących pól na wejściu na PUSTE Wymuszenie zapisu zmienionych bloków na dysk, aktualizacja super-bloku. Pomoc w używaniu oprogramowania GNU: http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/ Giuseppe ScrivanoH. Peter AnvinZawieszenieWejście/wyjście możliweBEZCZYNNYIan Lance TaylorBezczynnyJeśli nie podano PLIKU, używa %s. %s jest zwykle podawane jako PLIK. Nielegalna instrukcjaDodatkowo backupy i zdalne kopie mogą zawierać egzemplarze tego samego pliku, które nie mogą zostać usunięte i plik zamazany schredem może zostać odtworzony. Imię i nazwisko: W pierwszej formie - utworzenie dowiązania do CELU z nazwą NAZWA_DOWIĄZANIA. W drugiej formie - utworzenie dowiązania do CELU w bieżącym katalogu. W trzeciej i czwartej formie - utworzenie łącza do każdego CELU w KATALOGU. Domyślnie tworzone są zwykłe dowiązania (hard links), symboliczne gdy jest użyta opcja --symbolic. Przy tworzeniu zwykłych dowiązań każdy CEL musi istnieć. Dowiązania symboliczne mogą zawierać dowolny tekst. Gdy są później rozwijane, łącze ze ścieżką względną jest interpretowane względem katalogu, w którym się znajdują. W przypadku systemu plików ext3 powyższe uwagi mają znaczenie (a shred ma wtedy ograniczona efektywność) tylko w trybie data=journal, w którym journallingowi podlega oprócz metadanych również zawartość pliku. Zarówno w trybie data=ordered (domyślny) jak data=writeback shred działa jak zazwyczaj. Tryb jourinallingu ext3 może byc zmieniony przez dodanie opcji data=opcja do opcji mount-a dla danego systemu plików w pliku /etc/fstab, jak podaje manual (man mount) nieskończenie wiele BŻądanie informacjiPrzerwaniePRzerwany przez sygnałBłędne odwołanieBłędna nazwa klasy znakówZnak błędny dla bieżącego uporządkowaniaBłędna zawartość \{\}Błędne wyrażenie regularneBłędny koniec zakresuBłędne wyrażenie regularneJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfZabityTERMLOGINWypisanie informacji o PLIKACH (domyślnie w katalogu bieżącym). Sortowane alfabetyczne, jeżeli nie jest podana żadna z opcji -cftuvSUX ani --sort. UżytkownikUżytkownik: Argumenty obowiązkowe dla opcji długich obowiązują również dla krótkich. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnBłąd przydziału pamięciBrak pamięciMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerUŻYTKOWNIKNazwiskoNieznana nazwa lub usługaZ nazwą nie jest związany żaden adresBrak dopasowaniaBrak poprzedniego wyrażenia regularnegoNienaprawialny błąd w rozwiązywaniu nazwDOBRZEPrzy kasowaniu bez kompresji powtórzeń może być podany tylko jeden zbiór.Opcja --string bez liczby oznacza długość równą 3; opcja --width bez liczby oznacza szerokość równą 32. Domyślnie od używa -A o -t oS -w16. Opcje porządkowania: Inne opcje: Pokazanie indeksu słów z plików wejściowych razem z kontekstem. Wypisanie poleceń ustawiających zmienną środowiskową LS_COLORS. Ustalenie formatu: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell w kodzie powłoki Bourne'a -c, --csh, --c-shell w kodzie powłoki C -p, --print-database wypisanie wartości domyślnych Zapisanie równych kawałków PLIKU do PRZEDROSTEKaa, PRZEDROSTEKab, ...; domyślny rozmiat to 1000 linii, domyslny PRZEDROSTEK to `x'. Jeżeli PLIK nie jest podany albo podany jako -, czytane jest standardowe wejście Zapisanie kawałków PLIKU oddzielonych przez WZORCE do plików `xx01', `xx02', ..., i podanie na standardowym wyjściu liczby bajtów w każdym kawałku. Wypisanie limitów zależnych od systemu w formacie wygodnym dla skryptów powłoki. Wyświetla kto jest zalogowany według informacji w PLIKU. Jeśli brak PLIKU, używa %s. Często podaje się też %s. Wielokrotne zamazanie podanego PLIKU w celu utrudnienia odzyskania jego zawartości nawet przy użyciu drogich urządzeń do odzyskiwania danych. PIDPakowane przez %s Pakowane przez %s (%s) Padraig BradyPodzielenie na strony lub ułożenie w kolumny PLIKU/ÓW do drukowania. Źle zakodowana specyfikacja parametrówHasło:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlan: Brak zasilaniaPrzedwczesny koniec szukania wyrażenia regularnegoWypisuje ARGUMENT(Y) zgodnie z FORMATEM albo wykonuje zgodnie z OPCJĄ: Wypisanie sumy CRC i liczby bajtów każdego PLIKU. Wyświetla NAZWĘ, usuwając wszystkie poprzedzające składniki ścieżki. Jeśli jest podany, usuwa również PRZYROSTEK. Wyświetlenie NAZWY bez ostatniego /składnika; jeśli NAZWA nie zawiera znaków `/', wyświetla `.' (co oznacza katalog bieżący). Napisanie informacji o systemie. Bez opcji działa jak z -s. -a, --all pokazanie wszystkich informacji w następującej kolejności, oprócz -p i -i, jeżeli nieznane: -s, --kernel-name pokazanie nazwy jądra systemu operacyjnego -n, --nodename pokazanie sieciowej nazwy systemu -r, --kernel-release pokazanie numeru edycji jądra systemu Wypisanie sumy kontrolnej i liczby bloków dla każdego PLIKU. -r użycie algorytmu BSD i bloków po 1 KB -s, --sysv użycie algorytmu Systemu V i bloków po 512 bajtów Wypisuje przynależność do grup każdego UŻYTKOWNIKA, a gdy UŻYTKOWNIK nie jest podany - dla bieżącego procesu (po zmianach bazy danych grup mogą wystąpić różnice). Wypisuje informację o aktualnie zalogowanych użytkownikach. Wypisanie architektury komputera. Wyświetlenie liczb od PIERWSZEJ do OSTATNIEJ z krokiem KROK. -f, --format=FORMAT użycie FORMATU w stylu zmiennoprzecinkowego formatu funkcji printf -s, --separator=NAPIS rozdzielenie liczb NAPISEM (domyślnie: \n) -w, --equal-width wypełnienie zerami do równej szerokości Wypisanie lub zmiana ustawień terminala. -a, --all wyświetlenie wszystkich aktualnych ustawień w postaci czytelnej dla człowieka -g, --save wyświetlenie wszystkich aktualnych ustawień w formacie czytelnym dla stty -F, --file=URZĄDZENIE otwarcie i używanie podanego URZĄDZENIA zamiast standardowego wejścia Wypisywanie wybranych części linii z każdego PLIKU na standardowe wyjście. Wypisanie aktualnej godziny, czasu od startu systemu, liczby użytkowników zalogowanych w systemie oraz średniej liczby procesów uruchamianych w ciągu ostatnich 1, 5 i 15 minut.Napisanie nazwy terminala związanego ze standardowym wejściem. -s, --silent, --quiet nic nie jest wypisywane, zwracany jest kod powrotu Wypisanie 10 pierwszych linii każdego PLIKU na standardowym wyjściu. Dla większej liczby PLIKÓW każdy kawałek ma nagłówek z nazwą. Jeżeli PLIK nie jest podany albo podany jest jako -, czytane jest standardowe wejście. Wypisanie pełnej nazwy bieżącego katalogu. Wypisanie %d ostatnich linii każdego PLIKU na standardowym wyjściu. Dla większej liczby PLIKÓW każda porcja ma nagłówek z nazwą. Jeżeli PLIK nie jest podany albo podany jako -, czytane jest standardowe wejście. Wypisuje nazwę aktualnego użytkownika. Wypisanie liczby procesorów dostępnych dla bieżącego procesu. Może być mniejsza niż liczba włączonych procesorów Wypisuje rozkład każdej z podanych LICZB całkowitych na czynniki pierwsze. Jeżeli argumenty nie są podane, czyta je ze standardowego wejścia. Wypisanie nazwy użytkownika związanego z aktualnym efektywnym idetyfikatorem użytkownika. Działa jak id -un. Wyświetla informację o UŻYTKOWNIKU lub o aktualnym użytkowniku albo o bieżącym użytkowniku, jeżeli nie podano identyfikatora. -a ignorowane, dla zachowania kompatybilności z innymi wersjami -Z, --context wypisanie tylko kontekstu bezpieczeństwa bieżącego użytkownika -g, --group wypisanie tylko efektywnego identyfikatora grupy -G, --groups wypisanie pełnej listy grup -n, --name wypisanie nazw zamiast numerów, dla -ugG -r, --real wypisanie rzeczywistego ID zamiast efektywnego, dla -ugG -u, --user wypisanie tylko efektywnego identyfikatora użytkownika Wypisanie dowiązania symbolicznego albo pierwotnej nazwy pliku W trakcie przetwarzania żądaniaUpłynął czas zegara profilinguProjekt: Q. Frank XiaZakończenie zwykłeRandy SmithSygnał czasu rzeczywistego nr %dPrzeformatowanie akapitów w PLIKU(ACH), wynik na standardowym wyjściu. Opcja -SZEROKOŚĆ jest skróconą formą -width=SZEROKOŚĆ. Za duże wyrażenie regularneKasowanie (unlink) PLIKU/PLIKÓW. -f, --force ignorowanie nieistniejących plików, bez pytań -i pytanie przez każdym kasowaniem Usuwanie pustych KATALOGÓW. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty zignorowanie błędów spowodowanych wyłącznie tym, że katalog nie jest pusty Przemianowanie ŹRÓDŁA na CEL albo przeniesienie jednego lub wielu ŹRÓDEŁ do KATALOGU. Powtarzanie na wyjściu linii ze wszystkimi podanymi NAPIS(AMI) albo `y' Raporty o błędach %s wysyłaj do %s O błędach tłumaczenia %s poinformuj przez http://translationproject.org/team/ Żądanie skasowaneŻądnie nie skasowaneUtracony zasóbRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonUruchomienie POLECENIA z poprawionym priorytetem, co wpływa na przydział czasu procesora. Bez POLECENIE wypisuje bieżący priorytet. Priorytet może mieć wartość od %d (największe przydziały czasu) do %d (najmniejsze). Uruchomienie polecenia w katalogiem root ustawionym na NOWY_ROOT. Uruchomienie POLECENIA ignorującego sygnały HUP. Uruchamia POLECENIE ze zmodyfikowanymi operacjami buforowania standardowych strumieni. Uruchomienie programu w innym kontekscie bezpieczeństwa Bez KONTEKSTU ani POLECENIA - wypisanie bieżącego kontekstu bezpieczeństwa. KONTEKST pełny kontekst bezpieczeństwa -c, --compute wyliczenie przejściowego kontekstu procesu przez zmodyfikowaniem kontekstu -t, --type=TYP typ (dla tej samej roli, w której jest proces rodzicielski) -u, --user=UŻYTKOWNIK identyfikacja użytkownika -r, --role=ROLA rola -l, --range=ZAKRES zakres poziomów Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerBłąd segmentacjiWysyła sygnały do procesów albo pokazuje listę sygnałów. Servname nie obsługiwany przez ai_socktypeUstaw LC_ALL='C' żeby obejść problemUstawienie każdej zmiennej środowiskowej NAZWA wartości WARTOŚĆ i wykonanie POLECENIA. -i, --ignore-environment zaczęcie z pustym środowiskiem -0, --null każda linia wyjściowa zakończona bajtem 0, a nie znakiem nowej linii -u, --unset=NAZWA usunięcie zmiennej ze środowiska Powłoka: Pokazuje informacje o systemie plików, w którym jest każdy z PLIKÓW, domyślnie o wszystkich systemach plików. Obcięcie albo rozciągnięcie każdego PLIKU do podanego rozmiatu PLIK, który nie istnieje jest tworzony. Jeżeli PLIK jest większy od podanego rozmiaru, nadmiarowe dane są tracone. Jeżeli jest krótszy, dodana część (dziura) jest odczytywana jako bajty zerowe. Simon JosefssonPlik specjalny powinien mieć podane większy i mniejszy numer urządzeniaBłąd stosuZatrzymanyZatrzymany (sygnał)Zatrzymane (wejście z terminala)Zatrzymane (wyjście na terminal)Stuart KempSukcesPodsumowuje zajętość dysku przez każdy PLIK, rekursywnie dla katalogów. błąd systemuCZASTymczasowy błąd rozwiązywania nazwZakończenieNastępujące opcjonalne flagi mogą być podane po `%': - (myślnik) bez dopełniania _ (podkreślenie) dopełnienie odstępami 0 (zero) dopełnienie zerami ^ używanie wielkich liter jeżeli to możliwe # użycie małych liter zamiast wielkich i odwotnie, jeżeli to możliwe Następujące opcje zmieniają sposób przeglądania katalogów gdy jest podana opcja -R. Jeżeli podane jest więcej opcji, używana jest tylko ostatnia. -H jeżeli argumentem jest dowiązanie symboliczne do katalogu - będzie przetworzony -L przetworzenie każdego katalogu, do którego jest dowiązanie symboliczne -P bez przetwarzania dowiązań symbolicznych (domyślnie) Porównywane były napisy %s i %s.Torbjorn GranlundZatrzymanie na trace/brakepoincieKońcowy ukośnik odwrotnyZamiana, usunięcie wielokrotnych i/lub skasowanie znaków ze standardowego wejścia. Wyniki są wypisywane na standardowym wyjściu. -c, -C, --complement zbiór znaków komplementarny do ZBIORU1 -d, --delete skasowanie znaków ze ZBIORU1, bez zamian -s, --squeeze-repeats zamiana ciągu takich samych znaków ze ZBIORU1 na pojedyncze wystąpienia takich znaków -t, --truncate-set1 najpierw ZBIÓR1 jest obcinany do długości ZBIORU2 Spróbuj `%s --help' dla uzyskania informacji. Użyj `%s ./%s' żeby usunąć plik %s. Przy kasowaniu z kompresją powtórzeń muszą być podane dwa zbiory.Przy zamianie muszą być podane dwa zbioryUlrich DrepperNieznany błądNieznany sygnał nr %dNieznany błąd systemuNiesparowany ( lub \(Niesparowany ) lub \)Niesparowany [ lub [^Niedopasowany \{Uaktualnienie czasu ostatniego odczytu albo modyfikacji każdego PLIKU do bieżącego czasu. Jeżeli argument PLIK nie istnieje, jest tworzony jako pusty PLIK, chyba że podana jest opcja -c albo -h. PLIK o nazwie `-' jest traktowany specjalnie: touch ustawia czas pliku związanego ze standardowym wyjściem. Pilny warunek wejścia/wyjściaSkładnia: %s Składnia: %s POLECENIE [ARGUMENT]... albo: %s OPCJA Składnia: %s KONTEKST POLECENIE [argumenty] albo: %s [ -c ] [-u UŻYTKOWNIK] [-r ROLA] [-t TYP] [-l ZAKRES] POLECENIE [argumenty] Składnia: %s WYRAŻENIE albo: %s OPCJA Składnia: %s PLIK albo: %s OPCJA Składnia: %s PLIK1 PLIK2 albo: %s OPCJA Składnia: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... albo: %s OPCJA Składnia: %s NAZWA albo: %s OPCJA Składnia: %s NAZWA [ROZSZERZENIE] albo: %s [OPCJA] Składnia: %s ILE[PRZYROSTEK]... albo: %s OPCJA Czekanie przez określoną LICZBĘ sekund. PRZYROSTKIEM może być `s' dla oznaczenia sekund (domyślnie), m - minut, h - godzin i d - dni. Inaczej niż w większości implementacji, w których ILE musi być liczbą całkowitą, tutaj ILE może być dowolną liczbą zmiennoprzecinkową. Jeżeli podane są dwa lub więcej argumenty, przerwa trwa tyle ile suma ich wartości. Składnia: %s OPCJA... POLECENIE Składnia: %s OPCJA... PLIK... Składnia: %s OPCJA... [PLIK]... Składnia: %s [-F URZĄDZENIE] [--file=URZĄDZENIE] [USTAWIENIA]... albo: %s [-F URZĄDZENIE] [--file=URZĄDZENIE] [-a|--all] albo: %s [-F URZĄDZENIE] [--file=URZĄDZENIE] [-g|--save] Składnia: %s [-SZEROKOŚĆ] [OPCJA]... [PLIK]... Składnia: %s [-s SYGNAŁ | -SYGNAŁ] PID... albo: %s -l [SYGNAŁ]... albo: %s -t [SYGNAŁ]... Składnia: %s [PLIK]... albo: %s [OPCJA] Składnia: %s [NAZWA] albo: %s OPCJA Wyświetlenie lub ustawienie nazwy tego systemu. Składnia: %s [LICZBA]... albo: %s OPCJA Składnia: %s [ARGUMENT]... albo: %s OPCJA Składnia: %s [OPCJA] Składnia: %s [OPCJA] Wyświetla numeryczny (szesnastkowo) identyfikator tej maszyny. Składnia: %s [OPCJA] NOWY_ROOT [POLECENIE [ARGUMENT]...] albo: %s OPCJA Składnia: %s [OPCJA] [POLECENIE [ARGUMENT]...] Składnia: %s [OPCJA] [PLIK] Wypisanie całkowicie uporządkowanej listy zgodnie z częściowym porządkiem w PLIKU. Gdy nie podano PLIKU albo podano jako -, czytane jest standardowe wejście. Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... KONTEKST PLIK... albo: %s [OPCJA]... [-u UŻYTKOWNIK] [-r ROLA] [-l ZAKRES] [-t TYP] PLIK... albo: %s [OPCJA]... --reference=PLIK_WZ PLIK... Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... KATALOG... Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... PLIK Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... PLIK WZORZEC... Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... PLIK... Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... PLIK1 PLIK2 Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... GRUPA PLIK... albo: %s [OPCJA]... --reference=PLIK_WZ PLIK... Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... OSTATNIA albo: %s [OPCJA]... PIERWSZA OSTATNIA albo: %s [OPCJA]... PIERWSZA KROK OSTATNIA Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... UPRAWN[,UPRAWN]... PLIK... albo: %s [OPCJA]... UPRAWN_ÓS PLIK... albo: %s [OPCJA]... --reference=PLIK_WZ PLIK... Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... NAZWA TYP [WIĘKSZY MNIEJSZY] Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... NAZWA... Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... ZBIÓR1 [ZBIÓR2] Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... [ PLIK | ARGUMENT1 ARGUMENT2 ] Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... [+FORMAT] albo: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDggmm[[CC]RR][.ss]] Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... [-T] ŹRÓDŁO CEL albo: %s [OPCJA]... ŹRÓDŁO... KATALOG albo: %s [OPCJA]... -t KATALOG ŹRÓDŁO... Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... -T ŹRÓDŁO CEL albo: %s [OPCJA]... ŹRÓDŁO... KATALOG albo: %s [OPCJA]... -t KATALOG ŹRóDŁO... albo: %s [OPCJA]... -d KATALOG... Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... [-T] CEL NAZ_DOWIĄZ (format pierwszy) albo: %s [OPCJA]... CEL (format drugi) albo: %s [OPCJA]... CEL... KATALOG (format trzeci) albo: %s [OPCJA]... -t KATALOG... CEL... (format czwarty) Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... [-] [NAZWA=WARTOŚĆ]... [POLECENIE [ARGUMENT]...] Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... [-] [UŻYTKOWNIK [ARGUMENT]...] Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... [PLIK] Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... [PLIK] albo: %s -e [OPCJA]... [ARGUMENT] albo: %s -i LO-HI [OPCJA]... Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... [PLIK] Zakodowane lub zdekodowanie kodem 64-znakowym (base64) PLIKU albo danych między standardowym wejściem i wyjściem. Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... [PLIK]... Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... [PLIK]... albo: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [PLIK] [[+]PRZESUNIĘCIE[.][b]] albo: %s --traditional [OPCJA]... [PLIK] [[+]PRZESUNIĘCIE[.][b] [[+]ETYKIETA]] Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... [PLIK]... albo: %s [OPCJA]... --files0-from=P Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... [PLIK]... Wypisuje albo sprawdza sumy kontrolne %s (%d-bitowe). Bez podanego PLIKU albo gdy jest podany jako -, czyta standardowe wejście. Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... [WEJŚCIE [WYJŚCIE]] Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... [PLIK [PRZEDROSTEK]] Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... [WEJŚCIE]... (bez -G) albo: %s -G [OPCJA]... [WEJŚCIE [WYJŚCIE]] Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... [WŁAŚCICIEL][:[GRUPA]] PLIK... albo: %s [OPCJA]... --reference=PLIK_WZ PLIK... Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... [WZORZEC] Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... [UŻYTKOWNIK] Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... [UŻYTKOWNIK]... Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... [UŻYTKOWNIK]... Składnia: %s [OPCJA]... [ZMIENNA]... Wypisuje wartości podanych ZMIENNYCH środowiska. Jeżeli nie jest podana żadna ZMIENNA środowiskowa, wypisywane są nazwy i wartości wszystkich. Składnia: %s [KRÓTKA-OPCJA]... UŻYTKOWNIK POLECENIE [ARGUMENT]... albo: %s DŁUGA-OPCJA Składnia: %s [KRÓTKA-OPCJA]... [NAPIS]... albo: %s [DŁUGA-OPCJA] Składnia: %s [NAPIS] albo: %s OPCJA Składnia: %s [argumenty są ignorowane] albo: %s OPCJA Składnia: test WYRAŻENIE albo: test albo: [ WYRAŻENIE ] albo: [] albo: [ OPCJA Sygnał 1 definiowany przez użytkownikaSygnał 2 definiowany przez użytkownikaJeżeli jest użyta opcja -s, to ignorowane są opcje -L i -P. W przeciwnym przypadku ostatnia podana opcja wpływa na zachowanie programu kiedy źródłem jest łącze symboliczne, domyślnie to %s. Prawidłowe argumenty to:Prawidłowe specyfikacje formatu dla systemów plików: %a liczba wolnych bloków dostępnych dla zwykłego użytkownika %b całkowita liczba bloków danych w systemie plików %c całkowita liczba i-węzłów w systemie plików %d liczba wolnych i-węzłów w systemie plików %f liczba wolnych bloków w systemie plików %C kontekst bezpieczeństwa SELinuksa Upłynął czas zegara wirtualnegoUWAGA: opcja --page-increment jest przestarzała, zamiast niej używaj --line-incrementUWAGA: opcja --preserve_context jest przestarzała, zamiast niej używaj --preserve-contextUWAGA: Cykliczna struktura katalogów. Prawie na pewno oznacza to, że system plików jest uszkodzony. NALEŻY ZAWIADOMIĆ ADMINISTRATORA SYSTEMU. Następujący katalog jest częścią cyklu: %s UWAGA: zignorowana opcja --context (-Z), to jądro nie ma włączonego SELinuksaUWAGA: zignorowana opcja --preserve-context, to jądro nie ma włączonego SELinuksaUWAGA: opcja --strip-program została zignorowana, bo nie została podana opcja -sUwaga: KiedySkądZmiana rozmiaru oknaZ --follow (-f) tail domyślnie śledzi przyrosty zawartości pliku o określonym deskryptorze, więc nawet po zmianie nazwy śledzi ten sam plik. To domyślne zachowanie jest niepożądane, jeżeli śledzony ma być plik o określonej nazwie (np. plik logu podlegający rotacji). W tym przypadku należy użyć --follow=name, co powoduje, że tail śledzi podany plik, otwierając go co jakiś czas ponownie, żeby sprawdzić, czy nie został przemianowany albo usunięty i ponownie utworzony przez jakiś inny program. Łamanie linii w każdym PLIKU wejściowym (domyślnie standardowym wejściu), wynik na standardowym wyjściu. Wypisanie losowej permutacji linii wejściowych na standardowym wyjściu. Przepisanie każdego PLIKU na standardowe wyjście, w odwrotnym porządku: ostatnia linia pierwsza. Jeżeli PLIK nie jest podany albo podany jako -, czytane jest standardowe wejście. Wypisanie każdego PLIKU na standardowe wyjście z numerami linii. Jeżeli PLIK nie jest podany albo podany jako -, czytane jest standardowe wejście. Wypisywanie linii złożonych ze sklejonych kolejnych odpowiadających sobie linii z każdego PLIKU oddzielonych TABami, na standardowe wyjście. Bez PLIKU albo gdy jest podany jako -, czytane jest standardowe wejście. Wypisanie posortowanego połączenia wszystkich PLIK(ÓW) na standardowym wyjściu Autorzy: %s i %s. Autorzy: %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s i inni. Autorzy: %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s i %s. Autorzy: %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s i %s. Autorzy: %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s i %s. Autorzy: %s, %s, %s, %s, %s i %s. Autorzy: %s, %s, %s, %s i %s. Autorzy: %s, %s, %s i %s. Autorzy: %s, %s i %s. Napisany przez %s. wyrażenia [=c=] nie mogą być w ZBIORZE2 przy zamianie^[nN]^[yYtT]``-%c' nadmiarowe znaki lub błędna liczba w argumencie: %s`--pages=PIERWSZA_STRONA[:OSTATNIA_STRONA]' - brakujący argument`-N LICZBA' błędny numer linii początkowej: %s`-W SZEROKOŚĆ_STRONY' błędna liczba znaków: %s`-l DŁ_STRONY' błędna liczba linii: %s`-o MARGINES' błędne przesunięcie linii: %s`-w SZEROKOŚĆ_STRONY' błędna liczba znaków: %srazem z priorytetem musi być podane poleceniedostęp do %sai_family nie jest obsługiwanaai_socktype nie jest obsługiwaneniejednoznaczny argument %s opcji %sogranicznik może być podany tylko dla operacji na polachdołączenie wyników do %sutworzenie kopii zapasowej %s zniszczyłoby żródło; %s nie został skopiowanyutworzenie kopii zapasowej %s zniszczyłoby żródło; %s nie został przeniesionyrodzaj kopii zapasowejblokowy plik specjalnyspecjalne pliki blokowe nie są obsługiwanejednostki mają zarówno prefiksy SI jak IECoba pliki nie mogą być standardowym wejściemprzesunięcie bajtowe %s jest za dużenie można zastosować częściowego kontekstu do pliku %s bez etykietynie można odczytać kontekstu bezpieczeństwa procesunie ma dostępu do %snie można utworzyć kopii zapasowej %snie można równocześnie tylko podsumować i wypisać wszystkich danychnie można zmienić właściciela na %snie można zmienić uprawnień do %snie można zmienić katalogu root na %snie można przejść do katalogu %snie można przejść do katalogu rootnie można używać razem --target-directory (-t) i --no-target-directory (-T)nie można używać równocześnie --target-directory i --no-target-directorynie można łączyć ustawiania opcji -e i -inie można podawać równocześnie ascii, ebcdic, ibmnie można użyć block i unblock równocześnienie można użyć razem excl i nocreatnie można użyć razem lcase i ucasenie można łączyć ustawiania uprawnień i opcji --referencenie można podać sygnału równocześnie z opcjami -l lub -tnie można porównać nazw plików %s i %snie można przekształcić U+%04X do lokalnego zestawu znakównie można przekształcić U+%04X do lokalnego zestawu znaków: %snie można skopiować katalogu %s do siebie samego %snie można skopiować cyklicznego dowiązania symbolicznego %snie można utworzyć katalogu %snie można utworzyć potoku %snie można utworzyć dowiązania zwykłego %s do %snie można utworzyć dowiązania %snie można utworzyć dowiązania %s do %snie można utworzyć zwykłego pliku %snie można utworzyć pliku specjalnego %snie można utworzyć dowiązania symbolicznego %snie można utworzyć dowiązania symbolicznego %s do %snie można utworzyć pliku tymczasowego w %snie można usunąć %snie można ustalić urządzenia i i-węzła %suzyskanie nazwy systemu jest niemożliwenie można odszukać %s. powrót do cyklicznego sprawdzanianie można wykonać ioctl na %snie można znaleźć nazwy grupy o ID %lunie można znaleźć nazwy użytkownika o ID %lunie można pokazywać pliku %s wg nazwynie można wymusić ustawienia kontekstu pliku docelowego na %s i go zachowaćnie można wykonać fstat na %snie można odczytać bieżącego katalogunie można ustalić ile wynosi poprawkanie można ustalić nazwy systemunie można wykonać lseek na %snie można zrobić dowiązania symbolicznego i zwykłego równocześnienie można utworzyć katalogu %snie można przenieść %s do %snie można przenieść %s do własnego podkatalogu %snie można przenieść katalogu do nie-katalogu: %s -> %snie można otworzyć %s do czytanianie można otworzyć %s do pisanianie można otworzyć katalogu %soperacji nie można wykonać na dowiązaniu symbolicznym %s, które nie wskazuje na istniejący pliknie można zamazać katalogu %s nie-katalogiemnie można zamazać nie-katalogu %s katalogiem %snie można wykonać formatowanych danych wyjściowychnie można zachować atrybutów rozszerzonych, cp jest zbudowane bez obsługi xattrnie można zachować kontekstu bezpieczeństwa bez jądra systemu z włączonym SELinuksemwybrano więcej niż jedną z wyłączających się opcjinie da się wypisać tylko nazw lub rzeczywistych ID w domyślnym formacienie można wypisać kontekstu bezpieczeństwa gdy został podany użytkowniknie można przeczytać katalogu %snie można wczytać nazw plików z %snie można przeczytać informacji systemowych o %snie można odczytać zegara systemowegonie można przeczytać dowiązania symbolicznego %snie można przeczytać tablicy zamontowanych systemów plikównie można usunąć %snie można usunąć katalogu: %snie można zmienić pozycji w pliku %snie udało się uruchomić programu %snie można ustawić %sustawienie daty niemożliwenie można ustawić identyfikatora grupynie można ustawić identyfikatora grupy %lunie można ustawić grupustawienie nazwy systemu jest niemożliwe; ten system nie ma takiej możliwościnie można ustawić nazwy systemu jako %sustawienie poprawki niemożliwenie można ustawić czasów %snie można ustawić identyfikatora użytkownikanie można ustawić identyfikatora użytkownika %lunie można przeskoczyć poza koniec połączonych danych wejściowychnie można podać --null (-0) razem z poleceniemnie można wypisywać równocześnie w kolejnych kolumnach i równolegleprzy wypisywaniu równoległym nie można podawać liczby kolumnnie można podać czasu z więcej niż jednego źródłanie można podzielić na więcej niż jeden sposóbnie można wykonać stat na %snie można odczytać danych bieżącego katalogu (obecnie %s)nie można pobrać informacji o standardowym wejściunie można dotknąć %snie można przywrócić kopii zapasowej %snie można usunąć %snie udało się usunąć %snie można śledzić %snie można śledzić katalogu nadrzędnego %snie udało się obejść błędu jądragrupa %s zmieniona na %s właściciel %s zmieniony na %s nie można zmienić grupy %szmiana właściciela %snie można zmienić uprawnień do %szmiana kontekstu bezpieczeństwa %s numer znaku wynosi zeroznak spoza zakresuznakowy plik specjalnyspecjalne pliki znakowe nie są obsługiwanekasowanie uprawnień dla %szmiana czasubłąd zamykania plikuzamykanie %szamykanie %s (fd=%d)zamykanie katalogu %szamykanie pliku wejściowego %szamknięcie pliku wyjściowego %szamknięcie standardowego wejściatryb zgodny ze starą wersją może mieć podany najwyżej jeden plikkonflikt napisów zastępujących puste polapodano sprzeczne specyfikacje kontekstów bezpieczeństwanie udało się przestawić buforowania %s do trybu %s nie udało się uruchomić procesu %s -dnie udało się utworzyć pliku tymczasowegonie udało się uruchomić %snie udało się uruchomić %s -dw %s nie można odnaleźć katalogu z pasującym i-węzłemsprawdzenie czasu startu systemu jest niemożliweutworzony katalog %stworzenie katalogu %stworzenie pliku %s tworzenie dowiązania zwykłego %stworzenie dowiązania zwykłego %s => %stworzenie dowiązania zwykłego %.0s%stworzenie dowiązania symbolicznego %stworzenie dowiązania symbolicznego %s -> %sograniczenie końców listy przez ukośnik odwrotny: %skatalogdzielenie przez zerobłąd dup2pusty %s nie jest dozwolonypusta nazwa plikupusty TABbłąd zamknięcia plikubłąd procedury dopasowywania wyrażeń regularnychbłąd szukania wyrażenia regularnegobłąd inicjalizacji nazw miesięcybłąd monitorowanie zdarzenia inotifybłąd czytania %sbłąd czytania zdarzenia inotifybłąd zapisu w czasie czekania na poleceniebłąd zapisu %swyjście=nadmiarowy argument: %snadmiarowy argument %snadmiarowy argument %s dodatkowy argument %s nie może być użyty z opcją -%cnie można zmienić konteksty %s na %snie udało się zmienić grupy z %s na %s nie udało się zmienić uprawnień do %s na %04lo (%s) nie można zmienić właściciela %s nie można zmienić właściciela %s na %s nie udało się chdir do %snie udało się sklonować %snie udało się obliczyć nowego kontekstunie udało się utworzyć katalogu przy pomocy wzorca %snie udało się utworzyć pliki przy pomocy wzorca %sbłąd tworzenia kontekstu bezpieczeństwa: %snie udało się odczytać atrybutów %snie udało się odczytać bieżącego kontekstunie udało się odczytać kontekstu utworzenia systemu plikównie udało się odczytać grupy bieżącego procesunie udało się odczytać grupy użytkownika %snie udało się odczytać kontekstu bezpieczeństwa %snie udało się znaleźć pliku %snie udało się otworzyć %snie udało się zachować autorstwa %snie udało się zachować własności %snie udało się zachować uprawnień do %snie udało się zachować czasu %snie udało się przekierować wyjścia standardowego błędunie udało się przekierować standardowego wyjścia błędów do /dev/nullnie udało się usunąć %snie udało się usunąć katalogu %snie udało się uczynić standardowego wejścia bezużytecznymnie udało się ponownie otworzyć %s z uprawnieniami %snie udało się odtworzyć domyślnego kontekstu bezpieczeństwa tworzenia plikunie udało się wrócić do początkowego katalogu roboczegonie udało się uruchomić polecenia %sbłąd przy ustawiania kontekstu bezpieczeństwa %s jako %snie udało się ustawić grup dodatkowychnie udało się ustawić domyślnego kontekstu tworzenia pliku %snie udało się ustawić identyfikatora grupynie udało się ustawić nowego zakresu %snie udało się ustawić nowej roli %snie udało się ustawić nowego typu %snie udało się ustawić nowego użytkownika %snie udało się ustawić grup dodatkowychnie udało się zamknąć kopii standardowego wyjścia przy wykonywaniu execnie udało się ustawić kontekstu bezpieczeństwa %s jako %snie udało się ustawić identyfikatora użytkownikanie udało się stat %snie udało się wyłączyć O_DIRECT: %snie udało się zaktualizować środowiska %snieudany fdatasync dla %sbłąd fflushnumer pola %s jest za dużynumer pola wynosi zeropola i pozycje są numerowane od 1potokplik %d nie jest posortowanynie można podawać argumentów plikowych i opcji --files0-from równocześnieargumenty plikowe nie mogą być użyte razem z opcją --print-database (-p).typ systemu plików %s równocześnie wybrany i wykluczonynie powiodło się wywołanie systemowe forkformat %s kończy się %%format %s nie ma dyrektywy %%format %s ma za dużo dyrektyw %%format %s zawiera nieznaną dyrektywę %%%cnie można podawać formatu, gdy wypisywane są napisy o równej długościnieudany fsync dla %sbłąd fts_closebłąd fts_readgetpass: otwarcie /dev/tty niemożliwepobranie nowych atrybutów %sgrupa %s zachowana jako %s funkcja iconv nie jest dostępnanie można użyć funkcji iconvid=wszystkie argumenty zostały zignorowanezignorowane dane wejściowezignorowanie wejścia i dołączenie wyników do %szignorowanie wejścia i przekierowanie standardowego błędu do standardowego wyjściaignoruję błędny rozmiar tab-a w zmiennej środowiska TABSIZE: %signoruję błędny rozmiar zmiennej środowiskowej QUOTING_STYLE: %signoruję błędną długość w zmiennej środowiskowej COLUMNS: %szignorowano argumenty nie będące opcjaminiekompatybilne pola łączenia %lu, %luniekompatybilne TAByniepoprawne hasłonie można użyć inotify, powrót do cyklicznego sprawdzaniadane wejściowe zniknęłyza długa linia wejściowanie udało się przeniesienie między urządzeniami: %s do %s; nie udało się usunać pliku docelowego%s%s - błędny argument `%s'błędny argument opci --%s: %sbłędny poprawka %sbłędny argument %sbłędny argument %s opcji %sbłędny styl numerownaia treści: %sbłędny tryb buforowania %s dla %s błędna lista bajtów lub pólbłędny znak %c w specyfikacja typu %sbłędna klasa znaków %sbłędny kontekst: %sbłędna konwersjabłędne określenie konwersji w rozszerzeniu: %cbłędne określenie konwersji w rozszerzeniu: \%.3obłędna data: %sbłędny format daty %sbłędny zakres od większego do mniejszegobłędne urządzenie %s %sbłędne typ urządzenia %sbłędny numer pola: %sbłędna specyfikacja pola: %sbłędna szerokość pola: %sbłędny numer pliku w specyfikacji pola: %sbłędny argument zmiennoprzecinkowy: %sbłędny styl numerowania stopek: %sbłędna specyfikacja precyzji w formaciebłędna szerokość formatubłędna szerokość odstępu: %sbłędna grupabłędna grupa %sbłędna lista grup %sbłędna grupa: %sbłędny styl numerowania nagłówka: %sbłędne dane wejściowebłędna flaga wejściowabłędny zakres wejściowy: %sbłędna liczba całkowita %sbłędny argument całkowity %sbłędna liczba linii %sbłędna dyscyplina linii: %sbłędna szerokość pola numeru linii: %sbłędny przyrost numeru linii: %sbłędny przyrost numeru linii: %sbłędna szerokość linii: %sbłędny większy numer urządzenia %sbłędny maksymalny poziom zagłębienia %sbłędny mniejszy numer urządzenia %sbłędne uprawnieniabłędne uprawnienia %sbłędne uprawnienia %sbłędna liczba %sbłędna liczba po `,'błędna liczba po `-'błędna liczba po `.'błędna liczba na początku polabłędna liczba pustych linii: %sbłędna liczba bajtówbłędna liczba bajtów do porównaniabłędna liczba bajtów do przeskoczeniabłędna liczba kolumn: %sbłędna liczba pól do przeskoczeniabłędna liczba liniibłędna liczba linii: 0błędna opcja -- %cbłędna opcja -- %c; opcja -WIDTH jest rozpoznawana tylko jako pierwsza, użyj -w N zamiastbłędna baza danych wyjściowych `%c'; musi to być jeden ze znaków [doxn]błędna flaga wyjściowabłędny zakres stron %sbłąd specyfikacji precyzji: %sbłędny zakres bez podania końca: -błędna liczba powtórzeń %s w specyfikacji [c*n]błędna specyfikacjabłędny początkowy numer linii: %sbłędna flaga stanubłędny przyrostek %s - zawiera separator nazw podkatalogów%s%s - błędny przyrostek `%s'błędny rozmiar TAB-a: %sbłędny wzorzec %s - zawiera separator nazw podkatalogówbłędny wzorzec %s; nie może być ścieżką bezwzględną jeżeli została użyta opcja --tmpdirbłędny odstęp czasowy %sbłędny format stylu czasu %sbłędna opcja na końcu -- %cbłędna specyfikacja typu %sbłędna specyfikacja typu %s; ten system nie ma %lu-bajtowych liczb zmiennoprzecinkowychbłędna specyfikacja typu %s; ten system nie ma %lu-bajtowych liczb całkowitychbłędna nazwa znaku uniwersalnego \%c%0*xbłędny użytkownikbłędny użytkownik %sbłędna szerokość: %sbłędny rozmiar zawijania: %sbłędna nazwa pliku o zerowej długościdziałanie rekurencyjne na %s jest niebezpiecznedziałanie rekurencyjne na %s jest niebezpieczne (to samo co %s)ostatni=`-' na początku składnika nazwy pliku %sograniczenie do %lu przekroczone przez długość %lu nazwy pliku %sograniczenie do %lu przekroczone przez długość %lu składnika nazwy pliku %sbuforowanie liniowe standardowego wejścia nie ma znaczeniaza duża ilość linii w opcji -%s%c...numer linii %s jest mniejszy niż numer linii poprzedzającej, %sprzepełnienie licznika wierszyprzy aktualnej wartości rlimit maksymalny argument opcji --%s to %sbrak pamięcikolejka komunikatówminimalna wartość argumentu opcji --%s to %snie pasujące [:upper:] i/lub [:lower:]brak określenia konwersji %% w rozszerzeniubrak `]'brakujący argument %sbrakujący argument %sbrakująca nazwa klasy znaków `[::]'brak określenia konwersji w rozszerzeniubrakujący plik docelowy po %sbrakujący znak dla klasy równoważności `[==]'brakujący argument plikowybrak liczby szesnastkowej w sekwencjibrakująca lista pólbrakująca lista pozycjibrakujący argumentbrakujący argument po %smogą być podane ylko bity uprawnieńuprawnienia do %s zmienione na %04lo (%s) uprawnienia do %s zachowane jako %04lo (%s) wieloznakowy TAB %spodano wiele opcji -ipodano wiele opcji -l lub -tpodano wiele programów kompresującychpodano wiele ogranicznikówwiele zakresówpodano wiele plików wyjściowychpodano wiele formatów wyjściowychpodano wiele źródeł losowych bajtówpodano wiele modyfikatorów względnychwiele rólpodano wiele katalogów docelowychwiele typówwielu użytkownikównie zostało zmienione ani dowiązanie symboliczne %s ani wskazywany plik Brak zmiennej środowiskowej SHELL i opcji typu powłokinie można zmienić właściciela %s brak polecenianie zostały przetworzone żadne systemy plikównie ma więcej plikówbrak danych z %sbrak nazwy użytkownikabrak identyfikatora procesunie można podawać typu przy wypisywaniu napisówbrak nazwy użytkownika - musi być podana chociaż jedna, jeżeli użyto opcji -lnieprzenośny znak %s w nazwie pliku %sto nie jest terminalbez zapisu przez dowiązanie symboliczne %s, które nie wskazuje na istniejący plikliczba w %s jest za dużaliczba bajtówliczba liniiprzepełnienie licznika pozycji w czasie czytanie pliku %skatalog %s został pominiętytylko jedna specyfikacja powtarzania [c*] może być w ZBIORZE2może być podane tylko jedno urządzeniemożna podać tylko jeden typ listybłąd otwierania plikuotwieranie %sopcja użyta w błędnym kontekście -- %copcje --backup i --no-clobber wzajemnie się wykluczająopcje --compare (-C) i --preserve-timestamps wzajemnie się wykluczająopcje --compare (-C) i --strip wzajemnie się wykluczająopcje `-%s' nie pasują do siebiezabrakło przyrostków plików wyjściowychprzepełnienie przy zwiększaniu rozmiatu pliku %sprzepełnienie przy zaokrąglaniu rozmiaru pliku %swłaściciel %s zachowany właściciel %s zachowany jako %s przepełnienie licznika stronszerokość strony za małazachowanie uprawnień %szachowanie czasu %swypisywanie wszystkich powtórzonych linii i ilości powtórzeń nie ma sensukońce zakresu `%s-%s' są w odwrotnym porządku sortowaniabłąd czytaniabłąd czytaniaczytanie %sczytanie katalogu %srekord jest za dużyprzekierowanie standardowego wyjścia błędów do standardowego wyjściapusty zwykły plikzwykły plikusunięty %s usunięty katalog %s usuwany katalog %srun-levelsemaforseparator nie może być pustyUstaw LC_ALL='C' żeby obejść problemustawienie flag dla %snie można ustawić uprawnień do %sustawienie czasu %sobiekt w pamięci współdzielonejza duże skip-bytes + read-bytespominięto %s, bo jest na innym urządzeniuplik %s został ominięty, bo został zmieniony w trakcie kopiowaniagniazdostandardowe wyjście błędówstandardowe wejściestandardowe wejście jest zamkniętestandardowe wyjściebłąd statstderrstdinstdoutnieprawidłowy znak w specyfikacji polanie udało się porównanie napisównie udało się przekształcenie napisuprogram strip zakończony nieprawidłowoblokowanie wyświetlania linii bez ograniczników jest sensowne tylko dla operacji na polachdowiązanie symbolicznebłąd składnistart systemurozmiar TABa nie może wynosić 0rozmiar TABa zawiera błędny znak(i): %skolejne pozycje TABa muszą rosnąćpozycja TABa %s jest za dużaza duża wartość pozycji końca TABówznaki tabulacji zbyt odległe od siebiecel %s nie jest katalogiemkatalog docelowy nie może być podany przy instalowaniu kataloguzakończenie=test i/lub [opcje --binary i --text nie mają znaczenia przy weryfikacji sum kontrolnychopcja --compare (-C) jest ignorowana jeżeli został podany tryb z bitami nie będącymi bitami praw dostępuopcja --context (-Z) jest przestarzała i będzie usunięta w jednej z przyszłych wersjiopcja --quiet ma znaczenie tylko przy weryfikacji sum kontrolnychopcja --status ma znaczenie tylko przy weryfikacji sum kontrolnychopcja --warn ma znaczenie tylko przy weryfikacji sum kontrolnychspecyfikacja [c*] może się pojawić w ZBIORZE2 tylko przy zamianiespecyfikacja powtarzania [c*] nie może być w ZBIORZE1brak znaku `+' na początku argumentu %s; jeśli użyto opcji określających datę/y, każdy argument nie będący opcją musi być specyfikacją formatu i zaczynać się od `+'ogranicznik musi być pojedynczym znakiemopcje --all i --save wzajemnie się wykluczająopcje włączające wyświetlanie wewnętrznej bazy dircolors i wybranie składni powłoki wykluczają się wzajemnieopcje wyświetlające i ustawiające czas nie mogą być używane razemopcje specyfikujące daty do wyświetlenia wzajemnie się wykluczająPorównywane napisy %s i %s.opcja obcinania (strip) nie może być użyta przy instalowaniu katalogunieprzekształconym napisem był %sczas %s jest spoza zakresużeby użyć identyfikatora użytkownika %s trzeba użyć też opcji -gza mało X-ów we wzorcu %sza dużo określeń konwersji %% w rozszerzeniuza dużo znaków w zbiorzeza dużo powtórzonych liniiza dużo wzorcówrazembłąd przeglądania: %sobiekt z typem w pamięciuid=%lunie udało się wypisać komunikatu o błędzienie udało się zapisać bieżącego katalogu roboczegonie udało się ustawić kontekstu bezpieczeństwa %snieoczekiwany błąd: fts_info=%d: %s prosimy o wysłanie raportu do %snieznany operator dwuargumentowynieznany kod wyjściowe polecenia (0x%X)nieznany strumieńnieznany identyfikator użytkownika %sniezrozumiała wartość zmiennej środowiska LS_COLORSnierozpoznany argument %snierozpoznany prefiks: %sdziała %ld dzień %2d:%02d, działa %ld dni %2d:%02d, działa %ld dni %2d:%02d, działa ???? dni ??:??, użyj --no-preserve-root do wyłączenia tego zabezpieczeniaużytkownik %s nie istniejeużycie %s jako oznaczenia standardowego wejścia nie działa w trybie systemu plikówużyta arytmetyka dużej precyzjiużycie powłoki z ograniczeniami %sużyta arytmetyka pojedynczej precyzjiczekanie na %s [-d]czekanie na program stripuwaga: %s: znaki następujące po stałej znakowej zostały zignorowaneuwaga: %s: nie udało się zmienić kontekstu na %suwaga: opcja --pid=PID nie działa w tym systemieuwaga: opcja --retry jest przydatna głównie przy śledzeniu nazwyuwaga: zignorowany PID; opcja --pid=PID jest przydatna tylko przy śledzeniuuwaga: `touch %s' jest formą przestarzałą; używaj `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'uwaga: ukośnik odwrotny bez poprzedzającego znaku cytowania na końcu formatu jest nieprzenośnyuwaga: ukośnik odwrotny na końcu formatuuwaga: nie można zmienić katalogu na %suwaga: nie udało się usunąć %swarning: stałe podążanie za standardowym wejściem może sie nie udaćuwaga: nadmiarowe argumenty począwszy od %s zostały zignorowaneuwaga: błędna pozycja w pliku po nieudanym czytaniuuwaga: błędna szerokość %lu; używam %d zamiastuwaga: numer linii %s jest taki sam jak numer linii poprzedzającejuwaga: plik źródłowy %s pojawił się więcej niż razuwaga: --summarize nie może być użyte razem z --max-depth=%luuwaga: --summarize jest tym samym co --max-depth=0uwaga: opcja --%s jest przestarzała, używał --referenceuwaga: niejednoznaczny zapis ósemkowy \%c%c%c zostanie zinterpretowany jako sekwencja 2-bajtowa \0%c%c, %cuwaga: nierozpoznana sekwencja `\%c'uwaga: ominięcie błędu działania lseek w jądrze dla pliku (%s) o mt_type=0x%0lx - zobacz listę typów w dziwny plikjeżeli nie jest obcinany ZBIÓR1, ZBIÓR2 musi być niepustyprzy czytaniu nazw na wejściu plik nie może mieć nazwy %stryb nie może być ustawiany, gdy podany jest format wyjściaprzy zamianie z użyciem dopełnień klas znaków, ZBIÓR2 musi odwzorowywać wszystkie znaki z dziedziny na jedenprzy zamianie w ZBIORZE2 mogą się pojawić tylko klasy znaków `upper' i `lower'plik %s nie będzie skopiowany poprzez właśnie utworzone dowiązanie symboliczne %snie można utworzyć dowiązania zwykłego %s do katalogu %snie można zamazać właśnie utworzonego %s plikiem %sz opcją --parents cel musi być katalogiemprzy ożyciu opcjia --suffix wzorzec %s musi kończyć się znakiem Xbłąd zapisubłąd pisania dla %sbłąd zapisuzapis %szapis do %smusisz użyć -c, -t -u, -l, -r albo kontekstumusisz podać listę bajtów, znaków albo pólmusisz podać jeden z %s albo %sPRIuMAXPRIdMAX%+% records in %+% records out % truncated record % truncated records % byte (%s) copied% bytes (%s) copiedoffset too large: cannot truncate to a length of seek=% (%lu-byte) blocksfailed to truncate to % bytes in output file %sfailed to allocate a % byte stdio buffer %s: %: improperly formatted %s checksum lineWARNING: % of % listed file could not be readWARNING: % of % listed files could not be readWARNING: % of % computed checksum did NOT matchWARNING: % of % computed checksums did NOT matchstarting page number % exceeds page count %Page %overflow in % * % byte blocks for file %struncating %s at % bytes%+% przeczytanych recordów %+% zapisanych recordów % obcięty rekord % obcięte rekordy % obciętych rekordów skopiowany % bajt (%s)skopiowane % bajty (%s)skopiowane % bajtów (%s)za duża wartośc pozycji w pliku: nie można obciąć pliku do długości seek=% (%lu bajtowych) blokównie udało się obciąć pliku do % bajtów w pliku wyjściowym %snie udało się zaalokować % bajtu bufora standardowego wejścia %s: %: nieprawidłowo sformatowana linia sumy kontrolnej %sUWAGA: % z % pliku nie mógł być odczytanyUWAGA: % z % plików nie mogło być odczytaneUWAGA: % z % plików nie mogło być odczytaneUWAGA: % z % policzonej sumy się NIE zgadzaUWAGA: % z % policzonych sum się NIE zgadzaUWAGA: % z % policzonych sum się NIE zgadzapoczątkowy numer strony % przekracza liczbę stron %Strona %przepełnienie przy % * % bajtach dla pliku %sobcięcie pliku %s do % 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EXPRESSION EXPRESSION is false EXPRESSION1 -a EXPRESSION2 both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true EXPRESSION1 -o EXPRESSION2 either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true -a, --all same as -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot time of last system boot -d, --dead print dead processes -H, --heading print line of column headings -b FILE FILE exists and is block special -c FILE FILE exists and is character special -d FILE FILE exists and is a directory -e FILE FILE exists -l produce long format output for the specified USERs -b omit the user's home directory and shell in long format -h omit the user's project file in long format -p omit the user's plan file in long format -s do short format output, this is the default -n STRING the length of STRING is nonzero STRING equivalent to -n STRING -z STRING the length of STRING is zero STRING1 = STRING2 the strings are equal STRING1 != STRING2 the strings are not equal ARG1 * ARG2 arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 is less than ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 is equal to ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 is unequal to ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2 FILE1 -ef FILE2 FILE1 and FILE2 have the same device and inode numbers FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2 FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 is older than FILE2 INTEGER copy up to but not including specified line number /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copy up to but not including a matching line %REGEXP%[OFFSET] skip to, but not including a matching line {INTEGER} repeat the previous pattern specified number of times {*} repeat the previous pattern as many times as possible A line OFFSET is a required `+' or `-' followed by a positive integer. INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING length of STRING a number all lines t number only nonempty lines n number no lines pBRE number only lines that contain a match for the basic regular expression, BRE FORMAT is one of: ln left justified, no leading zeros rn right justified, no leading zeros rz right justified, leading zeros b create a block (buffered) special file c, u create a character (unbuffered) special file p create a FIFO # users=%lu A lightweight `finger' program; print user information. The utmp file will be %s. A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment. A mere - implies -l. If USER not given, assume root. After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number; then an optional modifier, which is either E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available. An omitted EXPRESSION defaults to false. Otherwise, EXPRESSION is true or false and sets exit status. It is one of: As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. Both MAJOR and MINOR must be specified when TYPE is b, c, or u, and they must be omitted when TYPE is p. If MAJOR or MINOR begins with 0x or 0X, it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal; otherwise, as decimal. TYPE may be: By default, rm does not remove directories. Use the --recursive (-r or -R) option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents. By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: Combination settings: * [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase cbreak same as -icanon -cbreak same as icanon Control settings: [-]clocal disable modem control signals [-]cread allow input to be received * [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8] Each FLAG symbol may be: append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc suggested) Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Output "stdio". Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Output ".". Examples: %s f - g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. %s Copy standard input to standard output. Examples: %s root /u Change the owner of /u to "root". %s root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to "staff". %s -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root". Examples: %s staff /u Change the group of /u to "staff". %s -hR staff /u Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff". Except for -h and -L, all FILE-related tests dereference symbolic links. Beware that parentheses need to be escaped (e.g., by backslashes) for shells. INTEGER may also be -l STRING, which evaluates to the length of STRING. Exit status is 0 if EXPRESSION is neither null nor 0, 1 if EXPRESSION is null or 0, 2 if EXPRESSION is syntactically invalid, and 3 if an error occurred. Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. If FILE is -, shred standard output. Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified. The default is not to remove the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda, and those files usually should not be removed. When operating on regular files, most people use the --remove option. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual. If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. If FIRST or INCREMENT is omitted, it defaults to 1. That is, an omitted INCREMENT defaults to 1 even when LAST is smaller than FIRST. FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are interpreted as floating point values. INCREMENT is usually positive if FIRST is smaller than LAST, and INCREMENT is usually negative if FIRST is greater than LAST. If a FILE is -, copy again to standard output. If first and second call formats both apply, the second format is assumed if the last operand begins with + or (if there are 2 operands) a digit. An OFFSET operand means -j OFFSET. LABEL is the pseudo-address at first byte printed, incremented when dump is progressing. For OFFSET and LABEL, a 0x or 0X prefix indicates hexadecimal; suffixes may be . for octal and b for multiply by 512. If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). If standard input is a terminal, redirect it from /dev/null. If standard output is a terminal, append output to `nohup.out' if possible, `$HOME/nohup.out' otherwise. If standard error is a terminal, redirect it to standard output. To save output to FILE, use `%s COMMAND > FILE'. Input settings: [-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal [-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline [-]ignbrk ignore break characters [-]igncr ignore carriage return Local settings: [-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings * -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings NOTE: [ honors the --help and --version options, but test does not. test treats each of those as it treats any other nonempty STRING. NOTE: your shell may have its own version of %s, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. Note that the -d and -t options accept different time-date formats. Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available. Output settings: * bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1] * crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3] * ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1] * nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1] Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed to login group if implied by a `:' following a symbolic OWNER. OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic. POS is F[.C][OPTS], where F is the field number and C the character position in the field; both are origin 1. If neither -t nor -b is in effect, characters in a field are counted from the beginning of the preceding whitespace. OPTS is one or more single-letter ordering options, which override global ordering options for that key. If no key is given, use the entire line as the key. SIZE may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). Sending a %s signal to a running `dd' process makes it print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s Options are: Special characters: * dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input) eol CHAR CHAR will end the line TYPE is made up of one or more of these specifications: a named character, ignoring high-order bit c ASCII character or backslash escape The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: The data are encoded as described for the base64 alphabet in RFC 3548. When decoding, the input may contain newlines in addition to the bytes of the formal base64 alphabet. Use --ignore-garbage to attempt to recover from any other non-alphabet bytes in the encoded stream. The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. The valid format sequences for files (without --file-system): %a Access rights in octal %A Access rights in human readable form %b Number of blocks allocated (see %B) %B The size in bytes of each block reported by %b %C SELinux security context string To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo', use one of these commands: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Traditional format specifications may be intermixed; they accumulate: -a same as -t a, select named characters, ignoring high-order bit -b same as -t o1, select octal bytes -c same as -t c, select ASCII characters or backslash escapes -d same as -t u2, select unsigned decimal 2-byte units Use one, and only one of -b, -c or -f. Each LIST is made up of one range, or many ranges separated by commas. Selected input is written in the same order that it is read, and is written exactly once. With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. With no options, produce three-column output. Column one contains lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2, and column three contains lines common to both files. Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories (note: will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the superuser) -f, --force remove existing destination files --group-directories-first group directories before files. augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping --help display this help and exit --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode print the index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k like --block-size=1K --lookup attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS -m only hostname and user associated with stdin -p, --process print active processes spawned by init --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially --preserve-root do not remove `/' (default) -r, -R, --recursive remove directories and their contents recursively -v, --verbose explain what is being done --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST don't preserve the specified attributes --parents use full source file name under DIRECTORY --one-file-system when removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any directory that is on a file system different from that of the corresponding command line argument --preserve-context preserve SELinux security context -Z, --context=CONTEXT set SELinux security context of files and directories --reference=RFILE use RFILE's security context rather than specifying a CONTEXT value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC output date and time in RFC 3339 format. TIMESPEC=`date', `seconds', or `ns' for date and time to the indicated precision. Date and time components are separated by a single space: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=STRING set time described by STRING -u, --utc, --universal print or set Coordinated Universal Time --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix --time show time of the last modification of any file in the directory, or any of its subdirectories --time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status --time-style=STYLE show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT FORMAT is interpreted like `date' --time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale --verbose print a diagnostic just before each output file is opened --version output version information and exit -evenp same as -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7 nl same as -icrnl -onlcr -nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-') [-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty [-]hupcl same as [-]hup [-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input [-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-') [-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors * [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character [-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return [-]inpck enable input parity checking [-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters [-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters [-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters * [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal * [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\' for uppercase characters cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values -cooked same as raw crt same as echoe echoctl echoke dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany ek erase and kill characters to their default values evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N set the input speed to N * line N use line discipline N min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read ospeed N set the output speed to N oddp same as parenb parodd cs7 -oddp same as -parenb cs8 [-]parity same as [-]evenp pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7 raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw same as cooked stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal * swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer * werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed %% a single % %b ARGUMENT as a string with `\' escapes interpreted, except that octal escapes are of the form \0 or \0NNN and all C format specifications ending with one of diouxXfeEgGcs, with ARGUMENTs converted to proper type first. Variable widths are handled. %A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday) %b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan) %B locale's full month name (e.g., January) %c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005) %F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d %g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G) %G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V %S second (00..60) %t a tab %T time; same as %H:%M:%S %u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday %U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) %V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53) %w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday %W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53) %d Device number in decimal %D Device number in hex %f Raw mode in hex %F File type %g Group ID of owner %G Group name of owner %h Number of hard links %i Inode number %n File name %N Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link %o I/O block size %s Total size, in bytes %t Major device type in hex %T Minor device type in hex %h same as %b %H hour (00..23) %I hour (01..12) %j day of year (001..366) %i File System ID in hex %l Maximum length of filenames %n File name %s Block size (for faster transfers) %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) %t Type in hex %T Type in human readable form %k hour ( 0..23) %l hour ( 1..12) %m month (01..12) %M minute (00..59) %n a newline %N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) %p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known %P like %p, but lower case %r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM) %R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M %s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u User ID of owner %U User name of owner %x Time of last access %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch %y Time of last modification %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch %z Time of last change %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch %x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99) %X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48) %y last two digits of year (00..99) %Y year %z +hhmm numeric timezone (e.g., -0400) %:z +hh:mm numeric timezone (e.g., -04:00) %::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00) %:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30) %Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT) By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes. + TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like `match' or an operator like `/' ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -A, --auto-reference output automatically generated references -G, --traditional behave more like System V `ptx' -F, --flag-truncation=STRING use STRING for flagging line truncations -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks -b, --bytes equivalent to `--apparent-size --block-size=1' -c, --total produce a grand total -D, --dereference-args dereference only symlinks that are listed on the command line -D create all leading components of DEST except the last, then copy SOURCE to DEST -g, --group=GROUP set group ownership, instead of process' current group -m, --mode=MODE set permission mode (as in chmod), instead of rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=OWNER set ownership (super-user only) -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names -h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line follow symbolic links listed on the command line --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory --hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A) -I prompt once before removing more than three files, or when removing recursively. Less intrusive than -i, while still giving protection against most mistakes --interactive[=WHEN] prompt according to WHEN: never, once (-I), or always (-i). Without WHEN, prompt always -L FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h) -O FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID -p FILE FILE exists and is a named pipe -r FILE FILE exists and read permission is granted -s FILE FILE exists and has a size greater than zero -L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links -P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default) -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -S, --separate-dirs do not include size of subdirectories -s, --summarize display only a total for each argument -M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx' -O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives -R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences -T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives -N, --read-bytes=BYTES limit dump to BYTES input bytes -S, --strings[=BYTES] output strings of at least BYTES graphic chars -t, --format=TYPE select output format or formats -v, --output-duplicates do not use * to mark line suppression -w, --width[=BYTES] output BYTES bytes per output line --traditional accept arguments in traditional form -P, --portability use the POSIX output format --sync invoke sync before getting usage info -t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE -T, --print-type print file system type -x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE -v (ignored) -S sort by file size --sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time -S FILE FILE exists and is a socket -t FD file descriptor FD is opened on a terminal -u FILE FILE exists and its set-user-ID bit is set -w FILE FILE exists and write permission is granted -x FILE FILE exists and execute (or search) permission is granted -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create the links -T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file -v, --verbose print name of each linked file -T, -w, --mesg add user's message status as +, - or ? -u, --users list users logged in --message same as -T --writable same as -T -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword -b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting -g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields -i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE -o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of NAME to CTX -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each NAME to CTX -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories --apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be larger due to holes in (`sparse') files, internal fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like -a, --all convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks --first-only convert only leading sequences of blanks (overrides -a) -t, --tabs=N have tabs N characters apart instead of 8 (enables -a) -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated LIST of tab positions (enables -a) -a, --suffix-length=N use suffixes of length N (default %d) -b, --bytes=SIZE put SIZE bytes per output file -C, --line-bytes=SIZE put at most SIZE bytes of lines per output file -d, --numeric-suffixes use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic -l, --lines=NUMBER put NUMBER lines per output file -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline -b, --binary read in binary mode -b, --binary read in binary mode (default unless reading tty stdin) -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -b, --bytes=LIST select only these bytes -c, --characters=LIST select only these characters -d, --delimiter=DELIM use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignore leading blanks -d, --dictionary-order consider only blanks and alphanumeric characters -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case characters -b, --suffix-format=FORMAT use sprintf FORMAT instead of %02d -f, --prefix=PREFIX use PREFIX instead of `xx' -k, --keep-files do not remove output files on errors -c, --check read %s sums from the FILEs and check them -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -c, --crown-margin preserve indentation of first two lines -p, --prefix=STRING reformat only lines beginning with STRING, reattaching the prefix to reformatted lines -s, --split-only split long lines, but do not refill -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries --file-type likewise, except do not append `*' --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso -f omit the line of column headings in short format -w omit the user's full name in short format -i omit the user's full name and remote host in short format -q omit the user's full name, remote host and idle time in short format -f same as -t fF, select floats -i same as -t dI, select decimal ints -l same as -t dL, select decimal longs -o same as -t o2, select octal 2-byte units -s same as -t d2, select decimal 2-byte units -x same as -t x2, select hexadecimal 2-byte units -f FILE FILE exists and is a regular file -g FILE FILE exists and is set-group-ID -G FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID -h FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L) -k FILE FILE exists and has its sticky bit set -f, --canonicalize canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively; all but the last component must exist -e, --canonicalize-existing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, all components must exist -f, --fields=LIST select only these fields; also print any line that contains no delimiter character, unless the -s option is specified -n (ignored) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --reference=RFILE use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values -R, --recursive change files and directories recursively -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's group rather than specifying a GROUP value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's owner and group rather than specifying OWNER:GROUP values -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -g like -l, but do not list owner -g GID[,GID1...] also set the primary group-ID to the numeric GID, and (if specified) supplemental group IDs to GID1, ... -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) -i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing fields -j FIELD equivalent to `-1 FIELD -2 FIELD' -o FORMAT obey FORMAT while constructing output line -t CHAR use CHAR as input and output field separator -i, --initial do not convert tabs after non blanks -t, --tabs=NUMBER have tabs NUMBER characters apart, not 8 -i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage -k like --block-size=1K -l, --local limit listing to local file systems --no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) -k like --block-size=1K -l, --count-links count sizes many times if hard linked -m like --block-size=1M -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -l, --link link files instead of copying -L, --dereference always follow symbolic links in SOURCE -l, --login print system login processes -m, --canonicalize-missing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, without requirements on components existence -n, --no-newline do not output the trailing newline -q, --quiet, -s, --silent suppress most error messages -v, --verbose report error messages -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each created directory to CTX -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o like -l, but do not list group information -p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output -s, --stable stabilize sort by disabling last-resort comparison -S, --buffer-size=SIZE use SIZE for main memory buffer -q, --count all login names and number of users logged on -r, --runlevel print current runlevel -s, --short print only name, line, and time (default) -t, --time print last system clock change -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -r, --reference=FILE display the last modification time of FILE -R, --rfc-2822 output date and time in RFC 2822 format. Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=FILE use this file's times instead of current time -t STAMP use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time --time=WORD change the specified time: WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent to -a WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to -m -r, --references first field of each line is a reference -t, --typeset-mode - not implemented - -w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL specify the name or number of the signal to be sent -l, --list list signal names, or convert signal names to/from numbers -t, --table print a table of signal information -s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -t sort by modification time -T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP use SEP instead of non-blank to blank transition -T, --temporary-directory=DIR use DIR for temporaries, not $TMPDIR or %s; multiple options specify multiple directories -u, --unique with -c, check for strict ordering; without -c, output only the first of an equal run -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -t, --tagged-paragraph indentation of first line different from second -u, --uniform-spacing one space between words, two after sentences -w, --width=WIDTH maximum line width (default of 75 columns) -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -u, --update move only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -t, --text read in text mode (default if reading tty stdin) -t, --text read in text mode (default) -u, --remove truncate and remove file after overwriting -v, --verbose show progress -x, --exact do not round file sizes up to the next full block; this is the default for non-regular files -z, --zero add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system -u, --user=USER set user USER in the target security context -r, --role=ROLE set role ROLE in the target security context -t, --type=TYPE set type TYPE in the target security context -l, --range=RANGE set range RANGE in the target security context -v, --kernel-version print the kernel version -m, --machine print the machine hardware name -p, --processor print the processor type or "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform print the hardware platform or "unknown" -o, --operating-system print the operating system -w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines -w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value -x list entries by lines instead of by columns -X sort alphabetically by entry extension -Z, --context print any SELinux security context of each file -1 list one file per line -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline lcase change upper case to lower case binary use binary I/O for data d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer direct use direct I/O for data dsync use synchronized I/O for data noatime do not update access time nocreat do not create the output file excl fail if the output file already exists notrunc do not truncate the output file ucase change lower case to upper case swab swap every pair of input bytes noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file noerror continue after read errors sync pad every input block with NULs to ibs-size; when used with block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing fsync likewise, but also write metadata nofollow do not follow symlinks nolinks fail if multiply-linked nonblock use non-blocking I/O none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups sync likewise, but also for metadata text use text I/O for data %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% %s-blocks Used Available Capacity (backup: %s) * [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c') [-]echo echo input characters * [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho [-]echoe same as [-]crterase [-]echok echo a newline after a kill character * [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill [-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters * [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\' and '/' [-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters [-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters * [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase * [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character [-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters [-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control [-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence) [-]tandem same as [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded * [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline * [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters * [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays * [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase * [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline * [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return * [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column [-]opost postprocess output * tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3] * tabs same as tab0 * -tabs same as tab3 * vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1] * eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line * lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal * rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it * rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows * size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel speed print the terminal speed time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second Mounted on TTY groups= old on repetition %s % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %.*s: invalid conversion specification%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu user%lu users%s%s (for regexp %s)%s -> %s (unbackup) %s [-d] terminated abnormally%s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has appeared; following end of new file%s has become accessible%s has become inaccessible%s has been replaced with an untailable file; giving up on this name%s has been replaced; following end of new file%s has unknown file type%s is not a valid positive integer%s is too large%s%s argument `%s' too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s: line number out of range%s: %s: match not found%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: binary operator expected%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot change nonblocking mode%s: cannot find name for user ID %lu %s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot lseek back to original position%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot rewind%s: cannot seek%s: cannot seek to end-relative offset %s%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: cannot seek to relative offset %s%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: couldn't reset non-blocking mode%s: descend into directory %s? %s: descend into write-protected directory %s? %s: end of file%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: error truncating%s: error writing at offset %s%s: expected a numeric value%s: failed to close%s: failed to open for writing%s: failed to remove%s: fcntl failed%s: fdatasync failed%s: file has negative size%s: file has shrunk too much%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: fstat failed%s: fsync failed%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input contains an odd number of tokens%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid count at start of %s%s: invalid directive%s: invalid field specification %s%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of passes%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: lseek failed%s: multiple signals specified%s: new permissions are %s, not %s%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: no size information for this device%s: not listing already-listed directory%s: number of bytes is too large%s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove all arguments recursively? %s: remove all arguments? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s: seek failed%s: too many checksum lines%s: try to overwrite %s, overriding mode %04lo (%s)? %s: unable to determine maximum file name length%s: unable to perform all requested operations%s: unary operator expected%s: value not completely converted%s: write error%s:%lu: invalid line; missing second token%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}''')' expected')' expected, found %s(C)* file systems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS version 3 clients * compressed file systems * log-structured or journaled file systems, such as those supplied with AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.) * file systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes fail, such as RAID-based file systems * file systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server , load average: %.2f, %g s, %s/s --context (-Z) works only on an SELinux-enabled kernel-R --dereference requires either -H or -L-R -h requires -P-ef does not accept -l-nt does not accept -l-ot does not accept -l??? Address family for hostname not supportedAll arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. All requests doneArgument buffer too smallBad value for ai_flagsCAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important assumption: that the file system overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern file system designs do not satisfy this assumption. The following are examples of file systems on which shred is not effective, or is not guaranteed to be effective in all file system modes: COMMENTCall the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1. Call the unlink function to remove the specified FILE. Change the effective user id and group id to that of USER. -, -l, --login make the shell a login shell -c, --command=COMMAND pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c -f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment do not reset environment variables -p same as -m -s, --shell=SHELL run SHELL if /etc/shells allows it Change the group of each FILE to GROUP. With --reference, change the group of each FILE to that of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Compare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output. -A, --show-all equivalent to -vET -b, --number-nonblank number nonempty output lines -e equivalent to -vE -E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line -n, --number number all output lines -s, --squeeze-blank suppress repeated empty output lines Convert blanks in each FILE to tabs, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. -a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. Directory: Display file or file system status. -L, --dereference follow links -f, --file-system display file system status instead of file status Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date. -d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not `now' -f, --file=DATEFILE like --date once for each line of DATEFILE Drop any supplemental groups, assume the user-ID and group-ID of the specified USER (numeric ID or user name), and run COMMAND with any specified ARGUMENTs. Exit with status 111 if unable to assume the required user and group ID. Otherwise, exit with the exit status of COMMAND. This program is useful only when run by root (user ID zero). EXITEach range is one of: N N'th byte, character or field, counted from 1 N- from N'th byte, character or field, to end of line N-M from N'th to M'th (included) byte, character or field -M from first to M'th (included) byte, character or field With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Echo the STRING(s) to standard output. -n do not output the trailing newline Exit with a status code indicating success.Exit with the status determined by EXPRESSION. F. PinardFAILEDFORMAT must be suitable for printing one argument of type `double'; it defaults to %.PRECf if FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are all fixed point decimal numbers with maximum precision PREC, and to %g otherwise. Fifos do not have major and minor device numbers.Filesystem Filesystem TypeFor each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by whitespace. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input. -a FILENUM print unpairable lines coming from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2 -e EMPTY replace missing input fields with EMPTY Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block. IDLEIdleIn addition, file system backups and remote mirrors may contain copies of the file that cannot be removed, and that will allow a shredded file to be recovered later. In real life: In the case of ext3 file systems, the above disclaimer applies (and shred is thus of limited effectiveness) only in data=journal mode, which journals file data in addition to just metadata. In both the data=ordered (default) and data=writeback modes, shred works as usual. Ext3 journaling modes can be changed by adding the data=something option to the mount options for a particular file system in the /etc/fstab file, as documented in the mount man page (man mount). Infinity BInterrupted by a signalInvalid back referenceInvalid character class nameInvalid collation characterInvalid content of \{\}Invalid preceding regular expressionInvalid range endInvalid regular expressionLINEList information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort. LoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Memory allocation failureMemory exhaustedNAMENameName or service not knownNo address associated with hostnameNo matchNo previous regular expressionNon-recoverable failure in name resolutionOKOnly one string may be given when deleting without squeezing repeats.Ordering options: Output a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. Determine format of output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output defaults Output fixed-size pieces of INPUT to PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ...; default size is 1000 lines, and default PREFIX is `x'. With no INPUT, or when INPUT is -, read standard input. Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files `xx00', `xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output. Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. PIDPaginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Parameter string not correctly encodedPassword:Plan: Premature end of regular expressionPrint ARGUMENT(s) according to FORMAT, or execute according to OPTION: Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print NAME with its trailing /component removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output `.' (meaning the current directory). Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s. -a, --all print all information, in the following order, except omit -p and -i if unknown: -s, --kernel-name print the kernel name -n, --nodename print the network node hostname -r, --kernel-release print the kernel release Print machine architecture. Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT. -f, --format=FORMAT use printf style floating-point FORMAT -s, --separator=STRING use STRING to separate numbers (default: \n) -w, --equal-width equalize width by padding with leading zeroes Print or change terminal characteristics. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. -s, --silent, --quiet print nothing, only return an exit status Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the full filename of the current working directory. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the name of the current user. Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID. Same as id -un. Processing request in progressProject: Regular expression too bigRemove (unlink) the FILE(s). -f, --force ignore nonexistent files, never prompt -i prompt before every removal Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Request canceledRequest not canceledRun COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling. With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Nicenesses range from %d (most favorable scheduling) to %d (least favorable). -n, --adjustment=N add integer N to the niceness (default 10) Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals. Run a program in a different security context. With neither CONTEXT nor COMMAND, print the current security context. CONTEXT Complete security context -c, --compute compute process transition context before modifying -t, --type=TYPE type (for same role as parent) -u, --user=USER user identity -r, --role=ROLE role -l, --range=RANGE levelrange Send signals to processes, or list signals. Servname not supported for ai_socktypeSet LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Shell: Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default. Special files require major and minor device numbers.SuccessSummarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. System errorTIMETemporary failure in name resolutionThe following optional flags may follow `%': - (hyphen) do not pad the field _ (underscore) pad with spaces 0 (zero) pad with zeros ^ use upper case if possible # use opposite case if possible The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. -H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it -L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered -P do not traverse any symbolic links (default) The strings compared were %s and %s.Trailing backslashTry `%s --help' for more information. Try `%s ./%s' to remove the file %s. Two strings must be given when translating.Unknown errorUnknown system errorUnmatched ( or \(Unmatched ) or \)Unmatched [ or [^Unmatched \{Usage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s CONTEXT COMMAND [args] or: %s [ -c ] [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-t TYPE] [-l RANGE] COMMAND [args] Usage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NUMBER[SUFFIX]... or: %s OPTION Pause for NUMBER seconds. SUFFIX may be `s' for seconds (the default), `m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. Unlike most implementations that require NUMBER be an integer, here NUMBER may be an arbitrary floating point number. Given two or more arguments, pause for the amount of time specified by the sum of their values. Usage: %s OPTION... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NAME] or: %s OPTION Print or set the hostname of the current system. Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPERAND]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... CONTEXT FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-l RANGE] [-t TYPE] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... or: %s [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form) or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form) Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] or: %s -e [OPTION]... [ARG]... or: %s -i LO-HI [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] or: %s --traditional [OPTION]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [TEMPLATE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [ignored command line arguments] or: %s OPTION Usage: test EXPRESSION or: test or: [ EXPRESSION ] or: [ ] or: [ OPTION Valid arguments are:Valid format sequences for file systems: %a Free blocks available to non-superuser %b Total data blocks in file system %c Total file nodes in file system %d Free file nodes in file system %f Free blocks in file system %C SELinux security context string WARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s Warning: WhenWhereWrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write a random permutation of the input lines to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to standard output. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``-%c' extra characters or invalid number in the argument: %s`--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argument`-N NUMBER' invalid starting line number: %s`-W PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %s`-l PAGE_LENGTH' invalid number of lines: %s`-o MARGIN' invalid line offset: %s`-w PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %sa command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sai_family not supportedai_socktype not supportedambiguous argument %s for %san input delimiter may be specified only when operating on fieldsbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileblock special files not supportedboth files cannot be standard inputbyte offset %s is too largecan't apply partial context to unlabeled file %scan't get process contextcannot access %scannot backup %scannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change ownership of %scannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot chdir to root directorycannot combine -e and -i optionscannot combine any two of {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}cannot combine block and unblockcannot combine excl and nocreatcannot combine lcase and ucasecannot combine mode and --reference optionscannot combine signal with -l or -tcannot compare file names %s and %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot dereference %scannot determine device and inode of %scannot determine hostnamecannot do ioctl on %scannot find name for group ID %lucannot find name for user ID %lucannot follow %s by namecannot force target context to %s and preserve itcannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot get nicenesscannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open %s for writingcannot open directory %scannot operate on dangling symlink %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot perform formatted outputcannot preserve security context without an SELinux-enabled kernelcannot print "only" of more than one choicecannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot print security context when user specifiedcannot read directory %scannot read file names from %scannot read file system information for %scannot read realtime clockcannot read symbolic link %scannot read table of mounted file systemscannot remove %scannot reposition file pointer for %scannot set datecannot set group idcannot set group-ID to %lucannot set groupscannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot set name to %scannot set nicenesscannot set time stamps for %scannot set user idcannot set user-ID to %lucannot skip past end of combined inputcannot specify times from more than one sourcecannot split in more than one waycannot stat %scannot stat current directory (now %s)cannot touch %scannot un-backup %scannot unlink %scannot work around kernel bug after allchanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %scharacter offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special filecharacter special files not supportedclearing permissions for %sclock changeclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing directory %sclosing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputconflicting empty-field replacement stringsconflicting security context specifiers givencouldn't create process for %s -dcouldn't create temporary filecouldn't execute %scouldn't execute %s -dcouldn't find directory entry in %s with matching i-nodecouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %screating file %s creating hard link %screating hard link %s => %screating hard link to %.0s%screating symbolic link %screating symbolic link %s -> %sdelimiter list ends with an unescaped backslash: %sdirectorydivision by zerodup2 failedempty file nameempty taberror closing fileerror in regular expression matchererror in regular expression searcherror reading %serror writing %sexit=extra argument %sextra operand %sextra operand %s extra operand %s not allowed with -%cfailed to change context of %s to %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to chdir to %sfailed to compute a new contextfailed to create directory via template %sfailed to create file via template %sfailed to create security context: %sfailed to get attributes of %sfailed to get current contextfailed to get file system create contextfailed to get groups for the current processfailed to get groups for user %sfailed to get security context of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to open %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to redirect standard errorfailed to remove %sfailed to remove directory %sfailed to restore the default file creation contextfailed to return to initial working directoryfailed to set %s security context component to %sfailed to set default file creation context to %sfailed to set new range %sfailed to set new role %sfailed to set new type %sfailed to set new user %sfailed to set supplemental group(s)failed to set the copy of stderr to close on execfailed to set the security context of %s to %sfailed to stat %sfdatasync failed for %sfflush failedfield number %s is too largefield number is zerofields and positions are numbered from 1fifofile system type %s both selected and excludedfork system call failedformat string may not be specified when printing equal width stringsfsync failed for %sfts_read failedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsignoring inputignoring input and appending output to %signoring input and redirecting stderr to stdoutignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %signoring non-option argumentsincompatible join fields %lu, %luincompatible tabsincorrect passwordinput disappearedinput line is too longinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid %s%s argument `%s'invalid adjustment %sinvalid argument %sinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid body numbering style: %sinvalid byte or field listinvalid character `%c' in type string %sinvalid character class %sinvalid context: %sinvalid conversioninvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid date %sinvalid date format %sinvalid decreasing rangeinvalid device %s %sinvalid device type %sinvalid field number: %sinvalid field specifier: %sinvalid field width: %sinvalid file number in field spec: %sinvalid floating point argument: %sinvalid footer numbering style: %sinvalid format precisioninvalid format widthinvalid gap width: %sinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid group: %sinvalid header numbering style: %sinvalid inputinvalid input flaginvalid input range %sinvalid integer %sinvalid integer argument %sinvalid line count %sinvalid line discipline %sinvalid line number field width: %sinvalid line number increment: %sinvalid line numbering format: %sinvalid line width: %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid maximum depth %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid modeinvalid mode %sinvalid mode: %sinvalid number %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of blank lines: %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of columns: %sinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid number of lines: 0invalid option -- %cinvalid option -- %c; -WIDTH is recognized only when it is the first option; use -w N insteadinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid output flaginvalid precision: %sinvalid range with no endpoint: -invalid repeat count %s in [c*n] constructinvalid specinvalid starting line number: %sinvalid status flaginvalid suffix in %s%s argument `%s'invalid tab size: %sinvalid template, %s, contains directory separatorinvalid template, %s; with --tmpdir, it may not be absoluteinvalid time interval %sinvalid time style format %sinvalid trailing option -- %cinvalid type string %sinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte floating point typeinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte integral typeinvalid universal character name \%c%0*xinvalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sinvalid wrap size: %sinvalid zero-length file nameit is dangerous to operate recursively on %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)last=leading `-' in a component of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name component %sline count option -%s%c... is too largeline number %s is smaller than preceding line number, %sline number overflowmemory exhaustedmessage queuemisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing `]'missing argument after %smissing argument to %smissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing destination file operand after %smissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing file operandmissing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operandmissing operand after %smode must specify only file permission bitsmode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multi-character tab %smultiple -i options specifiedmultiple -l or -t options specifiedmultiple compress programs specifiedmultiple levelrangesmultiple output files specifiedmultiple output formats specifiedmultiple random sources specifiedmultiple rolesmultiple target directories specifiedmultiple typesmultiple usersneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno change to ownership of %s no command specifiedno file systems processedno files remainingno login nameno process ID specifiedno type may be specified when dumping stringsno username specified; at least one must be specified when using -lnonportable character %s in file name %snot a ttynot writing through dangling symlink %snumber in %s is too largenumber of bytesnumber of linesoffset overflow while reading file %somitting directory %sonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one device may be specifiedonly one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %soption used in invalid context -- %coptions `-%s' are incompatibleownership of %s retained ownership of %s retained as %s page width too narrowpreserving permissions for %spreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedreading %sreading directory %srecord too largeregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %srun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptysetting flags for %ssetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectskip-bytes + read-bytes is too largeskipping %s, since it's on a different deviceskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstray character in field specstring comparison failedstring transformation failedstrip process terminated abnormallysuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errortab size cannot be 0tab size contains invalid character(s): %stab sizes must be ascendingtab stop is too large %stab stop value is too largetabs are too far aparttarget %s is not a directorytarget directory not allowed when installing a directoryterm=test and/or [the --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the delimiter must be a single characterthe options for verbose and stty-readable output styles are mutually exclusivethe options to output dircolors' internal database and to select a shell syntax are mutually exclusivethe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivethe strip option may not be used when installing a directorytime %s is out of rangeto use user-ID %s you need to use -g tootoo few X's in template %stoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtoo many characters in settoo many repeated linestoo many templatestotaltyped memory objectunable to record current working directoryunable to set security context %sunknown binary operatorunknown user-ID: %sunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableunrecognized operand %sunrecognized prefix: %suse --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeuser %s does not existusing restricted shell %swaiting for %s [-d]waiting for stripwarning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredwarning: %s: failed to change context to %swarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: --retry is useful mainly when following by namewarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: `touch %s' is obsolete; use `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'warning: an unescaped backslash at end of string is not portablewarning: backslash at end of formatwarning: cannot change directory to %swarning: cannot remove: %swarning: following standard input indefinitely is ineffectivewarning: ignoring excess arguments, starting with %swarning: invalid file offset after failed readwarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: line number %s is the same as preceding line numberwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: summarizing conflicts with --max-depth=%luwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0warning: the ambiguous octal escape \%c%c%c is being interpreted as the 2-byte sequence \0%c%c, %cwarning: unrecognized escape `\%c'warning: working around lseek kernel bug for file (%s) of mt_type=0x%0lx -- see for the list of typesweird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen reading file names from stdin, no file name of %s allowedwhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'will not copy %s through just-created symlink %swill not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swith --parents, the destination must be a directorywrite errorwrite error for %swrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify -c, -t, -u, -l, -r, or contextyou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsProject-Id-Version: coreutils 6.11 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2008-04-23 00:02+0100 Last-Translator: Helder Correia Language-Team: Portuguese MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8-bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1); ( EXPRESSÃO ) EXPRESSÃO é verdadeira ! EXPRESSÃO EXPRESSÃO é falsa EXPRESSÃO1 -a EXPRESSÃO2 EXPRESSÃO1 e EXPRESSÃO2 são verdadeiras EXPRESSÃO1 -o EXPRESSÃO2 uma de EXPRESSÃO1 e EXPRESSÃO2 é verdadeira -a, --all o mesmo que -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot tempo do último início do sistema -d, --dead mostrar processos mortos -H, --heading mostrar linha de títulos de colunas -b FICH FICH existe e é especial de blocos -c FICH FICH existe e é especial de caracteres -d FICH FICH existe e é uma pasta -e FICH FICH existe -l produzir saída longa para os UTILIZADORes especificados -b omitir a pasta pessoa do utilizador e shell em formato longo -h omitir o ficheiro de projecto do utilizador em formato longo -p omitir o ficheiro de plano do utilizador em formato longo -s produzir saída curta (predefinido) -n EXPR o tamanho de EXPR é não-zero EXPR equivalente a -n EXPR -z EXPR o tamanho de EXPR é zero EXPR1 = EXPR2 as espressões são iguais EXPR1 != EXPR2 as espressões são diferentes ARG1 * ARG2 produto aritmético de ARG1 e ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 quociente aritmético de ARG1 dividido por ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 resto aritmético de ARG1 dividido por ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 soma aritmética de ARG1 e ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 diferença aritmética de ARG1 e ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 é menor que ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 é menor ou igual a ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 é igual a ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 é diferente de ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 é maior ou igual a ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 é maior que ARG2 FICH1 -ef FICH2 FICH1 e FICH2 têm os mesmos números de dispositivo e inode FICH1 -nt FICH2 FICH1 é mais recente (data de modificação) que FICH2 FICH1 -ot FICH2 FICH1 é mais antigo que FICH2 INTEIRO copiar até (excluindo) número de linha especificado /EXPREG/[ÍNDICE] copiar até (excluindo) uma linha que corresponda %EXPREG%[ÍNDICE] saltar até (excluindo) uma linha que corresponda {INTEIRO} repetir o padrão anterior INTEIRO vezes {*} repetir o padrão anterior até não ser possível Um ÍNDICE de linha é um '+' or '-' requerido seguido de um inteiro positivo. INTEIRO1 -eq INTEIRO2 INTEIRO1 é igual a INTEIRO2 INTEIRO1 -ge INTEIRO2 INTEIRO1 é maior ou igual a INTEIRO2 INTEIRO1 -gt INTEIRO2 INTEIRO1 é maior que INTEIRO2 INTEIRO1 -le INTEIRO2 INTEIRO1 é menor ou igual a INTEIRO2 INTEIRO1 -lt INTEIRO2 INTEIRO1 é menor que INTEIRO2 INTEIRO1 -ne INTEIRO2 INTEIRO1 é diferente de INTEIRO2 EXPR : EXPREG correspondência de padrão ancorada de EXPREG em EXPR match EXPR EXPREG o mesmo que EXPR : EXPREG substr EXPR POS COMPRIM subexpressão de STRING, POS contada a partir de 1 index EXPR CARACTS índice de EXPR onde onde um CARACTS existe, ou 0 length EXPR comprimento de EXPR a numerar todas as linhas t numerar apenas linhas não vazias n não numerar linhas pERB numerar apenas linhas que correspondam à expressão regular básica, ERB FORMATO é um de: ln alinhado à esquerda, sem zeros iniciais rn alinhar à direita, sem zeros iniciais rz alinhar à direita, com zeros iniciais b criar um ficheiro especial de bloco (protegido) c, u criar um ficheiro especial de caracteres (não protegido) p criar um FIFO # utlzs=%lu Um programa 'finger' leve; exibir informação de utilizador. O ficheiro utmp será %s. Um mero - implica -i. Sem COMANDO, mostrar o ambiente resultante. Um simples - implica -l. Sem UTILIZADOR, assumir root. Após as preferências vem uma largura de campo opcional, um número decimal; depois um modificador opcional, o qual pode ser E para usar as representações locais alternativas se disponíveis, ou O para usar os símbolos numéricos locais alternativos se disponíveis. Uma EXPRESSÃO omitida toma o valor falso. Caso contrário, EXPRESSÃO é verdadeiro ou falso e define estado de saída. É um de: Como caso especial, o cp salvaguarda a ORIGEM quando as opções 'force' e 'backup' são dadas e ORIGEM e DESTINO têm o mesmo nome para um ficheiro existente e regular. Tenha em conta que muitos operadores necessitam ser sinalizados ou escritos entre aspas. Comparações são aritméticas se todos os ARGs são números, senão lexicográficas. Padrões retornam a expressão entre \( e \) ou nula; se \( e \) não são usados, retornam o número de caracteres combinados ou 0. Tanto MAIOR como MENOR devem ser especificadas quando TIPO é b, c ou u, e devem ser omitidas quando TIPO é p. Se MAIOR ou MENOR começarem com 0x ou 0X, é interpretado como hexadecimal; senão, se começarem por 0, como octal; senão, como decimal. TIPO pode ser: Por omissão, rm não remove pastas. Use a opção --recursive (-r ou -R) para remover cada pasta listada também, bem como os seus conteúdos. Predefinidamente, seleciona -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC são dois caracteres delimitadores para separar páginas lógicas, um segundo carácter em falta implica :. Escreva \\ para \. ESTILO é um de: Preferências de combinação: * [-]LCASE o mesmo que [-]lcase cbreak o mesmo que -icanon -cbreak o mesmo que icanon Preferências de controlo: [-]clocal desactivar sinais de controlo de modem [-]cread permitir recepção de entrada * [-]crtscts activar cumprimento RTS/CTS csN definir tamanho de carácter N bits, N em [5..8] Cada símbolo OPÇÃO pode ser: append modo acrescentar (sentido só para saída; conv=notrunc sugerido) Cada MODO tem a forma '[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Exemplos: %s /usr/bin/sort Mostrar "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Mostrar "stdio". Exemplos: %s /usr/bin/sort Mostrar "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Mostrar ".". Exemplos: %s f - g Despejar conteúdo de f, depois a entrada padrão, depois conteúdo de g. %s Copiar a entrada padrão para a saída padrão. Exemplos: %s root /u Mudar o dono de /u para "root". %s root:staff /u Semelhante, mas mudar também o grupo para "staff". %s -hR root /u Mudar o dono de /u e sub-ficheiros para "root". Exemplos: %s staff /u Mudar o grupo de /u para "staff". %s -hR staff /u Mudar o grupo de /u e sub-ficheiros para "staff". Excepto para -h e -L, todos os testes relacionados com FICH desreferenciam ligações simbólicas. Note que parêntesis precisam de escape (ex., com \) para shells. INTEIRO pode também ser -l EXPR, que resulta no tamanho de EXPR. Estado de saída é 0 se EXPRESSÃO não for nem nula nem 0, 1 se EXPRESSÃO é nula ou 0, 2 se EXPRESSÃO for sintacticamente inválida e 3 se um erro ocorrer. Trata o tty ligado ao canal de entrada por defeito (stdin). Sem argumentos, imprime o ritmo em baud, a disciplina da linha e diferenças em relação a stty sane. Nos parâmetros, CHAR é aceite literalmente, ou codificado com em ^C, 0x37, 0177 ou 127; valores especiais ^- ou undef são utilizados para anular caracteres especiais. Se FICHEIRO é -, destruir a saída padrão. Remover FICHEIRO(s) se --remove (-u) for especificada. Por omissão, não se removem os ficheiros porque é comum operar-se em ficheiros de dispositivos como /dev/hda e habitualmente não devem ser removidos. Ao operar em ficheiros regulares, a opção mais comum é --remove option. Se FICHEIRO não for especificado, usar %s. %s como FICHEIRO é comum. Se ARG1 ARG2 dados, -m presumido: 'am i' ou 'mom likes' são comuns. Se FICHEIRO especificado, ler para determinar que cores usar para que tipos de ficheiro e extensões. Senão, uma base de dados precompilada é usada. Para detalhes no formato destes ficheiros, corra 'dircolors --print-database'. Se PRIMEIRO ou INCREMENTO for omitido, assume-se 1. Isto é, um INCREMENTO omitido assume-se 1 mesmo quando ÚLTIMO é mais pequeno que PRIMEIRO. PRIMEIRO, INCREMENTO e ÚLTIMO são interpretados como valores reais. INCREMENTO é habitualmente positivo se PRIMEIRO é menor que ÚLTIMO, e INCREMENTO é habitualmente negativo se PRIMEIRO é maior que ÚLTIMO. Se um FICHEIRO é -, copiar novamente para a saída padrão. Se ambos o primeiro e segundo formatos se aplicarem, o segundo é assumido se o último operando começar por + ou (se houver 2 operandos) um dígito. Um operando ÍNDICE significa -j ÍNDICE. ETIQUETA é o pseudo-endereço do primeiro byte mostrado, incrementado ao longo que se despeja. Para ÍNDICE e ETIQUETA, um prefixo 0x ou 0X indica hexadecimal; sufixos podem ser . para octal e b para multiplicar por 512. Se nenhum comando for dado, executar ``${SHELL} -i'' (predefinido: /bin/sh). Se a entrada padrão é um terminal, redireccioná-la de /dev/null. Se a saída padrão é um terminal, acrecentar saída a 'nohup.out' se possível, senão '$HOME/nohup.out'. Se o erro padrão é um terminal, redireccioná-lo para a saída padrão. Para gravar a saída para FICHEIRO, use '%s COMANDO > FICHEIRO'. Preferências de entrada: [-]brkint paragens causam um sinal de interrupção [-]icrnl traduzir carriage return (CR) para nova linha [-]ignbrk ignorar caracteres de paragem [-]igncr ignorar carriage return Preferências locais: [-]crterase ecoar caracteres de limpeza como backspace-espaço-backspace * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings * -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings NOTA: [ honra as opções --help e --version, mas test não o faz. test trata cada uma delas como trata qualquer outra EXPR não vazia. NOTA: a sua shell pode ter a sua versão de %s, que habitualmente ultrapassa a versão descrita aqui. Por favor veja a documentação da sua shell para detalhes acerca das opções suportadas. Note que as opções -d e -t aceitam diferentes formatos hora-data. Opcional - antes de PREFERÊNCIA indica negação. Um * marca preferências não-POSIX. O sistema base define quais as preferências disponíveis. Preferências de saída: * bsN estilo de atraso de backspace, N em [0..1] * crN estilo de atraso de carriage return, N em [0..3] * ffN estilo de atraso de form feed, N em [0..1] * nlN estilo de atraso de nova linha, N em [0..1] O dono não é alterado se omitido. O grupo não é alterado se omitido, mas alterado para o grupo de utilizador se implicado por um ':' após um um DONO simbólico. DONO e GRUPO podem ser numéricos e simbólicos. POS é F[.C][OPTS], onde F é o número de campo e C a posição de carácter no campo; ambos têm origem 1. Se nem -t nem -b estiver em efeito, caracteres num campo são contados do início do espaço branco precedente. OPTS é uma ou mais opções de ordenação de letra única, que sobrescrevem as opções de ordenação globais para essa chave. Sem chave dada, usar a linha inteira. TAMANHO pode ser seguido pelos seguintes sufixos multiplicativos: Exibir o valor de EXPRESSÃO. Uma linha vazia por baixo separa grupos de precedência crescentes. EXPRESSÃO pode ser: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 se não for nulo nem 0, senão ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 se nenhum argumento for nulo ou 0, senão 0 Ler a entrada padrão se FICHEIRO for -. Cada PADRÃO pode ser: SETs são especificados como cadeias de caracteres. A maioria auro-representa-se. Sequências interpretadas são: \NNN carácter com valor octal NNN (1 a 3 dígitos octais) \\ backslash (barra invertida) \a BEL audível \b backspace (espaço atrás) \f form feed \n nova linha \r return (enter) \t tab horizontal TAMANHO é um número. Para TIPO em doux, TAMANHO pode também ser C para sizeof(char), S para sizeof(short), I para sizeof(int) or L para sizeof(long). Se TIPO é f, TAMANHO pode também ser F para sizeof(float), D para sizeof(double) ou L para sizeof(long double). Enviar um sinal %s a um processo 'dd' em execução faz com que exiba estatísticas E/S no erro padrão e depois resuma a cópia. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 registos dentro 18335302+0 registos fora 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copiado, 34.6279 segundos, 271 MB/s Opções são: Caracteres especiais: * dsusp CAR CAR enviará um sinal de término após a entrada processada eof CAR CAR enviará um fim de ficheiro (terminar a entrada) eol CAR CAR terminará a linha TIPO é feito de uma ou mais destas especificações: a carácter nomeado, ignorando o bit de alta ordem c carácter ASCII ou barra invertida sinalizada O sufixo de salvaguarda é '~', a não ser com --suffix ou SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. O método de controlo de versão pode ser escolhido com --backup ou com a variável de ambiente VERSION_CONTROL. Eis os valores: Os dados são codificados como descrito para o alfabeto base64 em RFC 3548. Ao descodificar, a entrada pode conter novas linhas adicionalmente aos bytes do alfabeto base64 formal. Use --ignore-garbage para tentar recuperar de quaisquer outros caracteres não alfabéticos nos dados codificados. As somas são calculadas como descrito em %s. Ao verificar, a entrada deve ser uma saída anterior deste programa. O modo predefinido é exibir uma linha com soma de controlo, um carácter indicando o tipo ('*' para binário, ' ' para texto) e nome para cada FICHEIRO. As sequências de formato válidas para ficheiros (sem --file-system): %a Direitos de acesso em octal %A Direitos de acesso legíveis por humanos %b Número de blocos alocados (ver %B) %B Tamanho em bytes de cada bloco relatado por %b %C Expressão de contexto de segurança SELinux Para remover um ficheiro cujo nome começa por '-', por exemplo '-foo', utilize um destes comandos: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Especificações de formato tradicionais podem ser combinadas; elas acumulam: -a como -t a, seleccionar caract. nomeados ignorando bit de ordem alta -b como -t o1, seleccionar bytes octais -c como -t c, seleccionar caract. ASCII ou barras invertidas sinalizadas -d como -t u2, seleccionar unidades de 2 bytes decimais positivas Usar uma e apenas uma de -b, -c ou -f. Cada LISTA é feita de um alcance ou vários alcances separados por vírgula. Entrada seleccionada é escrita na mesma ordem de leitura e exactamente uma vez. Sem FICHEIRO ou se FICHEIRO é -, ler a entrada padrão. '-F /' por omissão. Sem FICHEIRO, ou quando FICHEIRO é -, ler entrada padrão. Sem opções, produzir resultado em 3 colunas. A primeira coluna contém linhas exclusivas do FICHEIRO1, a segunda linhas exclusivas do FICHEIRO2 e a terceira linhas comuns a ambos os ficheiros. Sem qualquer OPÇÃO, mostrar alguma informação útil identificada. Escrever uma representação não ambígua, predefinidamente bytes octais, de FICHEIRO para a saída padrão. Com mais de um argumento FICHEIRO, concatená-los na ordem listada para formar a entrada. Sem FICHEIRO ou quando FILE é -, ler a entrada padrão. --backup[=CONTROLO] salvaguardar cada ficheiro de destino existente -b como --backup mas não aceita um argumento -d, -F, --directory deixar o superutil. tentar ligações persistentes para pastas (nota: provavelm. falhará devido a restrições de sistema, mesmo para o sup-util.) -f, --force remover ficheiros de destino existentes --group-directories-first agrupar pastas antes de ficheiros. aumentar com uma opção --sort, mas qualquer uso de --sort=none (-U) desactiva agrupamento --help exibir esta ajuda e sair --indicator-style=PAL adicionar indicador com estilo PAL às entradas: none (predefinido), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode mostrar o número de índice de cada ficheiro -I, --ignore=PADRÃO não listar entradas que correspondam ao PADRÃO -k como --block-size=1K --lookup tentar canonizar nomes de máquinas via DNS -m apenas nome de máquina e utilizador associados com stdin -p, --process mostrar processos activos criados por init --no-preserve-root não tratar '/' de forma especial --preserve-root não remover '/' (predefinido) -r, -R, --recursive remover pastas e seus conteúdos recursivamente -v, --verbose explicar o que está a ser feito --no-preserve-root não tratar '/' de forma especial (predefinido) --preserve-root não operar recursivamente em '/' --no-preserve-root não tratar '/' de forma especial (predefinição) --preserve-root falhar ao operar recursivamente em '/' --no-preserve=LISTA_ATRIB não preservar os atributos especificados --parents usar nome completo de ficheiro de origem em PASTA --one-file-system ao remover uma hierarquia recursivamente, saltar pastas de um sistema de ficheiros diferente do do argumento especificado na linha de comandos --preserve-context preservar contexto de segurança SELinux -Z, --context=CONTEXTO alterar cont. de segurança SELinux de fich. e pastas --reference=FICHREF usar contexto de segurança de FICHREF em vez de especificar um valor de CONTEXTO -R, --recursive operar em ficheiros e pastas recursivamente -v, --verbose despejar um diagnóstico para cada ficheiro processado --rfc-3339=ESPECTEMPO exibir data e hora no formato RFC 3339. ESPECTEMPO='date', 'seconds' ou 'ns' para data e hora na precisão indicada. Data e hora são separadas por um espaço: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=EXPR alterar a hora descrita por EXPR -u, --utc, --universal exibir ou alterar Hora Universal Coordenada (UTC) --strip-trailing-slashes remover barras no final de cada argumento de ORIGEM -S, --suffix=SUFIXO redefinir o sufixo de salvaguarda habitual --time mostrar tempo da última modificação de cada ficheiro na pasta, ou cada sua subpasta --time=PALAV mostrar tempo como PALAV em vez de tempo de modific.: atime, access, use, ctime ou status --time-style=EST mostrar tempos usando o estilo ESTILO: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMATO FORMATO é interpretado como 'date' --time-style=ESTILO com -l, mostrat tempos usando o ESTILO: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMATO. FORMATO é interpretado como 'date'; se FORMATO é FORMATO1FORMATO2, FORMATO1 aplica-se a ficheiros não recentes e FORMATO2 a recentes; se ESTILO é prefixado com 'posix-', ESTILO toma efeito apenas fora da localização POSIX --verbose mostrar um diagnóstico imediatamente antes de cada ficheiro ser aberto --version mostrar a informação de versão e sair -evenp o mesmo que -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase o mesmo que xcase iuclc olcuc litout o mesmo que -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout o mesmo que parenb istrip opost cs7 nl o mesmo que -icrnl -onlcr -nl o mesmo que icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb usar dois bits de paragem por carácter (um com '-') [-]hup enviar sinal de espera quando o último processo fechar a tty [-]hupcl o mesmo que [-]hup [-]parenb gerar bit de paridade na saída e esperar por um na entrada [-]parodd definir paridade ímpar (mesmo com '-') [-]ignpar ignorar caracteres com erros de paridade * [-]imaxbel emitir som e não despejar um buffer de entrada num carácter [-]inlcr traduzir nova linha para carriage return [-]inpck activar verificação de paridade da entrada [-]istrip limpar o bit alto (8) de caracteres de entrada [-]isig activar caracteres especiais interrupt, quit e suspend [-]noflsh desactivar despejo após caracteres especiais interrupt e quit * [-]prterase o mesmo que [-]echoprt * [-]tostop parar processos em fundo que tentem escrever no terminal * [-]xcase com icanon, escape com '\' para maiúsculas cooked o mesmo que brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof e eol nos seus valores predefinidos -cooked o mesmo que raw crt o mesmo que echoe echoctl echoke dec o mesmo que echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq o mesmo que [-]ixany ek erase e kill nos seus valores predefinidos evenp o mesmo que parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N alterar a taxa de entrada para N * line N usar disciplina de linha N min N com -icanon, definir mínimo N caracteres para leitura completa ospeed N alterar a taxa de saída para N oddp o memso que parenb parodd cs7 -oddp o memso que -parenb cs8 [-]parity o memso que [-]evenp pass8 o memso que -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 o memso que parenb istrip cs7 raw o mesmo que -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw o mesmo que cooked stop CHAR CHAR parará a saída susp CHAR CHAR enviará um sinal de término * swtch CHAR CHAR mudará para uma camada de shell diferente * werase CHAR CHAR apagará a última palavra inserida %% um único % %b ARGUMENTO como uma expressão com escapes '\' interpretados, excepto que escapes octais são da forma \0 ou \0NNN e todas as especificações de formato C que terminem com um de diouxXfeEgGcs, ARGUMENTOs convertidos para tipo devido antes. Larguras variáveis são aceites. %A nome local completo de semana (ex.: Domingo) %b nome local abreviado de mês (ex.: Jan) %B nome local completo de mês (ex.: Janeiro) %c data e hora local (ex.: Qui Mar 3 23:05:25 2005) %F data completa; o memso que %Y-%m-%d %g últimos dois dígitos de número de semana ISO (ver %G) %G ano de número de semana ISO (ver %V); normalmente útil apenas com %V %S segundo (00..60) %t uma tabulação (TAB) %T hora (tempo completo); o mesmo que %H:%M:%S %u dia da semana (1..7); 1 é Segunda-feira %U número de semana do ano, Domingo como primeiro dia da semana (00..53) %V número de semana ISO, Segunda-feira primeiro dia da semana (01..53) %w dia de semana (0..6); 0 é Domingo %W número de semana do ano, Segunda-feira primeiro dia da semana (00..53) %d Número de dispositivo em decimal %D Número de dispositivo em hexadecimal %f Modo bruto em hexadecimal %F Tipo de ficheiro %g ID de grupo do dono %G Nome de grupo do dono %h Número de ligações persistentes %i Número de inode %n Nome de ficheiro %N Nome de ficheiro entre aspas com desreferência se ligação simbólica %o Tamanho de bloco de entrada/saída %s Tamanho total, em bytes %t Tipo de dispositivo maior, em hexadecimal %T Tipo de dispositivo menor, em hexadecimal %h o mesmo que %b %H hora 00..23) %I hora (01..12) %j dia do ano (001..366) %i ID de sistem de ficheiros em hexadecimal %l Comprimento máximo de nomes de ficheiros %n Nome de ficheiro %s Tamanho de bloco (para transferências mais rápidas %S Tamanho de bloco fundamental (para contagens de blocos) %t Tipo em hexadecimal %T Tipo legível por humanos %k hora ( 0..23) %l hora ( 1..12) %m mês (01..12) %M minuto (00..59) %n uam nova linha %N nanosegundos (000000000..999999999) %p equivalente da localização a AM ou PM; vazia se desconhecido %P como %p, mas em minúsculas %r equivalente da localização a tempo de 12 horas (ex., 11:11:04 PM) %R horas e minutos de 24 hora; o mesmo que %H:%M %s segundos desde 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u ID de utilizador do dono %U Nome de utilizador do dono %x Tempo do último acesso %X Tempo do último acesso em segundos desde Epoch %y Tempo da última modificação %Y Tempo do última modificação em segundos desde Epoch %z Tempo da última alteração %Z Tempo da última alteração em segundos desde Epoch %x representação de data local (ex., 31/12/99) %X representação de hora local (ex., 23:13:48) %y últimos dois dígitos do ano (00..99) %Y ano %z zona horária numérica +hhmm (ex., -0400) %:z zona horária numérica +hh:mm (e.g., -04:00) %::z zona horária numérica +hh:mm:ss (e.g., -04:00:00) %:::z zona horária numérica com : para prec. necessária (ex., -04, +05:30) %Z abreviação de zona horária alfabética (ex., EDT) Por omissão, date preenche campos numéricos com zeros. + SÍMBOLO interpretar SÍMBOLO como uma expressão, mesmo que reservada como 'match' ou operador como '/' ( EXPRESSÃO ) valor de EXPRESSÃO -A, --address-radix=RADICAL decidir como exibir índices de ficheiros -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES saltar BYTES bytes de entrada iniciais -A, --auto-reference despejar referências geradas automaticamente -G, --traditional actuar mais de acordo com o 'ptx' System V -F, --flag-truncation=EXPR usar EXPR para marcar truncagens de linhas -B, --block-size=TAMANHO usar blocos de TAMANHO bytes -b, --bytes equivalente a '--apparent-size --block-size=1' -c, --total produzir um grande total -D, --dereference-args desreferenciar só ligações simbólicas listadas na linha de comandos -D criar todos os componentes iniciais de DESTINO excepto o último e depois copiar ORIGEM para DESTINO -g, --group=GRUPO alterar grupo de posse, não o actual grupo do processo -m, --mode=MODO alterar permissões (como em chmod), não rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=DONO alterar dono (apenas superutilizador) -D, --date-format=FORMATO usar FORMATO para a data de cabeçalho -e[CAR[LARGURA]], --expand-tabs[=CAR[LARGURA]] expandir CARacteres de entrada (TABs) para LARGURA (8) -F, -f, --form-feed usar form feeds em vez de nova linha para separar páginas (por um cabeçalho de página de 3 linhas com -F ou cabeçalho e reboque de 5 linhas sem -F) -G, --no-group numa listagem longa, não mostrar nomes de grupos -h, --human-readable com -l, mostrar tamanhos legíveis por humanos (ex., 1K 234M 2G) --si igual, mas usar potências de 1000, não 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line seguir ligações simbólicas listadas na consola --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir seguir cada ligação simbólica da linha de comandos que aponte para uma pasta --hide=PADRÃO não listar entradas que correspondam ao PADRÃO (redefinido por -a ou -A) -I perguntar uma vez antes de remover mais de 3 ficheiros ou ao remover recursivamente. Menos intrusivo que -i, protegendo ainda contra a maioria dos erros --interactive[=QUANDO] perguntlr de acordo com QUANDO: never, once (-I) ou always (-i). Sem QUANDO, perguntar sempre -L FICH FICH existe e é uma ligação simbólica (o mesmo que -h) -O FICH FICH existe e é possuído pelo ID de utilizador efectivo -p FICH FICH existe e é um pipe nomeado -r FICH FICH existe e permissão de leitura é garantida -s FICH FICH existe e tem um tamanho maior que zero -L, --dereference desreferenciar todas as ligações simbólicas -P, --no-dereference não seguir qualquer ligação simbólica (predefinido) -0, --null terminar linhas de saída com byte 0, não nova linha -S, --separate-dirs não incuir tamanhos das pastas -s, --summarize mostrar apenas um total para cada argumento -M, --macro-name=EXPR nome de macro a usar em vez de 'xx' -O, --format=roff gerar saída como directivas roff -R, --right-side-refs referências à direita, ignoradas com -w -S, --sentence-regexp=EXPREG para fins de linhas ou frases -T, --format=tex gerar saída como directivas TeX -N, --read-bytes=BYTES limitar a BYTES bytes de entrada -S, --strings[=BYTES] despejar cadeias de pelo menos BYTES caracteres -t, --format=TIPO seleccionar formato ou formatos de saída -v, --output-duplicates não usar * para marcar supressão de linha -w, --width[=BYTES] despejar BYTES bytes por linha de saída --traditional aceitar argumentos na forma tradicional -P, --portability usar o formato de saída POSIX --sync invocar sync antes de obter a informação -t, --type=TIPO limitar listagem a sist. de ficheiros de tipo TIPO -T, --print-type exibir o tipo do sistema de ficheiros -x, --exclude-type=TIPO limitar listagem a sist. ficheiros não de tipo TIPO -v (ignorado) -S ordenar por tamanho de ficheiro --sort=PAL ordenar por PAL em vez de nome: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=PAL com -l, mostrar tempo como PAL, não tempo de modific.: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, ou status -c; usar tempo especificado como chave de ordenação se --sort=time -S FICH FICH existe e é um socket -t DF file descriptor DF está aberto num terminal -u FICH FICH existe e o seu bit set-user-ID bit está activado -w FICH FICH existe e permissão de escrita é garantida -x FICH FICH existe e permissão de execução (ou pesquisa) é garantida -S, --suffix=SUFIXO redefinir o sufixo de salvaguarda habitual -t, --target-directory=PASTA especificar a PASTA na qual criar as ligações -T, --no-target-directory tratar NOME_LIGAÇÃO como um ficheiro normal -v, --verbose mostrar o nome de cada ficheiro ligado -T, -w, --mesg adicionar estado de mensagem do utilizador como +, - ou ? -u, --users listar utilizadores actualmente no sistema --message o mesmo que -T --writable o mesmo que -T -W, --word-regexp=EXPREG usar EXPREG para combinar cada palavra-chave -b, --break-file=FICHEIRO caracteres separação palavras neste FICHEIRO -f, --ignore-case ignorar capitalização -g, --gap-size=NÚMERO espaço entre campos de saída, em colunas -i, --ignore-file=FICHEIRO ler lista palavras a ignorar de FICHEIRO -o, --only-file=FICHEIRO ler lista palavras únicas de FICHEIRO -Z, --context=CTX alterar contexto de segur. SELinux de NOME para CTX -Z, --context=CTX alterar cont. segur. SELinux de cada NOME para CTX -a, --across imprimir colunas em largura, não altura, usado em conjunto com -COLUNAS -c, --show-control-chars usar notações de chapéu (^G) e barra invertida octal -d, --double-space duplicar o espaço da saída -a, --all escrever contagens todos os ficheiros, não só pastas --apparent-size mostrar tamanhos aparentes, não utiliz. disco; apesar de o tamanho aparente ser habit. mais pequeno, pode ser maior devido a buracos em ficheiros (esparsos), fragmentação interna, blocos indirectos e afins -a, --all converter todos os espaços, em vez de apenas os iniciais --first-only converter apenas os espaços inicias (anula -a) -t, --tabs=N TABs de N caracteres em vez de 8 (activa -a) -t, --tabs=LISTA usar lista sep. por vírg. de posições de TABs (activa -a) -a, --suffix-length=N usar sufixos de comprimento N (predefinido %d) -b, --bytes=TAMANHO colocar TAMANHO bytes por ficheiro de saída -C, --line-bytes=TAMANHO colocar no máximo TAMANHO bytes de linhas por fich. -d, --numeric-suffixes usar sufixos numéricos em vez de alfabéticos -l, --lines=NÚMERO colocar NÚMERO linhas por ficheiro de saída -b, --before anexar o separador antes em vez de depois -r, --regex interpretar o separador como uma expressão regular -s, --separator=EXPR usar EXPR como o separador em vez de nova linha -b, --binary ler em modo binário -b, --binary ler em modo binário (predefinido excepto ao ler stdin) -b, --body-numbering=ESTILO usar ESTILO para numerar linhas de corpo -d, --section-delimiter=CC usar CC para separar páginas lógicas -f, --footer-numbering=ESTILO usar ESTILO para numerar linhas de roda-pé -b, --bytes countar bytes em vez de colunas -s, --spaces separar nos espaços -w, --width=LARGURA usar LARGURA colunas em vez de 80 -b, --bytes=LISTA escolher apenas estes bytes -c, --characters=LISTA escolher apenas estes caracteres -d, --delimiter=DELIM usar DELIM em vez de TAB para delimitar campos -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignorar espaços iniciais -d, --dictionary-order considerar apenas espaços e car. alfanuméricos -f, --ignore-case ignorar capitalização de letras -b, --suffix-format=FORMATO usar FORMATO sprintf em vez de %02d -f, --prefix=PREFIXO usar PREFIXO em vez de `xx' -k, --keep-files preservar ficheiros de saída após erro -c, --check ler somas de %s dos FICHEIROs e verificá-las -c, --count prefixar linhas com o número de ocorrências -d, --repeated exibir apenas linhas duplicadas -c, --crown-margin preservar indentação das primeiras duas linhas -p, --prefix=EXPRESSÃO reformatar apenas linhas que começam por EXPRESSÃO, inserindo o prefixo nas linhas reformatadas -s, --split-only separar linhas longas, mas não reencher -d, --delimiters=LISTA reusar caracteres de LISTA em vez de TABs -s, --serial colar um ficheiro de cada vez em vez de em paralelo -e activar interpretação de sinaliz. barra invertida (predef.) -E desactivar interpretação de barras invertidas sinalizadas -f não ordenar, activar -aU, desactivar -ls --color -F, --classify acrescentar indicador (um de */=>@|) às entradas --file-type da mesma forma, excepto não acrescentar '*' --format=PALAVRA ao longo -x, vírgulas -m, horizontal -x, longo -l, uma coluna -1, verboso -l, vertical -C --full-time como -l --time-style=full-iso -f omitir a linha de títulos de coluna em formato curto -w omitir o nome completo do utilizador em formato curto -i omitir nome comp. do util. e máquina remota em formato curto -q omitir o nome completo do utilizador, máquina remota e tempo de inactividade em formato curto -f como -t fF, seleccionar reais -i como -t dI, seleccionar inteiros decimais -l como -t dL, seleccionar decimais longos -o como -t o2, seleccionar unidades octais de 2 bytes -s como -t d2, seleccionar unidades decimais de 2 bytes -x como -t x2, seleccionar unidades hexadeciamis de 2 bytes -f FICH FICH existe e é um ficheiro regular -g FICH FICH existe e é set-group-ID -G FICH FICH existe e é possuído pelo ID de grupo efectivo -h FICH FICH existe e é uma ligação simbólica (o mesmo que -L) -k FICH FICH existe e tem o seu bit sticky (pegajoso) activado -f, --canonicalize canonizar seguindo todas as ligações simbólicas em cada componente do nome dado recursivamente; todas as componentes menos última devem existir -e, --canonicalize-existing canonizar seguindo todas as ligações simbólicas em cada componente do nome dado recursivamente, todas as componentes devem existir -f, --fields=LISTA escolher apenas estes campos; exibir todas as linhas sem carácter delimitador, a não ser que a opção -s seja especificada -n (ignorado) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] despejar dados continuamente à medida que cresce; -f, --follow e --follow=descriptor são equivalentes -F o mesmo que --follow=name --retry -f, --silent, --quiet desligar a maior parte das mensagens de erro -v, --verbose mostrar um diagnóstico por cada ficheiro processado --reference=FICHREF usar o modo de FICHREF em vez dos valores de MODO -R, --recursive mudar ficheiros e pastas recursivamente -f, --silent, --quiet eliminar a maioria das mensages de erro --reference=FICHREF usar o grupo de FICHREF em vez de especificar um valor de GRUPO -R, --recursive operar em ficheiros e pastas recursivamente -v, --verbose despejar um diagnóstico para cada ficheiro processado -f, --silent, --quiet suprimir a maior parte das mensagens de erro --reference=FICHREF usar o dono e o grupo de FICHREF em vez de especificar valores DONO:GRUPO -R, --recursive operar em ficheiros e pastas recursivamente -v, --verbose despejar um diagnóstico para cada ficheiro processado -g como -l, mas não listar o dono -g GID[,GID1...] definir também o ID de grupo primário como GID numérico e (se pedido) IDs de grupo suplementares como GID1, ... -h, --no-dereference afectar cada ligação simbólica em vez de qualquer ficheiro referido (apenas útil em sistemas que podem alterar o dono de uma ligação simbólica) -i, --ignore-case ignorar diferenças de capitalização ao comparar campos -j CAMPO equivalente a '-1 CAMPO -2 CAMPO' -o FORMATO obedecer FORMATO ao construir linha de saída -t CAR usar CAR como separador de campo de entrada e saída -i, --initial não converter TABs após caracteres não-brancos -t, --tabs=NÚMERO considerar TABs de NÚMERO caracteres, não 8 -i, --inodes listar inodes em vez de utilização de blocos -k como --block-size=1K -l, --local limitar listagem a sistemas de ficheiros locais --no-sync não invocar sync antes de obter informação (predef.) -k como --block-size=1K -l, --count-links contar tamanho várias vezes se ligado persistentemente -m como --block-size=1M -l usar um formato de listagem longo -L, --dereference ao mostrar informação para uma ligação simbólica, mostrar informação do ficheiro referenciado em vez da própria ligação -m encher largura com entradas separadas por , -l, --link ligar ficheiros em vez de copiar -L, --dereference seguir sempre ligações simbólicas em ORIGEM -l, --login mostrar processos de registo de entraad do sistema -m, --canonicalize-missing canonizar seguindo todas as ligações simbólicas em cada componente do nome dado recursivamente, sem requisitos na existência das componentes -n, --no-newline não despejar fim de linha -q, --quiet, -s, --silent suprimir a maioria das mensagens de erro -v, --verbose relatar os erros -m, --mode=MODO alterar modo do ficheiro (como chmod), não a=rwx - umask -p, --parents sem erro se existir, criar pastas antecessoras se preciso -v, --verbose mostrar uma mensagem para cada pasta criada -Z, --context=CTX alterar o context de segurança SELinux de cada pasta criada para CTX -n, --digits=DÍGITOS usar número dado de DÍGITOS em vez 2 -s, --quiet, --silent não exibir tamanhos dos ficheiros de saída -z, --elide-empty-files remover ficheiros de saída vazios -n, --numeric-uid-gid como -l, mas listar util. numérico e IDs de grupo -N, --literal mostrar nomes em bruto (ex. não tratar caracteres de controlo de forma especial) -o como -l, mas não listar informação de grupo -p, --indicator-style=slash acrescentar indicador / a pastas -o, --output=FICHEIRO resultado no FICHEIRO em vez da saída padrão -s, --stable estabilizar desactivando comparações de recurso -S, --buffer-size=TAMANHO usar TAMANHO para memória principal temporária -q, --count todos nomes de utilizador e no. de utilizadores no sistema -r, --runlevel mostrar o nível de execução actual -s, --short mostrar apenas nome, linha e tempo (predefinido) -t, --time mostrar última mudança do relógio de sistema -q, --hide-control-chars exibir ? em vez de caracteres não-gráficos --show-control-chars exibir caracteres não-gráficos (predefinido a não ser com `ls' e um terminal como saída) -Q, --quote-name colocar aspas nos nomes das entradas --quoting-style=PALAV usar estilo de citação PALAV para nomes: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent nuncar mostrar cabeçalhos com nomes de ficheiros -v, --verbose mostrar sempre cabeçalhos com nomes de ficheiros -r, --reference=FICHEIRO mostrar o último tempo de modificação de FICHEIRO -R, --rfc-2822 exibir data e hora no formato RFC 2822. Exemplo: Seg, 07 Ago 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=FICH usar o tempo deste ficheiro em vez do tempo actual -t SELO usar [[SS]AA]MMDDhhmm[.ss] em vez do tempo actual --time=PALAVRA alterar o tempo especificado: PALAVRA é access, atime ou use: equivalente a -a PALAVRA é modify ou mtime: equivalente a -m -r, --references primeiro campo de cada linha é uma referência -t, --typeset-mode - não implementado - -w, --width=NÚMERO largura saída em colunas, referência excluída -s, --only-delimited não exibir linhas sem delimitadores --output-delimiter=EXP usar EXP como o delimitador de saída o modo predefinido é usar o delimitador de entrada -s, --signal=SINAL, -SINAL especificar o nome ou número do sinal a enviar -l, --list listar nomes dos sinais ou converter para/de números -t, --table exibir uma tabela de informao de informação sinais -s, --symbolic-link criar ligações simbólicas em vez de copiar -S, --suffix=SUFIXO redefinir o sufixo habitual de salvaguarda -t, --target-directory=PASTA copiar todas os argumentos de ORIGEM para PASTA -T, --no-target-directory tratar DESTINO como um ficheiro normal -t ordenar por tempo de modificação -T, --tabsize=COLS assumir TABs de COLS espaços em vez de 8 -t equivalente a -vT -T, --show-tabs mostrar caracteres TAB como ^I -u (ignorado) -v, --show-nonprinting usar a notação ^ e M-, excepto para LFD e TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP usar SEP em vez de transição vazio-não-vazio -T, --temporary-directory=PASTA usar PASTA temporária, não $TMPDIR ou %s; múltiplas opções especificam múltiplas pastas -u, --unique com -c, verificar ordenação estricta; sem -c, mostrar só primeiro de iguais -t, --tabs=LISTA usar lista explícita de TABs separ. por vírgulas -t, --tagged-paragraph indentação da primeira linha diferente da segunda -u, --uniform-spacing um espaço entre palavras, dois depois de frases -w, --width=LARGURA largura máxima de linha (predefinida 75 colunas) -t, --target-directory=PASTA mover todas as ORIGEM(ns) para a PASTA -T, --no-target-directory tratar DESTINO como um ficheiro normal -u, --update mover apenas quando a ORIGEM é mais recente que o ficheiro de destino ou quando o ficheiro de destino não existe -v, --verbose explicar o que está a ser feito -t, --text ler em modo de texto (predefinido ao ler stdin) -t, --text ler em modo de texto (predefinido) -u, --remove truncar e remover o ficheiro após sobrescrever -v, --verbose exibir o progresso -x, --exact não arredondar tamanhos de ficheiro para próximo bloco; predefinido para ficheiros não regulares -z, --zero adicionar zeros no final da escrita para esconder destruição -u, --update copiar apenas quando ORIGEM é mais recente que o ficheiro de destino ou o ficheiro de destino não existe -v, --verbose explicar o que está a ser feito -x, --one-file-system permanecer neste sistema de ficheiros -u, --user=UTILIZADOR definir UTILIZADOR no contexto de segurança alvo -r, --role=PAPEL definir PAPEL no contexto de segurança alvo -t, --type=TIPO definir TIPO no contexto de segurança alvo -l, --range=ALCANCE definir ALCANCE no contexto de segurança alvo -v, --kernel-version mostrar a versão do kernel -m, --machine mostrar o nome de hardware da máquina -p, --processor mostrar o tipo do processador ou "desconhecido" -i, --hardware-platform mostrar a plataforma de hardware ou "unknown" -o, --operating-system mostrar o sistema operativo -w, --check-chars=N comparar não mais que N caracteres nas linhas -w, --width=COLS assumir largura de ecrã em vez do valor actual -x listar entradas por linhas, não por colunas -X ordenar alfabeticamente por extensão -Z, --context mostrar contextos de segurança SELinux -1 listar um ficheiro por linha -z, --zero-terminated terminar linhas com byte 0, não nova linha [:graph:] todos os caracteres mostráveis, excluindo space (espaço) [:lower:] todas as letras minúsculas [:print:] todos os caracteres mostráveis, incluindo space (espaço) [:punct:] todos os caracteres de pontuação [:space:] todos os espaços brancos horizontais e verticais [:upper:] todas as letras maiúsculas [:xdigit:] todos os dígitos hexadecimais [=CAR=] todos os caracteres equivalentes a CAR \v tab vertical CAR1-CAR2 todos os caracteres de CAR1 a CAR2 por ordem crescente [CAR*] em SET2, cópias de CAR até tamanho de SET1 [CAR*REP] REP cópias de CAR, REP octal se começar por 0 [:alnum:] todas as letras e dígitos [:alpha:] todas as letras [:blank:] todos os espaços brancos horizontais [:cntrl:] todos os caracteres de controlo [:digit:] todos os dígitos ascii de EBCDIC para ASCII ebcdic de ASCII para EBCDIC ibm de ASCII para EBCDIC alternativo block encher campos terminados por nova linha com espaço de tamanho cbs unblock substituir espaços finais em campos de tamanho cbs com nova linha lcase alterar maiúsculas para minúsculas binary usar E/S binárias para dados d[TAMANHO] decimal com sinal, TAMANHO bytes por inteiro f[TAMANHO] vírgula flutuante, TAMANHO bytes por inteiro o[TAMANHO] octal, TAMANHO bytes por inteiro u[TAMANHO] decimal sem sinal, TAMANHO bytes por inteiro x[TAMANHO] hexadecimal, TAMANHO bytes por inteiro direct usar E/S directas para dados dsync usar E/S sincronizadas para dados noatime não actualizar o tempo de acesso nocreat não criar o ficheiro de saída excl falhar se o ficheiro de saída já existir notrunc não truncar o ficheiro de saída ucase alterar minúsculas para maiúsculas swab trocar cada par de bytes de entrada noctty não atribuir terminal de controlo do ficheiro noerror continuar após erros de leitura sync encher cada bloco de entrada com ibs NULs; quando usado com block ou unblock, encher com espaços em vez de NULs fdatasync escrever fisicamente dados no ficheiro de saída antes de terminar fsync da mesma forma, mas escrever igualmente os meta-dados nofollow não seguir ligações simbólicas nolinks falhar se multiplamente ligado nonblock usar E/S não-bloquantes none, off nunca efectuar salvaguardas (mesmo se usado com --backup) numbered, t efectuar salvaguardas numeradas existing, nil numeradas se existirem salvaguardas numeradas, senão simples simple, never efectuar sempre salvaguardas simples sync da mesma forma, mas também para meta-dados text usar E/S de texto para dados blocos %4s Ocup Livres Uso%% blocos %s Ocup Livres Capacida (salvaguarda: %s) * [-]ctlecho ecoar caracteres de controlo em notação de chapéu (`^c') [-]echo ecoar caracteres de entrada * [-]echoctl o mesmo que [-]ctlecho [-]echoe o mesmo que [-]crterase [-]echok ecoar uma nova linha após um carácter de término * [-]echoke o mesmo que [-]crtkill [-]echonl ecoar nova linha mesmo sem ecoar outros caracteres * [-]echoprt ecoar caracteres apagados invertidamente, entre '\' and '/' [-]icanon activar caracteres especiais erase, kill, werase e rprnt [-]iexten activar caracteres especiais não-POSIX * [-]iuclc traduzir maiúsculas em minúsculas * [-]ixany deixar qualquer carácter reiniciar a saída, não só o inicial [-]ixoff activar envio de caracteres início/fim [-]ixon activar controlo de fluxo XON/XOFF [-]parmrk marcar erros de paridade (com sequência de 255 caracteres 0) [-]tandem o mesmo que [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 assumir caracteres de entrada em UTF-8 * [-]ocrnl traduzir carriage return para nova linha * [-]ofdel usar caracteres de delete em vez de null para preencher. * [-]ofill preencher caracteres em vez de esperar por temporizador * [-]olcuc traduzir minúsculas para maiúsculas * [-]onlcr traduzir nova linha para carriage return-nova linha * [-]onlret nova linha executa um carriage return * [-]onocr não mosrtar carriage returns na primeira coluna [-]opost pós-processar saída * tabN estilo de atraso de tab horizontal, N em [0..3] * tabs o mesmo que tab0 * -tabs o mesmo que tab3 * vtN estilo de atraso de tab vertical, N em [0..1] * eol2 CAR CAR alternativo para terminar a linha erase CAR CAR apagará o último carácter inserido intr CAR CAR enviará um sinal de interrupção kill CAR CAR apagará a linha actual * lnext CAR CAR inserirá o último carácter entre aspas quit CAR CAR enviará um sinal de saída * rprnt CAR CAR redesenhará a linha actual start CAR CAR reiniciará a saída após pará-la * rows N dizer ao sistema operativo que o terminal tem N linhas * size mostrar o número de linhas e colunas de acordo com o kernel speed mostrar a velocidade do terminal time N com -icanon, definir limite de leitura N décimos de segundo Montado em TTY grupos= old em repetição %s % 1% de memória, b 1, K 1024 (predef.) e por aí fora para M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Sem FICHEIRO, ou quando FICHEIRO é -, ler a entrada padrão. *** AVISO *** A localização lespecificada pelo ambiente afecta a ordem de ordenação. Defina LC_ALL=C para obter a ordenação tradicional que utiliza valores de byte nativos. %.*s: especificação de conversão inválida%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu utilizador%lu utilizadores%s%s (para expressão regular %s)%s -> %s (recuperação) %s [-d] terminou de forma anormal%s e %s são o mesmo ficheiro%s existe mas não é uma pasta%s apareceu; a seguir fim do novo ficheiro%s tornou-se acessível%s tornou-se inacessível%s foi substituído por um ficheiro não analisável; a desistir do nome%s foi substituído; a seguir fim do novo ficheiro%s é um tipo de ficheiro desconhecido%s não é um inteiro positivo válido%s é muito grandeargumento %s%s '%s' demasiado grande%s: %s é tão grande que não é representável%s: %s: número de linha fora de alcance%s: %s: correspondência não encontrada%s: %s:%s: desordem: %s: ERRO de abertura ou leitura %s: Utilizador inexistente%s: '}' é requerido na contagem de repetição%s: operador binário esperado%s: ligações simbólicas relativas possíveis apenas na pasta actual%s: impossível alterar modo de desbloqueamento%s: impossível encontrar um nome para o ID de utilizador %lu %s: impossível seguir fim de ficheiro deste tipo; a desistir%s: impossível retornar à posição original%s: impossível sobrescrever a pasta%s: impossível retroceder%s: impossível indexar%s: impossível mover para a posição relativa ao fim %s%s: impossível deslocar para a posição %s%s: impossível mover para a posição relativa %s%s: impossível destruir ficheiro (apenas se pode acrescentar)%s: delimitador de fecho '%c' em falta%s: impossível desactivar modo não-bloqueante%s: entrar na pasta %s? %s: entrar na pasta protegida contra escrita %s? %s: fim de ficheiro%s: operando de classe de equivalência deve ser um único carácter%s: erro de truncagem%s: erro ao escrever na posição %s%s: valor numérico esperado%s: erro ao fechar%s: erro ao abrir para escrita%s: impossível remover%s: erro de fcntl%s: error de fdatasync%s: ficheiro tem tamanho negativo%s: o ficheiro encolheu demasiado%s: ficheiro demasiado grande%s: ficheiro demasiado grande%s: ficheiro truncado%s: erro de fstat%s: error de fsync%s: ligação persistente não autorizada para a pasta%s: entrada contém um ciclo:%s: entrada contém um número mpar de símbolos%s: o ficheiro de entrada é o ficheiro de saída%s: inteiro esperado após delimitador%s: número de processo inválido (PID)%s: contagem inválida no início de %s%s: directiva inválida%s: especificação de campo inválida %s%s: tamanho de ficheiro inválido%s: tipo de ficheiro inválido%s: número máximo de estados inalterados entre aberturas inválido%s: número inválido%s: número de bytes inválido%s: número de linhas inválido%s: número de passagens inválido%s: número de segundos inválido%s: padrão inválido%s: número de processo inválido%s: expressão regular inválida: %s%s: sinal inválido%s: comprimento de sufixo inválido%s: número de linha deve ser maior que zero%s: número de linha fora de alcance%s: erro de lseek%s: múltiplos sinais especificados%s: as novas permissões são %s, não %s%s: encontradas linhas de somas de controlo %s mal formatadas%s: nenhuma informação de tamanho para este dispositivo%s: a não listar pasta já listada%s: número de bytes muito grande%s: sobrescrever %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: erro de leitura%s: remover %s %s? %s: remover todos os argumentos recursivamente? %s: remover todos os argumentos? %s: remover %s %s protegido contra escrita?%s: removido%s: a remover%s: renomeado para %s%s: substituir %s? %s: erro de seek%s: demasiadas linhas de somas de controlo%s: tentar sobrescrever %s, cancelando o modo %04lo (%s)? %s: erro ao determinar o comprimento máximo de nome de ficheiro%s: impossível realizar todas as operações pedidas%s: operador unário esperado%s: valor não convertido na totalidade%s: erro de escrita%s:%lu: linha inválida; segundo símbolo em falta%s:%lu: palavra-chave desconhecida %s%s}: inteiro requerido entre '{' e '}'»')' esperado')' esperado, %s encontrado(C)* sistemas de ficheiros com cache em locais temporários, como clientes NFS versão 3 * sistemas de ficheiros com compressão * sistemas de ficheiros com journaling, como os fornecidos com AIX e Solaris (e JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.) * sistemas de ficheiros que escrevem dados redundantes e continuam, mesmo após falhas de escrita, como sistemas de ficheiros baseados em RAID * sistemas com imagens instantâneas, como Network Appliance's NFS server , carga média: %.2f, %g s, %s/s --context (-Z) apenas funciona com SELinux-R --dereference requere -H ou -L-R -h requere -P-ef não aceita -l-nt não aceita -l-ot não aceita -l??? Família de endereços da máquina não suportadaTodos os argumentos de opções longas são mandatórios para opções curtas. Todos os pedidos terminadosMemória tampão de argumentos demasiado pequenaValor mau para ai_flagsATENÇÃO: Note que shred baseia-se numa assunção muito importante: que o sistema de ficheiro sobrescreve dados no lugar. Este é o modo tradicional de o fazer, mas alguns sistemas modernos não satisfazem esta assunção. Seguem-se exemplos de sistemas de ficheiros em que shred não é eficaz, ou não é garantido que seja eficaz em todos os modos do sistema de ficheiros: COMENTÁChamar a função link para criar uma ligação FICH2 para um FICH1 existente. Invocar a função unlink para remover o FICHEIRO especificado. Alterar as identificações de utilizador e de grupo efectivas do UTILIZADOR. -, -l, --login tornar a shell numa shell de login -c, --command=COMANDO enviar um único COMANDO à shell com -c -f, --fast enviar -f à shell (para csh ou tcsh) -m, --preserver-environment preservar as variáveis do ambiente -p o mesmo que -m -s, --shell=SHELL correr SHELL se /etc/shells o permitir Mudar o grupo de cada FICHEIRO para GRUPO. Com --reference, mudar o grupo de cada FICHEIRO para o mesmo de FICHREF. -c, --changes como verboso mas comunicar apenas quando há mudança --dereference afectar a referência de cada ligação simbólica (por omissão) em vez da própria ligação simbólica Alterar o modo de cada FICHEIRO para MODO. -c, --changes como verboso mas comunicar apenas quando há alteração Alterar o dono e/ou grupo de cada FICHEIRO PARA DONO e/ou GRUPO. Com --reference, alterar o dono e grupo de cada FICHEIRO para os de FICHREF. -c, --changes como verboso mas comunicar apenas quando há alterações --dereference afectar a referência de cada ligação simbólica (predefinido), em vez da própria ligação simbólica Comparar os ficheiros ordenados FICHEIRO1 e FICHEIRO2 linha a linha. Concatenar FICHEIRO(s), ou entrada padrão, para a saída padrão. -A, --show-all equivalente a -vET -b, --number-nonblank numerar linhas de saída não vazia -e equivalente a -vE -E, --show-ends mostrar $ no fim de cada linha -n, --number numerar todas as linhas de saída -s, --squeeze-blank eliminar linhas vazias de saída repetidas Converter expaços em cada FICHEIRO para TABs, escrevendo na saída padrão. Sem FICHEIRO, ou quando FICHEIRO é -, ler a entrada padrão. Converter TABs em cada FICHEIRO para espaços, escrevendo na saída padrão. Sem FICHEIRO, ou quando FICHEIRO é -, ler a entrada padrão. Copiar FONTE para DESTINO, ou múltiplas FONTE(s) pasta PASTA. Copiar a entrada padrão para cada FICHEIRO e para a saída padrão. -a, --append acrescentar aos FICHEIROs, não sobrescrever -i, --ignore-interrupts ignorar os sinais de interrupção Criar pipes nomeados (FIFOs) com os NOMEs dados. Criar as PASTA(s),caso ainda não existam. Criar o ficheiro especial NOME com o TIPO dado. Pasta: EXibir o estado de ficheiros ou do sistema de ficheiros. -L, --dereference seguir ligações simbólicas -f, --file-system estado do sistema de ficheiros em vez de ficheiro Exibir o tempo actual no FORMATO dado, ou alterar a data do sistema. -d, --date=EXPR mostrar o tempo descrito por EXPR, não o actual -f, --file=FICHEIRO como --date mas uma vez para cada linha de FICHEIRO Descartar grupos suplementares, assumir IDs de utilizador e grupo do UTILIZADOR especificado (ID numérico ou nome) e executar COMANDO com ARGUMENTOs. Sair com estado 111 se incapaz de assumir IDs de utilizador e grupo requeridos. Caso contrário, sair com o estado de saída de COMANDO. Este programa é útil apenas quando executado pelo superutilizador (ID zero). SAÍDCada alcance é um de: N N-ésimo byte, carácter ou campo, countado a partir de 1 N- do N-ésimo byte, carácter ou campo, até fim da linha N-M do N-ésimo ao do M-ésimo (inclusive) byte, carácter ou campo -M do primeiro ao M-ésimo (inclusive) byte, carácter ou campo Sem FICHEIRO, ou quando FICHEIRO é -, ler a entrada padrão. Ecoar as EXPRESSÃO(ões) para a saída padrão. -n não despejar a nova linha final Sair com um código de estado indicando sucessoSair com o estado determinado por EXPRESSÃO. F. PinardERROFORMATO deve ser indicado para mostrar um argumento de tipo 'double'; predefinido como %.PRECf se PRIMEIRO, INCREMENTO e ÚLTIMO são todos números decimais de ponto fixo com precisão máxima PREC, seno como %g. Fifos não possuem números maior e menor de dispositivo.Sist.fichs Sist.fichs TipoPAra cada par de linhas de entrada com campos de junção idênticos, escrever uma linha na saída padrão. O campo de junção predefinido é o primeiro, delimitado por espaço. Quando FICH1 ou FICH2 (não ambos) é -, ler stdin. -a NUMFICH mostrar linhas sem par vindas do ficheiro NUMFICH, onde NUMFICH é 1 ou 2, correspondente a FICH1 ou FICH2 -e VAZIO substituir campos de entrada em falta com VAZIO Forçar blocos alterados para disco, actualizar o superbloco. INACInactivoAdicionalmente, salvaguardas de sistemas de ficheiros e espelhos remotos podem conter cópias do ficheiro que não podem ser removidas e isso permitirá que um ficheiro destruído seja recuperado mais tarde. Na vida real: No caso de sistemas de ficheiros ext3, o texto acima aplica-se (e shred tem portanto eficácia limitada) apenas em modo data=journal, que regista dados de ficheiros além de apenas metadata. Em ambos os modos data=ordered (predefinido) e data=writeback, shred funciona como habitualmente. Modos de journaling ext3 podem slr alterados adicionando a opção data=something às opções de montagem para um sistemas de ficheiros particular em /etc/fstab, como documentado na página de manual mount (man mount). Infinitivo BInterrompido por um sinalReferência anterior inválidaNome de classe de carácter inválidoCarácter de ordem inválidoConteúdo de \{\} inválidoExpressão regular precedente inválidaLimite final de intervalo inválidoExpressão regular inválidaLINHListar informação acerca dos FICHEIROs (a pasta actual por omissão). Ordenar entradas alfabeticamente se nenhuma de -cftuvSUX e --sort. UtilizadorNome de utilizador: Argumentos mandatórios para opções longas são mandatórios para opções curtas também. Falha de alocação de memóriaMemória esgotadaNOMENomeNome ou serviço desconhecidoNenhum endereço associado ao nome de máquinaSem correspondênciaNenhuma expressão regular anteriorFalha irrecuperável na resolução de nomeOKApenas uam expressão pode ser dada ao apagar sem espremer repetiçõesOpções de ordenação: Despejar um índice permutado, incluindo contexto, das palavras nos ficheiros de entrada. Emitir comandos para ajustar a variável de ambiente LS_COLORS. Determinar o formato da saída: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell emitir código Bourne shell para ajustar LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell emitir código C shell para ajustar LS_COLORS -p, --print-data-base emitir códigos predefinidos Despejar partes de ENTRADA de tamanho fixo para PREFIXOaa, PREFIXOab, ...; tamanho predef. 1000 linhas e PREFIXO predef. 'x'. Sem ENTRADA, ou quando ENTRADA é -, ler a entrada padrão. Despejar partes de FICHEIRO separadas por PADRÃO(ÕES) para os ficheiros 'xx00', 'xx01', ..., e exibir contagem de bytes de cada parte. Mostrar quem se encontra no sistema de acordo com FICHEIRO. Se FICHEIRO não for especificado, usar %s. %s como FICHEIRO é comum. Sobrescrever os FICHEIRO(s) especificados repetidamente, de forma a tornar ainda mais difícil recuperar os dados mesmo para equipamento muito caro. PIDPaginar ou colunizar FICHEIRO(s) para impressão. Expressão de parâmetros codificada incorrectamenteSenha:Plan: Fim prematuro de expressão regularExibir ARGUMENTO(s) no FORMATO, ou executar de acordo com OPÇÃO: Exibir o CRC e contagem de bytes de cada FICHEIRO. Mostrar NOME com todas as pastas removidas. Se especificado, remover também um SUFIXO. Exibir NOME sem a componente '/'; se NOME não contiver / mostrar '.' (o que significa a pasta actual). --help mostra esta ajuda e sai --version mostra a informação de versão e sai Mostrar alguma informação sobre o sistema. Sem OPÇÃO, o mesmo que -s. -a, --all mostrar toda a informação, na seguinte ordem, excepto omitir -p e -i se desconhecidos: -s, --kernel-name mostrar o nome do sistema operativo -n, --nodename mostrar o nome do nó da máquina na rede -r, --kernel-release mostrar a versão do sistema operativo Exibir a arquitectura da máquina. Exibir números de PRIMEIRO a ÚLTIMO, em intervalos de INCREMENTO. -f, --format=FORMATO usar FORMATO vírgula flutuante estilo printf style -s, --separator=EXPR usar EXPR para separar números (predefinido: \n) -w, --equal-width equalizar largura preenchendo zeros iniciais Exibir ou alterar características de terminal. -a, --all mostrar preferências legíveis por humanos -g, --save mostrar preferências legíveis por stty -F, --file=DISPOSITIVO abrir e usar o DISPOSITIVO em vez de stdin Mostrar partes seleccionadas de linhas de cada FICHEIRO. Mostrar o nome de ficheiro do terminal ligado ao canal de entrada padrão. -s, --silent, --quiet não mostra nadar, só retornar um estado de saída Mostrar as primeiras 10 linhas de cada FICHEIRO. Com mais de um FICHEIRO, preceder cada linha com o nome do ficheiro. Sem FICHEIRO ou quando FICHEIRO é -, ler a entrada padrão. Mostrar o caminho completo da pasta de trabalho actual. Exibir as últimas %d linhas de cada FICHEIRO. Com mais de um FICHEIRO, anteceder cada um com um cabeçalho com o seu nome. Sem FICHEIRO, ou quando FICHEIRO é -, ler a entrada padrão. Exibir o nome do utilizador actual. Exibir o nome do utilizador associado ao ID efectivo actual. O mesmo que id -un. Processamento de pedido a decorrerProjecto: Expressão regular demasiado grandeRemover (desligar) FICHEIRO(s). -f, --force ignorar ficheiros inexistentes, nunca perguntar -i perguntar antes de cada remoção Renomear ORIGEM para DESTINO ou mover ORIGEM(ns) para PASTA. Despejar repetidamente uma linha com as EXPRESSÃO(ões) especificadas, ou 'y'. Pedido canceladoPedido não canceladoCorrer COMANDO com prioridade, ajustada afectando o planeamento de processos. Sem COMANDO, mostrar a prioridade actual. Prioridades variam entre %d (mais favorável) e %d (menos favorável). -n, --adjustment=N somar inteiro N à prioridade (predifinido 10) Executar COMANDO como pasta raiz definida como NOVARAIZ. Executar COMANDO, ignorando sinais de término. EXecutar um programa num contexto de segurança diferente. Sem CONTEXTO nem COMANDO, mostrar o actual contexto de segurança. CONTEXTO Contexto de segurança completo -c, --compute computar contexto transição do processo antes de mudar -t, --type=TIPO tipo (para mesmo papel que pai) -u, --user=UTILIZADOR identidade do utilizador -r, --role=PAPEL papel -l, --range=ALCANCE intervalo de nível Enviar sinais a processos ou listar sinais. Servname não suportado para ai_socktypeDefina LC_ALL='C' para contornar o problema.Consola: Mostrar informação acerca do sistema de ficheiros onde cada FICHEIRO reside, ou todos os sistemas de ficheiros por omissão. Ficheiros especiais requerem números maior e menor do dispositivo.SucessoResumir utilização de disco de cada FICHEIRO, recursivamente para pastas. Erro de sistemaTEMPFalha temporária na resolução de nomeAs seguintes preferências opcionais podem seguir-se a '%': - (hífen) não encher o campo _ (sublinhado) encher com espaços 0 (zero) encher com zeros ^ usar maiúsculas se possível # usar capitalização oposta se possível As opções seguintes modificam a forma como uma hierarquia é percorrida quando a opção -R também é especificada. Se mais d oque uma for especificada, apenas a final toma efeito. -H se um argumento é uma ligação simbólica para uma pasta, percorrê-la -L percorrer todas as ligações simbólicas para pastas encontradas -P não percorrer ligações simbólicas (predefinido) As expressões comparadas foram %s e %s.Barra invertida no finalTente '%s --help' para mais informações. Tente '%s ./%s' para remover o ficheiro %s. Duas expressões devem ser dadas ao traduzirErro desconhecidoErro de sistema desconhecido( ou \( não correspondido) ou \) não correspondido[ ou [^ não correspondido\{ não correspondidoUtilização: %s COMANDO [ARG]... ou: %s OPÇÃO Utilização: %s CONTEXTO COMANDO [args] ou: %s [ -c ] [-u UTILIZADOR] [-r PAPEL] [-t TIPO] [-l ALCANCE] COMANDO [args] Utilização: %s EXPRESSÃO ou: %s OPÇÃO Utilização: %s FICHEIRO ou: %s OPÇÃO Utilização: %s FICHEIRO1 FICHEIRO2 ou: %s OPÇÃO Utilização: %s FORMATO [ARGUMENTO]... ou: %s OPÇÃO Utilização: %s NOME ou: %s OPÇÃO Utilização: %s NOME [SUFIXO] ou: %s OPÇÃO Utilização: %s NÚMERO[SUFIXO]... ou: %s OPÇÃO Pausar por NÚMERO segundos. SUFIXO pode ser 's' para segundos (predefinido), 'm' para minutos, 'h' para horas ou 'd' para dias. Oposto a outras versões que requerem NÚMERO inteiro, aqui NÚMERO pode ser um real arbitrário. Dados dois ou mais argumentos, pausar pela quantidade de tempo especificada pela soma dos seus valores. Utilização: %s OPÇÃO... [FICHEIRO]... Utilização: %s [-s SINAL | -SINAL] PID... ou: %s -l [SINAL]... ou: %s -t [SINAL]... Utilização: %s [FICHEIRO]... ou: %s [OPÇÃO] Utilização: %s [NOME] ou: %s [OPÇÃO] Exibir ou alterar o nome de máquina do sistema actual. Utilização: %s [NÚMERO]... ou: %s OPÇÃO Utilização: %s [OPERANDO]... ou: %s OPÇÃO Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO] Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO] [COMANDO [ARG]...] Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO] [FICHEIRO] Escrever lista totalmente ordenada consistente com ord. parcial em FICHEIRO. Sem FICHEIRO, ou quando FICHEIRO é -, ler a entrada padrão. Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... CONTEXTO FICHEIRO... ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... [-u UTILIZADOR] [-r PAPEL] [-l INTERVALO] [-t TIPO] FICHEIRO... ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... --reference=FICHREF FICHEIRO... Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... PASTA... Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... FICHEIRO Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... FICHEIRO PADRÃO... Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... FICHEIRO... Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... FICHEIRO1 FICHEIRO2 Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... GRUPO FICHEIRO... ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... --reference=FICHREF FICHEIRO... Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... ÚLTIMO ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... PRIMEIRO ÚLTIMO ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... PRIMEIRO INCREMENTO ÚLTIMO Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... MODO[,MODO]... FICHEIRO... ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... MODO-OCTAL FICHEIRO... ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... --reference=FICHREF FICHEIRO... Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... NOME TIPO [MAIOR MENOR] Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... NOME... Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... CONJUNTO1 [CONJUNTO2] Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... [ FICHEIRO | ARG1 ARG2 ] Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... [+FORMATO] ou: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... [-T] FONTE DESTINO ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... FONTE... PASTA ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... -t PASTA FONTE... Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... [-T] ORIGEM DESTINO ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... ORIGEM... PASTA ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... -t PASTA ORIGEM... ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... -d PASTA... Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... [-T] DESTINO NOME_LIGAÇÃO (1o formato) ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... DESTINO (2o formato) ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... DESTINO... PASTA (3o formato) ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... -t PASTA DESTINO... (4o formato) Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... [-] [NOME=VALOR]... [COMANDO [ARG]...] Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... [-] [UTILIZADOR [ARGUMENTO]...] Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... [FICHEIRO] Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... [FICHEIRO] ou: %s -e [OPÇÃO]... [ARG]... ou: %s -i BAIXO-ALTO [OPÇÃO]... Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... [FICHEIRO]... Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... [FICHEIRO]... ou: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FICHEIRO] [[+]POSIÇÃO[.][b]] ou: %s --traditional [OPÇÃO]... [FICHEIRO] [[+]POSIÇÃO[.][b] [+][ETIQUETA][.][b]] Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... [FICHEIRO]... ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... --files0-from=F Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... [ENTRADA [SAÍDA]] Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... [ENTRADA]... (sem -G) ou: %s -G [OPÇÃO]... [ENTRADA [SAÍDA]] Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... [DONO][:[GRUPO]] FICHEIRO... ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... --reference=FICHREF FICHEIRO... Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... [MOLDE] Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... [UTILIZADOR] Utilização: %s [OPÇÃO]... [UTILIZADOR]... Utilização: %s [EXPRESSÃO]... ou: %s OPÇÃO Utilização: %s [argumentos de linha de comando ignorados] ou: %s OPÇÃO Utilização: test EXPRESSÃO or: test or: [ EXPRESSÃO ] or: [ ] or: [ OPÇÃO Argumentos válidos:Sequências de formato válidas para sistemas de ficheiros: %a Blocos livres disponíveis para não-superutilizador %b Total de blocos de dados no sistema de ficheiros %c Total de nós de ficheiros no sistema de ficheiros %d Nós de ficheiros livres no sistema de ficheiros %f Blocos livres no sistema de ficheiros %C Expressão de contexto de segurança SELinux AVISO: Estrutura de pastas circular. Isto significa quase de certeza que o sistema de ficheiros está corrompido. NOTIFIQUE O ADMINISTRADOR DO SISTEMA. A pasta seguinte pertence ao ciclo: %s Aviso: QuandoOndeEnvolver as linhas de entrada em cada FICHEIRO (entrada padrão por omissão), escrelendo para a saída padrão. Escrever uma permutação aleatória das linhas de entrada na saída padrão. Escrever cada FICHEIRO para a saída padrão, última linha em primeiro. Sem FICHEIRO, ou quando FICHEIRO é -, ler a entrada padrão. Escrever cada FICHEIRO para a saída padrão, com número de linha. Sem FICHEIRO, ou quando FICHEIRO é -, ler a entrada padrão. Escrever linhas consistindo das linhas correspondentes sequencialmente de cada FICHEIRO, separadas por TABs, para a saída padrão. Sem FICHEIRO, ou quando FICHEIRO é -, ler a entrada padrão. Escrever concatenação ordenada de todos os FICHEIROs na saída padrão. Escrito por %s e %s. Escrito por %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s e outros. Escrito por %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s e %s. Escrito por %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, e %s. Escrito por %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s e %s. Escrito por %s, %s, %s, %s, %s e %s. Escrito por %s, %s, %s, %s e %s. Escrito por %s, %s, %s e %s. Escrito por %s, %s e %s. Escrito por %s. expressões [=c=] podem não aparecer na expressão2 ao traduzir^[nN]^[yY]«'-%c' caracteres extra ou número inválido no argumento: %s'--pages=PRIM_PÁG[:ÚLT_PÁG]' argumento em falta'-N NÚMERO' número de linha inicial inválido: %s'-W COMP_PÁG' número inválido de caracteres: %s'-l COMP_PÁG' número inválido de linhas: %s'-o MARGEM' índice de linha inválido: %s'-w COMP_PÁG' número de caracteres inválido: %sum comando deve ser dado com um ajustea aceder a %sai_family não suportadaai_socktype não suportadoargumento %s ambíguo para %sum delimitador de entrada deve ser especificado apenas para campossalvaguardar %s destruiria a origem; %s não copiadosalvaguardar %s destruiria a origem; %s não movidotipo de salvaguardaficheiro especial de blocosficheiros especiais de tipo bloco não suportadosambos os ficheiros não podem ser a entrada padrãoposição de byte %s demasiado grandeimpossível aplicar contexto parcial ao ficheiro não etiquetado %simpossível obter contexto do processoimpossível aceder a %simpossível salvaguardar %simpossível resumir e mostrar todas as entradas ao mesmo tempoimpossível alterar o dono de %simpossível alterar as permissões de %simpossível alterar a pasta raiz para %simpossível mudar para a pasta %simpossível mudar para a pasta raizimpossível combinar as opções -e e -iimpossível combinar quaisquer dois de {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}impossível combinar bloquear e desbloquearimpossível combinar excl e nocreatimpossível combinar letras minúsculas e maiúsculasimpossível combinar opções de modo e --referenceimpossível combinar sinal com -l ou -timpossível comparar os nomes de ficheiro %s e %simpossível converter U+%04X para conjunto de caracteres localimpossível converter U+%04X para conjunto de caracteres local: %simpossível copiar uma pasta, %s, para si própria, %simpossível copiar a ligação simbólica cíclica %simpossível criar a pasta %simpossível criar fifo %simpossível criar a ligação persistente %s para %simpossível criar a ligação %simpossível criar ligação %s para %simpossível criar o ficheiro regular %simpossível criar o ficheiro especial %simpossível criar a ligação simbólica %simpossível criar a ligação simbólica %s para %simpossível desreferenciar %simpossível obter o dispositivo e inode de %simpossível determinar o nome da máquinaerro ao executar ioctl em %simpossível encontrar o nome do grupo com ID %luimpossível encontrar o nome do utilizador com ID %luimpossível perseguir %s pelo nomeimpossível forçar contexto alvo a %s e preservá-loimpossível obter o estado de %simpossível obter a pasta actualimpossível obter nível de prioridadeimpossível obter o nome do sistemaimpossível alterar o posicionamento dentro do ficheiro %simpossível criar ligações simbólicas e persistentesimpossível criar a pasta %simpossível mover %s para %simpossível mover %s para uma própria sub-pasta, %simpossível mover a pasta para a não pasta: %s -> %simpossível abrir %s para leituraimpossível abrir %s para escritaimpossível abrir a pasta %simpossível operar sobre ligação simbólica %simpossível sobrescrever a pasta %s com não-pastaimpossível sobrescrever a não-pasta %s com a pasta %simpossível formatar o resultado de saídaimpossível preservar contexto de segurança sem um sistema operativo com suporte SELinuximpossível mostrar "apenas" de mais de uma escolhaimpossível exibir apenas nomes ou IDs reais no formato predefinidoimpossível mostrar contexto de segurança quando especificado pelo utilizadorimpossível ler a pasta %simpossível ler os nomes de ficheiros a partir %simpossível ler a informação do sistema de ficheiros para %simpossível consultar relógio de tempo realimpossível ler a ligação simbólica %simpossível ler a tabela de sistemas de ficheiros montadosimpossível remover %simpossível reposicionar apontador de ficheiro para %simpossível alterar a dataimpossível alterar a identificação de grupoimpossível alterar o identificador de grupo para %luimpossível definir gruposimpossível alterar nome da máquina; o sistema não tem a funcionalidadeimpossível alterar o nome de máquina para %simpossível alterar nível de prioridadeimpossível alterar marcas de tempo de %simpossível alterar o ID do utilizadorimpossível alterar o identificador de utilizador para %luimpossível slatar depois do fim da entrada combinadaimpossível especificar tempos a partir de mais de uma fonteimpossível dividir em mais do que uma formaimpossível analisar %simpossível obter a pasta actual (agora %s)impossível executar sobre %simpossível recuperar %simpossível executar sobre %simpossível contornar erro do kernelgrupo de %s alterado para %s dono de %s alterado para %s a alterar o grupo de %sa alterar o dono de %sa alterar as permissões de %síndice de carácter é zerocarácter fora de limiteficheiro especial de caracteresficheiros especiais de tipo caracter não suportadosa limpar as permissões de %smud. relógioerro de closea fechar %sa fechar %s (fd=%d)a fechar a pasta %sa fechar o ficheiro de entrada %sa apagar o ficheiro de saída %sa fechar a entrada padrãoexpressões de substituição de campo vazio em conflictoespecificadores de contexto de segurança em conflitoimpossível criar o processo para %s -dimpossível criar o ficheiro temporárioimpossível executar %simpossível executar %s -dentrada de pasta não encontrada em %s com i-node correspondenteimpossível obter o tempo de arranquepasta %s criadaa criar a pasta %sa criar o ficheiro %s a criar ligação persistente %sa criar ligação persistente %s => %sa criar ligação persistente para %.0s%sa criar ligação simbólica %sa criar ligação simbólica %s -> %slista de delimitadores termina com uma barra invertida assinalada: %spastadivisão por zeroerro de dup2nome de ficheiro vazioTAB vazioerro ao fechar o ficheiroerro no analisador de expressões regulareserro na pesquisa de expressão regularerro ao ler %serro ao escrever %ssaíd=argumento extra %soperando extra %soperando extra %s operando extra %s não permitido com -%cerro ao alterar contexto de %s para %serro ao alterar o grupo de %s para %s erro ao alterar o modo de %s para %04lo (%s) erro ao alterar o dono de %s erro ao alterar o dono de %s para %s erro ao entrar na pasta %serro ao computar um novo contextoerro ao criar pasta via molde (template) %serro ao criar ficheiro via molde (template) %serro ao criar contexto de segurança: %serro ao obter os atributos de %serro ao obter o contexto actualerro ao obter o contexto de criação do sistema de ficheiroserro ao obter os grupos do processo correnteerro ao obter os grupos do utilizador %serro ao obter contexto de segurança de %sficheiro %s não encontradoerro ao abrir %serro ao preservar o criador de %serro ao preservar o dono de %serro ao preservar permissões de %serro ao preservar os tempos de %serro ao redireccionar o canal de erro padrãoerro ao remover %serro ao remover a pasta %serro ao restaurar o context de criação de ficheiros predefinidoerro ao regressar à pasta de trabalho inicialerro ao definir o contexto de segurança de %s para %serro ao alterar contexto padrão de criação de ficheiros %serro ao definir o novo intervalo %serro ao definir o novo papel %serro ao definir o novo tipo %serro ao definir o novo utilizador %serro ao definir grupo(s) adicional(is)erro ao configurar a cópia de stderr para fechar em execerro ao alterar o contexto de segurança de %s para %serro ao analisar %serro de fdatasync para %serro de fflushnúmero de campo %s demasiado grandenúmero de campo é zerocampos e posições são numerados a partir de 1fifosistema de ficheiros de tipo %s simultaneamente escolhido e excluídoerro na chamada de sistema forka expressão de formatação não deve ser especificada ao mostrar expressões da mesma larguraerro de fsync para %sfts_read falhougetpass: impossível abrir /dev/ttya obter os novos atributos de %sgrupo de %s mantido como %s função iconv indisponívelfunção iconv inutilizávelid=a ignorar todos os argumentosa ignorar a entradaa ignorar a entrada e a acrescentar a saída a %sa ignorar entrada e a redireccionar stderr para stdouta ignorar tamanho de tab inválido na variável de ambiente TABSIZE: %sa ignorar valor inválido da variável de ambiente QUOTING_STYLE: %sa ignorar largura inválida na variável de ambiente COLUMNS: %sa ignorar argumentos não-opçãocampos de junção inválidos %lu, %lutabuladores incompatíveissenha incorrectaa entrada desapareceulinha de entrada demasiado grandeerro ao mover entre dispositivos: %s para %s; impossível remover alvoargumento %s%s inválido '%s'ajuste inválido %sargumento inválido %sargumento %s inválido para %sestilo de numeração de corpo inválido: %sbyte ou lista de campo inválidocarácter inválido '%c' na expressão de tipo %sclasse de caracteres inválida %scontexto inválido: %sconversão inválidaespecificação de conversão inválida no sufixo: %cespecificação de conversão inválida no sufixo: \%.3odata inválida %sformato de data inválido %sintervalo decrescente inválidodispositivo inválido %s %stipo de dispositivo inválido %snúmero de campo inválido: %sespecificador de campo inválido: %slargura de campo inválida: %snúmero de ficheiro inválido no especificador de campo: %sargumento em vírgula flutuante inválido: %sestilo de numeração de roda-pé inválido: %sformato de precisão inválidoformato de largura inválidolargura de espaço inválida: %sgrupo inválidogrupo %s inválidogrupo inválido: %sestilo de numeração de cabeçalho inválido: %sdados de entrada inválidosopção de entrada inválidaintervalo de entrada inválido %sinteiro inválido %sargumento inteiro inválido %scontagem de linhas inválida %sdisciplina de linha inválida %slargura de campo de número de linha inválida: %sincremento de número de linha inválido: %sformato de numeração de linha inválido: %slargura de linha inválida: %snúmero maior de dispositivo inválido %sprofundidade máxima %s inválidanúmero menor de dispositivo inválido %smodo inválidomodo inválido %smodo inválido: %snúmero inválido %snúmero inválido após ','número inválido após '-'número inválido após '.'número inválido no início do camponúmero inválido de linhas em branco: %snúmero de bytes inválidonúmero inválido de bytes a compararnúmero inválido de bytes a ignorarnúmero inválido de colunas: %snúmero inválido de campos a ignorarnúmero de linhas inválidonúmero de linhas inválido: 0opção inválida -- %copção inválida -- %c; -LARGURA é reconhecida apenas quando é a primeira opção; use -w N ao invésradical de endereço de saída '%c' inválido; tem de ser um carácter de [doxn]opção de saída inválidaprecisão inválida: %sintervalo inválido sem fim: -contagem de repetição inválida %s na construção [c*n]especificação inválidanúmero de linha inicial inválido: %sopção de estado inválidasufixo inválido no argumento %s%s '%s'tamanho de tabulação inválido: %smolde (template) inválido, %s, contém separador de pastasmolde (template) inválido, %s; com --tmpdir, pode não ser absolutointervalo de tempo inválido %sformato de estilo de tempo inválido %sopção final inválida -- %cexpressão inválida %sexpressão de tipo inválida %s; este sistema não providencia um tipo de vírgula flutuante de %lu bytesexpressão de tipo inválida %s; este sistema não providencia um tipo integral de %lu bytesnome de carácter universal inválido \%c%0*xutilizador inválidoutilizador inválido %slargura inválida: %scomprimento de partição inválido: %snome de ficheiro vazio inválido'é perigoso operar recursivamente sobre %sé perigoso operar recursivamente sobre %s (mesmo que %s)últi='-' no início de uma componente do nome de ficheiro %slimite %lu excedido por comprimento %lu do nome de ficheiro %slimite %lu excedido por comprimento %lu da componente do nome de ficheiro %sopção de contagem de linha -%s%c... é demasiado grandeo número de linha %s é inferior ao precedente, %snúmero de linha demasiado grandememória esgotadafila de mensagensconstrução [:upper:] e/ou [:lower:] desalinhada(s)especificação de conversão %% inválida no sufixo']' em faltaargumento em falta após %sargumento em falta para %snome de classe de carácter '[::]' em faltaespecificador de conversão em falta no sufixooperando de ficheiro de destino em falta após %scarácter de classe de equivalência '[==]' em faltaoperando de ficheiro em faltafalta um número hexadecimal no caracter de escapelista de campos ausentelista de posições ausenteoperando em faltaoperando em falta após %smodo deve especificar apenas bits de permissão de ficheiromodo de %s alterado para %04lo (%s) modo de %s mantido como %04lo (%s) tabulador multi-carácter %smúltiplas opções -i especificadasmúltiplas opções -l ou -t especificadasmúltiplos programas de compressão especificadosmúltiplos intervalos de nívelmúltiplos ficheiros de saída especificadosmúltiplos formatos de saída especificadosmúltiplas origens aleatórias especificadasmúltiplos papéismúltiplas pastas de destino especificadasmúltiplos tiposmúltiplos utilizadoresligação simbólica %s e referência inalteradas nenhuma variável de ambiente SHELL e nenhuma opção de tipo de shelldono de %s inalterado nenhum comando especificadonenhum sistema de ficheiros processadonenhum ficheiro em faltasem nome de utilizadornúmero de processo não especificadonenhum tipo pode ser especificado ao despejar expressõesnenhum utilizador especificado; pelo menos um deve sê-lo com -lcarácter não portável %s no nome de ficheiro %snão é um ttya não escrever através da ligação simbólica %snúmero em %s é demasiado grandenúmero de bytesnúmero de linhaserro de excesso de índice ao ler o ficheiro %sa omitir a pasta %sapenas uma construção de repetição [c*] pode aparecer na expressão2apenas um dispositivo deve ser especificadoapenas um tipo de lista pode ser especificadoerro de opena abrir %sopção usada em contexto inválido -- %cas opções '-%s' são incompatíveisdono de %s inalterado dono de %s mantido como %s largura de página muito estreitaa preservar as permissões de %sa preservar os dados de tempo de %smostrar linhas duplicadas e contagens de repetidas não faz sentidolimites do intervalo '%s-%s' estão em ordem de sequência inversaerro de leituraerro de reada ler %sa ler a pasta %scampo demasiado grandeficheiro regular vazioficheiro regular%s removido pasta removida: %s a remover a pasta, %snível-exesemáforoo separador não pode ser vazioa definir opções para %sa definir as permissões de %sa alterar os tempos de %sobjecto de memória partilhadaskip-bytes + read-bytes é demasiado grandea saltar %s, uma vez que se encontra noutro dispositivoa saltar o ficheiro %s, uma vez que foi substituído ao ser copiadosocketerro padrãocanal de entrada por omissão (stdin)o canal de entrada padrão está fechadocanal de saída padrão (stdout)error de statcarácter solto na especificação de campoerro na comparação de expressõeserro na transformação de expressõeso processo strip terminou anormalmentesuprimir linhas não delimitadas faz sentido apenas para camposligação simbólicaerro de sintaxetamanho de TAB não pode ser 0o tamanho do tabulador contém caracteres inválidos: %stamanhos de TABs devem ser crescenteso tabulador é demasiado grande %svalor de paragem de TAB demasiado grandeTABs demasiado separadoso destino %s não é uma pastapasta de destino não permitida ao instalar uma pastaterm=test e/ou [as opções --binary e --text não têm sentido ao verificar somas de controloa opção --status apenas faz sentido ao verificar somas de controloa opção --warn apenas faz sentido ao verificar somas de controloa construção [c*] pode aparecer em expressão2 apenas ao traduzira construção de repetição [c*] pode não aparecer na expressão1o delimitador deve ser um único carácteras opções para saída em modo verboso e estilos de saída legíveis pelo stty são mutuamente exclusivasas opções de saída da base de dados interna para dircolors e para sintaxe de shell são mutuamente exclusivasas opções para imprimir e definir o tempo não podem ser usadas juntasas opções para especificar datas para impressão são mutuamente exclusivasa opção strip não pode ser usada ao instalar uma pastao tempo %s está fora de alcancepara usar o ID de utilizador %s necessita usar -g tambémmuito poucos X's no molde (template) %sdemasiadas especificações de conversão %% no sufixodemasiados caracteres no conjuntodemasiados linhas repetidasdemasiados moldes (templates)totalobjecto de memória tipadaimpossível gravar a pasta de trabalho actualerro ao definir o context de segurança %soperador binário desconhecidoID de utilizador desconhecido: %sa variável de ambiente LS_COLORS tem um valor ilegíveloperando desconhecido %sprefixo desconhecido: %suse --no-preserve-root para contornar esta segurança contra falhaso utilizador %s não existea usar a shell restrita %sa aguardar por %s [-d]a aguardar por stripaviso: %s: carácter(acteres) a seguir a carácter constante foram ignoradosaviso: %s: erro ao alterar contexto para %saviso: --pid=PID não é suportado neste sistemaaviso: --retry é útil quando se persegue por nomeaviso: PID ignorado; --pid=PID é útil quando se persegueaviso: 'touch %s' é obsoleto; use 'touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'aviso: uma barra invertida sem escape no fim da expressão não é portávelaviso: barra invertida no final do formatoaviso: impossível mudar para a pasta %saviso: impossível remover: %saviso: perseguir a entrada padrão indefinidamente não tem efeitoaviso: a ignorar argumentos excessivos, a começar por %saviso: índice de ficheiro inválido após erro de leituraaviso: largura inválida %lu; a usar %d ao invésaviso: o número de linha %s é igual ao precedenteaviso: ficheiro de origem %s especificado mais de uma vezaviso: resumo conflicte com --max-depth=%luaviso: resumo é o mesmo que usar --max-depth=0aviso: o escape octal ambíguo \%c%c%c está a ser interpretado como a sequência de 2 bytes \0%c%c, %caviso: código de escape '\%c' desconhecidoaviso: a contornar erro de lseek do kernel para o ficheiro (%s) de mt_type=0x%0lx -- ver para a lista de tiposficheiro estranhoao não truncar set1, expressão2 deve ser não vaziaao ler nomes de ficheiros de stdln, nome de %s não permitidoao especificar um modo de saída, não pode alterar um modoao traduzir com classes de caracteres complementadas, expressão2 deve mapear todos os caracteres no domínio para umao traduzir, as únicas classes de caracteres que podem aparecer em expressão2 são 'upper' 'lower'%s não será copiado através da ligação simbólica recém-criada %sa ligação persistente %s não será copiada para a pasta %srecém-criado %s não será sobrescrito com %scom --parents, o destino deve ser uma pastaerro de escritaerro de escrita para %serro de escritaa escrever %sa escrever em %sdeve especificar -c, -t, -u, -l, -r ou contextodeve especificar uma lista de bytes, caracteres ou camposPRIuMAX%+% records in %+% records out % truncated record % truncated records % byte (%s) copied% bytes (%s) copiedoffset too large: cannot truncate to a length of seek=% (%lu-byte) blocks%s: %: improperly formatted %s checksum lineWARNING: % of % listed file could not be readWARNING: % of % listed files could not be readWARNING: % of % computed checksum did NOT matchWARNING: % of % computed checksums did NOT matchstarting page number % exceeds page count %Page %%+% registos dentro %+% registos fora % registo truncado % registos truncados % byte (%s) copiado% bytes (%s) copiadosíndice muito alto: erro ao truncar para seek=% blocos (de %lu bytes)%s: %: linha de soma de controlo %s mal formatadaAVISO: % de % ficheiro listado não lidoAVISO: % de % ficheiros listados não lidosAVISO: % de % soma de controlo não correspondeAVISO: % de % somas de controlo não correspondemnúmero de página inicial % excede contagem de páginas %Página %07070100009231000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001900000000reloc/share/locale/pt_BR07070100009232000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000002500000000reloc/share/locale/pt_BR/LC_MESSAGES0707010000923d000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00036cb9000000660000000300000000000000000000003200000000reloc/share/locale/pt_BR/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo^0 #F] ]]__`aG\bcdpYe!efgwSi5jRl~Tm mwmTYnGn8n/owpp#9q]rbsszt=uiv>}v\vRwlwwxCy$zz3{| }}Kd~0AhĂwEx89tIFďfCWPyc5ݔHߖ7(`FdQ,)x_`ѡ]`9p5$Z)yI­ װl]"2U)iζ8.ǸZW.J&yE?}NO yJ O\5Q$vB2a7EJ jux&CY.7QfEWu)=4': ,;<U$zedfd1;q<+VT"owCI  Kp 6   = R*nCX?6v!$$*!&Ls9T#$!,"!%D'j ,X; 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EXPRESSION EXPRESSION is false EXPRESSION1 -a EXPRESSION2 both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true EXPRESSION1 -o EXPRESSION2 either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true -a, --all same as -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot time of last system boot -d, --dead print dead processes -H, --heading print line of column headings -b FILE FILE exists and is block special -c FILE FILE exists and is character special -d FILE FILE exists and is a directory -e FILE FILE exists -l produce long format output for the specified USERs -b omit the user's home directory and shell in long format -h omit the user's project file in long format -p omit the user's plan file in long format -s do short format output, this is the default -n STRING the length of STRING is nonzero STRING equivalent to -n STRING -z STRING the length of STRING is zero STRING1 = STRING2 the strings are equal STRING1 != STRING2 the strings are not equal ARG1 * ARG2 arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 is less than ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 is equal to ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 is unequal to ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2 FILE1 -ef FILE2 FILE1 and FILE2 have the same device and inode numbers FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2 FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 is older than FILE2 INTEGER copy up to but not including specified line number /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copy up to but not including a matching line %REGEXP%[OFFSET] skip to, but not including a matching line {INTEGER} repeat the previous pattern specified number of times {*} repeat the previous pattern as many times as possible A line OFFSET is a required `+' or `-' followed by a positive integer. INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING length of STRING a number all lines t number only nonempty lines n number no lines pBRE number only lines that contain a match for the basic regular expression, BRE FORMAT is one of: ln left justified, no leading zeros rn right justified, no leading zeros rz right justified, leading zeros b create a block (buffered) special file c, u create a character (unbuffered) special file p create a FIFO # users=%lu A field is a run of blanks (usually spaces and/or TABs), then non-blank characters. Fields are skipped before chars. A lightweight `finger' program; print user information. The utmp file will be %s. A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment. A mere - implies -l. If USER not given, assume root. After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number; then an optional modifier, which is either E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available. An omitted EXPRESSION defaults to false. Otherwise, EXPRESSION is true or false and sets exit status. It is one of: As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. Both MAJOR and MINOR must be specified when TYPE is b, c, or u, and they must be omitted when TYPE is p. If MAJOR or MINOR begins with 0x or 0X, it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal; otherwise, as decimal. TYPE may be: By default, rm does not remove directories. Use the --recursive (-r or -R) option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents. By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: Combination settings: * [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase cbreak same as -icanon -cbreak same as icanon Control settings: [-]clocal disable modem control signals [-]cread allow input to be received * [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8] Each FLAG symbol may be: append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc suggested) Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Output "stdio". Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Output ".". Examples: %s f - g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. %s Copy standard input to standard output. Examples: %s root /u Change the owner of /u to "root". %s root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to "staff". %s -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root". Examples: %s staff /u Change the group of /u to "staff". %s -hR staff /u Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff". Except for -h and -L, all FILE-related tests dereference symbolic links. Beware that parentheses need to be escaped (e.g., by backslashes) for shells. INTEGER may also be -l STRING, which evaluates to the length of STRING. Exit status is 0 if EXPRESSION is neither null nor 0, 1 if EXPRESSION is null or 0, 2 if EXPRESSION is syntactically invalid, and 3 if an error occurred. Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. If FILE is -, shred standard output. Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified. The default is not to remove the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda, and those files usually should not be removed. When operating on regular files, most people use the --remove option. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual. If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. If FIRST or INCREMENT is omitted, it defaults to 1. That is, an omitted INCREMENT defaults to 1 even when LAST is smaller than FIRST. FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are interpreted as floating point values. INCREMENT is usually positive if FIRST is smaller than LAST, and INCREMENT is usually negative if FIRST is greater than LAST. If a FILE is -, copy again to standard output. If first and second call formats both apply, the second format is assumed if the last operand begins with + or (if there are 2 operands) a digit. An OFFSET operand means -j OFFSET. LABEL is the pseudo-address at first byte printed, incremented when dump is progressing. For OFFSET and LABEL, a 0x or 0X prefix indicates hexadecimal; suffixes may be . for octal and b for multiply by 512. If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). If standard input is a terminal, redirect it from /dev/null. If standard output is a terminal, append output to `nohup.out' if possible, `$HOME/nohup.out' otherwise. If standard error is a terminal, redirect it to standard output. To save output to FILE, use `%s COMMAND > FILE'. Input settings: [-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal [-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline [-]ignbrk ignore break characters [-]igncr ignore carriage return Local settings: [-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings * -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings NOTE: [ honors the --help and --version options, but test does not. test treats each of those as it treats any other nonempty STRING. NOTE: your shell may have its own version of %s, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. Note that the -d and -t options accept different time-date formats. Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available. Output settings: * bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1] * crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3] * ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1] * nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1] Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed to login group if implied by a `:' following a symbolic OWNER. OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic. POS is F[.C][OPTS], where F is the field number and C the character position in the field; both are origin 1. If neither -t nor -b is in effect, characters in a field are counted from the beginning of the preceding whitespace. OPTS is one or more single-letter ordering options, which override global ordering options for that key. If no key is given, use the entire line as the key. SIZE may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). Sending a %s signal to a running `dd' process makes it print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s Options are: Special characters: * dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input) eol CHAR CHAR will end the line TYPE is made up of one or more of these specifications: a named character, ignoring high-order bit c ASCII character or backslash escape The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: The data are encoded as described for the base64 alphabet in RFC 3548. When decoding, the input may contain newlines in addition to the bytes of the formal base64 alphabet. Use --ignore-garbage to attempt to recover from any other non-alphabet bytes in the encoded stream. The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. The valid format sequences for files (without --file-system): %a Access rights in octal %A Access rights in human readable form %b Number of blocks allocated (see %B) %B The size in bytes of each block reported by %b %C SELinux security context string To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo', use one of these commands: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Traditional format specifications may be intermixed; they accumulate: -a same as -t a, select named characters, ignoring high-order bit -b same as -t o1, select octal bytes -c same as -t c, select ASCII characters or backslash escapes -d same as -t u2, select unsigned decimal 2-byte units Use one, and only one of -b, -c or -f. Each LIST is made up of one range, or many ranges separated by commas. Selected input is written in the same order that it is read, and is written exactly once. With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. With no options, produce three-column output. Column one contains lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2, and column three contains lines common to both files. Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories (note: will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the superuser) -f, --force remove existing destination files --group-directories-first group directories before files. augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping --help display this help and exit --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode print the index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k like --block-size=1K --lookup attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS -m only hostname and user associated with stdin -p, --process print active processes spawned by init --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially --preserve-root do not remove `/' (default) -r, -R, --recursive remove directories and their contents recursively -v, --verbose explain what is being done --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST don't preserve the specified attributes --parents use full source file name under DIRECTORY --one-file-system when removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any directory that is on a file system different from that of the corresponding command line argument --preserve-context preserve SELinux security context -Z, --context=CONTEXT set SELinux security context of files and directories --reference=RFILE use RFILE's security context rather than specifying a CONTEXT value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC output date and time in RFC 3339 format. TIMESPEC=`date', `seconds', or `ns' for date and time to the indicated precision. Date and time components are separated by a single space: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=STRING set time described by STRING -u, --utc, --universal print or set Coordinated Universal Time --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix --time show time of the last modification of any file in the directory, or any of its subdirectories --time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status --time-style=STYLE show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT FORMAT is interpreted like `date' --time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale --verbose print a diagnostic just before each output file is opened --version output version information and exit -evenp same as -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7 nl same as -icrnl -onlcr -nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-') [-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty [-]hupcl same as [-]hup [-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input [-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-') [-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors * [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character [-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return [-]inpck enable input parity checking [-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters [-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters [-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters * [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal * [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\' for uppercase characters cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values -cooked same as raw crt same as echoe echoctl echoke dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany ek erase and kill characters to their default values evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N set the input speed to N * line N use line discipline N min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read ospeed N set the output speed to N oddp same as parenb parodd cs7 -oddp same as -parenb cs8 [-]parity same as [-]evenp pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7 raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw same as cooked stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal * swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer * werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed %% a single % %b ARGUMENT as a string with `\' escapes interpreted, except that octal escapes are of the form \0 or \0NNN and all C format specifications ending with one of diouxXfeEgGcs, with ARGUMENTs converted to proper type first. Variable widths are handled. %A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday) %b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan) %B locale's full month name (e.g., January) %c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005) %F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d %g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G) %G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V %S second (00..60) %t a tab %T time; same as %H:%M:%S %u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday %U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) %V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53) %w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday %W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53) %d Device number in decimal %D Device number in hex %f Raw mode in hex %F File type %g Group ID of owner %G Group name of owner %h Number of hard links %i Inode number %n File name %N Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link %o I/O block size %s Total size, in bytes %t Major device type in hex %T Minor device type in hex %h same as %b %H hour (00..23) %I hour (01..12) %j day of year (001..366) %i File System ID in hex %l Maximum length of filenames %n File name %s Block size (for faster transfers) %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) %t Type in hex %T Type in human readable form %k hour ( 0..23) %l hour ( 1..12) %m month (01..12) %M minute (00..59) %n a newline %N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) %p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known %P like %p, but lower case %r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM) %R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M %s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u User ID of owner %U User name of owner %x Time of last access %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch %y Time of last modification %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch %z Time of last change %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch %x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99) %X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48) %y last two digits of year (00..99) %Y year %z +hhmm numeric timezone (e.g., -0400) %:z +hh:mm numeric timezone (e.g., -04:00) %::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00) %:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30) %Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT) By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes. + TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like `match' or an operator like `/' ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -A, --auto-reference output automatically generated references -G, --traditional behave more like System V `ptx' -F, --flag-truncation=STRING use STRING for flagging line truncations -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks -b, --bytes equivalent to `--apparent-size --block-size=1' -c, --total produce a grand total -D, --dereference-args dereference only symlinks that are listed on the command line -D create all leading components of DEST except the last, then copy SOURCE to DEST -g, --group=GROUP set group ownership, instead of process' current group -m, --mode=MODE set permission mode (as in chmod), instead of rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=OWNER set ownership (super-user only) -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names -h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line follow symbolic links listed on the command line --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory --hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A) -I prompt once before removing more than three files, or when removing recursively. Less intrusive than -i, while still giving protection against most mistakes --interactive[=WHEN] prompt according to WHEN: never, once (-I), or always (-i). Without WHEN, prompt always -L FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h) -O FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID -p FILE FILE exists and is a named pipe -r FILE FILE exists and read permission is granted -s FILE FILE exists and has a size greater than zero -L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links -P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default) -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -S, --separate-dirs do not include size of subdirectories -s, --summarize display only a total for each argument -M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx' -O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives -R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences -T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives -N, --read-bytes=BYTES limit dump to BYTES input bytes -S, --strings[=BYTES] output strings of at least BYTES graphic chars -t, --format=TYPE select output format or formats -v, --output-duplicates do not use * to mark line suppression -w, --width[=BYTES] output BYTES bytes per output line --traditional accept arguments in traditional form -P, --portability use the POSIX output format --sync invoke sync before getting usage info -t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE -T, --print-type print file system type -x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE -v (ignored) -S sort by file size --sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time -S FILE FILE exists and is a socket -t FD file descriptor FD is opened on a terminal -u FILE FILE exists and its set-user-ID bit is set -w FILE FILE exists and write permission is granted -x FILE FILE exists and execute (or search) permission is granted -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create the links -T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file -v, --verbose print name of each linked file -T, -w, --mesg add user's message status as +, - or ? -u, --users list users logged in --message same as -T --writable same as -T -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword -b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting -g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields -i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE -o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of NAME to CTX -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each NAME to CTX -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories --apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be larger due to holes in (`sparse') files, internal fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like -a, --all convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks --first-only convert only leading sequences of blanks (overrides -a) -t, --tabs=N have tabs N characters apart instead of 8 (enables -a) -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated LIST of tab positions (enables -a) -a, --suffix-length=N use suffixes of length N (default %d) -b, --bytes=SIZE put SIZE bytes per output file -C, --line-bytes=SIZE put at most SIZE bytes of lines per output file -d, --numeric-suffixes use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic -l, --lines=NUMBER put NUMBER lines per output file -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline -b, --binary read in binary mode -b, --binary read in binary mode (default unless reading tty stdin) -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -b, --bytes=LIST select only these bytes -c, --characters=LIST select only these characters -d, --delimiter=DELIM use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignore leading blanks -d, --dictionary-order consider only blanks and alphanumeric characters -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case characters -b, --suffix-format=FORMAT use sprintf FORMAT instead of %02d -f, --prefix=PREFIX use PREFIX instead of `xx' -k, --keep-files do not remove output files on errors -c, --check read %s sums from the FILEs and check them -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -c, --crown-margin preserve indentation of first two lines -p, --prefix=STRING reformat only lines beginning with STRING, reattaching the prefix to reformatted lines -s, --split-only split long lines, but do not refill -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries --file-type likewise, except do not append `*' --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso -f omit the line of column headings in short format -w omit the user's full name in short format -i omit the user's full name and remote host in short format -q omit the user's full name, remote host and idle time in short format -f same as -t fF, select floats -i same as -t dI, select decimal ints -l same as -t dL, select decimal longs -o same as -t o2, select octal 2-byte units -s same as -t d2, select decimal 2-byte units -x same as -t x2, select hexadecimal 2-byte units -f FILE FILE exists and is a regular file -g FILE FILE exists and is set-group-ID -G FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID -h FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L) -k FILE FILE exists and has its sticky bit set -f, --canonicalize canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively; all but the last component must exist -e, --canonicalize-existing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, all components must exist -f, --fields=LIST select only these fields; also print any line that contains no delimiter character, unless the -s option is specified -n (ignored) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --reference=RFILE use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values -R, --recursive change files and directories recursively -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's group rather than specifying a GROUP value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's owner and group rather than specifying OWNER:GROUP values -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -g like -l, but do not list owner -g GID[,GID1...] also set the primary group-ID to the numeric GID, and (if specified) supplemental group IDs to GID1, ... -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) -i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing fields -j FIELD equivalent to `-1 FIELD -2 FIELD' -o FORMAT obey FORMAT while constructing output line -t CHAR use CHAR as input and output field separator -i, --initial do not convert tabs after non blanks -t, --tabs=NUMBER have tabs NUMBER characters apart, not 8 -i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage -k like --block-size=1K -l, --local limit listing to local file systems --no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) -k like --block-size=1K -l, --count-links count sizes many times if hard linked -m like --block-size=1M -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -l, --link link files instead of copying -L, --dereference always follow symbolic links in SOURCE -l, --login print system login processes -m, --canonicalize-missing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, without requirements on components existence -n, --no-newline do not output the trailing newline -q, --quiet, -s, --silent suppress most error messages -v, --verbose report error messages -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each created directory to CTX -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o like -l, but do not list group information -p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output -s, --stable stabilize sort by disabling last-resort comparison -S, --buffer-size=SIZE use SIZE for main memory buffer -q, --count all login names and number of users logged on -r, --runlevel print current runlevel -s, --short print only name, line, and time (default) -t, --time print last system clock change -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -r, --reference=FILE display the last modification time of FILE -R, --rfc-2822 output date and time in RFC 2822 format. Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=FILE use this file's times instead of current time -t STAMP use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time --time=WORD change the specified time: WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent to -a WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to -m -r, --references first field of each line is a reference -t, --typeset-mode - not implemented - -w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL specify the name or number of the signal to be sent -l, --list list signal names, or convert signal names to/from numbers -t, --table print a table of signal information -s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -t sort by modification time -T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP use SEP instead of non-blank to blank transition -T, --temporary-directory=DIR use DIR for temporaries, not $TMPDIR or %s; multiple options specify multiple directories -u, --unique with -c, check for strict ordering; without -c, output only the first of an equal run -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -t, --tagged-paragraph indentation of first line different from second -u, --uniform-spacing one space between words, two after sentences -w, --width=WIDTH maximum line width (default of 75 columns) -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -u, --update move only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -t, --text read in text mode (default if reading tty stdin) -t, --text read in text mode (default) -u, --remove truncate and remove file after overwriting -v, --verbose show progress -x, --exact do not round file sizes up to the next full block; this is the default for non-regular files -z, --zero add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system -u, --user=USER set user USER in the target security context -r, --role=ROLE set role ROLE in the target security context -t, --type=TYPE set type TYPE in the target security context -l, --range=RANGE set range RANGE in the target security context -v, --kernel-version print the kernel version -m, --machine print the machine hardware name -p, --processor print the processor type or "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform print the hardware platform or "unknown" -o, --operating-system print the operating system -w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines -w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value -x list entries by lines instead of by columns -X sort alphabetically by entry extension -Z, --context print any SELinux security context of each file -1 list one file per line -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline lcase change upper case to lower case binary use binary I/O for data d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer direct use direct I/O for data dsync use synchronized I/O for data noatime do not update access time nocreat do not create the output file excl fail if the output file already exists notrunc do not truncate the output file ucase change lower case to upper case swab swap every pair of input bytes noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file noerror continue after read errors sync pad every input block with NULs to ibs-size; when used with block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing fsync likewise, but also write metadata nofollow do not follow symlinks nolinks fail if multiply-linked nonblock use non-blocking I/O none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups sync likewise, but also for metadata text use text I/O for data %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% %s-blocks Used Available Capacity (backup: %s) * [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c') [-]echo echo input characters * [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho [-]echoe same as [-]crterase [-]echok echo a newline after a kill character * [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill [-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters * [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\' and '/' [-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters [-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters * [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase * [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character [-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters [-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control [-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence) [-]tandem same as [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded * [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline * [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters * [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays * [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase * [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline * [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return * [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column [-]opost postprocess output * tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3] * tabs same as tab0 * -tabs same as tab3 * vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1] * eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line * lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal * rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it * rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows * size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel speed print the terminal speed time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second Mounted on TTY groups= old on repetition %s % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %.*s: invalid conversion specification%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu user%lu users%s%s (for regexp %s)%s -> %s (unbackup) %s [-d] terminated abnormally%s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has appeared; following end of new file%s has become accessible%s has become inaccessible%s has been replaced with an untailable file; giving up on this name%s has been replaced; following end of new file%s has unknown file type%s is not a valid positive integer%s is too large%s%s argument `%s' too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s: line number out of range%s: %s: match not found%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: binary operator expected%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot change nonblocking mode%s: cannot find name for user ID %lu %s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot lseek back to original position%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot rewind%s: cannot seek%s: cannot seek to end-relative offset %s%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: cannot seek to relative offset %s%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: couldn't reset non-blocking mode%s: descend into directory %s? %s: descend into write-protected directory %s? %s: end of file%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: error truncating%s: error writing at offset %s%s: expected a numeric value%s: failed to close%s: failed to open for writing%s: failed to remove%s: fcntl failed%s: fdatasync failed%s: file has negative size%s: file has shrunk too much%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: fstat failed%s: fsync failed%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input contains an odd number of tokens%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid count at start of %s%s: invalid directive%s: invalid field specification %s%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of passes%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: lseek failed%s: multiple signals specified%s: new permissions are %s, not %s%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: no size information for this device%s: not listing already-listed directory%s: number of bytes is too large%s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove all arguments recursively? %s: remove all arguments? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s: seek failed%s: too many checksum lines%s: try to overwrite %s, overriding mode %04lo (%s)? %s: unable to determine maximum file name length%s: unable to perform all requested operations%s: unary operator expected%s: value not completely converted%s: write error%s:%lu: invalid line; missing second token%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}''')' expected')' expected, found %s(C)* file systems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS version 3 clients * compressed file systems * log-structured or journaled file systems, such as those supplied with AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.) * file systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes fail, such as RAID-based file systems * file systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server , load average: %.2f, %g s, %s/s --context (-Z) works only on an SELinux-enabled kernel-R --dereference requires either -H or -L-R -h requires -P-ef does not accept -l-nt does not accept -l-ot does not accept -l??? Address family for hostname not supportedAll arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. All requests doneArgument buffer too smallArnold RobbinsBad value for ai_flagsCAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important assumption: that the file system overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern file system designs do not satisfy this assumption. The following are examples of file systems on which shred is not effective, or is not guaranteed to be effective in all file system modes: COMMENTCall the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1. Call the unlink function to remove the specified FILE. Change the effective user id and group id to that of USER. -, -l, --login make the shell a login shell -c, --command=COMMAND pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c -f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment do not reset environment variables -p same as -m -s, --shell=SHELL run SHELL if /etc/shells allows it Change the group of each FILE to GROUP. With --reference, change the group of each FILE to that of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Colin PlumbCompare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output. -A, --show-all equivalent to -vET -b, --number-nonblank number nonempty output lines -e equivalent to -vE -E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line -n, --number number all output lines -s, --squeeze-blank suppress repeated empty output lines Convert blanks in each FILE to tabs, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. -a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDirectory: Display file or file system status. -L, --dereference follow links -f, --file-system display file system status instead of file status Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date. -d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not `now' -f, --file=DATEFILE like --date once for each line of DATEFILE Dmitry V. LevinDrop any supplemental groups, assume the user-ID and group-ID of the specified USER (numeric ID or user name), and run COMMAND with any specified ARGUMENTs. Exit with status 111 if unable to assume the required user and group ID. Otherwise, exit with the exit status of COMMAND. This program is useful only when run by root (user ID zero). EXITEach range is one of: N N'th byte, character or field, counted from 1 N- from N'th byte, character or field, to end of line N-M from N'th to M'th (included) byte, character or field -M from first to M'th (included) byte, character or field With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Echo the STRING(s) to standard output. -n do not output the trailing newline Exit with a status code indicating success.Exit with the status determined by EXPRESSION. F. PinardFAILEDFIXME: unknownFORMAT must be suitable for printing one argument of type `double'; it defaults to %.PRECf if FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are all fixed point decimal numbers with maximum precision PREC, and to %g otherwise. Fifos do not have major and minor device numbers.Filesystem Filesystem TypeFor each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by whitespace. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input. -a FILENUM print unpairable lines coming from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2 -e EMPTY replace missing input fields with EMPTY Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block. H. Peter AnvinIDLEIan Lance TaylorIdleIn addition, file system backups and remote mirrors may contain copies of the file that cannot be removed, and that will allow a shredded file to be recovered later. In real life: In the case of ext3 file systems, the above disclaimer applies (and shred is thus of limited effectiveness) only in data=journal mode, which journals file data in addition to just metadata. In both the data=ordered (default) and data=writeback modes, shred works as usual. Ext3 journaling modes can be changed by adding the data=something option to the mount options for a particular file system in the /etc/fstab file, as documented in the mount man page (man mount). Infinity BInterrupted by a signalInvalid back referenceInvalid character class nameInvalid collation characterInvalid content of \{\}Invalid preceding regular expressionInvalid range endInvalid regular expressionJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfLINEList information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort. LoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnMemory allocation failureMemory exhaustedMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNAMENameName or service not knownNo address associated with hostnameNo matchNo previous regular expressionNon-recoverable failure in name resolutionOKOnly one string may be given when deleting without squeezing repeats.Ordering options: Output a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. Determine format of output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output defaults Output fixed-size pieces of INPUT to PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ...; default size is 1000 lines, and default PREFIX is `x'. With no INPUT, or when INPUT is -, read standard input. Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files `xx00', `xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output. Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. PIDPaginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Parameter string not correctly encodedPassword:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlan: Premature end of regular expressionPrint ARGUMENT(s) according to FORMAT, or execute according to OPTION: Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print NAME with its trailing /component removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output `.' (meaning the current directory). Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s. -a, --all print all information, in the following order, except omit -p and -i if unknown: -s, --kernel-name print the kernel name -n, --nodename print the network node hostname -r, --kernel-release print the kernel release Print machine architecture. Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT. -f, --format=FORMAT use printf style floating-point FORMAT -s, --separator=STRING use STRING to separate numbers (default: \n) -w, --equal-width equalize width by padding with leading zeroes Print or change terminal characteristics. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. -s, --silent, --quiet print nothing, only return an exit status Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the full filename of the current working directory. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the name of the current user. Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID. Same as id -un. Processing request in progressProject: Q. Frank XiaRandy SmithRegular expression too bigRemove (unlink) the FILE(s). -f, --force ignore nonexistent files, never prompt -i prompt before every removal Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Request canceledRequest not canceledRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonRun COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling. With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Nicenesses range from %d (most favorable scheduling) to %d (least favorable). -n, --adjustment=N add integer N to the niceness (default 10) Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals. Run a program in a different security context. With neither CONTEXT nor COMMAND, print the current security context. CONTEXT Complete security context -c, --compute compute process transition context before modifying -t, --type=TYPE type (for same role as parent) -u, --user=USER user identity -r, --role=ROLE role -l, --range=RANGE levelrange Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerSend signals to processes, or list signals. Servname not supported for ai_socktypeSet LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Shell: Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default. Simon JosefssonSpecial files require major and minor device numbers.Stuart KempSuccessSummarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. System errorTIMETemporary failure in name resolutionThe following optional flags may follow `%': - (hyphen) do not pad the field _ (underscore) pad with spaces 0 (zero) pad with zeros ^ use upper case if possible # use opposite case if possible The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. -H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it -L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered -P do not traverse any symbolic links (default) The strings compared were %s and %s.Torbjorn GranlundTrailing backslashTry `%s --help' for more information. Try `%s ./%s' to remove the file %s. Two strings must be given when translating.Ulrich DrepperUnknown errorUnknown system errorUnmatched ( or \(Unmatched ) or \)Unmatched [ or [^Unmatched \{Usage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s CONTEXT COMMAND [args] or: %s [ -c ] [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-t TYPE] [-l RANGE] COMMAND [args] Usage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NUMBER[SUFFIX]... or: %s OPTION Pause for NUMBER seconds. SUFFIX may be `s' for seconds (the default), `m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. Unlike most implementations that require NUMBER be an integer, here NUMBER may be an arbitrary floating point number. Given two or more arguments, pause for the amount of time specified by the sum of their values. Usage: %s OPTION... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NAME] or: %s OPTION Print or set the hostname of the current system. Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPERAND]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... CONTEXT FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-l RANGE] [-t TYPE] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... or: %s [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form) or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form) Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] or: %s -e [OPTION]... [ARG]... or: %s -i LO-HI [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] or: %s --traditional [OPTION]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [TEMPLATE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [ignored command line arguments] or: %s OPTION Usage: test EXPRESSION or: test or: [ EXPRESSION ] or: [ ] or: [ OPTION Valid arguments are:Valid format sequences for file systems: %a Free blocks available to non-superuser %b Total data blocks in file system %c Total file nodes in file system %d Free file nodes in file system %f Free blocks in file system %C SELinux security context string WARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s Warning: WhenWhereWrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write a random permutation of the input lines to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to standard output. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``-%c' extra characters or invalid number in the argument: %s`--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argument`-N NUMBER' invalid starting line number: %s`-W PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %s`-l PAGE_LENGTH' invalid number of lines: %s`-o MARGIN' invalid line offset: %s`-w PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %sa command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sai_family not supportedai_socktype not supportedambiguous argument %s for %san input delimiter may be specified only when operating on fieldsbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileblock special files not supportedboth files cannot be standard inputbyte offset %s is too largecan't apply partial context to unlabeled file %scan't get process contextcannot access %scannot backup %scannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change ownership of %scannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot chdir to root directorycannot combine -e and -i optionscannot combine any two of {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}cannot combine block and unblockcannot combine excl and nocreatcannot combine lcase and ucasecannot combine mode and --reference optionscannot combine signal with -l or -tcannot compare file names %s and %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot dereference %scannot determine device and inode of %scannot determine hostnamecannot do ioctl on %scannot find name for group ID %lucannot find name for user ID %lucannot follow %s by namecannot force target context to %s and preserve itcannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot get nicenesscannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open %s for writingcannot open directory %scannot operate on dangling symlink %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot perform formatted outputcannot preserve security context without an SELinux-enabled kernelcannot print "only" of more than one choicecannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot print security context when user specifiedcannot read directory %scannot read file names from %scannot read file system information for %scannot read realtime clockcannot read symbolic link %scannot read table of mounted file systemscannot remove %scannot reposition file pointer for %scannot set datecannot set group idcannot set group-ID to %lucannot set groupscannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot set name to %scannot set nicenesscannot set time stamps for %scannot set user idcannot set user-ID to %lucannot skip past end of combined inputcannot specify times from more than one sourcecannot split in more than one waycannot stat %scannot stat current directory (now %s)cannot touch %scannot un-backup %scannot unlink %scannot work around kernel bug after allchanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %scharacter offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special filecharacter special files not supportedclearing permissions for %sclock changeclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing directory %sclosing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputconflicting empty-field replacement stringsconflicting security context specifiers givencouldn't create process for %s -dcouldn't create temporary filecouldn't execute %scouldn't execute %s -dcouldn't find directory entry in %s with matching i-nodecouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %screating file %s creating hard link %screating hard link %s => %screating hard link to %.0s%screating symbolic link %screating symbolic link %s -> %sdelimiter list ends with an unescaped backslash: %sdirectorydivision by zerodup2 failedempty file nameempty taberror closing fileerror in regular expression matchererror in regular expression searcherror reading %serror writing %sexit=extra argument %sextra operand %sextra operand %s extra operand %s not allowed with -%cfailed to change context of %s to %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to chdir to %sfailed to compute a new contextfailed to create directory via template %sfailed to create file via template %sfailed to create security context: %sfailed to get attributes of %sfailed to get current contextfailed to get file system create contextfailed to get groups for the current processfailed to get groups for user %sfailed to get security context of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to open %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to redirect standard errorfailed to remove %sfailed to remove directory %sfailed to restore the default file creation contextfailed to return to initial working directoryfailed to set %s security context component to %sfailed to set default file creation context to %sfailed to set new range %sfailed to set new role %sfailed to set new type %sfailed to set new user %sfailed to set supplemental group(s)failed to set the copy of stderr to close on execfailed to set the security context of %s to %sfailed to stat %sfdatasync failed for %sfflush failedfield number %s is too largefield number is zerofields and positions are numbered from 1fifofile system type %s both selected and excludedfork system call failedformat string may not be specified when printing equal width stringsfsync failed for %sfts_read failedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsignoring inputignoring input and appending output to %signoring input and redirecting stderr to stdoutignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %signoring non-option argumentsincompatible join fields %lu, %luincompatible tabsincorrect passwordinput disappearedinput line is too longinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid %s%s argument `%s'invalid adjustment %sinvalid argument %sinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid body numbering style: %sinvalid byte or field listinvalid character `%c' in type string %sinvalid character class %sinvalid context: %sinvalid conversioninvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid date %sinvalid date format %sinvalid decreasing rangeinvalid device %s %sinvalid device type %sinvalid field number: %sinvalid field specifier: %sinvalid field width: %sinvalid file number in field spec: %sinvalid floating point argument: %sinvalid footer numbering style: %sinvalid format precisioninvalid format widthinvalid gap width: %sinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid group: %sinvalid header numbering style: %sinvalid inputinvalid input flaginvalid input range %sinvalid integer %sinvalid integer argument %sinvalid line count %sinvalid line discipline %sinvalid line number field width: %sinvalid line number increment: %sinvalid line numbering format: %sinvalid line width: %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid maximum depth %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid modeinvalid mode %sinvalid mode: %sinvalid number %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of blank lines: %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of columns: %sinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid number of lines: 0invalid option -- %cinvalid option -- %c; -WIDTH is recognized only when it is the first option; use -w N insteadinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid output flaginvalid precision: %sinvalid range with no endpoint: -invalid repeat count %s in [c*n] constructinvalid specinvalid starting line number: %sinvalid status flaginvalid suffix in %s%s argument `%s'invalid tab size: %sinvalid template, %s, contains directory separatorinvalid template, %s; with --tmpdir, it may not be absoluteinvalid time interval %sinvalid time style format %sinvalid trailing option -- %cinvalid type string %sinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte floating point typeinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte integral typeinvalid universal character name \%c%0*xinvalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sinvalid wrap size: %sinvalid zero-length file nameit is dangerous to operate recursively on %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)last=leading `-' in a component of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name component %sline count option -%s%c... is too largeline number %s is smaller than preceding line number, %sline number overflowmemory exhaustedmessage queuemisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing `]'missing argument after %smissing argument to %smissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing destination file operand after %smissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing file operandmissing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operandmissing operand after %smode must specify only file permission bitsmode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multi-character tab %smultiple -i options specifiedmultiple -l or -t options specifiedmultiple compress programs specifiedmultiple levelrangesmultiple output files specifiedmultiple output formats specifiedmultiple random sources specifiedmultiple rolesmultiple target directories specifiedmultiple typesmultiple usersneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno change to ownership of %s no command specifiedno file systems processedno files remainingno login nameno process ID specifiedno type may be specified when dumping stringsno username specified; at least one must be specified when using -lnonportable character %s in file name %snot a ttynot writing through dangling symlink %snumber in %s is too largenumber of bytesnumber of linesoffset overflow while reading file %somitting directory %sonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one device may be specifiedonly one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %soption used in invalid context -- %coptions `-%s' are incompatibleownership of %s retained ownership of %s retained as %s page width too narrowpreserving permissions for %spreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedreading %sreading directory %srecord too largeregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %srun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptysetting flags for %ssetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectskip-bytes + read-bytes is too largeskipping %s, since it's on a different deviceskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstray character in field specstring comparison failedstring transformation failedstrip process terminated abnormallysuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errortab size cannot be 0tab size contains invalid character(s): %stab sizes must be ascendingtab stop is too large %stab stop value is too largetabs are too far aparttarget %s is not a directorytarget directory not allowed when installing a directoryterm=test and/or [the --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the delimiter must be a single characterthe options for verbose and stty-readable output styles are mutually exclusivethe options to output dircolors' internal database and to select a shell syntax are mutually exclusivethe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivethe strip option may not be used when installing a directorytime %s is out of rangeto use user-ID %s you need to use -g tootoo few X's in template %stoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtoo many characters in settoo many repeated linestoo many templatestotaltyped memory objectunable to record current working directoryunable to set security context %sunknown binary operatorunknown user-ID: %sunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableunrecognized operand %sunrecognized prefix: %suse --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeuser %s does not existusing restricted shell %swaiting for %s [-d]waiting for stripwarning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredwarning: %s: failed to change context to %swarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: --retry is useful mainly when following by namewarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: `touch %s' is obsolete; use `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'warning: an unescaped backslash at end of string is not portablewarning: backslash at end of formatwarning: cannot change directory to %swarning: cannot remove: %swarning: following standard input indefinitely is ineffectivewarning: ignoring excess arguments, starting with %swarning: invalid file offset after failed readwarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: line number %s is the same as preceding line numberwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: summarizing conflicts with --max-depth=%luwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0warning: the ambiguous octal escape \%c%c%c is being interpreted as the 2-byte sequence \0%c%c, %cwarning: unrecognized escape `\%c'warning: working around lseek kernel bug for file (%s) of mt_type=0x%0lx -- see for the list of typesweird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen reading file names from stdin, no file name of %s allowedwhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'will not copy %s through just-created symlink %swill not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swith --parents, the destination must be a directorywrite errorwrite error for %swrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify -c, -t, -u, -l, -r, or contextyou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsProject-Id-Version: coreutils-6.12 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2008-06-10 11:39-0300 Last-Translator: Rodolfo Ribeiro Gomes Language-Team: Brazilian Portuguese MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit X-Generator: KBabel 1.11.4 Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n > 1); ( EXPRESSÃO ) EXPRESSÃO é verdadeira ! EXPRESSÃO EXPRESSÃO é falsa EXPRESSÃO1 -a EXPRESSÃO2 tanto EXPRESSÃO1 como EXPRESSÃO2 são verdadeiras EXPRESSÃO1 -o EXPRESSÃO2 EXPRESSÃO1 ou EXPRESSÃO2 é(são) verdadeira(s) -a, --all o mesmo que -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot horário da última iniciação do sistema -d, --dead emite os processos mortos -H, --heading emite a linha com cabeçalhos das colunas -b ARQUIVO ARQUIVO existe e é especial de tipo bloco -c ARQUIVO ARQUIVO existe e é especial de tipo caractere -d ARQUIVO ARQUIVO existe e é um diretório -e ARQUIVO ARQUIVO existe -l produz uma saída de formatação longa sobre o(s) USUÁRIO(s) -b omite o diretório pessoal do usuário e o shell em formatação longa -h omite o arquivo de projeto do usuário em formatação longa -p omite o arquivo de plano do usuário em formatação longa -s produz uma saída de formatação curta; este é o padrão -n TEXTO o comprimento do TEXTO não é nulo TEXTO equivalente a -n TEXTO -z TEXTO o comprimento do TEXTO é nulo TEXTO1 = TEXTO2 os textos são iguais TEXTO1 != TEXTO2 os textos não são iguais ARG1 * ARG2 multiplicação aritmética de ARG1 por ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 quociente da divisão aritmética de ARG1 por ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 resto da divisão aritmética de ARG1 por ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 soma aritmética de ARG1 com ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 ARG1 subtraído aritmeticamente de ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 é menor que ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 é menor ou igual a ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 é igual a ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 é diferente de ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 é maior ou igual a ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 é maior que ARG2 ARQUIVO1 -ef ARQUIVO2 ARQUIVO1 e ARQUIVO2 têm o mesmo número de dispositivo e de inode ARQUIVO1 -nt ARQUIVO2 ARQUIVO1 é mais recente (horário de modificação) que ARQUIVO2 ARQUIVO1 -ot ARQUIVO2 ARQUIVO1 é mais antigo que ARQUIVO2 INTEIRO copia até o número da linha especificado, mas não a inclui /EXPREG/[DESLOC] copia até a linha coincidente, mas não a inclui %EXPREG%[DESLOC] ignora tudo antes da linha coincidente {INTEIRO} repete o padrão anterior o número de vezes especificado. {*} repete o padrão anterior tantas vezes quanto possível O DESLOCamento de linhas, quando usado, deve utilizar um "+" ou "-" seguido de um inteiro positivo. INTEIRO1 -eq INTEIRO2 INTEIRO1 é igual a INTEIRO2 INTEIRO1 -ge INTEIRO2 INTEIRO1 é maior ou igual a INTEIRO2 INTEIRO1 -gt INTEIRO2 INTEIRO1 é maior que INTEIRO2 INTEIRO1 -le INTEIRO2 INTEIRO1 é menor ou igual a INTEIRO2 INTEIRO1 -lt INTEIRO2 INTEIRO1 é menor que INTEIRO2 INTEIRO1 -ne INTEIRO2 INTEIRO1 é diferente de INTEIRO2 TEXTO : EXPREG ocorrência de padrão anconrado de EXPREG no TEXTO match TEXTO EXPREG o mesmo que TEXTO : EXPREG substr TEXTO POS TAMANHO subtexto do TEXTO, POS contado a partir do 1 index TEXTO CARACTERES índice no TEXTO onde quaisquer CARACTERES sejam encontrados; ou 0 length TEXTO comprimento do TEXTO a numera todas as linhas t numera apenas as linhas não vazias n não numera linha alguma pBRE numera apenas as linhas que coincidam com a expressão regular básica, BRE FORMATO é um dos itens a seguir: ln justificação à esquerda, sem zeros iniciais rn justificação à direita, sem zeros iniciais rz justificação à direita, com zeros iniciais b cria um arquivo especial de tipo bloco ("buffered") c, u cria um arquivo especial de tipo caractere (não "buffered") p cria uma "FIFO" # usuários=%lu Um campo é uma seqüência de espaços-brancos (normalmente espaços e/ou tabulações) seguidos por caracteres que não sejam espaços-brancos. Os campos são ignorados antes de caracteres. Um programa "finger" mais leve; emite as informações do usuário. O arquivo utmp será %s. Um mero - implica em -i. Se não houver COMANDO, exibe o ambiente resultante. Um mero - implica em -l. Se USUÁRIO não for especificado, assume-se root. Depois de qualquer sinalizador pode haver uma largura de campo opcional, como um número decimal; então, um modificador também opcional, que pode ser E para usar as representações alternativas da localidade, se disponível, ou O para usar os símbolos númericos alternativos da localidade, se disponível. Uma EXPRESSÃO omitida resulta em falso. Nos demais casos, EXPRESSÃO é verdadeira ou falsa e configura o estado de saída. Assume uma das formas a seguir: Como caso especial, cp faz uma cópia de segurança da ORIGEM quando as opções force e backup são fornecidas e ORIGEM e DESTINO são iguais ao nome de um arquivo comum já existente. Note que muitos operadores precisam ser "escapados" ou postos entre aspas para shells.Comparações são aritméticas se ambos os ARGumentos forem números; de outra forma, serão lexicográficas. A ocorrência de padrões retorna o texto coincidente entre \( e \) ou nulo; se \( e \) não forem usados, elas retornarão o número de caracteres coincidentes ou 0. Tanto MAIOR quanto MENOR devem ser especificados se TIPO for b, c ou u; eles devem ser omitidos se TIPO for p. Se MAIOR ou MENOR começar com 0x ou 0X, é interpretado como hexadecimal; caso contrário, se começar com 0, como octal; em caso contrário, como decimal. TIPO pode ser: Por padrão, rm não remove diretórios. Use a opção --recursive (-r ou -R) para remover também cada diretório listado, junto com todo seu conteúdo. Por padrão, seleciona -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC são dois caracteres delimitadores para separar as páginas lógicas; a ausência de um segundo caractere implica em :. Digite \\ para \. ESTILO é um dos itens: Configurações de combinação: * [-]LCASE o mesmo que [-]lcase cbreak o mesmo que -icanon -cbreak o mesmo que icanon Configurações de controle: [-]clocal desativa os sinais de controle do modem [-]cread permite os dados de entrada serem recebidos * [-]crtscts permite negociação RTS/CTS csN define o tamanho do caractere para N bits, N em [5..8] Cada SINALIZador pode ser: append modo anexar (só faz sentido para saída; sugere-se conv=notrunc) Cada MODO é da forma "[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+". Exemplos: %s /usr/bin/sort Exibe "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Exibe "stdio". Exemplos: %s /usr/bin/sort Emite "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Emite ".". Exemplos: %s f - g Emite o conteúdo de f, depois a entrada padrão, e o conteúdo de g por fim. %s Copia a entrada padrão para a saída padrão. Exemplo: %s root /u Altera o dono de /u para "root". %s root:equipe /u Idem, mas também altera seu grupo para "equipe". %s -hR root /u Altera o dono de /u e seus arquivos para "root". Exemplos: %s equipe /u Muda o grupo de /u para "equipe". %s -hR equipe /u Muda o grupo de /u e seus arquivos para "equipe". Excetuando-se -h e -L, todos os testes relativo a ARQUIVOs interpretam as ligações simbólicas. Lembre-se que os parênteses têm que ser "escapados" (por exemplo, usando barras invertidas) antes, para serem passados para shells. INTEIRO pode também ser -l TEXTO, que avalia o comprimento de TEXTO. O estado de saída é 0 se a EXPRESSÃO não for nula nem 0. Será 1 se EXPRESSÃO for nula ou 0; será 2 se EXPRESSÃO for sintaticamente inválida; e será 3 se um erro ocorreu. Manipula a linha tty ligada à entrada padrão. Sem argumentos, emite a taxa de símbolos em baud, a disciplina da linha e as modificações em relação ao "stty sane". Nas configurações, CARAC é um caractere aceito literalmente ou codificado como em ^c, 0x37, 0177 ou 127; valores especiais ^- ou "undef" (indefinido) são utilizados para desabilitar caracteres especiais. Se ARQUIVO for -, realiza a formatação física da saída padrão. Exclui ARQUIVO(s) se --remove (-u) for especificado. O padrão é não remover os arquivos, porque é comum operar em dispositivos como /dev/hda, e esse tipo de arquivo não deveria normalmente ser removido. Ao operar em arquivos comuns, a maioria das pessoas usam a opção --remove. Se ARQUIVO não for especificado, usa %s. É costume usar %s como ARQUIVO. Se ARG1 ARG2 forem fornecidos, presume-se -m. Valores comuns para eles são: "am i" ("sou eu") ou "mom likes" ("mamãe gosta"). Se ARQUIVO é especificado, o lê para determinar quais cores usar para que tipo de arquivo e extensão. Senão, uma base de dados pré-compilada é usada. Para detalhes sobre o formato destes arquivos, execute "dircolors --print-database". Se são omitidos PRIMEIRO ou INCREMENTO, eles são tratados como 1. Isto vale mesmo se ÚLTIMO for menor que PRIMEIRO: o INCREMENTO omitido é assumido 1. PRIMEIRO, INCREMENTO e ÚLTIMO são interpretados como valores em ponto flutuante. INCREMENTO normalmente é positivo se PRIMEIRO for menor que ÚLTIMO, e negativo caso contrário. Se ARQUIVO for -, copia novamente para a saída padrão. Se tanto o primeiro como o segundo formato de chamada se aplicarem, o segundo é assumido se o último operando começar com + ou (se houverem 2 operandos) com um dígito. Um operando DESLOCAMENTO significa o mesmo que -j DESLOCAMENTO. RÓTULO é um pseudo-endereço do primeiro byte emitido, incrementado à medida que progride o despejo de bytes. Para DESLOCAMENTO e RÓTULO, um prefixo 0x ou 0X indica um numeral hexadecimal; sufixos possíveis são . para octal e b para multiplicação por 512. Se nenhum COMANDO for dado, executa "`${SHELL} -i'" (padrão: /bin/sh). Se a entrada padrão for um terminal, a redireciona para /dev/null. Se a saída padrão for um terminal, anexa a saída a "nohup.out" se possível, ou a "$HOME/nohup.out" em caso contrário. Se o erro padrão for um terminal, o redireciona à saída padrão. Para salvar a saída em ARQUIVO, use "%s COMANDO > ARQUIVO". Configurações da entrada: [-]brkint "break" causa um sinal de interrupção [-]icrnl traduz retorno de carro como nova-linha [-]ignbrk ignora caracteres "break" [-]igncr ignora retorno de carro Configurações locais: [-]crterase ecoa caracteres de apagar como backspace-espaço-backspace * crtkill mata todas as linhas obedecendo as configurações de echoprt e echoe * -crtkill mata todas as linhas obedecendo as configurações de echoctl e echok NOTA: [ honra as opções --help e --version, mas "test" não. "test" trata cada uma delas como trataria qualquer outro TEXTO não nulo. NOTA: seu shell pode ter sua própria versão de %s, o que pode tornar obsoleta a versão descrita aqui. Por favor, informe-se na documentação do seu shell sobre a que opções ele oferece suporte. Note que as opções -d e -t aceitam formatos diferentes de data e hora. O uso opcional de um - antes de CONFIGURAÇÃO indica negação. Um "*" marca configurações não-POSIX. O sistema sobre o qual o stty é executado determina quais são as características disponíveis. Configurações de saída: * bsN estilo do atraso do backspace, N em [0..1] * crN estilo do atraso do retorno de carro, N em [0..3] * ffN estilo do atraso do caractere de nova-página, N em [0..1] * nlN estilo do atraso do caractere de nova-linha, N em [0..1] O dono, caso não informado, permanece inalterado. O grupo também não é alterado se não for informado, mas mudará para o grupo de login se deixado implícito por ":" após um DONO simbólico. DONO e GRUPO podem ser numéricos bem como simbólicos. POS é da forma C[.P][OPÇÕES], onde C é o número do campo, e P a posição do caractere no campo, ambos contados a partir de 1. Se -t nem -b está ativa, os caracteres em um campo são contados a partir do início do espaço branco precedente. OPÇÕES se compõem de uma ou mais opções (de uma letra) de ordenação, as quais substituem as opções globais de ordenação para aquela chave. Se nenhuma chave for fornecida, usa a linha inteira como chave. TAMANHO pode ser seguido pelos seguintes sufixos multiplicadores: Emite o valor de EXPRESSÃO para a saída padrão. Uma linha em branco abaixo separa os grupos em ordem crescente de precedência. EXPRESSÃO pode ser: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 se não for nulo ou 0; ARG2, em caso contrário ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 se nenhum dos argumentos for nulo ou 0; senão, 0 Lê a entrada padrão se ARQUIVO for -. Cada PADRÃO pode ser: CONJUNTOs são especificados como cadeias de caracteres. A maioria representa eles mesmos. As seqüências interpretadas são: \NNN caractere com valor octal NNN (1 a 3 dígitos em octal) \\ barra invertida \a sino (BEL) audível \b backspace \f nova-página ("form feed") \n nova-linha \r retorno ("enter") \t tabulação horizontal TAM é um número. Se TIPO é um dos "doux", TAM pode ser C para sizeof(char), S para sizeof(short), I para sizeof(int), ou L para sizeof(long). Se TIPO for f, TAM também pode ser F para sizeof(float), D para sizeof(double) ou L para sizeof(long double). O termo sizeof() refere-se a uma função da linguagem de programação C que indica o número de bytes para o tipo de variável. Enviar um sinal %s para o processo "dd" em execução faz ele emitir as estatísticas de E/S para a saída de erro padrão e depois retomar a cópia. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 registros de entrada 18335302+0 registros de saída 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copiados, 34.6279 s, 271 MB/s As opções são: Caracteres especiais: * dsusp CARAC CARAC enviará um sinal de parada de terminal assim que a entrada for descarregada eof CARAC CARAC enviará um fim-de-arquivo (termina a entrada) eol CARAC CARAC terminará a linha TIPO é constituído de uma ou mais destas especificações: a caractere com nome, ignorando o bit mais significativo c caractere ASCII ou escape por barra invertida O sufixo de cópia de segurança é "~", a não ser que esteja definido --suffix ou SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. O método de controle de versão pode ser definido com --backup ou a variável de ambiente VERSION_CONTROL. Os valores possíveis são: Os dados são codificados como descrito para o alfabeto base64 na RFC 3548. Na decodificação, a entrada pode conter caracteres de nova linha além dos bytes do alfabeto base64 formal. Use --ignore-garbage para tentar se recuperar de quaisquer outros bytes fora do alfabeto no fluxo codificado. As somas são calculadas como descrito em %s. Ao conferir, recomenda-se que o arquivo de entrada tenha sido gerado por este mesmo programa. O modo padrão é exibir uma linha para cada ARQUIVO com a soma de verificação, um caractere indicando o tipo ("*" para binário, " "para texto) e o nome do arquivo. As seqüências válidas de formatação para arquivos (sem --file-system): %a Permissões de acesso em octal %A Permissões de acesso em forma inteligível por humanos %b Quantidade de blocos alocados (veja %B) %B O tamanho em bytes de cada bloco relatado por %b %C Texto de contexto de segurança SELinux Para remover um arquivo cujo nome começa com "-" (por exemplo, "-foo"), use um dos seguintes comandos: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo As especificações tradicionais de formatação podem ser misturadas; elas acumulam: -a o mesmo que -t a, seleciona caracteres com nome, ignorando o bit mais significativo -b o mesmo que -t o1, seleciona bytes em octal -c o mesmo que -t c, seleciona caracteres ASCII ou escapes por barra invertida -d o mesmo que -t u2, seleciona decimais sem sinal de 2-bytes Use uma, e somente uma, das opções -b, -c ou -f. Cada LISTA é feita de um intervalo ou vários intervalos separados por vírgulas. A entrada selecionada é escrita na mesma ordem que é lida, e é escrita uma única vez. Se ARQUIVO não for fornecido ou se for -, lê a entrada padrão. "-F /" por padrão. Se ARQUIVO não for especificado ou for -, lê a entrada padrão. Sem opções, produz uma saída de três colunas. A primeira coluna contém as linhas únicas para ARQUIVO1, a coluna dois contém as linhas únicas para ARQUIVO2; a terceira coluna contém as linhas comuns a ambos os arquivos. Sem OPÇÃO alguma, exibe um conjunto útil de informações de identificação. Escreve uma representação sem ambigüidade, em bytes octal por padrão, de ARQUIVO para a saída padrão. Com mais de um argumento ARQUIVO, concatena-os na ordem listada para formar a entrada. Se ARQUIVO não for especificado ou for -, lê a entrada padrão. --backup[=CONTROLE] cria uma cópia de segurança de cada arquivo de destino já existente -b como --backup, mas não aceita argumentos -d, -F, --directory permite ao super-usuário tentar ligar diretórios de forma absoluta (nota: poderá falhar devido a restrições do sistema, mesmo para o super-usuário) -f, --force remove arquivos de destino existentes --group-directories-first lista os diretórios antes de listar os arquivos. permite usar a opção --sort, mas o uso de --sort=none (-U) desabilita o agrupamento de diretórios --help mostra esta ajuda e finaliza --indicator-style=PALAVRA anexa o indicador de tipo no estilo PALAVRA para os nomes das entradas: "none" (nenhum, padrão), "slash" (-p), "file-type" (--file-type), "classify" (-F) -i, --inode emite o número de índice de cada arquivo -I, --ignore=PADRÃO não lista as entradas implícitas que coincidam com o PADRÃO (em sintaxe shell) -k o mesmo que --block-size=1K --lookup tenta pôr em forma canônica os nomes de máquina via DNS -m só o nome de máquina e usuário associado à entrada padrão -p, --process mostra os processos ativos criados por "init" --no-preserve-root não trata "/" de forma especial --preserve-root não remove "/" (padrão) -r, -R, --recursive remove diretórios e seus conteúdos recursivamente -v, --verbose explica o que está sendo feito --no-preserve-root não tratar "/" de forma diferenciada (o padrão) --preserve-root falha ao operar recursivamente em "/" --no-preserve-root não tratar "/" de forma diferenciada (o padrão) --preserve-root falha ao operar recursivamente em "/" --no-preserve=LST_ATRIB não preserva os atributos especificados --parents usa o nome completo do arquivo fonte sob DIRETÓRIO --one-file-system ao remover uma hierarquia recursivamente, ignora qualquer diretório que esteja em um sistema de arquivo diferente daquele do respectivo argumento da linha de comando --preserve-context preserva o contexto de segurança SELinux -Z, --context=CONTEXTO define o contexto de segurança SELinux dos arquivos e diretórios --reference=ARQR usa o contexto de segurança de ARQR em vez de especificar um valor para CONTEXTO -R, --recursive opera em arquivos e diretórios recursivamente -v, --verbose emite um diagnóstico para cada arquivo processado --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC emite a data e hora no formato da RFC 3339. TIMESPEC="date", "seconds" ou "ns" para escolher a precisão. Os componentes data e hora são separados por um único espaço: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=TEXTO ajusta a hora para a descrita por TEXTO -u, --utc, --universal emite ou ajusta a Hora Universal Coordenada --strip-trailing-slashes remove quaisquer barras ao final de cada argumento origem -S, --suffix=SUFIXO redefine o sufixo costumeiro de cópia de segurança --time mostra a hora da última modificação de todos os arquivos no diretório ou quaisquer uns de seus subdiretórios --time=PALAVRA mostra a hora como PALAVRA, em vez de a hora da última modificação: "atime", "access", "use", "ctime" ou "status" --time-style=ESTILO mostra a hora usando o ESTILO: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMATO FORMATO é interpretado como em "date" --time-style=ESTILO com -l, emite os horários usando o estilo ESTILO: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMATO. FORMATO é interpretado como em "date"; se for FORMATO1FORMATO2, FORMATO1 se aplica a arquivos não recentes, e FORMATO2 aos recentes; se ESTILO tem como prefixo "posix-", ESTILO só faz efeito fora da localidade POSIX --verbose mostra um diagnóstico logo antes de abrir cada arquivo de saída --version informa a versão e finaliza -evenp o mesmo que -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase o mesmo que xcase iuclc olcuc litout o mesmo que -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout o mesmo que parenb istrip opost cs7 nl o mesmo que -icrnl -onlcr -nl o mesmo que icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb usa dois bits de parada por caractere (um com "-") [-]hup envia um sinal de desligar quando o último processo fechar o tty [-]hupcl o mesmo que [-]hup [-]parenb gera um bit de paridade na saída e espera um bit de paridade na entrada [-]parodd define a paridade como ímpar (par com "-") [-]ignpar ignora caractere com erros de paridade * [-]imaxbel emite um sinal sonoro e não descarrega um "buffer" de entrada cheio em um caractere [-]inlcr tranduz nova-linha por retorno de carro [-]inpck habilita a verificação de paridade da entrada [-]istrip zera o bit mais significativo (8) dos caracteres de entrada [-]isig habilita os caracteres especiais de interrupção, saída ("quit") e suspensão [-]noflsh desabilita descarga ("flush") após caracteres de interrupção e saída ("quit") * [-]prterase o mesmo que [-]echoprt * [-]tostop cessa trabalhos em plano de fundo que tentam escrever no terminal * [-]xcase com icanon, escapa com "\" caracteres em maiúsculas cooked o mesmo que os caracteres brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof e eol para seus valores padrão -cooked o mesmo que raw crt o mesmo que echoe echoctl echoke dec o mesmo que echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq o mesmo que [-]ixany ek caracteres "erase" e "kill" nos seus valores padrão evenp o mesmo que parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N configura a velocidade de entrada para N bauds * line N usa a disciplina de linha N min N com -icanon, define o mínimo de N caracteres para uma leitura completa ospeed N configura a velocidade de saída para N bauds oddp o mesmo que parenb parodd cs7 -oddp o mesmo que -parenb cs8 [-]parity o mesmo que [-]evenp pass8 o mesmo que -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 o mesmo que parenb istrip cs7 raw o mesmo que -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw o mesmo que "cooked" stop CARAC CARAC irá parar a saída susp CARAC CARAC enviará um sinal de parada de terminal * swtch CARAC CARAC trocará para uma camada diferente de shell * werase CARAC CARAC apagará a última palavra digitada %% um único % %b ARGUMENTO como um texto com escapes por "\" interpretados, exceto os escapes de octal que são na forma \0 ou \0NNN e todas as especificações de formatação C terminando com um dos diouxXfeEgGcs, com ARGUMENTOs convertidos para o tipo apropriado primeiro. Larguras variáveis também são tratadas. %A nome completo do dia de semana na localidade (por exemplo, Sábado) %b nome abreviado do mês na localidade (por exemplo, Jan) %B nome completo do mês na localidade (por exemplo, Janeiro) %c data e hora na localidade (por exemplo, Sáb 08 Mar 2008 18:34:17 BRT) %F data completa; o mesmo que %Y-%m-%d %g os últimos dois dígitos do ano do número ISO da semana (veja %G) %G ano do número ISO da semana ISO (veja %V); normalmente útil só com %V %S segundo (00..60) %t uma tabulação %T as horas; o mesmo que %H:%M:%S %u dia da semana (1..7); 1 é segunda-feira %U número da semana no ano, sendo domingo o início da semana (00..53) %V número ISO da semana, sendo segunda-feira o início da semana (01..53) %w dia da semana (0..6); 0 é domingo %W número da semana no ano, sendo segunda-feira o início da semana (00..53) %d Número de dispositivo em decimal %D Número de dispositivo em hexadecimal %f Modo bruto em hexadecimal %F Tipo de arquivo %g ID de grupo do dono %G Nome de grupo do dono %h Quantidade de ligações absolutas %i Número do inode %n Nome do arquivo %N Nome do arquivo entre aspas; se for ligação simbólica, a interpreta %o Tamanho do bloco de E/S %s Tamanho total, em bytes %t Tipo maior de dispositivo em hexadecimal %T Tipo menor de dispositivo em hexadecimal %h o mesmo que %b %H hora (00..23) %I hora (01..12) %j dia do ano (001..366) %i ID de Sistema de Arquivo em hexadecimal %l Máximo comprimento de nome de arquivo %n Nome de arquivo %s Tamanho de bloco (para transferências mais rápidas) %S Tamanho fundamental de bloco (para contagem de blocos) %t Tipo em hexadecimal %T Tipo em forma inteligível por humanos %k hora ( 0..23) %l hora ( 1..12) %m mês (01..12) %M minuto (00..59) %n um caractere de nova-linha %N nanosegundos (000000000..999999999) %p o equivalente na localidade para AM ou PM; em branco se desconhecido %P como %p, mas em minúsculas %r a hora no relógio de 12 horas na localidade (por exemplo, 11:11:04 PM) %R hora e minuto no estilo 24 horas; o mesmo que %H:%M %s segundos desde 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u ID de usuário do dono %U Nome de usuário do dono %x Horário do último acesso %X Horário do último acesso em segundos desde Epoch %y Horário da última modificação %Y Horário da última modificação em segundos desde Epoch %z Horário da última alteração do estado %Z Horário da última alteração do estado em segundos desde Epoch %x representação da data na localidade (por exemplo, 31/12/99) %X representação da hora na localidade (por exemplo, 23:13:48) %y os últimos dois dígitos do ano (00..99) %Y ano %z fuso horário numérico +hhmm (por exemplo, -0300) %:z fuso horário numérico +hh:mm (por exemplo, -03:00) %::z fuso horário numérico +hh:mm:ss (por exemplo, -03:00:00) %:::z fuso horário numérico com : para a precisão necessária (por exemplo, -04, +05:30) %Z abreviação alfabética do fuso horário (por exemplo, BRT) Por padrão, campos númericos de data são preenchidos com zeros a esquerda. + TERMO interpreta TERMO como um texto, mesmo se for uma palavra-chave como "match" ou um operador como "/" ( EXPRESSÃO ) valor de EXPRESSÃO -A, --address-radix=BASE decide como o deslocamento do arquivo é exibido -j, --skip-bytes=QTD pula os primeiros QTD bytes de entrada -A, --auto-reference emite as referências geradas automaticamente -G, --traditional comporta-se mais como o "ptx" do System V -F, --flag-truncation=TEXTO usa TEXTO para sinalizar truncamento de linha -B, --block-size=TAM usa blocos de TAM bytes -b, --bytes equivalente a "--apparent-size --block-size=1" -c, --total gera um total geral -D, --dereference-args interpreta apenas as ligações simbólicas listadas na linha de comando -D cria todos os componentes iniciais de DESTINO, exceto o último; e então, copia ORIGEM para DESTINO -g, --group=GRUPO define o grupo, em vez de usar o grupo do processo atual -m, --mode=MODO define as permissões (como em chmod), em vez de rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=DONO define o dono (somente para super-usuário) -D, --date-format=FORMATO usa FORMATO para a data no cabeçalho -e[CARACTERE[LARGURA]], --expand-tabs[=CARACTERE[LARGURA]] expande os CARACTEREs de entrada (TABs) para a LARGURA de tabulação (8) -F, -f, --form-feed usa caractere de nova-página (form feed) em vez de um de nova-linha para separar páginas (por um cabeçalho de 3 linhas com -F ou por cabeçalho e rodapé de 5 linhas sem -F) -G, --no-group em lista longa (-l), não emite os nomes de grupo -h, --human-readable com -l, emite os tamanhos em formato inteligível para humanos (por exemplo, 1K 234M 2G) --si similar, mas usa potências de 1000, e não de 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line segue as ligações simbólicas listadas na linha de comando --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir segue toda ligação simbólica da linha de comando que apontar para um diretório --hide=PADRÃO não lista entradas implícitas que coincidam com o PADRÃO em sintaxe shell (ignorado quando se usa -a ou -A) -I questiona uma vez antes de remover mais que três arquivos ou ao remover recursivamente. Menos intrusivo que -i, mas ainda oferecendo alguma proteção contra a maioria das confusões --interactive[=QUANDO] questiona conforme QUANDO: never (nunca), once (-I) (uma vez), ou always (-i) (sempre). Sem QUANDO, questiona sempre -L ARQUIVO ARQUIVO existe e é uma ligação simbólica (o mesmo que -h) -O ARQUIVO ARQUIVO existe e tem como dono a ID de usuário efetivo -p ARQUIVO ARQUIVO existe e é um arquivo de pipe ("named pipe") -r ARQUIVO ARQUIVO existe e tem permissão de leitura -s ARQUIVO ARQUIVO existe e seu tamanho é maior que zero -L, --dereference interpreta todas as ligações simbólicas -P, --no-dereference não segue ligação simbólica (este é o padrão) -0, --null termina cada linha de saída com o byte 0, em vez de um caractere de nova-linha -S, --separate-dirs não inclui o tamanho de subdiretórios -s, --summarize mostra somente um total para cada argumento -M, --macro-name=TEXTO nome de macro para usar em vez de "xx" -O, --format=roff gera saída como diretivas roff -R, --right-side-refs põe referências à direita, não contadas em -w -S, --sentence-regexp=EXPREG para fim de linhas ou de sentenças -T, --format=tex gera saída como diretivas TeX -N, --read-bytes=QTD limita a emitir até QTD bytes de entrada -S, --strings[=QTD] emite textos de pelo menos QTD bytes de caracteres gráficos -t, --format=TIPO seleciona o(s) formato(s) de saída -v, --output-duplicates não usa * para identificar supressão de linha -w, --width[=QTD] emite QTD bytes por linha de saída --traditional aceita argumentos na forma tradicional -P, --portability usa o formato de saída POSIX --sync invoca "sync" antes de obter informações de uso -t, --type=TIPO limita a listagem a sistemas de arquivo de tipo TIPO -T, --print-type emite o tipo de sistema de arquivo -x, --exclude-type=TIPO limita a listagem a sistemas de arquivo que não sejam do tipo TIPO -v (sem efeito) -S ordena por tamanho de arquivo --sort=PALAVRA ordena por PALAVRA em vez de pelo nome: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v (nenhum, extensão, tamanho, hora, versão) --time=PALAVRA com -l, mostra a hora como PALAVRA em vez do horário de modificação: atime -u, access -u, use -u: último acesso, ctime -c, status -c: última modificação; usa o horário especificado como chave de ordenação se --sort=time -S ARQUIVO ARQUIVO existe e é um soquete -t FD o descritor de arquivo FD está aberto em um terminal -u ARQUIVO ARQUIVO existe e tem definido o bit de set-user-ID -w ARQUIVO ARQUIVO existe e tem permissão de escrita -x ARQUIVO ARQUIVO existe e tem permissão de execução (ou busca) -S, --suffix=SUFIXO redefine o sufixo normal de cópia de segurança -t, --target-directory=DIRETÓRIO especifica o DIRETÓRIO onde criar as ligações -T, --no-target-directory trata NOME_LIGAÇÃO como arquivo normal -v, --verbose emite o nome de cada arquivo ligado -T, -w, --mesg adiciona o estado de mensagem do usuário como +, - ou ? -u, --users lista os usuários conectados --message o mesmo que -T --writable o mesmo que -T -W, --word-regexp=EXPREG usa EXPREG para buscar cada palavra-chave -b, --break-file=ARQUIVO caracteres de quebra de palavra neste ARQUIVO -f, --ignore-case muda para maiúsculas para ordenar -g, --gap-size=NÚMERO tamanho do espaçamento nas colunas entre os campos de saída -i, --ignore-file=ARQUIVO lê a lista de palavras ignoradas do ARQUIVO -o, --only-file=ARQUIVO lê somente a lista de palavras deste ARQUIVO -Z, --context=CTX define o contexto de segurança SELinux de NOME como CTX -Z, --context=CTX define o contexto de segurança SELinux de cada NOME como CTX -a, --across imprime as colunas transversalmente ao invés de verticalmente; usada junto com -COLUNA -c, --show-control-chars usa a notação de circunflexo (^G) e de octal com barra invertida -d, --double-space espaço duplo na saída -a, --all escreve as contagens para todos os arquivos, e não apenas para diretórios --apparent-size emite os tamanhos aparentes, em vez do uso em disco; embora o tamanho aparente seja normalmente menor, ele pode ser maior devido a buracos nos arquivos esparsos, fragmentação interna, blocos indiretos e outros afins -a, --all converte todos os espaços brancos, não só os iniciais --first-only converte somente a seqüência inicial de espaços brancos (cancela -a) -t, --tabs=NÚMERO usa NÚMERO espaços em cada tabulação, em vez de 8 (habilita -a) -t, --tabs=LISTA usa a LISTA (separadas por vírgulas) de posições de tabulação (habilita -a) -a, --suffix-length=N usa sufixos de comprimento N (padrão: %d) -b, --bytes=BYTES escreve BYTES bytes em cada arquivo de saída -C, --line-bytes=BYTES escreve no máximo BYTES bytes por arquivo de saída -d, --numeric-suffixes usa sufixos numéricos em vez de alfabéticos -l, --lines=NÚMERO escreve NÚMERO linhas em cada arquivo de saída -b, --before coloca o separador antes de cada linha, em vez de colocar depois -r, --regex interpreta o separador como uma expressão regular -s, --separator=TEXTO usa TEXTO como separador, em vez do caractere de "nova-linha" -b, --binary lê em modo binário -b, --binary lê em modo binário (padrão se não for ler da entrada padrão do tty) -b, --body-numbering=ESTILO usa ESTILO para numeração das linhas do corpo do arquivo -d, --section-delimiter=CC usa CC para separação de páginas lógicas -f, --footer-numbering=ESTILO usa ESTILO para numeração das linhas de rodapé -b, --bytes conta os bytes em vez de as colunas -s, --spaces quebra com espaços -w, --width=LARGURA usa LARGURA colunas em vez de 80 -b, --bytes=LISTA seleciona apenas estes bytes -c, --characters=LISTA seleciona apenas estes caracteres -d, --delimiter=DELIM usa DELIM em vez de TAB como delimitador de campo -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignora espaços-brancos iniciais -d, --dictionary-order considera apenas espaços-brancos e caracteres alfanuméricos -f, --ignore-case ignora diferença entre maiúsculas e minúsculas -b, --suffix-format=FORMATO usa como sufixo o FORMATO de sprintf em vez de %02d -f, --prefix=PREFIXO usa PREFIXO em vez de "xx" -k, --keep-files não remove arquivo de saída mesmo caso haja erros -c, --check lê as somas %s dos ARQUIVOs e as confere -c, --count prefixa as linhas com a quantidade de ocorrências -d, --repeated só emite as linhas duplicadas (um exemplar de cada) -c, --crown-margin mantém o recuo nas duas primeiras linhas -p, --prefix=TEXTO reformata somente as linhas que comecem com TEXTO, reanexando o prefixo às linhas reformatadas -s, --split-only divide as linhas longas, mas não liga à próxima -d, --delimiters=LISTA reutiliza caracteres da LISTA em vez de tabulações -s, --serial cola um arquivo por vez em de todos em paralelo -e habilita a interpretação de escape por barra invertida (padrão) -E desabilita a interpretação de escape por barra invertida -f não ordena, habilita -aU, desabilita -ls --color -F, --classify anexa indicador (um dos */=>@|) às entradas --file-type similar, exceto que não anexa "*" --format=PALAVRA "across" (-x), "commas" (-m), "horizontal" (-x), "long" (-l), "single-column" (-1), "verbose" (-l), "vertical" (-C) --full-time o mesmo que -l --time-style=full-iso -f omite a linha de cabeçalho das colunas em formatação curta -w omite o nome completo de usuário em formatação curta -i omite o nome completo de usuário e a máquina remota em formatação curta -q omite o nome completo de usuário, a máquina remota e o tempo ocioso em formatação curta -f o mesmo que -t fF, seleciona números reais (ponto flutuante) -i o mesmo que -t dI, seleciona inteiros na base decimal -l o mesmo que -t dL, seleciona inteiros longos na base decimal -o o mesmo que -t o2, seleciona números em octal de 2 bytes -s o mesmo que -t d2, seleciona números em decimal de 2 bytes -x o mesmo que -t x2, seleciona números em hexadecimal de 2 bytes -f ARQUIVO ARQUIVO existe e é um arquivo comum -g ARQUIVO ARQUIVO existe e é set-group-ID (ajusta ID de grupo na execução) -G ARQUIVO ARQUIVO existe e tem como dono uma ID de grupo efetivo -h ARQUIVO ARQUIVO existe e é uma ligação simbólica (o mesmo que -L) -k ARQUIVO ARQUIVO existe e tem definido o bit de aderência ("sticky") -f, --canonicalize coloca na forma canônica interpretando toda ligação simbólica em cada componente do nome fornecido recursivamente; todos, exceto o último componente, devem existir -e, --canonicalize-existing coloca na forma canônica interpretando toda ligação simbólica em cada componente do nome fornecido recursivamente; todos os componentes devem existir -f, --fields=LISTA seleciona somente estes campos; também emite qualquer linha que não contenha o caractere delimitador, a menos que a opção -s esteja especificada -n (sem efeito) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] emite os dados anexados ao arquivo à medida que ele cresce; -f, --follow e --follow=descriptor são opções equivalentes -F o mesmo que --follow=name --retry -f, --silent, --quiet suprime a maioria das mensagens de erro -v, --verbose mostra um diagnóstico para cada arquivo processado --reference=ARQREF usa o mesmo modo do arquivo ARQREF em vez dos valores MODO -R, --recursive altera arquivos e diretórios recursivamente -f, --silent, --quiet suprime a maioria das mensagens de erro --reference=ARQR usa o grupo do arquivo ARQR em vez de especificar um valor para GRUPO -R, --recursive muda arquivos e diretórios recursivamente -v, --verbose mostra um diagnóstico para cada arquivo processado -f, --silent, --quiet suprime a marioria das mensagens de erro --reference=ARQREF usa dono e grupo do arquivo ARQREF em vez de especificar os valores de DONO:GRUPO -R, --recursive muda arquivos e diretórios recursivamente -v, --verbose mostra um diagnóstico para cada arquivo processado -g o mesmo que -l, mas não lista o dono -g GID[,GID1...] também define a ID primária de grupo para GID e, se se especificadas, as IDs suplementares para GID1, ... -h, --no-dereference afeta cada ligação simbólica em vez do arquivo por ela referenciado (útil somente em sistemas que permitem mudar o dono de uma ligação simbólica) -i, --ignore-case ignora maiúsculas/minúsculas ao comparar campos -j CAMPO equivalente a "-1 CAMPO -2 CAMPO" -o FORMATO obedece ao FORMATO enquanto constrói a linha de saída -t CARACTERE usa CARACTERE como separador de campo de entrada e saída -i, --initial não converte TABs após caracteres não-brancos -t, --tabs=NÚMERO as tabulações têm largura de NÚMERO caracteres, e não 8 -i, --inodes lista informações do inode, em vez de uso de bloco -k o mesmo que --block-size=1K -l, --local limita a listagem a sistemas locais de arquivo --no-sync não invocar "sync" ao obter informações de uso (padrão) -k o mesmo que --block-size=1K -l, --count-links contabiliza tamanhos mais vezes se for uma ligação absoluta -m o mesmo que --block-size=1M -l usa o formato de lista longa -L, --dereference quando mostrar informações de uma ligação simbólica, mostra as do arquivo a quem ela referencia, e não do arquivo tipo ligação em si -m preenche toda a largura com uma lista de entradas separadas por vírgula -l, --link liga arquivos em vez de copiar -L, --dereference sempre segue ligações simbólicas em ORIGEM -l, --login emite os processo de acesso ("login") do sistema -m, --canonicalize-missing coloca na forma canônica interpretando toda ligação simbólica em cada componente do nome fornecido recursivamente, sem exigências quanto à existência dos componentes -n, --no-newline não emite nova-linha ao final da saída -q, --quiet, -s, --silent suprime a maioria das mensagens de erro -v, --verbose relata mensagens de erro -m, --mode=MODO define as permissões como MODO (como no chmod) em vez de a=rwx - umask -p, --parents não gera erro caso já exista, cria os diretórios pais à medida que forem necessários -v, --verbose emite uma mensagem para cada diretório criado -Z, --context=CTX define o contexto de segurança SELinux de cada diretório criado como CTX -n, --digits=DÍGITOS usa o número especificado de dígitos em vez de 2 -s, --quiet, --silent não emite o tamanho dos arquivos de saída -z, --elide-empty-files remove arquivos de saída vazios -n, --numeric-uid-gid como -l, mas lista usuário e grupo em números ID -N, --literal emite nomes de entradas de forma crua (não trata, por exemplo, caracteres de controle de forma especial) -o como -l, mas não lista informações sobre o grupo -p, --indicator-style=slash anexa o indicador / aos diretórios -o, --output=ARQUIVO escreve o resultado para ARQUIVO, e não para a saída padrão -s, --stable estabiliza a ordenação desabilitando a comparação da última esperança ("last-resort") -S, --buffer-size=TAM usa TAManho para o "buffer" de memória principal -q, --count os nomes e o total de todos os os usuários conectados -r, --runlevel emite o nível de execução ("runlevel") atual -s, --short emite apenas nome, linha e horário (o padrão) -t, --time emite a última modificação de relógio do sistema -q, --hide-control-chars emite ? em vez de caracteres não gráficos --show-control-chars emite caracteres não gráficos como são (padrão a menos que o programa seja o "ls" e a saída seja um terminal) -Q, --quote-name coloca os nomes das entradas entre aspas --quoting-style=PALAVRA usa estilo de citação PALAVRA para os nomes das entradas: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent nunca emitir cabeçalhos com os nomes dos arquivos -v, --verbose sempre emitir cabeçalhos com nomes dos arquivos -r, --reference=ARQUIVO mostra a hora da última modificação de ARQUIVO -R, --rfc-2822 emite a data e hora no formato da RFC 2822. Exemplo: Seg, 07 Ago 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=ARQ usa os horários deste arquivo, em vez do horário atual -t STAMP usa [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] em vez do horário atual --time=PALAVRA altera o horário especificado: PALAVRA é "access", "atime" ou "use": equivalente a -a PALAVRA é "modify" ou "mtime": equivalente a -m -r, --references primeiro campo de cada linha é uma referência -t, --typeset-mode - não implementado - -w, --width=NÚMERO a largura de saída em colunas, referências excluídas -s, --only-delimited não emite linhas que não contenham delimitadores --output-delimiter=TEXTO usa TEXTO como delimitador da saída o padrão é usar o delimitador de entrada -s, --signal=SINAL, -SINAL especifica o nome ou número do sinal a ser enviado -l, --list lista os nomes dos sinais, ou faz a conversão entre nomes de sinais e seus números (e vice-versa) -t, --table emite uma tabela de informações de sinais -s, --symbolic-link cria ligações simbólicas em vez de copiar -S, --suffix=SUFIXO redefine o sufixo de cópia de segurança -t --target-directory=DIR copia todos os argumentos ORIGEM para o diretório DIR -T, --no-target-directory trata DESTINO como um arquivo normal -t ordena pelo horário de modificação -T, --tabsize=COLS assume paradas de tabulação a cada COLS em vez de 8 -t equivalente a -vT -T, --show-tabs mostra os caracteres de tabulação como ^I -u (sem efeito) -v, --show-nonprinting utiliza a notação ^ e M-, exceto para LFD e TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP usa SEP em vez de transições de espaços não brancos para espaços-brancos -T, --temporary-directory=DIR usa DIR para temporários, e não $TMPDIR ou %s; multiplas opções especificam múltiplos diretórios -u, --unique com -c, verifica se a ordenação é estrita; sem -c, emite apenas a primeira linha de uma seqüência repetida -t, --tabs=LISTA usa lista de posições explícitas para tabulações, separadas por vírgula -t, --tagged-paragraph recuo da primeira linha diferente do da segunda -u, --uniform-spacing um espaço entre palavras, dois entre orações -w, --width=LARGURA a largura máxima da linha (o padrão é 75 colunas) -t, --target-directory=DIR move todos os argumentos ORIGEM para o diretório DIR -T, --no-target-directory trata DESTINO como um arquivo normal -u, --update move somente quando o arquivo de ORIGEM for mais novo do o de destino ou quando o arquivo de destino não existe -v, --verbose explica o que está sendo feito -t, --text lê em modo texto (padrão se lendo a entrada padrão do tty) -t, --text lê em modo texto (padrão) -u, --remove trunca e remove o arquivo depois de sobrescrever -v, --verbose mostra o progresso -x, --exact não arredonda o tamanho dos arquivos até o próximo bloco cheio. Isso é o padrão para arquivos não-comuns. -z, --zero faz uma última sobrescrita com zeros para ocultar formatação física -u, --update copia apenas se o arquivo ORIGEM for mais recente que o arquivo destino ou se este não existir -v, --verbose explica o que está sendo feito -x, --one-file-system permanece neste sistema de arquivos -u, --user=USUÁRIO define o usuário USUÁRIO no contexto de segurança alvo -r, --role=REGRA define a regra REGRA no contexto de segurança alvo -t, --type=TIPO define o tipo TIPO no contexto de segurança alvo -l, --range=FAIXA define a faixa FAIXA no contexto de segurança alvo -v, --kernel-version emite a data em que o Kernel foi criado -m, --machine emite o nome do hardware da máquina (arquitetura) -p, --processor emite o tipo do processador ou "unknown" (desconhecido) -i, --hardware-platform emite a plataforma de hardware ou "unknown" (desconhecido) -o, --operating-system emite o sistema operacional -w, --check-chars=N compara no máximo N caracteres por linha -w, --width=COLS assume a largura da tela como COLS -x lista as entradas por linha em vez de por coluna -X ordena por ordem alfabética das extensões das entradas -Z, --context emite qualquer contexto de segurança SELinux de cada arquivo -1 lista um arquivo por linha -z, --zero-terminated termina linhas com byte 0, e não com "nova-linha" [:graph:] todos os caracteres exibíveis, exceto espaços [:lower:] todas as letras minúsculas [:print:] todos os caracteres exibíveis, inclusive espaços [:punct:] todos os caracteres de pontuação [:space:] todos os espaços brancos na horizontal ou vertical [:upper:] todas as letras maiúsculas [:xdigit:] todos os dígitos hexadecimais [=CARAC=] todos os caracteres equivalentes a CARAC \v tabulação vertical CARAC1-CARAC2 todos os caracteres desde CARAC1 a CARAC2 em ordem crescente [CARAC*] no CONJUNTO2, cópias de CARAC até o comprimento do CONJUNTO1 [CARAC*REPETE] REPETE cópias de CARAC; REPETE em octal se começando com 0 [:alnum:] todas as letras e dígitos [:alpha:] todas as letras [:blank:] todos os espaços brancos na horizontal [:cntrl:] todos os caracteres de controle [:digit:] todos os dígitos ascii de EBCDIC para ASCII ebcdic de ASCII para EBCDIC ibm de ASCII para EBCDIC alternativo block preenche registros terminados por caractere de nova-linha com espaços até o tamanho ditado por cbs unblock substitui os espaços ao final dos registros de tamanho cbs por caractere de nova-linha lcase altera as maiúsculas para minúsculas binary usa E/S binária para dados d[TAM] decimal com sinal (inteiro), TAM bytes por número f[TAM] ponto flutuante (real), TAM bytes por número o[TAM] octal, TAM bytes por número u[TAM] decimal sem sinal (natural), TAM bytes por número x[TAM] hexadecimal, TAM bytes por número direct usa E/S direta para dados dsync usa E/S sincronizada para dados noatime não atualiza o horário de acesso nocreat não cria o arquivo de saída excl falha se o arquivo de saída já existir notrunc não trunca o arquivo de saída ucase altera as minúsculas para maiúsculas swab troca cada par de bytes de entrada noctty não designa o terminal de controle do arquivo noerror continua mesmo após erros de leitura sync preenche cada bloco de entrada com NULOs até o tamanho ibs; se usado com block ou unblock, preenche com espaços em vez de NULOs fdatasync escreve fisicamente os dados do arquivo de saída antes de concluir fsync similar, mas também escreve metadados nofollow não segue ligações simbólicas nolinks falha se ligado múltiplas vezes nonblock usa E/S não-bloqueante none, off nunca faz cópias de segurança (mesmo se --backup for especificado) numbered, t faz cópias de segurança numeradas existing, nil numeradas se já existirem cópias de segurança numeradas, simples em caso contrário simple, never sempre faz cópias de segurança simples sync similar, mas também para metadados text usa E/S textual para dados %4s-blocos Usad Dispon. Uso%% %s-blocos Usad Dispon. Capacidade (cópia de segurança: %s) * [-]ctlecho ecoa os caracteres de controle em notação de circunflexo ("^c") [-]echo ecoa caracteres de entrada * [-]echoctl o mesmo que [-]ctlecho [-]echoe o mesmo que [-]crterase [-]echok ecoa uma nova-linha depois de um caractere de "kill" * [-]echoke o mesmo que [-]crtkill [-]echonl ecoa uma nova-linha mesmo se não estiver ecoando os demais caracteres * [-]echoprt ecoa os caracteres apagados pra trás entre "\" e "/" [-]icanon habilita os caracteres especiais de erase (apagar), kill (matar), werase (apagar palavra) e rprnt [-]iexten habilita caracteres especiais não-POSIX * [-]iuclc traduz caracteres em maiúsculas para em minúsculas * [-]ixany permite qualquer caractere reiniciar a saída, e não apenas o caractere de início [-]ixoff habilita o envio de caracteres de início e parada [-]ixon habilita o controle de fluxo XON/XOFF [-]parmrk marca os erros de paridade (com uma seqüência 255-0-caractere) [-]tandem o mesmo que [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 assume que os caracteres de entrada estão na codificação UTF-8 * [-]ocrnl traduz retorno de carro para nova-linha * [-]ofdel usa caracteres de "delete" para preencher em vez de nulo * [-]ofill usa caractere de preenchimento em vez de esperar por atrasos * [-]olcuc traduz minúsculas para maiúsculas * [-]onlcr traduz nova-linha para retorno de carro-nova-linha * [-]onlret nova-linha provoca um retorno de carro * [-]onocr não emite retorno de carro na primeira coluna [-]opost realiza pós-processamento da saída * tabN estilo do atraso da tabulação horizontal, N em [0..3] * tabs o mesmo que tab0 * -tabs o mesmo que tab3 * vtN estilo do atraso da tabulação vertical, N em [0..1] * eol2 CARAC CARACtere alternativo para fim de linha erase CARAC CARAC apagará o último caractere digitado intr CARAC CARAC enviará um sinal de interrupção kill CARAC CARAC apagará a linha atual * lnext CARAC CARAC deixará o próximo caractere entre aspas quit CARAC CARAC enviará um sinal de sair ("quit") * rprnt CARAC CARAC redesenhará a linha atual start CARAC CARAC reiniciará a saída depois de pará-la * rows N informa ao Kernel que o terminal tem N linhas * size emite o número de linhas e colunas conforme o Kernel speed emite a velocidade do terminal time N com -icanon, define o tempo limite de leitura para N décimos de segundo Montado em TTY grupos= antigo na repetição %s % 1% de memória, b 1, k 1024 (padrão), e assim por diante com M, G, T, P, E, Z e Y. Se ARQUIVO não for especificado ou for -, lê a entrada padrão. *** ATENÇÃO *** A localidade especificada no ambiente afeta a ordem de classificação. Defina LC_ALL=C para obter a ordenação tradicional que usa valores nativos de bytes. %.*s: especificação inválida de conversão%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu usuário%lu usuários%s%s (para expressão regular %s)%s -> %s (cópia de segurança restaurada) %s [-d] terminado anormalmente%s e %s são o mesmo arquivo%s existe, mas não é um diretório%s apareceu; monitorando o fim do novo arquivo%s se tornou acessível%s se tornou inacessível%s foi substituido por um arquivo que não pode ter seu fim monitorado; desistindo desse nome%s foi substituido; monitorando o fim do novo arquivo%s tem um tipo desconhecido de arquivo%s não é um inteiro positivo válido%s é muito grande%s%s: argumento "%s" muito grande%s: %s é tão grande que não pode ser representado%s: %s: número de linha fora dos limites%s: %s: ocorrência não encontrada%s: %s:%s: desordenado: %s: FALHOU na abertura ou na leitura %s: Usuário inexistente%s: exige-se uma "}" depois do número de repetições%s: era esperado um operador binário%s: só é possível fazer ligações simbólicas relativas no diretório atual%s: não foi possível alterar o modo não-bloqueante%s: não foi possível encontrar o nome para a ID de usuário %lu %s: é impossivel monitorar o final deste arquivo; desistindo desse nome%s: não foi possível fazer "lseek" para a posição original%s: é impossível sobrescrever diretórios%s: não foi possível voltar ao início%s: não foi possível buscar ("seek")%s: não foi possível buscar ("seek") pela posição relativa ao fim %s%s: não foi possível ir à posição %s%s: não foi possível buscar ("seek") pela posição relativa %s%s: é impossível formatar fisicamente um descritor de arquivo "apenas-anexa" ("append-only")%s: falta o delimitador de fechamento "%c"%s: não foi possível reiniciar modo não-bloqueante%s: entrar no diretório %s? %s: entrar no diretório protegido contra escrita %s? %s: fim de arquivo%s: o operador de equivalência de classe deve ser um único caractere%s: erro ao truncar%s: erro escrevendo na posição %s%s: era esperado um valor numérico%s: falhou em fechar%s: falhou em abrir para escrita%s: falhou em remover%s: "fcntl" falhou%s: "fdatasync" falhou%s: arquivo tem tamanho negativo%s: arquivo pequeno demais%s: arquivo muito grande%s: arquivo muito grande%s: arquivo truncado%s: "fstat" falhou%s: "fsync" falhou%s: não são permitidas ligações absolutas para diretórios%s: a entrada contém um ciclo:%s: a entrada contém um número ímpar de termos%s: os arquivos de entrada e de saída são os mesmos%s: espera-se um número inteiro depois do delimitador%s: PID inválido%s: contagem inválida no início de %s%s: diretiva inválida%s: especificação inválida de campo %s%s: tamanho inválido de arquivo%s: tipo inválido de arquivo%s: número inválido para máximo de estados inalterados entre aberturas do arquivo%s: número inválido%s: número inválido de bytes%s: número inválido de linhas%s: número inválido de passagens%s: número inválido de segundos%s: padrão inválido%s: id inválida de processo%s: expressão regular inválida: %s%s: sinal inválido%s: comprimento inválido de sufixo%s: o número de linha deve ser maior que zero%s: número de linha fora dos limites%s: "lseek" falhou%s: foram especificados múltiplos sinais%s: as novas permissões são %s, e não %s%s: foram encontradas linhas de soma de verificação %s com formatação imprópria%s: sem informação de tamanho para este dispositivo%s: não listando o diretório já listado%s: número de bytes é muito grande%s: sobrescrever %s? %s: passagem %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: passagem %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: passagem %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: erro de leitura%s: remover %s %s? %s: remover todos os argumentos recursivamente? %s: remover todos os argumentos? %s: remover %s %s protegido contra escrita? %s: removido%s: removendo%s: renomeado como %s%s: substituir %s? %s: busca ("seek") falhou%s: muitas linhas de soma de verificação%s: tentar sobrescrever %s, desobedecendo o modo %04lo (%s)? %s: incapaz de determinar o comprimento máximo de nome de arquivo%s: incapaz de realizar todas as operações solicitadas%s: era esperado um operador unário%s: valor não foi convertido totalmente%s: erro de escrita%s:%lu: linha inválida; falta o segundo termo%s:%lu: palavra chave desconhecida %s%s}: entre "{" e "}" deve se especificar um número inteiro"era esperado ")"era esperado ")", foi encontrado %s(C)* sistemas de arquivos que fazem cache em locais temporários, como os clientes de NFS versão 3. * sistemas de arquivos comprimidos * sistemas de arquivos em diário ou estruturado em registros, como os fornecidos com AIX e Solaris (e JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.) * sistemas de arquivos que escrevem dados redundantes e continuam mesmo se ocorrerem erros de escrita, tais como os baseados em RAID * sistemas de arquivo que fazem "snapshots", tal como o servidor Network Appliance's NFS , carga média: %.2f, %g s, %s/s --context (-Z) só funciona em Kernel habilitado com SELinux-R --dereference exige -H ou -L-R -h exige -P-ef não aceita -l-nt não aceita -l-ot não aceita -l??? Não há suporte para família de endereços para nome de máquinaTodos os argumentos para opções longas são obrigatórias para opções curtas. Todas as requisições foram realizadasMemória para argumentos muito pequenaArnold RobbinsValor inválido para ai_flagsCUIDADO: Note que shred confia em uma hipótese muito importante: que o sistema de arquivos sobrescreve os dados no lugar. Esta é a maneira tradicional de se fazer, mas projetos modernos de sistemas de arquivos não satisfazem essa hipótese. Os exemplos a seguir são de sistemas de arquivos aos quais shred não faz efeito ou não tem eficácia garantida em todos os modos do sistema de arquivos: COMENTÁRIOChama a função link para criar uma ligação chamada ARQUIVO2 a um já existente ARQUIVO1. Chama a função unlink (desfazer ligação) para remover o ARQUIVO especificado. Altera as identificações de usuário e grupo efetivo do USUÁRIO. -, -l, --login torna o shell em um shell de acesso ("login") -c, --command=COMANDO passa um único COMANDO ao shell -f, --fast envia um -f ao shell (para csh ou tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment não reinicia as variáveis de ambiente -p o mesmo que -m -s, --shell=SHELL executa SHELL se /etc/shells o permitir Altera o grupo de cada ARQUIVO para GRUPO. Com --reference, altera o grupo de cada ARQUIVO para o mesmo do ARQUIVOREF. -c, --changes como --verbose, mas só avisa quando uma alteração for feita --dereference afeta o que for referenciado por cada ligação simbólica (isto é o padrão), em vez da ligação simbólica em si Altera o modo de cada ARQUIVO para MODO. -c, --changes como --verbose, mas só avisa quando uma alteração for feita Muda o dono e/ou grupo de cada ARQUIVO para DONO e/ou GRUPO. Com --reference, altera o dono e o grupo de cada ARQUIVO para os mesmos do ARQREF. -c, --changes como --verbose, mas só avisa quando uma alteração for feita --dereference afeta o que for referenciado por cada ligação simbólica (isto é o padrão), em vez da ligação simbólica em si Colin PlumbCompara os arquivos ordenados ARQUIVO1 e ARQUIVO2 linha por linha. Concatena ARQUIVO(s), ou a entrada padrão, para a saída padrão. -A, --show-all equivalente a -vET -b, --number-nonblank numera as linhas de saída que não forem em branco -e equivalente a -vE -E, --show-ends insere $ ao final de cada linha -n, --number numera todas as linhas de saída -s, --squeeze-blank suprime linhas em branco sucessivas, restando só uma Converte os espaços de cada ARQUIVO em tabulações, escrevendo na saída padrão. Sem ARQUIVO não for especificado ou for -, lê a entrada padrão. Converte tabulações de cada ARQUIVO em espaços e escreve o resultado na saída padrão. Se ARQUIVO não for especificado ou for -, lê a entrada padrão. Copia ORIGEM para DESTINO, ou múltiplas ORIGENs para DIRETÓRIO. Copia a entrada padrão para cada ARQUIVO, e também para a saída padrão. -a, --append anexa ao(s) ARQUIVO(s) fornecido(s) em vez de sobrescrever -i, --ignore-interrupts ignora os sinais de interrupção Cria arquivos de pipe ("named pipes" ou FIFOs) com os NOMEs fornecidos. Cria o(s) DIRETÓRIO(s), se eles já não existirem. Cria o arquivo especial NOME do TIPO fornecido. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDiretório: Mostra o estado do arquivo ou do sistema de arquivos. -L, --dereference segue as ligações -f, --file-system mostra o estado do sistema de arquivos, em vez de o estado do arquivo Mostra a hora atual no FORMATO fornecido, ou ajusta a data do sistema. -d, --date=TEXTO mostra a hora descrita no TEXTO, não a de "agora" -f, --file=ARQDATA como --date uma vez para cada linha de ARQDATA Dmitry V. LevinDescarta quaisquer grupos suplementares, assume a ID de usuário e de grupo do USUÁRIO especificado (ID numérica ou nome de usuário) e executa COMANDO com os ARGUMENTOs especificados. Sai com o estado 111 se for incapaz de assumir a ID de usuário e de grupo solicitada. Em caso contrário, sai com o estado de saída de COMANDO. Este programa só é útil quando executado pelo super-usuário (ID de usuário 0). SAÍDACada intervalo é uma das alternativas abaixo: N o eNésimo byte, caractere ou campo numerado a partir de 1 N- a partir do eNésimo byte, caractere ou campo até o final da linha N-M a partir do eNésimo ao eMésimo (inclusive) byte, caractere ou campo -M a partir do primeiro ao eMésimo (inclusive) byte, caractere ou campo Se ARQUIVO não for especificado ou for -, lê a entrada padrão. Ecoa o(s) TEXTO(s) para a saída padrão. -n não emitir o caractere de nova-linha do final do TEXTO Sai com um código de estado indicando sucesso.Sai com o estado determinado por EXPRESSÃO. François PinardFALHOUFIXME: desconhecidoFORMATO deve estar apropriado para mostrar um argumento do tipo "double" (real de precisão dupla); por padrão, é %.PRECf se PRIMEIRO, INCREMENTO e ÚLTIMO forem números decimais de ponto fixo com precisão máxima PREC, e é %g caso contrário. Fifos não têm números maior e menor de dispositivo.Sist. Arq. Sist. Arq. TipoPara cada par de linhas de entrada com campos de junção idênticos, escreve uma linha para a saída padrão. O campo padrão de junção é o primeiro, delimitado por um espaço branco. Quando ARQUIVO1 ou ARQUIVO2 (não ambos) for -, lê a entrada padrão. -a ARQUIVONUM emite linhas despareadas vindo do arquivo ARQUIVONUM, onde ARQUIVONUM é 1 ou 2 (correspondendo a ARQUIVO1 ou ARQUIVO2) -e VAZIO substitui os campos de entrada ausentes com VAZIO Força os blocos alterados para o disco, atualiza o super-bloco. H. Peter AnvinOCIOSOIan Lance TaylorOciosoAlém disso, cópias de segurança e espelhos remoto de sistema de arquivos podem conter cópias do arquivo que não são possíveis de serem removidos e que permitirá um arquivo formatado fisicamente ser recuperado mais tarde. Na vida real: No caso dos sistemas de arquivos ext3, o aviso acima aplica (e shred tem, assim, eficácia limitada) somente quando dados=modo journal, que diariza os dados de arquivos além dos metadados. Tanto quando dados=ordenados (padrão) e dados=modos de writeback, shred funciona normal. Modos de journaling do ext3 podem ser alterados adicionando a opção data=algum modo às opções de montagem para um sistema de arquivos em particular no arquivo /etc/fstab como documentado no manual de mount (man mount). Banda infinitaInterrompido por um sinalRetro-referência inválidaNome inválido de categoria de caracteresCaractere inválido de colagemConteúdo inválido de \{\}Expressão regular precedente é inválidaFim inválido de intervaloExpressão regular inválidaJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfLINHALista informações sobre os ARQUIVOs (no diretório atual por padrão). Lista as entradas em ordem alfabética se não for usada nenhuma opção -cftuvSUX nem --sort. UsuárioNome de usuário: Argumentos obrigatórios para opções longas também o são para opções curtas. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnFalha na alocação de memóriaMemória esgotadaMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNOMENomeNome ou serviço desconhecidoNenhum endereço associado ao nome de máquinaNenhuma ocorrência do padrãoNenhuma expressão regular anteriorFalha irrecuperável na resolução de nomeSUCESSOSomente um conjunto pode ser fornecido ao remover sem omitir repetições.Opções de ordenação: Emite um índice permutado, incluindo o contexto, das palavras dos arquivos de entrada. Emite comandos de saída para definir a variável de ambiente LS_COLORS. Para determinar o formato da saída: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell emite o código para definir LS_COLORS em formato conhecido pelo Bourne shell -c, --csh, --c-shell emite o código para definir LS_COLORS em formato conhecido pelo C shell -p, --print-data-base emite os códigos padrão Divide ENTRADA em pedaços de tamanho fixo para PREFIXOaa, PREFIXOab, ...; o tamanho padrão é 1000 linhas, e o padrão para PREFIXO é "x". Se ENTRADA não for especificada ou for -, lê a entrada padrão. Emite pedaços do ARQUIVO separado pelo PADRÃO(ões) para os arquivos "xx00", "xx01", ..., e emite o total de bytes de cada pedaço na saída padrão. Emite quem está atualmente conectado de acordo com ARQUIVO. Se ARQUIVO não for especificado, usa-se %s. É costume usar %s como ARQUIVO. Sobrescreve o(s) ARQUIVO(s) especificado(s) repetidamente, para dificultar tentativas de recuperação dos dados mesmo através dos maquinários mais caros. Esse procedimento também é chamado de formatação física. PIDDispõe o(s) ARQUIVO(s) em páginas ou colunas para impressão. Texto do parâmetro codificado incorretamenteSenha:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlanos: Fim prematuro da expressão regularEmite ARGUMENTO(s) conforme FORMATO, ou executa conforme OPÇÃO: Exibe a soma de verificação CRC e o total de bytes de cada ARQUIVO. Mostra o NOME sem quaisquer componentes iniciais de diretório. Se for especificado, remove também o SUFIXO final. Emite NOME sem sua parte final /componente; se NOME não tiver "/", emite "." (o que significa o diretório atual). Mostra certas informações sobre o sistema. Sem fornecer OPÇÃO, fica implícito o uso de -s. -a, --all emite todas as informações, na ordem a seguir, exceto que omite -p e -i se desconhecidos: -s, --kernel-name emite o nome do Kernel do sistema operacional -n, --nodename emite o nome do nó da máquina na rede -r, --kernel-release emite a versão de liberação do Kernel Emite a arquitetura da máquina. Emite números de PRIMEIRO até ÚLTIMO, de INCREMENTO em INCREMENTO. -f, --format=FORMATO usa o FORMATO de ponto flutuante no estilo printf -s, --separator=TEXTO usa TEXTO para separar números (padrão: \n) -w, --equal-width equaliza a largura preenchendo com zeros à esquerda Mostra ou altera as características do terminal. -a, --all emite todas as características atuais de forma inteligível por humanos -g, --save emite todas as características atuais de forma inteligível pelo stty -F, --file=DISPOSIVO abre e usa o DISPOSItivo especificado em vez da entrada padrão Emite as partes selecionadas das linhas de cada ARQUIVO na saída padrão. Emite o nome de arquivo do terminal conectado à entrada padrão. -s, --silent, --quiet não emite nada, só retorna o estado de saída Emite as primeiras 10 linhas de cada ARQUIVO para saída padrão. Se especificados vários ARQUIVO(s), o nome de cada arquivo precede as linhas. Se ARQUIVO não for especificado ou for -, lê a entrada padrão. Emite o nome completo do diretório de trabalho atual. Mostra as %d últimas linhas de cada ARQUIVO na saída padrão. Se especificados vários ARQUIVOs, mostra o nome de cada um antes de suas respectivas linhas. Se ARQUIVO não for especificado ou for -, lê a entrada padrão. Emite o nome do usuário atual. Emite o nome do usuário associado à identificação de usuário efetivo (uid) atual.O mesmo que id -un. Processamento da requisição em andamentoProjeto: Q. Frank XiaRandy SmithExpressão regular grande demaisRemove (desvincula) o(s) ARQUIVO(s). -f, --force ignora arquivos inexistentes, nunca questionar -i questiona antes de cada remoção Renomeia ORIGEM para DESTINO ou move ORIGEM(ns) para DIRETÓRIO. Emite repetidamente uma linha com todos os TEXTOs especificados ou "y". Requisição canceladaRequisição não canceladaRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonExecuta COMANDO com um valor de nice ajustado, que afeta o escalonamento do processo. Sem COMANDO, emite o valor atual do nice. A faixa de valores do nice vai de %d (mais favorável ao escalonamento) ao %d (menos favorável). -n, --adjustment=N adiciona o número inteiro N ao valor de nice (o padrão é 10) Executa COMANDO com o diretório raiz modificado para NOVORAIZ. Executa COMANDO, ignorando os sinais de desligar. Executa um programa em um contexto de segurança diferente. Sem CONTEXTO nem COMANDO, emite o contexto de segurança atual. CONTEXTO o contexto de segurança completo -c, --compute computa o contexto de transição de processo antes de modificar -t, --type=TIPO tipo (para mesma regra como parente) -u, --user=USUÁRIO identidade do usuário -r, --role=REGRA regra -l, --range=FAIXA faixa de nível Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerEnvia sinais a processos ou lista os sinais. ai_socktype não tem suporte a nome de serviçoDefina LC_ALL='C' para contornar o problema.Shell: Mostra informações sobre os sistemas de arquivo nos quais cada ARQUIVO reside ou, por padrão, sobre todos os sistemas de arquivos. Simon JosefssonArquivos especiais exigem os números maior e menor do dispositivo.Stuart KempSucessoResume o uso do disco de cada ARQUIVO, recursivamente para diretórios. Erro de sistemaHORÁRIOFalha temporária na resolução de nomeOs seguintes sinalizadores opcionais podem ser usados após "%": - (hífen) não preenche o campo _ (sublinha) preenche com espaços 0 (zero) preenche com zeros ^ usa maiúsculas se possível # inverte maiúsculas com minúsculas (e vice-versa) se possível As seguintes opções modificam como uma hierarquia é percorrida quando a opção -R é também especificada. Se mais de uma destas forem especificadas, somente a última faz efeito. -H se um argumento da linha de comando for uma ligação simbólica para diretório, percorra-o -L percorra cada ligação simbólica para diretório encontrada -P não percorra ligações simbólicas (padrão) Os textos comparados foram %s e %s.Torbjorn GranlundBarra invertida excedente ao finalExperimente "%s --help" para mais informações. Experimente "%s ./%s" para remover o arquivo %s. Dois conjuntos devem ser fornecidos quando traduzindo.Ulrich DrepperErro desconhecidoErro desconhecido de sistema( ou \( sem correspondente) ou \) sem correspondente[ ou [^ sem correspondente\{ sem correspondenteUso: %s COMANDO [ARGUMENTO]... ou: %s OPÇÃO Uso: %s CONTEXTO COMANDO [args] ou: %s [ -c ] [-u USUÁRIO] [-r REGRA] [-t TIPO] [-l FAIXA] COMANDO [args] Uso: %s EXPRESSÃO ou: %s OPÇÃO Uso: %s ARQUIVO ou: %s OPÇÃO Uso: %s ARQUIVO1 ARQUIVO2 ou: %s OPÇÃO Uso: %s FORMATO [ARGUMENTO]... ou: %s OPÇÃO Uso: %s NOME ou: %s OPÇÃO Uso: %s NOME [SUFIXO] ou: %s OPÇÃO Uso: %s NÚMERO[SUFIXO]... ou: %s OPÇÃO Suspende por NÚMERO segundos. SUFIXO pode ser "s" para indicar segundos, "m" para minutos, "h" para horas ou "d" para dias. Ao contrário de outras implementações que exigem que NÚMERO seja um inteiro, aqui NÚMERO pode ser um número de ponto flutuante. Sendo fornecidos dois ou mais argumentos, suspende pela quantidade de tempo obtida pela soma de seus valores. Uso: %s OPÇÃO... [ARQUIVO]... Uso: %s [-s SINAL | -SINAL] PID... ou: %s -l [SINAL]... ou: %s -t [SINAL]... Uso: %s [ARQUIVO]... ou: %s [OPÇÃO] Uso: %s [NOME] ou: %s OPÇÃO Mostra ou configura o nome da máquina do sistema atual. Uso: %s [NÚMERO]... ou: %s OPÇÃO Uso: %s [OPERANDO]... ou: %s OPÇÃO Uso: %s [OPÇÃO] Uso: %s [OPÇÃO] [COMANDO [ARG]...] Uso: %s [OPÇÃO] [ARQUIVO] Escreve uma lista totalmente ordenada coerente com uma ordenação parcial no ARQUIVO. Se ARQUIVO não for especificado ou for -, lê a entrada padrão. Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... CONTEXTO ARQUIVO... ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... [-u USUÁRIO] [-r REGRA] [-l FAIXA] [-t TIPO] ARQUIVO... ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... --reference=ARQUIVOREF ARQUIVO... Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... DIRETÓRIO... Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... ARQUIVO Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... ARQUIVO PADRÃO... Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... ARQUIVO... Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... ARQUIVO1 ARQUIVO2 Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... GRUPO ARQUIVO... ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... --reference=ARQUIVOREF ARQUIVO... Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... ÚLTIMO ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... PRIMEIRO ÚLTIMO ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... PRIMEIRO INCREMENTO ÚLTIMO Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... MODO[,MODO]... ARQUIVO... ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... MODO-OCTAL ARQUIVO... ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... --reference=ARQREF ARQUIVO... Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... NOME TIPO [MAIOR MENOR] Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... NOME... Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... CONJUNTO1 [CONJUNTO2] Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... [ ARQUIVO | ARG1 ARG2 ] Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... [+FORMATO] ou: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... [-T] ORIGEM DESTINO ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... ORIGEM... DIRETÓRIO ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... -t DIRETÓRIO ORIGEM... Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... [-T] ORIGEM DESTINO ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... ORIGEM... DIRETÓRIO ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... -t DIRETÓRIO ORIGEM... ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... -d DIRETÓRIO... Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... [-T] ALVO NOME_LIGAÇÃO (1ª forma) ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... ALVO (2ª forma) ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... ALVO... DIRETÓRIO (3ª forma) ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... -t DIRETÓRIO ALVO... (4ª forma) Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... [-] [NOME=VALOR]... [COMANDO [ARGUMENTO]...] Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... [-] [USUÁRIO [ARGUMENTO]...] Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... [ARQUIVO] Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... [ARQUIVO] ou: %s -e [OPÇÃO]... [ARGUMENTO]... ou: %s -i MENOR-MAIOR [OPÇÃO]... Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... [ARQUIVO]... Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... [ARQUIVO]... ou: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [ARQUIVO] [[+]DESLOCAMENTO[.][b]] ou: %s --traditional [OPÇÃO]... [ARQUIVO] [[+]DESLOCAMENTO[.][b] [+][RÓTULO][.][b]] Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... [ARQUIVO]... ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... --files0-from=A Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... [ENTRADA [SAÍDA]] Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... [ENTRADA]... (sem a opção -G) ou: %s -G [OPÇÃO]... [ENTRADA [SAÍDA]] Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... [DONO][:[GRUPO]] ARQUIVO... ou: %s [OPÇÃO]... --reference=ARQREF ARQUIVO... Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... [MODELO] Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... [NOMEDOUSUÁRIO] Uso: %s [OPÇÃO]... [USUÁRIO]... Uso: %s [TEXTO]... ou: %s OPÇÃO Uso: %s [argumentos da linha de comando ignorados] ou: %s OPÇÃO Uso: test EXPRESSÃO ou: test ou: [ EXPRESSÃ0 ] ou: [ ] ou: [ OPÇÃO Os argumentos válidos são:Seqüências válidas de formatação para sistemas de arquivos: %a Blocos livres disponíveis usuário comum (não super-usuário) %b Total de blocos de dados no sistema de arquivos %c Total de nós de arquivo no sistema de arquivos %d Nós de arquivo livres no sistema de arquivos %f Blocos livres no sistema de arquivos %C Texto de contexto de segurança SELinux AVISO: Estrutura circular de diretórios. Isso quase sempre significa que o sistema de arquivos está corrompido. NOTIFIQUE O ADMINISTRADOR DO SISTEMA. Os diretórios a seguir fazem parte do ciclo: %s Aviso: QuandoOndeQuebra as linhas de entradas de cada ARQUIVO (em caso omisso, entrada padrão), escrevendo na saída padrão. Escreve uma permutação aleatória das linhas de entrada para a saída padrão. Escreve cada ARQUIVO na saída padrão, começando pela última linha. Se ARQUIVO não for especificado ou for -, lê a entrada padrão. Escreve cada ARQUIVO para a saída padrão junto com os números das linhas. Se ARQUIVO não é fornecido ou se for -, lê a entrada padrão. Escreve linhas constituídas das linhas seqüencialmente correspondentes de cada ARQUIVO, separaradas por tabulações, para a saída padrão. Se ARQUIVO não for especificado ou for -, lê a entrada padrão. Escreve de forma ordenada a concatenação do(s) ARQUIVO(s) na saída padrão. Escrito por %s e %s. Escrito por %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s e outros. Escrito por %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s e %s. Escrito por %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s e %s. Escrito por %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s e %s. Escrito por %s, %s, %s, %s, %s e %s. Escrito por %s, %s, %s, %s e %s. Escrito por %s, %s, %s e %s. Escrito por %s, %s e %s. Escrito por %s. as expressões [=c=] não podem aparecer em CONJUNTO2 ao traduzir^[nN]^[sS]""-%c" caracteres extras ou número inválido no argumento: %s"--pages=PRIMEIRA_PÁG[:ÚLTIMA_PÁG]" está com argumentos faltando"-N NÚMERO" número inválido de linha inicial: %s"-W TAMANHO_PÁG" número inválido de caracteres: %s"-l TAMANHO_PÁG" número inválido de linhas: %s"-o MARGEM" deslocamento (offset) inválido de linha: %s"-w TAMANHO_PÁG" número inválido de caracteres: %sum comando deve ser fornecido com um ajusteacessando %sNão há suporte para a ai_familynão há suporte a ai_socktype%s é um argumento ambíguo %sum delimitador de entrada só pode ser especificado quando se processa camposfazer cópia de segurança de %s destruiria o original; %s não foi copiadofazer cópia de segurança de %s destruiria o original; %s não foi movidotipo de cópia de segurançaarquivo especial de bloconão há suporte para arquivos especiais de blocoambos os arquivos não podem ser a entrada padrãodeslocamento de byte %s é muito grandenão pode aplicar o contexto parcial para o arquivo não-rotulado %sé impossível obter o contexto do processoimpossível acessar %snão foi possível fazer cópia de segurança de %sé impossível resumir e detalhar todas as entradas ao mesmo temponão foi possível mudar a posse de %sé impossível mudar as permissões de %snão foi possível mudar o diretório raiz para %snão foi possível mudar para diretório %snão foi possível ir para o diretório raizé impossível combinar as opções -e e -ié impossível qualquer combinação entre {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}é impossível combinar "block" com "unblock"é impossível combinar "excl" com "nocreat"é impossível combinar "lcase" com "ucase"é impossível combinar as opções MODO e --referenceé impossível combinar sinal com -l ou -tnão foi possível comparar os nomes de arquivo %s e %simpossível converter U+%04X para o conjunto local de caracteresimpossível converter U+%04X para o conjunto local de caracteres: %sé impossível copiar um diretório, %s, para si próprio, %sé impossível copiar ligação simbólica cíclica %sé impossível criar o diretório %snão foi possível criar fifo %snão foi possível criar ligação absoluta %s para %snão foi possível criar ligação %snão foi possível criar a ligação %s para %snão foi possível criar arquivo comum %snão foi possível criar arquivo especial %snão foi possível criar ligação simbólica %snão foi possível criar ligação simbólica %s para %snão foi possível obter o alvo referenciado por %snão foi possível determinar o dispositivo e o inode de %snão foi possível determinar o nome da máquinaé impossível executar a função "ioctl" em %snão foi possível encontrar o nome para a ID de grupo %lunão foi possível encontrar o nome para a ID de usuário %lué impossível monitorar %s pelo nomeé impossível forçar o contexto alvo para %s e preservá-lo ao mesmo temponão foi possível obter o estado de %snão foi possível saber o diretório atualnão foi possível obter o valor de nicenão foi possível obter o nome do sistemaimpossível fazer "lseek" em %sé impossível fazer ligações absolutas e simbólicas simultaneamentenão foi possível criar diretório %snão foi possível mover %s para %sé impossível mover %s para um subdiretório de si mesmo, %sé impossível mover diretório para não-diretório: %s -> %snão foi possível abrir %s para leituranão foi possível abrir %s para escritanão foi possível abrir o diretório %simpossível operar na ligação simbólica quebrada %sé impossível sobrescrever diretório %s com um não-diretórioé impossível sobrescrever o não-diretório %s com o diretório %simpossível formatar a saídaé impossível preservar o contexto de segurança sem um kernel habilitado com SELinuxé impossível a combinação de mais de uma opção do tipo "emite apenas"é impossível emitir apenas nomes ou ID reais no formato padrãoé impossível emitir o contexto de segurança quando usário é especificadoimpossível ler diretório %snão foi possível ler nomes de arquivos de %snão foi possível ler informações do sistema de arquivos para %snão foi possível ler relógio de tempo realnão foi possível ler ligação simbólica %snão foi possível ler a tabela dos sistemas de arquivo montadosnão foi possível remover %snão foi possível reposicionar ponteiro de arquivo para %snão foi possível ajustar datanão foi possível definir id de gruponão foi possível estabelecer ID de grupo para %lunão foi possível definir gruposé impossível alterar o nome da máquina; este sistema não dispõe dessa funcionalidadenão foi possível definir o nome como %snão foi possível ajustar o valor de nicenão foi possível alterar o horário de %snão foi possível definir id de usuárionão foi possível estabelecer ID de usuário para %lué impossível acessar além da entrada combinadaé impossível especificar horários de mais de uma fonteé impossível subdividir em mais de uma formaimpossível obter estado de %snão foi possível realizar "stat" no diretório atual (agora %s)não foi possível tocar %snão foi possível restaurar a cópia de segurança %snão foi possível remover %snão foi possível contornar o bug no kernelalterado o grupo de %s para %s alterado o dono de %s para %s alterando o grupo de %salterando o dono de %salterando permissões de %so deslocamento de caracteres é zerocaractere fora de faixaarquivo especial de caracterenão há suporte para arquivos especiais de caractereapagando as permissões para %smudança de relógioerro fechando arquivofechando %sfechando %s (fd=%d)fechando o diretório %sfechando arquivo de entrada %sfechando arquivo de saída %sfechando entrada padrãoconflito entre textos de substituição de campos vaziosforam fornecidos especificadores de contexto de segurança conflitantesnão pôde criar processo para %s -dnão pôde criar arquivo temporárionão pôde executar %snão pôde executar %s -dnão pôde encontrar a entrada de diretório em %s coincidente com o i-nodenão pôde obter a data de iniciação da máquinafoi criado o diretório %scriando o diretório %scriando arquivo %s criando ligação absoluta %scriando ligação absoluta %s => %scriando ligação absoluta para %.0s%scriando ligação simbólica %scriando ligação simbólica %s -> %sa lista de delimitadores termina com uma barra invertida não escapada: %sdiretóriodivisão por zeroerro na duplicação de descritor de arquivo ("dup2")arquivo com nome em brancotabulação vaziaerro ao fechar o arquivoerro na busca da expressão regularerro na busca da expressão regularerro lendo %serro escrevendo %ssaída=argumento extra %soperando extra %soperando extra %s operando extra %s não é permitido com -%cfalhou em alterar o contexto de %s para %sfalhou em alterar o grupo de %s para %s falhou em alterar o modo de %s para %04lo (%s) falhou em alterar a posse de %s falhou em alterar dono de %s para %s falhou em mudar para o diretório %sfalhou em computar o novo contextofalhou em criar o diretório via modelo %sfalhou em criar o arquivo via modelo %sfalhou em criar contexto de segurança: %sfalhou em obter os atributos de %sfalhou em obter o contexto atualfalhou em obter o contexto de criação do sistema de arquivosfalhou em obter os grupos do usuário para o processo atualfalhou em obter os grupos do usuário %sfalhou em obter contexto de segurança de %sfalhou em localizar o arquivo %sfalhou em abrir %sfalhou em preservar a autoria para %sfalhou em preservar o dono para %sfalhou em preservar permissões para %sfalhou em preservar horário para %sfalhou em redirecionar o erro padrãofalhou em remover %sfalhou em remover o diretório %sfalhou em restaurar o contexto padrão de criação de arquivofalhou em retornar ao diretório inicial de trabalhofalhou em definir componente %s do contexto de segurança para %sfalhou em definir o contexto padrão de criação de arquivo para %sfalhou em definir a nova faixa %sfalhou em definir a nova regra %sfalhou em definir o novo tipo %sfalhou em definir o novo usuário %sfalhou em estabelecer grupo(s) suplementar(es)falhou em ajustar a cópia de "stderr" para fechar no "exec"falhou em definir o contexto de segurança de %s para %sfalhou em obter o estado de %s"fdatasync" falhou para %serro liberando dados no arquivo ("fflush")o número de campo %s é muito grandeo número do campo é zerocampos e posições são numerados a partir do número 1fifosistema de arquivos de tipo %s selecionado e excluídoa chamada de sistema "fork" falhouo texto de formatação não pode ser especificado quando escrevendo textos de larguras iguais"fsync" falhou para %sfts_read falhougetpass: não foi possível abrir /dev/ttyobtendo novos atributos de %sgrupo de %s mantido como %s função iconv não disponívelfunção iconv não utilizávelid=ignorando todos os argumentosignorando entradaignorando entrada e anexando saída a %signorando entrada e redirecionando "stderr" para "stdout"ignorando tamanho inválido de tabulação na variável de ambiente TABSIZE: %signorando valor inválido da variável de ambiente QUOTING_STYLE: %signorando largura inválida na variável de ambiente COLUMNS: %signorando argumentos que não são opçõescampos de junção incompatíveis %lu, %lutabulações incompatíveissenha incorretaa entrada desapareceulinha de entrada é muito longafalhou ao mover entre dispositivos: %s para %s: impossível remover destinoargumento inválido para %s%s: "%s"ajuste inválido %sargumento inválido %s%s é um argumento inválido para %sestilo inválido de numeração do corpo: %slista inválida de bytes ou camposcaractere inválido "%c" no texto de tipo %sclasse inválida de caracteres %scontexto inválido: %sconversão inválidaespecificador de conversão no sufixo é inválido: %cespecificador de conversão no sufixo é inválido: \%.3odata inválida %sformato de data inválido %snão é válido um intervalo decrescentedispositivo inválido %s %stipo inválido de dispositivo %snúmero inválido de campo: %sespecificação inválida do campo: %slargura inválida de campo: %snúmero inválido de arquivo na especificação do campo: %sargumento inválido de ponto flutuante: %sestilo inválido de numeração de rodapé: %sprecisão inválida do formatolargura inválida do formatolargura inválida de espaçamento: %sgrupo inválidogrupo inválido %sgrupo inválido: %sestilo inválido de numeração de cabeçalho: %sentrada inválidasinalizador inválido de entradaintervalo inválido de entrada %snúmero inteiro inválido %sargumento inválido para inteiro %squantidade inválida de linhas %sdisciplina inválida de linha %slargura inválida de campo de numeração de linha: %sincremento inválido de número de linha: %sformato inválido de numeração de linha: %slargura inválida de linha: %snúmero maior de dispostivo é inválido %sprofundidade máxima inválida %snúmero menor de dispostivo é inválido %smodo inválidomodo inválido %smodo inválido: %snúmero inválido %snúmero inválido após ","número inválido após "-"número inválido após "."número inválido no início do camponúmero inválido de linhas vazias: %snúmero inválido de bytesquantidade inválida de bytes para compararquantidade inválida de bytes para ignoraro número de colunas não é válido: %squantidade inválida de campos para ignorarnúmero inválido de linhasnúmero inválido de linhas: 0opção inválida -- %copção inválida -- %c; -LARGURA é reconhecida somente quando é a primeira opção; use -w N no lugarbase numérica inválida de endereço de saída "%c"; deve ser um dos caracteres [doxn]sinalizador inválido de saídaprecisão inválida: %snão é valido um intervalo sem especificar limite: -número inválido de repetições %s na especificação [c*n]spec inválidonúmero inválido para linha inicial: %ssinalizador inválido de estadosufixo inválido no argumento para %s%s: "%s"tamanho inválido de tabulação: %smodelo inválido, %s; contém separador de diretóriomodelo inválido, %s; com --tmpdir, não pode usar caminho absolutointervalo inválido de tempo %sformato inválido de estilo de hora %sopção inválida -- %ctexto de tipo inválido %stexto de tipo inválido %s; este sistema não provê um tipo de ponto-flutuante com %lu-bytestexto de tipo inválido %s; este sistema não provê um tipo de inteiro com %lu-bytesnome inválido de caractere universal \%c%0*xusuário inválidousuário inválido %slargura inválida: %stamanho inválido para quebra: %sé inválido um nome de arquivo de comprimento nuloé perigoso operar recursivamente em %sé perigoso operar recursivamente em %s (o mesmo em %s)último=um componente do nome de arquivo começa com "-" %slimite de %lu excedido pelo comprimento de %lu do nome de arquivo %slimite de %lu excedido pelo comprimento de %lu do componente do nome de arquivo %sa opção de contagem de linha -%s%c... está muito grandenúmero de linha %s é menor do que o número de linha precedente, %sestouro do número de linhasmemória esgotadafila de mensagensas construções [:upper:] e/ou [:lower:] estão desalinhadasfalta especificador %% de conversão no sufixofalta "]"faltam argumentos depois de %sfaltando argumento para %snome de classe de caracteres faltando "[::]"falta especificador de conversão no sufixofalta o operando arquivo de destino após %scaractere de classe de equivalência faltando "[==]"falta o operando arquivofalta um número hexadecimal no escapefalta lista de camposfalta lista de posiçõesfalta operandofalta operando depois de %so modo deve especificar apenas os bits de permissão de arquivomodo de %s alterado para %04lo (%s) modo de %s mantido como %04lo (%s) tabulação multicaractere %sforam especificadas múltiplas opções -iforam especificadas múltiplas opções -l ou -tforam especificados múltiplos programas de compressãomúltiplas faixas de nívelforam especificados múltiplos arquivos de saídaforam especificados múltiplos formatos de saídaforam especificadas múltiplas fontes de aleatoriedademúltiplas regrasforam especificados múltiplos diretórios-alvomúltiplos tiposmúltiplos usuáriosligação simbólica %s e referência inalterados variável de ambiente SHELL não existente e não se especificou nenhum tipo de shell como argumentonão foi alterada a posse de %s nenhum comando foi especificadonenhum sistema de arquivo foi processadonenhum aquivo restantenenhum nome de usuárionenhuma ID de processo foi especificadanão se pode especificar um tipo ao despejar textosnenhum usuário especificado; pelo menos um deve ser fornecido ao usar -lcaractere não portável %s no nome de arquivo %snão é um ttynão se escreve através de uma ligação simbólica quebrada: %so número em %s é muito grandenúmero de bytesnúmero de linhasestouro de deslocamento enquanto lia o arquivo %somitindo o diretório %ssó um operador de repetição [c*] pode aparecer em CONJUNTO2somente um dispositivo pode ser especificadosomente um tipo de lista pode ser especificadoerro abrindo arquivoabrindo %sopção usada em um contexto inválido -- %cas opções "-%s" são incompatíveismantida a posse de %s dono de %s mantido como %s largura de página muito estreitapreservando permissões para %spreservando horário para %snão faz sentido emitir todas as linhas duplicadas e contagens de repetição simultaneamenteos extremos do intervalo em "%s-%s" estão em ordem inversa da seqüência de colagem ("collate")erro de leiturafalhou na leituralendo %slendo o diretório %sregistro muito grandearquivo comum vazioarquivo comumremovido %s removeu o diretório: %s removendo o diretório %snível de execuçãosemáforoo separador não pode ser nuloajustando sinalizadores para %sdefinindo permissões para %sconfigurando horário de %sobjeto de memória compartilhadabytes-a-pular + bytes-a-ler é um valor muito grandeignorando %s, já que está em um dispositivo diferenteignorando o arquivo %s; ele foi substituído durante a cópiasoqueteerro padrãoentrada padrãoa entrada padrão está fechadasaída padrãofalhou no "stat"caractere no lugar errado no campo speca comparação dos textos falhoua transformação do texto falhouo processo "strip" terminou anormalmentesuprimir as linhas não delimitadas só tem sentido quando se processa camposligação simbólicaerro de sintaxeo tamanho de tabulação não pode ser 0o tamanho de tabulação contém caractere(s) inválido(s): %sos tamanhos das tabulações devem ser ascendentesparada de tabulação é muito grande %so valor da parada de tabulação é muito grandeas tabulações estão muito longínquaso alvo %s não é um diretórionão é permitido --target-directory em instalação de diretóriotérm=test e/ou [as opções --binary e --text não fazem sentido ao conferir as somas de verificaçãoa opção --status só faz sentido ao conferir as somas de verificaçãoa opção --warn só faz sentido ao conferir as somas de verificaçãoas expressões [c*] só podem aparecer em CONJUNTO2 quando traduzindoo operador de repetição [c*] não pode aparecer em CONJUNTO1o delimitador deve ser um único caractereas opções para estilo de saída detalhado e inteligível ao stty são mutuamente exclusivasa opção para emitir a base de dados interna de dircolors e a para selecionar uma sintaxe de shell são mutuamente exclusivasas opções para exibir e alterar o horário não podem ser usadas juntasas opções que especificam datas para exibição são mutuamente exclusivasa opção --strip não pode ser usada em instalação de diretóriohora %s fora do intervalo permitidopara usar a ID do usuário %s, você precisa usar -g tambémpoucos Xs no modelo %smuitos especificadores %% de conversão no sufixomuitos caracteres no conjuntomuitas linhas repetidasmuitos modelostotalobjeto de memória tipificadaincapaz de registrar o diretório atual de trabalhoincapaz de definir o contexto de segurança %soperador binário desconhecidoID desconhecida do usuário: %so valor da variável de ambiente LS_COLORS não pode ser analisadooperando desconhecido %sprefixo desconhecido: %suse --no-preserve-root para contornar esta segurançausuário %s não existeusando shell restrito %sescrevendo em %s [-d]esperando por "strip"aviso: %s: caractere(s) após constante de caractere foi(foram) ignorado(s)aviso: %s: falhou em alterar o contexto para %saviso: não há suporte para--pid=PID neste sistemaaviso: --retry é mais usado quando monitorando pelo nomeaviso: PID ignorado; --pid=PID é útil somente quando monitorandoaviso: "touch %s" está obsoleto; use "touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d"aviso: não é portável ter uma barra invertida sem escape no final de um textoaviso: barra invertida no final da formataçãoaviso: não foi possível mudar para o diretório %saviso: não foi possível remover: %saviso: monitorar indefinidamente a entrada padrão não funcionaaviso: ignorando argumentos em excesso, começando com %saviso: deslocamento inválido de arquivo após falha de leituraaviso: largura %lu inválida; será usada %d em seu lugaratenção: o número de linha %s é igual ao número de linha anterioraviso: o arquivo de origem %s foi especificado mais de uma vezaviso: resumir conflita com --max-depth=%luaviso: resumir é o mesmo que usar --max-depth=0aviso: a seqüência de escape octal ambígua \%c%c%c está sendo interpretada como a seqüência de 2 bytes \0%c%c, %caviso: escape desconhecido "\%c"aviso: contornando o bug no kernel de "lseek" para arquivo (%s) de mt_type=0x%0lx -- veja para a lista de tiposarquivo estranhose não se está truncando CONJUNTO1, CONJUNTO2 não pode ser vaziaao ler nomes de arquivo da entrada padrão, não é permitido nenhum nome de arquivo ser %sao especificar um estilo de saída, não se pode definir um modoao traduzir com classes de caracteres complementares, CONJUNTO2 deve mapear todos os caracteres do domínio a um sóquando traduzindo, as únicas classes de caracteres que podem aparecer em CONJUNTO2 são "upper" e "lower"não copiará %s através da ligação simbólica recém-criada %snão criará ligação absoluta %s para o diretório %snão sobrescreverá o recém-criado %s com %scom --parents, o destino tem que ser um diretórioerro de gravaçãoerro ao escrever em %serro de escritaescrevendo %sescrevendo em %svocê deve especificar -c, -t, -u, -l, -r ou contextodeve-se especificar uma lista de bytes, caracteres ou camposPRIuMAX%+% records in %+% records out % truncated record % truncated records % byte (%s) copied% bytes (%s) copiedoffset too large: cannot truncate to a length of seek=% (%lu-byte) blocks%s: %: improperly formatted %s checksum lineWARNING: % of % listed file could not be readWARNING: % of % listed files could not be readWARNING: % of % computed checksum did NOT matchWARNING: % of % computed checksums did NOT matchstarting page number % exceeds page count %Page %%+% registros de entrada %+% registros de saída % registro truncado % registros truncados % byte (%s) copiado% bytes (%s) copiadosdeslocamento muito grande: é impossível truncar para um comprimento de busca=% (%lu-byte) blocos%s: %: linha de soma de verificação %s formatada de maneira imprópriaAVISO: % de % arquivo listado não pôde ser lidoAVISO: % dos % arquivos listados não pôde(puderam) ser lido(s)AVISO: % de % soma de verificação calculada NÃO coincideAVISO: % das % somas de verificação calculadas NÃO coincide(m)número da página inicial % ultrapassa o total de %Página 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EXPRESSION EXPRESSION is false EXPRESSION1 -a EXPRESSION2 both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true EXPRESSION1 -o EXPRESSION2 either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true --check-order check that the input is correctly sorted, even if all input lines are pairable --nocheck-order do not check that the input is correctly sorted -1 suppress column 1 (lines unique to FILE1) -2 suppress column 2 (lines unique to FILE2) -3 suppress column 3 (lines that appear in both files) -a, --all same as -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot time of last system boot -d, --dead print dead processes -H, --heading print line of column headings -b FILE FILE exists and is block special -c FILE FILE exists and is character special -d FILE FILE exists and is a directory -e FILE FILE exists -l produce long format output for the specified USERs -b omit the user's home directory and shell in long format -h omit the user's project file in long format -p omit the user's plan file in long format -s do short format output, this is the default -n STRING the length of STRING is nonzero STRING equivalent to -n STRING -z STRING the length of STRING is zero STRING1 = STRING2 the strings are equal STRING1 != STRING2 the strings are not equal ARG1 * ARG2 arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 is less than ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 is equal to ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 is unequal to ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2 FILE1 -ef FILE2 FILE1 and FILE2 have the same device and inode numbers FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2 FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 is older than FILE2 INTEGER copy up to but not including specified line number /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copy up to but not including a matching line %REGEXP%[OFFSET] skip to, but not including a matching line {INTEGER} repeat the previous pattern specified number of times {*} repeat the previous pattern as many times as possible A line OFFSET is a required `+' or `-' followed by a positive integer. INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING length of STRING a number all lines t number only nonempty lines n number no lines pBRE number only lines that contain a match for the basic regular expression, BRE FORMAT is one of: ln left justified, no leading zeros rn right justified, no leading zeros rz right justified, leading zeros b create a block (buffered) special file c, u create a character (unbuffered) special file p create a FIFO # users=%lu -t is implied if PAGE_LENGTH <= 10. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. A field is a run of blanks (usually spaces and/or TABs), then non-blank characters. Fields are skipped before chars. A lightweight `finger' program; print user information. The utmp file will be %s. A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment. A mere - implies -l. If USER not given, assume root. After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number; then an optional modifier, which is either E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available. An omitted EXPRESSION defaults to false. Otherwise, EXPRESSION is true or false and sets exit status. It is one of: As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. BLOCKS and BYTES may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Each CONV symbol may be: Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. Both MAJOR and MINOR must be specified when TYPE is b, c, or u, and they must be omitted when TYPE is p. If MAJOR or MINOR begins with 0x or 0X, it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal; otherwise, as decimal. TYPE may be: By default, rm does not remove directories. Use the --recursive (-r or -R) option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents. By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: By default, sparse SOURCE files are detected by a crude heuristic and the corresponding DEST file is made sparse as well. That is the behavior selected by --sparse=auto. Specify --sparse=always to create a sparse DEST file whenever the SOURCE file contains a long enough sequence of zero bytes. Use --sparse=never to inhibit creation of sparse files. When --reflink[=always] is specified, perform a lightweight copy, where the data blocks are copied only when modified. If this is not possible the copy fails, or if --reflink=auto is specified, fall back to a standard copy. Combination settings: * [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase cbreak same as -icanon -cbreak same as icanon Control settings: [-]clocal disable modem control signals [-]cread allow input to be received * [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8] DURATION is an integer with an optional suffix: `s' for seconds(the default), `m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. Display values are in units of the first available SIZE from --block-size, and the %s_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables. Otherwise, units default to 1024 bytes (or 512 if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set). Each FLAG symbol may be: append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc suggested) Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Examples: %s -12 file1 file2 Print only lines present in both file1 and file2. %s -3 file1 file2 Print lines in file1 not in file2, and vice versa. Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Output "stdio". Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Output ".". Examples: %s f - g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. %s Copy standard input to standard output. Examples: %s root /u Change the owner of /u to "root". %s root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to "staff". %s -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root". Examples: %s staff /u Change the group of /u to "staff". %s -hR staff /u Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff". Except for -h and -L, all FILE-related tests dereference symbolic links. Beware that parentheses need to be escaped (e.g., by backslashes) for shells. INTEGER may also be -l STRING, which evaluates to the length of STRING. Exit status is 0 if EXPRESSION is neither null nor 0, 1 if EXPRESSION is null or 0, 2 if EXPRESSION is syntactically invalid, and 3 if an error occurred. Exit status: 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory), 2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument). FORMAT controls the output as in C printf. Interpreted sequences are: \" double quote FORMAT controls the output. Interpreted sequences are: %% a literal % %a locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun) Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. If -e is in effect, the following sequences are recognized: If FILE is -, shred standard output. Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified. The default is not to remove the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda, and those files usually should not be removed. When operating on regular files, most people use the --remove option. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual. If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. If FIRST or INCREMENT is omitted, it defaults to 1. That is, an omitted INCREMENT defaults to 1 even when LAST is smaller than FIRST. FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are interpreted as floating point values. INCREMENT is usually positive if FIRST is smaller than LAST, and INCREMENT is usually negative if FIRST is greater than LAST. If MODE is `0' the corresponding stream will be unbuffered. If MODE is `L' the corresponding stream will be line buffered. This option is invalid with standard input. If a FILE is -, copy again to standard output. If first and second call formats both apply, the second format is assumed if the last operand begins with + or (if there are 2 operands) a digit. An OFFSET operand means -j OFFSET. LABEL is the pseudo-address at first byte printed, incremented when dump is progressing. For OFFSET and LABEL, a 0x or 0X prefix indicates hexadecimal; suffixes may be . for octal and b for multiply by 512. If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). If standard input is a terminal, redirect it from /dev/null. If standard output is a terminal, append output to `nohup.out' if possible, `$HOME/nohup.out' otherwise. If standard error is a terminal, redirect it to standard output. To save output to FILE, use `%s COMMAND > FILE'. If the command times out, then exit with status 124. Otherwise, exit with the status of COMMAND. If no signal is specified, send the TERM signal upon timeout. The TERM signal kills any process that does not block or catch that signal. For other processes, it may be necessary to use the KILL (9) signal, since this signal cannot be caught. If the first character of K (the number of bytes or lines) is a `+', print beginning with the Kth item from the start of each file, otherwise, print the last K items in the file. K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Input settings: [-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal [-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline [-]ignbrk ignore break characters [-]igncr ignore carriage return K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Local settings: [-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings * -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings NOTE: If COMMAND adjusts the buffering of its standard streams (`tee' does for e.g.) then that will override corresponding settings changed by `stdbuf'. Also some filters (like `dd' and `cat' etc.) don't use streams for I/O, and are thus unaffected by `stdbuf' settings. NOTE: [ honors the --help and --version options, but test does not. test treats each of those as it treats any other nonempty STRING. NOTE: your shell may have its own version of %s, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. Note that if you use rm to remove a file, it might be possible to recover some of its contents, given sufficient expertise and/or time. For greater assurance that the contents are truly unrecoverable, consider using shred. Note that the -d and -t options accept different time-date formats. Note that the -r and -s options are mutually exclusive. Note, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. Note: 'uniq' does not detect repeated lines unless they are adjacent. You may want to sort the input first, or use `sort -u' without `uniq'. Also, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available. Otherwise MODE is a number which may be followed by one of the following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. In this case the corresponding stream will be fully buffered with the buffer size set to MODE bytes. Output settings: * bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1] * crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3] * ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1] * nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1] Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed to login group if implied by a `:' following a symbolic OWNER. OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic. POS is F[.C][OPTS], where F is the field number and C the character position in the field; both are origin 1. If neither -t nor -b is in effect, characters in a field are counted from the beginning of the preceding whitespace. OPTS is one or more single-letter ordering options, which override global ordering options for that key. If no key is given, use the entire line as the key. SIZE may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 RADIX is d for decimal, o for octal, x for hexadecimal or n for none. BYTES is hexadecimal with 0x or 0X prefix, and may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Adding a z suffix to any type displays printable characters at the end of each output line. Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: Report %s bugs to %s Report bugs to: %s SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIGNAL may be a signal name like `HUP', or a signal number like `1', or the exit status of a process terminated by a signal. PID is an integer; if negative it identifies a process group. SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). SIZE may also be prefixed by one of the following modifying characters: `+' extend by, `-' reduce by, `<' at most, `>' at least, `/' round down to multiple of, `%' round up to multiple of. SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Sending a %s signal to a running `dd' process makes it print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s Options are: Special characters: * dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input) eol CHAR CHAR will end the line Special settings: N set the input and output speeds to N bauds * cols N tell the kernel that the terminal has N columns * columns N same as cols N TYPE is made up of one or more of these specifications: a named character, ignoring high-order bit c ASCII character or backslash escape The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: The data are encoded as described for the base64 alphabet in RFC 3548. When decoding, the input may contain newlines in addition to the bytes of the formal base64 alphabet. Use --ignore-garbage to attempt to recover from any other non-alphabet bytes in the encoded stream. The following three options are useful only when verifying checksums: --quiet don't print OK for each successfully verified file --status don't output anything, status code shows success -w, --warn warn about improperly formatted checksum lines The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. The valid format sequences for files (without --file-system): %a Access rights in octal %A Access rights in human readable form %b Number of blocks allocated (see %B) %B The size in bytes of each block reported by %b %C SELinux security context string This install program copies files (often just compiled) into destination locations you choose. If you want to download and install a ready-to-use package on a GNU/Linux system, you should instead be using a package manager like yum(1) or apt-get(1). In the first three forms, copy SOURCE to DEST or multiple SOURCE(s) to the existing DIRECTORY, while setting permission modes and owner/group. In the 4th form, create all components of the given DIRECTORY(ies). To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo', use one of these commands: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Traditional format specifications may be intermixed; they accumulate: -a same as -t a, select named characters, ignoring high-order bit -b same as -t o1, select octal bytes -c same as -t c, select ASCII characters or backslash escapes -d same as -t u2, select unsigned decimal 2-byte units Translation occurs if -d is not given and both SET1 and SET2 appear. -t may be used only when translating. SET2 is extended to length of SET1 by repeating its last character as necessary. Excess characters of SET2 are ignored. Only [:lower:] and [:upper:] are guaranteed to expand in ascending order; used in SET2 while translating, they may only be used in pairs to specify case conversion. -s uses SET1 if not translating nor deleting; else squeezing uses SET2 and occurs after translation or deletion. Unless -t CHAR is given, leading blanks separate fields and are ignored, else fields are separated by CHAR. Any FIELD is a field number counted from 1. FORMAT is one or more comma or blank separated specifications, each being `FILENUM.FIELD' or `0'. Default FORMAT outputs the join field, the remaining fields from FILE1, the remaining fields from FILE2, all separated by CHAR. Important: FILE1 and FILE2 must be sorted on the join fields. E.g., use ` sort -k 1b,1 ' if `join' has no options, or use ` join -t '' ' if `sort' has no options. Note, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. If the input is not sorted and some lines cannot be joined, a warning message will be given. Use one, and only one of -b, -c or -f. Each LIST is made up of one range, or many ranges separated by commas. Selected input is written in the same order that it is read, and is written exactly once. Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it. With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. With no options, produce three-column output. Column one contains lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2, and column three contains lines common to both files. Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. ??? --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -f, --force do not prompt before overwriting -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file If you specify more than one of -i, -f, -n, only the final one takes effect. --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories (note: will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the superuser) -f, --force remove existing destination files --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -c (ignored) -C, --compare compare each pair of source and destination files, and in some cases, do not modify the destination at all -d, --directory treat all arguments as directory names; create all components of the specified directories --batch-size=NMERGE merge at most NMERGE inputs at once; for more use temp files --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks. See SIZE format below -B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~ -c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime --complement complement the set of selected bytes, characters or fields --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -L, --max-line-length print the length of the longest line -w, --words print the word counts --files0-from=F summarize disk usage of the NUL-terminated file names specified in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -H equivalent to --dereference-args (-D) -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si like -h, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 --from=CURRENT_OWNER:CURRENT_GROUP change the owner and/or group of each file only if its current owner and/or group match those specified here. Either may be omitted, in which case a match is not required for the omitted attribute --group-directories-first group directories before files. augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping --help display this help and exit --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode print the index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k like --block-size=1K --lookup attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS -m only hostname and user associated with stdin -p, --process print active processes spawned by init --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially --preserve-root do not remove `/' (default) -r, -R, --recursive remove directories and their contents recursively -v, --verbose explain what is being done --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST don't preserve the specified attributes --parents use full source file name under DIRECTORY --one-file-system when removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any directory that is on a file system different from that of the corresponding command line argument --pid=PID with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies -q, --quiet, --silent never output headers giving file names --retry keep trying to open a file even when it is or becomes inaccessible; useful when following by name, i.e., with --follow=name --preserve-context preserve SELinux security context -Z, --context=CONTEXT set SELinux security context of files and directories --reference=RFILE use RFILE's security context rather than specifying a CONTEXT value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC output date and time in RFC 3339 format. TIMESPEC=`date', `seconds', or `ns' for date and time to the indicated precision. Date and time components are separated by a single space: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=STRING set time described by STRING -u, --utc, --universal print or set Coordinated Universal Time --sort=WORD sort according to WORD: general-numeric -g, human-numeric -h, month -M, numeric -n, random -R, version -V -V, --version-sort natural sort of (version) numbers within text --sparse=WHEN control creation of sparse files. See below --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix --suffix=SUFF append SUFF to TEMPLATE. SUFF must not contain slash. This option is implied if TEMPLATE does not end in X. --time show time of the last modification of any file in the directory, or any of its subdirectories --time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status --time-style=STYLE show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT FORMAT is interpreted like `date' --time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale --tmpdir[=DIR] interpret TEMPLATE relative to DIR. If DIR is not specified, use $TMPDIR if set, else /tmp. With this option, TEMPLATE must not be an absolute name. Unlike with -t, TEMPLATE may contain slashes, but mktemp creates only the final component --verbose print a diagnostic just before each output file is opened --version output version information and exit --all print the number of installed processors --ignore=N if possible, exclude N processing units Size Used Avail Use% Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Size Used Avail Use% -evenp same as -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7 nl same as -icrnl -onlcr -nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-') [-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty [-]hupcl same as [-]hup [-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input [-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-') [-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors * [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character [-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return [-]inpck enable input parity checking [-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters [-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters [-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters * [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal * [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\' for uppercase characters cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values -cooked same as raw crt same as echoe echoctl echoke dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany ek erase and kill characters to their default values evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N set the input speed to N * line N use line discipline N min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read ospeed N set the output speed to N oddp same as parenb parodd cs7 -oddp same as -parenb cs8 [-]parity same as [-]evenp pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7 raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw same as cooked sane same as cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke, all special characters to their default values stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal * swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer * werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed %% a single % %b ARGUMENT as a string with `\' escapes interpreted, except that octal escapes are of the form \0 or \0NNN and all C format specifications ending with one of diouxXfeEgGcs, with ARGUMENTs converted to proper type first. Variable widths are handled. %A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday) %b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan) %B locale's full month name (e.g., January) %c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005) %C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20) %d day of month (e.g, 01) %D date; same as %m/%d/%y %e day of month, space padded; same as %_d %F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d %g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G) %G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V %S second (00..60) %t a tab %T time; same as %H:%M:%S %u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday %U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) %V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53) %w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday %W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53) %d Device number in decimal %D Device number in hex %f Raw mode in hex %F File type %g Group ID of owner %G Group name of owner %h Number of hard links %i Inode number %n File name %N Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link %o I/O block size %s Total size, in bytes %t Major device type in hex %T Minor device type in hex %h same as %b %H hour (00..23) %I hour (01..12) %j day of year (001..366) %i File System ID in hex %l Maximum length of filenames %n File name %s Block size (for faster transfers) %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) %t Type in hex %T Type in human readable form %k hour ( 0..23) %l hour ( 1..12) %m month (01..12) %M minute (00..59) %n a newline %N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) %p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known %P like %p, but lower case %r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM) %R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M %s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u User ID of owner %U User name of owner %x Time of last access %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch %y Time of last modification %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch %z Time of last change %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch %x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99) %X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48) %y last two digits of year (00..99) %Y year %z +hhmm numeric timezone (e.g., -0400) %:z +hh:mm numeric timezone (e.g., -04:00) %::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00) %:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30) %Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT) By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes. + TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like `match' or an operator like `/' ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION +FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE], --pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE] begin [stop] printing with page FIRST_[LAST_]PAGE -COLUMN, --columns=COLUMN output COLUMN columns and print columns down, unless -a is used. Balance number of lines in the columns on each page --output-delimiter=STR separate columns with STR --userspec=USER:GROUP specify user and group (ID or name) to use --groups=G_LIST specify supplementary groups as g1,g2,..,gN -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -A, --auto-reference output automatically generated references -G, --traditional behave more like System V `ptx' -F, --flag-truncation=STRING use STRING for flagging line truncations -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks -b, --bytes equivalent to `--apparent-size --block-size=1' -c, --total produce a grand total -D, --dereference-args dereference only symlinks that are listed on the command line -C list entries by columns --color[=WHEN] colorize the output. WHEN defaults to `always' or can be `never' or `auto'. More info below -d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links -D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode -D create all leading components of DEST except the last, then copy SOURCE to DEST -g, --group=GROUP set group ownership, instead of process' current group -m, --mode=MODE set permission mode (as in chmod), instead of rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=OWNER set ownership (super-user only) -D, --all-repeated[=delimit-method] print all duplicate lines delimit-method={none(default),prepend,separate} Delimiting is done with blank lines -f, --skip-fields=N avoid comparing the first N fields -i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing -s, --skip-chars=N avoid comparing the first N characters -u, --unique only print unique lines -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names -h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line follow symbolic links listed on the command line --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory --hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A) -I prompt once before removing more than three files, or when removing recursively. Less intrusive than -i, while still giving protection against most mistakes --interactive[=WHEN] prompt according to WHEN: never, once (-I), or always (-i). Without WHEN, prompt always -L FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h) -O FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID -p FILE FILE exists and is a named pipe -r FILE FILE exists and read permission is granted -s FILE FILE exists and has a size greater than zero -L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links -P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default) -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -S, --separate-dirs do not include size of subdirectories -s, --summarize display only a total for each argument -L, --logical use PWD from environment, even if it contains symlinks -P, --physical avoid all symlinks -M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx' -O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives -R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences -T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives -N, --read-bytes=BYTES limit dump to BYTES input bytes -S, --strings[=BYTES] output strings of at least BYTES graphic chars -t, --format=TYPE select output format or formats -v, --output-duplicates do not use * to mark line suppression -w, --width[=BYTES] output BYTES bytes per output line --traditional accept arguments in traditional form -P, --portability use the POSIX output format --sync invoke sync before getting usage info -t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE -T, --print-type print file system type -x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE -v (ignored) -R, -r, --recursive copy directories recursively --reflink[=WHEN] control clone/CoW copies. See below --remove-destination remove each existing destination file before attempting to open it (contrast with --force) -S sort by file size --sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time -S FILE FILE exists and is a socket -t FD file descriptor FD is opened on a terminal -u FILE FILE exists and its set-user-ID bit is set -w FILE FILE exists and write permission is granted -x FILE FILE exists and execute (or search) permission is granted -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create the links -T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file -v, --verbose print name of each linked file -SSTRING, --sep-string[=STRING] separate columns by STRING, without -S: Default separator with -J and otherwise (same as -S" "), no effect on column options -t, --omit-header omit page headers and trailers -T, --omit-pagination omit page headers and trailers, eliminate any pagination by form feeds set in input files -v, --show-nonprinting use octal backslash notation -w, --width=PAGE_WIDTH set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters for multiple text-column output only, -s[char] turns off (72) -T, -w, --mesg add user's message status as +, - or ? -u, --users list users logged in --message same as -T --writable same as -T -W, --page-width=PAGE_WIDTH set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters always, truncate lines, except -J option is set, no interference with -S or -s -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword -b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting -g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields -i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE -o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of NAME to CTX -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each NAME to CTX -a change only the access time -c, --no-create do not create any files -d, --date=STRING parse STRING and use it instead of current time -f (ignored) -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -a, --all do not ignore entries starting with . -A, --almost-all do not list implied . and .. --author with -l, print the author of each file -b, --escape print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters -a, --all include dummy file systems -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks --total produce a grand total -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories --apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be larger due to holes in (`sparse') files, internal fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like -a, --all convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks --first-only convert only leading sequences of blanks (overrides -a) -t, --tabs=N have tabs N characters apart instead of 8 (enables -a) -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated LIST of tab positions (enables -a) -a, --archive same as -dR --preserve=all --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument --copy-contents copy contents of special files when recursive -d same as --no-dereference --preserve=links -a, --suffix-length=N use suffixes of length N (default %d) -b, --bytes=SIZE put SIZE bytes per output file -C, --line-bytes=SIZE put at most SIZE bytes of lines per output file -d, --numeric-suffixes use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic -l, --lines=NUMBER put NUMBER lines per output file -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline -b, --binary read in binary mode -b, --binary read in binary mode (default unless reading tty stdin) -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -b, --bytes=LIST select only these bytes -c, --characters=LIST select only these characters -d, --delimiter=DELIM use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignore leading blanks -d, --dictionary-order consider only blanks and alphanumeric characters -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case characters -b, --suffix-format=FORMAT use sprintf FORMAT instead of %02d -f, --prefix=PREFIX use PREFIX instead of `xx' -k, --keep-files do not remove output files on errors -c --format=FORMAT use the specified FORMAT instead of the default; output a newline after each use of FORMAT --printf=FORMAT like --format, but interpret backslash escapes, and do not output a mandatory trailing newline. If you want a newline, include \n in FORMAT -t, --terse print the information in terse form -c, --bytes=K output the last K bytes; alternatively, use -c +K to output bytes starting with the Kth of each file -c, --bytes=[-]K print the first K bytes of each file; with the leading `-', print all but the last K bytes of each file -n, --lines=[-]K print the first K lines instead of the first 10; with the leading `-', print all but the last K lines of each file -c, --check read %s sums from the FILEs and check them -c, --check, --check=diagnose-first check for sorted input; do not sort -C, --check=quiet, --check=silent like -c, but do not report first bad line --compress-program=PROG compress temporaries with PROG; decompress them with PROG -d --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -c, --crown-margin preserve indentation of first two lines -p, --prefix=STRING reformat only lines beginning with STRING, reattaching the prefix to reformatted lines -s, --split-only split long lines, but do not refill -c, --no-create do not create any files -d, --decode decode data -i, --ignore-garbage when decoding, ignore non-alphabet characters -w, --wrap=COLS wrap encoded lines after COLS character (default 76). Use 0 to disable line wrapping -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -d, --directory create a directory, not a file -u, --dry-run do not create anything; merely print a name (unsafe) -q, --quiet suppress diagnostics about file/dir-creation failure -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes -e, --echo treat each ARG as an input line -i, --input-range=LO-HI treat each number LO through HI as an input line -n, --head-count=COUNT output at most COUNT lines -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries --file-type likewise, except do not append `*' --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso -f omit the line of column headings in short format -w omit the user's full name in short format -i omit the user's full name and remote host in short format -q omit the user's full name, remote host and idle time in short format -f same as -t fF, select floats -i same as -t dI, select decimal ints -l same as -t dL, select decimal longs -o same as -t o2, select octal 2-byte units -s same as -t d2, select decimal 2-byte units -x same as -t x2, select hexadecimal 2-byte units -f FILE FILE exists and is a regular file -g FILE FILE exists and is set-group-ID -G FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID -h FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L) -k FILE FILE exists and has its sticky bit set -f, --canonicalize canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively; all but the last component must exist -e, --canonicalize-existing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, all components must exist -f, --fields=LIST select only these fields; also print any line that contains no delimiter character, unless the -s option is specified -n (ignored) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -f, --force if an existing destination file cannot be opened, remove it and try again (redundant if the -n option is used) -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite (overrides a previous -n option) -H follow command-line symbolic links in SOURCE -f, --force change permissions to allow writing if necessary -n, --iterations=N overwrite N times instead of the default (%d) --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -s, --size=N shred this many bytes (suffixes like K, M, G accepted) -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --reference=RFILE use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values -R, --recursive change files and directories recursively -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's group rather than specifying a GROUP value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's owner and group rather than specifying OWNER:GROUP values -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -g like -l, but do not list owner -g GID[,GID1...] also set the primary group-ID to the numeric GID, and (if specified) supplemental group IDs to GID1, ... -g, --general-numeric-sort compare according to general numerical value -i, --ignore-nonprinting consider only printable characters -M, --month-sort compare (unknown) < `JAN' < ... < `DEC' -h, --header-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering header lines -i, --line-increment=NUMBER line number increment at each line -l, --join-blank-lines=NUMBER group of NUMBER empty lines counted as one -n, --number-format=FORMAT insert line numbers according to FORMAT -p, --no-renumber do not reset line numbers at logical pages -s, --number-separator=STRING add STRING after (possible) line number -h, --header=HEADER use a centered HEADER instead of filename in page header, -h "" prints a blank line, don't use -h"" -i[CHAR[WIDTH]], --output-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] replace spaces with CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -J, --join-lines merge full lines, turns off -W line truncation, no column alignment, --sep-string[=STRING] sets separators -h, --human-numeric-sort compare human readable numbers (e.g., 2K 1G) -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the timestamps of a symlink) -m change only the modification time -i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing fields -j FIELD equivalent to `-1 FIELD -2 FIELD' -o FORMAT obey FORMAT while constructing output line -t CHAR use CHAR as input and output field separator -i, --initial do not convert tabs after non blanks -t, --tabs=NUMBER have tabs NUMBER characters apart, not 8 -i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage -k like --block-size=1K -l, --local limit listing to local file systems --no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) -i, --input=MODE adjust standard input stream buffering -o, --output=MODE adjust standard output stream buffering -e, --error=MODE adjust standard error stream buffering -i, --interactive prompt whether to remove destinations -L, --logical make hard links to symbolic link references -n, --no-dereference treat destination that is a symlink to a directory as if it were a normal file -P, --physical make hard links directly to symbolic links -s, --symbolic make symbolic links instead of hard links -k like --block-size=1K -l, --count-links count sizes many times if hard linked -m like --block-size=1M -k, --key=POS1[,POS2] start a key at POS1 (origin 1), end it at POS2 (default end of line) -m, --merge merge already sorted files; do not sort -k, --kill-after=DURATION also send a KILL signal if COMMAND is still running this long after the initial signal was sent. -s, --signal=SIGNAL specify the signal to be sent on timeout. SIGNAL may be a name like `HUP' or a number. See `kill -l` for a list of signals -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -l, --length=PAGE_LENGTH set the page length to PAGE_LENGTH (66) lines (default number of lines of text 56, and with -F 63) -m, --merge print all files in parallel, one in each column, truncate lines, but join lines of full length with -J -l, --link link files instead of copying -L, --dereference always follow symbolic links in SOURCE -l, --login print system login processes -m, --canonicalize-missing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, without requirements on components existence -n, --no-newline do not output the trailing newline -q, --quiet, -s, --silent suppress most error messages -v, --verbose report error messages -m, --mode=MODE set file permission bits to MODE, not a=rw - umask -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each created directory to CTX -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -n, --lines=K output the last K lines, instead of the last %d; or use -n +K to output lines starting with the Kth --max-unchanged-stats=N with --follow=name, reopen a FILE which has not changed size after N (default %d) iterations to see if it has been unlinked or renamed (this is the usual case of rotated log files) -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file (overrides a previous -i option) -P, --no-dereference never follow symbolic links in SOURCE -n, --numeric-sort compare according to string numerical value -R, --random-sort sort by random hash of keys --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -r, --reverse reverse the result of comparisons -n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o like -l, but do not list group information -p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories -n[SEP[DIGITS]], --number-lines[=SEP[DIGITS]] number lines, use DIGITS (5) digits, then SEP (TAB), default counting starts with 1st line of input file -N, --first-line-number=NUMBER start counting with NUMBER at 1st line of first page printed (see +FIRST_PAGE) -o, --indent=MARGIN offset each line with MARGIN (zero) spaces, do not affect -w or -W, MARGIN will be added to PAGE_WIDTH -r, --no-file-warnings omit warning when a file cannot be opened -o, --io-blocks treat SIZE as number of IO blocks instead of bytes -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output -s, --stable stabilize sort by disabling last-resort comparison -S, --buffer-size=SIZE use SIZE for main memory buffer -p same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps --preserve[=ATTR_LIST] preserve the specified attributes (default: mode,ownership,timestamps), if possible additional attributes: context, links, xattr, all -p DIR use DIR as a prefix; implies -t [deprecated] -t interpret TEMPLATE as a single file name component, relative to a directory: $TMPDIR, if set; else the directory specified via -p; else /tmp [deprecated] -p, --parents remove DIRECTORY and its ancestors; e.g., `rmdir -p a/b/c' is similar to `rmdir a/b/c a/b a' -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every directory processed -p, --preserve-timestamps apply access/modification times of SOURCE files to corresponding destination files -s, --strip strip symbol tables --strip-program=PROGRAM program used to strip binaries -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -v, --verbose print the name of each directory as it is created -q, --count all login names and number of users logged on -r, --runlevel print current runlevel -s, --short print only name, line, and time (default) -t, --time print last system clock change -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -r, --reference=FILE display the last modification time of FILE -R, --rfc-2822 output date and time in RFC 2822 format. Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=FILE use this FILE's size -s, --size=SIZE use this SIZE -r, --reference=FILE use this file's times instead of current time -t STAMP use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time --time=WORD change the specified time: WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent to -a WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to -m -r, --references first field of each line is a reference -t, --typeset-mode - not implemented - -w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded -r, --reverse reverse order while sorting -R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively -s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL specify the name or number of the signal to be sent -l, --list list signal names, or convert signal names to/from numbers -t, --table print a table of signal information -s, --sleep-interval=N with -f, sleep for approximately N seconds (default 1.0) between iterations -v, --verbose always output headers giving file names -s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -s[CHAR], --separator[=CHAR] separate columns by a single character, default for CHAR is the character without -w and 'no char' with -w -s[CHAR] turns off line truncation of all 3 column options (-COLUMN|-a -COLUMN|-m) except -w is set -t sort by modification time -T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP use SEP instead of non-blank to blank transition -T, --temporary-directory=DIR use DIR for temporaries, not $TMPDIR or %s; multiple options specify multiple directories -u, --unique with -c, check for strict ordering; without -c, output only the first of an equal run -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -t, --tagged-paragraph indentation of first line different from second -u, --uniform-spacing one space between words, two after sentences -w, --width=WIDTH maximum line width (default of 75 columns) -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -u, --update move only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -t, --text read in text mode (default if reading tty stdin) -t, --text read in text mode (default) -u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time -U do not sort; list entries in directory order -v natural sort of (version) numbers within text -u, --remove truncate and remove file after overwriting -v, --verbose show progress -x, --exact do not round file sizes up to the next full block; this is the default for non-regular files -z, --zero add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system -u, --user=USER set user USER in the target security context -r, --role=ROLE set role ROLE in the target security context -t, --type=TYPE set type TYPE in the target security context -l, --range=RANGE set range RANGE in the target security context -v FILENUM like -a FILENUM, but suppress joined output lines -1 FIELD join on this FIELD of file 1 -2 FIELD join on this FIELD of file 2 --check-order check that the input is correctly sorted, even if all input lines are pairable --nocheck-order do not check that the input is correctly sorted --header treat the first line in each file as field headers, print them without trying to pair them -v, --kernel-version print the kernel version -m, --machine print the machine hardware name -p, --processor print the processor type or "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform print the hardware platform or "unknown" -o, --operating-system print the operating system -v, --starting-line-number=NUMBER first line number on each logical page -w, --number-width=NUMBER use NUMBER columns for line numbers -w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines -w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value -x list entries by lines instead of by columns -X sort alphabetically by entry extension -Z, --context print any SELinux security context of each file -1 list one file per line -x, --one-file-system skip directories on different file systems -X, --exclude-from=FILE exclude files that match any pattern in FILE --exclude=PATTERN exclude files that match PATTERN --max-depth=N print the total for a directory (or file, with --all) only if it is N or fewer levels below the command line argument; --max-depth=0 is the same as --summarize -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline Processes in an uninterruptible sleep state also contribute to the load average. [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \0NNN byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits) \xHH byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits) \NNN byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits) \xHH byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits) \uHHHH Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character with hex value HHHH (4 digits) \UHHHHHHHH Unicode character with hex value HHHHHHHH (8 digits) \\ backslash \a alert (BEL) \b backspace \c produce no further output \e escape \f form feed \n new line \r carriage return \t horizontal tab \v vertical tab \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline lcase change upper case to lower case binary use binary I/O for data cio use concurrent I/O for data d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer direct use direct I/O for data directory fail unless a directory dsync use synchronized I/O for data fullblock accumulate full blocks of input (iflag only) if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin iflag=FLAGS read as per the comma separated symbol list obs=BYTES write BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout oflag=FLAGS write as per the comma separated symbol list seek=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS obs-sized blocks at start of output skip=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS ibs-sized blocks at start of input status=noxfer suppress transfer statistics noatime do not update access time nocreat do not create the output file excl fail if the output file already exists notrunc do not truncate the output file ucase change lower case to upper case swab swap every pair of input bytes noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file noerror continue after read errors sync pad every input block with NULs to ibs-size; when used with block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing fsync likewise, but also write metadata nofollow do not follow symlinks nolinks fail if multiply-linked nonblock use non-blocking I/O none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups sync likewise, but also for metadata text use text I/O for data %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% %H:%M%P %s-blocks Used Available Capacity (backup: %s) * [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c') [-]echo echo input characters * [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho [-]echoe same as [-]crterase [-]echok echo a newline after a kill character * [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill [-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters * [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\' and '/' [-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters [-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters * [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase * [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character [-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters [-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control [-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence) [-]tandem same as [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded * [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline * [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters * [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays * [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase * [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline * [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return * [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column [-]opost postprocess output * tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3] * tabs same as tab0 * -tabs same as tab3 * vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1] * eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line * lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal * rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it * rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows * size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel speed print the terminal speed time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second ??:???? Mounted on TTY context=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu groups= old on repetition %s % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %.*s: invalid conversion specification%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu user%lu users%s%s (for regexp %s)%s -> %s (unbackup) %s [-d] terminated abnormally%s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has appeared; following end of new file%s has become accessible%s has become inaccessible%s has been replaced with a remote file. giving up on this name%s has been replaced with an untailable file; giving up on this name%s has been replaced; following end of new file%s has unknown file type%s has unusable, apparently negative size%s home page: <%s> %s home page: %s is not a valid positive integer%s is too large%s may be used only on a SELinux kernel%s was specified but %s was not%s%s argument `%s' too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s: line number out of range%s: %s: match not found%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: binary operator expected%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot change nonblocking mode%s: cannot find name for user ID %lu %s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot lseek back to original position%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot rewind%s: cannot seek%s: cannot seek to end-relative offset %s%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: cannot seek to relative offset %s%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: cannot skip%s: cannot skip to specified offset%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: couldn't reset non-blocking mode%s: descend into directory %s? %s: descend into write-protected directory %s? %s: end of file%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: error truncating%s: error writing at offset %s%s: expected a numeric value%s: failed to close%s: failed to open for writing%s: failed to remove%s: fcntl failed%s: fdatasync failed%s: file has negative size%s: file has shrunk too much%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: fstat failed%s: fsync failed%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input contains an odd number of tokens%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid count at start of %s%s: invalid directive%s: invalid field specification %s%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of passes%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid number to ignore%s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: lseek failed%s: multiple signals specified%s: new permissions are %s, not %s%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: no size information for this device%s: not listing already-listed directory%s: number of bytes is too large%s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '--%s' requires an argument %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option '-W %s' requires an argument %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove all arguments recursively? %s: remove all arguments? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s: seek failed%s: too many checksum lines%s: try to overwrite %s, overriding mode %04lo (%s)? %s: unable to determine maximum file name length%s: unable to perform all requested operations%s: unary operator expected%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: value not completely converted%s: write error%s:%lu: invalid line; missing second token%s:%lu: invalid zero-length file name%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}''')' expected')' expected, found %s(C)* file systems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS version 3 clients * compressed file systems * log-structured or journaled file systems, such as those supplied with AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.) * file systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes fail, such as RAID-based file systems * file systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server , load average: %.2f, %g s, %s/s --%s argument %s too large--context (-Z) works only on an SELinux-enabled kernel--reflink can be used only with --sparse=auto-R --dereference requires either -H or -L-R -h requires -P-ef does not accept -l-nt does not accept -l-ot does not accept -l??? ?????AbortedAddress family for hostname not supportedAlarm clockAll arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. All requests doneArgument buffer too smallArnold RobbinsBad system callBad value for ai_flagsBrian FoxBroken pipeBus errorCAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important assumption: that the file system overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern file system designs do not satisfy this assumption. The following are examples of file systems on which shred is not effective, or is not guaranteed to be effective in all file system modes: COMMENTCPU time limit exceededCall the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1. Call the unlink function to remove the specified FILE. Change the effective user id and group id to that of USER. -, -l, --login make the shell a login shell -c, --command=COMMAND pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c -f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment do not reset environment variables -p same as -m -s, --shell=SHELL run SHELL if /etc/shells allows it Change the group of each FILE to GROUP. With --reference, change the group of each FILE to that of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the security context of each FILE to CONTEXT. With --reference, change the security context of each FILE to that of RFILE. -h, --no-dereference affect symbolic links instead of any referenced file Chet RameyChild exitedColin PlumbCompare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output. -A, --show-all equivalent to -vET -b, --number-nonblank number nonempty output lines -e equivalent to -vE -E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line -n, --number number all output lines -s, --squeeze-blank suppress repeated empty output lines ContinuedConvert blanks in each FILE to tabs, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Copy a file, converting and formatting according to the operands. bs=BYTES read and write BYTES bytes at a time (also see ibs=,obs=) cbs=BYTES convert BYTES bytes at a time conv=CONVS convert the file as per the comma separated symbol list count=BLOCKS copy only BLOCKS input blocks ibs=BYTES read BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. -a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals Create a temporary file or directory, safely, and print its name. TEMPLATE must contain at least 3 consecutive `X's in last component. If TEMPLATE is not specified, use tmp.XXXXXXXXXX, and --tmpdir is implied. Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDiagnose invalid or unportable file names. -p check for most POSIX systems -P check for empty names and leading "-" --portability check for all POSIX systems (equivalent to -p -P) Directory: Display file or file system status. -L, --dereference follow links -f, --file-system display file system status instead of file status Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date. -d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not `now' -f, --file=DATEFILE like --date once for each line of DATEFILE Dmitry V. LevinDrop any supplemental groups, assume the user-ID and group-ID of the specified USER (numeric ID or user name), and run COMMAND with any specified ARGUMENTs. Exit with status 111 if unable to assume the required user and group ID. Otherwise, exit with the exit status of COMMAND. This program is useful only when run by root (user ID zero). EMT trapEXITEach range is one of: N N'th byte, character or field, counted from 1 N- from N'th byte, character or field, to end of line N-M from N'th to M'th (included) byte, character or field -M from first to M'th (included) byte, character or field With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Echo the STRING(s) to standard output. -n do not output the trailing newline Eric BlakeExit with a status code indicating failure.Exit with a status code indicating success.Exit with the status determined by EXPRESSION. F. PinardFAILEDFIXME: unknownFORMAT must be suitable for printing one argument of type `double'; it defaults to %.PRECf if FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are all fixed point decimal numbers with maximum precision PREC, and to %g otherwise. Fifos do not have major and minor device numbers.File size limit exceededFilesystem Filesystem TypeFilter adjacent matching lines from INPUT (or standard input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output). With no options, matching lines are merged to the first occurrence. Floating point exceptionFor complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' For each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by whitespace. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input. -a FILENUM print unpairable lines coming from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2 -e EMPTY replace missing input fields with EMPTY Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block. General help using GNU software: Giuseppe ScrivanoH. Peter AnvinHangupI/O possibleIDLEIan Lance TaylorIdleIf FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Illegal instructionIn addition, file system backups and remote mirrors may contain copies of the file that cannot be removed, and that will allow a shredded file to be recovered later. In real life: In the 1st form, create a link to TARGET with the name LINK_NAME. In the 2nd form, create a link to TARGET in the current directory. In the 3rd and 4th forms, create links to each TARGET in DIRECTORY. Create hard links by default, symbolic links with --symbolic. When creating hard links, each TARGET must exist. Symbolic links can hold arbitrary text; if later resolved, a relative link is interpreted in relation to its parent directory. In the case of ext3 file systems, the above disclaimer applies (and shred is thus of limited effectiveness) only in data=journal mode, which journals file data in addition to just metadata. In both the data=ordered (default) and data=writeback modes, shred works as usual. Ext3 journaling modes can be changed by adding the data=something option to the mount options for a particular file system in the /etc/fstab file, as documented in the mount man page (man mount). Infinity BInformation requestInterruptInterrupted by a signalInvalid back referenceInvalid character class nameInvalid collation characterInvalid content of \{\}Invalid preceding regular expressionInvalid range endInvalid regular expressionJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfKilledLINELOGINList information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort. LoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnMemory allocation failureMemory exhaustedMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNAMENameName or service not knownNo address associated with hostnameNo matchNo previous regular expressionNon-recoverable failure in name resolutionOKOnly one string may be given when deleting without squeezing repeats.Option --string without a number implies 3; option --width without a number implies 32. By default, od uses -A o -t oS -w16. Ordering options: Other options: Output a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. Determine format of output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output defaults Output fixed-size pieces of INPUT to PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ...; default size is 1000 lines, and default PREFIX is `x'. With no INPUT, or when INPUT is -, read standard input. Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files `xx00', `xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output. Output platform dependent limits in a format useful for shell scripts. Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. PIDPackaged by %s Packaged by %s (%s) Padraig BradyPaginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Parameter string not correctly encodedPassword:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlan: Power failurePremature end of regular expressionPrint ARGUMENT(s) according to FORMAT, or execute according to OPTION: Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print NAME with its trailing /component removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output `.' (meaning the current directory). Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s. -a, --all print all information, in the following order, except omit -p and -i if unknown: -s, --kernel-name print the kernel name -n, --nodename print the network node hostname -r, --kernel-release print the kernel release Print checksum and block counts for each FILE. -r use BSD sum algorithm, use 1K blocks -s, --sysv use System V sum algorithm, use 512 bytes blocks Print group memberships for each USERNAME or, if no USERNAME is specified, for the current process (which may differ if the groups database has changed). Print information about users who are currently logged in. Print machine architecture. Print newline, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a total line if more than one FILE is specified. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. A word is a non-zero-length sequence of characters delimited by white space. -c, --bytes print the byte counts -m, --chars print the character counts -l, --lines print the newline counts Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT. -f, --format=FORMAT use printf style floating-point FORMAT -s, --separator=STRING use STRING to separate numbers (default: \n) -w, --equal-width equalize width by padding with leading zeroes Print or change terminal characteristics. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the current time, the length of time the system has been up, the number of users on the system, and the average number of jobs in the run queue over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes.Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. -s, --silent, --quiet print nothing, only return an exit status Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the full filename of the current working directory. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the name of the current user. Print the number of processing units available to the current process, which may be less than the number of online processors Print the prime factors of each specified integer NUMBER. If none are specified on the command line, read them from standard input. Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID. Same as id -un. Print user and group information for the specified USERNAME, or (when USERNAME omitted) for the current user. -a ignore, for compatibility with other versions -Z, --context print only the security context of the current user -g, --group print only the effective group ID -G, --groups print all group IDs -n, --name print a name instead of a number, for -ugG -r, --real print the real ID instead of the effective ID, with -ugG -u, --user print only the effective user ID Print value of a symbolic link or canonical file name Processing request in progressProfiling timer expiredProject: Q. Frank XiaQuitRandy SmithReal-time signal %dReformat each paragraph in the FILE(s), writing to standard output. The option -WIDTH is an abbreviated form of --width=DIGITS. Regular expression too bigRemove (unlink) the FILE(s). -f, --force ignore nonexistent files, never prompt -i prompt before every removal Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty ignore each failure that is solely because a directory is non-empty Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Report %s bugs to: %s Report %s translation bugs to Request canceledRequest not canceledResource lostRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonRun COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling. With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Nicenesses range from %d (most favorable scheduling) to %d (least favorable). -n, --adjustment=N add integer N to the niceness (default 10) Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals. Run COMMAND, with modified buffering operations for its standard streams. Run a program in a different security context. With neither CONTEXT nor COMMAND, print the current security context. CONTEXT Complete security context -c, --compute compute process transition context before modifying -t, --type=TYPE type (for same role as parent) -u, --user=USER user identity -r, --role=ROLE role -l, --range=RANGE levelrange Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerSegmentation faultSend signals to processes, or list signals. Servname not supported for ai_socktypeSet LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Set each NAME to VALUE in the environment and run COMMAND. -i, --ignore-environment start with an empty environment -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -u, --unset=NAME remove variable from the environment Shell: Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default. Shrink or extend the size of each FILE to the specified size A FILE argument that does not exist is created. If a FILE is larger than the specified size, the extra data is lost. If a FILE is shorter, it is extended and the extended part (hole) reads as zero bytes. Simon JosefssonSpecial files require major and minor device numbers.Stack faultStart COMMAND, and kill it if still running after DURATION. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. StoppedStopped (signal)Stopped (tty input)Stopped (tty output)Stuart KempSuccessSummarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. System errorTIMETemporary failure in name resolutionTerminatedThe following optional flags may follow `%': - (hyphen) do not pad the field _ (underscore) pad with spaces 0 (zero) pad with zeros ^ use upper case if possible # use opposite case if possible The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. -H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it -L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered -P do not traverse any symbolic links (default) The strings compared were %s and %s.Torbjorn GranlundTrace/breakpoint trapTrailing backslashTranslate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing to standard output. -c, -C, --complement use the complement of SET1 -d, --delete delete characters in SET1, do not translate -s, --squeeze-repeats replace each input sequence of a repeated character that is listed in SET1 with a single occurrence of that character -t, --truncate-set1 first truncate SET1 to length of SET2 Try `%s --help' for more information. Try `%s ./%s' to remove the file %s. Two strings must be given when both deleting and squeezing repeats.Two strings must be given when translating.Ulrich DrepperUnknown errorUnknown signal %dUnknown system errorUnmatched ( or \(Unmatched ) or \)Unmatched [ or [^Unmatched \{Update the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time. A FILE argument that does not exist is created empty, unless -c or -h is supplied. A FILE argument string of - is handled specially and causes touch to change the times of the file associated with standard output. Urgent I/O conditionUsage: %s Usage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s CONTEXT COMMAND [args] or: %s [ -c ] [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-t TYPE] [-l RANGE] COMMAND [args] Usage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NUMBER[SUFFIX]... or: %s OPTION Pause for NUMBER seconds. SUFFIX may be `s' for seconds (the default), `m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. Unlike most implementations that require NUMBER be an integer, here NUMBER may be an arbitrary floating point number. Given two or more arguments, pause for the amount of time specified by the sum of their values. Usage: %s OPTION... COMMAND Usage: %s OPTION... FILE... Usage: %s OPTION... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [SETTING]... or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-a|--all] or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-g|--save] Usage: %s [-WIDTH] [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NAME] or: %s OPTION Print or set the hostname of the current system. Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPERAND]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] Print the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) for the current host. Usage: %s [OPTION] DURATION COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] NEWROOT [COMMAND [ARG]...] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... CONTEXT FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-l RANGE] [-t TYPE] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... or: %s [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form) or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form) Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] or: %s -e [OPTION]... [ARG]... or: %s -i LO-HI [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Base64 encode or decode FILE, or standard input, to standard output. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] or: %s --traditional [OPTION]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Print or check %s (%d-bit) checksums. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [PREFIX]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [TEMPLATE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [VARIABLE]... Print the values of the specified environment VARIABLE(s). If no VARIABLE is specified, print name and value pairs for them all. Usage: %s [SHORT-OPTION]... USER COMMAND [ARGUMENT]... or: %s LONG-OPTION Usage: %s [SHORT-OPTION]... [STRING]... or: %s LONG-OPTION Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [ignored command line arguments] or: %s OPTION Usage: test EXPRESSION or: test or: [ EXPRESSION ] or: [ ] or: [ OPTION User defined signal 1User defined signal 2Using -s ignores -L and -P. Otherwise, the last option specified controls behavior when the source is a symbolic link, defaulting to %s. Valid arguments are:Valid format sequences for file systems: %a Free blocks available to non-superuser %b Total data blocks in file system %c Total file nodes in file system %d Free file nodes in file system %f Free blocks in file system %C SELinux security context string Virtual timer expiredWARNING: --page-increment is deprecated; use --line-increment insteadWARNING: --preserve_context is deprecated; use --preserve-context insteadWARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s WARNING: ignoring --context (-Z); this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --preserve-context; this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --strip-program option as -s option was not specifiedWarning: WhenWhereWindow changedWith --follow (-f), tail defaults to following the file descriptor, which means that even if a tail'ed file is renamed, tail will continue to track its end. This default behavior is not desirable when you really want to track the actual name of the file, not the file descriptor (e.g., log rotation). Use --follow=name in that case. That causes tail to track the named file in a way that accommodates renaming, removal and creation. Wrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write a random permutation of the input lines to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to standard output. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``-%c' extra characters or invalid number in the argument: %s`--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argument`-N NUMBER' invalid starting line number: %s`-W PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %s`-l PAGE_LENGTH' invalid number of lines: %s`-o MARGIN' invalid line offset: %s`-w PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %sa command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sai_family not supportedai_socktype not supportedambiguous argument %s for %san input delimiter may be specified only when operating on fieldsappending output to %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileblock special files not supportedboth SI and IEC prefixes present on unitsboth files cannot be standard inputbyte offset %s is too largecan't apply partial context to unlabeled file %scan't get process contextcannot access %scannot backup %scannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change ownership of %scannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot chdir to root directorycannot combine --target-directory (-t) and --no-target-directory (-T)cannot combine --target-directory and --no-target-directorycannot combine -e and -i optionscannot combine any two of {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}cannot combine block and unblockcannot combine excl and nocreatcannot combine lcase and ucasecannot combine mode and --reference optionscannot combine signal with -l or -tcannot compare file names %s and %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot create temporary file in %scannot dereference %scannot determine device and inode of %scannot determine hostnamecannot determine location of %s. reverting to pollingcannot do ioctl on %scannot find name for group ID %lucannot find name for user ID %lucannot follow %s by namecannot force target context to %s and preserve itcannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot get nicenesscannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open %s for writingcannot open directory %scannot operate on dangling symlink %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot perform formatted outputcannot preserve extended attributes, cp is built without xattr supportcannot preserve security context without an SELinux-enabled kernelcannot print "only" of more than one choicecannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot print security context when user specifiedcannot read directory %scannot read file names from %scannot read file system information for %scannot read realtime clockcannot read symbolic link %scannot read table of mounted file systemscannot remove %scannot remove directory: %scannot reposition file pointer for %scannot run %scannot set %scannot set datecannot set group idcannot set group-ID to %lucannot set groupscannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot set name to %scannot set nicenesscannot set time stamps for %scannot set user idcannot set user-ID to %lucannot skip past end of combined inputcannot specify --null (-0) with commandcannot specify both printing across and printing in parallelcannot specify number of columns when printing in parallelcannot specify times from more than one sourcecannot split in more than one waycannot stat %scannot stat current directory (now %s)cannot stat standard inputcannot touch %scannot un-backup %scannot unlink %scannot unset %scannot watch %scannot watch parent directory of %scannot work around kernel bug after allchanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %schanging security context of %s character offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special filecharacter special files not supportedclearing permissions for %sclock changeclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing directory %sclosing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputcompatibility mode supports at most one fileconflicting empty-field replacement stringsconflicting security context specifiers givencould not set buffering of %s to mode %s couldn't create process for %s -dcouldn't create temporary filecouldn't execute %scouldn't execute %s -dcouldn't find directory entry in %s with matching i-nodecouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %screating file %s creating hard link %screating hard link %s => %screating hard link to %.0s%screating symbolic link %screating symbolic link %s -> %sdelimiter list ends with an unescaped backslash: %sdirectorydivision by zerodup2 failedempty %s not allowedempty file nameempty taberror closing fileerror in regular expression matchererror in regular expression searcherror initializing month stringserror monitoring inotify eventerror reading %serror reading inotify eventerror waiting for commanderror writing %sexit=extra argument %sextra operand %sextra operand %s extra operand %s not allowed with -%cfailed to change context of %s to %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to chdir to %sfailed to clone %sfailed to compute a new contextfailed to create directory via template %sfailed to create file via template %sfailed to create security context: %sfailed to get attributes of %sfailed to get current contextfailed to get file system create contextfailed to get groups for the current processfailed to get groups for user %sfailed to get security context of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to open %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to redirect standard errorfailed to redirect stderr to /dev/nullfailed to remove %sfailed to remove directory %sfailed to render standard input unusablefailed to reopen %s with mode %sfailed to restore the default file creation contextfailed to return to initial working directoryfailed to run command %sfailed to set %s security context component to %sfailed to set additional groupsfailed to set default file creation context to %sfailed to set group-IDfailed to set new range %sfailed to set new role %sfailed to set new type %sfailed to set new user %sfailed to set supplemental group(s)failed to set the copy of stderr to close on execfailed to set the security context of %s to %sfailed to set user-IDfailed to stat %sfailed to turn off O_DIRECT: %sfailed to update the environment with %sfdatasync failed for %sfflush failedfield number %s is too largefield number is zerofields and positions are numbered from 1fifofile %d is not in sorted orderfile operands cannot be combined with --files0-fromfile operands cannot be combined with --print-database (-p)file system type %s both selected and excludedfork system call failedformat %s ends in %%format %s has no %% directiveformat %s has too many %% directivesformat %s has unknown %%%c directiveformat string may not be specified when printing equal width stringsfsync failed for %sfts_close failedfts_read failedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsignoring inputignoring input and appending output to %signoring input and redirecting stderr to stdoutignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %signoring non-option argumentsincompatible join fields %lu, %luincompatible tabsincorrect passwordinotify cannot be used, reverting to pollinginput disappearedinput line is too longinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid %s%s argument `%s'invalid --%s argument %sinvalid adjustment %sinvalid argument %sinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid body numbering style: %sinvalid buffering mode %s for %s invalid byte or field listinvalid character `%c' in type string %sinvalid character class %sinvalid context: %sinvalid conversioninvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid date %sinvalid date format %sinvalid decreasing rangeinvalid device %s %sinvalid device type %sinvalid field number: %sinvalid field specifier: %sinvalid field width: %sinvalid file number in field spec: %sinvalid floating point argument: %sinvalid footer numbering style: %sinvalid format precisioninvalid format widthinvalid gap width: %sinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid group list %sinvalid group: %sinvalid header numbering style: %sinvalid inputinvalid input flaginvalid input range %sinvalid integer %sinvalid integer argument %sinvalid line count %sinvalid line discipline %sinvalid line number field width: %sinvalid line number increment: %sinvalid line numbering format: %sinvalid line width: %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid maximum depth %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid modeinvalid mode %sinvalid mode: %sinvalid number %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of blank lines: %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of columns: %sinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid number of lines: 0invalid option -- %cinvalid option -- %c; -WIDTH is recognized only when it is the first option; use -w N insteadinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid output flaginvalid page range %sinvalid precision: %sinvalid range with no endpoint: -invalid repeat count %s in [c*n] constructinvalid specinvalid starting line number: %sinvalid status flaginvalid suffix %s, contains directory separatorinvalid suffix in %s%s argument `%s'invalid tab size: %sinvalid template, %s, contains directory separatorinvalid template, %s; with --tmpdir, it may not be absoluteinvalid time interval %sinvalid time style format %sinvalid trailing option -- %cinvalid type string %sinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte floating point typeinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte integral typeinvalid universal character name \%c%0*xinvalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sinvalid wrap size: %sinvalid zero-length file nameit is dangerous to operate recursively on %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)last=leading `-' in a component of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name component %sline buffering stdin is meaninglessline count option -%s%c... is too largeline number %s is smaller than preceding line number, %sline number overflowmaximum --%s argument with current rlimit is %smemory exhaustedmessage queueminimum --%s argument is %smisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing `]'missing argument after %smissing argument to %smissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing destination file operand after %smissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing file operandmissing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operandmissing operand after %smode must specify only file permission bitsmode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multi-character tab %smultiple -i options specifiedmultiple -l or -t options specifiedmultiple compress programs specifiedmultiple delimiters specifiedmultiple levelrangesmultiple output files specifiedmultiple output formats specifiedmultiple random sources specifiedmultiple relative modifiers specifiedmultiple rolesmultiple target directories specifiedmultiple typesmultiple usersneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno change to ownership of %s no command specifiedno file systems processedno files remainingno input from %sno login nameno process ID specifiedno type may be specified when dumping stringsno username specified; at least one must be specified when using -lnon-integer argumentnonportable character %s in file name %snot a ttynot writing through dangling symlink %snumber in %s is too largenumber of bytesnumber of linesoffset overflow while reading file %somitting directory %sonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one device may be specifiedonly one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %soption used in invalid context -- %coptions --backup and --no-clobber are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --preserve-timestamps are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --strip are mutually exclusiveoptions `-%s' are incompatibleoutput file suffixes exhaustedoverflow extending size of file %soverflow rounding up size of file %sownership of %s retained ownership of %s retained as %s page number overflowpage width too narrowpreserving permissions for %spreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedreading %sreading directory %srecord too largeredirecting stderr to stdoutregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %srun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptyset LC_ALL='C' to work around the problemsetting flags for %ssetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectskip-bytes + read-bytes is too largeskipping %s, since it's on a different deviceskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstderrstdinstdoutstray character in field specstring comparison failedstring transformation failedstrip process terminated abnormallysuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errorsystem boottab size cannot be 0tab size contains invalid character(s): %stab sizes must be ascendingtab stop is too large %stab stop value is too largetabs are too far aparttarget %s is not a directorytarget directory not allowed when installing a directoryterm=test and/or [the --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --compare (-C) option is ignored when you specify a mode with non-permission bitsthe --context (-Z) option is obsolete and will be removed in a future releasethe --quiet option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the argument %s lacks a leading `+'; when using an option to specify date(s), any non-option argument must be a format string beginning with `+'the delimiter must be a single characterthe options for verbose and stty-readable output styles are mutually exclusivethe options to output dircolors' internal database and to select a shell syntax are mutually exclusivethe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivethe strings compared were %s and %sthe strip option may not be used when installing a directorythe untransformed string was %stime %s is out of rangeto use user-ID %s you need to use -g tootoo few X's in template %stoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtoo many characters in settoo many repeated linestoo many templatestotaltraversal failed: %struncating %styped memory objectuid=%luunable to display error messageunable to record current working directoryunable to set security context %sunexpected failure: fts_info=%d: %s please report to %sunknown binary operatorunknown status from command (0x%X)unknown streamunknown user-ID: %sunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableunrecognized operand %sunrecognized prefix: %sup %ld day %2d:%02d, up %ld days %2d:%02d, up ???? days ??:??, use --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeuser %s does not existusing %s to denote standard input does not work in file system modeusing arbitrary-precision arithmeticusing restricted shell %susing single-precision arithmeticwaiting for %s [-d]waiting for stripwarning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredwarning: %s: failed to change context to %swarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: --retry is useful mainly when following by namewarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: `touch %s' is obsolete; use `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'warning: an unescaped backslash at end of string is not portablewarning: backslash at end of formatwarning: cannot change directory to %swarning: cannot remove: %swarning: following standard input indefinitely is ineffectivewarning: ignoring excess arguments, starting with %swarning: invalid file offset after failed readwarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: line number %s is the same as preceding line numberwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: summarizing conflicts with --max-depth=%luwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0warning: the --%s option is obsolete; use --referencewarning: the ambiguous octal escape \%c%c%c is being interpreted as the 2-byte sequence \0%c%c, %cwarning: unrecognized escape `\%c'warning: working around lseek kernel bug for file (%s) of mt_type=0x%0lx -- see for the list of typesweird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen reading file names from stdin, no file name of %s allowedwhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'will not copy %s through just-created symlink %swill not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swith --parents, the destination must be a directorywith --suffix, template %s must end in Xwrite errorwrite error for %swrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify -c, -t, -u, -l, -r, or contextyou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsyou must specify one of %s or %sProject-Id-Version: coreutils 8.4.10081926 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2010-04-22 19:16+0400 Last-Translator: Yuri Kozlov Language-Team: Russian MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n%10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2); X-Generator: KBabel 1.11.4 ( ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ ) ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ истинно ! ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ ложно ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ1 -a ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ2 ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ1 и ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ2 оба истинны ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ1 -o ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ2 ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ1 или ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ2 истинно --check-order проверить правильность сортировки ввода, даже если все входные строки имеют пару --nocheck-order не проверять правильность сортировки ввода -1 не показывать столбец 1 (строки, уникальные для ФАЙЛА1) -2 не показывать столбец 2 (строки, уникальные для ФАЙЛА2) -3 не показывать столбец 3 (строки, встреченные в обоих файлах) -a, --all эквивалент -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot время последней загрузки системы -d, --dead печатать мертвые процессы -H, --heading печатать строку с заголовками столбцов -b ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ существует и является специальным с поблочным доступом -c ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ существует и является специальным с посимвольным доступом -d ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ существует и является каталогом -e ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ существует -l использовать подробный формат вывода -b опустить в подробном формате начальный каталог и оболочку этого пользователя -h опустить в подробном формате файл проекта этого пользователя -p опустить в подробном формате файл плана этого пользователя -s использовать краткий формат вывода, принимается по умолчанию -n СТРОКА длина СТРОКИ отлична от нуля СТРОКА эквивалентно -n СТРОКА -z СТРОКА длина СТРОКИ равна нулю СТРОКА1 = СТРОКА2 строки равны СТРОКА1 != СТРОКА2 строки не равны АРГ1 * АРГ2 арифметическое произведение АРГ1 и АРГ2 АРГ1 / АРГ2 арифметическое частное АРГ1 и АРГ2 АРГ1 % AРГ2 арифметический остаток от деления АРГ1 на АРГ2 АРГ1 + АРГ2 арифметическая сумма АРГ1 и АРГ2 АРГ1 - АРГ2 арифметическая разность АРГ1 и АРГ2 АРГ1 < АРГ2 АРГ1 меньше АРГ2 АРГ1 <= АРГ2 АРГ1 меньше или равен АРГ2 АРГ1 = АРГ2 АРГ1 равен АРГ2 АРГ1 != АРГ2 АРГ1 не равен АРГ2 АРГ1 >= АРГ2 АРГ1 больше или равен АРГ2 АРГ1 > АРГ2 АРГ1 больше АРГ2 ФАЙЛ1 -ef ФАЙЛ2 ФАЙЛ1 и ФАЙЛ2 имеют одинаковые устройства и номера inode ФАЙЛ1 -nt ФАЙЛ2 ФАЙЛ1 изменялся позже, чем ФАЙЛ2 ФАЙЛ1 -ot ФАЙЛ2 ФАЙЛ1 был создан позже, чем ФАЙЛ2 ЦЕЛОЕ копировать до строки с заданным номером, но не включительно /REGEXP/[СДВИГ] копировать до совпавшей строки, но не включительно %%REGEXP%%[СДВИГ] пропустить до совпавшей строки, но не включительно {ЦЕЛОЕ} повторить предыдущий образец заданное число раз {*} повторить предыдущий образец наибольшее возможное число раз Дополнительный СДВИГ строк -- это обязательный символ `+' или `-' с последующим положительным целым числом. ЦЕЛОЕ1 -eq ЦЕЛОЕ2 ЦЕЛОЕ1 равно ЦЕЛОМУ2 ЦЕЛОЕ1 -ge ЦЕЛОЕ2 ЦЕЛОЕ1 больше или равно ЦЕЛОМУ2 ЦЕЛОЕ1 -gt ЦЕЛОЕ2 ЦЕЛОЕ1 больше ЦЕЛОГО2 ЦЕЛОЕ1 -le ЦЕЛОЕ2 ЦЕЛОЕ1 меньше или равно ЦЕЛОМУ2 ЦЕЛОЕ1 -lt ЦЕЛОЕ2 ЦЕЛОЕ1 меньше ЦЕЛОГО2 ЦЕЛОЕ1 -ne ЦЕЛОЕ2 ЦЕЛОЕ1 отлично от ЦЕЛОГО2 СТРОКА : REGEXP проверка совпадения REGEXP с началом или концом СТРОКИ match СТРОКА REGEXP то же, что и СТРОКА : REGEXP substr СТРОКА ПОЗ ДЛИНА подстрока СТРОКИ, позиция отсчитывается от 1 index СТРОКА СИМВОЛЫ позиция в СТРОКЕ, где первым найден любой из СИМВОЛОВ, иначе 0 length СТРОКА длина СТРОКИ a нумеровать все строки t нумеровать только непустые строки n не нумеровать строки pБРВ нумеровать только строки, часть которых совпадает с базовым регулярным выражением БРВ ФОРМАТ задается как один из следующих: ln выравнивать по левому краю, не выводить начальные нули rn выравнивать по правому краю, не выводить начальные нули rz выравнивать по правому краю, выводить начальные нули b создать файл блочного устройства (буферизованный) c, u создать файл символьного устройства (небуферизованный) p создать именованный канал число пользователей=%lu -t подразумевается, если ДЛИНА_СТРАНИЦЫ <= 10. Если ФАЙЛ не задан или задан как -, то читает стандартный ввод. Полем считается последовательность пробельных символов (обычно, пробелы и/или TAB), за которой следуют непробельные символы. Сначала пропускаются поля, потом символы. Упрощенная программа `finger'; печатает сведения о пользователе. В качестве файла utmp будет использоваться %s. Просто `-' -- синоним для `-i'. Если не задана КОМАНДА, печатает получившееся окружение. Просто знак минус подразумевает -l. Если ПОЛЬЗОВАТЕЛЬ не задан, подразумевается root. После любого из флагов идет необязательная ширина поля в виде десятичного числа; затем необязательный модификатор, один из следующих: E -- если возможно, использовать альтернативное представление для текущей локали O -- если возможно, использовать альтернативные числовые символы локали. Если ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ не задано, оно считается ложным. В противном случае ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ может быть истинным либо ложным; оно устанавливает выходной статус программы. Выходное значение определяется следующим образом: Как исключение, cp создает резервную копию ИСТОЧНИКА, если заданы ключи -f и -b, а если ИСТОЧНИК совпадает с НАЗНАЧЕНИЕМ, то cp создает резервную копию НАЗНАЧЕНИЯ. После ЧИСЛА блоков и байт может стоять один из умножающий суффиксов: c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024 и так далее для T, P, E, Z, Y. Каждый элемент СПИСКА для conv может быть: Помните, что при использовании в оболочке некоторые операторы должны быть взяты в кавычки. Если оба аргумента АРГ являются числами, то производится арифметическое сравнение, иначе они сравниваются как строки. Сопоставления с образцом возвращают совпавшую строку между \( и \) или пустую строку; если \( и \) не использованы, то возвращается число совпавших символов. Если ТИП -- это b, c или u, необходимо задавать как ОСНОВНОЙ, так и ВТОРОСТЕПЕННЫЙ, а если ТИП равен p, их нельзя задавать. Если ОСНОВНОЙ или ВТОРОСТЕПЕННЫЙ начинаются на 0x или 0X, они интерпретируются как шестнадцатеричные числа; если начинаются на 0, то как восьмеричные; иначе как десятичные. ТИП может принимать следующие значения: По умолчанию rm не удаляет каталоги. Используйте ключ --recursive (-r или -R), чтобы удалить все перечисленные каталоги вместе с их содержимым. По умолчанию используются -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. СС -- это два символа, разделяющие логические страницы; если задан только один, то в качестве второго используется :. Вводите \\ чтобы получить \. СТИЛЬ задается как один из следующих: По умолчанию, разреженные файлы ИСТОЧНИКА распознаются при помощи грубой эвристической процедуры и соответственно создаются разреженные НАЗНАЧЕНИЯ. Такое поведение задаётся при помощи ключа --sparse=auto. С ключом --sparse=always всегда создаётся разреженный файл НАЗНАЧЕНИЯ, вне зависимости от того, содержит ли ИСТОЧНИК достаточно длинные последовательности нулевых байтов. Используйте ключ --sparse=never для запрещения создания разреженных файлов. Если указано --reflink[=always], выполняется облегчённое копирование, при котором блоки данных копируются только при изменении. Если это невозможно, или если указано --reflink=auto, то используется обычное копирование. Комбинации настроек: * [-]LCASE синоним [-]lcase cbreak синоним -icanon -cbreak синоним icanon Управляющие настройки: [-]clocal отменить управляющие сигналы модема [-]cread разрешить ввод * [-]crtscts разрешить управление потоком данных с подтверждением готовности csН установить размер символа равным Н бит, Н от 5 до 8 ПРОДОЛЖИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ выражается целым числом с необязательным суффиксом: s (по умолчанию) секунды, m минуты, h часы или d дни. Показывает значения в единицах первого доступного РАЗМЕРА из --block-size, и переменных окружения %s_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE и BLOCKSIZE. Иначе, единицей по умолчанию является 1024 байта (или 512, если установлена POSIXLY_CORRECT). Символ ФЛАГ может быть таким: append режим добавления (имеет смысл для вывода; рекомендуется conv=notrunc) РЕЖИМ задается в форме `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Примеры: %s -12 файл1 файл2 вывести только строки, имеющиеся в файле1 и файле2. %s -3 файл1 файл2 вывести строки файла1, которых нет в файле2 и наоборот. Примеры: %s /usr/bin/sort Выводит "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Выводит "stdio". Примеры: %s /usr/bin/sort Выводит "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Выводит ".". Примеры: %s f - g Выводит содержимое f, потом стандартный ввод, потом g. %s Копирует стандартный ввод на стандартный вывод. Примеры: %s root /u Меняет владельца /u на "root". %s root:staff /u То же, но еще меняет группу на "staff". %s -hR root /u Меняет владельца /u и вложенных файлов на "root". Примеры: %s staff /u Меняет группу /u на "staff". %s -hR staff /u Меняет группу /u и вложенных файлов на "staff". Все тесты, относящиеся к ФАЙЛУ, кроме -h и -L разыменовывают символьные ссылки. Помните, что вы должны отменить специальное значение скобок для командного интерпретатора (например, с помощью символа `\'). ЦЕЛОЕ может также быть задано как "-l СТРОКА", при этом оно принимает значение длины СТРОКИ. Выходной статус равен 0, если ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ не пустое и не 0; 1, если ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ пусто или 0; 2, если ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ синтаксически неверно; и 3, если случится ошибка. Коды выхода: 0 всё отлично, 1 небольшие проблемы (например, недоступен подкаталог), 2 серьёзная проблема (например, недоступен аргумент командной строки). ФОРМАТ управления выводом такой же, как в C-функции printf. Воспринимаются следующие последовательности: \" двойная кавычка ФОРМАТ управляет выводом. Воспринимаются следующие последовательности: %% знак % %a сокращённое название дня недели (напр., вск) согласно локали Управляет терминальной линией, подключенной к стандартному вводу. Запущенная без аргументов, печатает скорость передачи информации, line discipline и отличия от обычных установок. При установке, СИМВОЛЫ трактуются буквально или задаются в как ^c, 0x37, 0177 или 127; для отмены специальных символов служат значения ^- и undef. Если действует ключ -e, распознаются следующие последовательности: Если ФАЙЛ задан как -, перемешивать стандартный вывод. Удаляет ФАЙЛ(ы), если указан --remove (-u). По умолчанию файлы не удаляются, так как часто обрабатываются файлы-устройства вроде /dev/hda, а такие файлы не надо удалять. При обработке обычных файлов большинство людей используют ключ --remove. Если ФАЙЛ не задан, используется %s. Часто в качестве ФАЙЛА задают %s. Если заданы АРГ1 и АРГ2, полагается использование -m: например `am i' и `mom likes'. Если указан FILE, то читать его чтобы узнать какие цвета каким расширениям сопоставлены. Иначе использовать базу данных по умолчанию. Для более детального описания формата FILE запустите dircolors --print-database. Если не заданы ПЕРВЫЙ или ПРИРОСТ, по умолчанию используется 1. То есть ПРИРОСТ по умолчанию принимается за 1, даже если ПОСЛЕДНИЙ меньше ПЕРВОГО. ПЕРВЫЙ, ПОСЛЕДНИЙ и ПРИРОСТ интерпретируются как числа с плавающей точкой. ПРИРОСТ обычно положителен, если ПЕРВЫЙ меньше ПОСЛЕДНЕГО, и отрицателен, если ПЕРВЫЙ больше ПОСЛЕДНЕГО. Если РЕЖИМ равен 0, то соответствующий поток не будет буферизироваться. Если РЕЖИМ равен L, то соответствующий поток будет буферизироваться построчно. Это значение недопустимо для стандартного ввода. Если ФАЙЛ задан как -, копирует обратно на стандартный вывод. Если применимы и первая, и вторая формы вызова, предполагается вторая форма, если последний операнд начинается на + или (если заданы два операнда) на цифру. Операнд СМЕЩЕНИЕ означает -j СМЕЩЕНИЕ. МЕТКА -- это псевдоадрес первого напечатанного байта; она увеличивается в процессе вывода. Префикс 0x или 0X задает СМЕЩЕНИЕ или МЕТКУ как шестнадцатеричные числа, суффикс . -- как восьмеричные, а суффикс b умножает на 512. Если команда не задана, выполняет ``${SHELL} -i'' (по умолчанию: /bin/sh). Если стандартный ввод является терминалом, то он берётся из /dev/null. Если стандартный вывод является терминалом, то вывод добавляется в nohup.out, если возможно, иначе в $HOME/nohup.out. Если стандартный поток ошибок является терминалом, то он перенаправляет в в стандартный вывод. Чтобы записать вывод в ФАЙЛ, используйте %s КОМАНДА > ФАЙЛ. Если команда завершилась по таймауту, то код завершения 124. Иначе возвращается полученный код завершения КОМАНДЫ. Если сигнал не задан то по таймауту посылается сигнал TERM. Сигнал TERM завершает любой процесс, который не блокирует или перехватывает данный сигнал. Остальным процессам, может понадобиться послать сигнал KILL (9), так как этот сигнал нельзя перехватить. Если первым символом в Н (числе байт или строк) является `+', то выводит с Н-ного байта (или строки) от начала каждого файла, иначе выводит последние Н байт (или строк). Н может иметь суффикс-множитель: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024 и так далее для T, P, E, Z, Y. Настройки ввода: [-]brkint символ break будет вызывать сигнал прерывания [-]icrnl преобразовывать возврат каретки в перевод строки [-]ignbrk игнорировать символы прерывания [-]igncr игнорировать символы возврата каретки После K может стоять один из умножающий суффиксов: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024 и так далее для T, P, E, Z, Y. Лицензия GPLv3+: GNU GPL версии 3 или новее Это свободное ПО: вы можете продавать и распространять его. Нет НИКАКИХ ГАРАНТИЙ до степени, разрешённой законом. Локальные настройки: [-]crterase стирать символы как забой-пробел-забой * crtkill стирать всю строку, подчиняясь установкам echoprt и echoe * -crtkill стирать всю строку, подчиняясь установкам echoctl и echok ЗАМЕЧАНИЕ: Если КОМАНДА сама подгоняет буферы своих потоков (например tee), то это изменить соответствующие настройки, изменённые stdbuf. Также некоторые фильтры (например dd и cat, и т.д.) не используют потоки ввода/вывода, и поэтому stdbuf не укажет на них никакого влияния. ЗАМЕЧАНИЕ: [ все имеют ключи --help и --version, но test нет. test считает каждый из них обычной не пустой СТРОКОЙ. ЗАМЕЧАНИЕ: ваша оболочка может предоставлять свою версию %s, которая обычно перекрывает версию, описанную здесь. Пожалуйста, обращайтесь к документации по вашей оболочке, чтобы узнать, какие ключи она поддерживает. Заметим, что при использовании rm для удаления файла его содержимое обычно можно восстановить, имея соответствующий опыт и время. Используйте shred, если вам необходима большая уверенность в невозможности восстановления содержимого. Заметьте, что ключи -d и -t используют разные форматы даты и времени. Заметим, что ключи -r и -s взаимно исключают друг друга. Заметим, что при сравнении действуют правила, задаваемые LC_COLLATE. Замечание: 'uniq' не обнаруживает повторяющиеся строки, если они не смежные. Вы можете сначала выполнить сортировку, или использовать `sort -u' без `uniq'. Также, при сравнении учитываются правила задаваемые LC_COLLATE. Необязательный знак минус перед НАСТРОЙКОЙ означает отрицание. Звездочкой отмечены настройки, не описанные в стандарте POSIX. Доступность той или иной настройки определяется используемой системой. Другим значением для РЕЖИМА может быть число оканчивающееся: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024 и так далее для G, T, P, E, Z, Y. В этом случае соответствующий поток будет полностью буферизироваться и размер буфера будет равен число байт в РЕЖИМЕ. Настройки вывода: * bsН значение паузы после забоя, допустимые Н [0..1] * crН значение паузы после возврата каретки, допустимые Н [0..3] * ffН значение паузы после перевода страницы, допустимые Н [0..1] * nlН значение паузы после новой строки, допустимые Н [0..1] Владелец не изменяется, если он не задан в аргументе. Группа также не изменяется, если не задана; но если после символьного ВЛАДЕЛЬЦА стоит символ `:', подразумевается изменение группы на основную группу текущего пользователя. ВЛАДЕЛЕЦ и ГРУППА могут быть как числовыми, так и символьными. ПОЗ задается как П[.З][КЛЮЧ], где П -- номер поля, а З -- позиция символа в этом поле, оба отсчитываются от 1. Если не заданы ключи -t или -b, символы в поле отсчитываются от начала предшествующих пробельных символов. КЛЮЧ составляется из одной или нескольких букв, задающих порядок сортировки; он отменяет соответствующие глобальные ключи для данного ключевого поля. Если ключевое поле не задано, в качестве ключа используется строка целиком. После РАЗМЕРА можно писать следующие суффиксы-мультипликаторы: Печатает значение ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ на стандартный вывод. Ниже пустыми строками разделены группы по возрастанию приоритета. Допустимые ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ: АРГ1 | АРГ2 АРГ1, если он отличен от нуля, иначе АРГ2 АРГ1 & АРГ2 АРГ1, если оба отличны от нуля, иначе 0 ОСНОВАНИЕ может быть d (десятичным), o (восьмеричным), x (шестнадцатеричным) или n (не выводить смещения). Н с префиксом 0x или 0X воспринимается как шестнадцатеричное и может иметь умножающий суффикс: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024 и так далее для T, P, E, Z, Y. Если добавить к любому формату суффикс z, то в конце каждой строки будут выводиться печатные символы. Если ФАЙЛ задан как -, читает стандартный ввод. ОБРАЗЕЦ задается следующим образом: Об ошибках в %s сообщайте по адресу %s. Об ошибках сообщайте по адресу <%s> Об ошибках в переводе сообщайте по адресу ТАБЛИЦы задаются как символьные строки. Во многих случаях символы представляют сами себя. Воспринимаются следующие последовательности: \ННН знак с восьмеричным кодом ННН (от 1 до 3 цифр) \\ обратная косая черта \a звуковой сигнал \b забой \f перевод страницы \n новая строка \r возврат каретки \t горизонтальная табуляция СИГНАЛ может задаваться именем сигнала, например HUP или номером сигнала, например 1, или выходным значением процесса, прерванного сигналом. PID является целым числом; если оно отрицательно, то обозначает группу процессов. Если ФОРМАТ -- одно из [doux], ЧИСЛО может задаваться как C (char), S (short), I (int) или L (long), если ФОРМАТ равен f, то ЧИСЛО также может быть F (float), D (double) или L (long double). Перед РАЗМЕРОМ может быть один из следующих символов: `+' расширить на, `-' сократить на, `<' не более, `>' не менее, `/' округлить с сторону уменьшения, `%' округлить в сторону увеличения. РАЗМЕР может быть таким (или это может быть целое число, за которым может следовать одно из перечисленного): KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024 и так далее для G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Если послать работающему процессу `dd' сигнал %s, он напечатает на стандартный поток ошибок статистику ввода/вывода и продолжит копирование. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 входных записей 18335302+0 выходных записей 9387674624 байта (9.4 GB) скопировано, 34.6279 секунды, 271 MB/s Ключи: Специальные символы: * dsusp СИМВОЛ СИМВОЛ будет посылать терминалу сигнал останова при завершении ввода eof СИМВОЛ СИМВОЛ будет означать конец файла (прекращать ввод) eol СИМВОЛ СИМВОЛ будет означать конец строки Специальные настройки: Н установить скорости ввода и вывода равными Н бод * cols Н сообщить ядру, что терминал имеет Н столбцов * columns Н синоним cols ТИП составляется из одного или нескольких следующих спецификаций: a именованный символ, старший бит игнорируется c ASCII-символ или управляющая последовательность По умолчанию суффикс для запасных копий ~, если только не установлена переменная окружения SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX или ключ --suffix. Способ контроля версий может быть установлен при помощи ключа --backup или переменной окружения VERSION_CONTROL. Допустимые значения: Данные кодируются как описано для алфавита base64 в RFC 3548. При декодировании ввод может содержать также переводы строк помимо байтов формального алфавита base64. Используйте ключ --ignore-garbage, чтобы попытаться проигнорировать неалфавитные символы в закодированном потоке. Три следующих ключа полезны только при проверке контрольных сумм: --quiet не выводить OK для каждого успешно проверенного файла --status не производить вывод, выходное значение показывает успех проверки -w, --warn предупреждать о неправильно составленных строках в списке контрольных сумм Метод вычисления контрольных сумм описан в %s. Входными данными при проверке должны быть полученные ранее выходные данные этой программы. По умолчанию печатает строку с контрольной суммой, знак, показывающий тип файла (`*' для двоичных, ` ' для текстовых), и имя каждого ФАЙЛА. Допустимые форматные последовательности для файлов (без --file-system): %a Права доступа в восьмеричной форме %A Права доступа в читаемой форме %b Число выделенных блоков (см. %B) %B Размер блока, сообщаемого %b, в байтах %C Строка контекста безопасности SELinux Программа install копирует файлы (часто, только что скомпилированные) в заданное вами место. Если вы хотите скачать и установить готовый к использованию пакет в систему GNU/Linux, то вместо неё должны использовать менеджер пакетов, например yum(1) или apt-get(1). В первых трёх формах копируется ИСТОЧНИК в НАЗНАЧЕНИЕ или несколько ИСТОЧНИКОВ в существующий КАТАЛОГ, устанавливая режимы доступа и владельца/группу. В четвёртой форме создаются все компоненты указанных КАТАЛОГОВ. Для удаления файла, начинающегося с `-' (например: `-foo'), используйте одну из следующих команд: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Традиционные спецификации формата можно писать вперемешку, они аккумулируются: -a синоним -t a, именованные символы, старший бит игнорируется -b синоним -t o1, восьмеричные байты -c синоним -t c, ASCII-символы или управляющие последовательности с `\' -d синоним -t u2, беззнаковые десятичные двухбайтовые единицы Преобразование происходит, если заданы обе ТАБЛИЦы, и не указан -d. Ключ -t может быть использован только при преобразовании. ТАБЛИЦА2 при необходимости расширяется до размера ТАБЛИЦЫ1 путем повторения последнего символа. Избыточные символы ТАБЛИЦЫ2 игнорируются. Только [:lower:] и [:upper:] гарантировано сортированы в порядке возрастания, их можно использовать только парно, для обозначения смены регистра. Если не запрошено ни преобразование, ни удаление, ключ -s использует ТАБЛИЦУ1, иначе при уплотнении используется ТАБЛИЦА2. Уплотнение производится после преобразования или удаления. Если не задан -t СИМВОЛ, начальные пробельные символы разделяют поля и игнорируются, в противном случае поля разделяются СИМВОЛОМ. ПОЛЕ -- это номер поля, отсчитываемый от 1. ФОРМАТ -- это одно или несколько разделяемых запятыми или пробельными символами описаний формата в виде `НОМЕР_ФАЙЛА.ПОЛЕ' или `0'. По умолчанию ФОРМАТ выводит общее поле, остальные поля из ФАЙЛА1 и остальные поля из ФАЙЛА2, разделённые СИМВОЛОМ. Важно: ФАЙЛ1 и ФАЙЛ2 должны быть отсортированы по общим полям. Например, используйте `sort -k 1b,1', если у `join' нет ключей. Заметим, что при сравнении действуют правила, задаваемые LC_COLLATE. Если ввод не отсортирован и одинаковые строки не объединены, то будет выдано предупреждающее сообщение. Используйте один и только один из ключей -b, -c или -f. СПИСКИ состоят из диапазона или нескольких диапазонов, разделенных запятыми. Выбранные части входного файла печатаются в том порядке, в котором они появляются на входе, и печатаются ровно один раз. Использование цветов для различения типов файла по умолчанию выключено и с помощью --color=never. С --color=auto, ls выдаёт цветовые коды только когда стандартный вывод подключён к терминалу. Переменная окружения LS_COLORS служит для изменения значений. Для её установки используйте команду dircolors. Если ФАЙЛ не задан или задан как -, читает стандартный ввод. По умолчанию предполагается `-F /'. Если ФАЙЛ не задан или задан как -, читает стандартный ввод. При запуске без ключей выдает результат в три столбца. Первый столбец содержит строки, уникальные для ФАЙЛА1, второй -- уникальные для ФАЙЛА2, а третий -- общие для обоих файлов строки. Если КЛЮЧИ не заданы, печатает некоторый стандартный набор полезных сведений. Печатает однозначное (по умолчанию байтовое восьмеричное) представление ФАЙЛА на стандартный вывод. Если ФАЙЛ не задан или задан как -, читает стандартный ввод. ??? --backup[=КОНТРОЛЬ] создавать резервные копии целевых файлов -b то же, что и --backup, но без аргумента -f, --force переписывать существующие файлы не спрашивая -i, --interactive спрашивать перед тем как переписывать -n, --no-clobber не переписывать существующий файл Если указано более одного ключа -i, -f, -n, то используется последний. --backup[=КОНТРОЛЬ] создать резервную копию для каждого целевого файла -b то же, что и --backup, но не принимает аргумент -d, -F, --directory позволить суперпользователю создавать жесткие ссылки на каталоги (замечание: вероятно, это не получится из-за системных ограничений, даже для суперпользователя) -f, --force удалять существующие целевые файлы --backup[=КОНТРОЛЬ] создавать резервные копии целевых файлов -b то же, что и --backup, но без аргумента -c (игнорируется) -C, --compare сравнивать каждую пару файл источника и назначения, и, в некоторых случаях, вообще не изменять файл назначения -d, --directory рассматривать все аргументы как каталоги; создавать все компоненты указанных каталогов --batch-size=NMERGE объединять не более чем NMERGE ввода за раз; для большего использовать временные файлы --block-size=РАЗМ использовать блоки размером РАЗМ байт. Формат см. ниже -B, --ignore-backups не выдавать файлы, оканчивающиеся на ~ -c с -lt: сортировать и показывать по ctime (времени последнего изменения) с -l: показывать ctime и сортировать по имени, иначе сортировать по ctime --complement дополнить множество выбранных байт, символов или полей --files0-from=Ф читать ввод из файлов, имена которых (завершённые нулем) перечислены в файле Ф Если Ф равно -, то читать имена файлов из стандартного ввода -L, --max-line-length напечатать длину наибольшей строки -w, --words напечатать число слов --files0-from=Ф вывести отчёт об использовании диска, чьи имена файлов (завершённые нулем) перечислены в файле Ф Если Ф равно -, то читать имена файлов из стандартного ввода -H эквивалентен ключу --dereference-args (-D) -h, --human-readable печатать размеры в удобном для человека виде (например, 1K 234M 2G) --si как -h, но использовать степени 1000, а не 1024 --from=CURRENT_OWNER:CURRENT_GROUP Изменяет владельца и/или группу каждого файла только если текущий владелец и/или группа совпадают с указанными. Как группа, так и владелец могут быть опущены; в этом случае совпадение для данного атрибута не обязательно. --group-directories-first группировать каталоги перед файлами. дополняется ключом --sort, но любое использование --sort=none (-U) выключает группировку --help показать эту справку и выйти --indicator-style=СТИЛЬ добавлять к именам элементов индикатор с указанным СТИЛЕМ: none (пусто, по умолчанию), slash (косая черта, -p), file-type (тип файла, --file-type), classify (определяется видом файла, -F) -i, --inode печатать индекс каждого файла -I, --ignore=ШАБЛОН не показывать файлы, соответствующие ШАБЛОНУ оболочки -k то же, что и --block-size=1K --lookup пытаться канонизировать имена хостов через DNS -m только имя хоста и пользователь, связанные со стандартным вводом -p, --process печатать активные процессы, которые породил init --no-preserve-root не обрабатывать `/' особо --preserve-root отказываться рекурсивно обрабатывать `/' (по умолчанию) -r, -R, --recursive рекурсивно удалять каталоги и их содержимое -v, --verbose пояснять производимые действия --no-preserve-root не обрабатывать `/' особо (по умолчанию) --preserve-root отказываться рекурсивно обрабатывать `/' --no-preserve-root не обрабатывать `/' особо (по умолчанию) --preserve-root отказываться рекурсивно обрабатывать `/' --no-preserve=СПИС_АТТР не сохранять указанные атрибуты --parents добавить исходный путь к КАТАЛОГУ --one-file-system при рекурсивном удалении иерархии, пропускать все каталоги, находящиеся не на той же файловой системе, что и соответствующий аргумент командной строки --pid=PID с ключом -f, прерваться, когда процесс PID завершает работу -q, --quiet, --silent не выводить заголовки с именами файлов --retry продолжать пытаться открыть файл даже когда он есть или станет недоступным; полезно, когда указывается имя, то есть, с --follow=name --preserve-context сохранять контекст безопасности SELinux -Z, --context=КОНТЕКСТ задать контекст безопасности SELinux файлам и каталогам --reference=ЭФАЙЛ использовать контекст безопасности ЭФАЙЛа, вместо указанного значения КОНТЕКСТА -R, --recursive рекурсивно обрабатывать файлы и каталоги -v, --verbose выводить диагностические сообщения для каждого файла --rfc-3339=СПЕЦ вывести дату/время в формате RFC 3339 СПЕЦ=`date', `seconds' или `ns' для получения даты и времени с указанной точностью. Компоненты даты и времени разделяются одним пробелом: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=СТРОКА установить время, описанное СТРОКОЙ -u, --utc, --universal показать или установить универсальное координированное время --sort=СЛОВО сортировать согласно СЛОВУ: general-numeric -g, human-numeric -h, month -M, numeric -n, random -R, version -V -V, --version-sort сортировать по номерам (версии) в текстовом представлении --sparse=КОГДА управлять созданием разреженных файлов. См. ниже. --strip-trailing-slashes удалять все конечные косые черты из каждого аргумента ИСТОЧНИК --strip-trailing-slashes удаляет все конечные косые черты из каждого аргумента ИСТОЧНИК -S, --suffix=СУФФИКС перекрывает обычный суффикс для резервных копий --suffix=СУФФ добавлять СУФФикс к ШАБЛОНУ. СУФФикс не должен содержать символов косой черты. Подразумевается, что этот ключ установлен, если ШАБЛОН не заканчивается X. --time показывать время последней модификации всех файлов в каталоге или всех его подкаталогов --time=СЛОВО показывать указанное СЛОВОМ время, а не время модификации: atime, access, use, ctime или status --time-style=СТИЛЬ показывать время, используя СТИЛЬ: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +ФОРМАТ ФОРМАТ интерпретируется как в `date' --time-style=СТИЛЬ с -l, показывать время используя указанный СТИЛЬ: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +ФОРМАТ. ФОРМАТ интерпретируется как в `date'; если ФОРМАТ -- это ФОРМАТ1<перевод-строки>ФОРМАТ2, ФОРМАТ1 применяется к старым файлам, а ФОРМАТ2 к новым; если к СТИЛЮ добавлен префикс `posix-', то он действует только в локали, отличной от POSIX --tmpdir[=КАТ] рассматривать ШАБЛОН относительно КАТ. Если КАТ не указан, использовать $TMPDIR если задана, иначе /tmp. С этим ключом ШАБЛОН не должен быть абсолютным именем. В отличие от -t, ШАБЛОН может содержать косые черты, но даже в этом случае, mktemp всё ещё создаёт только последний компонент. --verbose печатать диагностику перед открытием очередного выходного файла --version показать информацию о версии и выйти --all вывести число установленных процессоров --ignore=N если возможно, исключить N обрабатывающих элементов Разм Исп Дост Исп% Iнодов IИспол IСвоб IИсп% Разм Исп Дост Исп% -evenp синоним -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase синоним xcase iuclc olcuc litout синоним -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout синоним parenb istrip opost cs7 nl синоним -icrnl -onlcr -nl синоним icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb использовать два разделяющих бита на символ (один, если с `-') [-]hup посылать сигнал обрыва терминальной линии, когда последний процесс закрывает терминал [-]hupcl синоним [-]hup [-]parenb генерировать при выводе бит четности и ожидать бит четности на вводе [-]parodd установить проверку на нечетность (даже с `-') [-]ignpar игнорировать символы с ошибками четности * [-]imaxbel при переполненном буфере ввода подавать звуковой сигнал и не сбрасывать буфер, игнорируя дальнейший ввод [-]inlcr преобразовывать перевод строки в возврат каретки [-]inpck использовать проверку четности ввода [-]istrip очищать старший (восьмой) бит вводимых символов [-]isig использовать специальные символы interrupt, quit, и suspend [-]noflsh запретить сброс буфера после приема специальных символов interrupt и quit * [-]prterase синоним [-]echoprt * [-]tostop приостанавливать фоновые программе, пытающиеся произвести запись на терминал * [-]xcase отображать `\' для заглавных букв, используется с icanon cooked синоним brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, символы eof and eol имеют значения по умолчанию -cooked синоним raw crt синоним echoe echoctl echoke dec синоним echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq синоним [-]ixany ek установить для символов erase and kill значения по умолчанию evenp синоним parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed Н установить скорость ввода * line Н использовать протокол линии Н min Н используется с -icanon, установить Н минимальным числом символов для завершения операции чтения ospeed Н установить скорость вывода oddp синоним parenb parodd cs7 -oddp синоним -parenb cs8 [-]parity синоним [-]evenp pass8 синоним -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 синоним parenb istrip cs7 raw синоним -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw синоним cooked sane синоним cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke, все специальные символы установлены в их значения по умолчанию stop СИМВОЛ СИМВОЛ будет приостанавливать ввод susp СИМВОЛ СИМВОЛ будет посылать терминалу сигнал останова * swtch СИМВОЛ СИМВОЛ будет переключать уровень вложенности оболочки * werase СИМВОЛ СИМВОЛ стирать последние введенное слово %% один % %b АРГУМЕНТ в виде строки с интерпретированными escape-последовательностями, начинающимися с \\; восьмеричные последовательности в форме \0 или \0ННН а также все спецификации формата в стиле C, заканчивающиеся одним из diouxXfeEgGcs; АРГУМЕНТ приводится к соответствующему типу. Также обрабатываются аргументы переменной ширины. %A полное название дня недели (напр., понедельник) согласно локали %b сокращённое название месяца (напр., янв) согласно локали %B полное название месяца (напр., январь) согласно локали %c время и дата (напр., Чтв 3 Мар 23:05:25 2005) согласно локали %C век; как у %Y, но опускаются две последние цифры (напр., 20) %d день месяца (напр., 01) %D дата; аналогично %m/%d/%y %e день месяца, дополненный пробелами; аналогично %_d %F полная дата; эквивалентно %Y-%m-%d %g последние две цифры года для номера недели ISO (см. %G) %G год для номера недели ISO (см. %V); обычно бывает полезно только с %V %S секунды (00..60) %t табуляция %T время, аналог %H:%M:%S %u день недели (1..7); 1 обозначает понедельник %U номер недели в году, если первый день недели -- воскресенье (00..53) %V номер недели по ISO, если первый день недели -- понедельник (01..52) %w день недели (0..6), 0 означает воскресенье %W номер недели в году, если первый день недели -- понедельник (00..53) %d Номер устройства, десятичный %D Номер устройства, шестнадцатеричный %f Низкоуровневый режим, шестнадцатеричный %F Тип файла %g ID группы-владельца %G Имя группы-владельца %h Число жестких ссылок %i Число Inode %n Имя файла %N Экранированное имя файла, символьная ссылки разыменовывается %o Размер блока ввода/вывода %s Полный размер, в байтах %t Основной тип устройства, шестнадцатеричный %T Второстепенный тип устройства, шестнадцатеричный %h то же, что и %b %H час (00..23) %I час (01..12) %j номер дня в году (001..366) %i Идентификатор файловой системы, шестнадцатеричный %l Максимальная длина имени файла %n Имя файла %s Размер блока (для быстрейшей передачи) %S Фундаментальный размер блока (для подсчета блоков) %t Тип, шестнадцатеричный %T Тип в читаемой форме %k час ( 0..23) %l час ( 1..12) %m месяц (01..12) %M минуты (00..59) %n новая строка %N наносекунды (000000000..999999999) %p эквивалент AM или PM согласно локали; пусто если неизвестно %P как %p, но строчными буквами %r время согласно локали, 12-часовой формат (напр., 11:11:04 PM) %R часы и минуты согласно локали, 24-часовой формат; аналог %H:%M %s число секунд, истёкших с 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u ID пользователя-владельца %U Имя пользователя-владельца %x Время последнего доступа %X Время последнего доступа в секундах с начала Эпохи %y Время последней модификации %Y Время последней модификации в секундах с начала Эпохи %z Время последнего изменения %Z Время последнего изменения в секундах с начала Эпохи %x представление даты (напр., дд/мм/гг) согласно локали %X представление времени (напр., 23:13:48) согласно локали %y последние две цифры года (00..99) %Y год %z +ччмм часовой пояс (напр., -0400) %:z +чч:мм часовой пояс (напр., -04:00) %::z +чч:мм:сс часовой пояс (напр., -04:00:00) %:::z часовой пояс с достаточным количеством двоеточий (напр., -04, +05:30) %Z алфавитное сокращение часового пояса (напр., EDT) По умолчанию date дополняет числовые поля нулями. + ЛЕКСЕМА воспринимать ЛЕКСЕМУ как строку, даже если это ключевое слово, как `match', или оператор, как `/' ( ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ ) значение ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ +ПЕРВАЯ_СТРАНИЦА[:ПОСЛЕДНЯЯ_СТРАНИЦА], --pages=ПЕРВАЯ_СТРАНИЦА[:ПОСЛЕДНЯЯ_СТРАНИЦА] начать [завершить] печать на ПЕРВОЙ_[ПОСЛЕДНЕЙ_]СТРАНИЦЕ -ЧИСЛО, --columns=ЧИСЛО выводить заданное ЧИСЛО колонок и печатать их вниз, если только не указан ключ -a. Балансировать число строк в колонке на каждой странице. --output-delimiter=РАЗ отделять столбцы с помощью РАЗделителя --userspec=ПОЛЬЗ:ГРУППА задать пользователя и группу (ID или именем) --groups=G_LIST задать вспомогательные группы как гр1, гр2, .., грN -0, --null завершать каждую выводимую строку 0-м байтом, a не символом новой строки -A, --address-radix=ОСНОВАНИЕ выводить смещения в файлах в заданной системе счисления -j, --skip-bytes=Н пропустить первые Н байт -A, --auto-reference выводить автоматически сгенерированные ссылки -G, --traditional работать в режиме большей совместимости с программой `ptx' из System V -F, --flag-truncation=СТРОКА использовать СТРОКУ для пометки усечения строк -B, --block-size=РАЗМЕР использовать блоки указанного РАЗМЕРА (в байтах) -b, --bytes эквивалентно --apparent-size --block-size=1 -c, --total печатать общий итог -D, --dereference-args следовать по символьным ссылкам -C выдавать список в несколько колонок --color[=КОГДА] указывает, нужно ли выделять типы файлов цветом. КОГДА может быть always (по умолчанию), never или auto. Подробней см. ниже -d, --directory выдавать имена каталогов, а не их содержимое, а также не следовать по символьным ссылкам -D, --dired генерировать вывод для режима Emacs dired -D создавать все начальные составляющие НАЗНАЧЕНИЯ кроме последнего, затем копировать ИСТОЧНИК в НАЗНАЧЕНИЕ -g, --group=ГРУППА устанавливать ГРУППУ, а не группу текущего процесса -m, --mode=РЕЖИМ устанавливать РЕЖИМ (как chmod), а не rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=ВЛАДЕЛЕЦ устанавливать ВЛАДЕЛЬЦА (только для суперпользователя) -D, --all-repeated[=delimit-method] напечатать все повторяющиеся строки delimit-method={none(по умолчанию),prepend,separate)} Разделение делается пустыми строками. -f, --skip-fields=Н не сравнивать первые Н полей -i, --ignore-case игнорировать регистр при сравнении -s, --skip-chars=Н не сравнивать первые Н символов -u, --unique выводить только неповторяющиеся строки -z, --zero-terminated строки оканчиваются байтом с 0, а не символом новой строки -D, --date-format=ФОРМАТ использовать для даты в заголовке указанный ФОРМАТ -e[СИМ[ЧИСЛО]], --expand-tabs[=СИМВОЛ[ЧИСЛО]] преобразовывать входные СИМВОЛЫ (табуляцию) в заданное ЧИСЛО пробелов (8) -F, -f, --form-feed использовать для разделения страниц символ перевода страницы, а не новой строки (с трехстрочным заголовком, если есть ключ -F, и пятистрочным заголовком и завершителем, если ключ -F не задан) -G, --no-group в длинном формате не печатать имена групп -h, --human-readable c -l, печатать размеры в удобном для человека виде (например, 1K 234M 2G) --si то же, но использовать степени 1000, а не 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line следовать по символьным ссылкам в командной строке --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir следовать по всем символьным ссылкам в командной строке, которые указывают на каталог --hide=ШАБЛОН не показывать файлы, соответствующие ШАБЛОНУ оболочки (отменяется ключами -a или -A) -I запрашивать подтверждение один раз перед удалением более чем трех файлов или перед рекурсивным удалением. Не так назойливо, как -i, но все же предоставляет защиту от большинства ошибок. --interactive[=КОГДА] запрашивать подтверждение, КОГДА указано: never (никогда), once (-I, один раз) или always (-i, всегда). Если КОГДА не задано, запрашивать всегда. -L ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ существует и является символьной ссылкой (эквивалент -h) -O ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ существует и принадлежит текущему эффективному пользователю -p ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ существует и является именованным каналом -r ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ существует доступен для чтения -s ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ существует и имеет ненулевой размер -L, --dereference разыменовывать символьные ссылки -P, --no-dereference не следовать по символьным ссылкам (по умолчанию) -0, --null завершать каждую выводимую строку 0-м байтом, а не символом новой строки -S, --separate-dirs не включать размер каталогов -s, --summarize показывать только итог для каждого аргумента -L, --logical использовать PWD из окружения, даже если её значение содержит символьные ссылки -P, --physical избегать всех символьных ссылок -M, --macro-name=СТРОКА имя макро, которое следует использовать вместо `xx' -O, --format=roff генерировать вывод в виде директив roff -R, --right-side-refs помещать ссылки справа, не учитывается при -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP для конца строк или конца предложений -T, --format=tex генерировать вывод в виде директив TeX -N, --read-bytes=Н считывать только Н байт в каждом файле -s, --strings[=Н] выводить строки длиной по меньшей мере Н графических символов -t, --format=ТИП выбирает формат или форматы вывода -v, --output-duplicates не помечать символом * невыводимые строки -w, --width[=Н] выводить Н байт в каждой выходной строке --traditional принимать аргументы в традиционной форме -P, --portability выводить в формате POSIX --sync вызывать sync перед получением информации об использовании блоков -t, --type=ТИП перечислить только файловые системы указанного ТИПА -T, --print-type печатать тип файловой системы -x, --exclude-type=ТИП исключить файловые системы указанного ТИПА -v (игнорируется) -R, -r, --recursive рекурсивно копировать каталоги --reflink[=КОГДА] контролировать копии clone/CoW. См. ниже. --remove-destination удалять каждый файл назначения перед попыткой его открыть (обратно к --force) -S сортировать по размеру файла --sort=СЛОВО сортировать по СЛОВУ, а не по имени: none (без сортировки) -U, extension (расширение) -X, size (размер) -S, time (время) -t, version (версия) -v --time=СЛОВО с ключом -l, показывать вместо времени изменения время, заданное СЛОВОМ: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c или status -c; если --sort=time, использовать указанное время в качестве ключа сортировки -S ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ существует и является сокетом -t [ДФ] дескриптор файла ДФ открыт на терминале -u ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ существует и имеет флаг set-user-ID -w ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ существует и доступен для записи -x ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ существует и является исполняемым -S, --suffix=СУФФИКС переопределяет обычный суффикс резервных копий -t, --target-directory=КАТ указать КАТАЛОГ, в котором создавать ссылки -T, --no-target-directory считать ИМЯ_ССЫЛКИ обычным файлом -v, --verbose печатать имя каждого файла при создании ссылки -SСТРОКА, --sep-string[=СТРОКА] разделять колонки СТРОКОЙ, если -S не задан: разделитель по умолчанию -- , если использован ключ -J, иначе пробел (то же, что -S" "); не влияет на ключи для колонок -t, --omit-header не выводить заголовки страниц -T, --omit-pagination не выводить заголовки и игнорировать символы перевода страницы во входных файлах -v, --show-nonprinting использовать запись восьмеричным кодом с обратной косой чертой -w, --width=ШИРИНА_СТРАНИЦЫ установить ШИРИНУ_СТРАНИЦЫ (72) для вывода в несколько колонок, -s[символ] выключает (72) -T, -w, --mesg добавлять статус приема сообщений как +, - или ? -u, --users перечислить подключенных пользователей --message эквивалент -T --writable эквивалент -T -W, --page-width=ШИРИНА_СТРАНИЦЫ установить ШИРИНУ_СТРАНИЦЫ (72), усекать строки, если нет ключа -J; не затрагивается ключами -S или -s -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP регулярное выражение для ключевых слов -b, --break-file=ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ с символами-разделителями слов -f, --ignore-case преобразовывать к верхнему регистру при сортировке -g, --gap-size=ЧИСЛО размер промежутка между полями вывода, выраженный в столбцах -i, --ignore-file=ФАЙЛ считать перечень игнорируемых слов из ФАЙЛА -o, --only-file=ФАЙЛ только считать список слов из заданного ФАЙЛА -Z, --context=CTX установить контекст безопасности SELinux для ИМЕНИ равным CTX -Z, --context=CTX установить контекст безопасности SELinux для каждого ИМЕНИ равным CTX -a изменить только время доступа -c, --no-create не создавать файлов -d, --date=СТРОКА проанализировать СТРОКУ и использовать вместо текущего времени -f (игнорируется) -a, --across выводить колонки вдоль, а не вниз; используется вместе с ключом -ЧИСЛО -c, --show-control-chars использовать запись с шапочкой (^G) или обратной косой чертой (и восьмеричным кодом) -d, --double-space вставлять пустую строку после каждой выходной строки -a, --all не скрывать файлы начинающиеся с . -A, --almost-all не выдавать подразумеваемые . и .. --author вместе с -l, печатать автора каждого файла -b, --escape печатать экранирующие последовательности в стиле С для неграфических символов -a, --all включать виртуальные файловые системы -B, --block-size=РАЗМЕР использовать блоки указанного РАЗМЕРА (в байтах) --total выводить общий итог -h, --human-readable печатать размеры в удобном для человека виде (например, 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si то же, но использовать степени 1000, а не 1024 -a, --all печатать объём для всех файлов, а не только каталогов --apparent-size печатать действительные размеры, а не занимаемое на диске место; хотя действительный размер обычно меньше, иногда он может быть больше из-за дыр в файлах, внутренней фрагментации, косвенных блоков и тому подобного -a, --all преобразовывать все пробельные символы, а не только начальные --first-only преобразовывать только начальные пробельные символы (перекрывает -a) -t, --tabs=ЧИСЛО использовать табуляцию заданной ширины, а не 8 (включает -a) -t, --tabs=СПИСОК использовать заданный СПИСОК (разделенный запятыми) позиций табуляции (включает -a) -a, --archive то же, что и -dPR --preserve=all --backup[=КОГДА] создавать резервную копию каждого целевого файла -b то же, что и --backup, но без аргумента --copy-contents копировать содержимое специальных файлов при рекурсивной обработке -d то же, что и --no-dereference --preserve=link -a, --suffix-length=Н использовать суффиксы длины Н (по умолчанию %d) -b, --bytes=ЧИСЛО записывать в каждый выходной файл заданное ЧИСЛО байт -C, --line-bytes=ЧИСЛО записывать не более заданного ЧИСЛА байт из строки -d, --numeric-suffixes использовать числовые, а не алфавитные суффиксы -l, --lines=ЧИСЛО записывать в каждый выходной файл заданное ЧИСЛО строк -b, --before присоединять разделитель к началу, а не к концу -r, --regex воспринимать разделитель как регулярное выражение -s, --separator=СТРОКА использовать как разделитель СТРОКУ, а не символ новой строки -b, --binary читать в двоичном режиме -b, --binary читать в двоичном режиме (по умолчанию, если читается не терминальный ввод) -b, --body-numbering=СТИЛЬ использовать СТИЛЬ нумерования строк тела -d, --section-delimiter=СС использовать СС для разделения логических страниц -f, --footer-numbering=СТИЛЬ использовать СТИЛЬ нумерования строк нижнего колонтитула -b, --bytes считать байты, а не столбцы -s, --spaces разбивать только на пробелах -w, --width=ЧИСЛО использовать указанное ЧИСЛО столбцов, а не 80 -b, --bytes=СПИСОК выбрать только заданные байты -c, --characters=СПИСОК выбрать только заданные символы -d, --delimiter=РАЗДЕЛИТЕЛЬ использовать для разделения полей РАЗДЕЛИТЕЛЬ вместо табуляции -b, --ignore-leading-blanks игнорировать начальные пропуски -d, --dictionary-order рассматривать только пропуски, буквы и цифры -f, --ignore-case игнорировать регистр букв -b, --suffix-format=ФОРМАТ использовать ФОРМАТ как в sprintf вместо %02d -f, --prefix=ПРЕФИКС использовать ПРЕФИКС вместо `xx' -k, --keep-files не удалять выходные файлы при ошибке -c --format=ФОРМАТ использовать указанный ФОРМАТ, а не принимаемый по умолчанию; переводить строку после каждого использования ФОРМАТА --printf=FORMAT как --format, но интерпретировать экранирующие последовательности и не переводить строку в конце. Если вам нужен перевод строки, вставьте в ФОРМАТ \n. -t, --terse выводить информацию в компактной форме -c, --bytes=Н показать последние Н байт; или же укажите -c +Н, чтобы начать вывод каждого файла с Н-го байта -c, --bytes=[-]K напечатать первые K байт каждого файла; если перед K стоит `-', напечатать все, кроме K последних байт каждого файла -n, --lines=[-]K напечатать K строк каждого файла, а не первые 10; если перед K стоит `-', напечатать все, кроме K последних строк каждого файла -c, --check читать суммы %s из ФАЙЛОВ и сверять их -c, --check, --check=diagnose-first проверять, сортированы ли входные файлы; не сортировать -C, --check=quiet, --check=silent как -c, но не сообщать о первой плохой строке --compress-program=ПРОГ сжимать временные файлы командой ПРОГ; разжимать командой ПРОГ -d --files0-from=Ф читать ввод из файлов, имена которых (завершённые нулем) перечислены в файле Ф Если Ф равно -, то читать имена файлов из стандартного ввода -c, --count выводить число повторов в начале каждой строки -d, --repeated выводить только повторяющиеся строки -c, --crown-margin сохранять отступы двух первых строк -p, --prefix=СТРОКА форматировать только строки, начинающиеся со СТРОКИ, сохраняя при этом префикс строк -s, --split-only разбивать длинные строки, но не заполнять -c, --no-create не создавать файлов -d, --decode Декодировать данные. -i, --ignore-garbage При декодировании игнорировать неалфавитные символы. -w, --wrap=СТОЛБЕЦ Переносить закодированные строки после заданного СТОЛБЦА (по умолчанию 76). Задайте 0, чтобы выключить перенос. -d, --delimiters=СПИСОК использовать вместо табуляции символы из СПИСКА -s, --serial обрабатывать файлы последовательно -d, --directory создать каталог, а не файл -u, --dry-run ничего не создавать; просто напечатать имя (небезопасно) -q, --quiet не выдавать диагностику об ошибках создания файл/каталога -e интерпретировать управляющие последовательности -E не интерпретировать управляющие последовательности (по умолчанию) -e интерпретировать управляющие последовательности (по умолчанию) -E не интерпретировать управляющие последовательности -e, --echo считать каждый АРГ входной строкой -i, --input-range=ОТ-ДО считать числа ОТ и ДО входными строками -n, --head-lines=ЧИСЛО выводить не более заданного ЧИСЛА строк -o, --output=ФАЙЛ записать результат в ФАЙЛ, а не в стандартный вывод --random-source=ФАЙЛ получать случайные числа из ФАЙЛА (по умолчанию /dev/urandom) -z, --zero-terminated завершать строки нулем, а не переводом строки -f не сортировать, включает -aU, выключает -ls --color -F, --classify добавлять к имени файла индикатор (один из */=>@|) --file-type аналогично, но не добавлять `*' --format=СЛОВО across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time синоним -l --time-style=full-iso -f опустить в кратком формате строку с заголовками колонок -w опустить в кратком формате полное имя пользователя -i опустить в кратком формате полное имя пользователя и имя удаленной машины -q опустить в кратком формате полное имя пользователя, имя удаленной машины и время неактивности -f синоним -t fF, числа с плавающей точкой -i синоним -t dI, десятичные целые -l синоним -t dL, десятичные длинные целые -o синоним -t o2, восьмеричные двухбайтовые единицы -s синоним -t d2, десятичные двухбайтовые единицы -x синоним -t x2, шестнадцатеричные двухбайтовые единицы -f ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ существует и является обычным файлом -g ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ существует и имеет флаг set-group-ID -G ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ существует и принадлежит текущей эффективной группе -h ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ существует и является символьной ссылкой (эквивалент -L) -k ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ существует и имеет флаг sticky -f, --canonicalize получить каноническое имя файла путем рекурсивного следования по всем символьным ссылкам в каждом компоненте заданного пути; все компоненты пути, кроме последнего, должны существовать -e, --canonicalize-existing получить каноническое имя файла путем рекурсивного следования по всем символьным ссылкам в каждом компоненте заданного пути; все компоненты пути должны существовать -f, --fields=СПИСОК выбрать только заданные поля; также печатать все строки, не содержащие разделителей, если только не задан ключ -s -n (игнорируется) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] выводить поступающие данные по мере роста файла; -f, --follow и --follow=descriptor эквивалентны -F эквивалент --follow=name --retry -f, --force если нельзя открыть существующий файл, удалить его и попробовать ещё раз(с резервным, если указан ключ -n) -i, --interactive спрашивать перед тем как переписывать(отменяет ранее указанный ключ -n) -H следовать по символьным ссылкам в ИСТОЧНИКЕ -f, --force изменять права, разрешая запись, если необходимо -n, --iterations=N переписать N раз вместо (%d) по умолчанию --random-source=ФАЙЛ получать случайные числа из ФАЙЛА (по умолчанию /dev/urandom) -s, --size=N очистить N байт (возможны суффиксы вида K, M, G) -f, --silent, --quiet подавлять большинство сообщений об ошибках -v, --verbose выводить диагностические сообщения для каждого файла --reference=ОФАЙЛ использовать режим ОФАЙЛА вместо явного указания РЕЖИМА -R, --recursive рекурсивно обрабатывать файлы и каталоги -f, --silent, --quiet подавлять большинство сообщений об ошибках --reference=ОФАЙЛ использовать группу ОФАЙЛА вместо явного указания ГРУППЫ -R, --recursive рекурсивно обрабатывать файлы и каталоги -v, --verbose выводить диагностические сообщения для каждого файла -f, --silent, --quiet подавлять большинство сообщений об ошибках --reference=ОФАЙЛ использовать владельца и группу ОФАЙЛА вместо явного указания ВЛАДЕЛЬЦА:ГРУППЫ -R, --recursive рекурсивно обрабатывать файлы и каталоги -v, --verbose выводить диагностические сообщения для каждого файла -g как -l, но не выводить владельца -g GID[,GID1...] также задать первичную group-ID числовым GID, и (если указано) дополнительные ID групп в GID1, ... -g, --general-numeric-sort сравнивать в соответствии с общим числовым значением -i, --ignore-nonprinting рассматривать только печатные символы -M, --month-sort сравнивать (неизвестно) < `JAN' < ... < `DEC' -h, --header-numbering=СТИЛЬ использовать СТИЛЬ нумерования строк верхнего колонтитула -i, --line-increment=ЧИСЛО шаг увеличения номеров строк -l, --join-blank-lines=ЧИСЛО заданное ЧИСЛО пустых строк считать одной -n, --number-format=ФОРМАТ использовать ФОРМАТ для номеров строк -p, --no-renumber не начинать нумерацию заново после каждой логической страницы -s, --number-separator=СТРОКА добавлять СТРОКУ после номера -h, --header=ЗАГОЛОВОК использовать для страниц центрированный ЗАГОЛОВОК, а не имя файла; -h "" выводит пустую строку; не используйте -h "" -i[СИМ[ШИРИНА]], --output-tabs[=СИМВОЛ[ШИРИНА]] заменить пробелы на СИМВОЛЫ (табуляции) заданной ШИРИНЫ (8) -J, --join-lines объединять полные строки, отключить усечение строк (-W), не выравнивать колонки, --sep-string[=СТРОКА] задает разделители -h, --human-numeric-sort сравнивать числа в удобном для человека виде (например, 2K 1G) -h, --no-dereference изменяет символьные ссылки, а не файлы, на которые они ссылаются (имеет смысл только на системах, где можно изменять владельца символьной ссылки) -h, --no-dereference изменяет символьные ссылки, а не файлы, на которые они ссылаются (имеет смысл только на системах, где можно изменять владельца символьной ссылки) -m изменять только время изменения -i, --ignore-case игнорировать регистр букв при сравнении полей -j ПОЛЕ эквивалентно `-1 ПОЛЕ -2 ПОЛЕ' -o ФОРМАТ выводить в соответствии с ФОРМАТОМ -t СИМ использовать СИМВОЛ как разделитель полей ввода и вывода -i, --initial не преобразовывать символы табуляции после непробельных символов -t, --tabs=ЧИСЛО устанавливает ширину табуляции, по умолчанию 8 -i, --inodes вывести информацию об индексных дескрипторах, а не об использовании блоков -k аналог --block-size=1K -l, --local перечислить только локальные файловые системы --no-sync не вызывать sync перед получением информации об использовании блоков (по умолчанию) -i, --input=РЕЖИМ Адаптировать буферизацию стандартного входного потока -o, --output=РЕЖИМ Адаптировать буферизацию стандартного выходного потока -e, --error=РЕЖИМ Адаптировать буферизацию стандартного потока ошибок -i, --interactive спрашивать перед удалением назначений -L, --logical создавать жёсткие ссылки на то, куда указывают символьные ссылки -n, --no-dereference рассматривать назначение, являющееся символьной ссылкой на каталог, как нормальный файл -P, --physical создавать жёсткие ссылки непосредственно на символьные ссылки -s, --symbolic создавать символьные ссылки, вместо жёстких ссылок -k синоним --block-size=1K -l, --count-links складывать размеры, если есть несколько жёстких ссылок -m синоним --block-size=1M -k, --key=ПОЗ1[,ПОЗ2] начинать ключ в ПОЗ1 (отсчёт от 1) и завершать на ПОЗ2 (по умолчанию конец строки) -m, --merge объединить уже сортированные файлы, не сортировать -k, --kill-after=ПРОДОЛЖИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ также послать сигнал KILL, если КОМАНДА всё ещё работает по истечении указанного срока после отправки начального сигнала. -s, --signal=СИГНАЛ задать сигнал, который будет послан по таймауту. СИГНАЛ может задаваться именем, например HUP или номером. Список сигналов см. по команде kill -l -l использовать широкий формат -L, --dereference показывая информацию для символьной ссылки, показывать информацию о файле, на который ссылка ссылается -m выдавать список на всю ширину через запятую -l, --length=ДЛИНА_СТРАНИЦЫ установить ДЛИНУ_СТРАНИЦЫ (66) (по умолчанию число строк текста равно 56, а с -F -- 63) -m, --merge печатать все файлы параллельно, по одному в колонке, усекать строки, но соединять полные строки при -J -l, --link создавать жёсткие ссылки вместо копирования -L, --dereference всегда следовать символьным ссылкам в ИСТОЧНИКЕ -l, --login печатать процессы входа в систему -m, --canonicalize-missing получить каноническое имя файла путем рекурсивного следования по всем символьным ссылкам в каждом компоненте заданного пути; компоненты пути не обязаны существовать -n, --no-newline не выводить завершающий перевод строки -q, --quiet, -s, --silent подавлять вывод большинства сообщений об ошибках -v, --verbose сообщать об ошибках -m, --mode=РЕЖИМ установить РЕЖИМ доступа -m, --mode=РЕЖИМ установить код доступа (как в chmod) -p, --parents не выдавать ошибок если существует, создавать родительские каталоги если необходимо -v, --verbose печатать сообщение о каждом созданном каталоге -Z, --context=CTX установить контекст безопасности SELinux для каждого создаваемого каталога равным CTX -n, --digits=ЦИФРЫ использовать заданное число ЦИФР вместо двух -s, --quiet, --silent не печатать размеры выходных файлов -z, --elide-empty-files удалять пустые выходные файлы -n, --lines=Н выводить последние Н строк, а не последние %d; или используйте -n +Н для вывода строк, начиная с Н-ной --max-unchanged-stats=Н c ключом --follow=name, повторно открывать ФАЙЛ, который не изменялся последние Н (по умолчанию %d) итераций, чтобы проверить, не был ли он удалён или переименован (такое обычно бывает при ротации системных протокольных файлов) -n, --no-clobber не перезаписывать существующий файл (отменяет ранее указанный ключ -i) -P, --no-dereference не следовать по символьным ссылкам в ИСТОЧНИКЕ -n, --numeric-sort сравнивать числовые значения строк -R, --random-sort сортировать по случайным хэш-числам ключей --random-source=ФАЙЛ брать случайные числа из ФАЙЛА -r, --reverse обратить результаты сравнения -n, --numeric-uid-gid как -l, но выдавать числовые UID и GID -N, --literal печатать имена как есть (не обрабатывать, например, управляющие символы) -o как -l, но не выводить информацию о группе -p, --indicator-style=slash добавлять индикатор / к каталогам -n[РАЗД[ЦИФРЫ]], --number-lines[=РАЗД[ЦИФРЫ]] нумеровать строки, используя заданные ЦИФРЫ (5) и РАЗДелитель (табуляцию); по умолчанию нумерация начинается с первой входной строки -N, --first-line-number=НОМЕР начать нумерацию с НОМЕРА с первой строки первой выводимой страницы (смотри +ПЕРВАЯ_СТРАНИЦА) -o, --indent=ПОЛЕ сдвигать каждую строку на ПОЛЕ (ноль) пробелов (не влияет на -w или -W); ПОЛЕ добавляется к ШИРИНЕ_СТРАНИЦЫ -r, --no-file-warnings не предупреждать о невозможности открытия файла -o, --io-blocks считать РАЗМЕР числом блоков вв/вывода, а не байтов -o, --output=ФАЙЛ выводить в ФАЙЛ, а не на стандартный вывод -s, --stable стабилизировать сортировку, исключив проверку на равенство -S, --buffer-size=РАЗМЕР использовать в основной памяти буфер указанного РАЗМЕРА -p то же, что и --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps --preserve[=СПИС_АТТР] сохранять указанные атрибуты (по умолчанию: mode,ownership,timestamps) и, если возможно, дополнительные атрибуты: context, links, xattr, all -p КАТ использовать КАТ в качестве префикса; подразумевает -t (устарел) -t рассматривать ШАБЛОН как одно имя файла, относительно каталога: $TMPDIR, если задан; иначе каталог задаётся через -p; иначе /tmp (устарел) -p, --parents удалить КАТАЛОГ и его потомков. Например, `rmdir -p a/b/c' делает то же, что и `rmdir a/b/c a/b a'. -v, --verbose выводить сообщение для каждого обработанного каталога -p, --preserve-timestamps устанавливать целевым файлам времена доступа/изменения как у их файлов-ИСТОЧНИКОВ -s, --strip удалять таблицы символов --strip-program=ПРОГРАММА задать программу для удаления таблицы символов -S, --suffix=СУФФИКС использовать для резервных копий заданный СУФФИКС -t, --target-directory=КАТАЛОГ копировать все аргументы-ИСТОЧНИКИ в КАТАЛОГ -T, --no-target-directory считать НАЗНАЧЕНИЕ обычным файлом -v, --verbose выводить название каждого создаваемого каталога -q, --count все имена и число подключенных пользователей -r, --runlevel печатать текущий уровень выполнения -s, --short печатать только имя, линию и время (принимается по умолчанию) -t, --time печатать последнее изменение системного времени -q, --hide-control-chars печатать ? вместо не графических символов --show-control-chars показывать непечатаемые символы (по умолчанию если программа не ls и вывод идет не на терминал). -Q, --quote-name заключать имя файла в кавычки --quoting-style=ТИП использовать тип заключения в кавычки ТИП: literal, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent не печатать заголовки с именами файлов -v, --verbose всегда печатать заголовки с именами файлов -r, --reference=ФАЙЛ показать время последнего изменения ФАЙЛА -R, --rfc-2822 выводить время в соответствии с RFC-2822 Пример: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=ФАЙЛ использовать размер данного ФАЙЛА -s, --size=РАЗМЕР использовать данный РАЗМЕР -r, --reference=ФАЙЛ использовать время ФАЙЛА вместо текущего времени -t ВРЕМЯ использовать [[ВВ]ГГ]ММДДччмм[.сс] вместо текущего времени --time=СЛОВО изменить указанное время: СЛОВО access, atime, use эквивалентно -a СЛОВО modify, mtime эквивалентно -m -r, --references первое поле в каждой строке является ссылкой -t, --typeset-mode - не реализовано - -w, --width=ЧИСЛО ширина вывода в столбцах, не считая ссылки -r, --reverse обратный порядок сортировки -R, --recursive рекурсивно показывать каталоги -s, --size печатать размер каждого файла в блоках -s, --only-delimited не печатать строки, не содержащие разделителей --output-delimiter=СТРОКА использовать СТРОКУ для разделения полей при выводе, по умолчанию используется разделитель для ввода -s, --signal=СИГНАЛ, -СИГНАЛ задает имя или номер посылаемого сигнала -l, --list перечисляет имена сигналов или переводит имена в номера и наоборот -t, --table печатает таблицу с информацией о сигналах -s, --sleep-interval=С с ключом -f, спать между итерациями примерно С секунд (по умолчанию 1.0) -v, --verbose всегда выводить заголовки с именами файлов -s, --symbolic-link создавать символьные ссылки вместо копирования -S, --suffix=СУФФИКС использовать для запасных копий заданный СУФФИКС --target-directory=КАТ скопировать все ИСТОЧНИКИ в КАТАЛОГ -T, --no-target-directory считать НАЗНАЧЕНИЕ обычным файлом -s[СИМВОЛ],--separator[=СИМВОЛ] разделять колонки одним символом, по умолчанию СИМВОЛ равен , если нет ключа -w, и пуст, если есть ключ -w, то -s[СИМВОЛ] выключает усечение строк для всех трёх колонок ключей (-КОЛОНКА|-a -КОЛОНКА|-m), если только нет ключа -w -t сортировать по времени изменения -T, --tabsize=РАЗМЕР использовать табуляцию указанного РАЗМЕРА, а не 8 -t синоним -vT -T, --show-tabs показывать символов табуляции как ^I -u (игнорируется) -v, --show-nonprinting использовать запись с ^ и M-, за исключением символов перевода строки и табуляции -t, --field-separator=РАЗДЕЛИТЕЛЬ использовать при поиске ключевых полей РАЗДЕЛИТЕЛЬ, а не переход от непробельных символов к пробельным -T, --temporary-directory=КАТАЛОГ использовать для временных файлов КАТАЛОГ, а не $TMPDIR или %s; несколько таких ключей задают несколько каталогов -u, --unique с -c, проверять порядок строго; без -c, выводить только первое среди нескольких равных -t, --tabs=СПИСОК использовать разделённый запятыми список позиций табуляции -t, --tagged-paragraph отступ первой строки отличен от отступа второй -u, --uniform-spacing один пробел после слова, два после предложения -w, --width=ЧИСЛО максимальная ширина строки (по умолчанию 75 столбцов) -t, --target-directory=КАТАЛОГ переместить все ИСТОЧНИКИ в КАТАЛОГ -T, --no-target-directory считать НАЗНАЧЕНИЕ обычным файлом -u, --update перемещать только тогда когда ИСТОЧНИК новее чем файл назначения, или когда файл назначения отсутствует -v, --verbose пояснять производимые действия -t, --text читать в текстовом режиме (по умолчанию, если читается терминальный ввод) -t, --text читать в текстовом режиме (по умолчанию) -u с -lt: сортировать и показывать время доступа c -l: показывать время доступа и сортировать по имени иначе: сортировать по времени доступа -U не сортировать; печатать в соответствии с физическим расположением в каталоге -v сортировать по номерам (версии) в текстовом представлении -u, --remove обрезать и удалять файл после перезаписи -v, --verbose показывать прогресс -x, --exact не округлять размеры файлов до следующего целого блока; по умолчанию для необычных файлов -z, --zero перезаписать в конце нулями, чтобы скрыть перемешивание -u, --update копировать только тогда когда исходный файл новее чем файл назначения, или когда файл назначения отсутствует -v, --verbose пояснять что будет сделано -x, --one-file-system оставаться в пределах одной файловой системы -u, --user=ПОЛЬЗ задать ПОЛЬЗОВАТЕЛЯ в наз-мом контексте безопасности -r, --role=РОЛЬ задать РОЛЬ в назначаемом контексте безопасности -t, --type=ТИП задать ТИП в назначаемом контексте безопасности -l, --range=ДИАПАЗОН задать ДИАПАЗОН в назначаемом контексте безопасности -v НОМЕР как -а НОМЕР, но не печатать объединяемые выходные строки -1 ПОЛЕ считать общим заданное ПОЛЕ файла 1 -2 ПОЛЕ считать общим заданное ПОЛЕ файла 2 --check-order проверить правильность сортировки ввода, даже если все входные строки имеют пару --nocheck-order не проверять правильность сортировки ввода --header считать первую строку каждого файла названиями полей, выводить их без выполнения поиска пары -v, --kernel-version напечатать версию ядра -m, --machine напечатать тип оборудования машины -p, --processor напечатать тип процессора или "неизвестно" -i, --hardware-platform напечатать тип аппаратной платформы или "неизвестно" -o, --operating-system напечатать имя операционной системы -v, --starting-line-number=ЧИСЛО первый номер строки для каждой логической страницы -w, --number-width=ЧИСЛО использовать заданное ЧИСЛО столбцов для номеров строк -w, --check-chars=Н сравнивать первые Н символов строк -w, --width=ЧИСЛО задает ширину экрана вместо текущего значения -x перечислять по строкам, а не по столбцам -X сортировать по расширению в алфавитном порядке -Z, --context печатать контекст безопасности SELinux каждого файла -1 перечислять по одному файлу на строке -x, --one-file-system пропускать каталоги на других файловых системах -X, --exclude-from=ФАЙЛ исключать файлы, совпадающие с каким-либо образцом из ФАЙЛА --exclude=ОБРАЗЕЦ исключать файлы, соответствующие ОБРАЗЦУ --max-depth=N подводить итог для каталога (или файла, если --all), только если он на N или меньше уровней ниже, чем аргумент командной строки; --max-depth=0 эквивалентно --summarize -z, --zero-terminated завершать строки нулевым байтом, а не новой строкой Процессы в состоянии непрерывного сна также влияют на среднюю загруженность. [:graph:] все печатные символы, исключая пробел [:lower:] все строчные буквы [:print:] все печатные символы, включая пробел [:punct:] все знаки препинания [:space:] все вертикальные или горизонтальные пробельные символы [:upper:] все заглавные буквы [:xdigit:] все шестнадцатеричные цифры [=СИМ=] все символы, эквивалентные СИМВОЛУ \0NNN байт с восьмеричным значением ННН (от 1 до 3 цифр) \xHH байт с шестнадцатеричным значением HH (от 1 до 2 цифр) \NNN байт с восьмеричным кодом NNN(от 1 до 3 цифр) \xНН байт с шестнадцатеричным кодом НН (от 1 до 2 цифр) \uНННН символ Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) с шестнадцатеричным кодом НННН (4 цифры) \UНННННННН символ Unicode с шестнадцатеричным кодом НННННННН (8 цифр) \\ обратная косая черта \a звуковой сигнал (BEL) \b забой \c подавить дальнейший вывод \e экранирование (escape) \f новая страница \n новая строка \r возврат каретки \t горизонтальная табуляция \v вертикальная табуляция \v вертикальная табуляция СИМ1-СИМ2 все символы от СИМ1 до СИМ2 в порядке возрастания [СИМ*] СИМВОЛ заполняет ТАБЛИЦУ2 до длины ТАБЛИЦЫ1 [СИМ*ЧИСЛО] заданное ЧИСЛО одинаковых СИМВОЛОВ; ЧИСЛО восьмеричное, если начинается с 0 [:alnum:] все буквы и цифры [:alpha:] все буквы [:blank:] все горизонтальные пробельные символы [:cntrl:] все управляющие символы [:digit:] все цифры ascii из EBCDIC в ASCII ebcdic из ASCII в EBCDIC ibm из ASCII в альтернативную EBCDIC block заполнять записи, заканчивающиеся переводом строки, пробелами до размера cbs unblock заменять завершающие пробелы в записях размера cbs на перевод строки lcase изменять регистр с верхнего на нижний binary использовать бинарный ввод/вывод для данных cio использовать конкурентный ввод/вывод для данных d[ЧИСЛО] знаковое десятичное целое размером заданное ЧИСЛО байт f[ЧИСЛО] число с плавающей точкой размером заданное ЧИСЛО байт o[ЧИСЛО] восьмеричное целое размером заданное ЧИСЛО байт u[ЧИСЛО] беззнаковое десятичное целое размером заданное ЧИСЛО байт x[ЧИСЛО] шестнадцатеричное целое размером заданное ЧИСЛО байт direct использовать прямой ввод/вывод для данных directory выдавать ошибку, если это не каталог dsync использовать синхронизированный ввод/вывод для данных fullblock накапливать полные блоки входных данных (только iflag) if=ФАЙЛ читать ФАЙЛ, а не стандартный ввод iflag=СПИСОК читать в соответствии со СПИСКОМ символов, элементы перечисляются через запятую obs=ЧИСЛО записывать заданное ЧИСЛО байт за раз (по умолчанию 512) of=ФАЙЛ записывать в ФАЙЛ, а не на стандартный вывод oflag=СПИСОК записывать в соответствии со списком символов, элементы перечисляются через запятую seek=ЧИСЛО пропустить до начала вывода заданное ЧИСЛО блоков размера obs skip=ЧИСЛО пропустить с начала ввода заданное ЧИСЛО блоков размера ibs status=noxfer не выводить статистику передачи noatime не обновлять время последнего доступа nocreat не создавать выходной файл excl завершаться неуспехом, если выходной файл уже существует notrunc не обрезать выходной файл ucase изменять регистр с нижнего на верхний swab менять местами каждую пару входных байтов noctty не назначать управляющий терминал из файла noerror продолжать после ошибок чтения sync дополнять каждый входной блок нулями до размера ibs; если используется вместе с block или unblock, дополнять пробелами fdatasync физически записать выходной файл перед завершением fsync аналогично, но записать также метаданные nofollow не следовать по символьным ссылкам nolinks выдавать ошибку, если найдено несколько ссылок nonblock использовать неблокирующий ввод/вывод none, off никогда не создавать резервных копий (даже если указан ключ --backup) numbered, t создавать нумерованные копии existing, nil если существуют нумерованные копии, то создавать нумерованные иначе создавать простые simple. never всегда создавать простые копии sync то же, но так же и для метаданных text использовать текстовый ввод/вывод для данных %4s-блоков Исп Доступно Исп%% %H:%M%P %s-блоков Исп Доступно Всего (резервная копия: %s)* [-]ctlecho отображать управляющие символы с шапочкой (`^c') [-]echo отображать вводимые символы * [-]echoctl синоним [-]ctlecho [-]echoe синоним [-]crterase [-]echok отображать перевод строки после символа уничтожения * [-]echoke синоним [-]crtkill [-]echonl отображать перевод строки, даже если другие символы не отображаются * [-]echoprt выводить стираемые символы в обратном порядке, между \ и / [-]icanon использовать специальные символы erase, kill, werase, и rprnt [-]iexten использовать специальные символы, не описанные в стандарте POSIX * [-]iuclc преобразовывать заглавные буквы в строчные * [-]ixany позволить любому символу возобновить ввод [-]ixoff разрешить посылку символов приостановки/возобновления [-]ixon разрешить управление потоком данных [-]parmrk отмечать ошибки четности (последовательностью из 255 нулей) [-]tandem синоним [-]xioff * [-]iutf8 предполагать, что входные символы в кодировке UTF-8 * [-]ocrnl преобразовывать возврат каретки в перевод строки * [-]ofdel использовать символы стирания вместо нулей для заполнения * [-]ofill использовать символы заполнения для задержек * [-]olcuc преобразовывать строчные буквы в заглавные * [-]onlcr преобразовывать перевод строки в возврат каретки и новую строку * [-]onlret перевод строки производит возврат каретки * [-]onocr не печатать возврат каретки в первом столбце [-]opost форматировать вывод * tabН значение паузы после горизонтальной табуляции, допустимые Н [0..3] * tabs синоним tab0 * -tabs синоним tab3 * vtН значение паузы после вертикальной табуляции, допустимые Н [0..1] * eol2 СИМВОЛ другой СИМВОЛ для конца строки erase СИМВОЛ СИМВОЛ будет стирать последний введенный до него intr СИМВОЛ СИМВОЛ будет посылать сигнал прерывания kill СИМВОЛ СИМВОЛ будет стирать текущую строку * lnext СИМВОЛ СИМВОЛ будет вводить следующий символ, отменяя его специальное действие quit СИМВОЛ СИМВОЛ будет посылать сигнал выхода * rprnt СИМВОЛ СИМВОЛ будет перерисовывать текущую строку start СИМВОЛ СИМВОЛ будет возобновлять ввод * rows Н сообщить ядру, что терминал имеет Н строк * size напечатать числа столбцов и строк, известные ядру speed напечатать скорость терминала time Н используется с -icanon, установить временной предел для операции чтения равным Н десятым секунды ??:???? включён смонтирована на Терминал контекст=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu группы=давно при повторе %s % 1% памяти, b 1, k 1024 (по умолчанию), и так далее для M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Если ФАЙЛ не задан или задан как -, читает стандартный ввод. *** ПРЕДУПРЕЖДЕНИЕ *** Установленная в окружении локаль влияет на порядок сортировки. Чтобы получить традиционный порядок, использующий системные значения байт, установите LC_ALL=C. %.*s: неверная спецификация преобразования%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu пользователь%lu пользователя%lu пользователей%s%s (для регулярного выражения %s)%s -> %s (восстановление) %s [-d] завершился неудачно%s и %s - один и тот же файл%s существует, но не является каталогом%s появился; начат вывод для нового файла%s стал доступен%s стал недоступен%s был замещён файлом удалённым файлом, конец вывода для этого имени%s был замещен файлом, для которого tail неприменим; конец вывода для этого имени%s был замещен; вывод продолжается для нового файланеизвестный тип файла %s%s имеет нерабочий, вероятно, отрицательный размерДомашняя страница %s: <%s> Домашняя страница %s: %s не является допустимым целым положительным числом%s слишком велик%s может использоваться только с поддержкой SELinux в ядреуказан %s, но без %s%s%s аргумент `%s' слишком велик%s: %s настолько велико, что его невозможно машинно представить%s: %s: номер строки вне допустимых пределов%s: %s: совпадение не найдено%s: %s:%s: неправильный порядок: %s: невозможно открыть или прочитать %s: Такого пользователя нет%s: при задании числа повторов необходима `}'%s: ожидается бинарный оператор%s: относительные символьные ссылки можно создавать только в текущем каталоге%s: невозможно изменить неблокирующий режим%s: невозможно определить имя пользователя для ID %lu %s: невозможно следить за концом файла такого типа; вывод продолжается для нового файла%s: невозможно вернуть указатель файла на первоначальную позицию%s: невозможно перезаписать каталог%s: невозможно откатиться%s: невозможно сместиться%s: невозможно переместить указатель позиции на %s относительно конца%s: невозможно сместиться к позиции %s%s: невозможно переместить указатель позиции на %s%s: невозможно нарезать файловый дескриптор с только с правом добавления%s: невозможно пропустить%s: невозможно пропустить до заданного смещения%s: пропущен закрывающий разделитель `%c'%s: невозможно переинициализировать неблокирующий режим%s: спуститься в каталог %s? %s: спуститься в защищённый от записи каталог %s? %s: конец файла%s: необходимо задать один символ, определяющий класс эквивалентных ему%s: ошибка при усечении%s: ошибка записи по смещению %s%s: ожидается числовое значение%s: не удалось закрыть%s: не удалось открыть для чтения%s: не удалось удалить%s: операция fcntl завершилась неуспехом%s: операция fdatasync завершилась неуспехом%s: у файла отрицательный размер%s: файл слишком сократился%s: файл слишком велик%s: файл слишком велик%s: файл усечен%s: операция fstat завершилась неуспехом%s: операция fsync завершилась неудачно%s: не допускается создавать жёсткие ссылки на каталоги%s: на входе содержится цикл:%s: на входе содержится нечётное число лексем%s: ввод и вывод в один файл%s: после разделителя ожидается целое число%s: неверный PID%s: неверный счетчик в начале %s%s: неверная директива%s: неверная спецификация поля %s%s: неверный размер файла%s: неверный тип файла%s: неверное максимальное число неизменявшихся параметров между открытиями%s: недопустимое число%s: неверное число байт%s: неверное число строк%s: неверное число проходов%s: неверное число секунд%s: неверное число для исключения%s: неверный ключ -- %c %s: недопустимый образец%s: неверный идентификатор процесса%s: недопустимое регулярное выражение: %s%s: неверный сигнал%s: неверная длина суффикса%s: номер строки должен быть больше нуля%s: номер строки вне допустимых пределов%s: операция lseek завершилась неудачно%s: задано несколько сигналов%s: новые права доступа %s, а не %s%s: не найдено верно составленных строк контрольных сумм %s%s: для этого устройства нет сведений о размерах%s: пропуск уже перечисленного каталога%s: число байт слишком велико%s: ключ %c%s должен использоваться без аргумента %s: двусмысленный ключ %s %s: ключ --%s должен использоваться без аргумента %s: ключ --%s должен использоваться с аргументом %s: ключ -W %s должен использоваться без аргумента %s: двусмысленный ключ -W %s %s: ключ -W %s должен использоваться с аргументом %s: ключ должен использоваться с аргументом -- %c %s: переписать %s? %s: проход %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: проход %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: проход %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: ошибка чтения%s: удалить %s %s? %s: удалить все аргументы рекурсивно? %s: удалить все аргументы? %s: удалить защищенный от записи %s %s? %s: удален%s: удаление%s: переименован в %s%s: заменить %s? %s: перемещение по файлу завершилось неудачно%s: слишком много строк контрольных сумм%s: попытаться перезаписать %s, несмотря на права доступа %04lo (%s)? %s: невозможно определить максимальную длину имени файла%s: невозможно произвести все запрошенные действия%s: ожидается унарный оператор%s: ключ %c%s не распознан %s: ключ --%s не распознан %s: значение преобразовано не полностью%s: ошибка записи%s:%lu: неправильная строка; пропущена вторая лексема%s:%lu: неверное имя файла нулевой длины%s:%lu ключевое слово %s не распознано%s: между `{' и `}' должно быть целое число»ожидается `)'ожидается `)', встречено %s(C)* файловые системы, которые кэшируют файлы во временных хранилищах, например клиенты NFS версии 3 * сжатые файловые системы * журналирующие файловые системы, например которые идут в комплекте AIX и Solaris (и JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3 и др.) * файловые системы, которые записывают избыточные данные и сохраняют работоспособность, даже если случаются неудачные записи, например файловые системы, основанные на технологии RAID * файловые системы, которые создают снимки состояния, например NFS-сервер от Network Appliance , средняя загруженность: %.2f, %g c, %s/c --%s имеет слишком большой аргумент %s--context (-Z) работает только для ядер с поддержкой SELinuxключ --reflink можно использовать только с --sparse=autoКомбинация ключей -R --dereference требует указать -H либо -L-R -h требуют -P-ef не допускает -l-nt не допускает -l-ot не допускает -l<внутренний>??? ?????ПрерваноСемейство адресов не поддерживается для этого хостаСигнал по таймеруВсе аргументы для длинных ключей обязательны для коротких. Все запросы завершеныБуфер аргументов слишком малАрнольд Роббинс (Arnold Robbins)Неправильный системный вызовНеверное значение для ai_flagsБриан Фокс (Brian Fox)Обрыв каналаОшибка шиныВНИМАНИЕ: Помните, что shred полагается на очень важное предположение: что ваша файловая система перезаписывает файлы "на месте". Традиционно это так и делается, но многие современные файловые системы не удовлетворяют этому предположению. Вот примеры файловых систем, на которых shred не эффективен или не дает гарантии эффективности во всех режимах файловой системы: КОММЕНТАРИЙПревышен предел процессорного времениВызывает функцию link для создания ссылки с именем ФАЙЛ2 на существующий ФАЙЛ1. Вызывает функцию unlink для удаления указанного ФАЙЛА. Устанавливает эффективные идентификаторы пользователя и группы как у ПОЛЬЗОВАТЕЛЯ. -, -l, --login использовать оболочку как оболочку входа -c, --command=КОМАНДА передать оболочке КОМАНДУ с помощью -c -f, --fast передать оболочке -f (для csh или tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment не сбрасывать переменные окружения -p синоним для -m -s, --shell=ОБОЛОЧКА запустить ОБОЛОЧКУ, если позволяет /etc/shells Изменяет принадлежность группе каждого ФАЙЛА на ГРУППУ. С ключом --reference, изменяет группу каждого ФАЙЛА на группу ОФАЙЛА. -c, --changes то же что и verbose, но только если произошло изменение --dereference изменять файл, на который указывает символьная ссылка, а не саму ссылку (по умолчанию) Изменяет режим каждого ФАЙЛА на указанный РЕЖИМ. -c, --changes как verbose, но сообщать, только если сделано действительное изменение Изменяет владельца и/или группу каждого ФАЙЛА на ВЛАДЕЛЬЦА и/или ГРУППУ. С ключом --reference, изменяет владельца и группу каждого ФАЙЛА на владельца и группу ОФАЙЛА. -c, --change то же, что и verbose, но сообщает только когда были произведены изменения --dereference изменять файл, на который указывает символьная ссылка, а не саму ссылку (по умолчанию) Смена КОНТЕКСТА безопасности указанных ФАЙЛОВ. При задании --reference, сменить контекст безопасности указанных ФАЙЛОВ как у ЭФАЙЛА. -h, --no-dereference применять к символьной ссылке, а не к самому файлу Чет Ремей (Chet Ramey)Потомок завершил работуКолин Пламб (Colin Plumb)Сравнивает сортированные файлы ФАЙЛ1 и ФАЙЛ2 построчно. Сцепляет ФАЙЛ(ы) или стандартный ввод на стандартный вывод. -A, --show-all синоним -vET -b, --number-nonblank нумеровать непустые строки при выводе -e синоним -vE -E, --show-ends показывать $ в конце каждой строки -n, --number нумеровать все строки при выводе -s, --squeeze-blank выводить не более одной пустой строки ВозобновлениеПреобразует пробелы в ФАЙЛАХ в символы табуляции и печатает на стандартный вывод. Если ФАЙЛ не задан или задан как -, читает стандартный ввод. Преобразует символы табуляции в каждом ФАЙЛЕ в пробелы и печатает на стандартный вывод. Если ФАЙЛ не задан или задан как -, читает стандартный ввод. Копирует ИСТОЧНИК в НАЗНАЧЕНИЕ, или несколько ИСТОЧНИКОВ в КАТАЛОГ. Копирует файл, преобразует и форматирует в зависимости от операндов. bs=ЧИСЛО читать и писать ЧИСЛО байт за раз (см. ibs=,obs=) cbs=ЧИСЛО преобразовывать заданное ЧИСЛО байт за раз conv=СПИСОК преобразовывать файл в соответствии со СПИСКОМ символов, элементы перечисляются через запятую count=ЧИСЛО копировать только заданное ЧИСЛО входных блоков ibs=ЧИСЛО считывать заданное ЧИСЛО байт за раз (по умолчанию 512) Копирует стандартный ввод в каждый ФАЙЛ, а также в стандартный вывод. -a, --append дописать в заданные ФАЙЛЫ -i, --ignore-interrupts игнорировать сигналы прерывания Создаёт временный файл или каталог безопасным способом, и печатает его имя. ШАБЛОН должен содержать в последнем компоненте, по крайней мере, 3 X подряд. Если ШАБЛОН не указан, то используется tmp.XXXXXXXXXX и подразумевается --tmpdir. Создает именованные каналы (FIFO) для заданного NAME. Создает КАТАЛОГ(и), если он ещё не существует. Создает специальный файл с именем NAME и типом TYPE. Дэвид М. Инат (David M. Ihnat)Дэвид Маккензи (David MacKenzie)Дэвид Мэдор (David Madore)Диагностирует неправильные и непереносимые конструкции в ИМЕНИ файла. -p проверка для большинства POSIX-систем -P проверка на пустые имена и начальный "-" --portability проверка для всех POSIX-систем (эквивалентно -p -P) Каталог: Отображает состояние файла или файловой системы. -L, --dereference следовать по ссылкам -f, --file-system показать состояние файловой системы, а не файла Выводит текущее время в заданном ФОРМАТЕ, или устанавливает системное время. -d, --date=СТРОКА показать не текущее время, а время, описанное заданной СТРОКОЙ -f, --file=ФАЙЛ соответствует применению --date для каждой строки ФАЙЛА Дмитрий В. Левин (Dmitry V. Levin)Сбрасывает все дополнительные группы, предполагает, что идентификаторы пользователя и группы как у заданного ПОЛЬЗОВАТЕЛЯ (числовой ID или имя) и запускает КОМАНДУ с указанными АРГУМЕНТАМИ. Завершается со статусом 111, если оказалось невозможно установить нужные идентификаторы пользователя и группы. В противном случае возвращается статус завершения КОМАНДЫ. Эта программа имеет смысл только для суперпользователя (UID=0). Ловушка EMTВЫХОДДиапазоны задаются следующим образом: Н Н-ный байт, символ или поле; отсчитывается от 1 Н- от Н-ного байта, символа или поля до конца строки Н-М от Н-ного до М-ного (включительно) байта, символа или поля -М от первого до М-ного (включительно) байта, символа или поля Если ФАЙЛ не задан или задан как -, читает стандартный ввод. Печатает СТРОКУ(СТРОКИ) на стандартный вывод. -n не печатать завершающий перевод строки Эрик Блэйк (Eric Blake)Выходит с кодом, указывающим на неудачное завершение.Выходит с успешным статусом.Выходной статус определяется ВЫРАЖЕНИЕМ. Ф. ПинардПОВРЕЖДЁНFIXME: неизвестенФОРМАТ должен подходить для печати одного аргумента типа `double'; по умолчанию он принимается за %.PRECf, если ПЕРВЫЙ, ПРИРОСТ и ПОСЛЕДНИЙ все являются десятичными числами с фиксированной точкой с максимальной точностью PREC, и %g в противном случае. У файлов-очередей нет основного и второстепенного числа устройства.Превышен предел размера файлаФайловая система Ф. система Тип Фильтрует совпавшие строки из ВХОДА (или стандартного ввод), записывая их в ВЫХОД (или стандартный вывод). Без ключей совпавшие строки объединяются с первым появлением. Ошибка операции с плавающей точкойПолная документация доступна по команде: info coreutils '%s invocation' Для каждой пары входных строк с одинаковыми общими полями выводит строку на стандартный вывод. По умолчанию общее поле считается первым, поля разделяются пробельными символами. Если один из ФАЙЛОВ задан как -, читает стандартный ввод. -a НОМЕР печатать не имеющие пары строки из файла с заданным номером (1 или 2) -e СТРОКА замещать при выводе пустые строки указанной СТРОКОЙ Записывает измененные блоки на диск, обновляет суперблок Справка по работе с программами GNU: Джузеппе Скривано (Giuseppe Scrivano)Х. Питер Энвин (H. Peter Anvin)Обрыв терминальной линииВозможен в/выводНЕАКТИВЕНЯн Ланс Тейлор (Ian Lance Taylor)НеактивенЕсли ФАЙЛ не задан, используется %s. Часто в качестве ФАЙЛА задают %s. Недопустимая инструкцияКроме того, резервные копии и удаленные зеркала файловой системы могут содержать копии файла, которые нельзя удалить, и которые позволят впоследствии восстановить уничтоженный файл. В реальной жизни: В первой форме создаётся ссылка на ЦЕЛЬ с указанным ИМЕНЕМ_ССЫЛКИ. Во второй форме создаётся ссылка на ЦЕЛЬ в текущем каталоге. В третьей и четвёртой формах создаются ссылки на каждую ЦЕЛЬ в КАТАЛОГЕ. По умолчанию создаются жёсткие ссылки, а с ключом --symbolic -- символьные. При создании жёстких ссылок каждая ЦЕЛЬ должна существовать. Символьные ссылки могут содержать произвольный текст; при разыменовании относительная ссылка интерпретируется относительно родительского каталога. В случае файловых систем ext3 упомянутое выше ограничение верно (и shred, следовательно, не так эффективен), только в режиме data=journal, когда кроме метаданных журналируются также и сами данные файлов. В режимах data=ordered (по умолчанию) и data=writeback программа shred работает как обычно. Режимы журналирования ext3 можно изменить, добавив ключ data=что-то к параметрам монтирования для конкретной файловой системы в файле /etc/fstab, как документировано в странице man для mount (man mount). БесконечностьЗапрос информацииПрерываниеПрервано по сигналуНеверная обратная ссылкаНеверное имя класса символовНеверный символ сортировкиНеверное содержимое \{\}Неверное предшествующее регулярное выражениеНеверный конец диапазонаНедопустимое регулярное выражениеДжеймс Янгмен (James Youngman)Джей Лепро (Jay Lepreau)Джим Кингдон (Jim Kingdon)Джим Мейеринг (Jim Meyering)Джозеф Арсено (Joseph Arceneaux)Каве Гази (Kaveh Ghazi)Кайван Агхаипур (Kayvan Aghaiepour)Кевин Браунсдорф (Kevin Braunsdorf)УничтожениеЛИНИЯВХОДВыдает информацию о ФАЙЛАХ (по умолчанию о текущем каталоге). Сортирует в алфавитном порядке, если не задан ни --sort, ни один из ключей -cftuvSUX. ИмяРегистрационное имя: Аргументы, обязательные для длинных ключей, обязательны и для коротких. Марк Киттенис (Mark Kettenis)Мэттью Бредберн (Matthew Bradburn)Ошибка выделения памятиПамять исчерпанаМайкл Мескес (Michael Meskes)Майкл Стоун (Michael Stone)Майк Гертель (Mike Haertel)Майк Паркер (Mike Parker)ИМЯИмяНеизвестное имя или сервисС данным именем хоста не ассоциирован адресНет соответствияНет предшествующего регулярного выраженияНевосстановимый сбой разрешения именЦЕЛПри удалении без уплотнения повторов можно задать две только одну таблицу.Ключ --string без числа подразумевает 3; --width без числа подразумевает 32. По умолчанию od использует ключи -A o -t d2 -w16. Ключи, задающие порядок: Другие ключи: Печатает перемешанный алфавитный указатель слов входных файлов, включая контекст. Выдает команды для установки переменной окружения LS_COLORS. Задать формат вывода: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell вывести код для установки LS_COLORS в Bourne shell -c, --csh, --c-shell вывести код для установки LS_COLORS в C shell -p, --print-database вывести установки по умолчанию --help показать помощь и выйти --version вывести информацию о версии и выйти Выводит фиксированного размера части ФАЙЛА в файлы ПРЕФИКСaa, ПРЕФИКСab, ...; по умолчанию размер части равен 1000 строк, а ПРЕФИКС равен `x'. Если ФАЙЛ не задан или задан как -, читает стандартный ввод. Выводит части ФАЙЛА, разделенные ОБРАЗЦОМ (ОБРАЗЦАМИ), в файлы `xx00', `xx01', ... и печатает число байт в каждой части на стандартный вывод. Вывести ограничения платформы в форме, пригодной для обработки с сценариях командной строки. Выводит список подключенных пользователей в соответствии с ФАЙЛОМ. Если ФАЙЛ не задан, используется %s. Часто в качестве ФАЙЛА задают %s. Переписывает несколько раз указанные файлы для того, чтобы сделать более сложным восстановление даже с использованием очень дорогого оборудования. PIDУпакован %s Упакован %s (%s) Падрайг Брэди (Padraig Brady)Разбивает ФАЙЛ(ы) на страницы или колонки для печати. Неправильно закодирована строка параметровПароль:Поль Эггерт (Paul Eggert)Поль Рубин (Paul Rubin)Пит ТерМаат (Pete TerMaat)План: Отказ питанияПреждевременный конец регулярного выраженияПечатает АРГУМЕНТ(ы) в заданном ФОРМАТЕ, или выполняет действие согласно ключу: Печатает контрольную сумму (CRC) и число байт для каждого ФАЙЛА. Выводит ИМЯ без предшествующих названий каталогов. Если указано, удаляет также завершающий СУФФИКС. Выводит ИМЯ, удалив компоненту справа от последней косой черты; если ИМЯ не содержит косой черты, выводит `.' (то есть текущий каталог). Печатает определенные сведения о системе. Если КЛЮЧ не задан, подразумевается -s. -a, --all напечатать всю информацию, в следующем порядке, кроме -p и -i, если они неизвестны: -s, --kernel-name напечатать имя ядра -n, --nodename напечатать имя машины в сети -r, --release напечатать номер выпуска операционной системы Печатает контрольную сумму и число блоков для каждого ФАЙЛА. -r использовать алгоритм вычисления контрольных сумм как в BSD, размер блока 1K -s, --sysv использовать алгоритм вычисления контрольных сумм как в System V, размер блока 512 байт Вывести данные о членстве в группах по каждому ИМЕНИ ПОЛЬЗОВАТЕЛЯ или, если ИМЯ не задано, то по текущему процессу (может различаться, если база данных групп была изменена). Печатать информацию о пользователях, вошедших в систему. Печатает машинную архитектуру. Печатает число переводов строк, слов и байт для каждого ФАЙЛА и итоговую строку, если было задано несколько ФАЙЛОВ. Если ФАЙЛ не задан или задан как -, читает стандартный ввод. Словом считается последовательность символов ненулевой длины, отделённая пробельным символом. -c, --bytes напечатать число байт -m, --chars напечатать число символов -l, --lines напечатать число переводов строк Печатает числа от ПЕРВОГО до ПОСЛЕДНЕГО с шагом ПРИРОСТ. -f, --format=ФОРМАТ использовать для дробных чисел ФОРМАТ в стиле printf -s, --separator=СТРОКА использовать СТРОКУ как разделитель (по умолчанию \n) -w, --equal-width выравнивать по ширине, добавляя в начало нули Печатает или изменяет настройки терминала. -a, --all напечатать все текущие настройки в форме, понятной человеку -g, --save напечатать все текущие настройки в форме, понятной программе stty -F, --file=УСТРОЙСТВО открыть и использовать указанное устройство вместо стандартного ввода Печатает выбранные части строк из каждого ФАЙЛА на стандартный вывод. Выводит текущее время, общее время непрерывной работы системы, число пользователей в системе и среднее число заданий в очереди запуска за последние 1, 5 и 15 минут.Печатает имя файла для терминала, присоединенного к стандартному вводу. -s, --silent, --quiet не печатать, только вернуть выходное значение Печатает первые 10 строк каждого ФАЙЛА на стандартный вывод. Если задано несколько ФАЙЛОВ, сначала печатает заголовок с именем файла. Если ФАЙЛ не задан или задан как -, читает стандартный ввод. Печатает полное имя текущего рабочего каталога. Печатает последние %d строк каждого из ФАЙЛОВ на стандартный вывод. Если задано несколько ФАЙЛОВ, сначала печатает заголовок с именем файла. Если ФАЙЛ не задан или задан как -, читает стандартный ввод. Печатает имя текущего пользователя. Печатает число обрабатывающий элементов, доступных текущему процессу, которое может быть меньше числа работающих процессоров Печатает простые множители для каждого заданного целого ЧИСЛА. Если аргументы не заданы, читает числа со стандартного ввода. Напечатать имя пользователя, соответствующее текущему эффективному id пользователя. Аналогично вызову id -un. Печатает информацию о пользователе и группе для заданного ПОЛЬЗОВАТЕЛЯ, или о текущем пользователе (если ничего не указано). -a игнорируется, введено только для совместимости -Z, --context вывести только контекст безопасности текущего пользователя -g, --group печатать только эффективный ID группы -G, --groups печатать все ID групп -n, --name печатать имя вместо номера, для ключей -ugG -r, --real печатать действительные, а не эффективные ID, для ключей -ugG -u, --user печатать только эффективный ID пользователя Печатает значение символьной ссылки или каноническое имя файла Идёт обработка запросаВремя профилирования истеклоПроект: К. Фрэнк Кси (Q. Frank Xia)Аварийное прерываниеРэнди Смит (Randy Smith)Сигнал реального времени %dПереформатирует каждый абзац в ФАЙЛЕ(ах) и печатает на стандартный вывод. Ключ -ЦИФРЫ -- сокращённая форма --width=ЦИФРЫ. Регулярное выражение слишком великоУдаляет (ссылки на) ФАЙЛ(ы). -f, --force игнорировать несуществующие файлы, ни о чем не спрашивать -i запрашивать подтверждение перед каждым удалением Удаляет КАТАЛОГ(и), если они пусты. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty игнорировать все ошибки, которые возникают из-за того, что каталог не пуст Переименовывает ИСТОЧНИК в НАЗНАЧЕНИЕ, или переносит ИСТОЧНИК(и) в КАТАЛОГ. Непрерывно печатает заданную СТРОКУ (СТРОКИ) или, если СТРОК не задано, `y'. Об ошибках в %s сообщайте по адресу %s Об ошибках в переводе %s сообщений по адресу Запрос отменёнЗапрос не отменёнРесурс потерянРичард М. Столлмен (Richard M. Stallman)Ричард Млинарик (Richard Mlynarik)Роланд Хьюбнер (Roland Huebner)Роланд МакГрат (Roland McGrath)Росс Патерсон (Ross Paterson)Запускает КОМАНДУ с измененным значением nice, что влияет на приоритет для планировщика. Если КОМАНДА не задана, печатает текущее значение nice. Допустимы пределы от %d (наибольший приоритет) до %d (наименьший). -n, --adjustment=N увеличить nice на целое число N (по умолчанию 10) Выполняет КОМАНДУ с указанным корневым каталогом. Выполняет КОМАНДУ игнорируя сигналы обрыва терминальной линии. Запускает КОМАНДУ с изменёнными операциями буферизации для стандартных потоков. Запускает программу в другом контексте безопасности. Если не указаны КОНТЕКСТ и КОМАНДА, то выводит текущий контекст безопасности. КОНТЕКСТ Полный контекст безопасности -c, --compute вычислить переходный контекст перед изменением -t, --type=ТИП тип (что и родитель) -u, --user=ПОЛЬЗОВАТЕЛЬ обозначение пользователя -r, --role=РОЛЬ роль -l, --range=ДИАПАЗОН диапазон Рассел Кокер (Russell Coker)Скотт Бертрам (Scott Bartram)Скот Миллер (Scott Miller)Нарушение сегментированияПосылает процессам сигналы или перечисляет сигналы. Servname не поддерживается для ai_socktypeЧтобы обойти эту проблему, установите LC_ALL='C'.Присваивает каждому ИМЕНИ соответствующее ЗНАЧЕНИЕ и запускает КОМАНДУ в этом окружении. -i, --ignore-environment начать с пустым окружением -0, --null завершать каждую выводимую строку 0-м байтом, a не символом новой строки -u, --unset=ИМЯ удалить переменную с ИМЕНЕМ из окружения Оболочка: Показать информацию о файловой системе, на которой расположен каждый из ФАЙЛОВ, или, по умолчанию, обо всех файловых системах. Уплотняет или увеличивает размер каждого ФАЙЛА до заданного размера Если ФАЙЛ не существует, то он создаётся. Если ФАЙЛ больше заданного размера, все лишние данные будут потеряны. Если ФАЙЛ короче, то он расширяется, и это место читается как нулевые байты. Саймон Джозефсон (Simon Josefsson)Для специального файла должны быть указаны основной и второстепенный номера устройства.Ошибка работы со стекомЗапускает КОМАНДУ и завершает её по истечении времени, задаваемого ПРОДОЛЖИТЕЛЬНОСТЬЮ. Аргументы, обязательные для длинных ключей, обязательны и для коротких. ОстановОстанов (сигнал)Останов (ввод с терминала)Останов (вывод с терминала)Стюарт Кемп (Stuart Kemp)УспехСуммирует использование дискового пространства каждого FILE, с каталогами. Системная ошибкаВРЕМЯВременный сбой разрешения именЗавершениеПосле `%' могут идти следующие необязательные флаги: - (дефис) не дополнять это поле _ (подчерк) дополнять пробелами 0 (ноль) дополнять нулями ^ использовать верхний регистр, если возможно # использовать противоположный регистр, если возможно Следующие ключи влияют на способ обхода иерархии каталогов при заданном ключе -R. Если указано несколько этих ключей, действует только последний. -H если аргумент командной строки является символьной ссылкой на каталог, перейти по ней -L переходить по любой встреченной символьной ссылке на каталог -P не переходить по символьным ссылкам (по умолчанию) Сравнивались строки %s и %s.Торбьёрн Гронлунд (Torbjorn Granlund)Прерывание на контрольной точкеОбратная косая черта в конце выраженияПреобразует, уплотняет и/или удаляет символы со стандартного ввода и печатает на стандартный вывод. -c, -C, --complement сначала получить дополнение ТАБЛИЦЫ1 -d, --delete удалять символы из ТАБЛИЦЫ1, не преобразовывать -s, --squeeze-repeats замещать последовательности повторяющихся символов из перечисленных в ТАБЛИЦЕ1 на единственный такой символ -t, --truncate-set1 сначала сократить ТАБЛИЦУ1 до размера ТАБЛИЦЫ2 Попробуйте `%s --help' для получения более подробного описания. Попробуйте `%s ./%s', чтобы удалить файл %s. При удалении и уплотнении повторов должны быть заданы две строки.При преобразовании необходимо задать две строки.Ульрих Дреппер (Ulrich Drepper)Неизвестная ошибкаНеизвестный сигнал %dНеизвестная системная ошибкаНепарная ( или \(Непарная ) или \)Непарная [ или [^Непарная \{Устанавливает временные метки доступа и изменения каждого ФАЙЛА в текущее время. Если ФАЙЛ не существует, то создаётся пустой, если не указаны ключи -c или -h. Если строка аргумента ФАЙЛ равна -, то это обрабатывается специальным образом и вызывает изменение временных меток файла, связанного со стандартным выводом. Срочная операция в/выводаИспользование: %s Использование: %s КОМАНДА [АРГУМЕНТ]... или: %s КЛЮЧ Использование: %s КОНТЕКСТ КОМАНДА [аргументы] или: %s [ -c ] [-u ПОЛЬЗ.] [-r РОЛЬ] [-t ТИП] [-l ДИАПАЗОН] КОМАНДА [арг.] Использование: %s ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ или: %s КЛЮЧ Использование: %s ФАЙЛ или: %s КЛЮЧ Использование: %s ФАЙЛ1 ФАЙЛ2 или: %s КЛЮЧ Использование: %s ФОРМАТ [АРГУМЕНТ]... или: %s КЛЮЧ Использование: %s ИМЯ или: %s КЛЮЧ Использование: %s ИМЯ [СУФФИКС] или: %s КЛЮЧ Использование: %s ЧИСЛО[СУФФИКС]... или: %s КЛЮЧ Приостанавливает выполнение на заданное ЧИСЛО секунд. СУФФИКС может принимать значение `s', что означает секунды (применяется по умолчанию), `m' -- минуты, `h' -- часы и `d' -- дни. В отличие от других реализаций, которые требуют, чтобы ЧИСЛО было целым, здесь оно может быть произвольным числом с плавающей запятой. Если задано несколько аргументов, приостанавливает на период, равный сумме их значений. Использование: %s КЛЮЧ... КОМАНДА Использование: %s КЛЮЧ... ФАЙЛ... Использование: %s КЛЮЧ... [ФАЙЛ]... Использование: %s [-F УСТРОЙСТВО] [--file=УСТРОЙСТВО] [НАСТРОЙКА]... или: %s [-F УСТРОЙСТВО] [--file=УСТРОЙСТВО] [-a|--all] или: %s [-F УСТРОЙСТВО] [--file=УСТРОЙСТВО] [-g|--save] Использование: %s [-ЦИФРЫ] [КЛЮЧ]... [ФАЙЛ]... Использование: %s [-s СИГНАЛ | -СИГНАЛ] PID... или: %s -l [СИГНАЛ]... или: %s -t [СИГНАЛ]... Использование: %s [ФАЙЛ]... или: %s КЛЮЧ Использование: %s [ИМЯ] или: %s КЛЮЧ Печатает или устанавливает имя данной системы. Использование: %s [ЧИСЛО]... или: %s КЛЮЧ Использование: %s [ОПЕРАНД]... или: %s КЛЮЧ Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ] Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ] Печатает числовой идентификатор (шестнадцатеричный) текущей машины. Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ] ПРОДОЛЖИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ КОМАНДА [АРГ]... или: %s [КЛЮЧ] Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ] НОВЫЙКОРЕНЬ [КОМАНДА [АРГ]...] или: %s КЛЮЧ Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ] [КОМАНДА [АРГ]...] Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ] [ФАЙЛ] Печатает полностью сортированный список, соответствующий частичной сортировке в заданном ФАЙЛЕ. Если ФАЙЛ не задан или задан как -, читает стандартный ввод. Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... КОНТЕКСТ ФАЙЛ... или: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [-u ПОЛЬЗ-ЛЬ] [-r РОЛЬ] [-l ДИАПАЗОН] [-t ТИП] ФАЙЛ... или: %s [КЛЮЧ]... --reference=ЭФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ... Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... КАТАЛОГ... Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ФАЙЛ] Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... ФАЙЛ ОБРАЗЕЦ... Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... ФАЙЛ... Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... ФАЙЛ1 ФАЙЛ2 Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... ГРУППА ФАЙЛ... или: %s [КЛЮЧ]... --reference=ОФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ... Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... ПОСЛЕДНИЙ или: %s [КЛЮЧ]... ПЕРВЫЙ ПОСЛЕДНИЙ или: %s [КЛЮЧ]... ПЕРВЫЙ ПРИРОСТ ПОСЛЕДНИЙ Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... РЕЖИМ[,РЕЖИМ]... ФАЙЛ или: %s [КЛЮЧ]... ВОСЬМ-РЕЖИМ ФАЙЛ... или: %s [КЛЮЧ]... --reference=ОФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ... Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... ИМЯ ТИП [ОСНОВНОЙ ВТОРОСТЕПЕННЫЙ] Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... ИМЯ... Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... НАБОР1 [НАБОР2] Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ ФАЙЛ | АРГ1 АРГ2] Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [+ФОРМАТ] или: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [ММДДччмм[[ВВ]ГГ][.сс]] Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [-T] ИСТОЧНИК НАЗНАЧЕНИЕ или: %s [КЛЮЧ]... ИСТОЧНИК... КАТАЛОГ или: %s [КЛЮЧ]... -t КАТАЛОГ ИСТОЧНИК... Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [-T] ИСТОЧНИК НАЗНАЧЕНИЕ или: %s [КЛЮЧ]... ИСТОЧНИК... КАТАЛОГ или: %s [КЛЮЧ]... -t КАТАЛОГ ИСТОЧНИК... или: %s [КЛЮЧ]... -d КАТАЛОГ... Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [-T] ЦЕЛЬ ИМЯ_ССЫЛКИ (1-ая форма) или: %s [КЛЮЧ]... ЦЕЛЬ (2-ая форма) или: %s [КЛЮЧ]... ЦЕЛЬ... КАТАЛОГ (3-я форма) или: %s [КЛЮЧ]... -t КАТАЛОГ ЦЕЛЬ... (4-ая форма) Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [-] [ИМЯ=ЗНАЧЕНИЕ]... [КОМАНДА [АРГ]...] Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [-] [ПОЛЬЗОВАТЕЛЬ [АРГ]...] Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ФАЙЛ] Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ФАЙЛ] или: %s -e [КЛЮЧ]... [АРГ]... или: %s -l ОТ-ДО [КЛЮЧ]... Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ФАЙЛ] Кодирует или декодирует в/из base64 ФАЙЛ или стандартный ввод на стандартный вывод. Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ФАЙЛ]... Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ФАЙЛ]... или: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [ФАЙЛ] [[+]СМЕЩЕНИЕ[.][b]] или: %s --traditional [КЛЮЧ]... [ФАЙЛ] [[+]СМЕЩЕНИЕ[.][b] [+][МЕТКА][.][b]] Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ФАЙЛ]... или: %s [КЛЮЧ]... --files0-from=Ф Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ФАЙЛ]... Печатает или проверяет контрольные суммы %s (%d-битные). Если ФАЙЛ не задан или задан как -, читает стандартный ввод. Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ВХОД [ВЫХОД]] Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ВВОД [ПРЕФИКС]] Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ВХОД]... (без -G) или: %s -G [КЛЮЧ]... [ВХОД [ВЫХОД]] Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ВЛАДЕЛЕЦ][:[ГРУППА]] ФАЙЛ... или: %s [КЛЮЧ]... --reference=ОФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ... Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ШАБЛОН] Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ПОЛЬЗОВАТЕЛЬ] Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ПОЛЬЗОВАТЕЛЬ]... Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ПОЛЬЗОВАТЕЛЬ]... Использование: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ПЕРЕМЕННАЯ]... Печатает значения указанных ПЕРЕМЕННЫХ окружения. Если ПЕРЕМЕННАЯ не задана, то печатаются все пары переменная -- значение. Использование: %s [КОРОТКИЙ-КЛЮЧ]... ИМЯ_ПОЛЬЗОВАТЕЛЯ КОМАНДА [АРГУМЕНТ]... или: %s ДЛИННЫЙ-КЛЮЧ Использование: %s [КОРОТКИЙ-КЛЮЧ]... [СТРОКА]... или: %s ДЛИННЫЙ-КЛЮЧ Использование: %s [СТРОКА]... или: %s КЛЮЧ Использование: %s [ игнорируемые аргументы командной строки ] или: %s КЛЮЧ Использование: test ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ или: test или: [ ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ ] или: [ ] или: [ КЛЮЧ Определяемый пользователем сигнал 1Определяемый пользователем сигнал 2При использовании ключа -s игнорируются -L и -P. Иначе, последний ключ определяет поведение, когда источником является символьная ссылка, по умолчанию %s. Верные аргументы:Допустимые форматные последовательности для файловых систем: %a Число свободных блоков, доступных для обычного пользователя %b Полное число блоков данных в файловой системе %c Полное число нод в файловой системе %d Число свободных файловых нод в файловой системе %f Число свободных блоков в файловой системе %C Строка контекста безопасности SELinux Виртуальное время истеклоПРЕДУПРЕЖДЕНИЕ: ключ --page-increment устарел, используйте вместо него --line-incrementПРЕДУПРЕЖДЕНИЕ: ключ --preserve_context устарел, используйте вместо него --preserve-contextПРЕДУПРЕЖДЕНИЕ: Циклическая структура каталога. Скорее всего, это означает, что ваша файловая система повреждена. УВЕДОМИТЕ ВАШЕГО СИСТЕМНОГО АДМИНИСТРАТОРА. Следующий каталог является частью цикла: %s ПРЕДУПРЕЖДЕНИЕ: игнорируется ключ --context (-Z); ядро без поддержки SELinuxПРЕДУПРЕЖДЕНИЕ: игнорируется ключ --preserve-context; ядро без поддержки SELinuxПРЕДУПРЕЖДЕНИЕ: игнорируется ключ --strip-program, так как не указан ключ -sПредупреждение: КогдаГдеОкно измененоС ключом --follow (-f), tail по умолчанию следует за дескриптором файла, что означает, что даже если файл переименован, tail будет и далее следить за его концом. Это поведение, принимаемое по умолчанию, нежелательно, если вы на самом деле хотите следить за именем файла, а не за дескриптором (пример -- сдвиг протокольных файлов). В таком случае используйте --follow=name. Это заставит tail следовать за указанным файлом, повторно открывая его периодически, чтобы узнать, не был ли он удален и заново создан какой-то другой программой. Разбивает строки в ФАЙЛЕ(ах) (по умолчанию читает стандартный ввод) и печатает на стандартный вывод. Печатает случайную перестановку входных строк на стандартный вывод. Печатает ФАЙЛЫ на стандартный вывод, начиная с последней строки. Если ФАЙЛ не задан или задан как -, читает стандартный ввод. Печатает каждый ФАЙЛ на стандартный вывод, добавляя номера строк. Если ФАЙЛ не задан или задан как -, читает стандартный ввод. Печатает на стандартный вывод строки, составленные из соответствующих строк входных ФАЙЛОВ, разделенных табуляцией. Если ФАЙЛ не задан или задан как -, читает стандартный ввод. Печатает сортированное слияние всех ФАЙЛ(ов) на стандартный вывод. Авторы программы -- %s и %s. Авторы программы -- %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s и другие. Авторы программы -- %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s и %s. Авторы программы -- %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s и %s. Авторы программы -- %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s и %s. Авторы программы -- %s, %s, %s, %s, %s и %s. Авторы программы -- %s, %s, %s, %s и %s. Авторы программы -- %s, %s, %s и %s. Авторы программы -- %s, %s и %s. Автор программы -- %s. выражение [=c=] не может быть использовано в ТАБЛИЦЕ2 при преобразовании^[НнNn]^[ДдYy]«`-%c' лишние символы или неверное число в аргументе: %s`--pages=ПЕРВАЯ_СТР[:ПОСЛЕДНЯЯ_СТР]' пропущен аргумент`-N НОМЕР' неверный номер начальной строки: %s`-W ШИРИНА_СТРАНИЦЫ' неверное число символов: %s`-l ДЛИНА_СТРАНИЦЫ' неверное число строк: %s`-o ПОЛЕ' неверное смещение: %s`-w ШИРИНА_СТРАНИЦЫ' неверное число символов: %sесли задана поправка, должна быть указана командаобращение к %sai_family не поддерживаетсяai_socktype не поддерживаетсянеоднозначный аргумент %s для %sразделитель для входных данных можно задавать только при обработке полейвывод добавляется в %sсохранение запасной копии %s уничтожит оригинал; %s не скопировансохранение запасной копии %s уничтожит оригинал; %s не перенесёнтип резервной копииблочный специальный файлблочные специальные файлы не поддерживаютсяуказаны сразу оба префикса единиц: SI и IECоба файла не могут быть стандартным вводомбайтовое смещение %s слишком великоне удалось применить частичный контекст к непомеченному файлу %sне удалось получить контекст процессаневозможно получить доступ к %sневозможно создать резервную копию для %sневозможно одновременно подводить итог и показывать все элементыневозможно изменить владельца %sневозможно изменить права доступа %sне удалось сменить корневой каталог на %sневозможно сменить каталог на %sне удалось перейти в корневой каталогнельзя сочетать --target-directory (-t) и --no-target-directory (-T)нельзя сочетать --target-directory и --no-target-directoryнельзя сочетать ключи -e и -iнельзя сочетать любые два из {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}нельзя совмещать block и unblockнельзя совмещать excl и nocreatнельзя совмещать lcase и ucaseнельзя сочетать ключи режима и --referenceнельзя объединять сигнал с -l или -tневозможно сравнить имена файлов %s и %sневозможно преобразовать U+%04X к локальной кодировкеневозможно преобразовать U+%04X к локальной кодировке: %sневозможно скопировать каталог %s в самого себя, %sневозможно скопировать циклическую символьную ссылку %sневозможно создать каталог %sневозможно создать очередь %sневозможно создать жёсткую ссылку %s на %sневозможно создать ссылку %sневозможно создать ссылку %s на %sневозможно создать обычный файл %sневозможно создать специальный файл %sневозможно создать символьную ссылку %sневозможно создать символьную ссылку %s на %sневозможно создать временный файл в %sневозможно перейти по символьной ссылке %sневозможно определить устройство и inode для %sневозможно определить имя машиныневозможно определить расположение %s, возвращаемся к методу опросомневозможно выполнить ioctl для %sневозможно определить имя группы для ID %luневозможно определить имя пользователя для ID %luневозможно следовать за %s по имениневозможно установить контекст цели в %s и сохранить егоневозможно выполнить fstat для %sне удалось получить текущий каталогневозможно узнать значение niceневозможно узнать название системыневозможно выполнить lseek для %sневозможно создать жёсткую и символьную ссылку одновременноневозможно создать каталог %sневозможно переместить %s в %sневозможно перенести %s в свой собственный подкаталог, %sневозможно переименовать каталог в файл, не являющийся каталогом: %s -> %sневозможно открыть %s для чтенияневозможно открыть %s для записиневозможно открыть каталог %sневозможно обработать повисшую символьную ссылку %sневозможно перезаписать каталог %s файлом, не являющимся каталогомневозможно перезаписать поверх файла %s, не являющегося каталогом, каталог %sне удалось выполнить форматированный выводневозможно сохранить расширенные атрибуты; cp собрана без поддержки xattrневозможно сохранить контекст безопасности без ядра с поддержкой SELinuxневозможно печатать "только" более одного выбораневозможно напечатать только имена или действительные ID в формате по умолчаниюневозможно напечатать контекст безопасности, если указан пользовательневозможно прочитать каталог %sневозможно прочитать имена файлов из %sневозможно считать информацию файловой системы для %sневозможно прочитать таймер реального времениневозможно считать символьную ссылку %sне удалось прочитать таблицу смонтированных файловых системневозможно удалить %sневозможно удалить каталог: %sневозможно переместить указатель файла для %sневозможно запустить %sневозможно установить %sневозможно установить датуневозможно установить групповой idневозможно установить идентификатор группы равным %luневозможно установить группыневозможно установить основное имя -- эта система не обладает такой способностьюневозможно установить имя в значение %sневозможно установить значение niceневозможно установить временные отметки для %sневозможно установить пользовательский idневозможно установить идентификатор пользователя равным %luневозможно сместиться за предел последнего входного файланевозможно указание --null (-0) с командойневозможно одновременно печатать вдоль и параллельноневозможно задать число столбцов при параллельной печатиневозможно задать время из нескольких источниковневозможно разбивать несколькими методами сразуневозможно выполнить stat для %sневозможно выполнить stat для текущего каталога (сейчас %s)не удалось выполнить stat для стандартного вводаневозможно выполнить touch для %sневозможно восстановить %s из резервной копииневозможно удалить ссылку %sневозможно удалить %sневозможно наблюдать %sневозможно наблюдать за родительским каталогом %sневозможно обойти ошибку ядраизменена группа %s на %s изменён владелец %s на %s изменение группы для %sизменение владельца %sизменение прав доступа для %sизменение контекста безопасности для %s нулевой знаковый сдвигсимвол вне допустимого диапазонасимвольный специальный файлспециальные символьные файлы не поддерживаютсяочистка прав доступа для %sизменение временизакрытие завершилось неудачнозакрытие %sзакрытие %s (fd=%d)закрытие каталога %sзакрытие входного файла %sзакрытие выходного файла %sзакрытие стандартного вводарежим совместимости поддерживается только для одного файлаконфликтующие строки замены для пустого поляконфликт указанных параметров контекста безопасностиневозможно установить буферизацию %s в режим %s невозможно создать процесс для %s -dневозможно создать временный файлневозможно выполнить %sневозможно выполнить %s -dв %s не найдена запись каталога с соответствующим i-nodeневозможно узнать время первоначальной загрузкисоздан каталог %sсоздание каталога %sсоздаётся файл %s создание жесткой ссылки %sсоздание жесткой ссылки %s => %sсоздание жесткой ссылки на %.0s%sсоздание символьной ссылки %sсоздание символьной ссылки %s -> %sсписок разделителей оканчивается неэкранированной обратной косой чертой: %sкаталогделение на нольdup2 завершилась неудачнопустое значение %s не разрешенопустое имя файлапустая табуляцияошибка закрытия файлаошибка в сопоставителе регулярных выраженийошибка поиска регулярного выраженияошибка при инициализации строк, задающих месяцыошибка отслеживания события inotifyошибка чтения %sошибка чтения события inotifyошибка ожидания командыошибка записи %sвыход=излишний аргумент %sлишний операнд %sлишний операнд %s дополнительный операнд %s не допустим с -%cне удалось изменить контекст безопасности %s на %sошибка изменения группы %s на %s ошибка изменения прав доступа %s на %04lo (%s) невозможно изменить владельца %s невозможно изменить владельца %s на %s ошибка изменения каталога на %sне удалось выполнить клонирование %sне удалось вычислить новый контекстне удалось создать каталог по шаблону %sне удалось создать файл по шаблону %sне удалось создать контекст безопасности: %sошибка получения атрибутов %sне удалось получить текущий контекстне удалось получить контекст создания файловой системыне удалось получить группы текущего процессане удалось получить группы пользователя %sне удалось получить контекст безопасности %sне удалось найти файл %sне удалось открыть %sне удалось сохранить автора %sне удалось сохранить владельца %sне удалось сохранить права доступа для %sне удалось сохранить временные метки для %sне удалось перенаправить стандартный поток ошибокне удалось перенаправить стандартный поток ошибок в /dev/nullне удалось удалить %sне удалось удалить каталог %sне удалось отобразить, стандартный ввод не работаетне удалось повторно открыть %s в режиме %sне удалось восстановить контекст создания файла по умолчаниюне удалось вернуться в первоначальный рабочий каталогне удалось выполнить команду %sне удалось установить компонент контекста безопасности %s равным %sне удалось задать дополнительные группыне удалось установить контекст безопасности файла по умолчанию в %sне удалось установить group-IDне удалось установить новый диапазон %sне удалось установить новую роль %sне удалось установить новый тип %sне удалось установить нового пользователя %sне удалось установить дополнительную группу(ы)не удалось сделать так, чтобы копия стандартного потока ошибок закрылась при начале выполненияне удалось установить контекст безопасности для %s в %sне удалось установить user-IDошибка получения атрибутов %sне удалось выключить O_DIRECT: %sне удалось обновить окружение с %sоперация fdatasync для %s завершилась неудачнооперация fflush завершилась неудачнономер поля %s слишком великнулевой номер поляполя и позиции нумеруются с 1файл-очередьданные файла %d не отсортированыоперанды-файлы нельзя сочетать с --files0-fromоперанды-файлы нельзя сочетать с --print-database (-p)файловая система типа %s и выбрана, и исключенасистемный вызов fork завершился неудачноформат %s заканчивается на %%в формате %s не указана директива %%в формате %s содержится слишком много директив %%формат %s содержит неизвестную директиву %%%cпри выводе строк одинаковой ширины формат можно не указыватьоперация fsync для %s завершилась неудачнооперация fts_close завершилась неудачнооперация fts_read завершилась неудачноgetpass: не удалось открыть /dev/ttyполучение новых атрибутов %sгруппа %s оставлена как %s функция iconv недоступнафункция iconv неприменимаid=все аргументы проигнорированыввод игнорируетсяввод игнорируется, вывод добавляется в %sввод игнорируется, поток ошибок перенаправляются на стандартный выводпроигнорирован неверный размер табуляции в переменной окружения TABSIZE: %sпроигнорировано неверное значение переменной окружения QUOTING_STYLE: %sпроигнорирована неверная ширина в переменной окружения COLUMNS: %sне являющиеся ключами аргументы проигнорированыполя объединения %lu, %lu несовместимынесовместимая табуляциянеправильный парольневозможно использовать inotify, возвращаемся к методу опросаввод стал недоступенвходная строка слишком великане удалось перемещение с устройства %s на устройство %s: невозможно удалить назначениеневерный %s%s аргумент %s--%s содержит неверный аргумент %sневерная поправка %sневерный аргумент %sневерный аргумент %s для %sневерный стиль нумерования тела: %sневерный режим буферизации %s для %s неправильный список байтов или полейневерный символ `%c' в строке типа %sневерный класс символов %sневерный контекст: %sнедопустимое преобразованиеневерный описатель преобразования в суффиксе: %cневерный описатель преобразования в суффиксе: \%.3oневерная дата %sневерный формат даты %sневерный уменьшающийся диапазонневерное устройство %s %sневерный тип устройства %sневерный номер поля: %sневерная спецификация поля: %sневерная ширина поля: %sневерный номер файла в спецификации поля: %sневерный аргумент с плавающей точкой: %sневерный стиль нумерования нижнего колонтитула: %sневерная точность в форматеневерная ширина в форматеневерная ширина дырки: %sневерная группаневерная группа %sневерный список групп %sневерная группа: %sневерный стиль нумерования заголовка: %sневерный вводнедопустимый флаг вводанедопустимый входной диапазон %sневерное целое число %sневерный целый аргумент %sневерное число строк: %sневерные настройки линии (line discipline) %sневерная ширина поля для номера строки: %sневерное приращение номера строки: %sневерный формат нумерации строк: %sневерная ширина строки: %sневерное основное число устройства %sнедопустимая максимальная глубина %sневерное второстепенное число устройства %sневерный режимневерный режим %sневерный режим: %sневерный номер %sневерное число после `,'неверное число после `-'неверное число после `.'неверное число в начале поляневерное число пустых строк: %sневерный число байтневерное число сравниваемых байтневерное число пропускаемых байтневерное число столбцов: %sневерное число пропускаемых полейневерное число строкневерное число строк: 0неверный ключ -- `%c'неверный ключ -- %c; -ЦИФРЫ распознается, только если это первый аргумент, в противном случае пишите -w Nневерно задано основание системы счисления `%c', должно быть одним из символов [doxn]недопустимый флаг выводаневерный диапазон страниц %sневерная точность: %sневерный диапазон без окончания: -неверно задано число повторов %s в конструкции [c*n]неверный спецификаторневерный номер начальной строки: %sнедопустимый флаг состоянияневерный суффикс %s, содержит разделитель каталоговневерный суффикс в %s%s аргументе %sневерный размер табуляции: %sневерный шаблон %s, содержит разделитель каталоговневерный шаблон %s; с --tmpdir в нём не может быть абсолютного путиневерный временной интервал %sневерный формат времени %sневерный завершающий ключ -- %cневерная строка типа %sневерно задан тип %s; данная система не предоставляет %lu-байтного типа с плавающей точкойневерно задана строка типа %s; данная система не предоставляет %lu-байтного целого типаневерное универсальное символьное имя \%c%0*xневерный пользовательневерный пользователь %sнедопустимая ширина: %sневерный размер переноса: %sневерное имя файла нулевой длиныопасно рекурсивно обрабатывать %sопасно рекурсивно обрабатывать %s (то же, что %s)предыдущий=начальный `-' в компоненте имени файла %sпредел в %lu превышен длиной в %lu в имени файла %sпредел в %lu превышен длиной в %lu в компоненте имени файла %sстроковая буферизация stdin бессмысленнаключ числа строк -%s%c... слишком великномер строки %s меньше номера предыдущей строки, %sпереполнение номера строкимаксимальным аргументом --%s с текущим rlimit является %sпамять исчерпанаочередь сообщенийминимальным аргументом --%s является %sнепарные конструкции [:upper:] и/или [:lower:]пропущено описание преобразования (%%) в суффиксепропущена `]'пропущен аргумент после %sпропущен аргумент для %sпропущено имя класса символов `[::]'пропущен описатель преобразования в суффиксепосле %s пропущен операнд, задающий целевой файлпропущен класса эквивалентности символов `[==]'пропущен операнд, задающий файлневерное шестнадцатеричное число в escape-последовательностиотсутствует список полейотсутствует список позицийпропущен операндпропущен операнд после %sрежим должен задавать только биты разрешений для файлаправа доступа %s изменены на %04lo (%s) права доступа %s оставлены как %04lo (%s) многознаковая табуляция %sзадано несколько ключей -iзадано несколько ключей -l или -tзаданы несколько программ сжатияуказано несколько разделителейнесколько диапазоновзадано несколько выходных файловзадано несколько выходных форматовзадано несколько источников случайных чиселзадано несколько относительных модификаторовнесколько ролейзадано несколько целевых каталоговнесколько типовнесколько пользователейни символьная ссылка %s, ни то но что она указывает не были изменены либо переменная окружения SHELL отсутствует, либо не задан тип интерпретаторане изменён владелец %s не задана командане обработано ни одной файловой системыбольше нет файловнет ввода из %sрегистрационное имя отсутствуетне задан идентификатор процессапри дампе строк нельзя задавать типне задано имя пользователя; при использовании ключа -l нужно задать хотя бы однонецелочисленный аргументнепереносимый символ %s в имени файла %sне телетайпзапись через повисшую ссылку %s не выполняетсячисло в %s слишком великочисло байтчисло строкпереполнение сдвига при чтении файла %sпропускается каталог %sв ТАБЛИЦЕ2 может быть использована только одна конструкция [c*]можно задать только одно устройствоможно задать только один тип спискаоперация открытия завершилась неудачнооткрытие %sключ использован в неверном контексте -- %cключи --backup и --no-clobber взаимно исключают друг другаключи --compare (-C) и --preserve-timestamps являются взаимно исключают друг другаключи --compare (-C) и --strip являются взаимно исключают друг другаключи `-%s' несовместимыисчерпаны суффиксы для выходных файловпереполнение при расширении размера файла %sпереполнение при округлении размера в сторону увеличения файла %sвладелец %s оставлен без изменений владелец %s оставлен как %s переполнение номера страницыстраница слишком узкаясохранение прав доступа для %sсохранение временной отметки %sпечать всех повторяющихся сток и числа повторений бессмысленнаневерный порядок границ диапазона `%s-%s'ошибка чтениячтение завершилось неудачночтение %sчтение каталога %sзапись слишком великапоток ошибок перенаправляются на стандартный выводпустой обычный файлобычный файлудалён %s удален каталог: %s удаление каталога, %sуровень выполнениясемафорразделитель не может быть пустымчтобы обойти эту проблему, установите LC_ALL='C'установка флагов для %sустановка прав доступа для %sустановка временных отметок %sобъект разделяемой памятизначение skip-bytes + read-bytes слишком великопропускается %s, поскольку он находится на другом устройствепропускается файл %s, так как он был заменён во время копированиясокетстандартная ошибкастандартный вводстандартный ввод закрытстандартный выводоперация stat завершилась неудачностандартный поток ошибокстандартный вводстандартный выводлишний символ в спецификации поляне удалось сравнить строкине удалось выполнить преобразование строкипроцесс strip завершился неудачнозапрещение вывода строк, не содержащих разделителей, имеет смысл только при работе с полямисимвольная ссылкасинтаксическая ошибкаcистемная загрузкаразмер табуляции не может быть равен нулюразмер табуляции содержит недопустимый символ(ы): %sномера позиций табуляции должны возрастатьразмер табуляции слишком велик %sразмер табуляции слишком великпозиции табуляции слишком далеко друг от другауказанная цель %s не является каталогомпри установке каталога нельзя задавать целевой каталогтерминал=test и/или [ключи --binary и --text бессмысленны при проверке контрольных суммключ --compare (-C) игнорируется, если вы указываете режим с неразрешёнными битамиключ --context (-Z) устарел и будет удалён в будущем выпускеключ --quiet имеет смысл только при проверке контрольных суммключ --status имеет смысл только при проверке контрольных суммключ --warn имеет смысл только при проверке контрольных суммконструкция [c*] может быть использована в ТАБЛИЦЕ2 только при преобразованииконструкция [c*] не может быть использована в ТАБЛИЦЕ1аргумент %s не начинается со знака `+'; при задании даты, каждый аргумент, не являющийся ключом, должен быть строкой формата, начинающейся знаком `+'разделитель должен быть одним символомключи для вывода в виде, читаемом человеком и читаемом программой stty, взаимоисключающиеключи для вывода внутренней базы данных dircolors и ключи для выбора синтаксиса оболочки взаимно исключают друг другаключи для установки и для отображения времени не могут применяться вместеключи для вывода даты взаимно исключают друг другасравнивались строки %s %sпри установке каталога нельзя применять ключ stripисходная строка была %sвремя %s вне допустимого диапазоначтобы использовать идентификатор пользователя %s, вам нужно указать также -gслишком мало X в шаблоне %sслишком много описаний преобразования (%%) в суффиксеслишком много символов в таблицеслишком много повторяющихся строкслишком много шаблоновитогообход завершился неудачно: %sобрезается %sобъект типизированной памятиuid=%luне удалось показать сообщение об ошибкеневозможно сохранить текущий рабочий каталогне удалось установить контекст безопасности %sнеожиданная ошибка: fts_info=%d: %s сообщите %sнеизвестный бинарный операторнеизвестный код возврата команды (0x%X)неизвестный потокнеизвестный идентификатор пользователя: %sне анализируемое значение в переменной окружения LS_COLORSоперанд %s не распознанне распознан префикс: %s%ld день %2d:%02d, %ld дня %2d:%02d, %ld дней %2d:%02d, ???? дней ??:??, используйте --no-preserve-root, чтобы отменить предупреждение об опасностипользователь %s не существуетиспользуемое значение %s для обозначения стандартного ввода не работает в режиме файловой системыиспользуется арифметика с произвольной точностьюиспользуется ограниченная оболочка %sиспользуется арифметика с одинарной точностьюожидание %s [-d]ожидание stripпредупреждение: %s: символ(ы), следующий за символьной константой, проигнорированпредупреждение: %s: невозможно сменить контекст на %sпредупреждение: --pid=PID не поддерживается на этой системепредупреждение: ключ --retry обычно полезен при следовании по имени файлапредупреждение: PID игнорирован; ключ --pid=PID полезен только при следованиипредупреждение: `touch %s' устарел; используйте `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'предупреждение: неэкранированная обратная косая черта в конце строке непереносима между платформамипредупреждение: обратная косая черта в конце форматапредупреждение: невозможно сменить каталог на %sпредупреждение, невозможно удалить: %sпредупреждение: бесконечное слежение за стандартным вводом неэффективнопредупреждение: избыточные аргументы проигнорированы, начиная с %sпредупреждение: смещение файла стало неверным после ошибки чтенияпредупреждение: неверная ширина %lu; будет использована %dпредупреждение: номер строки %s равен предыдущему номеру строкипредупреждение: файл-источник %s указан более одного разапредупреждение: подведение итога конфликтует с --max-depth=%luпредупреждение: подведение итога это то же самое, что и --max-depth=0предупреждение: ключ --%s устарел; используйте --referenceпредупреждение: неоднозначная восьмеричная последовательность \%c%c%c трактуется как двухбайтовая последовательность \0%c%c, %cпредупреждение: управляющая последовательность `\%c' не распознанапредупреждение: обходим ошибку lseek в ядре для файла (%s) mt_type=0x%0lx -- см. для списка типовстранный файлесли часть таблицы1 не отбрасывается, таблица2 должна быть непустойпри чтении имён файлов со стандартного ввода, имя файла %s не допускаетсяпри задании стиля вывода нельзя устанавливать режимпри преобразовании с дополнением классов символов, ТАБЛИЦА2 должна ставить в соответствие всем символам дополнения ровно один символпри преобразовании, в ТАБЛИЦЕ2 могут быть использованы только классы `upper' и `lower'копирование %s через только что созданную %s не выполняетсяжёсткая ссылка %s на каталог %s не будет созданатолько что созданный файл %s не будет переписан в %sпри заданном --parents назначение должно быть каталогомПри задании --suffix, шаблон %s должен оканчиваться на Xошибка записиошибка записи для %sзапись завершилась неудачнозапись %sзапись в %sвы должны указать -c, -t, -u, -l, -r или контекствы должны задать список байт, символов или полейвы должны задать один: %s или %sPRIuMAXPRIdMAX%+% records in %+% records out % truncated record % truncated records % byte (%s) copied% bytes (%s) copiedoffset too large: cannot truncate to a length of seek=% (%lu-byte) blocksfailed to truncate to % bytes in output file %sfailed to allocate a % byte stdio buffer %s: %: improperly formatted %s checksum lineWARNING: % of % listed file could not be readWARNING: % of % listed files could not be readWARNING: % of % computed checksum did NOT matchWARNING: % of % computed checksums did NOT matchstarting page number % exceeds page count %Page %overflow in % * % byte blocks for file %struncating %s at % bytes%+% записей считано %+% записей написано % усечённая запись % усечённые записи % усечённых записей скопирован % байт (%s) скопировано % байта (%s) скопировано % байт (%s)смещение слишком велико: невозможно обрезать до величины seek=% (%lu-байтных) блоковне удалось выполнить отсечение на % байт в выходном файле %sне удалось выделить % байт для буфера stdio %s: %: неправильно составленная строка контрольной суммы %sПРЕДУПРЕЖДЕНИЕ: не удалось прочитать % перечисленный файл из %ПРЕДУПРЕЖДЕНИЕ: не удалось прочитать % перечисленных файла из %ПРЕДУПРЕЖДЕНИЕ: не удалось прочитать % перечисленных файлов из %ПРЕДУПРЕЖДЕНИЕ: НЕ совпала % вычисленная контрольная сумма из %ПРЕДУПРЕЖДЕНИЕ: НЕ совпали % вычисленные контрольные суммы из %ПРЕДУПРЕЖДЕНИЕ: НЕ совпали % вычисленных контрольных сумм из %номер начальной страницы % превосходит общее число страниц %Страница %переполнение в % * % байтовых блоков для файла %sотсечение %s на % байт0707010000925b000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001600000000reloc/share/locale/sk0707010000925c000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000002200000000reloc/share/locale/sk/LC_MESSAGES0707010000925d000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00017632000000660000000300000000000000000000002f00000000reloc/share/locale/sk/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo0h0@@@A~A 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\/   'E'bmii     $ %0 V l         5!!9!/[!!!"m(" " "[" ##% #F#$%-%?%2N%,%%%%%&&8&3K&,&)&2&: '0D'&u'g'0(/5(0e((*(())%[*#*/*&*.*d++{+ ,;,$,4-5<-ar--E.7/*J/ju/y/*Z00L:101d1l2)2*202R3c3z3 H4V4[4a48t4.4*4&5".5Q5p55 5@55 56D6CJ6;65667'775_7%7777" 8I-8Fw8 881829HK9 99C9 :08:%i:/:):4:,;*K;)v;7;8;0<=B<A<;<$<)#=-M=!{=0=&=#= >):>d>)> >=>$ ?K.?(z?'?#?;?G+@Js@-@J@%7A4]A1AA9AB#BB* C14C1fC8C.CD-D GD#hD+DDDDEE#/ESEjEE1EE EEFF4FLFkF0F)F)FG*G.HGwGGGG!G"G "H&CHjH sH HHHH5H5 ICIZIoIwIII5II-J BJ&cJ(J?J<J30K"dK'K?K0K" LCL$]L'L"L!LL% ML2M1MBM'M%N$BN1gN)N8NNO&O5ONO9SOYOOO) P6PSPrP"PPPPJPD4Q<yQ/QQRR!$RPFR RRR&R%S0:SkSS8S;ST#T>TYT9uT+TTTU+U@U+VUUUU$UU* V/4V*dVV'V+VWW&W;WRWiW%W'WW#W%X.X$LXqXXXLX7Y>Y*OY,zY#YYYZm!ZPZZZ[#)[,M[;z[ [=[E[2E\Fx\\\ \<\@8]y]%]6](]^)%^O^g^^^.^%^^)_ ?_(`_'_*_<_H`#b``.`!``a-!aeOa'aa@a /b=b-LbzbDb(b)c,c >cJcjc"cccOc.%dTdhd zddddddde ,e:e"Be.eeeeeeCe:fAfTfgff f-ff%fag{gg%g3g'g"h=hChTRhHhFh77i>oi#iFi!j;j9Sj j$jjjj k7k2Mkk9kkkDlElallSl<lG#mOkm]mWn-qn2n+nFn>Eo=oOo=p:Pp7psp77q{oqqJqHErtrKsPOs:s:st(t@tRt at3nt9 . ,Jdro iOI-dp2emv6V,Gb0^U/DuIFfnROVaB/g>a5%Xp]R!QNrzst<8Dq+Xsm=TFM<cLh&YA@0x;75'fv=J~_ ' kHKwc\\uzrklt&yp:n|K+8AqWjQ-e $'743L S`t/:IC>*7(a~f JOEl6`T}12N2hP$SF)y{?9DZo!#L e0A$h.G_z.(*S]b?+d}Yx "[<[WiZ%3o: B_18g3E[#K{Uq;v\?,V*nH6N b{@su)imP)9%#UEj Y| ]~(Z M4T4"=C-X^; @Ww&k>RC!w5}|g1c ^lyMxBHQ `"jGPt@(A %s (unbackup) %s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has unknown file type%s is not a valid positive integer%s is too large%s%s argument `%s' too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s: line number out of range%s: %s: match not found%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: binary operator expected%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot find name for user ID %lu %s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot rewind%s: cannot seek%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: couldn't reset non-blocking mode%s: descend into directory %s? %s: descend into write-protected directory %s? %s: end of file%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: error truncating%s: error writing at offset %s%s: expected a numeric value%s: failed to close%s: failed to open for writing%s: failed to remove%s: fcntl failed%s: fdatasync failed%s: file has negative size%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: fstat failed%s: fsync failed%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input contains an odd number of tokens%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid directive%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of passes%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: lseek failed%s: multiple signals specified%s: new permissions are %s, not %s%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: no size information for this device%s: not listing already-listed directory%s: number of bytes is too large%s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove all arguments? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s: seek failed%s: unable to determine maximum file name length%s: unable to perform all requested operations%s: unary operator expected%s: value not completely converted%s: write error%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}''')' expected')' expected, found %s(C), load average: %.2f, %g s, %s/s -R --dereference requires either -H or -L-R -h requires -P-ef does not accept -l-nt does not accept -l-ot does not accept -l??? Address family for hostname not supportedAll requests doneArgument buffer too smallArnold RobbinsBad value for ai_flagsBrian FoxCOMMENTChange the effective user id and group id to that of USER. -, -l, --login make the shell a login shell -c, --command=COMMAND pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c -f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment do not reset environment variables -p same as -m -s, --shell=SHELL run SHELL if /etc/shells allows it Change the group of each FILE to GROUP. With --reference, change the group of each FILE to that of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made Chet RameyColin PlumbCompare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output. -A, --show-all equivalent to -vET -b, --number-nonblank number nonempty output lines -e equivalent to -vE -E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line -n, --number number all output lines -s, --squeeze-blank suppress repeated empty output lines Convert blanks in each FILE to tabs, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDirectory: Dmitry V. LevinEXITF. PinardFAILEDFIXME: unknownFifos do not have major and minor device numbers.Filesystem Filesystem TypeH. Peter AnvinIDLEIan Lance TaylorIdleIn real life: Infinity BInterrupted by a signalInvalid back referenceInvalid character class nameInvalid collation characterInvalid content of \{\}Invalid preceding regular expressionInvalid range endInvalid regular expressionJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfLINELoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnMemory allocation failureMemory exhaustedMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNAMENameName or service not knownNo address associated with hostnameNo matchNo previous regular expressionNon-recoverable failure in name resolutionOKOnly one string may be given when deleting without squeezing repeats.Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. PIDParameter string not correctly encodedPassword:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlan: Premature end of regular expressionPrint CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s. -a, --all print all information, in the following order, except omit -p and -i if unknown: -s, --kernel-name print the kernel name -n, --nodename print the network node hostname -r, --kernel-release print the kernel release Print or change terminal characteristics. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. -s, --silent, --quiet print nothing, only return an exit status Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID. Same as id -un. Processing request in progressProject: Q. Frank XiaRandy SmithRegular expression too bigRequest canceledRequest not canceledRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonRussell CokerScott BartramScott MillerSend signals to processes, or list signals. Servname not supported for ai_socktypeSet LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Shell: Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default. Simon JosefssonSpecial files require major and minor device numbers.Stuart KempSuccessSummarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. System errorTIMETemporary failure in name resolutionThe following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. -H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it -L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered -P do not traverse any symbolic links (default) The strings compared were %s and %s.Torbjorn GranlundTrailing backslashTry `%s --help' for more information. Two strings must be given when translating.Ulrich DrepperUnknown errorUnknown system errorUnmatched ( or \(Unmatched ) or \)Unmatched [ or [^Unmatched \{Usage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s OPTION... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPERAND]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... CONTEXT FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-l RANGE] [-t TYPE] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form) or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form) Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] or: %s -e [OPTION]... [ARG]... or: %s -i LO-HI [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Base64 encode or decode FILE, or standard input, to standard output. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] or: %s --traditional [OPTION]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [TEMPLATE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [ignored command line arguments] or: %s OPTION Valid arguments are:WARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s Warning: WhenWhereWritten by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``-%c' extra characters or invalid number in the argument: %s`--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argument`-N NUMBER' invalid starting line number: %s`-W PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %s`-l PAGE_LENGTH' invalid number of lines: %s`-o MARGIN' invalid line offset: %s`-w PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %sa command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sai_family not supportedai_socktype not supportedambiguous argument %s for %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileblock special files not supportedboth files cannot be standard inputcan't apply partial context to unlabeled file %scannot access %scannot backup %scannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot chdir to root directorycannot combine -e and -i optionscannot combine any two of {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}cannot combine block and unblockcannot combine excl and nocreatcannot combine lcase and ucasecannot combine mode and --reference optionscannot combine signal with -l or -tcannot compare file names %s and %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot dereference %scannot determine device and inode of %scannot determine hostnamecannot do ioctl on %scannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot get nicenesscannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open %s for writingcannot open directory %scannot operate on dangling symlink %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot perform formatted outputcannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot read directory %scannot read file system information for %scannot read realtime clockcannot remove %scannot reposition file pointer for %scannot set datecannot set group idcannot set group-ID to %lucannot set groupscannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot set nicenesscannot set user idcannot set user-ID to %lucannot skip past end of combined inputcannot specify times from more than one sourcecannot split in more than one waycannot stat %scannot stat current directory (now %s)cannot touch %scannot unlink %scannot work around kernel bug after allchanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %schanging security context of %s character offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special filecharacter special files not supportedclearing permissions for %sclock changeclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing directory %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputconflicting security context specifiers givencouldn't create process for %s -dcouldn't create temporary filecouldn't execute %scouldn't execute %s -dcouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %screating file %s creating hard link %screating hard link %s => %screating hard link to %.0s%screating symbolic link %screating symbolic link %s -> %sdirectorydivision by zerodup2 failedempty file nameempty taberror closing fileerror in regular expression matchererror in regular expression searcherror reading %serror writing %sexit=extra argument %sextra operand %sextra operand %s failed to change context of %s to %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to compute a new contextfailed to create directory via template %sfailed to create file via template %sfailed to create security context: %sfailed to get attributes of %sfailed to get current contextfailed to get file system create contextfailed to get security context of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to open %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to remove %sfailed to remove directory %sfailed to restore the default file creation contextfailed to return to initial working directoryfailed to set %s security context component to %sfailed to set new range %sfailed to set new role %sfailed to set new type %sfailed to set new user %sfailed to set supplemental group(s)failed to set the security context of %s to %sfailed to stat %sfdatasync failed for %sfflush failedfield number is zerofifofile system type %s both selected and excludedformat string may not be specified when printing equal width stringsfsync failed for %sfts_read failedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsignoring inputignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %signoring non-option argumentsincompatible tabsincorrect passwordinput disappearedinput line is too longinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid %s%s argument `%s'invalid adjustment %sinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid body numbering style: %sinvalid byte or field listinvalid character `%c' in type string %sinvalid character class %sinvalid context: %sinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid date %sinvalid date format %sinvalid device %s %sinvalid device type %sinvalid floating point argument: %sinvalid footer numbering style: %sinvalid format precisioninvalid format widthinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid group: %sinvalid header numbering style: %sinvalid inputinvalid input range %sinvalid integer %sinvalid integer argument %sinvalid line count %sinvalid line number field width: %sinvalid line number increment: %sinvalid line numbering format: %sinvalid line width: %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid modeinvalid mode: %sinvalid number %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of blank lines: %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of columns: %sinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid number of lines: 0invalid option -- %cinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid repeat count %s in [c*n] constructinvalid specinvalid starting line number: %sinvalid suffix in %s%s argument `%s'invalid tab size: %sinvalid time style format %sinvalid trailing option -- %cinvalid type string %sinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte floating point typeinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte integral typeinvalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sinvalid wrap size: %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)last=limit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name component %sline count option -%s%c... is too largeline number %s is smaller than preceding line number, %sline number overflowmemory exhaustedmessage queuemisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing `]'missing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing destination file operand after %smissing file operandmissing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operandmissing operand after %smode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multiple -i options specifiedmultiple -l or -t options specifiedmultiple delimiters specifiedmultiple output files specifiedmultiple random sources specifiedmultiple target directories specifiedneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno change to ownership of %s no command specifiedno file systems processedno files remainingno login nameno process ID specifiedno type may be specified when dumping stringsno username specified; at least one must be specified when using -lnonportable character %s in file name %snot a ttynot writing through dangling symlink %snumber of bytesnumber of linesoffset overflow while reading file %somitting directory %sonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one device may be specifiedonly one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %sownership of %s retained ownership of %s retained as %s page width too narrowpreserving permissions for %spreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedreading %sreading directory %srecord too largeregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %srun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptyset LC_ALL='C' to work around the problemsetting flags for %ssetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstray character in field specstring comparison failedstring transformation failedsuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errortab size cannot be 0tab sizes must be ascendingtab stop value is too largetarget %s is not a directoryterm=test and/or [the --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the delimiter must be a single characterthe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe untransformed string was %stime %s is out of rangetoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtoo many characters in settoo many repeated linestoo many templatestotaltyped memory objectuid=%luunable to record current working directoryunable to set security context %sunknown binary operatorunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableunrecognized operand %sunrecognized prefix: %suse --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeuser %s does not existusing restricted shell %swaiting for %s [-d]warning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredwarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: --retry is useful mainly when following by namewarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: `touch %s' is obsolete; use `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'warning: an unescaped backslash at end of string is not portablewarning: backslash at end of formatwarning: cannot change directory to %swarning: cannot remove: %swarning: ignoring excess arguments, starting with %swarning: invalid file offset after failed readwarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: line number %s is the same as preceding line numberwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: summarizing conflicts with --max-depth=%luwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0warning: the ambiguous octal escape \%c%c%c is being interpreted as the 2-byte sequence \0%c%c, %cwarning: unrecognized escape `\%c'warning: working around lseek kernel bug for file (%s) of mt_type=0x%0lx -- see for the list of typesweird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'will not copy %s through just-created symlink %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swith --parents, the destination must be a directorywrite errorwrite error for %swrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsProject-Id-Version: coreutils 7.0 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2008-12-23 14:58+0100 Last-Translator: Ivan Masár Language-Team: Slovak MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=((n==1) ? 0 : (n>=2 && n<=4) ? 1 : 2); b vytvoriť blokový špeciálny súbor (s buferom) c, u vytvoriť znakový špeciálny súbor (bez bufera) p vytvoriť rúru (FIFO) # používateľov=%lu Ako špeciálny prípad, cp tvorí záložné kópie ZDROJa, pokiaľ sú zadané voľby force a backup a ZDROJ a CIEĽ sú rovnakým menom pre existujúci bežný súbor. Pozor na to, že veľa operátorov musí byť v shelli citovaných. Porovnania sú aritmetické, pokiaľ sú oba argumenty číselné, inak sú lexikografické. Hľadanievzoru vracia vyhovujúci reťazec medzi \( a \) alebo prázdny reťazec; pokiaľ \( a \) nie sú použité, vracia počet vyhovujúcich znakov alebo 0. Každý symbol PRÍZN môže byť: append režim pridávania (zmysluplné iba pre výstup; navrhuje sa conv=notrunc) každý REŽIM je v tvare „[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+“. Príklady: %s /usr/bin/sort Výstup "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Výstup "stdio". príklady: %s /usr/bin/sort Vypísať "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Vypísať ".". Príklady: %s f - g Výstup obsah f, potom štand. vstup, potom obsah g. %s Kopírovať štand. vstup na štand. výstup. Príklady: %s staff /u Zmeniť skupinu /u na „staff“. %s -hR staff /u Zmeniť skupinu /u a podsúborov na „staff“. Ovládanie terminálu pripojeného na štandardný vstup. Bez argumentov vypíše baudovú rýchlosť, linkovú disciplínu a odchylky od stty sane. V nastaveniach sa ZNAK špecifikuje tak ako je, alebo kódovaný spôsobom ^c, 0x37, 0177 alebo 127; pre zákaz špeciálneho znaku treba použiť ^- alebo undef. Ak je zadaný SÚBOR, načítať ho, aby sa zistilo, ktoré farby použiť pre ktoré typy a prípony súborov. Inak použiť predkompilovanú databázu. Podrobnosti o formáte týchto súborov spustite „dircolors --print-database“. SIGNÁL môže byť názov signálu ako „HUP“ alebo číslo signálu ako „1“, alebo návratový kód procsu ukončeného signálom. PID je celé číslo; ak je záporné, označuje skupinu procesov. Poslaním signálu %s bežiacemu procesu „dd“ spôsobíte, že vypíše štatistiku V/V na štandardný chybový výstup a bude pokračovať v kopírovaní. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 záznamov prečítaných 18335302+0 záznamov zapísaných 9387674624 skopírovaných bajtov (9.4 GB), 34.6279 sekúnd, 271 MB/s Voľby sú: Dáta sú zakódované podľa popisu base64 abecedy v RFC 3548. Pri dekódovaní môže vstup okrem bajtov formálnej base64 abecedy obsahovať znaky nového riadka. Použitím --ignore-garbage zapnete pokus o zotavenie v prípade výskytu iných nealfabetických znakov v kódovanom toku. Bez SÚBORu alebo keď SÚBOR je - číta zo štand. vstupu. Bez volieb vypíše trojstĺpcový výstup. Prvý stĺpec obsahuje riadky jedinečné pre SÚBOR1, druhý stĺpec obsahuje riadky jedinečné pre SÚBOR2, a tretí stĺpec obsahuje riadky spoločné obom súborom. ??? --help zobrazí tohto pomocníka a skončí --no-preserve-root nezaobchádzať s „/“ špeciálne (štandardné) --preserve-root zabrániť rekurzívnemu prechádzaniu od „/“ --no-preserve-root nezaobchádzať s „/“ špeciálne (štandardné) --preserve-root zabrániť rekurzívnemu prechádzaniu od „/“ --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST nezachovávať uvedené atribúty --parents použiť v ADRESÁRI plný názov zdrojového súboru --reference=RSÚBOR použiť bezpečnostný kontext RSÚBORU namiesto zadania hodnoty KONTEXT -R, --recursive rekurzívne vykonávať na adresároch súboroch -v, --verbose vypísať diagnostiku každého spracovaného súboru --version vypíše informácie o verzii a skončí [-]cstopb používať dva stop bity (jeden s „-“) [-]hup poslať signál zavesenia, keď posledný proces zatvorí terminál [-]hupcl ako [-]hup [-]parenb generovať paritný bit na výstupa a očakávať ho na vstupe [-]parodd nastaviť nepárnu paritu (aj s „-“) -B, --block-size=VEĽ použiť bloky s veľkosťou VEĽ -b, --bytes ekvivalent „--apparent-size --block-size=1“ -c, --total vypísať celkové zhrnutie -D, --dereference-args dereferencovať iba symbolické odkazy, ktoré sú uvedené na príkazovom riadku -L, --dereference dereferencovať všetky symbolické odkazy -P, --no-dereference nenasledovať žiadne symbolické odkazy (štandardne) -0, --null ukončiť každý riadok výstupu bajtom 0 namiesto znaku nového riadka -S, --separate-dirs nevypisovať veľkosti podadresárov -s, --summarize zobraziť iba zhrnutie pre každý z argumentov -P, --portability použiť výstup vo formáte POSIX --sync vyvolať sync pred získaním informácií o využití -t, --type=TYP obmedziť výpis iba na súborové systémy typu TYP -T, --print-type vypísať typ súborového systému -x, --exclude-type=TYP obmedziť výpis iba na súborové systémy, ktoré nie sú typu TYP -v (ignoruje sa) -a, --all vypísať čísla pri všetkých súboroch, nie len pri adresároch --apparent-size napísať veľkosti ako vyzerajú namiesto využitia disku; hoci sú veľkosti ako vyzerajú zvyčajne menšie, môžu byť väčšie z dôvodu dier v („sparse“) súboroch, vnútornej fragmentácii, nepriamym blokom a podobne -a, --suffix-length=N použiť prípony s dĺžkou N (štandardne %d) -b, --bytes=VEĽKOSŤ zapíše VEĽKOST bajtov do výstupného súboru -C, --line-bytes=VEĽKOSŤ zapíše najviac VEĽKOST bytov na výstupný riadok -d, --numeric-suffixes použiť číselné prípony namiesto abecedných -l, --lines=POČET zapíše POČET riadkov do výstupného súboru -b, --before pripojí oddeľovač riadkov pred riadky namiesto za ne -r, --regex interpretuje oddeľovač ako regulárny výraz -s, --separator=REŤAZEC použije REŤAZEC ako oddeľovač namiesto nového riadku -b, --binary čítať v binárnom režime -b, --body-numbering=ŠTÝL použiť ŠTÝL na číslovanie riadkov tela -d, --section-delimiter=CC použiť CC na oddelenie logických stránok -f, --footer-numbering=ŠTÝL použiť ŠTÝL na číslovanie riadkov pätičky -c, --crown-margin zachová odsadenie prvých dvoch riadkov -p, --prefix=REŤAZEC pracuje iba s riadkami začínajúcimi REŤAZCOM, ktorý pripojí pred riadky so zmeneným formátom -s, --split-only iba rozdelí dlhé riadky -f, --silent, --quiet potlačiť väčšinu chybových správ -v, --verbose vypísať informáciu o každom spracovanom súbore --reference=RSÚBOR použiť práva RSÚBORu namiesto PRÁV -R, --recursive vykonať operáciu aj vo vnorených adresároch -f, --silent, --quiet potlačí väčšinu chybových správ --reference=RSÚBOR použiť skupiny RSÚBORu namiesto zadania hodnoty SKUPINA -R, --recursive rekurzívne vykonávať na adresároch súboroch -v, --verbose vypísať diagnostiku každého spracovaného súboru -h, --no-dereference má vplyv na každý symbolický odkaz, nie len na súbory, na ktoré sa odkazuje (to je užitičné iba na systémoch, ktoré môžu zmeniť vlastníctvo symbolického odkazu) -i, --inodes vypísať informácue o inode-och namiesto využitia blokov -k ekvivalent --block-size=1K -l, --local obmedziť výpis iba na lokálne súborové systémy --no-sync nevyvolávať sync pred získaním informácií o využití (štandardne) -k ako --block-size=1K -l, --count-links počítať veľkosť viacnásobne pri pevných odkazoch -m ako --block-size=1M -l, --link odkazovať na súbory namiesto kopírovania -L, --dereference vždy nasledovať symbolické odkazy v ZDROJi -t rovnaké ako -vT -T, --show-tabs vypisuje znak TAB ako ^I -u (ignorované) -v, --show-nonprinting použije zápis ^ a M-, okrem znakov LF a TAB -t, --tagged-paragraph odsadí prvý riadok rozdielne od druhého -u, --uniform-spacing jedna medzera medzi slovami, dve za vetou -w, --width=ŠÍRKA maximálna šírka riadka (implicitne 75 stĺpcov) -t, --target-directory=ADR presunúť všetky ZDROJe do ADResára -T, --no-target-directory považovať CIEĽ za bežný súbor -u, --update premiestniť iba ak je ZDROJový súbor novší ako cieľový súbor alebo keď cieľový súbor chýba -v, --verbose vypisovať informácie o priebehu -u, --user=POUŽ nastaviť používateľa POUŽ v cieľovom bezpečnostnom kontexte -r, --role=ROLA nastaviť rolu ROLA v cieľovom bezpečnostnom kontexte -t, --type=TYP nastaviť typ TYP v cieľovom bezpečnostnom kontexte -l, --range=ROZSAH nastaviť rozsah ROZSAH v cieľovom bezpečnostnom kontexte ascii z EBCDIC do ASCII ebcdic z ASCII do EBCDIC ibm z ASCII do alternatívneho EBCDIC block vyplniť záznamy ukončené novým riadkom medzerami na veľkosť cbs unblock nahradiť medzery na konci záznamov s veľkosťou cbs znakom nového riadka lcase zmeniť veľké písmená na malé binary použiť pre dáta binárny V/V direct použiť pre dáta priamy V/V dsync použiť pre dáta synchronizovaný V/V noatime neaktualizovať čas posledného prístupu nocreat nevytvárať výstupný súbor excl skončiť neúspešne, ak výstupný súbor už existuje notrunc neskracovať výstupný súbor ucase zmeniť malé písmená na veľké swab vymeniť každú dvojicu bajtov na vstupe noctty nepriraďovať zo súboru riadiaci terminál noerror pokračovať aj pri chybách pri čítaní sync vyplniť každý blok znakom NULL na veľkosť ibs; keď sa použije s block alebo unblock, vyplniť medzerami namiesto NULL fdatasync pred ukončením fyzicky zapísať údaje fsync podobne, ale zapísať aj metadáta nofollow nenasledovať symbolické odkazy nolinks skončiť neúspešne pri viacnásobnom odkaze nonblock použiť neblokoujúci V/V none, off nikdy nevytvárať záložné kópie (ani ak bolo zadané --backup) numbered, t tvoriť číslované záložné kópie existing, nil tvoriť číslované, pokiaľ už číslované záložné kópie existujú, inak tvoriť jednoduché simple, never vždy tvoriť jednoduché záložné kópie súborov sync podobne, ale aj pre metadáta text použiť pre dáta textový V/V %4s-bloky Použ Dostupné Pou%% %s-blokov Použ Dostupné Kapacita(záloha: %s)* [-]ocrnl prekladať znaky návratu na začiatok riadka na nové riadky * [-]ofdel pre vyplnenie použiť znaky vymazania namiesto nulových znakov * [-]ofill použiť výplňové znaky namiesto oneskorení * [-]olcuc prekladať malé znaky na veľké * [-]onlcr prekladať nové riadky na znaky návratu na začiatok riadka * [-]onlret znak nového riadku prejde na začiatok riadka Pripojený na TTY egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu skupiny= dávno v opakovaní %s %b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu používateľ%lu používatelia%lu používateľov%s%s -> %s (obnovenie zálohy) %s a %s predstavujú ten istý súbor%s existuje, ale nie je adresárom%s je neznámy typ souboru%s nie je platné kladné celé číslo%s je príliš veľa%s%s argument „%s“ je príliš veľký%s: %s je príliš veľký, preto nie je reprezentovateľný%s: %s: číslo riadka je mimo rozsahu%s: %s: zhoda nenájdená%s: %s:%s: nezotriediteľné: %s: ZLYHALO otvorenie alebo čítanie %s: Používateľ neexistuje%s: '}' je požadovaná v počítadle opakovaní%s: očakával sa binárny operátor%s: relatívne symbolické odkazy je možné vytvoriť iba v aktuálnom adresári%s: nie je možné zistiť meno pre ID používateľa %lu %s: nie je možné sledovať koniec tohoto typu súboru; zanechávam tento názov%s: nie je možné prepísať adresár%s: nie je možné presunúť sa na začiatok súboru%s: nie je možné vyhľadať%s: nie je možné presunúť sa na pozíciu %s%s: nie je možné skartovať deskriptor určený iba pre pridávanie%s: chýba koncový oddeľovač „%c“%s: nie je možné opustiť neblokovací režim%s: zostúpiť do adresára %s? %s: zostúpiť do adresára chráneného voči zápisu %s? %s: koniec súboru%s: operand v triede [=c=] musí byť jediný znak%s: chyba pri skracovaní%s: chyba pri zápise na ofset %s%s: očakávaná numerická hodnota%s: nepodarilo sa zatvoriť%s: nepodarilo sa otvoriť na zápis%s: nepodarilo sa odstrániť%s: fcntl zlyhalo%s: fdatasync zlyhalo%s: súbor má zápornú dĺžku%s: súbor je príliš veľký%s: súbor je príliš dlhý%s: súbor bol skrátený%s: fstat zlyhal%s: fsync zlyhal%s: na adresár nie je povolený pevný odkaz%s: vstup obsahuje cyklus:%s: vstup obsahuje nepárny počet tokenov%s: vstupný súbor je zároveň výstupným%s: po oddeľovači sa očakáva celé číslo%s: chybné PID%s: neplatná direktíva%s: neplatná veľkosť súboru%s: neplatný typ súboru%s: neplatné číslo maximálneho počtu nezmenených výsledkov funkcie stat medzi otvoreniami%s: chybné číslo%s: chybný počet bajtov%s: chybný počet riadkov%s: neplatný počet prechodov%s: neplatný počet sekúnd%s: chybný vzor%s: neplatný id procesu%s: chybný regulárny výraz: %s%s: neplatný signál%s: neplatná dĺžka prípony%s: číslo riadku musí byť väčšie ako nula%s: číslo riadku je mimo rozsah%s: lseek zlyhal%s: uvedených viacero signálov%s: nové práva sú %s, nie %s%s: nenájdené správne sformátované riadky %s kontrolného súčtu%s: neexistuje informácia o veľkosti tohoto zariadenia%s: nevypisuje sa už vypísaný adresár%s: počet bajtov je príliš veľký%s: prepísať %s? %s: prechod %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: prechod %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: prechod %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: chyba pri čítaní%s: zmazať %s %s? %s: odstrániť všetky argumenty? %s: zmazať súbor chránený proti zápisu %s %s? %s: zmazaný%s: maže sa%s: premenovaný na %s%s: prepísať %s? %s: zlyhalo posunutie v súbore%s: nebolo možné určiť maximálnu dĺžku názvu súboru%s: nie je možné vykonať všetky požadované operácie%s: očakával sa unárny operátor%s: hodnota nebola úplne prevedená%s: chyba pri zápise%s:%lu: neznáme kľúčové slovo %s%s}: medzi `{' a `}' musí byť celé číslo'očakávaný znak „)”očakávaný znak „)”, nájdený %s©, priemerná záťaž: %.2f, %g s, %s/s -R --dereference vyžaduje buď -H alebo -L-R -h vyžaduje -P-ef neakceptuje -l-nt neakceptuje -l-ot neakceptuje -l??? Rodina adries názvu stroja nie je podporovanáVšetky požiadavky vykonanéBuffer pre argumenty je príliš malýArnold RobbinsZlá hodnota ai_flagsBrian FoxKOMENTÁRZmeniť efektívne id používateľa a skupiny na id POUŽÍVATEĽA. -, -l, --login urobiť tento shell prihlasovacím -c, --command=PRÍKAZ odovzdať shellu jediný PRÍKAZ pomocou -c -f, --fast odovzdať shellu -f (pre csh alebo tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment zachovať premenné prostredia -p rovnaké ako -m -s, --shell=SHELL spustiť SHELL, pokiaľ to /etc/shells povoľuje Zmeniť skupinu každého SÚBORu na SKUPINA. S parametrom --reference sa zmení skupina každého SÚBORU na rovnakú ako skupin RSÚBORu. -c, --changes ako výrečný ale oznamovať iba keď sa vykoná zmena --dereference ovplyvňuje referenta každého symbolického odkazu (toto je štandardné správanie) namiesto samotného symbolického odkazu Zmeniť režim každého SÚBORu na REŽIM. -c, --changes rovnaké ako verbose, ale oznamovať len vykonanie zmeny Chet RameyColin PlumbPorovnať po riadkoch zotriedené súbory SÚBOR1 a SÚBOR2. Spája SÚBOR(Y) alebo štandardný vstup na štandardný výstup. -A, --show-all rovnaké ako -vET -b, --number-nonblank čísluje neprázdne výstupné riadky -e rovnaké ako -vE -E, --show-ends vypíše $ na konci každého riadku -n, --number čísluje všetky výstupné riadky -s, --squeeze-blank prázdne riadky idúce po sebe redukuje na jediný V každom SÚBORe prevedie medzery na tabulátory a výsledok vypisuje na štandardný výstup. Ak nebude SÚBOR zadaný alebo bude -, načíta sa štandardný vstup. Skopírovať ZDROJ na CIEĽ alebo viacero CIEĽOV do ADRESÁRa. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreAdresár: Dmitry V. LevinUKONČF. PinardCHYBNÝFIXME: neznámyFIFO nemajú hlavné a vedľajšie čísla zariadenia.Súborový systém Súborový systém TypH. Peter AnvinNEČINNÝIan Lance TaylorNečinV reáli: nekonečno BPrerušené signálomNeplatná spätná referenciaNeplatný názov triedy znakuNeplatný znak kolacionovaniaNeplatný obsah \{\}Neplatný predchádzajúci regulárny výrazNeplatné ukončenie rozsahuNeplatný regulárny výrazJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfTERMLoginPrihlasovacie meno: Povinné argumenty dlhých tvarov volieb sú taktiež povinné pre krátke tvary volieb. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnChyba alokácie pamätePamäť bola vyčerpanáMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNÁZOV MenoNázov alebo služba nie je známaS názvom stroja nie je asociovaná žiadna adresaBez zhodyŽiaden predošlý regulárny výrazNenapraviteľná chyba v rozlíšení názvuV PORIADKUIba jeden reťazec môže byť zadaný pri mazaní bez komprimovania opakujúcich sa znakov.Vypísať, kto je momentálne prihlásený podľa SÚBORU. Pokiaľ nie je zadaný SÚBOR, použiť %s. %s ako SÚBOR je obvyklý. PIDReťazec parametrov nebol korektne zakódovanýHeslo:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlán: Predčasný koniec regulárneho výrazuVypísať kontrolný súčet CRC a počet bajtov každého SÚBORu. Vypísať NÁZOV bez adresárov vedúcich k nemu. Odstrániť aj PRÍPONU, pokiaľ bola zadaná. Vypísať niektoré systémové informácie. Žiadna VOĽBA zodpovedá -s. -a, --all vypísať všetky informácie v nasledovnom poradí, iba vynechať -p a -i ak sú neznáme: -s, --kernel-name vypísať názov jadra operačného systému -n, --nodename vypísať názov počítača v sieti -r, --release vypísať verziu jadra operačného systému Nastaviť alebo zmeniť charakteristiku terminálu. -a, --all vypísať všetky aktuálne nastavenia vo formáte čitateľnom pre človeka -g, --save vypísať všetky aktuálne nastavenia vo formáte čitateľnom pre stty -F, --file=ZARIADENIE otvoriť a používať zadané zariadenie namiesto štandardného vstupu Vypísať názov súboru terminálu spojeného so štandardným vstupom. -s, --silent, --quiet nevypisovať nič, iba vrátiť výstupný stav Vypíše prvých 10 riadkov každého SÚBORu na štandardný výstup. S viac ako jedným SÚBORom, bude pred vypísaním každého uvedená hlavička obsahujúca názov súboru. Ak SÚBOR nebude zadaný alebo bude -, načíta sa štandardný vstup. Vypíše prvých %d riadkov každého súboru na štandardný výstup. S viac ako jedným súborom, bude pred vypísaním každého uvedená hlavička obsahujúca meno súboru. Ak SÚBOR nebude zadaný alebo bude -, načíta sa štandardný vstup. Vypísať meno používateľa spojené s aktuálnym efektívnym id používateľa. Rovnaké ako id -un. Prebieha spracovanie požiadavkyProjekt: Q. Frank XiaRandy SmithTegulárny výraz je príliš veľkýPožiadavka zrušenáPožiadavka nebola zrušenáRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonRussell CokerScott BartramScott MillerPoslať signály procesom alebo vypísať signály. ai_socktype nepodporuje servname Nastavením LC_ALL='C' obídete tento problém.Shell: Zobraziť informácie o súborovom systéme, na ktorom sa nachádza SÚBOR alebo štandardne o všetkých súborových systémoch. Simon JosefssonPri vytváraní špeciálneho blokového súboru musí byť zadané hlavné a vedľajšie číslo zariadenia.Stuart KempÚspešnéVypísať zhrnutie využitia disku každým SÚBORom, rekurzívne prechádzať adresáre. Systémová chybaČASDočasná chyba v rozlíšení názvuNasledovné voľby menia spôsob prechádzania hierarchie, keď je uvedená voľba -R. Ak je uvedená viac ako jedna, účinná je iba posledná uvedená. -H ak je argument príkazového riadka symbolický odkaz na adresár, prechádzať ním -L prechádzať každý symbolický odkaz v adresári -P neprechádzať žiadne symbolické odkazy (štandardne) Porovnávané reťazce boli %s a %s.Torbjorn GranlundLomka na konciViac informácií získate príkazom `%s --help'. Pri preklade musia byť zadané dva reťazceUlrich DrepperNeznáma chybaNeznáma systémová chyba( alebo \( bez náprotivku) alebo \) bez náprotivku[ alebo [^ bez náprotivku\{ bez náprotivkuPoužitie: %s PRÍKAZ [ARG]... alebo: %s VOĽBA Použitie: %s VÝRAZ... alebo: %s VOĽBA Použitie: %s SÚBOR alebo: %s VOĽBA Použitie: %s SÚBOR1 SÚBOR2 alebo: %s VOĽBA Použitie: %s FORMÁT [ARGUMENT]... alebo: %s [VOĽBA] Použitie: %s [SÚBOR]... alebo: %s [VOĽBA] Použitie: %s [VOĽBA]... [SÚBOR]... Použitie: %s [-s SIGNÁL | -SIGNÁL] PID... alebo: %s -l [SIGNÁL]... alebo: %s -t [SIGNÁL]... Použitie: %s [SÚBOR]... alebo: %s [VOĽBA] Použitie: %s [ČÍSLO]... alebo: %s VOĽBA Použitie: %s [SÚBOR]... alebo: %s [VOĽBA] Použitie: %s [VOĽBA] Použitie: %s [VOĹBA] [PRÍKAZ [ARG]...] Použitie: %s [VOĽBA] [SÚBOR] Výstupom je úplne zotriedený zoznam v súlade s čiastočným zotriedením SÚBORU. Pokiaľ nie je SÚBOR zadaný, načíta sa štandardný vstup. Použitie: %s [VOĽBA]... Použitie: %s [VOĽBA]... KOTEXT SÚBOR alebo: %s [VOĽBA]... [-u POUŽ] [-r ROLA] [-l ROZSAH] [-t TYP] SÚBOR... alebo: %s [VOĽBA]... --reference=RSÚBOR SÚBOR... Použitie: %s [VOĽBA... ADRESÁR... Použitie: %s [VOĽBA]... [SÚBOR] Použitie: %s [PREPÍNAČ]... SÚBOR VZOROV... Použitie: %s [VOĽBA]... [SÚBOR]... Použitie: %s [PREPÍNAČ]... SÚBOR1 SÚBOR2 Použitie: %s [PREPÍNAČ]... [SÚBOR]... alebo: %s [PREPÍNAČ]... --reference=RSÚBOR SÚBOR... Použitie: %s [VOĽBA]... POSLEDNÝ alebo: %s [VOĽBA]... PRVÝ POSLEDNÝ alebo: %s [VOĽBA]... PRVÝ KROK POSLEDNÝ Použitie: %s [VOĽBA]... REŽIM[,REŽIM]... SÚBOR... or: %s [VOĽBA]... OSMIČ-REŽIM SÚBOR... or: %s [VOĽBA]... --reference=RSÚBOR SÚBOR... Použitie: %s [VOĽBA]... NÁZOV TYP [HLAVNÉ VEDĽAJŠIE] Použitie: %s [VOĽBA]... NÁZOV... Použitie: %s [PREPÍNAČ]... MNOŽINA1 [MNOŽINA2] Použitie: %s [PREPÍNAČ]... [ SÚBOR | ARG1 ARG2 ] Použitie: %s [VOĽBA]... [+FORMÁT] alebo: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Použitie: %s [VOĽBA]... [-T] CIEĽ NÁZOV_ODKAZU (1. tvar) alebo: %s [VOĽBA]... CIEĽ (2. tvar) alebo: %s [VOĽBA]... ZDROJ... ADRESÁR (3. tvar) alebo: %s [VOĽBA]... -t ADRESÁR CIEĽ... (4. tvar) Použitie: %s [VOĽBA]... [-] [NÁZOV=HODNOTA]... [PRÍKAZ [ARG]...] Použitie: %s [VOĽBA]... [-] [POUŽÍVATEĽ [ARG]...] Použitie: %s [PREPÍNAČ]... [SÚBOR]... Použitie: %s [VOĽBA]... [SÚBOR] alebo: %s -e [VOĽBA]... [ARG]... alebo: %s -i LO-HI [VOĽBA]... Použitie: %s [VOĽBA] [SÚBOR] Base64 zakódovanie alebo dekódovanie SÚBORu alebo štand. vstupu na štand. výstup. Použitie: %s [PREPÍNAČ]... [SÚBOR]... Použitie: %s [VOĽBA]... [SÚBOR]... alebo: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [SÚBOR] [[+]POSUN[.][b]] alebo: %s --traditional [VOĽBA]... [SÚBOR] [[+]POSUN[.][b] [+][NÁVESTIE][.][b]] Použitie: %s [VOĽBA]... [SÚBOR]... or: %s [VOĽBA]... --files0-from=F Použitie: %s [PREPÍNAČ]... [VSTUP [VÝSTUP]] Použitie: %s [PREPÍNAČ]... [VSTUP]... (bez -G) alebo: %s -G [PREPÍNAČ]... [VSTUP [VÝSTUP]] Usage: %s [VOĽBA]... [VLASTNÍK][:[SKUPINA]] SÚBOR... or: %s [VOĽBA]... --reference=RSÚBOR SÚBOR... Použitie: %s [VOĽBA]... [ŠABLÓNA]... Použitie: %s [PREPÍNAČ]... [SÚBOR]... Použitie: %s [SÚBOR]... alebo: %s [VOĽBA] Použitie: %s [ignorované parametre príkazového riadka]... alebo: %s VOĽBA Platné argumenty sú:UPOZORNENIE: Zacyklená štruktúra adresárov. To skoro určite znamená, že máte poškodený súborový systém. INFORMUJTE SVOJHO SPRÁVCU SYSTÉMU. Nasledujúce adresáre sú súčasťou cyklu: %s Upozornenie: KedyKde Napísal %s a %s. Napísal %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s a ďalší. Napísal %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s a %s. Napísal %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s a %s. Napísal %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s a %s. Napísal %s, %s, %s, %s, %s a %s. Napísal %s, %s, %s, %s a %s. Napísal %s, %s, %s a %s. Napísal %s, %s a %s. Napísal %s. výraz [=c=] sa nemôže vyskytovať v string1 pri nahradzovaní^[nN]^[yYaAáÁ]`„-%c“ nadbytočné znaky alebo neplatné číslo v argumente: %s`--pages=PRVÁ_STRÁNKA[:POSLEDNÁ_STRÁNKA]' chýbajúci parameter„-N ČÍSLO“ chybné číslo počiatočného riadka: %s„-W ŠÍRKA_STRÁNKY“ neplatný počet znakov: %s„-l DĹŽKA_STRÁNKY“ neplatný počet riadkov: %s„-o OKRAJ“ chybný posun riadka: %s„-w ŠÍRKA_STRÁNKY“ neplatný počet znakov: %ss úpravou musí byť zadaný príkazpristupujem k %sai_family nie je podporovanáai_socktype nie je podporovanýnejednoznačný argument %s pre %svytvorenie záložnej kópie %s by zničilo zdroj; %s nebol skopírovanývytvorenie záložnej kópie %s by zničilo zdroj; %s nebol presunutýtyp zálohyblokový špeciálny súboršpeciálne blokové súbory nie sú podporovanéobidva súbory nemôžu byť štandardným vstupomnie je možné použiť čiastočný kontext na súbor bez označenia %snie je možné pristupovať k %snie je možné zálohovať %snie je možné súčasne sumarizovať a vypisovať všetky položkynie je možné zmeniť práva %snie je možné zmeniť koreňový adresár na %snie je možné vojsť do adresára %snie je možné vojsť do koreňového adresáranie je možné kombinovať voľby -e a -inie je možné skombinovať dve z {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}nie je možné skombinovať block a unblocknie je možné skombinovať excl a nocreatnie je možné skombinovať lcase a ucasenie je možné kombinovať voľby režimu a --referencenie je možné kombinovať signál s voľbou -l alebo -tnie je možné porovnať názvy súborov %s a %snie je možné konvertovať U+%04X do lokálnej znakovej sadynie je možné konvertovať U+%04X do lokálnej znakovej sady: %snie je možné skopírovať zacyklený symbolický odkaz %snie je možné vytvoriť adresár %snie je možné vytvoriť odkaz z %s na %snie je možné vytvoriť obyčajný súbor %snie je možné dereferencovať %snie je možné určiť zariadenie a inode pre %snie je možné zistiť názov systémunie je možné vykonať ioctl na %snie je možné vykonať fstat %snie je možné zmeniť aktuálny adresárnie je možné zistiť nicenie je možné zistiť systémový názovnie je možné vykonať lseek %snie je možné zároveň vytvoriť pevný a symbolický odkaznie je možné vytvoriť adresár %snie je možné presunúť adresár %s na súbor %s (ktorý nie je adresár)nie je možné otvoriť %s pre čítanienie je možné otvoriť %s na čítanienie je možné otvoriť adresár %snie je možné pracovať s visiacim symbolickým odkazom %snie je možné prepísať adresár %s súborom (ktorý nie je adresár)nie je možné prepísať súbor %s (ktorý nie je adresár) adresárom %snie je možné vykonať formátovaný výstupv implicitnom formáte nie je možné vypísať iba mená alebo reálne IDnie je možné načítať adresár %snie je možné načítať systémové informácie %snie je možné prečítať hodiny reálneho časunie je možné odstrániť %snie je možné zmeniť pozíciu ukazovateľa v súbore %snie je možné nastaviť dátumnie je možné nastaviť ID skupinynie je možné nastaviť ID-skupiny na %lunie je možné nastaviť skupinynie je možné nastaviť názov; tento systém to neumožňujenie je možné nastaviť nicenie je možné nastaviť ID používateľanie je možné nastaviť ID-používateľa na %lunemožno preskočiť koniec kombinovaného vstupunie je možné uviesť počet z viac ako jedného zdrojasúbor sa nedá rozdeliť viacerými spôsobminie je možné stat() %snie je možné stat() aktuálny adresár (%s)nie je možné vykonať touch %snie je možné odpojiť (unlink) %snakoniec nie je možné obísť chybu jadraskupina %s zmenená na %s vlastníka %s zmenený na %s mená sa skupina %smením vlastníctvo %smenia sa práva %szmena bezpečnostného kontextu %s pozícia znaku je nulaznak je mimo rozsahuznakový špeciálny súboršpeciálne znakové súbory nie sú podporovanéčistia sa oprávnenia %szmena časuzlyhalo zatvorenie súboruzatvára sa %szatvára sa %s (fd=%d)zatvíra sa adresár %szatváram výstupný súbor %szatvára sa štandardný vstupboli zadané konflitné špecifikátory kontextunie je možné vytvoriť proces pre %s -dnebolo možné vytvoriť dočasný súbornebolo možné spustiť %snebolo možné vykonať %s -dnie je možné zistiť čas zavedenia systémubol vytvorený adresár %svytvára sa adresár %svytvára sa súbor %s vytvára sa pevný odkaz %svytvára sa pevný odkaz %s na %svytvára sa pevný odkaz na %.0s%svytvára sa symbolický odkaz %svytvára sa symbolický odkaz %s na %sadresárdelenie nuloudup2 zlyhaloprázdny názov súboruprázdna záložkachyba pri zatváraní súboruchyba pri vyhľadávaní pomocou regulárneho výrazuchyba pri vyhľadávaní pomocou regulárneho výrazuchyba pri čítaní %schyba pri zápise %sukonč=argument %s je naviacnadbytočný operand %snadbytočný operand %s nepodarilo sa zmeniť bezpečnostný kontext %s na %szmena skupiny %s na %s zlyhala zmena práv súboru %s na %04lo (%s) zlyhala nepodarilo sa zmeniť práva %s nepodarilo sa zmeniť práva %s na %s nepodarilo sa vypočítať nový kontextnie je možné vytvoriť adresár prostredníctvom šablóny %snepodarilo sa vytvoriť súbor prostredníctvom šablóny %snie je možné vytvoriť bezpečnostný kontext: %snepodarilo sa zistiť atribúty %snepodarilo sa zistiť aktuálny kontextnepodarilo sa získať kontext vytvorenia súborového systémunepodarilo sa získať bezpečnostný kontext %snepodarilo sa vyhľadať súbor %snepodarilo sa otvoriť %snepodarilo sa zachovať autorstvo %snepodarilo sa zachovať vlastníctvo %snie je možné zachovať práva %snie je možné zachovať časy %snepodarilo sa odstrániť %snepodarilo sa odstrániť adresár %snepodarilo sa obnoviť štandardný kontext vytvorenia súborového systémunepodarilo sa vrátiť prvotný pracovný adreárnepodarilo sa nastaviť %s zložku bezpečnostného kontextu na %snepodarilo sa nastaviť nový rozsah %snepodarilo sa nastaviť novú rolu %snepodarilo sa nastaviť nový typ %snepodarilo sa nastaviť nového používateľa %snie je možné nastaviť ďalšie skupinynie je možné nastaviť bezpečnostný kontext %s na %szlyhalo stat() %sfdatasync zlyhalo na %sfflush zlyhaločíslo položky je nulafifosúborový systém %s je zároveň vybratý a vylúčenýkeď sa tlačia reťazce s rovnakou šírkou, formátovací reťazec nemusí byť zadanýfsync zlyhalo na %sfts_read zlyhalogetpass: nie je možné otvoriť /dev/ttyzisťujem nové atribúty %sskupina súboru %s zostala %s funkcia iconv nie je dostupnáfunkcia iconv nie je použiteľnáid=ignorujú sa všetky argumentyignoruje sa vstupignorujem chybný rozostup tabulátorov v premennej prostredia TABSIZE: %signoruje sa neplatná hodnota premennej prostredia QUOTING_STYLE: %signorujem chybnú šírku v premennej prostredia COLUMNS: %signurujú sa argumenty, ktoré nie sú voľbaminekompatibilné tabulátorynesprávne heslovstup sa stratilvstupný riadok je príliš dlhýpresunutie medzi zariadeniami zlyhalo: %s na %s; nepodarilo sa odstrániť cieľneplatný %s%s argument „%s“neplatné nastavenie %sneplatný argument %s pre %sneplatný štýl číslovania tela: %schybný zoznam bajtov alebo položiekneplatný znak „%c“ v reťazci typu „%s“chybná trieda znaku %sneplatný kontexxt: %schybne zadaný typ konverzie v parametri prepínača: %cchybne zadaný typ konverzie v parametri prepínača: \%.3oneplatný dátum %schybný formát dátumu %sneplatné zariadenie %s %sneplatný typ zariadenia %sneplatný argument s plávajúcou desatinnou čiarkou: %sneplatný štýl číslovania pätičky: %sneplatná presnosť vo formáteneplatná šírka vo formáteneplatná skupinaneplatná skupina %sneplatná skupina: %sneplatný štýl číslovania hlavičky: %sneplatný vstupneplatný rozash vstupu %sneplatné celé číslo %sneplatný celočíselný argument %snaplatný počet riadkov %sneplatná šírka poľa čísla riadku: %sneplatná hodnota prírastku čísla riadka: %sneplatný formát číslovania riadkov: %sneplatná šírka riadka: %sneplatné hlavné číslo zariadenia %sneplatné vedľajšie číslo zariadenia %sneplatný režimneplatný režim: %sneplatné číslo %schybné číslo za `,'chybné číslo za `-'chybné číslo za `.'chybné číslo na začiatku položkyneplatný počet prázdnych riadkov: %schybný počet bajtovchybný počet znakov na porovnaniechybný počet znakov na preskočenieneplatný počet stĺpcov: %schybný počet polí na preskočeniechybný počet riadkovchybný počet riadkov: 0neplatná voľba -- %cchybný základ výstupnej adresy `%c'; musí to byť jeden zo znakov [doxn]chybný počet opakovaní „%s” v konštrukcii [c*n]neplatná špec.neplatné počiatočné číslo riadka: %snaplatná prípona v argumente %s%s „%s“neplatná veľkosť tabulátora: %sneplatný formát času: %schybná posledná voľba -- %cneplatný reťazec typu %sneplatný reťazec typu %s; tento systém neposkytuje %lu-bajtové čísla s plávajúcou desatinnou čiarkouneplatný reťazec typu %s; tento systém neposkytuje %lu-bajtové celé číslaneplatný používateľneplatný používateľ %sneplatná šírka: %sneplatná veľkosť zalamovania: %sje nebezpečné rekurzívne operovať nad %sje nebezpečné rekurzívne operovať nad %s (zhodné s %s)posledný=obmedzenie dĺžky %lu prekročené o %lu v názve súboru %sobmedzenie dĺžky %lu prekročené o %lu v zložke názvu súboru %svoľba počtu riadkov -%s%c... je príliš veľkáčíslo riadka %s je menšie ako číslo predchádzajúceho riadka, %spretečenie počtu riadkovvyčerpaná pamäťfront správnezarovnané(á) konštrukcie(a) [:upper:] a/alebo [:lower:]v parametri prepínača chýba zadanie typu konverzie pomocou %%chýba „]”chýba názov triedy znaku „[::]”v parametri prepínača chýba určenie typu konverziechýba operand cieľového súboru po %schýba operand súboruv sekvencii chýba hexadecimálne číslochýba zoznam položiekchýba zoznam pozíciíchýba operandchýba operand po %správa súboru %s boli zmenené na %04lo (%s) práva súboru %s zostali %04lo (%s) uvedených viacero volieb -ibolo zadaných viacero volieb -l alebo -tuvedených viacero oddeľovačovuvedených viacero výstupných súborovboli uvedené viaceré náhodné zdrojeboli uvedené viaceré cieľové adresáresymbolický odkaz %s ani odkazovaný súbor neboli zmenené nie je nastavená premenná prostredia SHELL a typ shellu nie je zadanývlastníctvo %s zostalo nezmenené nebol zadaný príkazneboli spracované žiadne súborové systémyuž nezostávajú žiadne súboryžiadne prihlasovacie menonebol zadaný ID procesupri vypisovaní reťazcov nemožno zadať typneboli zadané používateľské mená; pri použití prepínača -l je potrebné zadať aspoň jednoneprenosný znak %s v názve súboru %snie je terminálnezapisuje sa prostredníctvom visiaceho symbolického odkazu %spočet bajtovpočet riadkovpretečenie pozície pri čítaní súboru %svynecháva sa adresár %skonštrukcia opakovania [c*] sa môže vyskytovať v string1 iba razmôže byť zadané iba jedno zariadeniemôže byť zadaný iba jeden typ zoznamuzlyhalo otvorenieotváram %svlastník %s zostal zachovaný vlastník %s zostal %s šírka stránky je príliš malázachovávajú sa práva %szachovávam časy %svýpis všetkých opakujúcich sa riadkov a počítadla opakovania nemá zmyselkonce rozsahu `%s-%s' sú v obrátenom poradíchyba pri čítanízlyhalo čítaniečíta sa %sčíta sa adresár %száznam je príliš dlhýobyčajný prázdny súborobyčajný súborodstránené %s odstránený adresár: %s odstraňuje sa adresár, %súroveň-behusemaforoddeľovač nemôže byť prázdnynastavením LC_ALL='C' obídete tento problémnastavujem príznaky %snastavujú sa práva %snastavujem časy %szdieľaný pamäťový objektpreskakuje sa súbor %s, keďže bol nahradený počas kopírovaniasocketštandardná chybaštandardný vstupštandardný vstup je uzavrenýštandardný výstupzlyhal statneočakávaný znak v špecifikácii položkyporovnanie reťazcov zlyhalotransformácia reťazca sa nepodarilapotlačenie riadkov neobsahujúcich oddeľovač, má význam iba pri použití pracuje s poľamisymbolický odkazsyntaktická chybaveľkosť tabulátoru nemôže byť 0postupnosť pozíc tabulátorov musí byť rastúcahodnota tabulátora je príliš veľkácieľ %s nie je adresáromterm=test a/alebo [prepínače --binary a --text sú bezvýznamné pri overovaní kontrolných súčtovprepínač --status má význam iba pri overovaní kontrolných súčtovprepínač --warn má význam iba pri overovaní kontrolných súčtovvýraz [c*] môže byť v string2 iba pri nahradzovaníkonštrukcia opakovania [c*] sa nemôže vyskytovať v string1oddeľovač musí byť jediný znakvoľby pre výpis a nastavenie času nemôžu byť použité spoločnenetransformovaný reťazec bol %sčas %s je mino rozsahupríliš mnoho typov konverzie %% v parametri prepínačapríliš veľa znakov v množinepríliš veľa zopakovaných riadkovpríliš veľa šablóncelkomtypový pamäťový objektuid=%lunie je možné zaznamenať aktuálny pracovný adresárnie je možné nastaviť bezpečnostný kontext %sneznámy binárny operátornezrozumiteľná hodnota v premennej prostredia LS_COLORSneznámy operand %sneznáma predpona: %spoužite --no-preserve-root na vypnutie tejto bezpečnostnej poistkypoužívateľ %s neexistujepoužitý obmedzený shell %s4ak8 sa na %s [-d]upozornenie: %s: znak (znaky) nasledujúce za znakovou konštantou boli ignorovanéupozornenie: --pid=PID nie je na tomto systéme podporovanéupozornenie: --retry je užitočné najmä pri sledovaní podľa názvuupozornenie: PID bol ignorovaný; --pid=PID je užitočné iba pri nasledovaníupozornenie: „touch %s“ je zastaralé; použite „touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d“upozornenie: spätná lomka na konci reťazca bez únikovej klauzuly nie je portabilnáupozornenie: spätná lomka na konci reťazcaupozornenie: nie je možné zmeniť adresár na %supozornenie: nie je možné odstrániť: %supozornenie: nadbytočné argumenty boli ignorované, začína sa s %supozornenie: chybný ofset v súbore po neúspešnom čítaníupozornenie: chybná šírka %lu; namiesto nej sa použije %dupozornenie: číslo riadka %s je rovnaké ako číslo predcházajúceho riadkaupozornenie: zdrojový súbor %s uvedený viac ako jedenkrátupozornenie: sumarizácia je v konflikte s --max-depth=%luupozornenie: sumarizácia je to isté ako --max-depth=0upozornenie: nejednoznačný osmičkový zápis \%c%c%c bude interpretovaný ako 2-bajtová postupnosť \0%c%c, %cupozornenie: nerozpoznaná úniková klauzula „\%c“upozornenie: obchádza sa chyba jadra vo funkcii lseek v súbore (%s) mt_type=0x%0lx -- pozri zoznam typov v čudný súborpokiaľ MNOŽINA1 nie je skracovaná, potom MNOŽINA2 nesmie byť prázdnaúri špecifikácii výstupného štýlu nemusia byť režimy nastavenépri nahradzovaní s triedou doplnku množiny znakov string2 musí mapovať všetky znaky z tejto oblasti do jednéhopri nahradzovaní môžu byť v string2 iba triedy znakov `upper' a `lower'nie je možné skopírovať súbor %s práve vytvoreným symbolickým odkazom %snie je možné prepísať práve vytvorený %s súborom %spri použití voľby --parents cieľ musí byť adresáromchyba pri zápisechyba pri zápise do %schyba pri zápisezapisuje sa %szápis do %smusíte zadat zoznam bajtov, znakov alebo položiekPRIuMAX%+% records in %+% records out % byte (%s) copied% bytes (%s) copiedoffset too large: cannot truncate to a length of seek=% (%lu-byte) blocks%+% záznamov prečítaných %+% záznamov zapísaných % byte (%s) copied% skopírované bajty (%s)% skopírovaných bajtov (%s)hodnota pozície je príliš veľká: nie je možné skrátiť na dĺžku seek=% (%lu-bajtových) blokov0707010000925e000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001600000000reloc/share/locale/sl0707010000925f000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000002200000000reloc/share/locale/sl/LC_MESSAGES07070100009260000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00049184000000660000000300000000000000000000002f00000000reloc/share/locale/sl/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo0-Yw x@x|{}{{x|7}}~Gepb!ӂw\5ԇR ~] ܊\wGTG8\w#YDzcޕi><\٘R6ۚ`Aݜ`u֝Y>n3|^K<=lƣ03dA-YGKOEZ9>گroV۵e9St.ݻF6}Jz)y5FEH/7xFm OuUq1k2,K\P"p5Us =W)vI iZ"iixnZPW2.&E4FM}O    y: On%\Q2E !E"J#O# "$!0%uR&&'l(C\*+.~,Q,,-e.//0:1E23u4Z51p6627789:4,<a=s>?;A )B4CDE,F;H<>I{I JJLKFNN[O`Pz]QQRTUfU5FW|X1Y2YHZ;([d\+]__q`Y>bcdTme#fghjk9mmUnVn"Ѥ%B*])ɥ%,6c#s"$ߦ//8?xɧݧ"7Ro'ɨ* 7$Uz ";L_{Ҫ "6Yl)ͫޫ"1 'R(z ,Ĭ,-< j(ǭ"-&@g"  Ю5 0C.t߯""+2%^)ΰ аݰl;e Ų6-)Eo Ƴѳֳܳ) ?Zl  ƴ ҴkܴHPKh8Otti޻   ȼ3Լ| xx:u22:11cr  sUQZ<_\ ++00\ 1}@7?&5 <IN_:dZi$  %=Tq$   + <HZkrw} I ^l}   #&/*NyE|~AUNfwHoG>BR g-u&     # H12zhwi;>z B,;$%T  a7l   F8@:{D  0? 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Y8y&CMS    H U f &k    "     15J)d)%>d u2x%.(T3}4#- 8"$!1_/Lb|-, :fPH-."!+$,Abnm?3.8;g].C-6q&jq: &  N!!'v"*"W"p!###$#'#'$+$W$A+%(m%H%T%4&J&`&&i'm(X(\(>)I)Q@*J* ****+u,G=--2..T//60/I0+y0'0#001-1E19V1111=191;24U262/2421&3X3h3|33<3394;>4z4 44/484#5AC5&55'595$%6"J6.m66$6M6C&7%j7:76758488Bm808+8@ 9AN9(9399 :+*: V:&w:(:(:):/;+J;v;/;';C;1<%K<*q<<:<$<'=#D=h=#=.===;>2P>'> >>5>- ?.N?&}?L?G?=9@:w@;@@& A+4A&`A(A:AA!B0&BWBmBBB BB8B2C)PC&zCC C)C)D>0D<oD!D&D#D6E/PEE)E(EEE#F&:FaF(FFFF"FG.GFGUGqG GG GGGGGH3/H4cH6H.H%H&$IKIaI9zIIIIIJ!.JPJpJ%JDJJKK%K;KOK`K(~K'K)K"KL!1LSLoLLLLL-L%L% M=FM"M(MMM"N+*N,VN/N*N%N;O+@O)lO)OOO'O#P%BPhP4PAPP Q+9Q+eQ=Q+QQ:R#QR8uRR%R"R#S)4S$^SCS3SST3T!PTrTTTT(TUUDULbU8UUU$V(?V+hVGVVVW$W#!Z`ZZZZZ)Z&[!8[#Z[~[[[,[0[%\9\U\q\\\\\3\73]'k]]]]]^^7^(N^w^^^^&^_% _0F_"w_+__#_ `%)`O`b`w`````"`&aEa&`a'a a%aab/bnGbEbbc5c(Pc4ycc)cc1d,Adnd4dBdde"8e[eWueSe(!fJfffff'f%f3f3g&9g9`g>g5g#h@3hthEhhhh1i,Pi}iii'i)i(j0=jnj4jjjjj>k/Vk/kkk!k) l5l Sl'`l$l0l)l m m 3m>mKOmCmmm&n6nNn]n$un.nCn( o 6o-Bopooo+ooDo 2p%Spyp p3p;pJ q<Tqq%q:qCr&Vr}rrrrrDsFIsss sss;st4tEtUtlt ttt.tttu0u3Lu(u9u uuuv(v9vXvsvv vvv,vXwpwww"w6w+w*x!Cx"exx<xx xGxR3yHy>y?z=Nz7z:zz!{e{f#|@|B|!}40}e}}.}}'}~*~E~U~\~t~~(~3~-~<&c{ &9o57G-W(Ɂ܁J2<5oFEX2G;Ӄ! 1@RB9ք::K844;)ee&ˆ|o3A;_1\A209c*1ȉ & 8 F-T.$h5^~v< )OP'J91,~4P<,o:A <q.aErzb QABh@ l`#Hht RSmp~"dpGCVnm]QOSLhP.8a@SH CODR57!-lj- ;@.IY5C^&F{V$`ejcGuy7!E3f 9M~BHKm;],cM? *,4"G:Xzh|as{P"nJ  U=}r6!Tc&0 }ke\]q7NJR;oWUd3o6fc0i[6(]+l i#|b'9txsK|#X/JC[u@[ig^-%.v<BU01wE  g:`}K%!'8XbauWa-M9FtsP=QGLpz@)fTnx+Um|EI%AJqu__MCcTyH*)rDT$NW$Mf;(#2"&*I Xr8*R_>bV~V:gz/7s5.?Q?TyT ?Ful:&k.I48yd7,6MrowB,N^\sX{@{Wd=KL*# VUo']&BY2 Rhrw SPG %Z(6I yi}OUC;DQ%[4}YmB t/=8x&t?dnLkYp3W qpKNk -i":}`0a(_xl?;5E8Y DH-bNEeA/60 9)2jvQ0vjF <gAO[1~m23b=\`qHj( 'vci)lg<_v\1zV>tKy  1(>4Z !YD|nS*I{#7+>OnS_f 2)k Lzq!oWxGF>ud{+/\DpFeX /4$5k^weZ+N9%Jxw23ZwfjZe$LR|A1g>^+"3Z= ][s$`'\֊ފtxxxxxxyy4yPylyyyyyz4zHz\zpzzz{8{L{h{ 18/h7 (9 ` dGN x e3*4U 111%- )))!#Y# ( EXPRESSION ) EXPRESSION is true ! EXPRESSION EXPRESSION is false EXPRESSION1 -a EXPRESSION2 both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true EXPRESSION1 -o EXPRESSION2 either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true --check-order check that the input is correctly sorted, even if all input lines are pairable --nocheck-order do not check that the input is correctly sorted -1 suppress column 1 (lines unique to FILE1) -2 suppress column 2 (lines unique to FILE2) -3 suppress column 3 (lines that appear in both files) -a, --all same as -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot time of last system boot -d, --dead print dead processes -H, --heading print line of column headings -b FILE FILE exists and is block special -c FILE FILE exists and is character special -d FILE FILE exists and is a directory -e FILE FILE exists -l produce long format output for the specified USERs -b omit the user's home directory and shell in long format -h omit the user's project file in long format -p omit the user's plan file in long format -s do short format output, this is the default -n STRING the length of STRING is nonzero STRING equivalent to -n STRING -z STRING the length of STRING is zero STRING1 = STRING2 the strings are equal STRING1 != STRING2 the strings are not equal ARG1 * ARG2 arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 is less than ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 is equal to ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 is unequal to ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2 FILE1 -ef FILE2 FILE1 and FILE2 have the same device and inode numbers FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2 FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 is older than FILE2 INTEGER copy up to but not including specified line number /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copy up to but not including a matching line %REGEXP%[OFFSET] skip to, but not including a matching line {INTEGER} repeat the previous pattern specified number of times {*} repeat the previous pattern as many times as possible A line OFFSET is a required `+' or `-' followed by a positive integer. INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING length of STRING a number all lines t number only nonempty lines n number no lines pBRE number only lines that contain a match for the basic regular expression, BRE FORMAT is one of: ln left justified, no leading zeros rn right justified, no leading zeros rz right justified, leading zeros b create a block (buffered) special file c, u create a character (unbuffered) special file p create a FIFO # users=%lu -t is implied if PAGE_LENGTH <= 10. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. A field is a run of blanks (usually spaces and/or TABs), then non-blank characters. Fields are skipped before chars. A lightweight `finger' program; print user information. The utmp file will be %s. A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment. A mere - implies -l. If USER not given, assume root. After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number; then an optional modifier, which is either E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available. An omitted EXPRESSION defaults to false. Otherwise, EXPRESSION is true or false and sets exit status. It is one of: As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. BLOCKS and BYTES may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Each CONV symbol may be: Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. Both MAJOR and MINOR must be specified when TYPE is b, c, or u, and they must be omitted when TYPE is p. If MAJOR or MINOR begins with 0x or 0X, it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal; otherwise, as decimal. TYPE may be: By default, rm does not remove directories. Use the --recursive (-r or -R) option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents. By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: By default, sparse SOURCE files are detected by a crude heuristic and the corresponding DEST file is made sparse as well. That is the behavior selected by --sparse=auto. Specify --sparse=always to create a sparse DEST file whenever the SOURCE file contains a long enough sequence of zero bytes. Use --sparse=never to inhibit creation of sparse files. When --reflink[=always] is specified, perform a lightweight copy, where the data blocks are copied only when modified. If this is not possible the copy fails, or if --reflink=auto is specified, fall back to a standard copy. Combination settings: * [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase cbreak same as -icanon -cbreak same as icanon Control settings: [-]clocal disable modem control signals [-]cread allow input to be received * [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8] Display values are in units of the first available SIZE from --block-size, and the %s_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables. Otherwise, units default to 1024 bytes (or 512 if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set). Each FLAG symbol may be: append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc suggested) Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Examples: %s -12 file1 file2 Print only lines present in both file1 and file2. %s -3 file1 file2 Print lines in file1 not in file2, and vice versa. Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Output "stdio". Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Output ".". Examples: %s f - g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. %s Copy standard input to standard output. Examples: %s root /u Change the owner of /u to "root". %s root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to "staff". %s -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root". Examples: %s staff /u Change the group of /u to "staff". %s -hR staff /u Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff". Except for -h and -L, all FILE-related tests dereference symbolic links. Beware that parentheses need to be escaped (e.g., by backslashes) for shells. INTEGER may also be -l STRING, which evaluates to the length of STRING. Exit status is 0 if EXPRESSION is neither null nor 0, 1 if EXPRESSION is null or 0, 2 if EXPRESSION is syntactically invalid, and 3 if an error occurred. Exit status: 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory), 2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument). FORMAT controls the output as in C printf. Interpreted sequences are: \" double quote FORMAT controls the output. Interpreted sequences are: %% a literal % %a locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun) Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. If -e is in effect, the following sequences are recognized: If FILE is -, shred standard output. Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified. The default is not to remove the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda, and those files usually should not be removed. When operating on regular files, most people use the --remove option. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual. If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. If FIRST or INCREMENT is omitted, it defaults to 1. That is, an omitted INCREMENT defaults to 1 even when LAST is smaller than FIRST. FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are interpreted as floating point values. INCREMENT is usually positive if FIRST is smaller than LAST, and INCREMENT is usually negative if FIRST is greater than LAST. If MODE is `0' the corresponding stream will be unbuffered. If MODE is `L' the corresponding stream will be line buffered. This option is invalid with standard input. If a FILE is -, copy again to standard output. If first and second call formats both apply, the second format is assumed if the last operand begins with + or (if there are 2 operands) a digit. An OFFSET operand means -j OFFSET. LABEL is the pseudo-address at first byte printed, incremented when dump is progressing. For OFFSET and LABEL, a 0x or 0X prefix indicates hexadecimal; suffixes may be . for octal and b for multiply by 512. If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). If standard input is a terminal, redirect it from /dev/null. If standard output is a terminal, append output to `nohup.out' if possible, `$HOME/nohup.out' otherwise. If standard error is a terminal, redirect it to standard output. To save output to FILE, use `%s COMMAND > FILE'. If the command times out, then exit with status 124. Otherwise, exit with the status of COMMAND. If no signal is specified, send the TERM signal upon timeout. The TERM signal kills any process that does not block or catch that signal. For other processes, it may be necessary to use the KILL (9) signal, since this signal cannot be caught. If the first character of K (the number of bytes or lines) is a `+', print beginning with the Kth item from the start of each file, otherwise, print the last K items in the file. K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Input settings: [-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal [-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline [-]ignbrk ignore break characters [-]igncr ignore carriage return K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Local settings: [-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings * -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings NOTE: If COMMAND adjusts the buffering of its standard streams (`tee' does for e.g.) then that will override corresponding settings changed by `stdbuf'. Also some filters (like `dd' and `cat' etc.) don't use streams for I/O, and are thus unaffected by `stdbuf' settings. NOTE: [ honors the --help and --version options, but test does not. test treats each of those as it treats any other nonempty STRING. NOTE: your shell may have its own version of %s, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. Note that the -d and -t options accept different time-date formats. Note that the -r and -s options are mutually exclusive. Note, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. Note: 'uniq' does not detect repeated lines unless they are adjacent. You may want to sort the input first, or use `sort -u' without `uniq'. Also, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available. Otherwise MODE is a number which may be followed by one of the following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. In this case the corresponding stream will be fully buffered with the buffer size set to MODE bytes. Output settings: * bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1] * crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3] * ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1] * nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1] Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed to login group if implied by a `:' following a symbolic OWNER. OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic. POS is F[.C][OPTS], where F is the field number and C the character position in the field; both are origin 1. If neither -t nor -b is in effect, characters in a field are counted from the beginning of the preceding whitespace. OPTS is one or more single-letter ordering options, which override global ordering options for that key. If no key is given, use the entire line as the key. SIZE may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 RADIX is d for decimal, o for octal, x for hexadecimal or n for none. BYTES is hexadecimal with 0x or 0X prefix, and may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Adding a z suffix to any type displays printable characters at the end of each output line. Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: Report %s bugs to %s Report bugs to: %s SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIGNAL may be a signal name like `HUP', or a signal number like `1', or the exit status of a process terminated by a signal. PID is an integer; if negative it identifies a process group. SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). SIZE may also be prefixed by one of the following modifying characters: `+' extend by, `-' reduce by, `<' at most, `>' at least, `/' round down to multiple of, `%' round up to multiple of. SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Sending a %s signal to a running `dd' process makes it print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s Options are: Special characters: * dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input) eol CHAR CHAR will end the line Special settings: N set the input and output speeds to N bauds * cols N tell the kernel that the terminal has N columns * columns N same as cols N TYPE is made up of one or more of these specifications: a named character, ignoring high-order bit c ASCII character or backslash escape The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: The data are encoded as described for the base64 alphabet in RFC 3548. When decoding, the input may contain newlines in addition to the bytes of the formal base64 alphabet. Use --ignore-garbage to attempt to recover from any other non-alphabet bytes in the encoded stream. The following three options are useful only when verifying checksums: --quiet don't print OK for each successfully verified file --status don't output anything, status code shows success -w, --warn warn about improperly formatted checksum lines The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. The valid format sequences for files (without --file-system): %a Access rights in octal %A Access rights in human readable form %b Number of blocks allocated (see %B) %B The size in bytes of each block reported by %b %C SELinux security context string This install program copies files (often just compiled) into destination locations you choose. If you want to download and install a ready-to-use package on a GNU/Linux system, you should instead be using a package manager like yum(1) or apt-get(1). In the first three forms, copy SOURCE to DEST or multiple SOURCE(s) to the existing DIRECTORY, while setting permission modes and owner/group. In the 4th form, create all components of the given DIRECTORY(ies). To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo', use one of these commands: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Traditional format specifications may be intermixed; they accumulate: -a same as -t a, select named characters, ignoring high-order bit -b same as -t o1, select octal bytes -c same as -t c, select ASCII characters or backslash escapes -d same as -t u2, select unsigned decimal 2-byte units Translation occurs if -d is not given and both SET1 and SET2 appear. -t may be used only when translating. SET2 is extended to length of SET1 by repeating its last character as necessary. Excess characters of SET2 are ignored. Only [:lower:] and [:upper:] are guaranteed to expand in ascending order; used in SET2 while translating, they may only be used in pairs to specify case conversion. -s uses SET1 if not translating nor deleting; else squeezing uses SET2 and occurs after translation or deletion. Use one, and only one of -b, -c or -f. Each LIST is made up of one range, or many ranges separated by commas. Selected input is written in the same order that it is read, and is written exactly once. Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it. With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. With no options, produce three-column output. Column one contains lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2, and column three contains lines common to both files. Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. ??? --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -f, --force do not prompt before overwriting -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file If you specify more than one of -i, -f, -n, only the final one takes effect. --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories (note: will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the superuser) -f, --force remove existing destination files --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -c (ignored) -C, --compare compare each pair of source and destination files, and in some cases, do not modify the destination at all -d, --directory treat all arguments as directory names; create all components of the specified directories --batch-size=NMERGE merge at most NMERGE inputs at once; for more use temp files --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks. See SIZE format below -B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~ -c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime --complement complement the set of selected bytes, characters or fields --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -L, --max-line-length print the length of the longest line -w, --words print the word counts --files0-from=F summarize disk usage of the NUL-terminated file names specified in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -H equivalent to --dereference-args (-D) -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si like -h, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 --group-directories-first group directories before files. augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping --help display this help and exit --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode print the index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k like --block-size=1K --lookup attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS -m only hostname and user associated with stdin -p, --process print active processes spawned by init --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially --preserve-root do not remove `/' (default) -r, -R, --recursive remove directories and their contents recursively -v, --verbose explain what is being done --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST don't preserve the specified attributes --parents use full source file name under DIRECTORY --one-file-system when removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any directory that is on a file system different from that of the corresponding command line argument --pid=PID with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies -q, --quiet, --silent never output headers giving file names --retry keep trying to open a file even when it is or becomes inaccessible; useful when following by name, i.e., with --follow=name --preserve-context preserve SELinux security context -Z, --context=CONTEXT set SELinux security context of files and directories --reference=RFILE use RFILE's security context rather than specifying a CONTEXT value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC output date and time in RFC 3339 format. TIMESPEC=`date', `seconds', or `ns' for date and time to the indicated precision. Date and time components are separated by a single space: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=STRING set time described by STRING -u, --utc, --universal print or set Coordinated Universal Time --sort=WORD sort according to WORD: general-numeric -g, human-numeric -h, month -M, numeric -n, random -R, version -V -V, --version-sort natural sort of (version) numbers within text --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix --suffix=SUFF append SUFF to TEMPLATE. SUFF must not contain slash. This option is implied if TEMPLATE does not end in X. --time show time of the last modification of any file in the directory, or any of its subdirectories --time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status --time-style=STYLE show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT FORMAT is interpreted like `date' --time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale --verbose print a diagnostic just before each output file is opened --version output version information and exit --all print the number of installed processors --ignore=N if possible, exclude N processing units Size Used Avail Use% Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Size Used Avail Use% -evenp same as -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7 nl same as -icrnl -onlcr -nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-') [-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty [-]hupcl same as [-]hup [-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input [-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-') [-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors * [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character [-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return [-]inpck enable input parity checking [-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters [-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters [-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters * [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal * [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\' for uppercase characters cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values -cooked same as raw crt same as echoe echoctl echoke dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany ek erase and kill characters to their default values evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N set the input speed to N * line N use line discipline N min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read ospeed N set the output speed to N oddp same as parenb parodd cs7 -oddp same as -parenb cs8 [-]parity same as [-]evenp pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7 raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw same as cooked sane same as cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke, all special characters to their default values stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal * swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer * werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed %% a single % %b ARGUMENT as a string with `\' escapes interpreted, except that octal escapes are of the form \0 or \0NNN and all C format specifications ending with one of diouxXfeEgGcs, with ARGUMENTs converted to proper type first. Variable widths are handled. %A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday) %b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan) %B locale's full month name (e.g., January) %c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005) %C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20) %d day of month (e.g, 01) %D date; same as %m/%d/%y %e day of month, space padded; same as %_d %F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d %g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G) %G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V %S second (00..60) %t a tab %T time; same as %H:%M:%S %u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday %U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) %V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53) %w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday %W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53) %d Device number in decimal %D Device number in hex %f Raw mode in hex %F File type %g Group ID of owner %G Group name of owner %h Number of hard links %i Inode number %n File name %N Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link %o I/O block size %s Total size, in bytes %t Major device type in hex %T Minor device type in hex %h same as %b %H hour (00..23) %I hour (01..12) %j day of year (001..366) %i File System ID in hex %l Maximum length of filenames %n File name %s Block size (for faster transfers) %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) %t Type in hex %T Type in human readable form %k hour ( 0..23) %l hour ( 1..12) %m month (01..12) %M minute (00..59) %n a newline %N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) %p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known %P like %p, but lower case %r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM) %R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M %s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u User ID of owner %U User name of owner %x Time of last access %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch %y Time of last modification %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch %z Time of last change %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch %x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99) %X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48) %y last two digits of year (00..99) %Y year %z +hhmm numeric timezone (e.g., -0400) %:z +hh:mm numeric timezone (e.g., -04:00) %::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00) %:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30) %Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT) By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes. + TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like `match' or an operator like `/' ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION --output-delimiter=STR separate columns with STR --userspec=USER:GROUP specify user and group (ID or name) to use --groups=G_LIST specify supplementary groups as g1,g2,..,gN -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -A, --auto-reference output automatically generated references -G, --traditional behave more like System V `ptx' -F, --flag-truncation=STRING use STRING for flagging line truncations -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks -b, --bytes equivalent to `--apparent-size --block-size=1' -c, --total produce a grand total -D, --dereference-args dereference only symlinks that are listed on the command line -C list entries by columns --color[=WHEN] colorize the output. WHEN defaults to `always' or can be `never' or `auto'. More info below -d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links -D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode -D create all leading components of DEST except the last, then copy SOURCE to DEST -g, --group=GROUP set group ownership, instead of process' current group -m, --mode=MODE set permission mode (as in chmod), instead of rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=OWNER set ownership (super-user only) -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names -h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line follow symbolic links listed on the command line --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory --hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A) -I prompt once before removing more than three files, or when removing recursively. Less intrusive than -i, while still giving protection against most mistakes --interactive[=WHEN] prompt according to WHEN: never, once (-I), or always (-i). Without WHEN, prompt always -L FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h) -O FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID -p FILE FILE exists and is a named pipe -r FILE FILE exists and read permission is granted -s FILE FILE exists and has a size greater than zero -L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links -P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default) -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -S, --separate-dirs do not include size of subdirectories -s, --summarize display only a total for each argument -L, --logical use PWD from environment, even if it contains symlinks -P, --physical avoid all symlinks -M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx' -O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives -R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences -T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives -N, --read-bytes=BYTES limit dump to BYTES input bytes -S, --strings[=BYTES] output strings of at least BYTES graphic chars -t, --format=TYPE select output format or formats -v, --output-duplicates do not use * to mark line suppression -w, --width[=BYTES] output BYTES bytes per output line --traditional accept arguments in traditional form -P, --portability use the POSIX output format --sync invoke sync before getting usage info -t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE -T, --print-type print file system type -x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE -v (ignored) -S sort by file size --sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time -S FILE FILE exists and is a socket -t FD file descriptor FD is opened on a terminal -u FILE FILE exists and its set-user-ID bit is set -w FILE FILE exists and write permission is granted -x FILE FILE exists and execute (or search) permission is granted -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create the links -T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file -v, --verbose print name of each linked file -SSTRING, --sep-string[=STRING] separate columns by STRING, without -S: Default separator with -J and otherwise (same as -S" "), no effect on column options -t, --omit-header omit page headers and trailers -T, --omit-pagination omit page headers and trailers, eliminate any pagination by form feeds set in input files -v, --show-nonprinting use octal backslash notation -w, --width=PAGE_WIDTH set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters for multiple text-column output only, -s[char] turns off (72) -T, -w, --mesg add user's message status as +, - or ? -u, --users list users logged in --message same as -T --writable same as -T -W, --page-width=PAGE_WIDTH set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters always, truncate lines, except -J option is set, no interference with -S or -s -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword -b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting -g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields -i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE -o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of NAME to CTX -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each NAME to CTX -a change only the access time -c, --no-create do not create any files -d, --date=STRING parse STRING and use it instead of current time -f (ignored) -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -a, --all include dummy file systems -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks --total produce a grand total -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories --apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be larger due to holes in (`sparse') files, internal fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like -a, --all convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks --first-only convert only leading sequences of blanks (overrides -a) -t, --tabs=N have tabs N characters apart instead of 8 (enables -a) -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated LIST of tab positions (enables -a) -a, --archive same as -dR --preserve=all --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument --copy-contents copy contents of special files when recursive -d same as --no-dereference --preserve=links -a, --suffix-length=N use suffixes of length N (default %d) -b, --bytes=SIZE put SIZE bytes per output file -C, --line-bytes=SIZE put at most SIZE bytes of lines per output file -d, --numeric-suffixes use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic -l, --lines=NUMBER put NUMBER lines per output file -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline -b, --binary read in binary mode -b, --binary read in binary mode (default unless reading tty stdin) -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -b, --bytes=LIST select only these bytes -c, --characters=LIST select only these characters -d, --delimiter=DELIM use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignore leading blanks -d, --dictionary-order consider only blanks and alphanumeric characters -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case characters -b, --suffix-format=FORMAT use sprintf FORMAT instead of %02d -f, --prefix=PREFIX use PREFIX instead of `xx' -k, --keep-files do not remove output files on errors -c, --bytes=K output the last K bytes; alternatively, use -c +K to output bytes starting with the Kth of each file -c, --bytes=[-]K print the first K bytes of each file; with the leading `-', print all but the last K bytes of each file -n, --lines=[-]K print the first K lines instead of the first 10; with the leading `-', print all but the last K lines of each file -c, --check read %s sums from the FILEs and check them -c, --check, --check=diagnose-first check for sorted input; do not sort -C, --check=quiet, --check=silent like -c, but do not report first bad line --compress-program=PROG compress temporaries with PROG; decompress them with PROG -d --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -c, --crown-margin preserve indentation of first two lines -p, --prefix=STRING reformat only lines beginning with STRING, reattaching the prefix to reformatted lines -s, --split-only split long lines, but do not refill -c, --no-create do not create any files -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -d, --directory create a directory, not a file -u, --dry-run do not create anything; merely print a name (unsafe) -q, --quiet suppress diagnostics about file/dir-creation failure -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes -e, --echo treat each ARG as an input line -i, --input-range=LO-HI treat each number LO through HI as an input line -n, --head-count=COUNT output at most COUNT lines -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries --file-type likewise, except do not append `*' --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso -f omit the line of column headings in short format -w omit the user's full name in short format -i omit the user's full name and remote host in short format -q omit the user's full name, remote host and idle time in short format -f same as -t fF, select floats -i same as -t dI, select decimal ints -l same as -t dL, select decimal longs -o same as -t o2, select octal 2-byte units -s same as -t d2, select decimal 2-byte units -x same as -t x2, select hexadecimal 2-byte units -f FILE FILE exists and is a regular file -g FILE FILE exists and is set-group-ID -G FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID -h FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L) -k FILE FILE exists and has its sticky bit set -f, --canonicalize canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively; all but the last component must exist -e, --canonicalize-existing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, all components must exist -f, --fields=LIST select only these fields; also print any line that contains no delimiter character, unless the -s option is specified -n (ignored) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -f, --force if an existing destination file cannot be opened, remove it and try again (redundant if the -n option is used) -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite (overrides a previous -n option) -H follow command-line symbolic links in SOURCE -f, --force change permissions to allow writing if necessary -n, --iterations=N overwrite N times instead of the default (%d) --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -s, --size=N shred this many bytes (suffixes like K, M, G accepted) -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --reference=RFILE use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values -R, --recursive change files and directories recursively -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's group rather than specifying a GROUP value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's owner and group rather than specifying OWNER:GROUP values -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -g like -l, but do not list owner -g GID[,GID1...] also set the primary group-ID to the numeric GID, and (if specified) supplemental group IDs to GID1, ... -g, --general-numeric-sort compare according to general numerical value -i, --ignore-nonprinting consider only printable characters -M, --month-sort compare (unknown) < `JAN' < ... < `DEC' -h, --header-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering header lines -i, --line-increment=NUMBER line number increment at each line -l, --join-blank-lines=NUMBER group of NUMBER empty lines counted as one -n, --number-format=FORMAT insert line numbers according to FORMAT -p, --no-renumber do not reset line numbers at logical pages -s, --number-separator=STRING add STRING after (possible) line number -h, --header=HEADER use a centered HEADER instead of filename in page header, -h "" prints a blank line, don't use -h"" -i[CHAR[WIDTH]], --output-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] replace spaces with CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -J, --join-lines merge full lines, turns off -W line truncation, no column alignment, --sep-string[=STRING] sets separators -h, --human-numeric-sort compare human readable numbers (e.g., 2K 1G) -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the timestamps of a symlink) -m change only the modification time -i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing fields -j FIELD equivalent to `-1 FIELD -2 FIELD' -o FORMAT obey FORMAT while constructing output line -t CHAR use CHAR as input and output field separator -i, --initial do not convert tabs after non blanks -t, --tabs=NUMBER have tabs NUMBER characters apart, not 8 -i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage -k like --block-size=1K -l, --local limit listing to local file systems --no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) -i, --interactive prompt whether to remove destinations -L, --logical make hard links to symbolic link references -n, --no-dereference treat destination that is a symlink to a directory as if it were a normal file -P, --physical make hard links directly to symbolic links -s, --symbolic make symbolic links instead of hard links -k like --block-size=1K -l, --count-links count sizes many times if hard linked -m like --block-size=1M -k, --key=POS1[,POS2] start a key at POS1 (origin 1), end it at POS2 (default end of line) -m, --merge merge already sorted files; do not sort -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -l, --length=PAGE_LENGTH set the page length to PAGE_LENGTH (66) lines (default number of lines of text 56, and with -F 63) -m, --merge print all files in parallel, one in each column, truncate lines, but join lines of full length with -J -l, --link link files instead of copying -L, --dereference always follow symbolic links in SOURCE -l, --login print system login processes -m, --canonicalize-missing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, without requirements on components existence -n, --no-newline do not output the trailing newline -q, --quiet, -s, --silent suppress most error messages -v, --verbose report error messages -m, --mode=MODE set file permission bits to MODE, not a=rw - umask -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each created directory to CTX -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -n, --lines=K output the last K lines, instead of the last %d; or use -n +K to output lines starting with the Kth --max-unchanged-stats=N with --follow=name, reopen a FILE which has not changed size after N (default %d) iterations to see if it has been unlinked or renamed (this is the usual case of rotated log files) -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file (overrides a previous -i option) -P, --no-dereference never follow symbolic links in SOURCE -n, --numeric-sort compare according to string numerical value -R, --random-sort sort by random hash of keys --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -r, --reverse reverse the result of comparisons -n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o like -l, but do not list group information -p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories -n[SEP[DIGITS]], --number-lines[=SEP[DIGITS]] number lines, use DIGITS (5) digits, then SEP (TAB), default counting starts with 1st line of input file -N, --first-line-number=NUMBER start counting with NUMBER at 1st line of first page printed (see +FIRST_PAGE) -o, --indent=MARGIN offset each line with MARGIN (zero) spaces, do not affect -w or -W, MARGIN will be added to PAGE_WIDTH -r, --no-file-warnings omit warning when a file cannot be opened -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output -s, --stable stabilize sort by disabling last-resort comparison -S, --buffer-size=SIZE use SIZE for main memory buffer -p same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps --preserve[=ATTR_LIST] preserve the specified attributes (default: mode,ownership,timestamps), if possible additional attributes: context, links, xattr, all -p DIR use DIR as a prefix; implies -t [deprecated] -t interpret TEMPLATE as a single file name component, relative to a directory: $TMPDIR, if set; else the directory specified via -p; else /tmp [deprecated] -p, --parents remove DIRECTORY and its ancestors; e.g., `rmdir -p a/b/c' is similar to `rmdir a/b/c a/b a' -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every directory processed -p, --preserve-timestamps apply access/modification times of SOURCE files to corresponding destination files -s, --strip strip symbol tables --strip-program=PROGRAM program used to strip binaries -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -v, --verbose print the name of each directory as it is created -q, --count all login names and number of users logged on -r, --runlevel print current runlevel -s, --short print only name, line, and time (default) -t, --time print last system clock change -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -r, --reference=FILE display the last modification time of FILE -R, --rfc-2822 output date and time in RFC 2822 format. Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=FILE use this FILE's size -s, --size=SIZE use this SIZE -r, --reference=FILE use this file's times instead of current time -t STAMP use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time --time=WORD change the specified time: WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent to -a WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to -m -r, --references first field of each line is a reference -t, --typeset-mode - not implemented - -w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded -r, --reverse reverse order while sorting -R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively -s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL specify the name or number of the signal to be sent -l, --list list signal names, or convert signal names to/from numbers -t, --table print a table of signal information -s, --sleep-interval=N with -f, sleep for approximately N seconds (default 1.0) between iterations -v, --verbose always output headers giving file names -s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -s[CHAR], --separator[=CHAR] separate columns by a single character, default for CHAR is the character without -w and 'no char' with -w -s[CHAR] turns off line truncation of all 3 column options (-COLUMN|-a -COLUMN|-m) except -w is set -t sort by modification time -T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP use SEP instead of non-blank to blank transition -T, --temporary-directory=DIR use DIR for temporaries, not $TMPDIR or %s; multiple options specify multiple directories -u, --unique with -c, check for strict ordering; without -c, output only the first of an equal run -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -t, --tagged-paragraph indentation of first line different from second -u, --uniform-spacing one space between words, two after sentences -w, --width=WIDTH maximum line width (default of 75 columns) -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -u, --update move only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -t, --text read in text mode (default if reading tty stdin) -t, --text read in text mode (default) -u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time -U do not sort; list entries in directory order -v natural sort of (version) numbers within text -u, --remove truncate and remove file after overwriting -v, --verbose show progress -x, --exact do not round file sizes up to the next full block; this is the default for non-regular files -z, --zero add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system -u, --user=USER set user USER in the target security context -r, --role=ROLE set role ROLE in the target security context -t, --type=TYPE set type TYPE in the target security context -l, --range=RANGE set range RANGE in the target security context -v, --kernel-version print the kernel version -m, --machine print the machine hardware name -p, --processor print the processor type or "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform print the hardware platform or "unknown" -o, --operating-system print the operating system -v, --starting-line-number=NUMBER first line number on each logical page -w, --number-width=NUMBER use NUMBER columns for line numbers -w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines -w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value -x list entries by lines instead of by columns -X sort alphabetically by entry extension -Z, --context print any SELinux security context of each file -1 list one file per line -x, --one-file-system skip directories on different file systems -X, --exclude-from=FILE exclude files that match any pattern in FILE --exclude=PATTERN exclude files that match PATTERN --max-depth=N print the total for a directory (or file, with --all) only if it is N or fewer levels below the command line argument; --max-depth=0 is the same as --summarize -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline Processes in an uninterruptible sleep state also contribute to the load average. [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \0NNN byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits) \xHH byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits) \NNN byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits) \xHH byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits) \uHHHH Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character with hex value HHHH (4 digits) \UHHHHHHHH Unicode character with hex value HHHHHHHH (8 digits) \\ backslash \a alert (BEL) \b backspace \c produce no further output \e escape \f form feed \n new line \r carriage return \t horizontal tab \v vertical tab \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline lcase change upper case to lower case binary use binary I/O for data cio use concurrent I/O for data d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer direct use direct I/O for data directory fail unless a directory dsync use synchronized I/O for data fullblock accumulate full blocks of input (iflag only) if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin iflag=FLAGS read as per the comma separated symbol list obs=BYTES write BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout oflag=FLAGS write as per the comma separated symbol list seek=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS obs-sized blocks at start of output skip=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS ibs-sized blocks at start of input status=noxfer suppress transfer statistics noatime do not update access time nocreat do not create the output file excl fail if the output file already exists notrunc do not truncate the output file ucase change lower case to upper case swab swap every pair of input bytes noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file noerror continue after read errors sync pad every input block with NULs to ibs-size; when used with block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing fsync likewise, but also write metadata nofollow do not follow symlinks nolinks fail if multiply-linked nonblock use non-blocking I/O none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups sync likewise, but also for metadata text use text I/O for data %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% %H:%M%P %s-blocks Used Available Capacity (backup: %s) * [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c') [-]echo echo input characters * [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho [-]echoe same as [-]crterase [-]echok echo a newline after a kill character * [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill [-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters * [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\' and '/' [-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters [-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters * [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase * [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character [-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters [-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control [-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence) [-]tandem same as [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded * [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline * [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters * [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays * [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase * [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline * [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return * [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column [-]opost postprocess output * tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3] * tabs same as tab0 * -tabs same as tab3 * vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1] * eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line * lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal * rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it * rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows * size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel speed print the terminal speed time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second ??:???? Mounted on TTY context=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu groups= old on repetition %s % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %.*s: invalid conversion specification%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu user%lu users%s%s (for regexp %s)%s -> %s (unbackup) %s [-d] terminated abnormally%s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has appeared; following end of new file%s has become accessible%s has become inaccessible%s has been replaced with a remote file. giving up on this name%s has been replaced with an untailable file; giving up on this name%s has been replaced; following end of new file%s has unknown file type%s has unusable, apparently negative size%s home page: <%s> %s home page: %s is not a valid positive integer%s is too large%s may be used only on a SELinux kernel%s was specified but %s was not%s%s argument `%s' too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s: line number out of range%s: %s: match not found%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: binary operator expected%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot change nonblocking mode%s: cannot find name for user ID %lu %s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot lseek back to original position%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot rewind%s: cannot seek%s: cannot seek to end-relative offset %s%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: cannot seek to relative offset %s%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: cannot skip%s: cannot skip to specified offset%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: couldn't reset non-blocking mode%s: descend into directory %s? %s: descend into write-protected directory %s? %s: end of file%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: error truncating%s: error writing at offset %s%s: expected a numeric value%s: failed to close%s: failed to open for writing%s: failed to remove%s: fcntl failed%s: fdatasync failed%s: file has negative size%s: file has shrunk too much%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: fstat failed%s: fsync failed%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input contains an odd number of tokens%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid count at start of %s%s: invalid directive%s: invalid field specification %s%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of passes%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid number to ignore%s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: lseek failed%s: multiple signals specified%s: new permissions are %s, not %s%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: no size information for this device%s: not listing already-listed directory%s: number of bytes is too large%s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove all arguments recursively? %s: remove all arguments? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s: seek failed%s: too many checksum lines%s: try to overwrite %s, overriding mode %04lo (%s)? %s: unable to determine maximum file name length%s: unable to perform all requested operations%s: unary operator expected%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: value not completely converted%s: write error%s:%lu: invalid line; missing second token%s:%lu: invalid zero-length file name%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}''')' expected')' expected, found %s(C)* file systems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS version 3 clients * compressed file systems * log-structured or journaled file systems, such as those supplied with AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.) * file systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes fail, such as RAID-based file systems * file systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server , load average: %.2f, %g s, %s/s --%s argument %s too large--context (-Z) works only on an SELinux-enabled kernel--reflink can be used only with --sparse=auto-R --dereference requires either -H or -L-R -h requires -P-ef does not accept -l-nt does not accept -l-ot does not accept -l??? ?????AbortedAddress family for hostname not supportedAlarm clockAll arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. All requests doneArgument buffer too smallArnold RobbinsBad system callBad value for ai_flagsBrian FoxBroken pipeBus errorCAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important assumption: that the file system overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern file system designs do not satisfy this assumption. The following are examples of file systems on which shred is not effective, or is not guaranteed to be effective in all file system modes: COMMENTCPU time limit exceededCall the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1. Call the unlink function to remove the specified FILE. Change the effective user id and group id to that of USER. -, -l, --login make the shell a login shell -c, --command=COMMAND pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c -f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment do not reset environment variables -p same as -m -s, --shell=SHELL run SHELL if /etc/shells allows it Change the group of each FILE to GROUP. With --reference, change the group of each FILE to that of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the security context of each FILE to CONTEXT. With --reference, change the security context of each FILE to that of RFILE. -h, --no-dereference affect symbolic links instead of any referenced file Chet RameyChild exitedColin PlumbCompare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output. -A, --show-all equivalent to -vET -b, --number-nonblank number nonempty output lines -e equivalent to -vE -E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line -n, --number number all output lines -s, --squeeze-blank suppress repeated empty output lines ContinuedConvert blanks in each FILE to tabs, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Copy a file, converting and formatting according to the operands. bs=BYTES read and write BYTES bytes at a time (also see ibs=,obs=) cbs=BYTES convert BYTES bytes at a time conv=CONVS convert the file as per the comma separated symbol list count=BLOCKS copy only BLOCKS input blocks ibs=BYTES read BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. -a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals Create a temporary file or directory, safely, and print its name. TEMPLATE must contain at least 3 consecutive `X's in last component. If TEMPLATE is not specified, use tmp.XXXXXXXXXX, and --tmpdir is implied. Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDiagnose invalid or unportable file names. -p check for most POSIX systems -P check for empty names and leading "-" --portability check for all POSIX systems (equivalent to -p -P) Directory: Display file or file system status. -L, --dereference follow links -f, --file-system display file system status instead of file status Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date. -d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not `now' -f, --file=DATEFILE like --date once for each line of DATEFILE Dmitry V. LevinDrop any supplemental groups, assume the user-ID and group-ID of the specified USER (numeric ID or user name), and run COMMAND with any specified ARGUMENTs. Exit with status 111 if unable to assume the required user and group ID. Otherwise, exit with the exit status of COMMAND. This program is useful only when run by root (user ID zero). EMT trapEXITEach range is one of: N N'th byte, character or field, counted from 1 N- from N'th byte, character or field, to end of line N-M from N'th to M'th (included) byte, character or field -M from first to M'th (included) byte, character or field With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Echo the STRING(s) to standard output. -n do not output the trailing newline Eric BlakeExit with a status code indicating failure.Exit with a status code indicating success.Exit with the status determined by EXPRESSION. F. PinardFAILEDFIXME: unknownFORMAT must be suitable for printing one argument of type `double'; it defaults to %.PRECf if FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are all fixed point decimal numbers with maximum precision PREC, and to %g otherwise. Fifos do not have major and minor device numbers.File size limit exceededFilesystem Filesystem TypeFilter adjacent matching lines from INPUT (or standard input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output). With no options, matching lines are merged to the first occurrence. Floating point exceptionFor complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' For each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by whitespace. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input. -a FILENUM print unpairable lines coming from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2 -e EMPTY replace missing input fields with EMPTY Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block. General help using GNU software: Giuseppe ScrivanoH. Peter AnvinHangupI/O possibleIDLEIan Lance TaylorIdleIf FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Illegal instructionIn addition, file system backups and remote mirrors may contain copies of the file that cannot be removed, and that will allow a shredded file to be recovered later. In real life: In the 1st form, create a link to TARGET with the name LINK_NAME. In the 2nd form, create a link to TARGET in the current directory. In the 3rd and 4th forms, create links to each TARGET in DIRECTORY. Create hard links by default, symbolic links with --symbolic. When creating hard links, each TARGET must exist. Symbolic links can hold arbitrary text; if later resolved, a relative link is interpreted in relation to its parent directory. In the case of ext3 file systems, the above disclaimer applies (and shred is thus of limited effectiveness) only in data=journal mode, which journals file data in addition to just metadata. In both the data=ordered (default) and data=writeback modes, shred works as usual. Ext3 journaling modes can be changed by adding the data=something option to the mount options for a particular file system in the /etc/fstab file, as documented in the mount man page (man mount). Infinity BInformation requestInterruptInterrupted by a signalInvalid back referenceInvalid character class nameInvalid collation characterInvalid content of \{\}Invalid preceding regular expressionInvalid range endInvalid regular expressionJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfKilledLINELOGINList information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort. LoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnMemory allocation failureMemory exhaustedMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNAMENameName or service not knownNo address associated with hostnameNo matchNo previous regular expressionNon-recoverable failure in name resolutionOKOnly one string may be given when deleting without squeezing repeats.Option --string without a number implies 3; option --width without a number implies 32. By default, od uses -A o -t oS -w16. Ordering options: Other options: Output a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. Determine format of output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output defaults Output fixed-size pieces of INPUT to PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ...; default size is 1000 lines, and default PREFIX is `x'. With no INPUT, or when INPUT is -, read standard input. Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files `xx00', `xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output. Output platform dependent limits in a format useful for shell scripts. Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. PIDPackaged by %s Packaged by %s (%s) Padraig BradyPaginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Parameter string not correctly encodedPassword:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlan: Power failurePremature end of regular expressionPrint ARGUMENT(s) according to FORMAT, or execute according to OPTION: Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print NAME with its trailing /component removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output `.' (meaning the current directory). Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s. -a, --all print all information, in the following order, except omit -p and -i if unknown: -s, --kernel-name print the kernel name -n, --nodename print the network node hostname -r, --kernel-release print the kernel release Print checksum and block counts for each FILE. -r use BSD sum algorithm, use 1K blocks -s, --sysv use System V sum algorithm, use 512 bytes blocks Print group memberships for each USERNAME or, if no USERNAME is specified, for the current process (which may differ if the groups database has changed). Print information about users who are currently logged in. Print machine architecture. Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT. -f, --format=FORMAT use printf style floating-point FORMAT -s, --separator=STRING use STRING to separate numbers (default: \n) -w, --equal-width equalize width by padding with leading zeroes Print or change terminal characteristics. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the current time, the length of time the system has been up, the number of users on the system, and the average number of jobs in the run queue over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes.Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. -s, --silent, --quiet print nothing, only return an exit status Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the full filename of the current working directory. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the name of the current user. Print the number of processing units available to the current process, which may be less than the number of online processors Print the prime factors of each specified integer NUMBER. If none are specified on the command line, read them from standard input. Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID. Same as id -un. Print user and group information for the specified USERNAME, or (when USERNAME omitted) for the current user. -a ignore, for compatibility with other versions -Z, --context print only the security context of the current user -g, --group print only the effective group ID -G, --groups print all group IDs -n, --name print a name instead of a number, for -ugG -r, --real print the real ID instead of the effective ID, with -ugG -u, --user print only the effective user ID Print value of a symbolic link or canonical file name Processing request in progressProfiling timer expiredProject: Q. Frank XiaQuitRandy SmithReal-time signal %dReformat each paragraph in the FILE(s), writing to standard output. The option -WIDTH is an abbreviated form of --width=DIGITS. Regular expression too bigRemove (unlink) the FILE(s). -f, --force ignore nonexistent files, never prompt -i prompt before every removal Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty ignore each failure that is solely because a directory is non-empty Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Report %s bugs to: %s Report %s translation bugs to Request canceledRequest not canceledResource lostRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonRun COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling. With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Nicenesses range from %d (most favorable scheduling) to %d (least favorable). -n, --adjustment=N add integer N to the niceness (default 10) Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals. Run COMMAND, with modified buffering operations for its standard streams. Run a program in a different security context. With neither CONTEXT nor COMMAND, print the current security context. CONTEXT Complete security context -c, --compute compute process transition context before modifying -t, --type=TYPE type (for same role as parent) -u, --user=USER user identity -r, --role=ROLE role -l, --range=RANGE levelrange Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerSegmentation faultSend signals to processes, or list signals. Servname not supported for ai_socktypeSet LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Set each NAME to VALUE in the environment and run COMMAND. -i, --ignore-environment start with an empty environment -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -u, --unset=NAME remove variable from the environment Shell: Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default. Shrink or extend the size of each FILE to the specified size A FILE argument that does not exist is created. If a FILE is larger than the specified size, the extra data is lost. If a FILE is shorter, it is extended and the extended part (hole) reads as zero bytes. Simon JosefssonSpecial files require major and minor device numbers.Stack faultStoppedStopped (signal)Stopped (tty input)Stopped (tty output)Stuart KempSuccessSummarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. System errorTIMETemporary failure in name resolutionTerminatedThe following optional flags may follow `%': - (hyphen) do not pad the field _ (underscore) pad with spaces 0 (zero) pad with zeros ^ use upper case if possible # use opposite case if possible The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. -H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it -L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered -P do not traverse any symbolic links (default) The strings compared were %s and %s.Torbjorn GranlundTrace/breakpoint trapTrailing backslashTranslate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing to standard output. -c, -C, --complement use the complement of SET1 -d, --delete delete characters in SET1, do not translate -s, --squeeze-repeats replace each input sequence of a repeated character that is listed in SET1 with a single occurrence of that character -t, --truncate-set1 first truncate SET1 to length of SET2 Try `%s --help' for more information. Try `%s ./%s' to remove the file %s. Two strings must be given when both deleting and squeezing repeats.Two strings must be given when translating.Ulrich DrepperUnknown errorUnknown signal %dUnknown system errorUnmatched ( or \(Unmatched ) or \)Unmatched [ or [^Unmatched \{Update the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time. A FILE argument that does not exist is created empty, unless -c or -h is supplied. A FILE argument string of - is handled specially and causes touch to change the times of the file associated with standard output. Urgent I/O conditionUsage: %s Usage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s CONTEXT COMMAND [args] or: %s [ -c ] [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-t TYPE] [-l RANGE] COMMAND [args] Usage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NUMBER[SUFFIX]... or: %s OPTION Pause for NUMBER seconds. SUFFIX may be `s' for seconds (the default), `m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. Unlike most implementations that require NUMBER be an integer, here NUMBER may be an arbitrary floating point number. Given two or more arguments, pause for the amount of time specified by the sum of their values. Usage: %s OPTION... COMMAND Usage: %s OPTION... FILE... Usage: %s OPTION... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [SETTING]... or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-a|--all] or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-g|--save] Usage: %s [-WIDTH] [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NAME] or: %s OPTION Print or set the hostname of the current system. Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPERAND]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] Print the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) for the current host. Usage: %s [OPTION] NEWROOT [COMMAND [ARG]...] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... CONTEXT FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-l RANGE] [-t TYPE] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... or: %s [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form) or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form) Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] or: %s -e [OPTION]... [ARG]... or: %s -i LO-HI [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Base64 encode or decode FILE, or standard input, to standard output. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] or: %s --traditional [OPTION]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Print or check %s (%d-bit) checksums. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [PREFIX]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [TEMPLATE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [VARIABLE]... Print the values of the specified environment VARIABLE(s). If no VARIABLE is specified, print name and value pairs for them all. Usage: %s [SHORT-OPTION]... USER COMMAND [ARGUMENT]... or: %s LONG-OPTION Usage: %s [SHORT-OPTION]... [STRING]... or: %s LONG-OPTION Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [ignored command line arguments] or: %s OPTION Usage: test EXPRESSION or: test or: [ EXPRESSION ] or: [ ] or: [ OPTION User defined signal 1User defined signal 2Using -s ignores -L and -P. Otherwise, the last option specified controls behavior when the source is a symbolic link, defaulting to %s. Valid arguments are:Valid format sequences for file systems: %a Free blocks available to non-superuser %b Total data blocks in file system %c Total file nodes in file system %d Free file nodes in file system %f Free blocks in file system %C SELinux security context string Virtual timer expiredWARNING: --page-increment is deprecated; use --line-increment insteadWARNING: --preserve_context is deprecated; use --preserve-context insteadWARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s WARNING: ignoring --context (-Z); this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --preserve-context; this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --strip-program option as -s option was not specifiedWarning: WhenWhereWindow changedWith --follow (-f), tail defaults to following the file descriptor, which means that even if a tail'ed file is renamed, tail will continue to track its end. This default behavior is not desirable when you really want to track the actual name of the file, not the file descriptor (e.g., log rotation). Use --follow=name in that case. That causes tail to track the named file in a way that accommodates renaming, removal and creation. Wrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write a random permutation of the input lines to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to standard output. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``-%c' extra characters or invalid number in the argument: %s`--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argument`-N NUMBER' invalid starting line number: %s`-W PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %s`-l PAGE_LENGTH' invalid number of lines: %s`-o MARGIN' invalid line offset: %s`-w PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %sa command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sai_family not supportedai_socktype not supportedambiguous argument %s for %san input delimiter may be specified only when operating on fieldsappending output to %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileblock special files not supportedboth SI and IEC prefixes present on unitsboth files cannot be standard inputbyte offset %s is too largecan't apply partial context to unlabeled file %scan't get process contextcannot access %scannot backup %scannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change ownership of %scannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot chdir to root directorycannot combine --target-directory (-t) and --no-target-directory (-T)cannot combine --target-directory and --no-target-directorycannot combine -e and -i optionscannot combine any two of {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}cannot combine block and unblockcannot combine excl and nocreatcannot combine lcase and ucasecannot combine mode and --reference optionscannot combine signal with -l or -tcannot compare file names %s and %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot create temporary file in %scannot dereference %scannot determine device and inode of %scannot determine hostnamecannot determine location of %s. reverting to pollingcannot do ioctl on %scannot find name for group ID %lucannot find name for user ID %lucannot follow %s by namecannot force target context to %s and preserve itcannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot get nicenesscannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open %s for writingcannot open directory %scannot operate on dangling symlink %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot perform formatted outputcannot preserve extended attributes, cp is built without xattr supportcannot preserve security context without an SELinux-enabled kernelcannot print "only" of more than one choicecannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot print security context when user specifiedcannot read directory %scannot read file names from %scannot read file system information for %scannot read realtime clockcannot read symbolic link %scannot read table of mounted file systemscannot remove %scannot remove directory: %scannot reposition file pointer for %scannot run %scannot set %scannot set datecannot set group idcannot set group-ID to %lucannot set groupscannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot set name to %scannot set nicenesscannot set time stamps for %scannot set user idcannot set user-ID to %lucannot skip past end of combined inputcannot specify --null (-0) with commandcannot specify both printing across and printing in parallelcannot specify number of columns when printing in parallelcannot specify times from more than one sourcecannot split in more than one waycannot stat %scannot stat current directory (now %s)cannot stat standard inputcannot touch %scannot un-backup %scannot unlink %scannot unset %scannot watch %scannot watch parent directory of %scannot work around kernel bug after allchanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %schanging security context of %s character offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special filecharacter special files not supportedclearing permissions for %sclock changeclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing directory %sclosing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputcompatibility mode supports at most one fileconflicting empty-field replacement stringsconflicting security context specifiers givencould not set buffering of %s to mode %s couldn't create process for %s -dcouldn't create temporary filecouldn't execute %scouldn't execute %s -dcouldn't find directory entry in %s with matching i-nodecouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %screating file %s creating hard link %screating hard link %s => %screating hard link to %.0s%screating symbolic link %screating symbolic link %s -> %sdelimiter list ends with an unescaped backslash: %sdirectorydivision by zerodup2 failedempty %s not allowedempty file nameempty taberror closing fileerror in regular expression matchererror in regular expression searcherror initializing month stringserror monitoring inotify eventerror reading %serror reading inotify eventerror waiting for commanderror writing %sexit=extra argument %sextra operand %sextra operand %s extra operand %s not allowed with -%cfailed to change context of %s to %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to chdir to %sfailed to clone %sfailed to compute a new contextfailed to create directory via template %sfailed to create file via template %sfailed to create security context: %sfailed to get attributes of %sfailed to get current contextfailed to get file system create contextfailed to get groups for the current processfailed to get groups for user %sfailed to get security context of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to open %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to redirect standard errorfailed to redirect stderr to /dev/nullfailed to remove %sfailed to remove directory %sfailed to render standard input unusablefailed to reopen %s with mode %sfailed to restore the default file creation contextfailed to return to initial working directoryfailed to run command %sfailed to set %s security context component to %sfailed to set additional groupsfailed to set default file creation context to %sfailed to set group-IDfailed to set new range %sfailed to set new role %sfailed to set new type %sfailed to set new user %sfailed to set supplemental group(s)failed to set the copy of stderr to close on execfailed to set the security context of %s to %sfailed to set user-IDfailed to stat %sfailed to turn off O_DIRECT: %sfailed to update the environment with %sfdatasync failed for %sfflush failedfield number %s is too largefield number is zerofields and positions are numbered from 1fifofile %d is not in sorted orderfile operands cannot be combined with --files0-fromfile operands cannot be combined with --print-database (-p)file system type %s both selected and excludedfork system call failedformat %s ends in %%format %s has no %% directiveformat %s has too many %% directivesformat %s has unknown %%%c directiveformat string may not be specified when printing equal width stringsfsync failed for %sfts_close failedfts_read failedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsignoring inputignoring input and appending output to %signoring input and redirecting stderr to stdoutignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %signoring non-option argumentsincompatible join fields %lu, %luincompatible tabsincorrect passwordinotify cannot be used, reverting to pollinginput disappearedinput line is too longinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid %s%s argument `%s'invalid --%s argument %sinvalid adjustment %sinvalid argument %sinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid body numbering style: %sinvalid buffering mode %s for %s invalid byte or field listinvalid character `%c' in type string %sinvalid character class %sinvalid context: %sinvalid conversioninvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid date %sinvalid date format %sinvalid decreasing rangeinvalid device %s %sinvalid device type %sinvalid field number: %sinvalid field specifier: %sinvalid field width: %sinvalid file number in field spec: %sinvalid floating point argument: %sinvalid footer numbering style: %sinvalid format precisioninvalid format widthinvalid gap width: %sinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid group list %sinvalid group: %sinvalid header numbering style: %sinvalid inputinvalid input flaginvalid input range %sinvalid integer %sinvalid integer argument %sinvalid line count %sinvalid line discipline %sinvalid line number field width: %sinvalid line number increment: %sinvalid line numbering format: %sinvalid line width: %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid maximum depth %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid modeinvalid mode %sinvalid mode: %sinvalid number %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of blank lines: %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of columns: %sinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid number of lines: 0invalid option -- %cinvalid option -- %c; -WIDTH is recognized only when it is the first option; use -w N insteadinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid output flaginvalid page range %sinvalid precision: %sinvalid range with no endpoint: -invalid repeat count %s in [c*n] constructinvalid specinvalid starting line number: %sinvalid status flaginvalid suffix %s, contains directory separatorinvalid suffix in %s%s argument `%s'invalid tab size: %sinvalid template, %s, contains directory separatorinvalid template, %s; with --tmpdir, it may not be absoluteinvalid time interval %sinvalid time style format %sinvalid trailing option -- %cinvalid type string %sinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte floating point typeinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte integral typeinvalid universal character name \%c%0*xinvalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sinvalid wrap size: %sinvalid zero-length file nameit is dangerous to operate recursively on %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)last=leading `-' in a component of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name component %sline buffering stdin is meaninglessline count option -%s%c... is too largeline number %s is smaller than preceding line number, %sline number overflowmaximum --%s argument with current rlimit is %smemory exhaustedmessage queueminimum --%s argument is %smisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing `]'missing argument after %smissing argument to %smissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing destination file operand after %smissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing file operandmissing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operandmissing operand after %smode must specify only file permission bitsmode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multi-character tab %smultiple -i options specifiedmultiple -l or -t options specifiedmultiple compress programs specifiedmultiple delimiters specifiedmultiple levelrangesmultiple output files specifiedmultiple output formats specifiedmultiple random sources specifiedmultiple relative modifiers specifiedmultiple rolesmultiple target directories specifiedmultiple typesmultiple usersneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno change to ownership of %s no command specifiedno file systems processedno files remainingno input from %sno login nameno process ID specifiedno type may be specified when dumping stringsno username specified; at least one must be specified when using -lnonportable character %s in file name %snot a ttynot writing through dangling symlink %snumber in %s is too largenumber of bytesnumber of linesoffset overflow while reading file %somitting directory %sonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one device may be specifiedonly one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %soption used in invalid context -- %coptions --backup and --no-clobber are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --preserve-timestamps are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --strip are mutually exclusiveoptions `-%s' are incompatibleoutput file suffixes exhaustedoverflow extending size of file %soverflow rounding up size of file %sownership of %s retained ownership of %s retained as %s page number overflowpage width too narrowpreserving permissions for %spreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedreading %sreading directory %srecord too largeredirecting stderr to stdoutregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %srun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptyset LC_ALL='C' to work around the problemsetting flags for %ssetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectskip-bytes + read-bytes is too largeskipping %s, since it's on a different deviceskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstderrstdinstdoutstray character in field specstring comparison failedstring transformation failedstrip process terminated abnormallysuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errorsystem boottab size cannot be 0tab size contains invalid character(s): %stab sizes must be ascendingtab stop is too large %stab stop value is too largetabs are too far aparttarget %s is not a directorytarget directory not allowed when installing a directoryterm=test and/or [the --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --compare (-C) option is ignored when you specify a mode with non-permission bitsthe --context (-Z) option is obsolete and will be removed in a future releasethe --quiet option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the argument %s lacks a leading `+'; when using an option to specify date(s), any non-option argument must be a format string beginning with `+'the delimiter must be a single characterthe options for verbose and stty-readable output styles are mutually exclusivethe options to output dircolors' internal database and to select a shell syntax are mutually exclusivethe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivethe strings compared were %s and %sthe strip option may not be used when installing a directorythe untransformed string was %stime %s is out of rangeto use user-ID %s you need to use -g tootoo few X's in template %stoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtoo many characters in settoo many repeated linestoo many templatestotaltraversal failed: %styped memory objectuid=%luunable to display error messageunable to record current working directoryunable to set security context %sunexpected failure: fts_info=%d: %s please report to %sunknown binary operatorunknown status from command (0x%X)unknown streamunknown user-ID: %sunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableunrecognized operand %sunrecognized prefix: %sup %ld day %2d:%02d, up %ld days %2d:%02d, up ???? days ??:??, use --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeuser %s does not existusing %s to denote standard input does not work in file system modeusing arbitrary-precision arithmeticusing restricted shell %susing single-precision arithmeticwaiting for %s [-d]waiting for stripwarning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredwarning: %s: failed to change context to %swarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: --retry is useful mainly when following by namewarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: `touch %s' is obsolete; use `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'warning: an unescaped backslash at end of string is not portablewarning: backslash at end of formatwarning: cannot change directory to %swarning: cannot remove: %swarning: following standard input indefinitely is ineffectivewarning: ignoring excess arguments, starting with %swarning: invalid file offset after failed readwarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: line number %s is the same as preceding line numberwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: summarizing conflicts with --max-depth=%luwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0warning: the --%s option is obsolete; use --referencewarning: the ambiguous octal escape \%c%c%c is being interpreted as the 2-byte sequence \0%c%c, %cwarning: unrecognized escape `\%c'warning: working around lseek kernel bug for file (%s) of mt_type=0x%0lx -- see for the list of typesweird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen reading file names from stdin, no file name of %s allowedwhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'will not copy %s through just-created symlink %swill not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swith --parents, the destination must be a directorywith --suffix, template %s must end in Xwrite errorwrite error for %swrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify -c, -t, -u, -l, -r, or contextyou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsyou must specify one of %s or %sProject-Id-Version: GNU coreutils 8.3 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2010-01-08 09:21+0100 Last-Translator: Primož Peterlin Language-Team: Slovenian MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8-bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=4; plural=(n%100==1 ? 1 : n%100==2 ? 2 : n%100==3 || n%100==4 ? 3 : 0); ( IZRAZ ) IZRAZ je pravilen ! IZRAZ IZRAZ ni pravilen IZRAZ1 -a IZRAZ2 IZRAZ1 in IZRAZ2 sta oba pravilna IZRAZ1 -o IZRAZ2 IZRAZ1 ali IZRAZ2 sta pravilna --check-order preveri, ali je vhod pravilno urejen, četudi so vse vhodne vrstice s pari --nocheck-order ne preverjaj, ali je vhod pravilno urejen -1 izpusti vrstice, ki se pojavijo samo v prvi datoteki -2 izpusti vrstice, ki se pojavijo samo v drugi datoteki -3 izpusti vrstice, ki se pojavijo v obeh datotekah -a, --all isto kot -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot čas zadnjega zagona -d, --dead izpis mrtvih procesov -H, --heading izpiši vrstico z legendo -b DATOTEKA DATOTEKA obstaja in je bločna posebna enota -c DATOTEKA DATOTEKA obstaja in je znakovna posebna enota -d DATOTEKA DATOTEKA obstaja in je imenik -e DATOTEKA DATOTEKA obstaja -l dolga oblika izpisa -b v dolgi obliki izpusti domači imenik in ukazno lupino -h v dolgi obliki izpusti uporabnikovo datoteko .project -p v dolgi obliki izpusti uporabnikovo datoteko .plan -s kratka oblika izpisa (privzeto) [-n] NIZ dolžina NIZA je večja od nič NIZ isto kot -n NIZ -z NIZ dolžina NIZA je enaka nič NIZ1 = NIZ2 niza sta enaka NIZ1 != NIZ2 niza se razlikujeta ARG1 * ARG2 aritmetični produkt ARG1 in ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 aritmetični količnik pri deljenju ARG1 z ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 aritmetični ostanek pri deljenju ARG1 z ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 aritmetična vsota ARG1 in ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 aritmetična razlika ARG1 in ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 je manjši od ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 je manjši ali enak ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 je enak ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 ni enak ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 je večji ali enak ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 je večji od ARG2 DATOTEKA1 -ef DATOTEKA2 datoteki imata isto številko naprave in inoda DATOTEKA1 -nt DATOTEKA2 DATOTEKA1 je bila spremenjena kasneje kot DATOTEKA2 DATOTEKA1 -ot DATOTEKA2 DATOTEKA1 je bila spremenjena prej kot DATOTEKA2 CELO_ŠTEVILO prepiši do navedene vrstice, ne vštevši te vrstice /REGIZR/[ODMIK] prepiši do ODMIKA, ne vštevši ujemajoče se vrstice %%REGIZR%%[ODMIK] preskoči na ODMIK, ne vštevši ujemajoče se vrstice {CELO_ŠTEVILO} ponovi prejšnji regularni izraz navedenokrat {*} ponovi prejšnji regularni izraz, kolikorkrat gre Zapis vrstice ODMIKA je znak »+« ali »-«, ki mu sledi pozitivno celo število. ŠTEVILO1 -eq ŠTEVILO2 celo ŠTEVILO1 je enako celemu ŠTEVILU2 ŠTEVILO1 -ge ŠTEVILO2 celo ŠTEVILO1 je večje ali enako od celega ŠTEVILU2 ŠTEVILO1 -gt ŠTEVILO2 celo ŠTEVILO1 je večje od celega ŠTEVILU2 ŠTEVILO1 -le ŠTEVILO2 celo ŠTEVILO1 je manjše ali enako od celega ŠTEVILU2 ŠTEVILO1 -lt ŠTEVILO2 celo ŠTEVILO1 je manjše od celega ŠTEVILU2 ŠTEVILO1 -ne ŠTEVILO2 celo ŠTEVILO1 ni enako celemu ŠTEVILU2 NIZ : REGIZR ujemanje NIZA s sidranim regularnim izrazom REGIZR match STRING REGIZR isto kot NIZ : REGIZR substr NIZ POLOŽAJ DOLŽINA podniz NIZA, POLOŽAJ se šteje od 1 dalje index NIZ ZNAKI mesto v NIZU, kjer se nahajajo ZNAKI, sicer 0 length NIZ dožina NIZA a oštevilči vse vrstice t oštevilči samo polne vrstice, praznih ne n ne oštevilči nobene vrstice pREGIZR oštevilči samo vrstice, ki se ujemajo z osnovnim regularnim izrazom REGIZR OBLIKA je nekaj od naštetega: ln levo poravnano, brez vodilnih ničel rn desno poravnano, brez vodilnih ničel rz desno poravnano, z vodilnimi ničlami b ustvarimo bločno enoto (z izravnalnikom) c, u ustvarimo znakovno enoto (brez izravnalnika) p ustvarimo FIFO Št. up.=%lu Če je DOLŽINA_STRANI <= 10, se privzame izbira -t. Kadar DATOTEKA ni podana ali je enaka -, se bere standardni vhod. Polje je zaporedje praznih znakov (navadno presledkov ali tabulatorjev), ki mu sledi zaporedje nepraznih znakov. Polja se preskočijo pred znaki. Poenostavljeni program »finger«: izpis informacij o uporbnikih. Datoteka UTMP bo %s. Sam - implicira -i. Če UKAZ ni podan, izpišemo spremenljivke okolja. Minus - brez česarkoli pomeni isto kot -l. Če UPORABNIK ni naveden, se privzame naduporabnik. Vsaki izbiri sledi neobvezna širina polja, navedena kot desetiško število, zatem neobvezni modifikator, ki je nekaj od naslednjega: »E« za lokalizirano alternativno predstavitev, če je ta na voljo, ali »O« za lokalizirane alternativne številčne simbole, če so ti na voljo. Rezultat ovrednotenja IZRAZA je lahko resnično (true) ali neresnično (false). Izpuščen IZRAZ se privzeto ovrednoti kot neresnično. IZRAZ je eden od: V posebnem primeru napravi cp varnostno kopijo IZVORa, kadar sta podani izbiri --force in --backup, IZVOR in CILJ pa sta isto ime za obstoječo navadno datoteko. Število BAJTOV in BLOKOV lahko okrajšamo s priponami za množenje: c = 1, w = 2, b = 512, kB = 1000, K = 1024, MB = 1000×1000, M = 1024×1024, xM = M, GB = 1000×1000×1000, G = 1024×1024×1024, in tako dalje za T, P, E, Z, Y. PRETVORBA je lahko (več izbir ločimo z vejico): Pazite na to, da morajo mnogi operatorji biti zavarovani z obratno poševnico ali narekovaji, da jih ne interpretira ukazna lupina. Primerjava je aritmetična, če sta oba argumenta števili, sicer leksikografska. Ujemanje vzorcev vrne niz med oklepajema \( in \) ali pa prazen niz; če \( in \) nista podana, vrne število znakov, ki se ujemajo, ali 0. GLAVNO in POMOŽNO število moramo vedno navesti za TIP b, c ali u, ne smemo pa ju navesti pri TIPU p. Če se GLAVNO ali POMOŽNO število začne z 0x ali 0X, se ga tolmači kot šestnajstiško število; če se začne z vodilno ničko, kot osmiško, sicer pa kot desetiško število. TIP je lahko: Privzeto ukaz »rm« ne odstrani imenikov. Z izbiro --recursive (-r ali -R) pa odstrani tudi vse navedene imenike z njihovo vsebino vred. Privzete so izbire -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC sta dva ločitvena znaka za ločevanje logičnih strani; če je drugi znak izpuščen, se privzame :. Uporabite \\\\ za \\. SLOG je nekaj od naštetega: Privzeto se z grobo hevristiko ugotavlja, ali je IZVOR razpršena datoteka, CILJ pa je v tem primeru tudi razpršena datoteka. Isto dosežemo tudi z izbiro --sparse=auto. Z izbiro --sparse=always bo CILJ razpršen vedno, kadar IZVOR vsebuje dovolj dolgo zaporedje znakov nič. Izbira --sparse=never vedno prepreči ustvarjanje razpršenih datotek. Če je podana izbira --reflink[=always], se izvede »lahko« kopiranje, pri katerem se podatkovni bloki prepišejo le, če so spremenjeni. Če to ni mogoče, če pride pri kopiranju do napake, ali če je podana izbira --reflink=auto, se uporabi standardno kopiranje. Kombinacijske nastavitve: * [-]LCASE isto kot [-]lcase cbreak isto kot -icanon -cbreak isto kot icanon Krmilne nastavitve: [-]clocal onemogoči modemske krmilne signale [-]cread omogoči sprejem vhoda * [-]crtscts omogoči usklajevanje RTS/CTS csN nastavi velikost znaka v bitih na N; N je v intervalu [5..8] Izpisane vrednosti so v enotah prve razpoložljive VELIKOSTI, podane z izbiro --block-size ter s spremenljivkami okolja %s_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE in BLOCKSIZE. Privzeta enota je 1024 bajtov (512 pri nastavljenem POSIXLY_CORRECT). ZASTAVICA je lahko: append dodajanje na konec datoteke (smiselno le pri izhodu; priporočeno conv=notrunc) Vsaka ZAŠČITA ima obliko »[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+«. Zgledi: %s -12 datoteka1 datoteka2 Izpiši le vrstice, navzoče v datoteki1 in datoteki2 %s -3 datoteka1 datoteka2 Izpiši vrstice, ki so bodisi v datoteki1, bodisi v datoteki2, ne pa v obeh Zgleda: %s /usr/bin/sort Izhod: »sort«. %s include/stdio.h .h Izhod: »stdin«. Zgleda: %s /usr/bin/sort Izhod: »/usr/bin«. %s stdio.h Izhod: ».«. Zgleda: %s f - g Izpiše vsebino datoteke »f«, zatem standardni vhod, zatem vsebino »g«. %s Prepiši vsebino standardnega vhoda na standardni izhod. Zgledi: %s root /u Spremeni lastnika imenika »/u« v »root«. %s root:staff /u Podobno, a obenem spremeni še njegovo skupino v »staff«. %s -hR root /u Spremeni lastnika imenika »/u« in podimenikov v »root«. Zgleda: %s staff /u Spremeni skupino podimenika »/u« v »staff«. %s -hR staff /u Spremeni skupino podimenika »/u« s podimeniki v »staff«. Razen pri izbirah -h in -L se pri vseh testih v zvezi z DATOTEKAMI sledi simbolnim povezavam. Pazite na to, da je potrebno oklepaje opremiti z obratnimi poševnicami, da jih ne tolmači ukazna lupina. Celo ŠTEVILO je lahko tudi -l NIZ, ki se ovrednoti na dolžino NIZA. Izhodni status je 0, če IZRAZ ni prazen ali enak 0; 1, če je IZRAZ prazen ali 0; 2, če IZRAZ ni skladenjsko pravilen; 3, če je prišlo do napake. Izhodni status: 0 če je vse v redu, 1 pri manjših težavah (npr. nedosegljivi podimeniki), 2 pri resnih težavah (npr. nedosegljivi argumenti ukazne lupine). OBLIKA nazdira izpis enako kot pri funkciji printf v C. Tolmačena zaporedja so: \" dvojni narekovaj Izpis določa izbrana OBLIKA. Tolmač razume naslednja zaporedja: %% znak za odstotek: % %a lokalizirano okrajšano ime dneva v tednu (npr. ned) Upravljaj s terminalskim vodom, povezanim s standardnim vhodom. Brez argumentov izpiše hitrost, komunikacijski protokol in vse spremembe glede na stty sane. Pri nastavitvah je ZNAK mogoče podati dobesedno, ali pa v notacijah ^c, 0x37, 0177 ali 127; s posebnimi vrednostmi ^- in undef prekličemo nastavitve posebnih znakov. Če je podana izbira -e, se tolmačijo naslednja zaporedja: Če je DATOTEKA »-«, uniči vsebino, prebrano s standardnega vhoda. DATOTEKE odstranimo le, če je podana izbira --remove (-u). Privzeto datoteke ne odstranimo, kar je primerneje za delo z napravami (npr. /dev/hda). Pri delu z navadnimi datotekami večina uporablja izbiro --remove. Če DATOTEKA ni navedena, pišemo na %s. Običajno je DATOTEKA %s. Če sta podana ARGUMENT1 in ARGUMENT2, uporabi -m; običajno sta argumenta »am i« ali »mom likes«. Če je DATOTEKA podana, iz nje preberemo, katero barvo uporabimo za kateri tip datotek oziroma pripon. Sicer se uporabi vgrajena tabela. Za podrobnosti o skladnji datoteke poženite »dircolors --print-database«. Če sta bodisi PRVO bodisi KORAK izpuščena, se zanju uporabi privzeta vrednost 1; izpuščeni KORAK zavzame vrednost 1 celo takrat, kot je ZADNJE manjše od PRVEGA. PRVO, KORAK in ZADNJE so tolmačena kot števila s plavajočo vejico. KORAK je navadno pozitiven, če je PRVO število manjše od ZADNJEGA, sicer pa negativen. Če je NAČIN enak »0« (ničla), se za tok ne uporablja izravnavanje. Če je NAČIN enak »L«, se za tok uporablja izravnavanje na ravni vrstic. Na izbira ni veljavna, če je izbran standardni vhod. Če je DATOTEKA enaka -, prepišemo nazaj na standardni izhod. Če sta uporabljena tako prva kot druga oblika klica, se upošteva druga, kadar se zadnji operand začne s + ali (kadar sta dva operanda) s števko. Operand ODMIK pomeni izbiro -j ODMIK. OZNAKA je psevdonaslov prvega izpisanega bajta in se prišteje odmiku pri izpisu. Pri ODMIKU in OZNAKI predpona 0x ali 0X naznanja šestnajstiški zapis. Pripone so lahko . za osmiški zapis ali b za množenje s 512. Če UKAZ ni podan, izvedemo »${SHELL} -i« (privzeto /bin/sh). Če je standardni vhod terminal, ga preusmerimo z /dev/null. Če je standardni izhod terminal, dodajamo izhod na »nohup.out«, če je mogoče, sicer pa na »$HOME/nohup.out«. Če je standardni izhod za napake terminal, ga preusmerimo na standardni izhod. Izhod preusmerimo na DATOTEKO z ukazom »%s UKAZ > DATOTEKA«. Če se ukaz ob preteku časa še izvaja, se vrne izhodna statusna koda 124, sicer pa normalna izhodna statusna koda UKAZA. Če SIGNAL ni podan, se pošlje signal TERM. Signal TERM pobije vsak proces, ki ne blokira ali prestreže tega signala. Pri nekaterih procesih je morda treba uporabiti signal KILL (9), ki ga ni mogoče prestreči. Če je število K (število vrstic ali bajtov) predznačeno z znakom »+« (plus), pričnemo izpis od K-te vrstice (K-tega bajta) naprej namesto zadnjih K vrstic (bajtov) v vsaki datoteki. K ima lahko množiteljsko pripono: b za množenje s 512, kB = 1000, K = 1024, MB = 1000×1000, M = 1024×1024, GB = 1000×1000×1000, G = 1024×1024×1024, in tako dalje za T, P, E, Z, Y. Vhodne nastavitve: [-]brkint prekinitve sprožijo signal za prekinitev [-]icrnl pretvori znak CR v NL [-]ignbrk ne upoštevaj prekinitvenih znakov [-]igncr ne upoštevaj znaka za pomik na levi rob K ima lahko množiteljsko pripono: b za množenje s 512, kB = 1000, K = 1024, MB = 1000×1000, M = 1024×1024, GB = 1000×1000×1000, G = 1024×1024×1024, in tako dalje za T, P, E, Z, Y. GPLv3+: GNU GPL, 3. izdaja ali poznejša To je prosto programje; lahko ga redistribuirate in/ali spreminjate. Za izdelek ni NOBENEGA JAMSTVA, do z zakonom dovoljene meje. Lokalne nastavitve: [-]crterase izpisuj znak za brisanje kot brisanje-presledek-brisanje * crtkill pobriši celotno vrstico ob upoštevanju echoprt in echoe * -crtkill pobriši celotno vrstico ob upoštevanju echoctl in echok OPOMBA: Če UKAZ sam prilagodi izravnavanje svojih standardnih tokov (tak je npr. »tee«), bo ta nastavitev prevladala nad nastavitvami, nastavljenimi v »stdbuf«. Nekateri filtri (npr. »dd« in »cat«) ne uporabljajo standardnih tokov za vhod in izhod, zato nastavitve »stdbuf« nanje nimajo učinka. Pomnite: [ upošteva izbiri --help in --version, »test« pa ne. »test« tudi ta niza obravnava enako kot druge neprazne NIZE. OPOZORILO: vaša ukazna lupina ima lahko vgrajeno vrednost %s, ki navadno prevlada nad tu opisano različico. Prosimo, obrnite se na dokumentacijo vaše ukazne lupine za podrobnosti o podprtih izbirah. Pazita na to, da izbiri -d in -t sprejemata različna zapisa datuma in časa. Izbiri -r in -s se medsebojno izključujeta. Primerjave upoštevajo pravila, navedena v »LC_COLLATE«. Pomnite: »uniq« ne zazna ponovljenih vrstic, če te niso v sosledju. Vhod je treba najprej urediti, ali uporabiti »sort -u« brez »uniq«. Primerjava upošteva lokalizirana pravila, navedena v »LC_COLLATE«. Neobvezni minus (-) pred NASTAVITVIJO pomeni njen izklop. Zvezdica (*) označuje nastavitve, ki so razširitve standarda POSIX. Dejansko dostopne nastavitve so odvisne od sistema. Sicer je NAČIN številka, ki ji lahko sledi ena od naslednjih oznak: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000×1000, M 1024×1024 in tako dalje za G, T, P, E, Z in Y. V tem primeru bo izbrani tok izravnavan, velikost izravnalnika pa NAČIN bajtov. Izhodne nastavitve: * bsN slog zakasnitve pri brisalki; N je v intervalu [0..1] * crN slog zakasnitve pri pomiku na začetek vrste; N je v [0..3] * ffN slog zakasnitve pri pomiku na naslednjo stran; N je v [0..1] * nlN slog zakasnitve pri skoku v naslednjo vrsto; N je v [0..1] Če ni podan, lastnik datoteke ostane isti. Skupina se ohrani, če ni podana, spremeni pa v skupino lastnika, če lastniku sledi dvopičje (:). LASTNIK in SKUPINA sta lahko podana s simbolno ali numerično vrednostjo. POZ ima obliko P[.Z][IZBIRE], kjer je P številka polja in Z položaj znaka znotraj polja, oboje šteto od 1 dalje. Če ni podana nobena od izbir -t ali -b, se znaki v polju štejejo od začetka predhodnega presledka. IZBIRE so lahko ena ali več od enočrkovnih izbir urejanja, kar prevlada nad globalnimi nastavitvami za ta ključ. Če ključ ni podan, se kot ključ uporabi celotna vrstica. VELIKOSTI lahko sledi ena od naslednji multiplikativnih pripon: Ovrednoten IZRAZ izpišemo na standardni izhod. Operatorji v spodnjem seznamu so razvrščeni po naraščajoči prednosti, prazna vrstica loči skupine z isto prednostjo. Vrednost IZRAZA je lahko: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1, če ta ni prazen ali enak 0, sicer ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1, če ni noben argumentov prazen ali enak 0, sicer 0 OSNOVA je lahko d (desetiška), o (osmiška), x (šestnajstiška) ali n (nobena). Če ima ŠTEVILO predpono 0x ali 0X, se tolmači kot šestnajstiška vrednost. Množiteljske pripone: b pomeni množenje s 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000×1000, M 1024×1024, GB 1000×1000×1000, G 1024×1024×1024 itn. za T, P, E, Z in Y. Pripona z pri kateremkoli tipu doda prikaz izpisljivih znakov na koncu vsake vrstice. Če je DATOTEKA -, beremo s standardnega vhoda. VZOREC je lahko eden od: Napake v programu %s sporočite na %s Poročila o napakah: %s MNOŽICE določajo nizi znakov. Večinoma predstavljajo sebe, posebej pa se tolmačijo naslednja zaporedja: \\NNN znak z osmiško kodo NNN (dolžina 1, 2 ali 3 osmiške števke) \\\\ obratna poševnica \\a zvonček \\b pomik za en znak v levo \\f skok na novo stran \\n skok v novo vrstico \\r pomik na levi rob \\t vodoravni tabulator SIGNAL lahko podamo z imenom (npr. »HUP«) ali številko (npr. »1«), ali pa z izhodno statusno kodo procesa, ustavljenega s signalom. PID (identifikacijska številkoa uporabnika) je celo število; negativna vrednost določa identifikacijko številko skupine. VELIKOST je številka. Za TIPE d,o,u ali x je VELIKOST lahko tudi C, kar pomeni dolžino tipa char, S (dolžina tipa short), I (dolžina tipa int) ali L (dolžina tipa long). Če je TIP f, je lahko VELIKOST tudi F za dolžino tipa float, D (dolžina tipa double) ali L (dolžina tipa long double). VELIKOST ima lahko predpono, ki je lahko eden od naslednjih modifikatorjev: »+«: povečaj za, »-«: zmanjšaj za, »<«: največ toliko, »>«: najmanj toliko, »/« zaokroži navzdol na večkratnik od, »%« zaokroži navzgor na večkratnik od. VELIKOST je lahko ena od naslednjih oznak (ali pa celo število, ki mu lahko sledi ena od naslednjih oznak): KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000×1000, M 1024×1024 in tako dalje za G, T, P, E, Z in Y. Če pošljemo tekočemu procesu »dd« signal %s, ta izpiše vhodno-izhodne statistike na standardni izhod za napake in nadaljuje z delom. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s Izbire so: Posebni znaki: * dsusp ZNAK ZNAK bo, ko počisti vhodni medpomnilnik, poslal signal za ustavitev terminala eof ZNAK ZNAK bo zaključil datoteko (končal vhod) eol ZNAK ZNAK bo zaključil vrstico Posebne nastavitve: N hitrosti vhoda in izhoda nastavi na N bitov/s * cols N sporoči jedru, da uporabljamo terminal z N stolpci * columns N isto kot cols N TIP je lahko eno ali več določil s seznama: a poimenovani znaki c znaki ASCII; neizpisljivi znaki uvedeni z obratno poševnico Varnostna kopija ima pripono »~«, razen če ni z izbiro --suffix ali spremenljivko SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX nastavljeno drugače. Vrsto varnostnih kopij lahko nastavimo z izbiro --backup ali spremenljivko VERSION_CONTROL. Možnosti so: Podatki so kodirani skladno z abecedo base64, opisano v priporočilu RFC 3548. Dekodiranje ob znakih abecede base64 tolerira znake za nove vrstice. Uporabite --ignore-garbage za poskus rekonstrukcije kodiranega toka, ki vsebuje še druge znake izven abecede base64. Naslednje tri izbire so uporabne le pri preverjanju nadzornih vsot: --quiet brez izpisa pri uspešno verificiranih datotekah --status brez izpisa, izhodna statusna koda kaže uspeh -w, --warn z opozorili pri nepravilno oblikovanih vrsticah z nadzornimi vsotami MD5 Izračun nadzornih vsot je opisan v %s. Pri preverjanju mora biti datoteka z vrednostmi v enaki obliki kot izpis programa. Privzet način je izpis vrstice z nadzorno vsoto, statusnim znakom (»*« za binarne, » « za besedilne datoteke) in imenom DATOTEKE, za katero je bila izračunana nadzorna vsota. Veljavna oblikovna zaporedja za datoteke (brez --file-system): %a - Osmiški zapis pravic do dostopa %A - Pravice do dostopa zapisane v človeku umljivi obliki %b - Število dodeljenih blokov (glej %B) %B - Velikost v bajtih za vsak blok, ki ga javi »%b« %C - niz z varnostnim kontekstom SELinux Ta namestitveni program prepiše datoteke (pogosti pravkar prevedene) v podane ciljne imenike. Če želite naložiti in namestiti pripravljene programske pakete v sistem GNU/Linux, uporabite program za upravljanje programskih paketov, npr. yum(1) ali apt-get(1). V prvih treh oblikah prepišemo IZVOR na CILJ ali več IZVOROV v IMENIK ter obenem nastavimo zaščito, lastnika in skupino. V četrti obliki ustvarimo nov IMENIK ali več IMENIKOV s podanimi lastnostmi. Datoteko, katere ime se začne z minusom (npr. »-bla«) lahko odstranimo z enim od naslednjih dveh ukazov: %s -- -bla %s ./-bla Določila v tradicionalni obliki lahko kombiniramo in se sestavljajo: -a isto kot -t a, poimenovani znaki, brez osmega bita -b isto kot -t o1, osmiški izpis bajtov -c isto kot -t c, ASCII; neizpisljive znake uvedi z obratno poševnico -d isto kot -t u2, desetiški izpis dvobajtnih nepredznačenih enot Če izbira -d ni podana in sta navedeni tako MNOŽICA1 kot MNOŽICA2, se izvede prevedba. Izbira -t se sme uporabiti samo ob prevedbi. Če je MNOŽICA 2 krajša od MNOŽICE 1, se privzame ponovitev zadnjega znaka v MNOŽICI 2 do dolžine MNOŽICE 1. Znaki, ki v MNOŽICI 2 segajo prek dolžine MNOŽICE 1, se ne upoštevajo. Edino razreda [:lower:] in [:upper:] se zajamčeno razširita v naraščajočem vrstnem redu. Če je kateri od njiju naveden v MNOŽICI 2, ju lahko uporabimo le za pretvorbo med velikimi in malimi črkami. Izbira -s uporablja MNOŽICO 1, kadar ne prevajamo ali brišemo, sicer pa stiskanje uporablja MNOŽICO 2 in se izvede po prevajanju in brisanju. Izbire -b, -c in -f se medsebojno izključujejo. Vsak SEZNAM lahko sestavlja en ali več razponov, ki so med seboj ločeni z vejico. Izbrani vhod je zapisan v istem vrstnem redu, kot je bil prebran, in je zapisan natanko enkrat. Uporaba barv za razločevanje zvrsti datotek je onemogočeno privzeto in z izbiro --color=never. Pri izbiri --color=auto ls doda barvne kode le, če je standardni izhod povezan s terminalom. Spremenljivka okolja LS_COLORS lahko spremeni nastavitev. Nastavite jo z ukazom dircolors. Kadar DATOTEKA ni podana ali je enaka -, se bere standardni vhod. Privzeto označevanje okrajšanih vrstic je »-F /«. Če DATOTEKA ni podana, ali pa je enaka -, beremo s standardnega vhoda. Brez podanih izbir program izpiše tri stolpce. V prvem stolpcu so vrstice, ki se pojavijo le v DATOTEKI1, v drugem vrstice, ki se pojavijo le v DATOTEKI2, v tretjem pa vrstice, skupne obema datotekama. Brez navedene IZBIRE izpišemo nekaj uporabnih identifikacijskih informacij. Na standardni izhod zapišemo enoznačno predstavitev DATOTEKE, privzeto osmiški zapis bajtov. Če je navedenih več DATOTEK, jih na vhodu zlepimo v zaporedje. Če DATOTEKA ni podana ali je enaka -, beremo s standardnega vhoda. ??? --backup[=TIP] pred pisanjem prek obstoječe ciljne datoteke izdelaj varnostno kopijo podanega TIPA -b enako kot --backup, vendar ne sprejema argumenta -f, --force brez vprašanj piši prek obstoječih CILJEV -i, --interactive zahtevaj potrditev pred pisanjem prek obstoječega CILJA -n, --no-clobber ne piši prek obstoječih datotek Ob hkratni navedbi izbir -i, -f in -n se upošteva zadnja od njih. --backup[=TIP] pred pisanjem prek obstoječe ciljne datoteke izdelamo varnostno kopijo podanega TIPA -b enako kot --backup, vendar ne sprejema argumenta -d, -F, --directory trde povezave imenikov (samo naduporabnik; zaradi sistemskih omejitev izbira morda ni mogoča) -f, --force odstranimo morebitne obstoječe ciljne datoteke --backup[=TIP] pred pisanjem prek obstoječe ciljne datoteke izdelamo varnostno kopijo podanega TIPA -b enako kot --backup, vendar ne sprejema argumenta -c (se ne upošteva) -C, --compare primerjaj vse pare izvornih in ciljnih datotek, in v nekaterih primerih sploh ne spremeni ciljne datoteke -d, --directory vse argumente obravnavamo kot imena imenikov; ustvarimo vse komponente podanih imenikov --batch-size=N združuj največ N vhodov naenkrat; pri večjem številu uporabi začasne datoteke --block-size=VELIKOST merjeno v VELIKOST bajtov velikih blokih. Glejte spodaj za format podane VELIKOSTI. -B, --ignore-backups ne izpisuj varnostnih kopij, ki se končajo z ~ -c razvrščeno po datumu zadnje spremembe; skupaj z -lt: prikaži čas zadnje spremembe stanja (ctime) in uredi po njem; skupaj z -l: prikaži ctime, urejeno po imenih; sicer: urejeno po ctime --complement komplement množice izbranih bajtov, znakov ali polj --files0-from=DATOTEKA preberi imena datotek s seznama z \0 zaključenih imen v navedeni DATOTEKI; Če je DATOTEKA »-«, se bere standardni vhod. -L, --max-line-length izpiši dolžino najdaljše vrstice -w, --words izpiši število besed --files0-from=S poraba diska za datoteke, navedene v datoteki S; datoteke v seznamu morajo biti ločene z znakom NUL; če je S enak »-«, se bere s standardnega vhoda -H isto kot --dereference-args (-D) -h, --human-readable velikosti v človeku berljivem zapisu (npr. 1K 234M 2G) --si podobno kot -h, vendar v bazi 1000 namesto 1024 --group-directories-first združi imenike pred datotekami mogoča je dopolnitev z izbiro --sort, raba --sort=none (-U) onemogoči združevanje --help ta navodila --indicator-style=BESEDA imenom datotek pripnemo indikator: BESEDA sme biti »none« (privzeto), »slash« (-p), »file-type« (--file-type) ali »classify« (-F) -i, --inode izpis inoda pri vsaki datoteki -I, --ignore=VZOREC pri izpisu izpusti imena, ki ustrezajo VZORCU -k isto kot --block-size=1K --lookup uporabi DNS za poizvedbo o kanoničnih imenih računalnikov -m samo imena računalnikov ter uporabnik, povezan s standardnim vhodom -p, --process izpišemo aktivne procese, ki jih je zagnal init --no-preserve-root imenika »/« ne obravnavamo posebej (privzeto) --preserve-root ne dovoli rekurzivnega dela na »/« -r, -R, --recursive rekurzivno brisanje vsebine imenika s podimeniki vred -v, --verbose z razlago poteka --no-preserve-root imenika »/« ne obravnavamo posebej (privzeto) --preserve-root ne dovoli rekurzivnega dela na »/« --no-preserve-root imenika »/« ne obravnavamo posebej (privzeto) --preserve-root ne dovoli rekurzivnega dela na »/« --no-preserve=SEZN_PRIL ne ohranimo navedenih prilastkov --parents pot do vira dodaj v IMENIK --one-file-system pri hierarhičnem odstranjevanju imenikov preskoči vse imenike na datotečnem sistemu, drugem od tistega, ki pripada argumentu ukazne vrstice --pid=PID obenem z -f: proces zaključimo, ko PID ugasne -q, --quiet, --silent vedno brez izpisa glave z imenom datoteke --retry datoteko poskušaj odpreti, četudi ni dostopna v trenutku, ko poženemo tail ali pa postane nedostopna kasneje -- uporabno skupaj s sledenjem imena (izbira --follow-name) --preserve-context ohrani varnostni kontekst SELinux -Z, --context=KONTEKST nastavi varnostni kontekst SELinux datotek in imenikov --reference=ZGLED namesto izrecno navedenega KONTEKSTA tega nastavimo enako, kot ga ima nastavljen ZGLED -R, --recursive rekurzivno obdelamo imenike in datoteke -v, --verbose z diagnostiko za vsako obdelano datoteko --rfc-3339=DOLOČILO datum v obliki, skladni s priporočilom RFC-3339 DOLOČILO je lahko »date«, »seconds« ali »ns« za datum in uro v navedeni natančnosti. -s, --set=NIZ nastavi čas na v NIZU podano vrednost -u, --utc, --universal izpis ali nastavitev časa v UTC namesto v lokalnem --sort=BESEDA uredi glede na BESEDO: splošno številčno -g, človeku umljivo številčno -h, mesec -M, številčno -n, naključno -R, različica -V -V, --version-sort uredi po številki različice v besedilu --strip-trailing-slashes odstrani zaključne poševnice iz vseh podanih IZVOROV -S, --suffix=PRIPONA izrecno navedena PRIPONA varnostnih kopij --suffix=PRIPONA podani PREDLOGI dodaj PRIPONO. PRIPONA ne sme vsebovati poševnice. Izbira implicira, da se PRIPONA ne zaključi z znakom X. --time prikaži čas zadnje spremembe katerekoli datoteke v imeniku ali kateregakoli od podimenikov --time=BESEDA prikaži čas kot BESEDA namesto časa zadnje spremembe: atime, access, use, ctime ali status --time-style=SLOG prikaži čas z uporabo navedenega SLOGA full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT FORMAT se tolmači kot pri ukazu »date« --time-style=SLOG skupaj z -l: čas prikaži glede na slog, podan s SLOGOM: full-iso, iso, locale, posix-iso, +OBLIKA OBLIKO tolmačimo kot pri ukazu »date«; če je OBLIKA enaka OBLIKA1OBLIKA2, velja prva za stare datoteke, druga pa za nove; če se SLOG začne s predpono »posix-«, velja podani slog samo izven krajevnega okolja POSIX --verbose z izpisom diagnostike tik preden odpremo posamično datoteko --version različica programa --all izpiši število nameščenih procesorjev --ignore=N če je mogoče, izloči N procesnih enot Vel. Upor. Prost Upo% Inodov IUpor IPros IUpo% Vel. Upor Prost Upo% -evenp isto kot -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase isto kot xcase iuclc olcuc litout isto kot -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout isto kot parenb istrip opost cs7 nl isto kot -icrnl -onlcr -nl isto kot icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb dva končna bita za znak (pri »-« je en sam) [-]hup pošlji signal za odložitev, ko zadnji proces zapre terminal [-]hupcl isto kot [-]hup [-]parenb pošiljaj paritetni bit na izhodu in ga pričakuj na vhodu [-]parodd izberi liho pariteto (pri »-« je soda) [-]ignpar ne upoštevaj znakov z napačno pariteto * [-]imaxbel zapiskaj in ne izprazni polnega medpomnilnika na znaku [-]inlcr pretvori znak NL v CR [-]inpck omogoči preverjanje paritete na vhodu [-]istrip najvišji (osmi) bit znakov vedno postavi na nič [-]isig omogoči posebne znake interrupt, quit in suspend [-]noflsh onemogoči izpraznitev medpomnilnika po znakih interrupt in quit * [-]prterase isto kot [-]echoprt * [-]tostop ustavi vsa opravila v ozadju, ki poskušajo pisati na terminal * [-]xcase skupaj z icanon, predhodi vse velike črke z obratno poševnico »\« cooked isto kot brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, znaka eof in eol na njuni privzeti vrednosti -cooked isto kot raw crt isto kot echoe echoctl echoke dec isto kot echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq isto kot [-]ixany ek znaka erase in kill na njuni privzeti vrednosti evenp isto kot parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N vhodno hitrost nastavimo na N bitov/s * line N uporabi komunikacijski protokol N min N z -icanon; naj bo N znakov minimum pri branju ospeed N izhodno hitrost nastavimo na N bitov/s oddp isto kot parenb parodd cs7 -oddp isto kot -parenb cs8 [-]parity isto kot [-]evenp pass8 isto kot -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 isto kot parenb istrip cs7 raw isto kot -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw isto kot cooked sane isto kot cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke, vsi posebni znaki na njihove privzete vrednosti stop ZNAK ZNAK bo ustavil izhod susp ZNAK ZNAK bo poslal signal za ustavitev terminala * swtch ZNAK ZNAK bo preklopil v drugo plast lupine * werase ZNAK ZNAK bo pobrisal nazadnje vneseno besedo %% znak za odstotek %b ARGUMENT kot niz z raztolmačenimi znaki, ki jih uvajajo obratne poševnice; osmiška zaporedja so v obliki \O ali \ONNN Vsa oblikovna določila iz C, ki se končajo na diouxXfeEgGcs so raztolmačena, če je ARGUMENT prej pretvorjen v pravilen podatkovni tip. Spremenljive širine se obravnavajo pravilno. %A lokalizirano polno ime dneva v tednu, spremen. širine (npr. nedelja) %b lokalizirano okrajšano ime meseca (npr. jan) %B lokalizirano polno ime meseca, spremenljive širine (npr. januar) %c lokaliziran izpis datuma in ure (sob 04 nov 1989 12:02:33 CET) %C stoletje; kot %Y, vendar brez zadnjih dveh števk (npr. 20) %d dan v mesecu (npr. 01) %D datum; isto kot %m/%d/%y %e dan v mesecu, dopolnjen s presledki; isto kot %_d %F poln datum; isto kot %Y-%m-%d %g dvoštevilčno leto, ustrezajoče številki tedna ISO (glejte %G) %G štirištevilčno leto, ustrezajoče številki tedna ISO (glejte %V); praviloma uporabno le v kombinaciji z %V %S sekunde (00..60) (60 samo v primeru prestopne sekunde) %t vodoravni tabulator %T čas v 24-urnem zapisu; isto kot %H:%M:%S %u dan v tednu (1..7); 1 je ponedeljek %U številka tedna v letu z nedeljo kot prvim dnevom v tednu (00..53) %V številka tedna ISO, s ponedeljkom kot prvim dnevom v tednu (01..53) %w dan v tednu (0..6); 0 predstavlja nedeljo %W številka tedna v letu s ponedeljkom kot prvim dnevom v tednu (00..53) %d - Številka naprave v desetiškem zapisu %D - Številka naprave v šestnajstiškem zapisu %f - Surov šestnajstiški način %F - Zvrst datoteke %g - Številka skupine (GID) lastnika %G - Ime skupine lastnika %h - Število trdih povezav %i - Številka inoda %n - Ime datoteke %N - Ime datoteke (ciljne datoteke, če gre za simbolno povezavo) %o - Velikost V/I bloka %s - Skupna velikost v bajtih %t - Glavna številka zvrsti enote, šestnajstiško %T - Pomožna številka zvrsti enote, šestnajstiško %h isto kot %b %H ura (00..23) %I ura (01..12) %j dan v letu (001..366) %i - Identifikacijska številka datotečnega sistema, šestnajstiško %l - Največja dovoljena dolžina imen datotek %n - Ime datoteke %s - Optimalna velikost bloka za prenos %S - Osnovna velikost bloka (za štetje blokov) %t - Zvrst v šestnajstiškem zapisu %T - Zvrst v človeku umljivi obliki %k ura ( 0..23) %l ura ( 1..12) %m mesec (01..12) %M minuta (00..59) %n nova vrstica %N nanosekunde (000000000..999999999) %p lokalizirana oznaka za dopoldanske (AM) ali popoldanske (PM) ure %P isto kot %P, a z malimi črkami %r čas v lokaliziranem 12-urnem zapisu (npr. 11:11:04 PM) %R čas v 24-urnem zapisu; isto kot %H:%M %s sekunde od 00:00:00, 1970-01-01 UTC %u - Uporabniška številka (UID) lastnika %U - Uporabniško ime lastnika %x - Čas zadnjega dostopa %X - Čas zadnjega dostopa, v sekundah od 1970-01-01 %y - Čas zadnje spremembe %Y - Čas zadnje spremembe, v sekundah od 1970-01-01 %z - Čas zadnje spremembe inoda %Z - Čas zadnje spremembe inoda, v sekundah od 1970-01-01 %x lokaliziran zapis datuma (npr. 21/31/99) %X lokaliziran zapis ure (npr. 23:13:48) %y zadnji dve števki leta (00..99) %Y leto %z časovni pas v številčnem zapisu +hhmm (npr. +0100) %:z časovni pas v številčnem zapisu +hh:mm (npr. +01:00) %::z časovni pas v številčnem zapisu +hh:mm:ss (npr. +01:00:00) %:::z časovni pas v številčnem zapisu; število dvopičij ustreza zahtevani natančnosti (npr. +04, +05:30) %Z alfanumerična okrajšava časovnega pasu (npr. CET) Privzeto so številčna polja v datumu do polne dolžine polja dopolnjena z ničlami. + SIMBOL ravnaj s SIMBOLOM, kot da je NIZ, čeprav je ključna beseda kot »match« ali operator kot »/« ( IZRAZ ) vrednost IZRAZA --output-delimiter=NIZ razmejilnik med stolpci naj bo NIZ --userspec=UPORABNIK:SKUPINA določi uporabnika ali skupino (ID ali ime) --groups=SEZNAM določi dodatne skupine (g1, g2,... gN) -0, --null vrstice naj se zaključijo z znakom NUL, ne LF -A, --address-radix=OSNOVA OSNOVA pri izpisu odmikov v datoteki (doxn) -j, --skip-bytes=ŠTEVILO pri vsaki datoteki preskočimo prvih ŠTEVILO bajtov -A, --auto-reference izpis samodejno generiranih vnosov -G, --traditional obnašanje kot »ptx« v sistemu System V -F, --flag-truncation=NIZ za označevanje okrajšanih vrstic uporabi NIZ -B, --block-size=VELIKOST štejemo v VELIKOST bajtov velikih blokih -b, --bytes isto kot »--apparent-size --block-size=1« -c, --total skupni povzetek -D, --dereference-args razrešimo le simbolne povezave, navedene v ukazni vrstici -C imena izpišemo v stolpcih --color[=KDAJ] kdaj se uporabijo barve za označitev tipa datoteke Možnosti so »never«, »always« (privzeto) in »auto«; več informacij je spodaj -d, --directory izpis imen imenika(-ov) namesto njihove vsebine, brez sledenja simbolnim povezavam -D, --dired izpis primeren za način »dired« v Emacsu -D ustvarimo vse vodilne komponente CILJA razen zadnje, zatem prepišemo IZVOR na CILJ -g, --group=SKUPINA uporabniška skupina, namesto skupine trenutnega procesa -m, --mode=ZAŠČITA zaščita (kot v chmod), namesto privzete rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=LASTNIK lastnik (samo superuporabnik) -D, --date-format=OBLIKA izpis datuma v glavi v navedeni OBLIKI -e[ZNAK[ŠIRINA]], --expand-tabs[=ZNAK[ŠIRINA]] ZNAKE (privzeto TAB) na vhodu razširimo v tabulator dane ŠIRINE (privzeto 8) -F, -f, --form-feed strani ločimo z znaki za skok na novo stran namesto s praznimi vrsticami (s 3-vrstičnim zglavjem z izbiro -F ali 5-vrstičnim zglavjem in znožjem brez -F) -G, --no-group kot -l, vendar brez izpisa skupine -h, --human-readable skupaj z -l izpiši velikost v človeku umljivem zapisu (npr.1K 234M 2G) --si podobno kot -h, vendar v bazi 1000 namesto 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line sledimo simbolnim povezavam v ukazni vrstici --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir sledimo vsem simbolnim povezavam v ukazni vrstici, ki kažejo na imenike --hide=VZOREC brez impliciranih vnosov, opisanih z VZORCEM -I zahtevamo potrditev pred brisanjem treh ali več datotek, ali pri rekurzivnem brisanju. Manj moteče kot -i, vseeno pa varuje pred večino napak. --interactive[=KDAJ] potrditev glede na KDAJ: never (nikoli), once (enkrat, isto kot -I), always (vedno, isto kot -i, privzeto) -L DATOTEKA DATOTEKA obstaja in je simbolna povezava (isto kot -h) -O DATOTEKA DATOTEKA obstaja in pripada istemu uporabniku -p DATOTEKA DATOTEKA obstaja in je poimenovana cev -r DATOTEKA DATOTEKA obstaja in jo smemo brati -s DATOTEKA DATOTEKA obstaja in ni prazna (dolžina > 0) -L, --dereference sledimo vsem simbolnim povezavam, štejemo ciljne datoteke -P, --no-dereference ne sledimo nobeni simbolni povezavi (privzeto) -O, --null vsako izhodno vrstico zaključimo z znakom NUL namesto NL -S, --separate-dirs brez velikosti podimenikov -s, --summarize za vsak argument samo povzetek -L, --logical uporabi se spremenljivka PWD iz okolja, četudi vsebuje simbolne povezave -P, --physical brez vseh simbolnih povezav -M, --macro-name=NIZ uporabi podano ime makroukaza (privzeto »xx«) -O, --format=roff izpis v obliki stavnega jezika roff -R, --right-side-refs sklici ob desnem robu (niso všteti v -w) -S, --sentence-regexp=REGIZR za konce vrstic ali konce stavkov -T, --format=tex izpis v obliki stavnega jezika tex -N, --read-bytes=ŠTEVILO izpis omejim na ŠTEVILO bajtov v vsaki datoteki -s, --strings[=ŠTEVILO] zaporedje, dolgo vsaj ŠTEVILO bajtov, izpiši kot niz -t, --format=TIP določi obliko ali oblike izpisov -v, --output-duplicates ne uporabi * za oznako izpuščenih vrstic -w, --width[=ŠTEVILO] v vsaki vrstici izpiši ŠTEVILO bajtov --traditional sprejemi argumente v tradicionalni obliki -P, --portability izhodni format POSIX --sync klic sync() pred izpisom porabe -t, --type=TIP samo datotečni sistemi tipa TIP -T, --print-type izpis datotečnega sistem -x, --exclude-type=TIP brez datotečnih sistemov tipa TIP -v (se ne upošteva) -S datoteke uredi po velikosti --sort=BESEDA namesto po imenu uredi po: brez urejanja (BESEDA=none), priponi (extension), času nastanka (time) ali različici (version) --time=BESEDA skupaj z -l: namesto časa zadnje spremembe prikaži čas nastanka (BESEDA=ctime ali status) ali čas zadnjega dostopa (atime, access ali use); skupaj z izbiro --sort=time tudi uredi po izbranem času -S DATOTEKA DATOTEKA obstaja in je vtičnica -t DATOTEKA deskriptor DATOTEKE (navadno standarni izhod) je odprt na terminalu -u DATOTEKA DATOTEKA obstaja in ima postavljen bit SUID -w DATOTEKA DATOTEKA obstaja in nanjo smemo pisati -x DATOTEKA DATOTEKA obstaja in jo smemo izvajati ali iskati -S, --suffix=PRIPONA izrecno določena pripona varnostne kopije -t, --target-directory=IMENIK izrecna navedba IMENIKA, v katerem ustvari povezave -T, --no-target-directory obravnavaj POVEZAVO kot navadno datoteko -v, --verbose z izpisom imen datotek, ki jih povezujemo -SNIZ, --sep-string[=NIZ] stolpce ločimo z navedenim NIZOM Brez -S: privzeto ločilo (TAB pri -J, presledki sicer - isto kot -S" "), brez učinka na nastavitve stolpcev -t, --omit-header brez zglavja in repa -T, --omit-pagination brez zglavja in repa; brez oštevilčenja strani, ki jih povzročijo znaki za skok na novo stran v vhodni datoteki -v, --show-nonprinting z uporabo osmiških vrednosti z ubežnimi zaporedji -w, --width=ŠIRINA_STRANI ŠIRINO STRANI nastavimo na dano število znakov (privz. 72); samo besedilo v več stolpcih; -s[znak] izklopi -T, -w, --mesg navedi možnost pošiljanja sporočil kot +, - ali ? -u, --users seznam vseh prijavljenih uporabnikov --message isto kot -T --writable isto kot -T -W, --page-width=ŠIRINA_STRANI ŠIRINO STRANI nastavimo na dano število znakov (privz. 72); predolge vrstice porežemo razen z izbiro -J; ne vpliva na izbiri -s in -S -W, --word-regexp=REGIZR uporabi REGIZR za lovljenje besed -b, --break-file=DATOTEKA znake v podani DATOTEKI razlomi po besedah -f, --ignore-case pri urejanju obravnavaj male in velike črke enako -g, --gap-size=ŠTEVILO širina razmaka v znakih med polji v izpisu -i, --ignore-file=DATOTEKA seznam neupoštevanih besed preberi iz DATOTEKE -o, --only-file=FILE preberi le seznam besed iz navedene DATOTEKE -Z, --context=CTX nastavi varnostni kontekst SELinux za IME na CTX -Z, --context=CTX za vsako IME nastavi varnostni kontekst SELinux na CTX -a spremeni samo čas zadnjega dostopa -c, --no-create brez ustvarjanja novih datotek -d, --date=NIZ razčleni NIZ in uporabi ta čas namesto trenutnega -f (se ne upošteva) -a, --across skupaj s -STOLPCI; stolpce tiskamo poprek prek strani namesto navzdol. -c, --show-control-chars uporabimo zapis ^G in osmiški zapis z uvodno obratno poševnico -d, --double-space izpis z dvojnim razmakom -a, --all vključno s praznimi datotečnimi sistemi -B, --block-size=N uporabljamo N bajtov velike bloke --total izpis skupne porabe -h, --human-readable velikosti v človeku umljivi obliki (npr. 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si podobno kot -h, vendar z bazo 1000 namesto 1024 -a, --all izpis za vse datoteke, ne le za imenike --apparent-size izpis navidezne dolžine namesto porabe diska; slednja je navadno večja, v določenih primerih (razpršene datoteke, notranja fragmentiranost, indirektni bloki ipd.) pa je lahko tudi manjša -a, --all pretvorimo vse prazne prostore, ne le vodilnih --first-only navzlic izbiri -a pretvorimo samo vodilne presledke -t, --tabs=ŠTEVILO tabulatorji naj bodo ŠTEVILO znakov narazen namesto privzetih 8 (omogoči -a) -t, --tabs=SEZNAM z vejicami ločen seznam eksplicitnih položajev tabulatorja (omogoči -a) -a, --archive isto kot -dR --preserve=all --backup[=TIP] pred pisanjem prek obstoječe ciljne datoteke izdelamo varnostno kopijo podanega TIPA -b enako kot --backup, vendar ne sprejema argumenta --copy-contents pri rekurzivnem prepisovanju prepišemo vsebino posebnih datotek -d isto kot --no-dereference --preserve=links -a, --suffix-length=N uporabi pripone dolžine N (privzeto %d) -b, --bytes=VELIKOST določimo VELIKOST (v bajtih) izhodnih datotek -C, --line-bytes=VELIKOST velikost izhodnih datotek je navzgor omejena na VELIKOST (v bajtih) -d, --numeric-suffixes uporabi številčne pripone namesto črkovnih -l, --lines=ŠTEVILO določimo ŠTEVILO vrstic v izhodni datoteki -b, --before ločilo dodamo pred, ne za izpisano vrstico -r, --regex ločila obravnavamo kot regularne izraze -s, --separator=NIZ vrstice naj ločuje NIZ, ne znak za novo vrstico -b, --binary beri binarno -b, --binary beri binarno (privzeto, razen pri branju s terminala) -b, --body-numbering=SLOG uporabi SLOG pri oštevilčenju vrstic telesa -d, --section-delimiter=CC uporabi CC pri ločitvi logičnih strani -f, --footer-numbering=SLOG uporabi SLOG pri oštevilčenju znožja strani -b, --bytes štejemo bajte namesto znakov -s, --spaces prelom na presledkih -w, --width=ŠIRINA nastavimo ŠIRINO vrstic (privzeto 80) -b, --bytes=SEZNAM izpiši samo navedene bajte -c, --characters=SEZNAM izpiši samo navedene znake -d, --delimiter=RAZMEJ polja so razmejena z znakom RAZMEJ namesto s TAB -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ne upoštevaj vodilnih presledkov -d, --dictionary-order upoštevaj samo črke, števke in presledke -f, --ignore-case male in velike črke so enakovredne -b, --suffix-format=OBLIKA uporabi OBLIKO spritntf namesto %02d -f, --prefix=PREDPONA uporabi podano PREDPONO namesto »xx« -k, --keep-files ob napaki ne odstrani nepopolno zapisanih datotek -c, --bytes=K izpiši zadnjih K bajtov datoteke; uporabite -c +K za izpis bajtov od K-tega dalje v vsaki datoteki -c, --bytes=[-]K izpiši prvih K bajtov vsake datoteke; če številu predhodi »-«, izpiši vse razen zadnjih K bajtov vsake datoteke -n, --lines=[-]K izpiši prvih K vrstic vsake datoteke namesto prvih 10; če številu predhodi »-«, izpiši vse razen zadnjih K vrstic vsake datoteke -c, --check preberi %s vsot iz DATOTEK in jih preveri -c, --check, --check=diagnose-first če je datoteka urejena, je ne urejaj znova -C, --check=quiet, --check=silent kot -c, le brez poročila o prvi slabi vrstici --compress-program=PROGRAM začasne datoteke stisni s PROGRAMOM; pri dekomprimiranju uporabi »PROGRAM -d« --files0-from=DATOTEKA beri vhod s seznama imen datotek v DATOTEKI; imena so zaključena z NUL; če je DATOTEKA »-« , se bere standardni vhod -c, --count na začetku vsake vrstice izpišemo tudi število ponovitev -d, --repeated izpišemo samo podvojene vrstice -c, --crown-margin ohrani zamik prvih dveh vrstic -p, --prefix=NIZ preoblikuj samo vrstice, ki se začno z NIZOM, tega pridaj oblikovanim vrsticam -s, --split-only poreži predolge vrstice, a brez poravnave -c, --no-create ne ustvari nobene datoteke -d, --delimiters=SEZNAM za ločitev uporabimo znake s SEZNAMA namesto TAB -s, --serial datoteke združujemo zaporedno namesto vzporedno -d, --directory ustvari imenik, ne datoteke -u, --dry-run ne ustvari ničesar, le izpiše ime (ni varno) -q, --quiet brez poročila o neuspelem ustvarjanju datoteke/imenika -e pri izpisu tolmači spodaj navedene ubežna zaporedja -E onemogoči tolmačenje ubežnih zaporedij v NIZIH (privzeto) -e pri izpisu tolmači spodaj navedena ubežna zaporedja (privzeto) -E onemogoči tolmačenje ubežnih zaporedij v NIZIH -e, --echo obravnavaj vsak ARG kot vhodno vrstico -i, --input-range=SP-ZG obravnavaj vsako število SP..ZG kot vhodno vrstico -n, --head-lines=VRSTICE izpiši največ navedeno število VRSTIC -o, --output=DATOTEKA zapiši rezultat na DATOTEKO namesto na std. izhod --random-source=DATOTEKA preberi naključne bajte iz datoteke -z, --zero-terminated zaključi vrstice z \0, ne z znakom za novo vrstico -f brez razvrščanja; omogoči -aU, onemogoči -ls --color -F, --classify s pripono (*/=@|) označi tip datoteke --file-type podobno, vendar ne pripenja »*« --format=BESEDA across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time kot -l --time-style=full-iso -f v kratki obliki izpusti legendo k stolpcem -w v kratki obliki izpusti polno ime uporabnika -i v kratki obliki izpusti polno ime uporabnika in ime računalnika -q v kratki obliki izpusti polno ime uporabnika, ime računalnika in čas neaktivnosti -f isto kot -t fF, izpis števil s plavajočo vejico -i isto kot -t dI, desetiški izpis dvobajtnih predznačenih celih števil -l isto kot -t dL, desetiški izpis štiribajtnih predznačenih celih števil -o isto kot -t o2, osmiški izpis dvobajtnih enot -s isto kot -t d2, desetiški izpis dvobajtnih enot -x isto kot -t x2, šestnajstiški izpis dvobajtnih enot -f DATOTEKA DATOTEKA obstaja in je navadna datoteka -g DATOTEKA DATOTEKA obstaja in ima postavljen bit SGID -G DATOTEKA DATOTEKA obstaja in pripada isti skupini -h DATOTEKA DATOTEKA obstaja in je simbolna povezava (isto kot -L) -k DATOTEKA DATOTEKA obstaja in ima postavljen lepljivi bit -f, --canonicalize kanoniziran izpis vsake komponente vsake simbolne povezave z rekurzivnim sledenjem povezav; vse razen zadnje komponente poti morajo obstajati -e, --canonicalize-existing kanoniziran izpis vsake komponente vsake simbolne povezave z rekurzivnim sledenjem povezav; vse komponente poti morajo obstajati -f, --fields=SEZNAM izpiši samo navedena polja; izpiši tudi vse vrstice, ki ne vsebujejo razmejilnika, razen če je podana izbira -s -n (se ne upošteva) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] pri datotekah, ki rastejo, sledimo trenutnemu koncu datoteke; -f, --follow in --follow=descriptor so sopomenke -F isto kot --follow=name --retry -f, --force če ciljne datoteke ni mogoče odpreti, jo odstranimo in poskusimo znova (nepotrebno, če je uporabljena izbira -n) -i, --interactive pred vsakim pisanjem prek obstoječe datoteko zahtevamo potrditev (prevlada nad izbiro -n) -H sledimo simbolnim povezavam v VIRU -f, --force po potrebi dovolimo pisanje na datoteko/enoto -n, --iterations=N prek datoteke pišeno N-krat namesto privzetega (%d) --random-source=DATOTEKA preberi naključne bajte iz DATOTEKE -s, --size=N uničimo podano število bajtov (dovoljene pripone K, M, G...) -f, --silent, --quiet brez večine opozoril o napakah -v, --verbose z diagnostiko za vsako obdelano datoteko --reference=ZGLED namesto, da izrecno navedemo ZAŠČITO, to nastavi enako, kot jo ima ZGLED -R, --recursive rekurzivno obdelaj imenike in datoteke -f, --silent, --quiet brez večine opozoril o napakah --reference=ZGLED namesto izrecno navedene SKUPINE jo nastavi enako, kot jo ima ZGLED -R, --recursive rekurzivno obdelaj imenike in datoteke -v, --verbose z diagnostiko za vsako obdelano datoteko -f, --silent, --quiet brez večine obvestil o napakah --reference=ZGLED lastnika/skupino spremenimo na vrednost, kot jo ima ZGLED, namesto da podamo par LASTNIK:SKUPINA -R, --recursive rekurzivno obdelamo imenike in datoteke -v, --verbose z izpisom diagnostike ob vsaki obdelani datoteki -g kot -l, vendar brez izpisa lastnika -g GID[,GID1...] nastavi tudi primarni ID skupine na številčni GID, ter (če je podano) dodatni ID skupine na GID1... -g, --general-numeric-sort primerjaj po splošni številski vrednosti -i, --ignore-nonprinting v ključih upoštevaj samo izpisljive znake -M, --month-sort ključe uredi: (neznano) < »jan« < ... < »dec« -h, --header-numbering=SLOG uporabi SLOG pri oštevilčenju zglavja strani -i, --line-increment=ŠTEVILO številke vrstic inkrementiraj vsako vrstico -l, --join-blank-lines=ŠTEVILO skupino ŠTEVILA praznih vrstic štej kot eno -n, --number-format=OBLIKA številke vrstic vrini glede na OBLIKO -p, --no-renumber oštevilčenje vrstic naj teče prek log. strani -s, --number-separator=NIZ pripni NIZ (možni) številki vrstice -h, --header=ZGLAVJE uporabimo navedeno osredinjeno ZGLAVJE namesto imena datoteke; -h \"\" izpiše prazno vrstica; ne uporabljajte -h\"\" -i[ZNAK[ŠIRINA]], --output-tabs[=ZNAK[ŠIRINA]] presledke skrčimo v ZNAK (privzeto TAB) do ŠIRINE tabulatorja (privzeto 8) -J, --join-lines združujemo cele vrstice, brez rezanja vrstic z -W, brez poravnave stolpcev, --sep-string[=NIZ] nastavi ločila -h, --human-numeric-sort primerjaj človeku umljiv zapis (npr. 2K, 1G) -h, --no-dereference deluje na simbolne povezave, ne na ciljne datoteke (uporabno samo na sistemih, ki dovoljujejo spremembo lastništva simbolne povezave) -h, --no-dereference deluje na simbolne povezave, ne na ciljne datoteke (uporabno samo na sistemih, ki dovoljujejo spremembo lastništva simbolne povezave) -m spremeni samo čas zadnje spremembe -i, --ignore-case pri primerjanju obravnavamo velike in male črke enako -j POLJE isto kot »-1 POLJE -2 POLJE« -o OBLIKA pri izpisu uporabimo predpisano OBLIKO -t ZNAK navedeni ZNAK naj bo ločilo med polji na vhodu in izhodu -i, --initial nadomesti samo tabulatorje, ki sledijo praznim znakom -t, --tabs=ŠIRINA ŠIRINA tabulatorja naj bo navedeno namesto 8 -i, --inodes izpis informacije o inode namesto o porabi blokov -k isto kot --block-size=1K -l, --local omejimo seznam na lokalni datotečni sistem --no-sync brez klica sync() pred izpisom porabe (privzeto) -i, --interactive s pozivom pred vsakim brisanjem -L, --logical ustvari trde povezave do ciljev simbolnih povezav -n, --no-dereference obravnavaj simbolne povezave na imenik kot navadne datoteke -P, --physical ustvari trde povezave na simbolne povezave -s, --symbolic simbolne povezave namesto trdih -k isto kot --block-size=1K -l, --count-links trde povezeva štejemo po večkrat -m isto kot --block-size=1M -k, --key=POZ1[,POZ2] ključ se začne v stolpcu POZ1 in konča v stolpcu POZ2. Stolpci se štejejo od 1 dalje. -m, --merge že urejene datoteke združi brez ponovnega urejanja -l dolga oblika izpisa -L, --dereference izpis imen datotek, na katere kažejo simbolne povezave, namesto simbolnih povezav -m z vejicami ločena imena prek celotne širine vrstice -l, --length=DOLŽINA_STRANI določimo DOLŽINO STRANI, v vrsticah (privzeto 66) (privzeto število vrstic besedila je 56, z -F 63) -m, --merge datoteke izpisujemo vzporedno, po eno v stolpec. Predolge vrstice porežemo, razen z izbiro -J, kjer združimo celotne -l, --link ustvarimo trde povezave namesto kopij datotek -L, --dereference vedno sledimo simbolnim povezavam v VIRU -l, --login izpiši prijavne procese sistema -m, --canonicalize-missing kanoniziran izpis vsake komponente vsake simbolne povezave z rekurzivnim sledenjem povezav; brez pogojev glede obstoja -n, --no-newline brez izpisa sledilnih znakov za novo vrstico -q, --quiet, -s, --silent brez izpisa večine poročil o napakah -v, --verbose z poročili o napakah -m, --mode=ZAŠČITA nastavi bite ZAŠČITE namesto privzete a=rw - umask -m, --mode=ZAŠČITA nastavi zaščito (kot pri chmod) namesto privzete a=rwx - umask -p, --parents brez opozorila če imenik obstaja; po potrebi ustvari še starševske imenike -v, --verbose z obvestilom o vsakem ustvarjenem imeniku -Z, --context=KONTEKST nastavi varnostni kontekst za vsak ustvarjeni imenik na KONTEKST -n, --digits=ŠTEVKE uporabi navedeno število števk namesto privzetih 2 -s, --quiet, --silent brez izpisa velikosti na standardni izhod -z, --elide-empty-files odstrani prazne izhodne datoteke -n, --lines=K izpišemo zadnjih K vrstic namesto privzetih %d; uporabite -n +K za izpis vrstic začenši z K-to --max-unchanged-stats=N skupaj z --follow=name, ponovno odpri DATOTEKO, ki se ni spremenila v zadnjih N (privzeto %d) branjih; s tem preverimo, ali vmes ni bila izbrisana ali preimenovana (uporabno pri dnevniških datotekah) -n, --no-clobber ne pišemo prek obstoječe datoteke (prevlada nad prejšnjo izbiro -i) -P, --no-dereference nikoli ne sledimo simbolnim povezavam v VIRU -n, --numeric-sort primerjaj po številski vrednosti nizov -R, --random-sort uredi po naključnem ključu --random-source=DATOTEKA beri naključne bajte iz DATOTEKE -r, --reverse izpis v obrnjenem vrstnem redu -n, --numeric-uid-gid številčne vrednosti UID in GID namesto imen -N, --literal izpis imen v neobdelani obliki (npr. krmilnih znakov ne obravnavamo posebno) -o dolga oblika izpisa brez uporabniške skupine -p, --indicator-style=slash imenike označimo s pripono »/« -n[LOČ[ŠTEVILO]], --number-lines[=LOČ[ŠTEVILO]] vrstice oštevilčimo, širina polja je ŠTEVILO (privzeto 5) znakov, sledi LOČ (privzeto TAB). Oštevilčenje gre od prve vrstice vhodne datoteke. -N, --first-line-number=ŠTEVILO oštevilčenje začnemo z navedenim ŠTEVILOM v prvi vrstici na prvi natisnjeni strani (glej +PRVA_STRAN) -o, --indent=ROB vrstice zamaknemo za ROB znakov od levega roba; ne vpliva na -w in -W; ROB se prišteje ŠIRINI_STRANI. -r, --no-file-warnings brez opozoril, kadar ni mogoče odpreti datoteke -o, --output=DATOTEKA izhod zapiši na DATOTEKO namesto na standardni izhod -s, --stable urejanje stabiliziraj z onemogočenjem skrajnih primerjav -S, --buffer-size=VELIKOST določi VELIKOST izravnalnika -p isto kot --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps --preserve[=SEZN_PRIL] če je mogoče, ohranimo navedene prilastke (atribute) datotek (privzeto: mode, ownership, timestamps; dodatno: context, links, xattr, all) -p IMENIK uporabi IMENIK kot predpono; implicira -t (odsvetovano) -t tolmači PREDLOGO kot eno samo komponento imena datoteke, relativno glede na imenik: $TMPDIR, če je nastavljen; imenik, določen s -p; ali /tmp (odsvetovano). -p, --parents odstrani IMENIK in njegove nadimenike, če so prazni; npr.: »rmdir -p a/b/c« naredi isto kot »rmdir a/b/c a/b a« -v, --verbose z diagnostičnim sporočilom za vsak obdelan imenik -p, --preserve-timestamps ohranimo čas dostopa/spremembe, kot jih ima IZVOR -s, --strip ogulimo simbolne tabele --strip-program=PROGRAM za guljenje simbolne tabele uporabi PROGRAM -S, --suffix=PRIPONA izrecno navedemo pripono varnostnih kopij -t, --target-directory=IMENIK prepiši vse IZVORE v IMENIK -T, --no-target-directory obravnavaj CILJ kot navadno datoteko -v, --verbose z izpisom imen vseh ustvarjenih imenikov -q, --count vsi uporabniki in število vseh prijavljenih uporabnikov -r, --runlevel izpišemo trenutni nivo teka sistema -s, --short izpišemo le uporabniško ime, linijo in čas prijave (privzeto) -t, --time izpišemo zadnjo spremembo sistemske ure -q, --hide-control-chars namesto krmilnih znakov izpišemo vprašaje (?) --show-control-chars neobdelan izpis krmilnih znakov (privzeta izbira, razen pri ukazu »ls« in izhodu na terminal) -Q, --quote-name imena izpišemo v dvojnih narekovajih --quoting-style=BESEDA slog izpisa; BESEDA je lahko »literal«, »locale«, »shell«, »shell-always«, »c« ali »escape« -q, --quiet, --silent vedno brez izpisa imena datoteke -v, --verbose vedno izpišemo še ime datoteke -r, --reference=DATOTEKA izpiši čas zadnje spremembe za navedeno DATOTEKO -R, --rfc-2822 čas izpiši skladno s priporočilom RFC-2822 -r, --reference=DATOTEKA uporabi velikost te DATOTEKE -s, --size=VELIKOST uporabi to VELIKOST -r, --reference=DATOTEKA uporabi čas podane DATOTEKE namesto trenutnega -t ŽIG uporabi [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] namesto trenutnega časa --time=BESEDA nastavimo čas, podan z BESEDO: čas dostopa: access, atime, use (isto kot -a) čas spremembe: mtime, modify (isto kot -m) -r, --references prvo polje v vsaki vrstici je sklic -t, --typeset-mode - ni izvedeno - -w, --width=ŠTEVILO širina izhoda v znakih, brez sklicev -r, --reverse razvrstitev po obrnjenem vrstnem redu -R, --recursive rekurziven izpis podimenikov -s, --size izpis velikosti datotek (v blokih) -s, --only-delimited ne izpiši vrstic, ki ne vsebujejo razmejilnika --output-delimiter=NIZ naj bo NIZ razmejilnik na izhodu privzeti izhodni razmejilnik je enak vhodnemu -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL določimo ime ali številko signala, ki ga želimo poslati -l, --list izpišemo imena signalov, ali pretvorimo številko signala v ime (ali obratno) -t, --table izpišemo tabelo signalnih informacij -s, --sleep-interval=S skupaj z -f; premor S sekund (privzeto 1 sekunda) med ponovitvami -v, --verbose vedno z izpisom glave z imenom datoteke -s, --symbolic-link ustvari simbolne povezave namesto kopij -S, --suffix=PRIPONA pripona varnostne kopije naj bo PRIPONA --target-directory=IMENIK vse IZVORE premakni v IMENIK -T, --no-target-directory obravnavaj CILJ kot navadno datoteko -s[ZNAK], --separator[=ZNAK] stolpce ločimo z navedenim ZNAKOM; privzeti ZNAK je TAB, če ni podana izbira -w in 'no char' pri izbiri -w; -s[ZNAK] izključi okrajšanje vrstic za vse tristolpčne izbire (-STOLPEC|-a -STOLPEC|-m), razen če je podan -w -t ureditev po datumu zadnje modifikacije -T, --tabsize=STOLPCEV tabulator nastavljen na STOLPCEV namesto na 8 -t enakovredno sestavljeni izbiri -vT -T, --show-tabs prikaži znake TAB kot ^I -u (se ne upošteva) -v, --show-nonprinting krmilne znake razen LF in TAB izpiši kot ^ and M- -t, --field-separator=LOČILO LOČILO namesto prehodov med znaki in presledki -T, --temporary-directory=IMENIK uporabi IMENIK za začasne datoteke namesto $TMPDIR ali %s; večtere izbire določajo več imenikov -u, --unique skupaj z -c: preveri za strogo urejenost; sicer izpiši samo prve od zaporednih enakih vrstic -t, --tabs=SEZNAM uporabi z vejicami ločen SEZNAM eksplicitnih tabulatorjev -t, --tagged-paragraph zamik prve vrstice v odstavku je različen od druge -u, --uniform-spacing en presledek med besedami, dva za piko -w, --width=ŠIRINA največja širina vrstice (privzeto 75 znakov) -t, --target-directory=IMENIK vse IZVORE premakni v navedeni IMENIK -T, --no-target-directory obravnavaj CILJ kot navadno datoteko -u, --update datoteko premakni samo, če je novejša od obstoječe ciljne ali če ciljna ne obstaja -v, --verbose z razlago poteka -t, --text beri besedilno (privzeto pri branju s terminala) -t, --text beri besedilno (privzeto) -u skupaj z -lt: uredi po datumu zadnjega dostopa in ga prikaži; skupaj z -l: prikaži datum zadnjega dostopa in uredi po imenu; sicer uredi po času zadnjega dostopa -U brez urejanja; kot so v imeniku -v urejanje po številki različice -u, --remove datoteko po uničenju vsebine skrajšaj in odstrani -v, --verbose s prikazom napredka med delom -x, --exact brez zaokroževanja velikosti datotek do polnega bloka (privzeto za predmete, ki niso navadne datoteke) -z, --zero na koncu zapiši prek datoteke ničle, da se prikrije uničenje -u, --update prepiši samo. če je IZVOR novejši od CILJA ali kadar CILJ še ne obstaja -v, --verbose z razlago poteka -x, --one-file-system samo krajevni datotečni sistem -u, --user=UPORABNIK nastavi UPORABNIKA v ciljnem varnostnem kontekstu -r, --role=VLOGA nastavi VLOGO v ciljnem varnostnem kontekstu -t, --type=TIP nastavi TIP v ciljnem varnostnem kontekstu -l, --range=OBSEG nastavi OBSEG v ciljnem varnostnem kontekstu -v, --kernel-version izpiši različico jedra operacijskega sistema -m, --machine izpiši podatke o strojni opremi -p, --processor izpiši vrsto procesorja ali »unknown« -i, --hardware-platform izpiši podatke o strojnem okolju ali »unknown« -o, --operating-system izpiši ime operacijskega sistema -v, --staring-line-number=ŠTEVILO številka prve vrstice na novi logični strani -w, --number-width=ŠTEVILO ŠTEVILO znakov širine za oštevilčenje -w, --check-chars=N primerjamo prvih N znakov v vrstici -w, --width=STOLPCEV širina zaslova STOLPCEV namesto trenutne vrednosti -x izpis urejen v vrstice namesto v stolpce -X abecedna ureditev po priponah -Z, --context izpis varnostnega konteksta SELinux za vsako datoteko -1 izpis po eno datoteko v vrstici -x, --one-file-system brez imenikov na ostalih datotečnih sistemih -X --exclude-from=DATOTEKA brez datotek, ki jih pokrivajo vzorci, podan v DATOTEKI --exclude=VZOREC brez datotek, ki jih pokriva podani VZOREC --max-depth=N razčlenjeni izpis samo za imenike (in datoteke pri izbiri --all), ki so N ali manj ravni pod v ukazni lupini navedenim imenikom; --max-depth=0 je isto kot --summarize -z, --zero-terminated vrstice naj se zaključijo z znakom NUL, ne LF Speči procesi, ki jih ni mogoče prekiniti, tudi prispevajo k prikazu obremenitve. [:graph:] vsi izpisljivi znaki razen presledka [:lower:] vse male črke [:print:] vsi izpisljivi znaki s presledkom vred [:punct:] vsa ločila [:space:] vsi prazni znaki, vodoravni in navpični [:upper:] vse velike črke [:xdigit:] vse šestnajstiške števke [=ZNAK=] vsi znaki, ki so enakovredni navedenemu ZNAKU \0NNN bajt z osmiško kodo NNN (1, 2 ali 3 števke) \xHH bajt s šestnajstiško kodo HH (1 ali 2 števki) \NNN bajt z osmiško kodo NNN (1 do 3 števke) \xHH bajt s šestnajstiško kodo HH (1 ali 2 števki) \uHHHH znak Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) s šestnajstiško kodo HHHH (4 števke) \UHHHHHHHH znak Unicode s šestnajstiško kodo HHHHHHHH (8 števk) \\ obratna poševnica \a zvonček (BEL) \b pomik za znak nazaj \c ne izpisuj ničesar več \e ubežni znak \f skok na novo stran \n skok v novo vrstico \r vrnitev na začetek vrstice \t horizontalni tabulator \v vertikalni tabulator \\v navpični tabulator ZNAK1-ZNAK2 naraščajoče zaporedje znakov od ZNAKA1 do ZNAKA2 [ZNAK1-ZNAK2] isto kot ZNAK1-ZNAK2, če to uporabljata obe množici [ZNAK*] v MNOŽICI 2; toliko ponovitev ZNAKA kot v MNOŽICI 1 [ZNAK*N] N ponovitev znaka; osmiška vrednost, če se N začne z ničlo [:alnum:] vse črke in števke [:alpha:] vse črke [:blank:] vsi vodoravni prazni znaki [:cntrl:] vsi krmilni znaki [:digit:] vse števke ascii iz EBCDIC v ASCII ebcdic iz ASCII v EBCDIC ibm iz ASCII v »alternate EBCDIC« block zapise terminirane z NEWLINE zapolni z presledki do dolžine cbs unblock sledilne presledke v zapisu dolžine cbs nadomesti z NEWLINE lcase velike črke zamenjaj z malimi binary uporabi binarne vhodno-izhodne funkcije za podatke cio uporabi vzporedne vhodno-izhodne funkcije za podatke d[VELIKOST] predznačeno desetiško celo število dolžine VELIKOST bajtov f[VELIKOST] število v plavajoči vejici dolžine VELIKOST bajtov o[VELIKOST] osmiško število dolžine VELIKOST bajtov u[VELIKOST] nepredznačeno desetiško celo število dolžine VELIKOST bajtov x[VELIKOST] šestnajstiško število dolžine VELIKOST bajtov direct uporabi neposredne vhodno-izhodne funkcije za podatke directory opusti, razen če je imenik dsync uporabi sinhronizirane vhodno-izhodne funkcije za podatke fullblock naberi polne bloke na vhodu (zgolj iflag) if=DATOTEKA beri z navedene DATOTEKE namesto s standardnega vhoda iflag=ZASTAVICA beri kot z vejicami ločen seznam simbolov obs=BAJTOV piši po zahtevano število BAJTOV naenkrat (privzeto 512) of=DATOTEKA piši na navedeno DATOTEKA namesto na standardni izhod oflag=ZASTAVICA piši kot z vejicami ločen seznam simbolov seek=BLOKOV na začetku pisanja preskoči zahtevano število BLOKOV dolžine obs skip=BLOKOV na začetku branja preskoči zahtevano število BLOKOV dolžine ibs status=noxfer brez statistike prenosa noatime ne ažuriraj časa zadnjega dostopa nocreat ne zapiši izhodne datoteke excl prenehaj z delom, če izhodna datoteka že obstaja notrunc ne poreži izhodne datoteke ucase male črke zamenjaj z velikimi swab paroma zamenjaj bajte na vhodu noctty ne določaj krmilnega terminala iz datoteke noerror nadaljuj po napaki pri branju sync vsak vhodni blok zapolni z znaki NUL dolžine ibs; če smo podali tudi block ali unblock, zapolni s presledki namesto z znaki NUL fdatasync fizično zapiši izhodno datoteko pred zaključkom dela fsync enako, vendar zapiši tudi metapodatke nofollow ne sledi simbolnim povezavam nolinks opusti, če je datoteka večkratno povezana nonblock uporabi neblokirne vhodno-izhodne funkcije none, off nikoli ne delamo varnostne kopije, niti z izbiro --backup numbered, t oštevilčene varnostne kopije existing, nil oštevilčene varnostne kopije, če take že obstajajo, sicer enostavne simple, never vedno enostavne varnostne kopije sync enako, a tudi za metapodatke text uporabi besedilne vhodno-izhodne funkcije za podatke %4s-blokov Upor. Na voljo Upo%% %H:%M%P %s-blokov Upor. Na voljo Kapacit. (varnostna kopija: %s) * [-]ctlecho krmilne znake izpisuj v zapisu s strešico (npr. »^C«) [-]echo izpisuj vnesene znake * [-]echoctl isto kot [-]ctlecho [-]echoe isti kot [-]crterase [-]echok izpiši znak za novo vrstico po brisanju vrstice * [-]echoke isto kot [-]crtkill [-]echonl izpisuj znak za novo vrstico, četudi ostalih ne * [-]echoprt izpisuj pobrisane znake nazaj, med »\« in »/« [-]icanon omogoči posebne znake erase, kill, werase in rprnt [-]iexten omogoči posebne znake, ki niso del priporočila POSIX * [-]iuclc pretvori velike črke v male * [-]ixany omogoči, da katerikoli znak, ne le XON, ponovno požene izpis [-]ixoff omogoči pošiljanje znakov XON in XOFF [-]ixon omogoči uskladitev z znaki XON/XOFF [-]parmrk označi napako v pariteti z zaporedjem 255-0-ZNAK [-]tandem isto kot [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 privzemi, da znaki na vhodu uporabljajo kodiranje UTF-8 * [-]ocrnl pretvori znake CR v NL * [-]ofdel zapolnjuj z znaki za brisanje namesto z znaki NUL * [-]ofill uporabi znake za zapolnjevanje namesto časovnih zakasnitev * [-]olcuc pretvori male črke v velike * [-]onlcr pretvori znake NL v CR * [-]onlret znak NL opravi še pomik na začetek vrste * [-]onocr ne izpisuj znakov CR v prvem stolpcu [-]opost dodatna obdelava izhoda * tabN slog zakasnitve pri tabulatorju; N je v intervalu [0..1] * tabs isto kot tab0 * -tabs isto kot tab3 * vtN slog zakasnitve pri vertikalnem tabulatorju; N je v [0..1] * eol2 ZNAK alternativni ZNAK za zaključek vrstice erase ZNAK ZNAK bo pobrisal nazadnje vneseni znak intr ZNAK ZNAK bo poslal signal za prekinitev kill ZNAK ZNAK bo pobrisal trenutno vrstico * lnext ZNAK ZNAK bo vnesel naslednji navedeni znak quit ZNAK ZNAK bo poslal signal za končanje * rprnt ZNAK ZNAK bo obnovil (ponovno izrisal) trenutno vrstico start ZNAK ZNAK bo ponovno pognal ustavljeni izhod * rows N sporoči jedru, da uporabljamo terminal z N vrsticami * size izpiši podatke iz jedra o številu stolpcev in vrstic speed izpiši hitrost terminala time N z -icanon, nastavi iztek časa pri branju na N desetink sekunde ??:???? Priklopljeno na TTY kontekst=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu skupine= staro pri ponovitvi %s % 1% pomnilnika, b 1, k 1024 (privzeto), itn. za M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Če DATOTEKA ni podana ali je enaka -, beremo s standardnega vhoda. ***OPOZORILO*** Krajevne prilagoditve vplivajo na urejanje. Če želite tradicionalno obnašanje (urejanje po številski vrednosti bajtov), uporabite LC_ALL=C. %.*s: neveljavna določitev pretvorbe%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu uporabnikov%lu uporabnik%lu uporabnika%lu uporabniki%s%s (za regularni izraz %s)%s -> %s (brez varnostne kopije) %s [-d] se je zaključil nenormalno%s in %s sta ena in ista datoteka%s obstaja, vendar ni imenik%s se je pojavila; sledimo konec nove datoteka%s je postala dostopna%s je postala nedostopna%s je bila nadomeščena z datoteko na oddaljeni lokaciji; opuščamo%s je bila nadomeščena z datoteko, kateri ni moč slediti konca; opuščamo%s je bila zamenjana; sledimo konec nove datoteke%s ima neznan tip datoteke%s ima neuporabno, navidezno negativno velikostDomača stran %s: <%s> Spletna stran %s: . %s ni veljavno pozitivno celo število%s je preveliko%s lahko uporabite le z jedrom SELinux%s je bil določen, %s pa ne%s%s: argument »%s« je prevelik%s: %s je tako veliko, da ni predstavljivo%s: %s: številka vrstice izven razpona%s: %s: ujemanja ni%s: %s:%s: neurejenost: %s: NAPAKA pri odpiranju ali branju %s: Uporabnik ne obstaja%s: pri ponovitvah je zahtevan »}«%s: pričakuje se binarni operator%s: relativne simbolne povezave so mogoče samo znotraj imenika%s: ne-blokirnega načina ni mogoče spremeniti%s: uporabniško ime za UID %lu ni ugotovljivo %s: koncu te zvrsti datoteke ni mogoče slediti; s tem imenom odnehamo%s: premik na začetni položaj ni mogoč%s: ni mogoče pisati prek imenika%s: ni mogoče previti na začetek%s: pri pisanju premik s »seek« ni mogoč%s: premik na odmik %s (relativno od konca) ni mogoč%s: premik na odmik %s ni mogoč%s: premik na relativni odmik %s ni mogoč%s: ni mogoče uničiti datoteke, v katero smemo le dodajati%s: pri branju premik s »skip« ni mogoč%s: pri branju premik na zahtevani odmik ni mogoč%s: manjkajoč zaključni razmejilnik »%c«%s: ne-blokirnega načina ni mogoče ponovno zagnati%s: naj se spustimo v podimenik %s? %s: naj se spustimo v imenik %s, ki je zavarovan proti pisanju? %s: konec datoteke%s: operand ekvivalentnih razredov sme biti en sam znak%s: napaka pri krajšanju%s: napaka med pisanjem pri odmiku %s%s: pričakovana je številčna vrednost%s: ni mogoče zapreti%s: ni mogoče odpreti za pisanje%s: ni mogoče odstraniti%s: klic fcntl ni uspel%s: klic fdatasync ni uspel%s: velikost datoteke negativna%s: datoteka se je preveč skrčila%s: datoteka prevelika%s: datoteka je predolga%s: datoteka je porezana%s: klic fstat ni uspel%s: fsync ni uspel%s: trda pozezava ni dovoljena za imenik%s: zanka na vhodu:%s: liho število vnosov na vhodu%s: vhodna in izhodna datoteka sta isti%s: za razmejilnikom pričakovano celo število%s: neveljavna številka procesa (PID)%s: neveljavni števec na začetku %s%s: neveljavna direktiva%s: neveljavno določilo polja: %s%s: neveljavna velikost datoteke%s: neveljavni tip datoteke%s: neveljavno največje število nespremenjenih statusov med odpiranji%s: neveljavno število%s: neveljavno število bajtov%s: neveljavno število vrstic%s: neveljavno število prehodov%s: neveljavno število sekund%s: neveljavno število izločenih enot%s: neveljavna izbira -- '%c' %s: neveljavni vzorec%s: neveljavna identifikacijska številka procesa%s: neveljavni regularni izraz: %s%s: neveljavni signal%s: neveljavno dolžina pripone%s: število vrstice mora biti pozitivno%s: številka vrstice izven razpona%s: klic lseek ni uspel%s: podan več kot en signal%s: nova dovoljenja so %s, ne %s%s: nobene pravilno oblikovane vrstice z nadzorno vsoto %s ni najti%s: ni podatka o velikosti te enote%s: že izpisanega imenika ne podvajamo%s: število bajtov je preveliko%s: izbira »%c%s« ne dovoljuje argumenta %s: izbira »%s« je dvoumna %s: izbira »--%s« ne dovoljuje argumenta %s: izbira »-W %s« ne dovoljuje argumenta %s: izbira »-W %s« je dvoumna %s: izbira zahteva argument -- '%c' %s: naj pišemo prek %s? %s: prehod %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: prehod %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: prehod %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: napaka pri branju%s: naj se odstrani %s %s? %s: naj vse argumente rekurzivno odstranimo? %s: naj se odstranijo vsi argumenti? %s: naj se odstrani %s %s, ki je zavarovana proti pisanju? %s: odstranjeno%s: odstranjujemo%s: preimenovano v %s%s: naj nadomestimo %s? %s: klic seek ni uspel%s: preveč vrstic z nadzorno vsoto%s: naj pišemo prek %s navzlic zaščiti %04lo (%s)? %s: največje dovoljene dolžine imena datoteke ni moč ugotoviti%s: vseh zahtevanih operacij se ni dalo izvesti%s: pričakuje se unarni operator%s: neprepoznana izbira »%c%s« %s: neprepoznana izbira »--%s« %s: vrednost nepopolno pretvorjena%s: napaka pri pisanju%s:%lu: neveljavna vrstica; manjka drugi element%s:%lu: neveljavno ime datoteke (dolžina nič)%s:%lu: neprepoznana ključna beseda %s%s}: med »{« in »}« je zahtevano celo število«pričakuje se »)«pričakuje se »)«, naleteli na %s©* datotečni sistemi, ki hranijo medpomnilnik na začasnih lokacijah, npr. odjemniki NFS verzije 3 * stisnjeni datotečni sistemi * datotečni sistemi s strukturiranim dnevnikom ali z dnevnikom sprememb, kot jih uporabljata AIX in Solaris (tudi JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3 itn.) * datotečni sistemi, ki podatke zapisujejo redundantno in lahko nadaljujejo z delom, čeprav vsa pisanja niso bila uspešna (npr. RAID) * datotečni sistemi, ki shranjujejo trenutne slike stanja diska, npr. strežnik NFS podjetja Network Appliace , povpr. obremenitev %.2f, %g s, %s/s --%s argument %s je prevelik--context (-Z) deluje samo pri jedru s podporo SELinux--reflink je moč uporabiti le skupaj z --sparse=auto-R --dereference zahteva bodisi -H, bodisi -L-R -h zahteva -P-ef ne sprejema -l-nt ne sprejema -l-ot ne sprejema -l??? ?????PrekinjenDružina naslovov za ime gostitelja ni podprtaBudilkaVsi argumenti pri dolgi obliki izbire so obvezni tudi pri kratki. Vsi zahtevki obdelaniMedpomnilnik za argumente premajhenArnold RobbinsSlab sistemski klicSlaba vrednost ai_flagsBrian FoxPrekinjen cevovodNapaka vodilaOPOZORILO: Delovanje programa »shred« temelji na zelo pomembni predpostavki, da datotečni sistem piše prek starih podatkov. Vsi tradicionalni datotečni sistemi so res taki, številne sodobne zasnove datotečnih sistemov pa ne. Navedeni so zgledi datotečnih sistemov, na katerih program »shred« ne bo učinkovit, ali pa njegova učinkovitost ni zajamčena v vseh načinih delovanja datotečnega sistema: KOMENTARPresežena omejitev procesorskega časaS klicem funkcije link(2) ustvarimo povezavo med povezavo DATOTEKO2 in obstoječo DATOTEKO1. Odstranitev navedene DATOTEKE s klicem funkcije unlink(2). Aktivno uporabniško in skupinsko identiteto spremenimo na identiteto navedenega UPORABNIKA. -, -l, --login naj bo ukazna lupina prijavna lupina -c, --command=UKAZ ukazni lupini podamo en sam navedeni UKAZ s -c -f, --fast ukazni lupini podamo izbiro -f (samo csh in tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment brez spreminjanja nastavitev okolja -p isto kot -m -s, --shell=LUPINA poženemo navedeno LUPINO (če jo /etc/shells dovoli) Vsem DATOTEKAM spremenimo članstvo v navedeno SKUPINO. Z izbiro --reference spremenimo vsem DATOTEKAM skupino v isto skupino, kot jo ima ZGLED. -c, --changes kot »verbose«, a samo ob spremembah --deferefence deluje na ciljne datoteke (privzeto), ne na simbolne povezave Spremenimo ZAŠČITO za DATOTEKO. -c, --changes kot »verbose«, a samo ob izvedenih spremembah Spremeni LASTNIKA in/ali SKUPINO vsake navedene DATOTEKE na podani vrednosti. Pri podani izbiri --reference spremeni lastnika in/ali skupino na vrednosti, kot jih ima datoteka ZGLED. -c, --changes informativna obvestila ob spremembah --dereference deluje na ciljne datoteke simbolnih povezav (privzeto), ne pa na same simbolne povezave Navedenim DATOTEKAM spremenimo varnostni kontekst v KONTEKST. Z izbiro --reference, spremenimo vsem DATOTEKAM varnostni kontekst v istega, kot ga ima ZGLED. -h, --no-deferefence deluje na simbolne povezave, ne na ciljne datoteke (le v sistemih, kjer je na voljo klic lchown(2)) Chet RameyIzhod nasledniškega procesaColin PlumbUrejeni datoteki DATOTEKA1 in DATOTEKA2 primerjamo vrstico za vrstico. Prepišemo DATOTEKO, več DATOTEK ali standardni vhod na standardni izhod. -A, --show-all enakovredno sestavljeni izbiri -vET -b, --number-nonblank oštevilči neprazne izpisane vrstice -e enakovredno sestavljeni izbiri -vE -E, --show-ends izpiši $ na koncu vsake vrstice -n, --number oštevilči vse izpisane vrstice -s, --squeeze-blank zaporedje več praznih vrstic skrči v eno NadaljevanPresledke v vsaki DATOTEKI nadomestimo s tabulatorji in rezultat zapišemo na standardni izhod. Če DATOTEKA ni podana ali je enaka -, beremo s standardnega vhoda. Tabulatorje v vsaki od DATOTEK nadomestimo s presledki in rezultat izpišemo na standardni izhod. Če DATOTEKA ni podana, ali če je enaka - (minus), beremo s standardnega vhoda. Prepišemo IZVOR v CILJ, ali več IZVOROV v IMENIK. Prepiši datoteko in jo pretvori in preoblikuj glede na izbire. bs=BAJTOV preberi in zapiši zahtevano število BAJTOV naenkrat (glej tudi ibs=, obs=) cbs=BAJTOV pretvori zahtevano število BAJTOV naenkrat conv=PRETVORBA pretvori datoteko, kot zahteva PRETVORBA (seznam simbolov, ločen z vejicami) count=BLOKOV pretvori samo zahtevano število vhodnih BLOKOV ibs=BAJTOV beri po zahtevano število BAJTOV naenkrat (privzeto 512) Standarni vhod prepišemo na standardni izhod in še na vse navedene DATOTEKE. -a, --append dodajaj na konec datoteke, namesto da pišeš prek -i, --ignore-interrupts ne upoštevaj signalov za prekinitev Varno ustvari začasno datoteko ali imenik in izpiši njeno ime. PREDLOGA mora vsebovati vsaj 3 zaporedne znake X v zadnji komponenti imena. Če PREDLOGA ni podana, se uporabi tmp.XXXXXXXXXX in implicira --tmpdir. Ustvarimo poimenovano cev (FIFO) z navedenim IMENOM. Ustvari IMENIK (ali več imenikov), če ta še ne obstaja. Ustvarimo posebno datoteko navedenega TIPA z navedenim IMENOM. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDiagnosticira neveljavna ali neprenosljiva imena datotek. -p preveri za večino sistemov POSIX -P preveri za prazna imena in vodilne »-« v imenih --portability preveri za vse sisteme POSIX (enakovredno -p -P) Imenik: Izpis statusa datoteke ali datotečnega sistema. -L, --dereference s sledenjem povezav -f, --file-system izpis statusa datotečnega sistema, ne statusa datoteke Izpišemo trenutni čas v podani OBLIKI, ali pa nastavimo sistemski čas. -d, --date=NIZ izpiši čas podan v NIZU namesto trenutnega -f, --file=DATOTEKA enako kot --date za vsako vrstico v DATOTEKI Dmitry V. LevinIzpusti vse dodatne skupine, privzame številki uporabnika in skupine (UID in GID) navedenega UPORABNIKA ter požene UKAZ z vsemi podanimi ARGUMENTI. Ob izhodu vrne statusno kodo 111, če ni bilo mogoče privzeti zahtevanih UID in GID, sicer pa vrne izhodno statusno kodo UKAZA. Program je uporaben le, kadar ga poganja superuporabnik (UID=0). Past EMTIZH.Vsak razpon ima lahko obliko: N N-ti bajt, znak ali polje, šteto od 1 dalje N- od N-tega bajta, znaka ali polja do konca vrstice N-M od N-tega do vključno M-tega bajta, znaka ali polja -M od prvega do vključno M-tega bajta, znaka ali polja Če DATOTEKA ni podana, ali če je enaka - (minusu), se bere standardni vhod. Izpišemo NIZ ali več NIZOV na standardni izhod. -n ne izpisuj končnega znaka za novo vrstico Eric BlakeZaključi s statusno kodo, ki kaže neuspeh.Zaključi s statusno kodo, ki kaže uspeh.Ovrednoti IZRAZ in rezultat vrne kot izhodno kodo. F. PinardNAPAKAPOPRAVI: neznanoPodano oblikovno DOLOČILO mora biti primerno za izpis enega argumenta tipa »double«; privzeto je %.PRECf, če so PRVO, KORAK in ZADNJE decimalna števila predstavljena v fiksni natančnosti PREC, sicer pa %g. Poimenovane cevi nimajo glavnih in pomožnih števil napravePresežena omejitev dolžine datotekeDat. sist. Dat. sist. TipFiltriraj soslednje ujemajoče se vrstice pri branju z VHODA (ali standardnega vhoda) in pisanju na IZHOD (ali standardni izhod). Če ni navedena nobena IZBIRA, se zaporedne enake vrstice nadomestijo z eno. Prekoračitev plavajoče vejiceZa popolno dokumentacijo poženite: info coreutils '%s invocation' Za vsak par vrstic na vhodu z enakimi združitvenimi polji izpišemo vrstico na standardni izhod. Privzeto združitveno polje je prvo, ločeno s praznim prostorom. Če sta DATOTEKA1 ali DATOTEKA2 (ne pa obe hkrati) enaki -, beremo s standardnega vhoda. -a DATOTEKA izpišemo vrstice brez para, ki izvirajo iz navedene DATOTEKE (spremenljivka DATOTEKA lahko zavzame vrednosti 1 ali 2, kar ustreza DATOTEKI1 in DATOTEKI2) -e PRAZNO manjkajoče vhodno polje nadomestimo z nizom PRAZNO Stanje na disku uskladimo s stanjem v diskovnem medpomnilniku. Splošna pomoč za rabo programja GNU: . Giuseppe ScrivanoH. Peter AnvinOdklopMogoč V/INEAKT.Ian Lance TaylorNeakČe DATOTEKA ni navedena, uporabimo %s. Običajno je DATOTEKA %s. Nedovoljen ukazPoleg tega lahko izvodi datoteke obstajajo tudi na varnostnih kopijah in oddaljenih zrcalih. Teh izvodov ne moremo odstraniti in iz njih je mogoče rekonstruirati uničeno datoteko. Pravo ime: V prvi obliki ustvarimo povezavo do določenega CILJA z imenom POVEZAVE. V drugi obliki se ustvari povezava do CILJA v trenutnem imeniku. V tretji in četrti povezavi ustvarimo povezavo do vsakega CILJA v navedenem IMENIKU. Privzeti tip povezav so trde povezave; simbolne zahtevamo z izbiro --symbolic. Pri ustvarjanju trdih povezav morajo CILJI obstajati. Simbolne povezave lahko vsebujejo poljubno besedilo; kasneje, ob razreševanju, se relativna povezava tolmači glede na njen nadimenik. V primeru datotečnih sistemov ext3 velja gornje opozorilo o neučinkovitosti programa shred le v načinu »data=journal«, ki zapisuje dnevnik sprememb podatkov v datotekah, ne le podatkov o datotekah. V načinih »data=ordered« (kar je privzeti način) ter »data=writeback« deluje shred kot običajno. Načine dnevniškega beleženja sprememb pri ext3 določimo z izbiro »data=nekaj« pri priklopu določenega datotečnega sistema v datoteki /etc/fstab, kot je opisano v priročniku ukaza »mount« (glejte »man mount«). Poleg tega lahko izvodi datoteke obstajajo tudi na varnostnih kopijah in oddaljenih zrcalih. Teh izvodov ne moremo odstraniti in iz njih je mogoče rekonstruirati uničeno datoteko. neskončno BInformacijski zahtevekPrekinitevPrekinjeno s signalomNeveljaven povratni sklicNeveljavno ime razreda znakovNeveljaven razvrščevalni znakNeveljavna vsebina \{\}Neveljaven predhodni regularni izrazNeveljaven konec razponaNeveljaven regularni izrazJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfPobitLINIJAPRIJAVAIzpis informacij o DATOTEKAH (privzeto vse datoteke v trenutnem imeniku), urejenih po abecedi, če ni podana nobena od izbir -cftuvSUX ali --sort. LoginUporabniško ime: Obvezni argumenti, navedeni pri dolgi obliki izbire, veljajo tudi za kratko. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnDodelitev pomnilnika ni uspelaPomnilnik izčrpanMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerIME ImeIme ali storitev ni poznanaZ imenom gostitelja ni povezan noben naslovBrez zadetkovPrejšnjega regularnega izraza niNepopravljiv neuspeh pri razreševanju imenaV REDUKadar brišemo brez večkratnega stiskanja, sme biti podan samo en niz.Izbira --string brez argumenta privzame vrednost 3. Izbira --width brez argumenta privzame vrednost 32. Privzete vrednosti, ki jih uporablja »od«, so: -A o -t oS -w 16. Izbire pri urejanju: Druge izbire: Izpis permutiranega kazala gesel v vhodnih datotekah, skupaj s kontekstom. Izpis ukazov za nastavitev spremenljivke LS_COLORS. Določitev oblike izhoda: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell oblika Bournove ukazne lupine za nastavitev spremenljivke LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell oblika ukazne lupine C za nastavitev LS_COLORS -p, --print-database izpis privzeth vrednosti Datoteko VHOD razrežemo na kose enake dolžine, poimenovane PREDPONAaa, PREDPONAab...; privzeta dolžina je 1000 vrstic, privzeta PREDPONA pa »x«. Če VHOD ni podan ali je enak -, se bere s standardnega vhoda. Izpišemo kose DATOTEKE, ločene z VZORCEM in zapišemo v datoteke »xx01«, »xx02«..., število bajtov v vsakem posamičnem kosu pa izpišemo na standardni izhod. Izpis lokalnih omejitev v obliki, uporabne za skripte ukazne lupine. Seznam trenutno prijavljenih uporabnikov zapišemo na DATOTEKO. Če DATOTEKA ni navedena, uporabimo %s. Običajno je DATOTEKA %s. Vsebino navedene DATOTEKE uničimo tako, da prek nje večkrat zapišemo drugo vsebino. PIDPriprava paketa: %s Priprava paketa: %s (%s) Padraig BradyOštevilčimo strani ali poravnamo besedilo v DATOTEKI v stolpce za izpis. Parametrični niz nepravilno kodiranGeslo:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatNačrt: Izpad tokaPredčasen zaključek regularnega izrazaIzpišemo ARGUMENT(E) v navedeni OBLIKI, ali izvedemo glede na IZBIRO: Izpišemo nadzorno vsoto in dolžino v bajtih za vsako DATOTEKO. Izpišemo IME datoteke brez celotne poti do nje. Če je podana PRIPONA, izpišemo ime datoteke brez pripone. Izpišemo IME brez elementa za zadnjo poševnico (/); če IME ne vsebuje poševnic, izpišemo ».« (pomeni trenutni imenik). Izpišemo različne sistemske podatke. Brez IZBIRE je isto kot -s. -a, --all izpiši vse podatke v naslednjem vrstnem redu; z izjemo -p in -i, če nista znana -r, --kernel-name izpiši ime jedra operacijskega sistema -n, --nodename izpiši omrežno ime računalnika -r, --kernel-release izpiši izdajo jedra operacijskega sistema Za vsako DATOTEKO izpiše nadzorno vsoto in število blokov. -r algoritem BSD za nadzorno vsoto, velikost blokov 1 KB -s, --sysv algoritmom System V za nadzorno vsoto, velikost blokov 512 B Izpiše članstvo v skupinah za navedenega UPORABNIKA, ali, če UPORABNIK ni podan, za trenutni proces (ki je drugačen, če se je baza groups vmes spremenila). Izpis podatkov o trenutno prijavljenih uporabnikih. Izpiši arhitekturo sistema. Izpišemo števila od PRVEGA do ZADNJEGA s podanim KORAKOM. -f, --format DOLOČILO uporabi oblikovno DOLOČILO kot v printf(3) -s, --separator NIZ uporabi NIZ kot ločilo med števili (privzeto: \n) -w, --equal-width polja dopolni do enake širine z vodilnimi ničlami Izpišemo ali spremenimo lastnosti terminala. -a, --all izpiši vse trenutne nastavitve v človeku berljivi obliki -g, --save izpiši vse trenutne nastavitve v obliki, ki jo bere stty -F, --file=ENOTA odpri in uporabi navedeno ENOTO namesto standardnega vhoda Izbrane dele vrstic iz vsake od navedenih DATOTEK izpišemo na standardni izhod. Izpiše trenutni čas, čas, ki je pretekel od zagona računalnika, število trenutno prijavljenih uporabnikov in povprečno število opravil v čakalni vrsti v zadnji minuti, petih minutah in 15 minutah.Izpišemo ime enote terminala, s katere beremo standardni vhod. -s, --silent, --quiet ničesar ne izpiši, samo vrni izhodni status Izpišemo prvih 10 vrstic vsake od DATOTEK na standardni izhod. Če je podana več kot ena DATOTEKA, pred vsebino izpišemo še ime datoteke. Če DATOTEKA ni podana, ali če je enaka -, beremo s standardnega vhoda. Izpišemo celotno pot trenutnega delovnega imenika. Zadnjih %d vrstic vsake od podanih DATOTEK izpišemo na standardni izhod. Če je podana več kot ena DATOTEKA, izpišemo pred tem še glavo z imenom datoteke. Če DATOTEKA ni podana ali je enaka -, beremo s standardnega vhoda. Izpišemo uporabniško ime trenutnega uporabnika. Izpiši število procesnih enot na razpolago trenutnemu procesu, kar je lahko manj od števila delujočih procesorjev Izpiše prafaktorje za vsako od podanih celih ŠTEVIL. Če nobeno število ni podano kot argument v ukazni vrstici, jih beremo s standardnega vhoda. Izpiše ime uporabnika, povezanega s trenutno dejavno uporabniško identiteto. Isto kot »id -un«. Izpišemo podatke o uporabniku in skupini za navedenega UPORABNIKA. Če uporabnik ni naveden, se izpišejo podatki za trenutnega uporabnika. -a (se ne upošteva, združljivost s starejšimi različicami) -Z, --context izpiši le varnostni kontekst danega uporabnika -g, --group izpiši le efektivno številko skupine (GID) -G, --groups izpiši številke vseh skupin -n, --name pri izbirah -ugG izpiši ime uporabnika namesto številke -r, --real izpiši pravi ID namesto efektivnega, skupaj z -ugG -u, --user izpiši le efektivno številko uporabnika (UID) Izpiši vrednost simbolne povezave ali kanonično ime datoteke Obdelava zahtevka v tekuIztek profilirne štopariceProjekt: Q. Frank XiaKončanjeRandy SmithRealnočasovni signal %dVsak odstavek v DATOTEKI(-ah) preoblikujemo in izpišemo na standardni izhod. Izbira -ŠIRINA je okrajšava za --width=ŠTEVILO. Regularni izraz je preobseženOdstranimo navedene DATOTEKE. -f, --force brez opozoril o neobstoječih datotekah, brez vprašanj -i zahtevamo potrditev pred vsakim brisanjem Odstrani IMENIK ali IMENIKE, če so prazni. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty nadaljuj kljub napaki, če je do te prišlo zgolj zato, ker kateri od navedenih imenikov ni prazen Preimenujemo IZVOR v CILJ, ali več IZVOROV v IMENIK. Ponavljaje izpisujemo vrstico s podanim NIZOM (privzeto »y«). Napake v programu %s sporočite na: %s Napake v prevodu %s sporočite na Zahtevek preklicanZahtevek ni preklicanVir izgubljenRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonPožene UKAZ s spremenjeno vrednost »nice«, kar vpliva na prioriteto izvajanja. Če UKAZ ni podan, izpiše trenutno raven prioritete. Vrednosti »nice« so med %d (najvišja prioriteta) in %d (najnižja). -n, --adjustment=POPRAVEK povečaj raven za POPRAVEK (privzeto 10) Izvedemo UKAZ tako, da korenski imenik postavimo na KOREN. Poženemo UKAZ, pri čemer ne upoštevamo signalov za prekinitev. Izvedi UKAZ z modificiranimi izravnalnimi operacijami za standardne tokove. Požene program v drugem varnostnem kontekstu. Če ni podan ne KONTEKST, ne UKAZ, izpiše trenutni varnostni kontekst. CONTEXT popoln varnostni kontekst -c, --compute pred spremembo izračunaj prehodni kontekst procesa -t, --type=TIP tip (v enaki vlogi kot starš) -u, --user=UPORABNIK uporabnik -r, --role=VLOGA vloga -l, --range=OBSEG obseg ravni Russel CokerScott BartramScott MillerNapaka segmentacijeProcesom pošljemo signale, ali pa izpišemo signale. Servname ni podprt za ai_socktypeNastavite LC_ALL='C', da bi odpravili težavo.Določi VREDNOST spremenljivki okolja z danim IMENOM in poženi UKAZ. -i, --ignore-environment začni iz praznega okolja -0, --null vsako izhodno vrstico zaključi z znakom NUL namesto z znakom za novo vrstico -u, --unset=IME odstrani spremenljivko z navedenim IMENOM iz okolja Ukazna lupina: Izpišemo informacije o datotečnem sistemu, na katerem se nahaja DATOTEKA, ali (privzeto) o vseh datotečnih sistemih. Zmanjšaj ali povečaj VELIKOST DATOTEKE do navedene vrednosti. Če DATOTEKA ne obstaja, se ustvari. Če je VELIKOST DATOTEKE večja od navedene, so dodatni podatki izgubljeni. Če je VELIKOST DATOTEKE manjša od navedene, se podaljša tako, da se do predpisane dolžine dopolni z znaki \0. Simon JosefssonPosebne datoteke zahtevajo, da sta podani glavno in pomožno število napraveNapaka skladaUstavljenUstavljen (signal)Ustavljen (vhod TTY)Ustavljen (izhod TTY)Stuart KempUspešnoPovzetek porabe diska za datoteko DATOTEKA, rekurzivno po podimenikih. Sistemska napakaČASRazreševanje imena začasno ni uspeloZaključenNaslednja neobvezna določila lahko sledijo znaku »%«: »-« (minus) ne dopolnjuj polja »_« (podčrtaj) dopolni polje s presledki »0« (ničla) dopolni polje z ničlami »^« če je mogoče, uporabi velike črke »#« če je mogoče, uporabi nasprotne črke Naslednje izbire vplivajo na to, kako je pri podani izbiri -R prečesano datotečno drevo. Če je navedena več kot ena od naštetih izbir, se upošteva le zadnja. -H če je argument ukazne vrstice simbolna povezava na imenik, prečeši ta imenik -L prečeši vse simbolne povezave na imenike, na katere naletiš -P ne prečeši nobene simbolne povezave (privzeto) Primerjana niza sta bila %s in %s.Torbjorn GranlundPastZaključna obratna poševnicaPrevedemo, stisnemo ali pobrišemo znake iz toka podatkov na standardnem vhodu ter rezultat pišemo na standardni izhod. -c, -C, --complement komplement MNOŽICE 1. -d, --delete pobrišemo znake, navedene v MNOŽICI 1. -s, --squeeze-repeats sosledje enakih znakov, navedeno v MNOŽICI 1, nadomestimo z enim samim znakom -t, --truncate-set1 MNOŽICO 1 najprej skrčimo na velikost MNOŽICE 2. Poskusite »%s --help« za izčrpnejša navodila Poskusite »%s ./%s«, da bi odstranili datoteko %s. Ob hkratnem večkratnem brisanju in stiskanju morata biti podana dva niza.Pri prevedbi morata biti podana dva niza.Ulrich DrepperNeznana napakaNeznani signal %dNeznana sistemska napakaUklepaj ( ali \( brez paraZaklepaj ) ali \) brez paraUklepaj [ ali [^ brez paraUklepaj \{ brez paraČas zadnjega dostopa in spremembe vsake DATOTEKE postavimo na trenutni čas. Če DATOTEKA ne obstaja, se ustvari prazna datoteka, razen če sta podani izbiri -c ali -h. DATOTEKA, enaka »-«, se obravnava posebej in povzroči spremembo časov pri datoteki, povezani s standardnim izhodom. Nujno V/I stanjeUporaba: %s Uporaba: %s UKAZ [ARGUMENT]... ali: %s IZBIRA Uporaba: %s KONTEKST UKAZ [argumenti] ali: %s [ -c ] [-u UPORABNIK] [-r VLOGA] [-t TIP] [-l OBSEG] UKAZ [argumenti] Uporaba: %s IZRAZ ali: %s IZBIRA Uporaba: %s DATOTEKA ali: %s IZBIRA Uporaba: %s DATOTEKA1 DATOTEKA2 ali: %s IZBIRA Uporaba: %s OBLIKA [ARGUMENT]... ali: %s IZBIRA Uporaba: %s IME ali: %s IZBIRA Uporaba: %s IME [PRIPONA] ali: %s IZBIRA Uporaba: %s ŠTEVILO[PRIPONA] ali: %s IZBIRA Premor za ŠTEVILO sekund. PRIPONA je lahko »s« za sekunde (privzeto), »m« za minute, »h« za ure ali »d« za dneve. Za razliko od večine drugih izvedb, ki zahtevajo, da je ŠTEVILO celo število, je tu lahko poljubno število v zapisu s plavajočo vejico. Če je podanih več argumentov, velja premor za vsoto njihovih vrednosti. Uporaba: %s IZBIRA... UKAZ Uporaba: %s IZBIRA... DATOTEKA... Uporaba: %s IZBIRA... [DATOTEKA]... Uporaba: %s [-F ENOTA] [--file=ENOTA] [NASTAVITEV]... ali: %s [-F ENOTA] [--file=ENOTA] [-a|-all] ali: %s [-F ENOTA] [--file=ENOTA] [-g|--save] Uporaba: %s [-ŠIRINA] [IZBIRA]... [DATOTEKA]... Uporaba: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... ali: %s -l [SIGNAL]... ali: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Uporaba: %s [DATOTEKA]... ali: %s [IZBIRA] Uporaba: %s [IME] ali: %s IZBIRA Izpišemo ali nastavimo gostiteljsko ime trenutnega sistema. Uporaba: %s [ŠTEVILO]... ali: %s IZBIRA Uporaba: %s [OPERAND]... ali: %s IZBIRA Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA] Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA] Izpišemo (šestnajstiško) identifikacijsko številko trenutnega računalnika. Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA] NOVI_KOREN [UKAZ [ARGUMENT]...] ali: %s IZBIRA Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... [UKAZ [ARGUMENT]...] Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA] [DATOTEKA] Zapišemo povsem urejen seznam, usklajen z delno ureditvijo v DATOTEKI. Če DATOTEKA ni podana ali je enaka -, beremo s standardnega vhoda. Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... KONTEKST DATOTEKA... ali: %s [IZBIRA]... [-u UPORABNIK] [-r VLOGA] [-l OBSEG] [-t TIP] DATOTEKA... ali: %s [IZBIRA]... --reference=ZGLED DATOTEKA... Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... IMENIK... Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... DATOTEKA Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... DATOTEKA VZOREC... Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... DATOTEKA... Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... DATOTEKA1 DATOTEKA2 Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... SKUPINA DATOTEKA... ali: %s [IZBIRA]... --reference=ZGLED DATOTEKA... Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... ZADNJE ali: %s [IZBIRA]... PRVO ZADNJE ali: %s [IZBIRA]... PRVO KORAK ZADNJE Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... ZAŠČITA[,ZAŠČITA]... DATOTEKA... ali: %s [IZBIRA]... OKTALNA_KODA DATOTEKA... ali: %s [IZBIRA]... --reference=ZGLED DATOTEKA... Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... IME TIP [GLAVNO POMOŽNO] Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... IME... Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... MNOŽICA1 [MNOŽICA2] Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... [ DATOTEKA | ARGUMENT1 ARGUMENT2 ] Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... [+OBLIKA] ali: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDuumm[[SS]LL][.ss]] Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... [-T] IZVOR CILJ ali: %s [IZBIRA]... IZVOR... IMENIK ali: %s [IZBIRA]... --target-directory=IMENIK IZVOR... Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... [-T] IZVOR CILJ ali: %s [IZBIRA]... IZVOR... IMENIK ali: %s [IZBIRA]... -t IMENIK IZVOR... ali: %s [IZBIRA]... -d IMENIK... Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... [-T] CILJ POVEZAVA (prva oblika) ali: %s [IZBIRA]... CILJ (druga oblika) ali: %s [IZBIRA]... CILJ... IMENIK (tretja oblika) ali: %s [IZBIRA]... -t IMENIK CILJ (četrta oblika) Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... [-] [IME=VREDNOST]... [UKAZ [ARGUMENT]...] Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... [-] [UPORABNIK [ARGUMENT]...] Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... [DATOTEKA]... Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... [DATOTEKA] ali: %s [IZBIRA]... [ARGUMENT]... ali: %s -i SP-ZG [IZBIRA]... Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... [DATOTEKA] Base64 kodira ali dekodira DATOTEKO ali standardni vhod na standardni izhod. Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... [DATOTEKA]... Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... [DATOTEKA]... ali: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [DATOTEKA] [[+]ODMIK[.][b]] ali: %s --traditional [IZBIRA] [DATOTEKA] [[+]ODMIK[.][b] [[+]OZNAKA][.][b]] Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... [DATOTEKA]... ali: %s [IZBIRA]... --files0-from=F Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... [DATOTEKA]... Izpiše ali preveri nadzorne vsote %s (%d-bitne). Če DATOTEKA ni podana ali če je enaka -, se bere s standardnega vhoda. Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... [VHOD [IZHOD]] Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... [VHOD [PREDPONA]] Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... [VHOD]... (brez -G) ali: %s -G [IZBIRA]... [VHOD [IZHOD]] Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... [LASTNIK][:[SKUPINA]] DATOTEKA... ali: %s [IZBIRA]... --reference=ZGLED DATOTEKA... Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... [PREDLOGA] Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... [UPORABNIK] Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... [UPORABNIK]... Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... [UPORABNIK]... Uporaba: %s [IZBIRA]... [SPREMENLJIVKA]... Izpiše vrednosti navedenih SPREMENLJIVK okolja. Če SPREMENLJIVKA ni podana, izpiše imena in vrednosti vseh spremenljivk. Uporaba: %s [KRATKA_IZBIRA]... UPORABNIK UKAZ [ARGUMENT]... ali: %s [DOLGA_IZBIRA] Uporaba: %s [KRATKA_IZBIRA]... [NIZ]... ali: %s DOLGA_IZBIRA Uporaba: %s [NIZ]... ali: %s IZBIRA Uporaba: %s [neupoštevani argumenti ukazne vrstice] ali: %s IZBIRA Uporaba: test IZRAZ ali: test ali: [ IZRAZ ] ali: [ ] ali: [ IZBIRA Uporabniški signal 1Uporabniški signal 2Uporaba -s prekliče izbiri -L in -P. Sicer pa zadnja podana izbira določa obnašanje, kadar je izvor simbolna povezava; privzeto je %s. Veljavni argumenti so:Veljavna formatna zaporedja za datotečne sisteme: %a - Število prostih blokov, dostopnih za uporabnike %b - Skupno število blokov v datotečnem sistemu %c - Skupno število inodov v datotečnem sistemu %d - Število prostih inodov v datotečnem sistemu %f - Število prostih blokov v datotečnem sistemu %C - niz z varnostnim kontekstom SELinux Iztek virtualne štopariceOPOZORILO: izbira --page-increment je opuščena; namesto nje uporabite --line-incrementOPOZORILO: izbira --preserve_context je opuščena; namesto nje uporabite --preserve-contextPOZOR: Cirkularna struktura imenikov. To skoraj gotovo pomeni resno napako v datotečnem sistemu. OBVESTITE UPRAVITELJA SISTEMA. Naslednja dva imenika imata isto število inode: %s OPOZORILO: izbira --context (-Z) ni upoštevana; jedro ne podpira SELinuxOPOZORILO: določilo --preserve-context ni upoštevano; jedro ne podpira SELinux.OPOZORILO: izbira --strip-program se ne upošteva, ker ni podana izbira -sOpozorilo: KdajKjeZamenjano oknoOb podani izbiri --follow (-f) »tail« sledi opisniku datoteke, kar pomeni, da »tail« nadaljuje s spremnljanjem konca datoteke, četudi je ta preimenovana. Privzeti način ni uporaben, če želimo spremljati datoteko z danim imenom (npr. dnevniški zapisi). V tem primeru uporabimo --follow=name. V tem načinu »tail« periodično poskusi odpreti datoteko in tako preverja, ali ta še obstaja, ali pa je bila vmes zbrisana ter ponovno ustvarjena. Vrstice v vsaki DATOTEKI na vhodu (privzet je standardni vhod) prelomimo in rezultat izpišemo na standardni izhod. Naključno permutacijo vrstic na vhodu zapišemo na standardni izhod. Vsako od DATOTEK prepišemo na standardni izhod v obratnem vrstnem redu, od zadnje vrstice proti prvi. Če DATOTEKA ni podana ali je enaka -, beremo s standardnega vhoda. Vsako od DATOTEK prepišemo na standardni izhod in spotoma oštevilčimo vrstice. Če DATOTEKA ni podana, ali če je enaka -, beremo s standardnega vhoda. Vsaki od vrstic iz prve DATOTEKE s tabulatorjem na konec pridružimo istoležno vrstico iz druge DATOTEKE, in tako naprej do konca seznama DATOTEK. Če DATOTEKA ni podana ali je enaka -, beremo s standardnega vhoda. Vsebino vseh DATOTEK na vhodu združimo, uredimo, in izpišemo na standarni izhod. Avtorja: %s in %s. Avtorji: %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s in drugi. Avtorji: %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s in %s. Avtorji: %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s in %s. Avtorji: %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s in %s. Avtorji: %s, %s, %s, %s, %s in %s. Avtorji: %s, %s, %s, %s in %s. Avtorji: %s, %s, %s in %s. Avtorji: %s, %s in %s. Avtor(ica): %s. izrazi [=c=] se pri prevedbi ne smejo pojavljati v nizu 2^[nN]^[jJdD]»»-%c« dodatni znaki ali neveljavno število v argumentu: %s,--pages=PRVA_STRAN[:ZADNJA_STRAN]`: manjkajoči argument»-N ŠTEVILKA« nedovoljena številka začetne vrstice: %s»-W ŠIRINA_STRANI« neveljavno število znakov: %s»-l DOLŽINA_STRANI« nedovoljeno število vrstic: %s»-o ROB« nedovoljeni odmik od levega roba: %s»-w ŠIRINA_STRANI« neveljavno število znakov: %sob podanem popravku ravni moramo podati tudi ukazdostopamo do %sai_family ni podprtai_socktype ni podprtdvoumni argument %s za %svhodni razmejilnik se sme določiti le, kadar delamo s poljiizhod dodajamo na konec %svarnostna kopija %s bi uničila izvirnik; %s ni prepisanvarnostna kopija %s bi uničila izvirnik; %s ni premaknjenvrsta varnostne kopijebločna enotabločne enote niso podprtepri enotah so navedene tako predpone SI kot IECobeh datotek ne moremo hkrati brati s standardnega vhodaodmik %s (v bajtih) je prevelikdelnega konteksta ni mogoče uporabiti na neoznačeni datoteki %skonteksta procesa ni mogoče pridobitidostop do %s ni mogočni mogoče izdelati varnostne kopije %smožnosti se izključujeta - ali izpis vseh, ali povzeteklastništva %s ni mogoče spremenitidovoljenj %s ni mogoče spremenitikorenskega imenika ni mogoče prestaviti na %simenik %s ni dosegljivkorenski imenik ni dosegljiv s chdirizbiri --target-directory (-t) in --no-target-directory (-T) se izključujetaizbiri --target-directory in --no-target-directory se izključujetaizbir -e in -i ni mogoče kombiniratipretvorbe ascii, ebcdic in ibm se medsebojno izključujejopretvorbi block in unblock se medsebojno izključujetapretvorbi excl in nocreat se medsebojno izključujetapretvorbi lcase in ucase se medsebojno izključujetani moč podati izbire --reference in še izrecno navesti ZAŠČITEsignala ni moč kombinirati z izbirama -l ali -tni mogoče primerjati imen datotek %s in %sznaka s kodo U+%04X ni mogoče pretvoriti v lokalni nabor znakovznaka s kodo U+%04X ni moč pretvoriti v lokalni nabor znakov: %simenika %s se ne da prepisati vase, v %sni mogoče prepisati ciklične simbolne povezave %simenika %s ni mogoče ustvaritini mogoče ustvariti FIFO %sni mogoče ustvariti trde povezave %s na %sni mogoče ustvariti povezave %sni mogoče ustvariti povezave %s na %sni mogoče ustvariti navadne datoteke %sni mogoče ustvariti posebne datoteke %sni mogoče ustvariti simbolne povezave %sni mogoče ustvariti simbolne povezave %s na %szačasne datoteke v %s ni mogoče ustvaritini mogoče slediti povezavi %sni mogoče ugotoviti enote in inoda datoteke %simena računalnika ni mogoče ugotovitini moč ugotoviti lokacije %s, uporabljamo programsko izpraševanjeioctl na »%s« ni mogočime skupine za GID %lu ni ugotovljivouporabniško ime za UID %lu ni ugotovljivosledenje %s po imenu ni mogočekonteksta ni mogoče nastaviti na %s in ga obenem ohranitistatusa %s ni moč ugotoviti s fstattrenutnega imenika ni mogoče ugotovitiprioriteta izvajanja ni ugotovljivaime sistema ni ugotovljivopremikanje z lseek po %s ni mogočehkratne trde in simbolne povezave niso mogočeni mogoče ustvariti imenika %sni mogoče premakniti %s v %simenika %s se ne da premakniti v %s, ki je podimenik prvegaimenika ne moremo premakniti v ne-imenik: %s -> %sdatotek %s ni mogoče odpreti za branje%s ni mogoče odpreti za pisanjeimenika %s ni mogoče odpretidelovanje na obviseni simbolni povezavi %s ni mogočeprek imenika %s ne moremo zapisati ne-imenikaprek ne-imenika %s ne moremo pisati imenika %soblikovanega izpisa ni mogoče izvestirazširjenih atributov ni moč ohraniti, cp je zgrajen brez podpore za xattrohranitev varnostnega konteksta brez jedra s podporo SELinux ni mogočani mogoče izpisati le nečesa, če je podanih več možnostiv privzeti obliki ni možen izpis samo imen ali realnih IDizpis varnostnega konteksta ni mogoč ob podanem uporabnikuimenika %s ni mogoče prebratini mogoče prebrati imen datotek iz %sni mogoče prebrati datotečnega sistema %sure s stvarnim časom ni moč prebratini mogoče prebrati simbolne povezave %stabele priklopljenih datotečnih sistemov ni moč prebratini mogoče odstraniti %simenika ni mogoče odstraniti: %sni mogoče premakniti datotečnega kazalca za %sni mogoče pognati %sni mogoče nastaviti %sdatuma ni mogoče nastavitinastavitev GID ni mogočanastavitev GID na %lu ni mogočanastavitev skupin ni mogočana tem sistemu imena računalnika ni mogoče nastavljatiimena ni moč nastaviti na %sprioritete izvajanja ni mogoče nastavitidatoteke %s ni moč časovno označitinastavitev UID ni mogočanastavitev UID na %lu ni mogočani mogoče prek konca kombiniranega vhodani mogoče določiti --null (-0) z ukazommožnosti izpisa počez in vzporednega izpisa se izključujetapri vzporednem izpisu ni mogoče določiti števila stolpcevhkrati lahko navedemo samo en virrazcep na več kot en način ni mogočstatusa %s ni moč ugotoviti s statstatusa trenutnega imenika (zdaj %s) ni moč ugotovitistatusa standardnega vhoda ni mogoče ugotoviti%s ni dosegljivni mogoče odstraniti varnostne kopije %ss klicem unlink ni mogoče odstraniti %sni mogoče odnastaviti %sopazovanje %s ni mogočeopazovanje nadimenika %s ni mogočenapake v jedru ni bilo mogoče zaobitiskupina %s spremenjena na %s zamenava lastništva %s na %s ni uspela spreminjamo skupino %sspreminjamo lastništvo %sspreminjamo dovoljenja %sspreminjamo varnostni kontekst %s znakovni zamik je ničkoda znaka izven obsegaznakovna enotaznakovne enote niso podprtebrišemo dovoljenja za %ssprem. urezapiranje ni uspelozapiramo %szapiramo %s (fd=%d)zapiramo imenik %szapiramo vhodno datoteko %szapiramo izhodno datoteko %szapiramo standardni vhodzdružljivostni način podpira največ eno datotekonasprotujoča si niza za nadomestitev praznega poljapodana določila varnostnega konteksta si nasprotujejoizravnavanja %s ni moč nastaviti v način %s ni mogoče ustvariti procesa za %s -dzačasne datoteke ni mogoče ustvaritini mogoče izvesti %sni mogoče izvesti %s -dimeniškega vnosa z ujemajočim inodom v %s ni moč najtičas od zagona ni ugotovljivustvarjen imenik %sustvarjamo imenik %sustvarjamo datoteko %s ustvarjamo trdo povezavo %sustvarjamo trdo povezavo %s => %sustvarjamo trdo povezavo %.0s%sustvarjamo simbolno povezavo %sustvarjamo simbolno povezavo %s -> %sseznam razmejilnikov se konča z nezavarovano obratno poševnico: %simenikdeljenje z ničklic dup2 ni uspelprazen %s ni dovoljenprazno ime datotekeprazen tabulatornapaka pri zapiranji datotekenapaka v ujemalniku z regularnimi izrazinapaka pri iskanju z regularnimi izrazinapaka pri inicializaciji nizov za mesecenapaka pri nadzoru dogodka inotifynapaka pri branju %snapaka pri branju dogodka inotifynapaka pri čakanju na ukaznapaka pri pisanju na %sexit=odvečen argument %sodvečni operand %sodvečni operand %s dodatni operand %s pri izbiri -%c ni dovoljenzamenava konteksta %s na %s ni uspelazamenjava skupine %s na %s ni uspela poskus spremembe zaščite datoteke %s v %04lo (%s) ni uspel zamenava lastništva %s ni uspela zamenava lastništva %s na %s ni uspela menjava imenika v %s ni uspelapodvajanje %s ni uspeloizračun novega konteksta ni uspelustvarjenje imenika s predlogo %s ni uspeloustvarjenje datoteke s predlogo %s ni uspeloustvarjenje varnostnega konteksta ni uspelo: %sbranje prilastkov (atributov) %s ni uspelobranje trenutnega konteksta ni uspelobranje konteksta ustvarjenja datotečnega sistema ni uspelobranje skupine za trenutni proces ni uspelobranje skupine za uporabnika %s ni uspelobranje varnostnega konteksta %s ni uspelovpogled v datoteko %s ni uspelodpiranje %s ni uspeloavtorstvo datoteke %s ni bilo ohranjenolastništvo za %s ni bilo ohranjenodovoljenja datoteke %s niso ohranjenačasi za %s niso bili ohranjenipreusmeritev standardnega izhoda za napake ni uspelapreusmeritev standardnega izhoda za napake na /dev/null ni uspelaodstranitev %s ni uspelaodstranitev imenika %s ni uspelaonemogočenje standardnega izhoda ni uspeloponovno odpiranje %s v načinu %s ni uspelopovrnitev privzetega konteksta ustvarjenja datoteke ni uspelavrnitev v začetni delovni imenik ni uspelaukaza %s ni uspelo izvestinastavitev %s varnostnega konteksta na %s ni bila uspešnadodatnih skupin ni uspelo nastavitinastavitev privzetega konteksta datoteke na %s ni uspelanastavitev GID ni uspelanastavitev novega obsega %s ni uspelanastavitev nove vloge %s ni uspelanastavitev novega tipa %s ni uspelanastavitev novega uporabnika %s ni uspeladodatne skupine ni mogoče nastavitinastavitev, da se kopija stderr zapre ob koncu izvajanja, ni uspelanastavitev varnostnega konteksta %s na %s ni uspelanastavitev UID ni uspelabranje statistike %s ni uspeloizklop O_DIRECT ni uspel: %sposodobitev okolja z %s ni uspelafdatasync ni uspel za %sklic fflush ni uspelštevilka polja %s je prevelikaštevilka polja je ničpolja in pozicije se štejejo od 1 daljeFIFOdatoteka %d ni urejenadatotečnih operandov ni mogoče kombinirati z izbiro --files0-from.datotečnih operandov ni mogoče kombinirati z izbiro --print-database (-p).tip datotečnega sistema %s je obenem izbran in izločenvejitev ni mogočadoločilo %s se zaključi z %%določilo %s ne vsebuje direktive %%določilo %s vsebuje preveč direktiv %%določilo %s vsebuje neznano direktivo %%%cpri izpisu polj enake širine ni dovoljeno podati oblikovnega določilafsync ni uspel za %s<fts_close ni uspelfts_read ni uspelgetpass: ni mogoče odpreti /dev/ttyberemo nove prilastke (atribute) %sskupina datoteke %s ohranjena kot %s funkcija iconv ni na voljofunkcija iconv ne delujeid=ne upoštevamo nobenih argumentovne upoštevamo vhodane upoštevamo vhoda; izhod dodajamo na konec %sne upoštevamo vhoda; standardni izhod za napake preusmerimo na standardni izhodne upoštevamo neveljavnega tabulatorja v spremenljivki TABSIZE: %sne upoštevamo neveljavne vrednosti spremenljivke QUOTING_STYLE: %sne upoštevamo neveljavne širine v spremenljivki COLUMNS: %sne-izbirnih argumentov ne upoštevamonezdružljivi združevalni polji %lu, %lunezdružljivi tabulatorjinapačno gesloni moč uporabiti inotify, uporabljamo programsko izpraševanjevhod je izginilvhodna vrstica je predolgapremik med enotami ni uspel: %s v %s; cilja ni moč odstranitineveljavni %s%s argument »%s«neveljavni --%s argument %sneveljavni popravek %sneveljavni argument %sneveljavni argument %s za %sneveljavni slog oštevilčenja telesa: %sneveljavni izravnalni način %s za %s neveljavni seznam bajtov ali poljneveljavni znak %c v oznaki tipa %sneveljavni razred znakov %sneveljavni kontekst: %sneveljavna pretvorbaneveljavno določilo pretvorbe v priponi: %cneveljavno določilo pretvorbe v priponi: \\%.3oneveljavni datum %sneveljavna oblika datuma %sneveljavni padajoči razponneveljavna enota %s %sneveljavna vrsta naprave %sneveljavna številka polja: %sneveljavno določilo polja: %sneveljavna širina polja: %sneveljavna številka datoteke v določilu polja: %sargument ni neveljavno število v plavajoči vejici: %sneveljavni slog oštevilčenja noge: %sneveljavna natančnost oblikeneveljavna širina oblikeneveljavna širina razmaka: %sneveljavno ime skupineneveljavno ime skupine %sneveljaven seznam skupin %sneveljavna skupina: %sneveljavni slog oštevilčenja glave: %sneveljavni vhodneveljavna vhodna zastavicaneveljavni vhodni razpon %sneveljavno celo število %sneveljavni celoštevilčni argument %sneveljavno število vrstic %sneveljavni komunikacijski protokol %sneveljavna širina polja s številko vrstice: %sneveljavni vrstični inkrement: %sneveljavna oblika oštevilčenja vrstic: %sneveljavna širina vrstice: %sneveljavno GLAVNO število enote %sneveljavna največja globina %sneveljavno POMOŽNO število enote %snapačna zaščitaneveljavni način %sneveljavni način: %sneveljavno število %sneveljavno število za »,«neveljavno število za »-«neveljavno število za ».«neveljavno število začetka poljaneveljavno število praznih vrstic: %sneveljavno število bajtovneveljavno število primerjanih bajtovneveljavno število preskočenih bajtovneveljavno število stoplcev: %sneveljavno število preskočenih poljneveljavno število vrsticneveljavno število vrstic: 0neveljavna izbira -- %cneveljavna izbira -- %c; -WIDTH je prepoznana le, če je navedena kot prva izbira; namesto tega uporabite -w Nneveljavna osnova naslovov »%c«; veljavne so možnosti d, o, x in nneveljavno izhodna zastavicaneveljavni razpon strani %sneveljavna natančnost: %sneveljavni razpon brez končne točke: -neveljavno število ponavljanj %s v konstruktu [c*n]neveljavna specifikacijaneveljavna začetna številka vrstice: %sneveljavna statusna zastavicaneveljavna pripona %s, vsebuje ločilnik imenikovneveljavna pripona pri %s%s argumentu »%s«neveljavni tabulator: %sneveljavna predloga, %s, vsebuje ločilnike imenikovneveljavna predloga, %s; pri izbiri --tmpdir ne sme biti absolutnaneveljavni časovni interval %sneveljavna oblika ure %sneveljavna zaključna izbira -- %cneveljavna oznaka tipa %sneveljavna oznaka tip %s; ta sistem ne omogoča %lu-bajtnega zapisa v plavajoči vejicineveljavna oznaka tip %s; ta sistem ne omogoča %lu-bajtnega celoštevilčnega tipaneveljavno univerzalno ime znaka \%c%0*xneveljavno uporabniško imeneveljavno ime uporabnika %sneveljavna širina: %sneveljavna širina: %sneveljavno ime (dolžina nič) datotekerekurzivno delovanje na %s je nevarnorekurzivno delovanje na %s (isto kot %s) je nevarnolast=vodilni »-« v delu imena datoteke %smeja %lu presežena za dolžino %lu pri imenu datoteke %smeja %lu presežena za dolžino %lu pri delu imena datoteke %svrstično izravnavanje standardnega vhoda ni smiselnoštevec vrstic -%s%c... je prevelikštevilka vrstice %s je nižja od številke vrstice pred njo, %sprekoračitev številke vrsticenajvečji dovoljeni argument --%s pri trenutni vrednosti rlimit je %szmanjkalo pomnilnikavrsta sporočilnajmanjši --%s argument je %sneporavnana konstrukta [:upper:] in/ali [:lower:]manjkajoče določilo pretvorbe %% v priponimanjkajoč »]«manjkajoč argument za %sizbiri %s manjka argumentmanjkajoče ime razreda znakov »[::]«manjkajoče določilo pretvorbe v priponimanjkajoč operand ciljne datoteke za %smanjkajoč znak za ekvivalenco razredov »[==]«manjkajoč operand datotekev ubežnem zaporedju manjka šestnajstiško številoseznam polj manjkaseznam položajev manjkamanjkajoč operandmanjkajoč operand za %snačin mora določiti le bite dovoljenja za dostop do datotekezaščita datoteke %s spremenjena v %04lo (%s) zaščita datoteke %s ohranjena kot %04lo (%s) večznakovni tabulator %spodanih je več izbir -ihkrati sta podani izbiri -l in -tpodan je več kot en program za stiskanjepodanih je več razmejilnikovveč obsegovpodana je več kot ena izhodna datotekapodana je več kot ena oblika izhodanaveden je več kot en izvor naključnih številpodanih je več relativnih modifikatorjevveč vlogpodanih je več ciljnih imenikovveč tipovveč uporabnikovtako simbolna povezava %s kot sklicevana datoteka/imenik sta nespremenjena spremenljivka SHELL ni nastavljena, niti ni podan tip ukazne lupinebrez spremembe lastništva %s ukaz ni določenobdelan ni bil noben datotečni sistemnobene datoteke ni večni vhoda iz %suporabniško ime manjkaštevilka procesa (PID) ni določenatip ne sme biti določen, kadar iznašamo nizeuporabniško ime ni podano; pri izbiri -l mora biti podano vsaj enoneprenosljiv znak %s v imenu datoteke %sni terminalne pišemo prek obvisene simbolne povezave %sštevilo v %s je prevelikoštevilo bajtovštevilo vrsticprekoračitev odmika pri branju datoteke %sizpuščamo imenik %skvečjemu en konstrukt ponovitev znaka [c*] se sme pojaviti v nizu 2navedena je lahko samo ena enotadoločen je lahko samo en tip seznamaodpiranje ni uspeloodpiramo %sizbira je uporabljena v neveljavnem kontekstu -- %cizbiri --backup in --no-clobber se medsebojno izključujetaizbiri --compare (-C) in --preserve-timestamps se medsebojno izključujetaizbiri --compare (-C) in --strip se medsebojno izključujetaizbire »-%s« so nezdružljivepripone izhodnih datotek so izčrpaneprekoračitev obsega pri povečevanju dolžine datoteke %sprekoračitev obsega pri zaokrožitvi navzgor velikosti datoteke %slastništvo datoteke %s nespremenjeno lastnik datoteke %s ostaja %s prekoračitev števila straniširina strani premajhnaohranjena dovoljenja za %sohranjeni časi za %sizpis vseh podvojenih vrstic skupaj s številom ponovitev ni smiselnmeji razpona »%s-%s« nista navedeni v naraščajočem abecednem redunapaka pri branjubranje ni uspeloberemo %sberemo imenik %szapis je prevelikstandardni izhod za napake preusmerjamo na standardni izhodnavadna prazna datotekanavadna datotekaodstranjena %s odstranjen imenik: %s odstranjujemo imenik, %srun-levelsemaforločilo ne more biti praznonastavite LC_ALL='C', da bi odpravili težavo.nastavljamo zastavice za %snastavljena dovoljenja za %snastavljamo čase %sdeljen pomnilniški predmetvsota preskočenih in prebranih bajtov je prevelikapreskakujemo %s, ker je na drugi napravidatoteko %s izpustimo, ker je bila med prepisom zamenjanavtičnicastandardna napakastandardni vhodstandardni vhod je zaprtstandardni izhodpoizvedba po statusu ni uspelastandardna izhod za napakestandardni vhodstandardni izhodzablodeli znak v določilu poljaprimerjanje nizov ni uspelopretvorba niza ni uspelaproces »strip« se je zaključil nenormalnoneizpisovanje vrstic, ki ne vsebujejo razmejilnika je smiselno le, kadar delamo s poljisimbolna povezavanapaka v skladnjisistemski zagonširina tabulatorja ne more biti 0širina tabulatorja vsebuje neveljavni(-e) znak(e): %sseznam tabulatorjev mora biti naraščajočtabulator je prevelik %svrednost tabulatorja je prevelikarazmik med tabulatorji je prevelikcilj %s ni imeniknavedba ciljnega imenika ni dovoljena pri namestitvi imenikaterm=test in/ali [izbiri --binary in --text nista smiselni pri preverjanju nadzornih vsotizbira --compare (-C) se ne upošteva, kadar določite način brez bitov dovoljenjizbira --context (-Z) je opuščena in bo v prihodnjih izdajah umaknjenaizbira --quiet je smiselna samo pri preverjanju nadzornih vsotizbira --status je smiselna samo pri preverjanju nadzornih vsotizbira --warn je smiselna samo pri preverjanju nadzornih vsotkonstrukt [c*] se sme pojaviti v nizu 2 le pri prevedbikonstrukt ponovitev znaka [c*] se ne sme pojaviti v nizu 1argumentu %s manjka vodilni »+«; Pri določanju datuma morajo biti vsi argumenti, ki niso izbire, določitelji oblike datuma in se morajo začeti s »+«razmejilnik mora biti en sam znakizbiri za izpis v človeku berljivi obliki ter obliki, ki jo lahko prebere stty, sta si nasprotujočiizpis privzetih vrednosti (izbira --print-data-base, -p) ni združljiv z izbiro sintakse ukazne lupineizbiri za izpis in nastavitev datuma se medsebojno izključujetaizbire pri določanju datumov za izpis se medsebojno izključujejoprimerjana niza sta bila %s in %sopcija »strip« ni dovoljena pri namestitvi imenikanepretvorjeni niz je bil %sčas %s je izven razponaza uporabo user-ID %s morate uporabiti tudi -gpremalo mest (X) v predlogi %spreveč določil pretvorbe %% v priponipreveč znakov v množicipreveč ponovljenih vrsticpreveč predlogskupnoprečenje ni uspelo: %stipiziran pomnilniški predmetuid=%lusporočila o napaki ni mogoče prikazatini mogoče zabeležiti trenutnega delovnega imenikavarnostnega konteksta %s ni mogoče nastavitinepričakovan neuspeh: fts_info=%d: %s prosimo, javite na %sneznan binarni operatorneznani status ukaza (0x%X)neznani tokneznana številka uporabnika (UID): %svrednosti v spremenljivki LS_COLORS ni moč raztolmačitineprepoznan operand %sneprepoznana predpona: %spokonci %ld dni %2d:%02d, pokonci %ld dan %2d:%02d, pokonci %ld dni %2d:%02d, pokonci %ld dni %2d:%02d, pokonci ???? dni ??:??, uporabite --no-preserve-root, da zaobidete to varovalkouporabnik %s ne obstajauporaba %s za oznako standardnega vhoda ne deluje v datotečnem načinuz uporabo aritmetike z poljubno natančnostjoz omejeno ukazno lupino %sz uporabo aritmetike enojne natančnostičakamo na %s [-d]čakamo na »strip«opozorilo: %s: znak(i), sledeči znakovni konstanti, niso bili upoštevaniopozorilo: %s: sprememba konteksta na %s ni uspelaopozorilo: izbira --pid=PID na tem sistemu ni podprtaopozorilo: izbira --retry je večinoma uporabna le, kadar ji sledi imeopozorilo: PID ni upoštevan; --pid=PID je uporabno samo pri sledenjuopozorilo: »touch %s« je opuščeno; uporabite »touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d«opozorilo: nezavarovana obratna poševnica na koncu niza ni prenosljivaopozorilo: obratna poševnica na koncu formatnega določilaopozorilo: imenik %s ni dosegljivopozorilo: ni moč odstraniti %sopozorilo: sledenje standardnemu vhodu za vekomaj ni učinkovitoopozorilo: odvečni argumenti začenši s %s niso bili upoštevaniopozorilo: neveljavni odmik datoteke po napaki pri branjuopozorilo: neveljavna širina %lu; namesto nje jemljemo %dopozorilo: številka vrstice %s je ista kot tista pred njoopozorilo: izvorna datoteka %s je podana več kot enkratopozorilo: povzetek se izključuje z --max-depth=%luopozorilo: povzetek je isto kot izbira --max-depth=0opozorilo: izbira --%s je opuščena; uporabite --referenceopozorilo: dvoumno osmiško ubežno zaporedje \%c%c%c tolmačimo kot dvobajtno zaporedje \0%c%c, %copozorilo: neprepoznana izbira »\%c«opozorilo: obvoz okoli napake lseek v jedru za datoteko (%s) vrste mt_type=0x%0lx -- glejte za seznam zvrstičudna datotekakadar ne krajšamo niza 1, mora biti niz 2 neprazenpri branju imen datotek s standardnega vhoda ime %s ni dovoljeno.pri določanju sloga izhoda ni mogoče nastavljati načinovpri prevedbi s komplementi znakovnih razredov mora niz 2 preslikati vse znake iz domene v enegaedina razreda znakov, ki se smeta pri prevedbi pojaviti v nizu 2, sta »upper« in »lower«ne bomo prepisali %s prek pravkar ustvarjene simbolne povezave %sni mogoče ustvariti trde povezave %s na imenik %sprek pravkar ustvarjene datoteke %s ne moremo zapisati %spri izbiri --parents mora biti cilj imenikob izbiri --suffix se mora vzorec %s končati z Xnapaka pri pisanjunapaka pri pisanju za %spisanje ni uspelozapisujemo %spišemo na %spodati morate -c, -t, -u, -l, -r ali kontekstpodati je treba seznam bajtov, znakov ali poljnavedete lahko le enega od %s ali %sPRIuMAXPRIdMAX%+% records in %+% records out % truncated record % truncated records % byte (%s) copied% bytes (%s) copiedoffset too large: cannot truncate to a length of seek=% (%lu-byte) blocksfailed to truncate to % bytes in output file %sfailed to allocate a % byte stdio buffer %s: %: improperly formatted %s checksum lineWARNING: % of % listed file could not be readWARNING: % of % listed files could not be readWARNING: % of % computed checksum did NOT matchWARNING: % of % computed checksums did NOT matchstarting page number % exceeds page count %Page %overflow in % * % byte blocks for file %struncating %s at % bytes%+% zapisov na vhodu %+% zapisov na izhodu % odrezanih zapisov % odrezan zapis % odrezana zapisa % odrezani zapisi % bajtov (%s) prepisanih% bajt (%s) prepisan% bajta (%s) prepisana% bajti (%s) prepisaniodmik prevelik: ni moč odrezati na dolžino seek=% (%lu-bajtnih) blokovobrezovanje na % bajtov pri izhodni datoteki %s ni uspeloneuspešna dodelitev % bajtov za izravnalnik stdio %s: %: nepravilno oblikovana vrstica z nadzorno vsoto %sOPOZORILO: % od % navedenih datotek se ne da prebratiOPOZORILO: % od % navedene datoteke se ne da prebratiOPOZORILO: % od % navedenih datotek se ne da prebratiOPOZORILO: % od % navedenih datotek se ne da prebratiOPOZORILO: % od % nadzornih vsot se NE ujema.OPOZORILO: % od % nadzorne vsote se NE ujema.OPOZORILO: % od % nadzornih vsot se NE ujema.OPOZORILO: % od % nadzornih vsot se NE ujema.začetna stran % presega skupno število strani %Stran %prekoračitev obsega pri dolžini %×% bajtov datoteke %sdatoteka %s odrezana pri dolžini % bajtov07070100009261000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001600000000reloc/share/locale/sv07070100009262000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000002200000000reloc/share/locale/sv/LC_MESSAGES07070100009263000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000477e9000000660000000300000000000000000000002f00000000reloc/share/locale/sv/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo0-Yw x@x{{{||}Z~GMGp!sRw5tR~ 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"6-"d"#""""%"R #H]#/#3#$ $$/$"T$7w$)$&$8%<9%3v%+%%%%&-&E&e&&!&)&,&''+'S':p'')'-'!(;=(y( ((((2 )<)V);q)2) )!*#*8>*1w*4*,*C +<O+-+A+>+;,U,+u,,!,1,-(-"E-h-z---!--?-9.X.$t..%.8.3/HI/</+/#/0.90"h000000)0*$1O1j1111"1112*2I2 f2t2 222222+27&38^333-3$34945W4"444444575Q5Cq55555 5 66'-6%U6&{6)66%6 7)7A7G7Y7j7'|7&7&787+8&J8'q88'8/8+ 9&79"^9'9:969.:0J:{::.:$:+ ;%6;(\;7;;%;.;(.<>W<<<#<?<(7=B`= =)="=!>(3>*\>H>;>$ ?!1?%S?)y?????% @/@"4@2W@:@0@@A0A%PA$vABAAAB!&BHBeB BBBBB0B=C?]C?C6C'D P+(Q&TQ6{QQ5Q Q R R75R&mR RRRR#R&S#:S^S+pSS$SSS3S//T2_TTT$T%TU.UCU\UvU%U UU UUFVEJVVVVVVWW)2WJ\W%W W+WX X (X,4XaXHvXX$XX Y+Y?JYNY@Y Z;Z*SZ3~ZZZZZ[3[KH[:[[[ [[\(\>\ M\ X\e\{\ \\\,\\]#]8]&K]4r]?]] ] ^^ #^/^ F^ S^ _^!k^ ^"^ ^J^=_ M_ W_c_._"___!`2`=P```T`O`PJaEaFaE(bKnbDbb)cTco+dRdGd'6e?^e$e)e@e.f-Efsffffffff%g$@g7egg#g gg0g/hAh4ShhFhhHi,Oi|i'iiiEi2.j/ajHjFjR!kKtk2k&kl:8l9sl6l3l=m-Vm9m@m:m_:n4nun Eo0Qo@oBonpTup4p0p20q2cq)qqqq qq/ r;:r#vrh5^~v< )OP'J91,~4P<,o:A <q.aErzb QABh@ l`#Hht RSmp~"dpGCVnm]QOSLhP.8a@SH CODR57!-lj- ;@.IY5C^&F{V$`ejcGuy7!E3f 9M~BHKm;],cM? *,4"G:Xzh|as{P"nJ  U=}r6!Tc&0 }ke\]q7NJR;oWUd3o6fc0i[6(]+l i#|b'9txsK|#X/JC[u@[ig^-%.v<BU01wE  g:`}K%!'8XbauWa-M9FtsP=QGLpz@)fTnx+Um|EI%AJqu__MCcTyH*)rDT$NW$Mf;(#2"&*I Xr8*R_>bV~V:gz/7s5.?Q?TyT ?Ful:&k.I48yd7,6MrowB,N^\sX{@{Wd=KL*# VUo']&BY2 Rhrw SPG %Z(6I yi}OUC;DQ%[4}YmB t/=8x&t?dnLkYp3W qpKNk -i":}`0a(_xl?;5E8Y DH-bNEeA/60 9)2jvQ0vjF <gAO[1~m23b=\`qHj( 'vci)lg<_v\1zV>tKy  1(>4Z !YD|nS*I{#7+>OnS_f 2)k Lzq!oWxGF>ud{+/\DpFeX /4$5k^weZ+N9%Jxw23ZwfjZe$LR|A1g>^+"3Z= ][s$`'\rrtxxxxxxyy4yPylyyyyyyz(z= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2 FILE1 -ef FILE2 FILE1 and FILE2 have the same device and inode numbers FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2 FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 is older than FILE2 INTEGER copy up to but not including specified line number /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copy up to but not including a matching line %REGEXP%[OFFSET] skip to, but not including a matching line {INTEGER} repeat the previous pattern specified number of times {*} repeat the previous pattern as many times as possible A line OFFSET is a required `+' or `-' followed by a positive integer. INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING length of STRING a number all lines t number only nonempty lines n number no lines pBRE number only lines that contain a match for the basic regular expression, BRE FORMAT is one of: ln left justified, no leading zeros rn right justified, no leading zeros rz right justified, leading zeros b create a block (buffered) special file c, u create a character (unbuffered) special file p create a FIFO # users=%lu -t is implied if PAGE_LENGTH <= 10. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. A field is a run of blanks (usually spaces and/or TABs), then non-blank characters. Fields are skipped before chars. A lightweight `finger' program; print user information. The utmp file will be %s. A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment. A mere - implies -l. If USER not given, assume root. After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number; then an optional modifier, which is either E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available. An omitted EXPRESSION defaults to false. Otherwise, EXPRESSION is true or false and sets exit status. It is one of: As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. BLOCKS and BYTES may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Each CONV symbol may be: Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. Both MAJOR and MINOR must be specified when TYPE is b, c, or u, and they must be omitted when TYPE is p. If MAJOR or MINOR begins with 0x or 0X, it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal; otherwise, as decimal. TYPE may be: By default, rm does not remove directories. Use the --recursive (-r or -R) option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents. By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: By default, sparse SOURCE files are detected by a crude heuristic and the corresponding DEST file is made sparse as well. That is the behavior selected by --sparse=auto. Specify --sparse=always to create a sparse DEST file whenever the SOURCE file contains a long enough sequence of zero bytes. Use --sparse=never to inhibit creation of sparse files. When --reflink[=always] is specified, perform a lightweight copy, where the data blocks are copied only when modified. If this is not possible the copy fails, or if --reflink=auto is specified, fall back to a standard copy. Combination settings: * [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase cbreak same as -icanon -cbreak same as icanon Control settings: [-]clocal disable modem control signals [-]cread allow input to be received * [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8] Display values are in units of the first available SIZE from --block-size, and the %s_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables. Otherwise, units default to 1024 bytes (or 512 if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set). Each FLAG symbol may be: append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc suggested) Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Examples: %s -12 file1 file2 Print only lines present in both file1 and file2. %s -3 file1 file2 Print lines in file1 not in file2, and vice versa. Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Output "stdio". Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Output ".". Examples: %s f - g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. %s Copy standard input to standard output. Examples: %s root /u Change the owner of /u to "root". %s root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to "staff". %s -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root". Examples: %s staff /u Change the group of /u to "staff". %s -hR staff /u Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff". Except for -h and -L, all FILE-related tests dereference symbolic links. Beware that parentheses need to be escaped (e.g., by backslashes) for shells. INTEGER may also be -l STRING, which evaluates to the length of STRING. Exit status is 0 if EXPRESSION is neither null nor 0, 1 if EXPRESSION is null or 0, 2 if EXPRESSION is syntactically invalid, and 3 if an error occurred. Exit status: 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory), 2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument). FORMAT controls the output as in C printf. Interpreted sequences are: \" double quote FORMAT controls the output. Interpreted sequences are: %% a literal % %a locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun) Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. If -e is in effect, the following sequences are recognized: If FILE is -, shred standard output. Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified. The default is not to remove the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda, and those files usually should not be removed. When operating on regular files, most people use the --remove option. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual. If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. If FIRST or INCREMENT is omitted, it defaults to 1. That is, an omitted INCREMENT defaults to 1 even when LAST is smaller than FIRST. FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are interpreted as floating point values. INCREMENT is usually positive if FIRST is smaller than LAST, and INCREMENT is usually negative if FIRST is greater than LAST. If MODE is `0' the corresponding stream will be unbuffered. If MODE is `L' the corresponding stream will be line buffered. This option is invalid with standard input. If a FILE is -, copy again to standard output. If first and second call formats both apply, the second format is assumed if the last operand begins with + or (if there are 2 operands) a digit. An OFFSET operand means -j OFFSET. LABEL is the pseudo-address at first byte printed, incremented when dump is progressing. For OFFSET and LABEL, a 0x or 0X prefix indicates hexadecimal; suffixes may be . for octal and b for multiply by 512. If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). If standard input is a terminal, redirect it from /dev/null. If standard output is a terminal, append output to `nohup.out' if possible, `$HOME/nohup.out' otherwise. If standard error is a terminal, redirect it to standard output. To save output to FILE, use `%s COMMAND > FILE'. If the command times out, then exit with status 124. Otherwise, exit with the status of COMMAND. If no signal is specified, send the TERM signal upon timeout. The TERM signal kills any process that does not block or catch that signal. For other processes, it may be necessary to use the KILL (9) signal, since this signal cannot be caught. If the first character of K (the number of bytes or lines) is a `+', print beginning with the Kth item from the start of each file, otherwise, print the last K items in the file. K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Input settings: [-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal [-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline [-]ignbrk ignore break characters [-]igncr ignore carriage return K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Local settings: [-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings * -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings NOTE: If COMMAND adjusts the buffering of its standard streams (`tee' does for e.g.) then that will override corresponding settings changed by `stdbuf'. Also some filters (like `dd' and `cat' etc.) don't use streams for I/O, and are thus unaffected by `stdbuf' settings. NOTE: [ honors the --help and --version options, but test does not. test treats each of those as it treats any other nonempty STRING. NOTE: your shell may have its own version of %s, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. Note that the -d and -t options accept different time-date formats. Note that the -r and -s options are mutually exclusive. Note, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. Note: 'uniq' does not detect repeated lines unless they are adjacent. You may want to sort the input first, or use `sort -u' without `uniq'. Also, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available. Otherwise MODE is a number which may be followed by one of the following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. In this case the corresponding stream will be fully buffered with the buffer size set to MODE bytes. Output settings: * bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1] * crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3] * ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1] * nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1] Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed to login group if implied by a `:' following a symbolic OWNER. OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic. POS is F[.C][OPTS], where F is the field number and C the character position in the field; both are origin 1. If neither -t nor -b is in effect, characters in a field are counted from the beginning of the preceding whitespace. OPTS is one or more single-letter ordering options, which override global ordering options for that key. If no key is given, use the entire line as the key. SIZE may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 RADIX is d for decimal, o for octal, x for hexadecimal or n for none. BYTES is hexadecimal with 0x or 0X prefix, and may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Adding a z suffix to any type displays printable characters at the end of each output line. Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: Report %s bugs to %s Report bugs to: %s SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIGNAL may be a signal name like `HUP', or a signal number like `1', or the exit status of a process terminated by a signal. PID is an integer; if negative it identifies a process group. SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). SIZE may also be prefixed by one of the following modifying characters: `+' extend by, `-' reduce by, `<' at most, `>' at least, `/' round down to multiple of, `%' round up to multiple of. SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Sending a %s signal to a running `dd' process makes it print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s Options are: Special characters: * dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input) eol CHAR CHAR will end the line Special settings: N set the input and output speeds to N bauds * cols N tell the kernel that the terminal has N columns * columns N same as cols N TYPE is made up of one or more of these specifications: a named character, ignoring high-order bit c ASCII character or backslash escape The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: The data are encoded as described for the base64 alphabet in RFC 3548. When decoding, the input may contain newlines in addition to the bytes of the formal base64 alphabet. Use --ignore-garbage to attempt to recover from any other non-alphabet bytes in the encoded stream. The following three options are useful only when verifying checksums: --quiet don't print OK for each successfully verified file --status don't output anything, status code shows success -w, --warn warn about improperly formatted checksum lines The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. The valid format sequences for files (without --file-system): %a Access rights in octal %A Access rights in human readable form %b Number of blocks allocated (see %B) %B The size in bytes of each block reported by %b %C SELinux security context string This install program copies files (often just compiled) into destination locations you choose. If you want to download and install a ready-to-use package on a GNU/Linux system, you should instead be using a package manager like yum(1) or apt-get(1). In the first three forms, copy SOURCE to DEST or multiple SOURCE(s) to the existing DIRECTORY, while setting permission modes and owner/group. In the 4th form, create all components of the given DIRECTORY(ies). To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo', use one of these commands: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Traditional format specifications may be intermixed; they accumulate: -a same as -t a, select named characters, ignoring high-order bit -b same as -t o1, select octal bytes -c same as -t c, select ASCII characters or backslash escapes -d same as -t u2, select unsigned decimal 2-byte units Translation occurs if -d is not given and both SET1 and SET2 appear. -t may be used only when translating. SET2 is extended to length of SET1 by repeating its last character as necessary. Excess characters of SET2 are ignored. Only [:lower:] and [:upper:] are guaranteed to expand in ascending order; used in SET2 while translating, they may only be used in pairs to specify case conversion. -s uses SET1 if not translating nor deleting; else squeezing uses SET2 and occurs after translation or deletion. Use one, and only one of -b, -c or -f. Each LIST is made up of one range, or many ranges separated by commas. Selected input is written in the same order that it is read, and is written exactly once. Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it. With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. With no options, produce three-column output. Column one contains lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2, and column three contains lines common to both files. Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. ??? --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -f, --force do not prompt before overwriting -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file If you specify more than one of -i, -f, -n, only the final one takes effect. --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories (note: will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the superuser) -f, --force remove existing destination files --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -c (ignored) -C, --compare compare each pair of source and destination files, and in some cases, do not modify the destination at all -d, --directory treat all arguments as directory names; create all components of the specified directories --batch-size=NMERGE merge at most NMERGE inputs at once; for more use temp files --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks. See SIZE format below -B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~ -c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime --complement complement the set of selected bytes, characters or fields --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -L, --max-line-length print the length of the longest line -w, --words print the word counts --files0-from=F summarize disk usage of the NUL-terminated file names specified in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -H equivalent to --dereference-args (-D) -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si like -h, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 --group-directories-first group directories before files. augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping --help display this help and exit --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode print the index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k like --block-size=1K --lookup attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS -m only hostname and user associated with stdin -p, --process print active processes spawned by init --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially --preserve-root do not remove `/' (default) -r, -R, --recursive remove directories and their contents recursively -v, --verbose explain what is being done --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST don't preserve the specified attributes --parents use full source file name under DIRECTORY --one-file-system when removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any directory that is on a file system different from that of the corresponding command line argument --pid=PID with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies -q, --quiet, --silent never output headers giving file names --retry keep trying to open a file even when it is or becomes inaccessible; useful when following by name, i.e., with --follow=name --preserve-context preserve SELinux security context -Z, --context=CONTEXT set SELinux security context of files and directories --reference=RFILE use RFILE's security context rather than specifying a CONTEXT value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC output date and time in RFC 3339 format. TIMESPEC=`date', `seconds', or `ns' for date and time to the indicated precision. Date and time components are separated by a single space: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=STRING set time described by STRING -u, --utc, --universal print or set Coordinated Universal Time --sort=WORD sort according to WORD: general-numeric -g, human-numeric -h, month -M, numeric -n, random -R, version -V -V, --version-sort natural sort of (version) numbers within text --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix --suffix=SUFF append SUFF to TEMPLATE. SUFF must not contain slash. This option is implied if TEMPLATE does not end in X. --time show time of the last modification of any file in the directory, or any of its subdirectories --time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status --time-style=STYLE show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT FORMAT is interpreted like `date' --time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale --verbose print a diagnostic just before each output file is opened --version output version information and exit --all print the number of installed processors --ignore=N if possible, exclude N processing units Size Used Avail Use% Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Size Used Avail Use% -evenp same as -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7 nl same as -icrnl -onlcr -nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-') [-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty [-]hupcl same as [-]hup [-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input [-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-') [-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors * [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character [-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return [-]inpck enable input parity checking [-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters [-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters [-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters * [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal * [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\' for uppercase characters cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values -cooked same as raw crt same as echoe echoctl echoke dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany ek erase and kill characters to their default values evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N set the input speed to N * line N use line discipline N min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read ospeed N set the output speed to N oddp same as parenb parodd cs7 -oddp same as -parenb cs8 [-]parity same as [-]evenp pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7 raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw same as cooked sane same as cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke, all special characters to their default values stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal * swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer * werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed %% a single % %b ARGUMENT as a string with `\' escapes interpreted, except that octal escapes are of the form \0 or \0NNN and all C format specifications ending with one of diouxXfeEgGcs, with ARGUMENTs converted to proper type first. Variable widths are handled. %A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday) %b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan) %B locale's full month name (e.g., January) %c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005) %C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20) %d day of month (e.g, 01) %D date; same as %m/%d/%y %e day of month, space padded; same as %_d %F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d %g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G) %G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V %S second (00..60) %t a tab %T time; same as %H:%M:%S %u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday %U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) %V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53) %w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday %W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53) %d Device number in decimal %D Device number in hex %f Raw mode in hex %F File type %g Group ID of owner %G Group name of owner %h Number of hard links %i Inode number %n File name %N Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link %o I/O block size %s Total size, in bytes %t Major device type in hex %T Minor device type in hex %h same as %b %H hour (00..23) %I hour (01..12) %j day of year (001..366) %i File System ID in hex %l Maximum length of filenames %n File name %s Block size (for faster transfers) %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) %t Type in hex %T Type in human readable form %k hour ( 0..23) %l hour ( 1..12) %m month (01..12) %M minute (00..59) %n a newline %N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) %p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known %P like %p, but lower case %r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM) %R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M %s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u User ID of owner %U User name of owner %x Time of last access %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch %y Time of last modification %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch %z Time of last change %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch %x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99) %X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48) %y last two digits of year (00..99) %Y year %z +hhmm numeric timezone (e.g., -0400) %:z +hh:mm numeric timezone (e.g., -04:00) %::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00) %:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30) %Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT) By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes. + TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like `match' or an operator like `/' ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION --output-delimiter=STR separate columns with STR --userspec=USER:GROUP specify user and group (ID or name) to use --groups=G_LIST specify supplementary groups as g1,g2,..,gN -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -A, --auto-reference output automatically generated references -G, --traditional behave more like System V `ptx' -F, --flag-truncation=STRING use STRING for flagging line truncations -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks -b, --bytes equivalent to `--apparent-size --block-size=1' -c, --total produce a grand total -D, --dereference-args dereference only symlinks that are listed on the command line -C list entries by columns --color[=WHEN] colorize the output. WHEN defaults to `always' or can be `never' or `auto'. More info below -d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links -D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode -D create all leading components of DEST except the last, then copy SOURCE to DEST -g, --group=GROUP set group ownership, instead of process' current group -m, --mode=MODE set permission mode (as in chmod), instead of rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=OWNER set ownership (super-user only) -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names -h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line follow symbolic links listed on the command line --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory --hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A) -I prompt once before removing more than three files, or when removing recursively. Less intrusive than -i, while still giving protection against most mistakes --interactive[=WHEN] prompt according to WHEN: never, once (-I), or always (-i). Without WHEN, prompt always -L FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h) -O FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID -p FILE FILE exists and is a named pipe -r FILE FILE exists and read permission is granted -s FILE FILE exists and has a size greater than zero -L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links -P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default) -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -S, --separate-dirs do not include size of subdirectories -s, --summarize display only a total for each argument -L, --logical use PWD from environment, even if it contains symlinks -P, --physical avoid all symlinks -M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx' -O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives -R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences -T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives -N, --read-bytes=BYTES limit dump to BYTES input bytes -S, --strings[=BYTES] output strings of at least BYTES graphic chars -t, --format=TYPE select output format or formats -v, --output-duplicates do not use * to mark line suppression -w, --width[=BYTES] output BYTES bytes per output line --traditional accept arguments in traditional form -P, --portability use the POSIX output format --sync invoke sync before getting usage info -t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE -T, --print-type print file system type -x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE -v (ignored) -S sort by file size --sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time -S FILE FILE exists and is a socket -t FD file descriptor FD is opened on a terminal -u FILE FILE exists and its set-user-ID bit is set -w FILE FILE exists and write permission is granted -x FILE FILE exists and execute (or search) permission is granted -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create the links -T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file -v, --verbose print name of each linked file -SSTRING, --sep-string[=STRING] separate columns by STRING, without -S: Default separator with -J and otherwise (same as -S" "), no effect on column options -t, --omit-header omit page headers and trailers -T, --omit-pagination omit page headers and trailers, eliminate any pagination by form feeds set in input files -v, --show-nonprinting use octal backslash notation -w, --width=PAGE_WIDTH set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters for multiple text-column output only, -s[char] turns off (72) -T, -w, --mesg add user's message status as +, - or ? -u, --users list users logged in --message same as -T --writable same as -T -W, --page-width=PAGE_WIDTH set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters always, truncate lines, except -J option is set, no interference with -S or -s -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword -b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting -g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields -i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE -o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of NAME to CTX -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each NAME to CTX -a change only the access time -c, --no-create do not create any files -d, --date=STRING parse STRING and use it instead of current time -f (ignored) -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -a, --all include dummy file systems -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks --total produce a grand total -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories --apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be larger due to holes in (`sparse') files, internal fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like -a, --all convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks --first-only convert only leading sequences of blanks (overrides -a) -t, --tabs=N have tabs N characters apart instead of 8 (enables -a) -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated LIST of tab positions (enables -a) -a, --archive same as -dR --preserve=all --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument --copy-contents copy contents of special files when recursive -d same as --no-dereference --preserve=links -a, --suffix-length=N use suffixes of length N (default %d) -b, --bytes=SIZE put SIZE bytes per output file -C, --line-bytes=SIZE put at most SIZE bytes of lines per output file -d, --numeric-suffixes use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic -l, --lines=NUMBER put NUMBER lines per output file -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline -b, --binary read in binary mode -b, --binary read in binary mode (default unless reading tty stdin) -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -b, --bytes=LIST select only these bytes -c, --characters=LIST select only these characters -d, --delimiter=DELIM use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignore leading blanks -d, --dictionary-order consider only blanks and alphanumeric characters -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case characters -b, --suffix-format=FORMAT use sprintf FORMAT instead of %02d -f, --prefix=PREFIX use PREFIX instead of `xx' -k, --keep-files do not remove output files on errors -c, --bytes=K output the last K bytes; alternatively, use -c +K to output bytes starting with the Kth of each file -c, --bytes=[-]K print the first K bytes of each file; with the leading `-', print all but the last K bytes of each file -n, --lines=[-]K print the first K lines instead of the first 10; with the leading `-', print all but the last K lines of each file -c, --check read %s sums from the FILEs and check them -c, --check, --check=diagnose-first check for sorted input; do not sort -C, --check=quiet, --check=silent like -c, but do not report first bad line --compress-program=PROG compress temporaries with PROG; decompress them with PROG -d --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -c, --crown-margin preserve indentation of first two lines -p, --prefix=STRING reformat only lines beginning with STRING, reattaching the prefix to reformatted lines -s, --split-only split long lines, but do not refill -c, --no-create do not create any files -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -d, --directory create a directory, not a file -u, --dry-run do not create anything; merely print a name (unsafe) -q, --quiet suppress diagnostics about file/dir-creation failure -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes -e, --echo treat each ARG as an input line -i, --input-range=LO-HI treat each number LO through HI as an input line -n, --head-count=COUNT output at most COUNT lines -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries --file-type likewise, except do not append `*' --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso -f omit the line of column headings in short format -w omit the user's full name in short format -i omit the user's full name and remote host in short format -q omit the user's full name, remote host and idle time in short format -f same as -t fF, select floats -i same as -t dI, select decimal ints -l same as -t dL, select decimal longs -o same as -t o2, select octal 2-byte units -s same as -t d2, select decimal 2-byte units -x same as -t x2, select hexadecimal 2-byte units -f FILE FILE exists and is a regular file -g FILE FILE exists and is set-group-ID -G FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID -h FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L) -k FILE FILE exists and has its sticky bit set -f, --canonicalize canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively; all but the last component must exist -e, --canonicalize-existing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, all components must exist -f, --fields=LIST select only these fields; also print any line that contains no delimiter character, unless the -s option is specified -n (ignored) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -f, --force if an existing destination file cannot be opened, remove it and try again (redundant if the -n option is used) -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite (overrides a previous -n option) -H follow command-line symbolic links in SOURCE -f, --force change permissions to allow writing if necessary -n, --iterations=N overwrite N times instead of the default (%d) --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -s, --size=N shred this many bytes (suffixes like K, M, G accepted) -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --reference=RFILE use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values -R, --recursive change files and directories recursively -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's group rather than specifying a GROUP value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's owner and group rather than specifying OWNER:GROUP values -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -g like -l, but do not list owner -g GID[,GID1...] also set the primary group-ID to the numeric GID, and (if specified) supplemental group IDs to GID1, ... -g, --general-numeric-sort compare according to general numerical value -i, --ignore-nonprinting consider only printable characters -M, --month-sort compare (unknown) < `JAN' < ... < `DEC' -h, --header-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering header lines -i, --line-increment=NUMBER line number increment at each line -l, --join-blank-lines=NUMBER group of NUMBER empty lines counted as one -n, --number-format=FORMAT insert line numbers according to FORMAT -p, --no-renumber do not reset line numbers at logical pages -s, --number-separator=STRING add STRING after (possible) line number -h, --header=HEADER use a centered HEADER instead of filename in page header, -h "" prints a blank line, don't use -h"" -i[CHAR[WIDTH]], --output-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] replace spaces with CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -J, --join-lines merge full lines, turns off -W line truncation, no column alignment, --sep-string[=STRING] sets separators -h, --human-numeric-sort compare human readable numbers (e.g., 2K 1G) -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the timestamps of a symlink) -m change only the modification time -i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing fields -j FIELD equivalent to `-1 FIELD -2 FIELD' -o FORMAT obey FORMAT while constructing output line -t CHAR use CHAR as input and output field separator -i, --initial do not convert tabs after non blanks -t, --tabs=NUMBER have tabs NUMBER characters apart, not 8 -i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage -k like --block-size=1K -l, --local limit listing to local file systems --no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) -i, --interactive prompt whether to remove destinations -L, --logical make hard links to symbolic link references -n, --no-dereference treat destination that is a symlink to a directory as if it were a normal file -P, --physical make hard links directly to symbolic links -s, --symbolic make symbolic links instead of hard links -k like --block-size=1K -l, --count-links count sizes many times if hard linked -m like --block-size=1M -k, --key=POS1[,POS2] start a key at POS1 (origin 1), end it at POS2 (default end of line) -m, --merge merge already sorted files; do not sort -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -l, --length=PAGE_LENGTH set the page length to PAGE_LENGTH (66) lines (default number of lines of text 56, and with -F 63) -m, --merge print all files in parallel, one in each column, truncate lines, but join lines of full length with -J -l, --link link files instead of copying -L, --dereference always follow symbolic links in SOURCE -l, --login print system login processes -m, --canonicalize-missing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, without requirements on components existence -n, --no-newline do not output the trailing newline -q, --quiet, -s, --silent suppress most error messages -v, --verbose report error messages -m, --mode=MODE set file permission bits to MODE, not a=rw - umask -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each created directory to CTX -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -n, --lines=K output the last K lines, instead of the last %d; or use -n +K to output lines starting with the Kth --max-unchanged-stats=N with --follow=name, reopen a FILE which has not changed size after N (default %d) iterations to see if it has been unlinked or renamed (this is the usual case of rotated log files) -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file (overrides a previous -i option) -P, --no-dereference never follow symbolic links in SOURCE -n, --numeric-sort compare according to string numerical value -R, --random-sort sort by random hash of keys --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -r, --reverse reverse the result of comparisons -n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o like -l, but do not list group information -p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories -n[SEP[DIGITS]], --number-lines[=SEP[DIGITS]] number lines, use DIGITS (5) digits, then SEP (TAB), default counting starts with 1st line of input file -N, --first-line-number=NUMBER start counting with NUMBER at 1st line of first page printed (see +FIRST_PAGE) -o, --indent=MARGIN offset each line with MARGIN (zero) spaces, do not affect -w or -W, MARGIN will be added to PAGE_WIDTH -r, --no-file-warnings omit warning when a file cannot be opened -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output -s, --stable stabilize sort by disabling last-resort comparison -S, --buffer-size=SIZE use SIZE for main memory buffer -p same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps --preserve[=ATTR_LIST] preserve the specified attributes (default: mode,ownership,timestamps), if possible additional attributes: context, links, xattr, all -p DIR use DIR as a prefix; implies -t [deprecated] -t interpret TEMPLATE as a single file name component, relative to a directory: $TMPDIR, if set; else the directory specified via -p; else /tmp [deprecated] -p, --parents remove DIRECTORY and its ancestors; e.g., `rmdir -p a/b/c' is similar to `rmdir a/b/c a/b a' -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every directory processed -p, --preserve-timestamps apply access/modification times of SOURCE files to corresponding destination files -s, --strip strip symbol tables --strip-program=PROGRAM program used to strip binaries -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -v, --verbose print the name of each directory as it is created -q, --count all login names and number of users logged on -r, --runlevel print current runlevel -s, --short print only name, line, and time (default) -t, --time print last system clock change -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -r, --reference=FILE display the last modification time of FILE -R, --rfc-2822 output date and time in RFC 2822 format. Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=FILE use this FILE's size -s, --size=SIZE use this SIZE -r, --reference=FILE use this file's times instead of current time -t STAMP use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time --time=WORD change the specified time: WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent to -a WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to -m -r, --references first field of each line is a reference -t, --typeset-mode - not implemented - -w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded -r, --reverse reverse order while sorting -R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively -s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL specify the name or number of the signal to be sent -l, --list list signal names, or convert signal names to/from numbers -t, --table print a table of signal information -s, --sleep-interval=N with -f, sleep for approximately N seconds (default 1.0) between iterations -v, --verbose always output headers giving file names -s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -s[CHAR], --separator[=CHAR] separate columns by a single character, default for CHAR is the character without -w and 'no char' with -w -s[CHAR] turns off line truncation of all 3 column options (-COLUMN|-a -COLUMN|-m) except -w is set -t sort by modification time -T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP use SEP instead of non-blank to blank transition -T, --temporary-directory=DIR use DIR for temporaries, not $TMPDIR or %s; multiple options specify multiple directories -u, --unique with -c, check for strict ordering; without -c, output only the first of an equal run -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -t, --tagged-paragraph indentation of first line different from second -u, --uniform-spacing one space between words, two after sentences -w, --width=WIDTH maximum line width (default of 75 columns) -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -u, --update move only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -t, --text read in text mode (default if reading tty stdin) -t, --text read in text mode (default) -u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time -U do not sort; list entries in directory order -v natural sort of (version) numbers within text -u, --remove truncate and remove file after overwriting -v, --verbose show progress -x, --exact do not round file sizes up to the next full block; this is the default for non-regular files -z, --zero add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system -u, --user=USER set user USER in the target security context -r, --role=ROLE set role ROLE in the target security context -t, --type=TYPE set type TYPE in the target security context -l, --range=RANGE set range RANGE in the target security context -v, --kernel-version print the kernel version -m, --machine print the machine hardware name -p, --processor print the processor type or "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform print the hardware platform or "unknown" -o, --operating-system print the operating system -v, --starting-line-number=NUMBER first line number on each logical page -w, --number-width=NUMBER use NUMBER columns for line numbers -w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines -w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value -x list entries by lines instead of by columns -X sort alphabetically by entry extension -Z, --context print any SELinux security context of each file -1 list one file per line -x, --one-file-system skip directories on different file systems -X, --exclude-from=FILE exclude files that match any pattern in FILE --exclude=PATTERN exclude files that match PATTERN --max-depth=N print the total for a directory (or file, with --all) only if it is N or fewer levels below the command line argument; --max-depth=0 is the same as --summarize -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline Processes in an uninterruptible sleep state also contribute to the load average. [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \0NNN byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits) \xHH byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits) \NNN byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits) \xHH byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits) \uHHHH Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character with hex value HHHH (4 digits) \UHHHHHHHH Unicode character with hex value HHHHHHHH (8 digits) \\ backslash \a alert (BEL) \b backspace \c produce no further output \e escape \f form feed \n new line \r carriage return \t horizontal tab \v vertical tab \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline lcase change upper case to lower case binary use binary I/O for data cio use concurrent I/O for data d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer direct use direct I/O for data directory fail unless a directory dsync use synchronized I/O for data fullblock accumulate full blocks of input (iflag only) if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin iflag=FLAGS read as per the comma separated symbol list obs=BYTES write BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout oflag=FLAGS write as per the comma separated symbol list seek=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS obs-sized blocks at start of output skip=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS ibs-sized blocks at start of input status=noxfer suppress transfer statistics noatime do not update access time nocreat do not create the output file excl fail if the output file already exists notrunc do not truncate the output file ucase change lower case to upper case swab swap every pair of input bytes noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file noerror continue after read errors sync pad every input block with NULs to ibs-size; when used with block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing fsync likewise, but also write metadata nofollow do not follow symlinks nolinks fail if multiply-linked nonblock use non-blocking I/O none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups sync likewise, but also for metadata text use text I/O for data %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% %H:%M%P %s-blocks Used Available Capacity (backup: %s) * [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c') [-]echo echo input characters * [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho [-]echoe same as [-]crterase [-]echok echo a newline after a kill character * [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill [-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters * [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\' and '/' [-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters [-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters * [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase * [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character [-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters [-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control [-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence) [-]tandem same as [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded * [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline * [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters * [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays * [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase * [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline * [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return * [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column [-]opost postprocess output * tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3] * tabs same as tab0 * -tabs same as tab3 * vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1] * eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line * lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal * rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it * rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows * size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel speed print the terminal speed time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second ??:???? Mounted on TTY context=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu groups= old on repetition %s % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %.*s: invalid conversion specification%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu user%lu users%s%s (for regexp %s)%s -> %s (unbackup) %s [-d] terminated abnormally%s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has appeared; following end of new file%s has become accessible%s has become inaccessible%s has been replaced with a remote file. giving up on this name%s has been replaced with an untailable file; giving up on this name%s has been replaced; following end of new file%s has unknown file type%s has unusable, apparently negative size%s home page: <%s> %s home page: %s is not a valid positive integer%s is too large%s may be used only on a SELinux kernel%s was specified but %s was not%s%s argument `%s' too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s: line number out of range%s: %s: match not found%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: binary operator expected%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot change nonblocking mode%s: cannot find name for user ID %lu %s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot lseek back to original position%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot rewind%s: cannot seek%s: cannot seek to end-relative offset %s%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: cannot seek to relative offset %s%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: cannot skip%s: cannot skip to specified offset%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: couldn't reset non-blocking mode%s: descend into directory %s? %s: descend into write-protected directory %s? %s: end of file%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: error truncating%s: error writing at offset %s%s: expected a numeric value%s: failed to close%s: failed to open for writing%s: failed to remove%s: fcntl failed%s: fdatasync failed%s: file has negative size%s: file has shrunk too much%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: fstat failed%s: fsync failed%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input contains an odd number of tokens%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid count at start of %s%s: invalid directive%s: invalid field specification %s%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of passes%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid number to ignore%s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: lseek failed%s: multiple signals specified%s: new permissions are %s, not %s%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: no size information for this device%s: not listing already-listed directory%s: number of bytes is too large%s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove all arguments recursively? %s: remove all arguments? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s: seek failed%s: too many checksum lines%s: try to overwrite %s, overriding mode %04lo (%s)? %s: unable to determine maximum file name length%s: unable to perform all requested operations%s: unary operator expected%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: value not completely converted%s: write error%s:%lu: invalid line; missing second token%s:%lu: invalid zero-length file name%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}''')' expected')' expected, found %s(C)* file systems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS version 3 clients * compressed file systems * log-structured or journaled file systems, such as those supplied with AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.) * file systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes fail, such as RAID-based file systems * file systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server , load average: %.2f, %g s, %s/s --%s argument %s too large--context (-Z) works only on an SELinux-enabled kernel--reflink can be used only with --sparse=auto-R --dereference requires either -H or -L-R -h requires -P-ef does not accept -l-nt does not accept -l-ot does not accept -l??? ?????AbortedAddress family for hostname not supportedAlarm clockAll arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. All requests doneArgument buffer too smallArnold RobbinsBad system callBad value for ai_flagsBrian FoxBroken pipeBus errorCAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important assumption: that the file system overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern file system designs do not satisfy this assumption. The following are examples of file systems on which shred is not effective, or is not guaranteed to be effective in all file system modes: COMMENTCPU time limit exceededCall the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1. Call the unlink function to remove the specified FILE. Change the effective user id and group id to that of USER. -, -l, --login make the shell a login shell -c, --command=COMMAND pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c -f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment do not reset environment variables -p same as -m -s, --shell=SHELL run SHELL if /etc/shells allows it Change the group of each FILE to GROUP. With --reference, change the group of each FILE to that of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the security context of each FILE to CONTEXT. With --reference, change the security context of each FILE to that of RFILE. -h, --no-dereference affect symbolic links instead of any referenced file Chet RameyChild exitedColin PlumbCompare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output. -A, --show-all equivalent to -vET -b, --number-nonblank number nonempty output lines -e equivalent to -vE -E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line -n, --number number all output lines -s, --squeeze-blank suppress repeated empty output lines ContinuedConvert blanks in each FILE to tabs, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Copy a file, converting and formatting according to the operands. bs=BYTES read and write BYTES bytes at a time (also see ibs=,obs=) cbs=BYTES convert BYTES bytes at a time conv=CONVS convert the file as per the comma separated symbol list count=BLOCKS copy only BLOCKS input blocks ibs=BYTES read BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. -a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals Create a temporary file or directory, safely, and print its name. TEMPLATE must contain at least 3 consecutive `X's in last component. If TEMPLATE is not specified, use tmp.XXXXXXXXXX, and --tmpdir is implied. Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDiagnose invalid or unportable file names. -p check for most POSIX systems -P check for empty names and leading "-" --portability check for all POSIX systems (equivalent to -p -P) Directory: Display file or file system status. -L, --dereference follow links -f, --file-system display file system status instead of file status Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date. -d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not `now' -f, --file=DATEFILE like --date once for each line of DATEFILE Dmitry V. LevinDrop any supplemental groups, assume the user-ID and group-ID of the specified USER (numeric ID or user name), and run COMMAND with any specified ARGUMENTs. Exit with status 111 if unable to assume the required user and group ID. Otherwise, exit with the exit status of COMMAND. This program is useful only when run by root (user ID zero). EMT trapEXITEach range is one of: N N'th byte, character or field, counted from 1 N- from N'th byte, character or field, to end of line N-M from N'th to M'th (included) byte, character or field -M from first to M'th (included) byte, character or field With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Echo the STRING(s) to standard output. -n do not output the trailing newline Eric BlakeExit with a status code indicating failure.Exit with a status code indicating success.Exit with the status determined by EXPRESSION. F. PinardFAILEDFIXME: unknownFORMAT must be suitable for printing one argument of type `double'; it defaults to %.PRECf if FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are all fixed point decimal numbers with maximum precision PREC, and to %g otherwise. Fifos do not have major and minor device numbers.File size limit exceededFilesystem Filesystem TypeFilter adjacent matching lines from INPUT (or standard input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output). With no options, matching lines are merged to the first occurrence. Floating point exceptionFor complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' For each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by whitespace. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input. -a FILENUM print unpairable lines coming from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2 -e EMPTY replace missing input fields with EMPTY Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block. General help using GNU software: Giuseppe ScrivanoH. Peter AnvinHangupI/O possibleIDLEIan Lance TaylorIdleIf FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Illegal instructionIn addition, file system backups and remote mirrors may contain copies of the file that cannot be removed, and that will allow a shredded file to be recovered later. In real life: In the 1st form, create a link to TARGET with the name LINK_NAME. In the 2nd form, create a link to TARGET in the current directory. In the 3rd and 4th forms, create links to each TARGET in DIRECTORY. Create hard links by default, symbolic links with --symbolic. When creating hard links, each TARGET must exist. Symbolic links can hold arbitrary text; if later resolved, a relative link is interpreted in relation to its parent directory. In the case of ext3 file systems, the above disclaimer applies (and shred is thus of limited effectiveness) only in data=journal mode, which journals file data in addition to just metadata. In both the data=ordered (default) and data=writeback modes, shred works as usual. Ext3 journaling modes can be changed by adding the data=something option to the mount options for a particular file system in the /etc/fstab file, as documented in the mount man page (man mount). Infinity BInformation requestInterruptInterrupted by a signalInvalid back referenceInvalid character class nameInvalid collation characterInvalid content of \{\}Invalid preceding regular expressionInvalid range endInvalid regular expressionJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfKilledLINELOGINList information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort. LoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnMemory allocation failureMemory exhaustedMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNAMENameName or service not knownNo address associated with hostnameNo matchNo previous regular expressionNon-recoverable failure in name resolutionOKOnly one string may be given when deleting without squeezing repeats.Option --string without a number implies 3; option --width without a number implies 32. By default, od uses -A o -t oS -w16. Ordering options: Other options: Output a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. Determine format of output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output defaults Output fixed-size pieces of INPUT to PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ...; default size is 1000 lines, and default PREFIX is `x'. With no INPUT, or when INPUT is -, read standard input. Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files `xx00', `xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output. Output platform dependent limits in a format useful for shell scripts. Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. PIDPackaged by %s Packaged by %s (%s) Padraig BradyPaginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Parameter string not correctly encodedPassword:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlan: Power failurePremature end of regular expressionPrint ARGUMENT(s) according to FORMAT, or execute according to OPTION: Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print NAME with its trailing /component removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output `.' (meaning the current directory). Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s. -a, --all print all information, in the following order, except omit -p and -i if unknown: -s, --kernel-name print the kernel name -n, --nodename print the network node hostname -r, --kernel-release print the kernel release Print checksum and block counts for each FILE. -r use BSD sum algorithm, use 1K blocks -s, --sysv use System V sum algorithm, use 512 bytes blocks Print group memberships for each USERNAME or, if no USERNAME is specified, for the current process (which may differ if the groups database has changed). Print information about users who are currently logged in. Print machine architecture. Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT. -f, --format=FORMAT use printf style floating-point FORMAT -s, --separator=STRING use STRING to separate numbers (default: \n) -w, --equal-width equalize width by padding with leading zeroes Print or change terminal characteristics. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the current time, the length of time the system has been up, the number of users on the system, and the average number of jobs in the run queue over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes.Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. -s, --silent, --quiet print nothing, only return an exit status Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the full filename of the current working directory. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the name of the current user. Print the number of processing units available to the current process, which may be less than the number of online processors Print the prime factors of each specified integer NUMBER. If none are specified on the command line, read them from standard input. Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID. Same as id -un. Print user and group information for the specified USERNAME, or (when USERNAME omitted) for the current user. -a ignore, for compatibility with other versions -Z, --context print only the security context of the current user -g, --group print only the effective group ID -G, --groups print all group IDs -n, --name print a name instead of a number, for -ugG -r, --real print the real ID instead of the effective ID, with -ugG -u, --user print only the effective user ID Print value of a symbolic link or canonical file name Processing request in progressProfiling timer expiredProject: Q. Frank XiaQuitRandy SmithReal-time signal %dReformat each paragraph in the FILE(s), writing to standard output. The option -WIDTH is an abbreviated form of --width=DIGITS. Regular expression too bigRemove (unlink) the FILE(s). -f, --force ignore nonexistent files, never prompt -i prompt before every removal Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty ignore each failure that is solely because a directory is non-empty Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Report %s bugs to: %s Report %s translation bugs to Request canceledRequest not canceledResource lostRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonRun COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling. With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Nicenesses range from %d (most favorable scheduling) to %d (least favorable). -n, --adjustment=N add integer N to the niceness (default 10) Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals. Run COMMAND, with modified buffering operations for its standard streams. Run a program in a different security context. With neither CONTEXT nor COMMAND, print the current security context. CONTEXT Complete security context -c, --compute compute process transition context before modifying -t, --type=TYPE type (for same role as parent) -u, --user=USER user identity -r, --role=ROLE role -l, --range=RANGE levelrange Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerSegmentation faultSend signals to processes, or list signals. Servname not supported for ai_socktypeSet LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Set each NAME to VALUE in the environment and run COMMAND. -i, --ignore-environment start with an empty environment -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -u, --unset=NAME remove variable from the environment Shell: Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default. Shrink or extend the size of each FILE to the specified size A FILE argument that does not exist is created. If a FILE is larger than the specified size, the extra data is lost. If a FILE is shorter, it is extended and the extended part (hole) reads as zero bytes. Simon JosefssonSpecial files require major and minor device numbers.Stack faultStoppedStopped (signal)Stopped (tty input)Stopped (tty output)Stuart KempSuccessSummarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. System errorTIMETemporary failure in name resolutionTerminatedThe following optional flags may follow `%': - (hyphen) do not pad the field _ (underscore) pad with spaces 0 (zero) pad with zeros ^ use upper case if possible # use opposite case if possible The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. -H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it -L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered -P do not traverse any symbolic links (default) The strings compared were %s and %s.Torbjorn GranlundTrace/breakpoint trapTrailing backslashTranslate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing to standard output. -c, -C, --complement use the complement of SET1 -d, --delete delete characters in SET1, do not translate -s, --squeeze-repeats replace each input sequence of a repeated character that is listed in SET1 with a single occurrence of that character -t, --truncate-set1 first truncate SET1 to length of SET2 Try `%s --help' for more information. Try `%s ./%s' to remove the file %s. Two strings must be given when both deleting and squeezing repeats.Two strings must be given when translating.Ulrich DrepperUnknown errorUnknown signal %dUnknown system errorUnmatched ( or \(Unmatched ) or \)Unmatched [ or [^Unmatched \{Update the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time. A FILE argument that does not exist is created empty, unless -c or -h is supplied. A FILE argument string of - is handled specially and causes touch to change the times of the file associated with standard output. Urgent I/O conditionUsage: %s Usage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s CONTEXT COMMAND [args] or: %s [ -c ] [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-t TYPE] [-l RANGE] COMMAND [args] Usage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NUMBER[SUFFIX]... or: %s OPTION Pause for NUMBER seconds. SUFFIX may be `s' for seconds (the default), `m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. Unlike most implementations that require NUMBER be an integer, here NUMBER may be an arbitrary floating point number. Given two or more arguments, pause for the amount of time specified by the sum of their values. Usage: %s OPTION... COMMAND Usage: %s OPTION... FILE... Usage: %s OPTION... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [SETTING]... or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-a|--all] or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-g|--save] Usage: %s [-WIDTH] [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NAME] or: %s OPTION Print or set the hostname of the current system. Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPERAND]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] Print the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) for the current host. Usage: %s [OPTION] NEWROOT [COMMAND [ARG]...] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... CONTEXT FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-l RANGE] [-t TYPE] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... or: %s [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form) or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form) Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] or: %s -e [OPTION]... [ARG]... or: %s -i LO-HI [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Base64 encode or decode FILE, or standard input, to standard output. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] or: %s --traditional [OPTION]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Print or check %s (%d-bit) checksums. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [PREFIX]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [TEMPLATE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [VARIABLE]... Print the values of the specified environment VARIABLE(s). If no VARIABLE is specified, print name and value pairs for them all. Usage: %s [SHORT-OPTION]... USER COMMAND [ARGUMENT]... or: %s LONG-OPTION Usage: %s [SHORT-OPTION]... [STRING]... or: %s LONG-OPTION Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [ignored command line arguments] or: %s OPTION Usage: test EXPRESSION or: test or: [ EXPRESSION ] or: [ ] or: [ OPTION User defined signal 1User defined signal 2Using -s ignores -L and -P. Otherwise, the last option specified controls behavior when the source is a symbolic link, defaulting to %s. Valid arguments are:Valid format sequences for file systems: %a Free blocks available to non-superuser %b Total data blocks in file system %c Total file nodes in file system %d Free file nodes in file system %f Free blocks in file system %C SELinux security context string Virtual timer expiredWARNING: --page-increment is deprecated; use --line-increment insteadWARNING: --preserve_context is deprecated; use --preserve-context insteadWARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s WARNING: ignoring --context (-Z); this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --preserve-context; this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --strip-program option as -s option was not specifiedWarning: WhenWhereWindow changedWith --follow (-f), tail defaults to following the file descriptor, which means that even if a tail'ed file is renamed, tail will continue to track its end. This default behavior is not desirable when you really want to track the actual name of the file, not the file descriptor (e.g., log rotation). Use --follow=name in that case. That causes tail to track the named file in a way that accommodates renaming, removal and creation. Wrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write a random permutation of the input lines to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to standard output. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``-%c' extra characters or invalid number in the argument: %s`--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argument`-N NUMBER' invalid starting line number: %s`-W PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %s`-l PAGE_LENGTH' invalid number of lines: %s`-o MARGIN' invalid line offset: %s`-w PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %sa command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sai_family not supportedai_socktype not supportedambiguous argument %s for %san input delimiter may be specified only when operating on fieldsappending output to %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileblock special files not supportedboth SI and IEC prefixes present on unitsboth files cannot be standard inputbyte offset %s is too largecan't apply partial context to unlabeled file %scan't get process contextcannot access %scannot backup %scannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change ownership of %scannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot chdir to root directorycannot combine --target-directory (-t) and --no-target-directory (-T)cannot combine --target-directory and --no-target-directorycannot combine -e and -i optionscannot combine any two of {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}cannot combine block and unblockcannot combine excl and nocreatcannot combine lcase and ucasecannot combine mode and --reference optionscannot combine signal with -l or -tcannot compare file names %s and %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot create temporary file in %scannot dereference %scannot determine device and inode of %scannot determine hostnamecannot determine location of %s. reverting to pollingcannot do ioctl on %scannot find name for group ID %lucannot find name for user ID %lucannot follow %s by namecannot force target context to %s and preserve itcannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot get nicenesscannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open %s for writingcannot open directory %scannot operate on dangling symlink %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot perform formatted outputcannot preserve extended attributes, cp is built without xattr supportcannot preserve security context without an SELinux-enabled kernelcannot print "only" of more than one choicecannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot print security context when user specifiedcannot read directory %scannot read file names from %scannot read file system information for %scannot read realtime clockcannot read symbolic link %scannot read table of mounted file systemscannot remove %scannot remove directory: %scannot reposition file pointer for %scannot run %scannot set %scannot set datecannot set group idcannot set group-ID to %lucannot set groupscannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot set name to %scannot set nicenesscannot set time stamps for %scannot set user idcannot set user-ID to %lucannot skip past end of combined inputcannot specify --null (-0) with commandcannot specify both printing across and printing in parallelcannot specify number of columns when printing in parallelcannot specify times from more than one sourcecannot split in more than one waycannot stat %scannot stat current directory (now %s)cannot stat standard inputcannot touch %scannot un-backup %scannot unlink %scannot unset %scannot watch %scannot watch parent directory of %scannot work around kernel bug after allchanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %schanging security context of %s character offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special filecharacter special files not supportedclearing permissions for %sclock changeclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing directory %sclosing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputcompatibility mode supports at most one fileconflicting empty-field replacement stringsconflicting security context specifiers givencould not set buffering of %s to mode %s couldn't create process for %s -dcouldn't create temporary filecouldn't execute %scouldn't execute %s -dcouldn't find directory entry in %s with matching i-nodecouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %screating file %s creating hard link %screating hard link %s => %screating hard link to %.0s%screating symbolic link %screating symbolic link %s -> %sdelimiter list ends with an unescaped backslash: %sdirectorydivision by zerodup2 failedempty %s not allowedempty file nameempty taberror closing fileerror in regular expression matchererror in regular expression searcherror initializing month stringserror monitoring inotify eventerror reading %serror reading inotify eventerror waiting for commanderror writing %sexit=extra argument %sextra operand %sextra operand %s extra operand %s not allowed with -%cfailed to change context of %s to %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to chdir to %sfailed to clone %sfailed to compute a new contextfailed to create directory via template %sfailed to create file via template %sfailed to create security context: %sfailed to get attributes of %sfailed to get current contextfailed to get file system create contextfailed to get groups for the current processfailed to get groups for user %sfailed to get security context of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to open %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to redirect standard errorfailed to redirect stderr to /dev/nullfailed to remove %sfailed to remove directory %sfailed to render standard input unusablefailed to reopen %s with mode %sfailed to restore the default file creation contextfailed to return to initial working directoryfailed to run command %sfailed to set %s security context component to %sfailed to set additional groupsfailed to set default file creation context to %sfailed to set group-IDfailed to set new range %sfailed to set new role %sfailed to set new type %sfailed to set new user %sfailed to set supplemental group(s)failed to set the copy of stderr to close on execfailed to set the security context of %s to %sfailed to set user-IDfailed to stat %sfailed to turn off O_DIRECT: %sfailed to update the environment with %sfdatasync failed for %sfflush failedfield number %s is too largefield number is zerofields and positions are numbered from 1fifofile %d is not in sorted orderfile operands cannot be combined with --files0-fromfile operands cannot be combined with --print-database (-p)file system type %s both selected and excludedfork system call failedformat %s ends in %%format %s has no %% directiveformat %s has too many %% directivesformat %s has unknown %%%c directiveformat string may not be specified when printing equal width stringsfsync failed for %sfts_close failedfts_read failedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsignoring inputignoring input and appending output to %signoring input and redirecting stderr to stdoutignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %signoring non-option argumentsincompatible join fields %lu, %luincompatible tabsincorrect passwordinotify cannot be used, reverting to pollinginput disappearedinput line is too longinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid %s%s argument `%s'invalid --%s argument %sinvalid adjustment %sinvalid argument %sinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid body numbering style: %sinvalid buffering mode %s for %s invalid byte or field listinvalid character `%c' in type string %sinvalid character class %sinvalid context: %sinvalid conversioninvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid date %sinvalid date format %sinvalid decreasing rangeinvalid device %s %sinvalid device type %sinvalid field number: %sinvalid field specifier: %sinvalid field width: %sinvalid file number in field spec: %sinvalid floating point argument: %sinvalid footer numbering style: %sinvalid format precisioninvalid format widthinvalid gap width: %sinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid group list %sinvalid group: %sinvalid header numbering style: %sinvalid inputinvalid input flaginvalid input range %sinvalid integer %sinvalid integer argument %sinvalid line count %sinvalid line discipline %sinvalid line number field width: %sinvalid line number increment: %sinvalid line numbering format: %sinvalid line width: %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid maximum depth %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid modeinvalid mode %sinvalid mode: %sinvalid number %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of blank lines: %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of columns: %sinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid number of lines: 0invalid option -- %cinvalid option -- %c; -WIDTH is recognized only when it is the first option; use -w N insteadinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid output flaginvalid page range %sinvalid precision: %sinvalid range with no endpoint: -invalid repeat count %s in [c*n] constructinvalid specinvalid starting line number: %sinvalid status flaginvalid suffix %s, contains directory separatorinvalid suffix in %s%s argument `%s'invalid tab size: %sinvalid template, %s, contains directory separatorinvalid template, %s; with --tmpdir, it may not be absoluteinvalid time interval %sinvalid time style format %sinvalid trailing option -- %cinvalid type string %sinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte floating point typeinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte integral typeinvalid universal character name \%c%0*xinvalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sinvalid wrap size: %sinvalid zero-length file nameit is dangerous to operate recursively on %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)last=leading `-' in a component of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name component %sline buffering stdin is meaninglessline count option -%s%c... is too largeline number %s is smaller than preceding line number, %sline number overflowmaximum --%s argument with current rlimit is %smemory exhaustedmessage queueminimum --%s argument is %smisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing `]'missing argument after %smissing argument to %smissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing destination file operand after %smissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing file operandmissing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operandmissing operand after %smode must specify only file permission bitsmode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multi-character tab %smultiple -i options specifiedmultiple -l or -t options specifiedmultiple compress programs specifiedmultiple delimiters specifiedmultiple levelrangesmultiple output files specifiedmultiple output formats specifiedmultiple random sources specifiedmultiple relative modifiers specifiedmultiple rolesmultiple target directories specifiedmultiple typesmultiple usersneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno change to ownership of %s no command specifiedno file systems processedno files remainingno input from %sno login nameno process ID specifiedno type may be specified when dumping stringsno username specified; at least one must be specified when using -lnonportable character %s in file name %snot a ttynot writing through dangling symlink %snumber in %s is too largenumber of bytesnumber of linesoffset overflow while reading file %somitting directory %sonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one device may be specifiedonly one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %soption used in invalid context -- %coptions --backup and --no-clobber are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --preserve-timestamps are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --strip are mutually exclusiveoptions `-%s' are incompatibleoutput file suffixes exhaustedoverflow extending size of file %soverflow rounding up size of file %sownership of %s retained ownership of %s retained as %s page number overflowpage width too narrowpreserving permissions for %spreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedreading %sreading directory %srecord too largeredirecting stderr to stdoutregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %srun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptyset LC_ALL='C' to work around the problemsetting flags for %ssetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectskip-bytes + read-bytes is too largeskipping %s, since it's on a different deviceskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstderrstdinstdoutstray character in field specstring comparison failedstring transformation failedstrip process terminated abnormallysuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errorsystem boottab size cannot be 0tab size contains invalid character(s): %stab sizes must be ascendingtab stop is too large %stab stop value is too largetabs are too far aparttarget %s is not a directorytarget directory not allowed when installing a directoryterm=test and/or [the --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --compare (-C) option is ignored when you specify a mode with non-permission bitsthe --context (-Z) option is obsolete and will be removed in a future releasethe --quiet option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the argument %s lacks a leading `+'; when using an option to specify date(s), any non-option argument must be a format string beginning with `+'the delimiter must be a single characterthe options for verbose and stty-readable output styles are mutually exclusivethe options to output dircolors' internal database and to select a shell syntax are mutually exclusivethe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivethe strings compared were %s and %sthe strip option may not be used when installing a directorythe untransformed string was %stime %s is out of rangeto use user-ID %s you need to use -g tootoo few X's in template %stoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtoo many characters in settoo many repeated linestoo many templatestotaltraversal failed: %styped memory objectuid=%luunable to display error messageunable to record current working directoryunable to set security context %sunexpected failure: fts_info=%d: %s please report to %sunknown binary operatorunknown status from command (0x%X)unknown streamunknown user-ID: %sunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableunrecognized operand %sunrecognized prefix: %sup %ld day %2d:%02d, up %ld days %2d:%02d, up ???? days ??:??, use --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeuser %s does not existusing %s to denote standard input does not work in file system modeusing arbitrary-precision arithmeticusing restricted shell %susing single-precision arithmeticwaiting for %s [-d]waiting for stripwarning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredwarning: %s: failed to change context to %swarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: --retry is useful mainly when following by namewarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: `touch %s' is obsolete; use `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'warning: an unescaped backslash at end of string is not portablewarning: backslash at end of formatwarning: cannot change directory to %swarning: cannot remove: %swarning: following standard input indefinitely is ineffectivewarning: ignoring excess arguments, starting with %swarning: invalid file offset after failed readwarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: line number %s is the same as preceding line numberwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: summarizing conflicts with --max-depth=%luwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0warning: the --%s option is obsolete; use --referencewarning: the ambiguous octal escape \%c%c%c is being interpreted as the 2-byte sequence \0%c%c, %cwarning: unrecognized escape `\%c'warning: working around lseek kernel bug for file (%s) of mt_type=0x%0lx -- see for the list of typesweird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen reading file names from stdin, no file name of %s allowedwhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'will not copy %s through just-created symlink %swill not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swith --parents, the destination must be a directorywith --suffix, template %s must end in Xwrite errorwrite error for %swrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify -c, -t, -u, -l, -r, or contextyou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsyou must specify one of %s or %sProject-Id-Version: coreutils 8.4 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2010-02-13 15:42+0100 Last-Translator: Göran Uddeborg Language-Team: Swedish MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1); ( UTTRYCK ) UTTRYCK är sant ! UTTRYCK UTTRYCK är falskt UTTRYCK1 -a UTTRYCK2 både UTTRYCK1 och UTTRYCK2 är sanna UTTRYCK1 -o UTTRYCK2 något av UTTRYCK1 eler UTTRYCK2 är sant --check-order kontrollera att indata är korrekt sorterad, även om alla indatarader går att para ihop --nocheck-order kontrollera inte att indata är korrekt sorterad -1 skriv ej kolumn 1 (rader som är unika för FIL1) -2 skriv ej kolumn 2 (rader som är unika för FIL2) -3 skriv ej kolumn 3 (rader som är förekommer i båda filerna) -a, --all samma som -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot tid för senaste systemuppstart -d, --dead skriv ut döda processer -H, --heading skriv ut rad med kolumnhuvuden -b FIL FIL finns och är en specialfil för blockåtkomst -c FIL FIL finns och är en specialfil för teckenåtkomst -d FIL FIL finns och är en katalog -e FIL FIL finns -l skriv ut i långt format -b utelämna användarens hemkatalog och skal i det långa formatet -h utelämna användarens projektfil i det långa formatet -p utelämna användarens planfil i det långa formatet -s skriv ut i kort format -n STRÄNG längden på STRÄNG är inte noll STRÄNG likvärdigt med -n STRÄNG -z STRÄNG längden på STRÄNG är noll STRÄNG1 = STRÄNG2 strängarna är lika STRÄNG1 != STRÄNG2 strängarna är inte lika ARG1 * ARG2 aritmetisk produkt av ARG1 och ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 aritmetisk kvot av ARG1 dividerat med ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 aritmetisk rest av ARG1 dividerat med ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 aritmetisk summa av ARG1 och ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 aritmetisk differens mellan ARG1 och ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 är mindre än ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 är mindre än eller lika med ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 är lika med ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 är inte lika med ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 är större än eller lika med ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 är större än ARG2 FIL1 -ef FIL2 FIL1 och FIL2 har samma enhets- och inodnummer FIL1 -nt FIL2 FIL1 är nyare (ändringstidpunkt) än FIL2 FIL1 -ot FIL2 FIL1 är äldre än FIL2 HELTAL kopiera till men ej inklusive angivet radnummer /MÖNSTER/[AVSTÅND] kopiera till men ej inklusive en rad som matchar %MÖNSTER%[AVSTÅND] hoppa över till men ej inklusive, en rad som matchar {HELTAL} upprepa föregående mönster HELTAL gånger {*} upprepa föregående mönster så många gånger som möjligt Ett radAVSTÅND är ett "+" eller "-" följt av ett positivt heltal. HELTAL1 -eq HELTAL2 HELTAL1 är lika med HELTAL2 HELTAL1 -ge HELTAL2 HELTAL1 är större än eller lika med HELTAL2 HELTAL1 -gt HELTAL2 HELTAL1 är större än HELTAL2 HELTAL1 -le HELTAL2 HELTAL1 är mindre än eller lika med HELTAL2 HELTAL1 -lt HELTAL2 HELTAL1 är mindre än HELTAL2 HELTAL1 -ne HELTAL2 HELTAL1 är inte lika med HELTAL2 STRÄNG : REGUTTR förankrad mönstersökning efter REGUTTR i STRÄNG match STRÄNG REGUTTR samma som STRÄNG : REGUTTR subtr STRÄNG POS LÄNGD delsträng av STRÄNG, POS räknas från 1 index STRÄNG BOKST index i STRÄNG där BOKST påträffats, eller 0 length STRÄNG längden av STRÄNG a numrera alla rader t numrera endast icketomma rader n numrera inga rader pGRU numrera endast rader som stämmer med det grundläggande reguljära uttrycket, GRU FORMAT är någon av: ln vänsterjusterat, inga inledande nollor rn högerjusterat, inga inledande nollor rz högerjusterat, inledande nollor b skapa en (buffrad) blockspecialfil c, u skapa en (obuffrad) teckenspecialfil p skapa en FIFO # användare=%lu -t är implicit om SIDLÄNGD ≤ 10. Utan FIL, eller när FIL är -, läs standard in. Ett fält är en följd av blanka (vanligen mellanslag och/eller tabulatorer) och sedan tecken som ej är blanka. Fält hoppas över före tecken. Ett lättviktigt "finger"-program; skriver ut användarinformation. utmp-filen kommer att vara %s. Ett ensamt - medför -i. Om inget KOMMANDO, skriv ut den resulterande miljön. Att bara ange - implierar -l. Om ANVÄDNARE inte anges, antas root. Efter eventuella flaggor följer en valfri fältbredd, som ett decimalt tal, sedan en valfri modifierare, som är antingen E för att använda lokalens alternativa representationer om tillgängliga, eller O för att använda lokalens alternativa numeriska symboler om tillgängliga. Ett utelämnat UTTRYCK behandlas som falskt. Annars är UTTRYCK sant eller falskt och sätter returvärdet. Det är något av: Som ett specialfall gör cp en säkerhetskopia av KÄLLA när force- och backup-flaggorna är givna, och KÄLLA och DEST är samma namn på en befintlig normal fil. BLOCK och BYTE kan följas av de följande multiplikativa ändelserna: c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000·1000, M =1024·1024, xM =M GB =1000·1000·1000, G =1024·1024·1024, och så vidare för T, P, E, Z, Y. Varje KONV-symbol kan vara: Var medveten om att vissa skal tolkar många operatorer, som därför måste markeras. Jämförelser är aritmetiska om båda ARG är siffror, annars lexikografiska. Mönsterträffar returnerar strängen som stämmer mellan \( och \), eller tom sträng. Om \( och \) inte använts, returneras antalet tecken som överensstämmer, eller 0. Både ÖVRE och LÄGRE måste anges när TYP är b, c eller u, och de får inte anges när TYP är p. Om ÖVRE eller LÄGRE börjar med 0x eller 0X tolkas det som hexadecimalt; annars, om det börjar med 0 som oktalt; annars som decimalt. TYP får vara: Som standard tar rm inte bort kataloger. Använd flaggan --recursive (-r eller -R) för att ta bort varje uppräknad katalog också, tillsammans med hela dess inenhåll. I normalläge används -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC består av två tecken för att avskilja logiska sidor, saknas andra tecknet menas :. Skriv \\ för \. STIL är någon av: Normalt upptäcks en gles KÄLLA med en grov heuristik och motsvarande DEST görs likaledes gles. Det beteendet väljs av --sparse=auto. Ange --sparse=always för att alltid göra DEST gles när KÄLLA innehåller tillräckligt långa nollbytesekvenser. Ange --sparse=never för att hindra skapandet av glesa filer. När --reflink[=always] anges, utför en lättviktskopiering, där datablocken endast kopieras när de modifieras. Om detta inte är möjligt misslyckas kopieringen eller, om --reflink=auto anges, faller tillbaka på en standardkopiering. Kombinationsinställningar: * [-]LCASE samma som [-]lcase cbreak samma som -icanon -cbreak samma som icanon Kontrollinställningar: [-]clocal stäng av kontrollsignaler till modem [-]cread tillåt mottagandet av indata * [-]crtscts möjliggör RTS/CTS handskakning csN sätt teckenstorleken till N bitar, N 5-8 Visa värden i enheter av första tillgängliga STORLEK från --block-size, och miljövariablerna %s_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE och BLOCKSIZE. Annars är enheten som standard 1024 byte (eller 512 om POSIXLY_CORRECT är satt). Varje FLAGGsymbol kan vara: append lägg-till-läge (meningsfullt endast för utmatning, conv=notrunc rekommenderas) Varje RÄTTIGHET har formen "[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+". Exampel: %s -12 fil1 fil2 Skriv ut endast rader som finns i både fil1 och fil2. %s -3 fil1 fil2 Skriv ut rader i fil1 som inte finns i fil2, och omvänt. Exempel: %s /usr/bin/sort Skriv "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Skriv "stdio". Exempel: %s /usr/bin/sort Skriv "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Skriv ".". Exempel: %s f - g Skriv f:s innehåll, därefter standard in, och sedan g:s innehåll. %s Kopiera standard in till standard ut. Exempel: %s root /u Ändra ägare av /u till "root". %s root:staff /u Samma, men ändra även dess grupp till "staff". %s -hR root /u Ändra ägare av /u och underfiller "root". Exempel: %s staff /u Ändra gruppen för /u till "staff". %s -hR staff /u Ändra gruppen för /u och underfiler till "staff". Förutom för -h och -L följer alla filrelaterade tester symboliska länkar. Var medveten om att parenteser måste föregås av kontrollsekvens (t.ex. av omvänt snedstreck) för skal. HELTAL kan också vara -l STRÄNG, som har värdet av längden på STRÄNG. Slutstatus är 0 om UTTRYCK varken är tomt eller 0, 1 om UTTRYCK är tomt eller 0, 2 om UTTRYCK är syntaktiskt felaktigt och 3 om ett fel uppstod. Slutstatus: 0 om OK, 1 om smärre problem (t.ex., kan inte komma åt en underkatalog), 2 om allvarliga bekymmer (t.ex., kan inte komma åt kommandoradsargument). FORMAT styr utdata som i C printf. Tolkade sekvenser är: \" citationstecken FORMAT styr utskriften. Tolkade sekvenser är: %% ett literalt % %a lokalens förkortade veckodagsnamn (t.ex. sön) Hantera ttylinjen kopplad till standard in. Utan argument skrivs baudhastighet, radtyp och avvikelse från stty sane ut. I inställningarna tolkas TECKEN ordagrant, eller kodat som i ^c, 0x37, 0177 eller 127; specialvärdet ^- eller undef används för att stänga av specialtecken. Om -e är påslaget tolkas följande sekvenser: Om FIL är -, strimla standard ut. Ta bort FIL(er) om --remove (-u) anges. Standard är att inte ta bort filerna för det är vanligt att arbeta på enhetsfiler som /dev/hda, och dessa filer bör inte tas bort. När man kör på en vanlig fil använder de flesta flaggan --remove. Om FIL inte är angiven, använd %s. %s som FIL är vanligt. Om ARG1 ARG2 är angivna, antas -m: "är jag" eller "mamma gillar" är vanligt. Om FIL anges, läs den för att bestämma vilka färger som skall användas till vilka filtyper och ändelser. Annars används en fördefinierad databas. För detaljer om formatet på dessa filer, kör "dircolors --print-database". Om FÖRSTA eller ÖKNING utelämnas, sätts de till 1. Det vill säga, en utelämnad ÖKNING sätts till 1 även när SISTA är mindre än FÖRSTA. FÖRSTA, ÖKNING och SISTA tolkas som flyttal. ÖKNING är normalt positivt om FÖRSTA är mindre än SISTA och ÖKNING är normalt negativt om FÖRSTA är större än SISTA. Om LÄGE är "0" kommer motsvarande ström vara obuffrad. Om LÄGE är "L" kommer motsvarande ström vara radbuffrad. Detta alternativ är ogiltigt med standard in. Om FIL är -, kopiera igen till standard ut. Om både det första och andra anropsformatet är tillämpligt, används det andra formate om den sista operanden börjar med + eller (om det finns två operander) en siffra. En operand FÖRSKJUTNING betyder -j FÖRSKJUTNING. ETIKETT är den första skrivna bytens pseudoadress, vilken ökas så länge utmatningen pågår. För FÖRSKJUTNING och ETIKETT indikerar förstavelserna 0x eller 0X hexadecimalt, ändelser kan vara . för oktalt och b multiplicerar med 512. Om inget kommando angivs, kör "${SHELL} -i" (i normalfallet /bin/sh). Om standard in är en terminal, omdirigera den från /dev/null. Om standard ut är en terminal, lägg till utdata till "nohup.out" om möjligt, "$HOME/nohup.out" annars. Om standard fel är en terminal, omdirigera den till standard ut. För att spara utadata till FIL, använd "%s KOMMANDO > FIL". Om kommandot går över tiden, avsluta då med status 124. Avsluta annars returnera slutstatusen från KOMMANDO. Om ingen signal anges, skicka signalen TERM när tiden går ut. Signalen TERM dödar en process som blockerar eller fångar den signalen. För andra processer kan det vara nödvändigt att använda signalen KILL (9) eftersom den signalen inte kan fångas. Om det första tecknet i K (antal byte eller rader) är "+", starta utmatning med den K:te posten räknat från början av varje fil. Skriv annars ut de sista K posterna i filen. K kan ha en multiplikativ ändelse: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000·1000, M 1024·1024, GB 1000·1000·1000, G 1024·1024·1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Inställningar för inmatning: [-]brkint avbrott orsakar en avbrottssignal [-]icrnl översätt vagnretur till nyrad [-]ignbrk ignorera avbrottstecken [-]igncr ignorera vagnretur K kan ha en multiplikativ ändelse: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000·1000, M 1024·1024, GB 1000·1000·1000, G 1024·1024·1024, och så vidare för T, P, E, Z, Y. Licens GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 eller senare . Detta är fri programvara: du får lov att ändra och vidaredistribuera den. Det finns INGEN GARANTI, så långt lagen tillåter. Lokala inställningar: [-]crterase eka raderingstecken som backsteg-mellanslag-backsteg * crtkill radera hela raden genom att använda inställningarna för echoprt och echoe * -crtkill radera hela raden genom att använda inställningarna för echoctl och echok OBSERVERA: Om KOMMANDO justerar buffringen på sina standardströmmar ("tee" gör det t.ex.) då kommer detta at åsidosätta motsvarande inställningar ändrade av "stdbuf". Vidare använder några filter (som "dd" och "cat" etc.) inte strömmar för I/O, och påverkas alltså inte av "stdbuf"-inställningar. OBS: [ godkänner flaggorna --help och --version, men test gör det inte. test behandlar båda dessa som den behandlar alla andra icketomma strängar. OBS: ditt skal kan ha sin egen version av %s, som ofta ersätter versionen som beskrivs här. Se dokumentationen för ditt skal för detaljer om valen det stödjer. Observera att flaggorna -d och -t tar olika tid-datumformat. Observera att flaggorna -r och -s är ömsesidigt uteslutande. Observera, jämförelser tar hänsyn till reglerna som anges av "LC_COLLATE". Obs: "uniq" upptäcker inte upprepade rader om de inte är efter varandra. Du kanske vill sortera indata först, eller använda "sort -u" utan "uniq". Dessutom, jämförelser tar hänsyn till reglerna som anges av "LC_COLLATE". Möjligt - före INSTÄLLNING indikerar negation. En * indikerar en icke-POSIX-inställning. Det underliggande systemet definierar vilka inställningar som är tillgängliga. Annars är LÄGE ett tal som kan följas av ett av följande: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000·1000, M 1024·1024, och så vidare för G, T, P, E, Z, Y. I detta fall kommer strömmen vara fullt buffrad med buffertstorleken sattt till LÄGE byte. Inställningar för utmatning: * bsN fördröjning på backsteg, N är [0-1] * crN fördröjning på vagnretur, N är [0-3] * ffN fördröjning på sidmatning, N är [0-1] * nlN fördröjning på nyrad, N är [0-1] Ägaren byts inte om den utelämnas. Grupp byts inte om utelämnad, men byts till inloggningsgrupp om underförstådd av ":" efter en symbolisk ÄGARE. ÄGARE och GRUPP kan vara numeriska såväl som symboliska. POS är F[.C][FLGR], där F är fältnumret och C teckenpositionen inom fältet, båda börjar på 1. Om vare sig flaggan -t eller -b är aktiv räknas tecken i fältet från början av föregående blanktecken. FLGR är en eller flera enbokstavs ordningsflaggor, vilka ersätter globala ordningsflaggor för den nyckeln. Om ingen nyckel är angiven, använd hela raden som nyckel. STORLEK kan följas av följande multiplikativa ändelser: Skriv ut värdet på UTTRYCK till standard ut. En tom rad nedan separerar grupper med ökande prioritetsordning. UTTRYCK kan vara: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 om det varken är null eller 0, annars ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 om inget av argumenten är null eller 0, annars 0 RADIX är d för decimalt, o för oktalt, x för hexadecimalt eller n för inget. BYTE är hexadecimalt med 0x eller 0X som prefix, och kan ha ett multiplikativt suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000·1000, M 1024·1024, GB 1000·1000·1000, G 1024·1024·1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Genom att lägga till ett z till någon typ visas skrivbara tecken på slutet av varje rad. Läs standard in om FIL är -. Varje MÖNSTER kan vara: Rapportera fel i %s till %s. Rapportera kommentarer om översättningen till . Rapportera fel till %s. Rapportera kommentarer om översättningen till . MÄNGDer anges som en sträng tecken. De flesta representerar sig själva. Följande sekvenser tolkas: \NNN tecken med det oktala värdet NNN (1 till 3 oktala siffror) \\ omvänt snedstreck \a ljudsignal \b baksteg \f sidmatning \n nyrad \r vagnretur \t horisontell tabulator SIGNAL kan vara ett signalnamn som "HUP" eller ett signalnummer som "1", eller en slutstatus från en process avslutad av en signal. PID är ett heltal; om det är negativt identifierar det en processgrupp. STORLEK är ett tal. För TYP doux, kan STORLEK också vara C för sizeof(char), S för sizeof(short), I för sizeof(int) eller L för sizeof(long). Om TYP är f, kan STORLEK också var F för sizeof(float), D för sizeof(double) eller L för sizeof(long double). STORLEK kan också föregås av en av följande modifierande tecken: "+" utöka med, "-" minska med, "<" högst, ">" minst, "/" avrunda neråt till multipel av, "%" avrunda uppåt till multipel av. STORLEK kan vara (eller kan vara ett heltal eventuellt följt av) en av de följande: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000·1000, M 1024·1024, och så vidare för G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Genom att skicka en %s-signal till en körande "dd"-process får man den att skriva in-/utstatistik på standard, och sedan fortsätta kopiera. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 poster in 18335302+0 poster ut 9387674624 byte (9.4 GB) kopierade, 34.6279 sekunder, 271 MB/s Specialtecken: * dsusp TECKEN TECKEN skickar en stoppsignal så fort indata är slut. eof TECKEN TECKEN skickar ett filslut (avsluta inmatning) eol TECKEN TECKEN avslutar raden Specialinställningar: N sätt in- och utmatninshastighet till N baud * cols N säg till kärnan att terminalen har N kolumner * columns N samma som cols N TYP skapas av en eller fler av dessa specifikationer: a namngivet tecken, ignorera höga biten c ASCII-tecken eller sekvens med omvänt snedstreck Ändelsen på säkerhetskopior är "~" om inte annat anges av --suffix eller SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. Versionhanteringen kan styras med --backup-flaggan eller med miljövariabeln VERSION_CONTROL. Den kan ha följande värden: Data kodas för base64-alfabetet enligt beskrivningen i RFC 3548. Vid avkodning kan indata innehålla nyradstecken förutom de byte som tillhör det egentliga base64-alfabetet. Använd --ignore-garbage för att försöka återhämta från tecken utanför alfabetet i den kodade strömmen. De tre följande flaggorna är användbara enbart vid verifikation av kontrollsummor: --quiet skriv inte OK för varje verifierad fil --status skriv inte ut något, statuskoden visar resultatet -w, --warn varna för felaktigt formaterade kontrollsummerader Summorna beräknas så som beskrivs i %s. Vid kontroll ska indata vara tidigare utdata från detta program. Normalläge är att skriva en rad med en kontrollsumma, ett tecken som indikerar typen ("*" för binärt, " " för text), och namnet på varje fil. De giltiga formatsekvenserna för filer (utan --file-system): %a Åtkomsträttigheter oktalt %A Åtkomsträttigheter i format läsbart för människa %b Antal använda block (se %B) %B Storleken i byte på varje block rapporterat av %b %C SELinux säkerhetskontextsträng Detta installationsprogram kopierar filer (oftast nykompilerade) till destinationsplatser man väljer. Om man vill hämta och installera ett paket som är färdigt att använda på ett GNU/Linuxsystem bör du istället använda en pakethanterare som yum(1) eller apt-get(1). De första tre formaten kopierar KÄLLA till DEST eller flera KÄLLor till en befintlig KATALOG, samtidigt som rättigheter och ägare/grupp sätts. Det fjärde formatet skapar KATALOG(er) inklusive eventuella föräldrakataloger. För att ta bort filer vars namn börjar med "-", till exempel "-apa", använder du ett av dessa kommandon: %s -- -apa %s ./-apa Traditionella formatspecifikationer kan blandas, de ackumuleras: -a samma som -t a, välj namngivna tecken, ingorera höga biten -b samma som -t o1, välj oktala byte -c samma som -t c, välj ASCII-tecken eller sekvenser med omvänt snedstreck -d samma som -t u2, välj 2-bytenheter, utan tecken, decimalt Översättning sker om -d inte ges och både MÄNGD1 och MÄNGD2 finns. -t kan endast användas vid översättning. MÄNGD2 expanderas till längden av MÄNGD1 genom att dess sista tecken upprepas tillräckligt många gånger. Överflödiga tecken i MÄNGD2 ignoreras. Endast [:lower:] och [:upper:] expanderas garanterat i stigande ordning. Används de i MÄNGD2 vid översättning kan de endast användas parvis för att ange skiftlägesändring. -s använder MÄNGD1 om det ej är översättning eller borttagning; annars använder sammanpressning MÄNGD2 och sker efter översättning och borttagning. Använd en och endast en av -b, -c eller -f. Varje LISTA består av ett intervall, eller flera intervall avskilda med komman. Utvald indata skrivs i samma ordning som den läses, och skrivs exakt en gång. Användning av färger för att särskilja filtyper är avslaget både som standard och med --color=never. Med --color=auto, skriver ls ut färgkoder endast när standard ut är anslutet till en terminal. Miljövariablen LS_COLORS kan ändra instaällningen Använd kommandot dircolors för att sätta den. Utan FIL eller om FIL är -, läs standard in. "-F /" är standard. Utan FIL, eller när FIL är -, läs standard in. Utan flaggor produceras tre kolumner utdata. Kolumn ett innehåller rader unika för FIL1, kolumn två innehåller filer unika för FIL2 och kolumn tre innehåller rader gemensamma för båda filerna. Utan någon FLAGGA skrivs lite användbar, identifierad information ut. Skriv en otvetydig representation, normalt oktala tecken, av FIL till standard ut. Med mer än ett FIL-argument, slå samman dem i den angivna orningen som indata. Utan FIL eller om FIL är -, läs standard in. ??? --backup[=STYR] säkerhetskopiera varje befintlig destination -b som --backup, fast tar inget argument -f, --force fråga inte innan något skrivs över -i, --interactive fråga innan något skrivs över -n, --no-clobber skriv inte över existerade filer Om du anger mer än en av -i, -f, -n har endast den sista någon effekt. --backup[=STYR] säkerhetskopiera varje befintlig destination -b som --backup, fast tar inget argument -d, -F, --directory tillåt superanvändaren att försöka hårt länka kataloger (obs: detta kommer formodligen misslyckas på grund av systemrestriktioner, även för superanvändaren) -f, --force ta bort befintliga destinationsfiler --backup[=STYR] säkerhetskopiera varje befintlig destination -b som --backup, fast tar inget argument -C, --compare jämför varje par of käll- och destinationsfiler, och modifiera i några fall inte destinationen alls -c (ignoreras) -d, --directory betrakta alla argument som kataloger; skapa dem inklusive eventuella föräldrakataloger --batch-size=ANTAL slå samman högst ANTAL indatafiler åt gången, använd temporärfiler för fler --block-size=STORLEK använd STORLEK byte stora block. Se STORLEKS- format nedan -B, --ignore-backups lista inte underförstådda poster som slutar på ~ -c med -lt: sortera efter och visa ctime, (tid för senaste ändring av filstatusinformation) med -l: visa ctime och sortera alfabetiskt annars: sortera efter ctime --complement tar komplementet av de valda byten, tecknen eller fälten --files0-from=F läs indata från filer som anges med NULL-terminerade namn i filen F. Om F är - så läs namn från standard in -L, --max-line-length skriv längden på den längsta raden -w, --words skriv antalet ord --files0-from=F summera diskanvändning för de NOLL-terminerade filnamnen som anges i filen F; Om F är - så läs namn från standard in -H detsamma som --dereference-args (-D) -h, --human-readable skriv storlekar i läsbart format (t.ex. 1K 234M 2G) --si som -h men i exponenter av 1000 istället för 1024 --group-directories-first gruppera kataloger före filer. utöka med en flagga --sort, men användning av --sort=none (-U) avaktiverar gruppering --help visa denna hjälptext och avsluta --indicator-style=ORD lägg till en indikator med stil ORD till postnamn: none (standard), slash (-p), file-type (-p), classify (-F) -i, --inode visa indexnummer för varje fil -I, --ignore=MÖNSTER visa inte underförstådda poster som matchar skalMÖNSTER -k som --block-size=1K --lookup försök kvalificera värdnamn med hjälp av DNS -m endast värdnamn och användarnamn associerat med standard in -p, --process skriv aktiva processer startade av init --no-preserve-root behandla inte "/" speciellt --preserve-root ta inte bort "/" (normalfall) -r, -R, --recursive ta bort kataloger och deras innehåll rekursivt -v, --verbose berätta vad som görs --no-preserve-root behandla inte "/" speciellt (normalfall) --preserve-root låt bli att arbeta på "/" --no-preserve-root behandla inte "/" speciellt (normalfall) --preserve-root låt bli att arbeta på "/" --no-preserve=ATTR_LISTA bevara inte de angivna attributen --parents lägg till källsökvägen till KATALOG --one-file-system när en hierarki tas bort rekursivt, hoppa över eventuella kataloger som ligger på andra filsystem än motsvarande kommandoradsargument gör --pid=PID med -f, avsluta efter att process-id PID dör -q, --quiet, --silent skriv aldrig ut huvuden med filnamn --retry fortsätt försöka öppan en fil även när den är eller blir oåtkomlig; användbart när man följer enligt namn, t.ex., med --follow=namn --preserve-context bevara SELinux-säkerhetskontext -Z, --context=KONTEXT sätt SELinux-säkerhetskontext på filer och kataloger --reference=RFIL använd RFIL:s säkerhetskontext istället för att ange ett KONTEXTvärde -R, --recursive ändra filer och kataloger rekursivt -v, --verbose skriv ett meddelande för varje behandlad fil --rfc-3339=TIDSPEC skriv ut tid och datum enligt formatet RFC 3339. TIDSPEC="date", "seconds" eller "ns" för att tid datum skall anges med angiven precision. Datum- och tidsdelen separeras av ett ensamt blanktecken: 2006-08-07 12:34:56+02:00 -s, --set=STRÄNG sätt tiden som den beskrivs i STRÄNG -u, --utc, --universal sätt eller visa tiden i Universell Tid (UTC) --sort=ORD sortera enligt ORD: general-numeric -g, human-numeric -h, month -M, numeric -n, random -R, version -V -V, --version-sort naturlig sortering av (versions)nummer i text --strip-trailing-slashes ta bort avslutande snedstreck från varje KÄLLargument -S, --suffix=ÄNDELSE ersätt den vanliga säkerhetskopieändelsen --suffix=SUFF lägg till SUFF till MALL. SUFF får inte innehålla ett snedstreck. Denna flagga är implicit om MALL inte slutar med X. --time visa tiden för senaste ändring av filer i katalogen, eller någon av dess underkataloger --time=ORD visa tid som ORD istället för modifieringstid: atime, access, use, ctime eller status --time-style=STIL visa tider med stilen STIL: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT FORMAT tolkas so för "date" --time-style=STIL med -l, visa tider i med stil STIL: full-iso, long-sio, iso, locale, +FORMAT FORMAT tolkas som "date"; om FORMAT är FORMAT1FORMAT2, används FORMAT1 för gamla filer och FORMAT2 för nyare filer; vid tillägg av prefixet "posix-" till STIL, gäller STIL endast utanför lokalen POSIX --verbose skriv ett meddelande strax före varje utfil öppnas --version visa versionsinformation och avsluta --all skriv antalet installerade processorer --ignore=N om möjligt, uteslut N processorenheter Storlek Använt Tillg Anv% Inoder IAnv IFria IAnv% Storlek Anvnt Tillg Anv% -evenp samma som -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase samma som xcase iuclc olcuc litout samma som -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout samma som parenb istrip opost cs7 nl samma som -icrnl -onlcr -nl samma som icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb använd två stoppbitar per tecken (en med "-") [-]hup skicka en påläggningssignal när sista processen stänger ttyn [-]hupcl samma som [-]hup [-]parenb generera paritetsbit i utdata och förvänta paritetsbit i indata [-]parodd ställ in udda paritet (jämn med "-") [-]ignpar ignorera tecken med paritetsfel * [-]imaxbel ljud signal, men töm inte full indatabuffert på grund av ett tecken [-]inlcr översätt nyrad till vagnretur [-]inpck möjliggör paritetskontroll av indata [-]istrip rensa den höga (8:e) biten i ett inmatningstecken [-]isig möjliggör specialtecken för avbrott, slut och vila [-]noflsh koppla bort rensning efter avbrottsignaler och specialsluttecken * [-]prterase samma som [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stoppa bakgrundsjobb som försöker skriva till terminalen * [-]xcase tillsammans med icanon, används "\" som kontrollsekvens för versaltecken cooked samma som brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon oppst isig icanon, filsluttecken och radsluttecken till sina standardvärden -cooked samma som raw crt samma som echoe echoctl echoke dec samma som echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq samma som [-]ixany ek radera- och återställtecken till sina standardvärden evenp samma som parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N sätt inmatningshastighet till N * line N använd linjetyp N min N med -icanon, sätt N tecken till minimum för en avslutad läsning ospeed N sätt utmatningshastighet till N oddp samma som parenb parodd cs7 -oddp samma som -parenb cs8 [-]parity samma som [-]evenp pass8 samma som -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 samma som parenb istrip cs7 raw samma som -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw samma som cooked sane samma som cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke, alla specialtecken till sina standardvärden stop TECKEN TECKEN stoppar utskriften susp TECKEN TECKEN skickar en terminalstoppsignal * swtch TECKEN TECKEN byter till ett annat skal * werase TECKEN TECKEN raderar det senast skrivna ordet %% ett enkelt % %b ARGUMENT som en sträng med "\"-kontrollsekvenser tolkade, utom att oktala sekvenser är på formen \0 eller \0NNN och alla specifikationer på C-format som slutar med en av diouxXfeEgGcs, med ARGUMENT konverterade till en passande typ först. Klarar av varierande storlek. %A lokalens fullständiga veckodagsnamn (t.ex. söndag) %b lokalens förkortade månadsnamn (t.ex. jan) %B lokalens fullständiga månadsnamn (t.ex. januari) %c lokalens dag och tid (t.ex. ons 5 okt 2005 22.02.05) %C århundrade, som %Y, fast utelämna de sista två siffrorna (t.ex. 20) %d dag i månad (t.ex. 01) %D datum, samma som %m/%d/%y %e dag i månad, blankutfyllt, samma som %_d %F fullständigt datum, samma som %Y-%m-%d %g de sista två siffrorna i året för ISO-veckonumret (se %G) %G året motsvarande ISO-veckonumret (se %V), normalt användbart endast med %V %S sekunder (00-60) %t en tabulator %T tid, samma som %H:%M:%S %u dag i veckan (1-7), 1 är måndag %U veckonummer, med söndag som första dag i veckan (00-53) %V ISO-veckonummer, med måndag som första dag i veckan (01-53) %w veckodag (0-6); 0 är söndag %W veckonummer, med måndag som första dag i veckan (00-53) %d Enhetsnummer decimalt %D Enhetsnummer hexadecimalt %f Tillståndet rått hexadecimalt %F Filtyp %g Grupp-ID på ägare %G Gruppnamn på ägare %h Antal hårda länkar %i Inodnummer %n Filnamn %N Citerat filnamn, med dereferens om symbolisk länk %o I/O-blockstorlek %s Total storlek, i byte %t Övre enhetsnummer hexadecimalt %T Undre enhetsnummer hexadecimalt %h samma som %b %H timme (00-23) %I timme (01-12) %j dag på året (001-366) %i Filsystem-ID hexadecimalt %l Maxlängd på filnamn %n Filnamn %s Blockstorlek (för snabbare överföringar) %S Grundläggande blockstorlek (för antal block) %t Typ hexadecimalt %T Typ i format läsbart för människa %k timme ( 0-23) %l timme ( 1-12) %m månad (01-12) %M minut (00-59) %n en ny rad %N nanosekunder (000000000-999999999) %p lokalens FM- eller EM-indikator (tom i många lokaler) %P lokalens fm- eller em-indikator (tom i många lokaler) %r lokalens tid, 12-timmars (t.ex. 10:04:26) %R 24-timmars timme och minut, samma som %H:%M %s sekunder sedan "1970-01-01 00.00.00 UTC" %u Användar-ID på ägare %U Användarnamn på ägare %x Senaste åtkomsttidpunkt %X Senaste åtkomsttidpunkt i sekunder sedan Epok %y Senaste modifieringstidpunkt %Y Senaste modifieringstidpunkt i sekunder sedan Epok %z Senaste ändringstidpunkt %Z Senaste ändringstidpunkt i sekunder sedan Epok %x lokalens datumrepresentation (t.ex. 2005-10-06) %X lokalens tidrepresentation (t.ex 23.43.02) %y sista två siffrorna i årtalet (00-99) %Y år %z +hhmm numerisk tidszon (t.ex., -0400) %:z +hh:mm numerisk tidszon (t.ex., -04:00) %::z +hh:mm:ss numerisk tidszon (t.ex., -04:00:00) %:::z numerisk tidszon med : som behövs för precisionen (t.ex., -04, +05:30) %Z alfabetisk tidszonsförkortning (t.ex., CET) Normalt fyller date ut numeriska fält med nollor. + ELEMENT tolka ELEMENT som en sträng, även om den är ett nyckelord som "match" eller en operator som "/" ( UTTRYCK ) värdet av UTTRYCK --output-delimiter=STR separera kolumner med STR --userspec=ANV:GRUPP ange användare och grupp (ID eller namn) att använda --groups=G_LISTA ange tilläggsgrupper som g1,g2,..,gN -0, --null avsluta varje utmatad rad med en 0-byte, istället för nyrad -A, --address-radix=RADIX avgör hur filposition skrivs -j, --skip-bytes=BYTE hoppa först över BYTE byt i indata -A, --auto-reference skriv ut automatiskt genererade referenser -G, --traditional uppträd mer som System V:s "ptx" -F, --flag-truncation=STRÄNG använd STRÄNG för att markera avhuggnar rader -B, --block-size=STRL använd STRL byte stora block -b, --bytes likvärdigt med "--apparent-size --block-size=1" -c, --total rapportera totalsumman -D, --dereference-args följ endast symboliska länkar som är uppräknade på kommandoraden -C lista poster kolumnvis --color[=NÄR] färglägg utskriften. NÄR är som standard "always" eller kan vara "never" eller "auto". Mer information nedan -d, --directory lista kataloger istället för deras innehåll, och följ inte symboliska länkar -D, --dired anpassa utdata för Emacs dired-funktion -D skapa alla föräldrakataloger till DEST; kopiera sedan KÄLLA till DEST -g, --group=GRUPP sätt grupptillhörighet, istället för processens grupp -m, --mode=RÄTTIGHET sätt rättigheter (som för chmod), istället för rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=ÄGARE sätt ägare (endast superanvändare) -D, --date-format=FORMAT använd FORMAT för huvuddatum -e[TECKEN[BREDD]], --expand-tabs[=TECKEN[BREDD]] expandera inmatade TECKEN (tabulatorer) till tabulatorBREDD (8) -F, -f, --form-feed använd sidmatning i stället för nya rader för att separera sidor (med ett 3-raders huvud vid -F eller 5-raders huvud och fot utan -F) -G, --no-group i långa listningar: skriv inte ut gruppnamn -h, --human-readable skriv storlekar i läsbart format (t.ex. 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si d:o, men använd potenser av 1000, inte 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line följ symboliska länkar angivna på kommandoraden --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir följ varje kommandoradsargument som är en symbolisk länk som pekar på en katalog --hide=MÖNSTER visa inte underförstådda poster som matchar MÖNSTER (åsidosätts av -a eller -A) -I fråga en gång före mer än tre filer tas bort, eller vid rekursiv borttagning. Mindre påträngande än -i, men skyddar ändå mot de flesta misstag --interactive[=NÄR] fråga enligt NÄR: never, once (-I), eller always (-i). Utan NÄR, fråga alltid -L FIL FIL finns och är en symbolisk länk (samma som -h) -O FIL FIL finns coh ägs av verksam användar-ID -p FIL FIL finns och är ett namngivet rör -r FIL FIL finns och läsning är tillåten -s FIL FIL finns och har större storlek än noll -L, --dereference följ alla symboliska länkar -P, --no-dereference följ inga symboliska länkar (detta är normalfallet) -0, --null avsluta varje utrad med en 0-byte istället för nyrad -S, --separate-dirs ta inte med storlek på underkataloger -s, --summarize visa bara summan för varje argument -L, --logical använd PWD från omgivningen, även om den innehåller symlänkar -P, --physical undvik alla symlänkar -M, --macro-name=STRÄNG makronamn att använda istället för "xx" -O, --format=roff generera utdata som roff-direktiv -R, --right-side-refs skriv referenser till höger, ej med i -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGUTTR för radslut eller meningsslut -T, --format=tex generera utdata som TeX-direktiv -N, --read-bytes=BYTE begränsa utmatning till BYTE byte från indata -S, --strings[=BYTE] skriv ut strängar med minst BYTE grafiska tecken -t, --format=TYP välj format för utmatning -v, --output-duplicates använd inte * för att markera undertryckta rader -w, --width[=BYTE] skriv ut BYTE byte per rad --traditional acceptera argument i traditionellt format -P, --portability använd POSIX-format --sync anropa sync innan information hämtas -t, --type=TYP begränsa listningen till filsystem av typen TYP -T, --print-type skriv ut filsystemtyp -x, --exclude-type=TYP utelämna filsystem av typ TYP -v (ignorerad) -S sortera efter filstorlek --sort=ORD sortera ORDvis istället för efter namn: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=ORD visa tid som ORD istället för modifieringstid: atime, access, use, ctime eller status; använd angiven tid som sorteringsnyckel om --sort=time -S FIL FIL existterar och är ett uttag (socket) -t FI filidentifierare FI är öppnad mot en terminal -u FIL FIL existerar och dess set-user-ID-bit är satt -w FIL FIL existerar och skrivning är tillåten -x FIL FIL existerar och körning (eller sökning) är tillåten -S, --suffix=ÄNDELSE ersätt den vanliga säkerhetskopieändelsen -t, --target-directory=KATALOG ange KATALOG som länkarna skall skapas i -T, --no-target-directory behandla LÄNKNAMN som en vanlig fil -v, --verbose skriv namnet på varje länkad fil -SSTRÄNG, --sep-string[=STRÄNG] åtskilj kolumner med STRÄNG, utan -S: Standardseparator med -J och annars (samma som -S" "), ingen effekt på kolumnflaggor -t, --omit-header utelämna sidhuvud och sidfot -T, --omit-pagination utelämna sidhuvud och sidfot, ta bort paginering gjord med sidmatning i infiler -v, --show-nonprinting använd oktal notation med omvänt snedstreck -w, --width=SIDBREDD sätt sidbredd till SIDBREDD (72) kolumner vid utmatning med flera textkolumner, -s[TECKEN] slår av (72) -T, -w, --mesg lägg till användares meddelandestatus som +, - eller ? -u, --users lista inloggade användare --message samma som -T --writeable samma som -T -W, --page-width=SIDBREDD sätt sidbredd till SIDBREDD (72) kolumner vid all utmatning, hugg av rader utom om flagga -J är satt, ingen koppling till -S eller -s -W, --word-regexp=REGUTTR använd REGUTTRY för att macha varje nyckelord -b, --break-file=FIL ordmellanrumstecken i denna FIL -f, --ignore-case gör om gemener till versaler för sortering -g, --gap-size=ANTAL mellanrum i kolumner mellan utdatafält -i, --ignore-file=FIL läs lista av ord att ignorera från FIL -o, --only-file=FIL läs lista av ord att endast använda från FIL -Z, --context=KTX sätt SELinux-säkerhetskontexten på NAMN till KTX -Z, --context=KTX sätt SELinux-säkerhetskontexten på varje NAMN till KTX -a ändra bara åtkomsttiden -c --no-create skapa inga filer -d, --date=STRÄNG tolka STRÄNG och använd det istället för aktuell tid -f (ignorerad) -a, --across skriv kolumner på tvären i stället för nedåt, används tillsammans med -KOLUMN -c, --show-control-chars använd hattnotation (^G) och oktal notation med omvänt snedstreck -d, --double-space skriv ut med dubbelt radavstånd -a, --all tag med låtsasfilsystem -B, --block-size=STRL använd STRL byte stora block --total skriv ut en totalsumma -h, --human-readable skriv storlekar i läsbart format (t.ex. 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si d:o, men använd potenser av 1000 istället för 1024 -a, --all skriv ut värden för alla filer, inte bara kataloger --apparent-size skriv skenbar storlek, istället för diskanvändning; även om den skenbara storleken normalt är mindre, kan den vara större på grund av hål i ("glesa") filer, intern fragmentering, indirekta block, och liknande -a, --all konvertera alla mellanrum, i stället för bara inledande --first-only konvertera bara inledande mellanrumsekvenser (ersätter -a) -t, --tabs=N tabulatorstegen är N långa i stället för 8 (aktiverar -a) -t, --tabs=LISTA använd kommaseparerad LISTA med tabulatorpositioner (aktiverar -a) -a, --archive samma som -dR --preserve=all --backup[=STYR] gör en säkerhetskopia av varje befintlig destinationsfil -b som --backup men tar inget argument --copy-contents kopiera innehåll i specialfiler när rekursivt -d samma som --no-dereference --preserve=links -a, --suffix-length=N använd ändelse av längd N (standard %d) -b, --bytes=ANTAL placera ANTAL byte i varje utfil -C, --line-bytes=ANTAL placera max ANTAL byte rader per utfil -d, --numeric-suffixes använd numeriska suffix istället för alfabetiska -l, --lines=RADER placera RADER rader i varje utfil -b, --before sätt in skiljetecken före i stället för efter -r, --regex tolka skiljetecknet som ett reguljärt uttryck -s, --separator=STRÄNG använd STRÄNG som skiljetecken i stället för ny rad -b, --binary läs i binärt läge -b, --binary läs i binärt läge (standard om inte standard in läses) -b, --body-numbering=STIL använd STIL för att numrera rader i kroppen -d, --section-delimiter=CC använd CC för att avgränsa logiska sidor -f, --footer-numbering=STIL använd STIL för att numrera rader i fot -b, --bytes räkna byte i stället för kolumner -s, --spaces bryt vid mellanrum -w, --width=ANTAL använd ANTAL kolumner i stället för 80 -b, --bytes=LISTA välj endast dessa byte -c, --characters=LISTA välj endast dessa tecken -d, --delimiter=AVSKILJ använd AVSKILJ i stället för TAB som fältavskiljare -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignorera inledande mellanslag -d, --dictionary-order betrakta endast alfanumeriska och blanka tecken -f, --ignore-case byt gemener mot versaler -b, --suffix-format=FORMAT använd sprintf-FORMAT i stället för %02d -f, --prefix=PREFIX använd PREFIX i stället för "xx" -k, --keep-files ta inte bort utfiler vid fel -c, --bytes=K skriv ut de K sista byten; alternativt, använd -c +K för att skriva ut byte med början på den K:e i varje fil -c, --bytes=[-]K skriv de första K byte av varje fil; med det inledande "-", skriv allt utom de sista K byte av varje fil -n, --lines=[-]K skriv de första K raderna istället för de första 10; med det inledande "-", skriv alla utom de sista K raderna av varje fil -c, --check läs %s-summor från FILen och kontrollera dem Andra flaggor: -c, --check, --check=diagnose-first kontrollera om indata är sorterad, sortera ej -C, --check=quiet, --check=silent som -c, men rapportera inte en första felaktig rad --compress-program=PROG komprimera temporärfiler med PROG; packa up dem med PROG -d --files0-from=F läs indata från filerna som anges med nollterminerade namn i filen F. Om F är - så läs namn från standard in -c, --count skriv antalet gånger raden förekom framför raden -d, --repeated skriv endast rader som förekommer flera gånger -c, --crown-margin bibehåll indragning av de två första raderna -p, --prefix=STRÄNG formatera bara om rader som börjar med STRÄNG sätt tillbaka prefixet på omformaterade rader -s, --split-only dela långa rader, men justera ej -c, --no-create skapa inga filer en fil -d, --delimiters=LISTA återanvänd tecken från LISTA inställer för TAB -s, --serial klistra in en fil i taget i stället för parallellt -d, --directory skapa en katalog, inte en fil -u, --dry-run skapa ingenting, skriv bara ett namn (osäkert) -q, --quiet utelämna meddelanden när det inte går att skapa filer/kataloger -e slå på tolkning av sekvenser med omvänt snedstreck -E slå av tolkning av sekvenser med omvänt snedstreck (standard) -e slå på tolkning av sekvenser med omvänt snedstreck (standard) -E slå av tolkning av sekvenser med omvänt snedstreck -e, --echo behandla varje ARG som en indatarad -i, --input-range=LÅ-HÖ behandla varje nummer LÅ till HÖ som en indatarad -n, --head-lines=ANTAL skriv ut högst ANTAL rader -o, --output=FIL skriv resultatet till FIL istället för standard ut --random-source=FIL hämta slumpbyte:ar från FIL -z, --zero-terminated avsluta rader med 0-byte, inte nyrad -f sortera inte, slå på -aU, slå av -ls --color -F, --classify lägg till en indikator (en av */=>@|) till poster --file-type detsamma, med undantag av "*" --format=ORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time som -l --time-style=full-iso -f utelämna raden med kolumnrubriker i kort format -w utelämna anävndarens fullständiga namn i kort format -i utelämna användarens fullständiga namn och fjärrvärd i kort format -q utelämna användarens fullstädniga namn, fjärrvärd och overksamma tiden i kort format -f samma som -t fF, välj flyttal -i samma som -t dI, välj decimala heltal -l samma som -t dL, välj decimala långa heltal -o samma som -t o2, välj oktala 2-byteenheter -s samma som -t d2, välj decimala 2-byteenheter -x samma som -t x2, välj hexadecimala 2-bytenheter -f FIL FIL finns och är en vanlig fil -g FIL FIL finns och har sätt-grupp-ID-biten satt -G FIL FIL finns och ägs av verksam grupp-ID -h FIL FIL finns och är en symbolisk länk (samma som -L) -k FIL FIL finns med fastbiten satt -f, --canonicalize gör kanoniskt genom att följa varje symbolisk länk i varje komponent av det givna namnet rekursivt; alla utom den sista komponenten måste existera -e, --canonicalize-existing gör kanoniskt genom att följa varje symbolisk länk i varje komponent av det givna namnet rekursivt, alla komponenter måste existera -f, --fields=LISTA välj endast dessa fält; skriv också ut rader som saknar avkiljare, om inte flaggan -s anges -n (ignorerad) -f, --follow[={namn|filidentifierare}] skriv ut nya rader i takt med att filen växer; -f, --follow och --follow=descriptor är likvärdiga -F samma som --follow=name --retry -f, --force om en befintlig destinationsfil inte kan öppnas, ta bort den och försök igen (överflödigt om -n används) -i, --interactive fråga innan något skrivs över (åsidosätt en tidigare flagga -n) -H följ symboliska länkar på kommandoraden i KÄLLA -f, --force ändra rättigheter för att tillåta skrivning, om nödvändigt -n, --iterations=N skriv över N gånger istället för standard (%d) --random-source=FIL hämta slumpbyte:ar från FIL -s, --size=N strimla detta antal byte (ändelse som K, M, G fungerar) -f, --silent, --quiet utelämna de flesta felmeddelanden -v, --verbose rapportera alla behandlade filer --reference=RFIL använd RFILs rättigheter istället för något argument -R, --recursive ändra filer och kataloger rekursivt -f, --silent, --quiet utelämna de flesta felmeddelanden --reference=RFIL använd RFIL:s grupp istället för att ange ett GRUPPvärde -R, --recursive ändra filer och kataloger rekursivt -v, --verbose rapportera alla behandlade filer -f, --silent, --quiet utelämna de flesta felmeddelanden --reference=RFIL använd RFILs ägare och grupp istället för att ange ÄGARE:GRUPPvärden -R, --recursive arbeta med filer och kataloger rekursivt -v, --verbose visa ett meddelande för varje bearbetad fil --help visa denna hjälptext och avsluta --version visa versionsinformation och avsluta -g som -l, men skriv inte ut ägare -g GID[,GID1...] sätt också den primära grupp-ID:n till den numeriska GID, och (om angivet) tilläggsgrupp-ID:n till GID1, ... -g, --general-numeric-sort jämför enligt generellt numeriskt värde -i, --ignore-nonprinting beakta endast skrivbara tecken -M, --month-sort jämför (okänd) < "JAN" < ... < "DEC" -h, --header-numbering=STIL använd STIL för att numrera rader i huvud -i, --line-increment=ANTAL öka radnummer med ANTAL för varje rad -l, --join-blank-lines=ANTAL grupp med ANTAL tomma rader räknade som en -n, --number-format=FORMAT följ FORMAT när radnummer sätts in -p, --no-renumber börja inte om radnummer vid logiska sidor -s, --number-separator=STRÄNG lägg till STRÄNG efter (möjligt) radnummer -h, --header=HUVUD använd ett centrerat HUVUD i stället för filnamn i sidhuvud, -h "" skriver en tom rad. Använd inte -h"" -i[TECKEN[BREDD]], --output-tabs[=TECKEN[BREDD]] ersätt mellanslag med TECKEN (tabulatorer), BREDD breda (8) -J, --join-lines sammanfoga hela rader, stänger av -W radstympning, ingen kolumnjustering, --sep-string[STRÄNG] anger avskiljare -h, --human-numeric-sort jämför mänskligt läsbara tal (t.ex., 2K 1G) -h, --no-dereference ändra varje symbolisk länk istället för det den pekar på (meningsfullt endast på system där det går att ändra ägare på en symbolisk länk) -h, --no-dereference ändra varje symbolisk länk istället för det den pekar på (meningsfullt endast på system där det går att tidsstämpel på en symbolisk länk) -m ändra bara modifikationstiden -i, --ignore-case ignorera skiftläge när fält jämförs -j FÄLT samma som "-1 FÄLT -2 FÄLT" -o FORMAT följ FORMAT när utskriftsrader konstrueras -t TECKEN använd TECKEN som fältseparator för in- och utmatning -i, --initial konvertera inte tabulatorer efter icke-blanktecken -t, --tabs=ANTAL använd ANTAL tecken mellan tabulatorer, ej 8 -i, --inodes skriv inodinformation istället för blockinformation -k som --block-size=1K -l, --local visa endast lokala filsystem --no-sync anropa inte sync innan information hämtas (normalfall) -i, --interactive fråga om destinationer skall tas bort -L, --logical gör hårda länkar till symboliska länkars refernser -n, --no-dereference behandla destination som är symbolisk länk till en katalog som om det vore en vanlig fil -P, --physical gör hårda länkar direkt till symboliska länkar -s, --symbolic gör symboliska länkar istället för hårda -k som --block-size=1K -l, --count-links räkna storlek flera gånger för hårda länkar -m som --block-size=1M -k, --key=POS1[,POS2] starta nyckel vid POS1 (räknas från 1), sluta den vid POS2 (radslut som standard) -m, --merge slå samman redan sorterade filer, sortera inte -l använd långt listningsformat -L, --dereference när filinformation visas för en symbolisk länk, visa information om filen länken refererar snarare än för själva länken -m fyll bredden med en kommaseparerad lista av poster -l, --length=SIDLÄNGD sätt sidlängden till SIDLÄNGD (66) rader (standard 56 rader text, och med -F 63) -m, --merge skriv alla filer parallellt, en i varje kolumn, hugg av rader, men slå samman rader till full längd med -J -l, --link länka filer istället fär att kopiera -L, --dereference följ alltid symboliska länkar i KÄLLA -l, --login skriv ut inloggningsprocesser -m, --canonicalize-missing gör kanoniskt genom att följa varje symbolisk länk i varje komponent av det givna namnet rekursivt, utan krav på att komponenterna existerar -n, --no-newline skriv inte ut den avslutande nyraden -q, --quiet, -s, --silent undertryck de flesta meddelanden -v, --verbose rapportera felmeddelanden -m, --mode=RÄTTIGHET sätt filrättighetsbitar till RÄTTIGHET, inte a=rw - umask -m, --mode=RÄTTIGHET sätt filrättigheter (som i chmod), inte rwxrwxrwx - umask -p, --parents inget fel om den finns, gör föräldrakataloger vid behov -v, --verbose skriv meddelande för varje skapad katalog -Z, --context=KTX sätt SELinuxsäkerhetskontexten på varje skapad katalog till KTX -n, --digits=SIFFROR använd angivet antal siffror istället för 2 -s, --quiet, --silent skriv inte ut storleken på utmatningsfiler -z, --elide-empty-files ta bort tomma utmatningsfiler -n, --lines=K skriv ut de sista K raderna istället för de sista %d, eller använd -n +K för att skriva ut rader med början från den K:e --max-unchanged-stats=N med --follow=name, öppna om en FIL som inte har ändrat storlek efter N (standard %d) iterationer för att se om den har tagits bort eller ändrat namn (detta är det vanliga fallet för roterade loggfiler) -n, --no-clobber skriv inte över en existerande fil (åsidosätter en tidigare flagga -i) -P, --no-dereference följ aldrig symboliska länkar i KÄLLA -n, --numeric-sort jämför enligt strängens numeriska värde -R, --random-sort sortera efter slumpvis has av nycklar --random-source=FIL hämta slumpbyte:ar från FIL -r, --reverse vänd på resultatet av jämförelserna -n, --numeric-uid-gid som -l, men lista numeriska användar- och grupp-ID -N, --literal skriv ut råa postnamn (specialbehandla inte kontrolltecken till exempel) -o som -l, men lista inte gruppinformation -p, --indicator-style=slash lägg till en /-indikator till kataloger -n[SEP[SIFFROR]], --number-lines[=SEP[SIFFROR]] numrera rader, använd SIFFROR (5) siffror, sedan SEP (TAB), i normalläge startar räkning vid infilens första rad -N, --first-line-number=NUMMER börja räkna med NUMMER vid första raden på första sidan som skrivs ut (se +FÖRSTA_SIDA) -o, --indent=MARGINAL skjut in varje rad med MARGINAL (noll) mellanrum, påverka ej -w eller -W, MARGINAL läggs till SIDBREDD -r, --no-file-warnings utelämna varning när en fil inte kan öppnas -o, --output=FIL skriv resultatet till FIL i stället för standard ut -s, --stable stabilisera sortering genom att stänga av sista-utvägsjämförelse -S, --buffer-size=STORLEK använd STORLEK för huvudminnesbuffert -p samma som --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps --preserve[=ATTR_LISTA] bevara de angivna attributen (standard: mode,ownership,timestamps), om möjligt ytterligare attribut: context, links, xattr, all -p KAT använd KAT som ett prefix, implicerar -t [undanbedes] -t tolka MALL som en ensam filnamnskomponent, relativt en katalog: $TMPDIR, om det är satt, annars katalogen som angetts via -p, annars /tmp [undanbedes] -p, --parents ta bort KATALOG och dess föräldrar. T.ex. "rmdir -p a/b/c" motsvarar "rmdir a/b/c a/b a". -v, --verbose skriv ett meddelande för varje behandlad katalog -p, --preserve-timestamps sätt KÄLLors åtkomst- och modifikationstid på motsvarande destinationsfiler -s, --strip ta bort symboltabeller --strip-program=PROGRAM program att använda för att ta bort symboltabeller -S, --suffix=ÄNDELSE ersätt den vanliga säkerhetskopieändelsen -t, --target-directory=KATALOG kopiera alla KÄLLargument till KATALOG -T, --no-target-directory behandla DEST som en vanlig fil -v, --verbose skriv namnet på varje katalog som skapas -q, --count alla inloggningsnamn och antal inloggade användare -r, --runleve skriv aktuell körnivå -s, --short skriv endast namn, linje och tid (standard) -t, --time skriv alla ändringar av systemklockan -q, --hide-control-chars skriv ? istället för ickegrafiska tecken --show-control-chars visa ickegrafiska tecken som de är (normalfall utom om programmet är "ls" och utdata är en terminal) -Q, --quote-name omge postnamnen med citationstecken --quoting-style=ORD använd citationsstil ORD för postnamn: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent skriv aldrig huvuden med filnamn -v, --verbose skriv alltid huvuden med filnamn -r, --reference=FIL visa den tidpunkt då FIL senast modifierades -R, --rfc-2822 skriv ut tid och datum enligt formatet RFC 2822 Exampel: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 +0200 -r, --reference=FIL använd denna FILs storlek -s, --size=STORLEK använd denna STORLEK -r, --reference=FIL använd FILs tider istället för aktuell tid -t STÄMPEL använd [[ÅÅ]ÅÅ]MMDDhhmm[.ss] istället för aktuell tid --time=ORD sätt den angivna tiden: ORD är access, atime eller use: detsamma som -a ORT är modify eller mtime: detsamma som -m -r, --references första fältet på varje rad är en referens -t, --typeset-mode - ej implementerat - -w, --width=ANTAL utmatningsbredd i kolumner, utan referenser -r, --reverse sortera baklänges -R, --recursive visa underkataloger rekursivt -s, --size skriv allokerade storleken i block för varje fil -s, --only-delimited skriv inte ut rader som saknar fältavskiljare --output-delimiter=STRÄNG använd STRÄNG som avskiljare vid utmatning standard är att avända inmatningsavskiljaren -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL ange namnet eller numret på signalen som skall skickas -l, --list räkna upp signalnamn, eller konvertera signalnamn till/från nummer -t, --table skriv en tabell med signalinformation -s, --sleep-interval=N med -f, sov ungefär N sekunder (standard 1,0) mellan iterationer -v, --verbose skriv alltid ut huvuden med filnamn -s, --symbolic-link gör symboliska länkar istället för att kopiera -S, --suffix=ÄNDELSE ersätt den vanliga säkerhetskopieändelsen -t, --target-directory=KATALOG flytta alla KÄLLOR till KATALOG -T, --no-target-directory behandla DEST som en vanlig fil -s[TECKEN], --separator[=TECKEN] åtskilj kolumner med ett enda tecken, standard för TECKEN är tabulatortecknet utan -w och "inget tecken" med -w -s[TECKEN] slår av avhuggning för alla tre kolumnflaggorna (-KOLUMN|-a KOLUMN|-m) utom när -w är angivet -t sortera efter modifieringstid -T, --tabsize=KOLUMN antag tabulatorsteg varje KOLUMN, inte var 8:e -t likvärdigt med -vT -T, --show-tabs visa TAB-tecken som ^I -u (ignorerad) -v, --show-nonprinting använd ^ och M-notation, utom för nyrad och TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP använd SEP istället för övergång från ej blanka till blanka -T, --temporary-directory=KAT använd KAT för tillfälliga filer, ej $TMPDIR eller %s; flera argument anger flera kataloger -u, --unique med -c, kontrollera strikt ordningsföljd; utan -c, skriv ut endast den första av flera lika -t, --tabs=LISTA använd kommaseparerad lista med tabulatorpositioner -t, --tagged-paragraph indrag av första raden inte samma som andra raden -u, --uniform-spacing ett mellanslag mellan ord, två efter meningar -w, --width=LÄNGD maximal radlängd (standardvärde 75 kolumner) -t, --target-directory=KATALOG flytta alla KÄLLargument in i KATALOG -T, --no-target-directory behandla DEST som en vanlig fil -u, --update flytta endast när KÄLLfilen är nyare än destinationsfilen eller när destinationsfilen inte finns -v, --verbose förklara vad som görs -t, --text läs i textläge (standard om standard in läses) -t, --text läs i textläge (standard) -u med -lt: sortera efter och visa åtkomsttid med -l: visa åtkomsttid men sortera alfabetiskt annars: sortera enligt åtkomsttid -U sortera inte; lista poster i katalogordning -v naturlig sortering av (versions)nummer i text -u, --remove stympa och ta bort filen efter överskrivningen -v, --verbose följ processen -x, --exact avrunda inte filstorlekar upp till nästa hela block; detta är standardfallet för icke-normala filer -z, --zero lägg till en avslutande överskrivning med nollor för att dölja strimlandet -u, --update kopiera bara när KÄLLA är nyare än destinationen, eller när destinationen saknas helt -v, --verbose berätta vad som görs -x, --one-file-system stanna inom detta filsystem -u, --user=ANVÄNDARE sätt användaren ANVÄNDARE i målets säkerhetskontext -r, --role=ROLL sätt rollen ROLL i målets säkerhetskontext -t, --type=TYP sätt typen TYP i målets säkerhetskontext -l, --range=INTERVALL sätt intervallet INTERVALL i målets säkerhetskontext -v, --kernel-version skriv ut kärnans version -m, --machine skriv ut maskin(hårdvaru)typen -p, --processor skriv ut processortypen eller "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform skriv ut hårdvaruplattform eller "unknown" -o, --operating-system skriv ut operativsystemet -v, --starting-line-number=NUMMER första radnumret på varje logisk sida -w, --number-width=ANTAL använd ANTAL kolumner för radnummer -w, --check-chars=N jämför inte mer än N tecken i rader -w, --width=KOLUMN anta skärmbredd istället för aktuellt värde -x lista poster radvis istället för kolumnvis -X sortera alfabetiskt efter ändelser -Z, --context skriv eventuell SELinuxsäkerhetskontext för varje fil -1 lista en fil per rad -x, --one-file-system hoppa över kataloger på andra filsystem -X, --exclude-from=FIL hoppa över filer som matchar mönster i FIL --exclude=MÖNSTER hoppa över filer som matchar MÖNSTER. --max-depth=N skriv summan för en katalog (eller fil, med --all) endast om den är N eller färre nivåer nedanför kommandoradsargumentet; --max-depth=0 är detsamma som --summarize -z, --zero-terminated avsluta rader med byte 0, inte ny rad Processer som sover i ett tillstånd som inte går att avbryta bidrar också till lastgenomsnittet. [:graph:] alla utskrivbara tecken, ej blanka [:lower:] alla gemena bokstäver [:print:] alla skrivbara tecken, inklusive mellanrum [:punct:] alla tecken för interpunktion [:space:] alla horisontella och vertikala blanka [:upper:] alla versala bokstäver [:xdigit:] alla hexidecimala siffror [=TECKEN=] alla tecken som är lika med TECKEN \0NNN byte med kotalt värde NNN (1 till 3 siffror) \xHH byte med hexadecimalt värde HH (1 till 2 siffror) \NNN byte med oktalt värde NNN (1 till 3 siffror) \xHH byte med hexadecimalt värde HH (1 till 2 siffror) \xHHHH Unicodetecken (ISO/IEC 10646) med hexadecimalt värde HHHH (4 siffror) \UHHHHHHHH Unicodetecken med hexadecimalt värde HHHHHHHH (8 siffror) \\ omvänt snedstreck \a varning (SIGNAL) \b backsteg \c producera ingen ytterligare utmatning \f sidmatning \n nyrad \r vagnretur \t horisontell tabulator \v vertikal tabulator \v vertikal tabulator TECK1-TECK2 alla tecken från TECK1 till TECK2 i stigande ordning [TECK*] i MÄNGD2, repetera TECK upp till längden av MÄNGD1 [TECK*REP] REP kopior av TECK, REP är oktalt om det startar med 0 [:alnum:] alla bokstäver och siffror [:alpha:] alla bokstäver [:blank:] alla horisontella blanktecken [:cntrl:] alla styrtecken [:digit:] alla siffror ascii från EBCDIC till ASCII ebcdic från ASCII till EBCDIC ibm från ASCII till en annan EBCDIC block fyll ut nyradsavslutade poster med blanktecken till cbs-storlek unblock ersätt avslutande blanktecken med nyrad i cbs-stora poster lcase ändra versaler till gemena binary använd binär I/O för data cio använd samtidig I/O för data d[STORLEK] decimalt med tecken, STORLEK byte per heltal f[STORLEK] flyttal, STORLEK byte per heltal o[STORLEK] oktalt, STORLEK byte per heltal u[STORLEK] decimalt utan tecken, STORLEK byte per heltal x[STORLEK] hexadecimalt, STORLEK byte per heltal direct använd direkt I/O för data directory misslyckas om inte en katalog dsync använd synkroniserad I/O för data fullblock ackumulera hela block av indata (endast iflag) if=FIL läs från FIL istället för standard in iflag=FLAGGOR läs enligt den kommaseparerade symbollistan obs=BYTE skriv BYTE byte åt gången (standard: 512) of=FIL skriv FIL istället för standard ut oflag=FLAGGOR skriv enligt den kommaseparerade symbollistan seek=BLOCK hoppa över BLOCK obs-stora block från början av utfil skip=BLOCK hoppa över BLOCK ibs-stora block från början av infil status=noxfer utelämna överföringsstatistik noatime uppdatera inte åtkomsttiden nocreat skapa inte utfilen excl misslyckas om utilen redan finns notrunc hugg inte av utfilen ucase ändra gemena till versaler swab byt plats på varje par av byte i indata noctty tilldela inte styrterminal från fil noerror fortsätt efter läsfel sync fyll ut varje indatablock med nulltecken till ibs-storlek; när det används med block eller unblock, fyll ut med blanktecken istället för nulltecken fdatasync skriv fysiskt data till utfilen före svslut fsync d:o, men skriv även metadata nofollow följ inte symboliska länkar nolinks misslyckas ifall flera länkar nonblock använd icke blockerande I/O none, off gör aldrig säkerhetskopior (ens om --backup anges) numbered, t gör numrerade säkerhetskopior existing, nil numrerade om det redan finns numrerade, annars enkla simple, never gör alltid enkla säkerhetskopior sync d:o, men även för metadata text använd text-I/O för data %4s-block Använt Tillgängl Anv%% %H.%M %s-block Använt Tillgängl Kapacit(säkerhetskopia: %s) * [-]ctlecho eka kontrolltecken med hattnotation ("^c") [-]echo eka inmatade tecken * [-]echoctl samma som [-]ctlecho [-]echoe samma som [-]crterase [-]echok eka ett nyrad efter ett dödatecken * [-]echoke samma som [-]crtkill [-]echonl eka nyrad även om inga andra tecken ekas * [-]echoprt eka raderade tecken baklänges, mellan "\" och "/" [-]icanon möjliggör specialtecknen erase, kill, werase och rprnt [-]iexten möjliggör specialtecken som inte är POSIX-tecken * [-]iuclc översätt versaler till gemener * [-]ixany tillåt vilket tecken som helst att starta om utmatning, inte bara starttecken [-]ixoff möjliggör start/stopp-tecken [-]ixon möjliggör XON/XOFF flödeskontroll [-]parmrk markera paritetsfel (med en 255-0 teckensekvens) [-]tandem samma som [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 anta inmatningstecken är UTF-8-kodade * [-]ocrnl översätt vagnretur till nyrad * [-]ofdel använd raderingstecken till utfyllnad, istället för nulltecken * [-]ofill använd utfyllnadstecken istället för tidstagning vid fördröjningar * [-]olcuc översätt gemener till versaler * [-]onlcr översätt nyrad till vagnretur-nyrad * [-]onlret nyrad utför vagnretur * [-]onocr skriv inte ut vagnretur i första kolumnen [-]opost bearbetar utdata * tabN fördröjning på horisontell tabulator, N är [0-3] * tabs samma som tab0 * -tabs samma som tab3 * vtN fördröjning på vertikal tabulator, N är [0-1] * eol2 TECKEN alternativt TECKEN för radslut erase TECKEN TECKEN raderar det senast skrivna tecknet intr TECKEN TECKEN skickar en avbrottssignal kill TECKEN TECKEN raderar nuvarande rad * lnext TECKEN TECKEN skriver nästa tecken som ett specialtecken quit TECKEN TECKEN skickar en avslutningssignal * rprnt TECKEN TECKEN ritar om nuvarande rad start TECKEN TECKEN startar utskrift igen efter att ha stoppat den * rows N säg till kärnan att terminalen har N rader * size skriv ut antalet rader och kolumner enligt kärnan speed skriv ut terminalens hastighet time N med -icanon, sätt timeout för läsning till N tiondels sekunder ??.?? Monterat på TTYkontext=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu grupper=länge vid upprepning %s % 1% av minne, b 1, K 1024 (standard), och så vidare för M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Utan FIL eller om FIL är -, läs standard in. *** VARNING *** Lokalen som är angiven i omgivningen påverkar sorteringsordning. Sätt LC_ALL=C för att få traditionell sorteringsordning som använder de underliggande bytevärdena. %.*s: felaktig fältspecifikation%e %b %Y%e %b %H.%M%lu användare%lu användare%s%s (för reguljäruttrycket %s)%s -> %s (återta säkerhetskopia) %s [-d] avslutade oväntat%s och %s är samma fil%s finns men är inte en katalog%s har dykt upp; följer slutet på en ny fil%s har blivit åtkomlig%s har blivit oåtkomlig%s har ersatts av en fjärrfil. ger upp detta namn%s har ersatts av en fil som inte kan följas; ger upp detta namn%s har bytts ut, följer slutet på den nya filen%s har okänd filtyp%s: filen har oanvändbar, till synes negativ storlek%s hemsida: <%s> %s hemsida: %s är inte ett giltigt positivt heltal%s är för stort%s kan bara användas på en SELinuxkärna%s angavs men inte %sargument "%3$s" till %1$s%2$s är för stort%s: %s är så stor att den inte kan representeras%s: %s: radnummer utanför intervallet%s: %s: ingen träff%s: %s:%s: oordning: %s: MISSLYCKADES att öppna eller läsa %s: Ingen sådan användare%s: upprepningsoperatorn måste avslutas med "}"%s: binär operator förväntades%s: kan bara skapa relativa symboliska länkar i aktuell katalog%s: kan inte ändra icke-blockerande läge%s: kan inte hitta namn för användar-ID %lu %s: kan inte följa slutet på denna sorts fil, ger upp med detta namn%s: kan inte söka tillbaka till startposition%s: kan inte skriva över katalog%s: kan inte backa till början%s: kan inte söka%s: kan inte söka till slut-relativ position %s%s: kan inte söka till position %s%s: kan inte söka till relativ position %s%s: kan inte skriva över filidentiferare som bara är öppnad för tillägg%s: kan inte hoppa över%s: kan inte hoppa över till angiven position%s: avslutande avskiljare "%c" saknas%s: kan inte starta om icke-blockerande läge%s: gå ner i katalog %s? %s: gå ner i skrivskyddad katalog %s? %s: filslut%s: likhetsklassoperand får bara bestå av ett tecken%s: fel vid avhuggning%s: fel vid skrivning vid position %s%s: ett numeriskt värde förväntas%s: misslyckades att stänga%s: misslyckades öppna för skrivning%s: misslyckades att ta bort%s: fcntl misslyckades%s: fdatasync misslyckades%s: filen har negativ storlek%s: filen har krympt för mycket%s: filen är för stor%s: fil för lång%s: filen avhuggen%s: fstat misslyckades%s: fsync misslyckades%s: hård länk inte tillåten för katalog%s: indata innehåller en slinga:%s: indata innehåller ett udda antal element%s: infil är utfil%s: heltal förväntades efter avskiljare%s: felaktigt PID%s: felaktigt antal i början på %s%s: ogiltigt direktiv%s: felaktig fältspecifikation %s%s: ogiltig filstorlek%s: ogiltig filtyp%s: ogiltigt antal oförändrade status mellan öppningar%s: felaktigt tal%s: felaktigt antal byte%s: felaktigt antal rader%s: ogiltigt antal pass%s: ogiltigt antal sekunder%s: felaktigt antal att ignorera%s: ogiltig flagga -- "%c" %s: felaktigt mönster%s: ogiltigt process-id%s: felaktigt reguljärt uttryck: %s%s: felaktig signal%s: felaktig ändelselängd%s: radnummer måste vara större än noll%s: radnummer utanför intervallet%s: lseek misslyckades%s: flera signaler angivna%s: nya rättigheter är %s, inte %s%s: inga korrekt formaterade %s-kontrollsummerader funna%s: ingen storleksinformation på denna enhet%s: listar inte redan listad katalog%s: antal byte är för stort%s: flaggan "%c%s" tar inget argument %s: flaggan "%s" är tvetydig %s: flaggan "--%s" tar inget argument %s: flaggan "-W %s" tar inget argument %s: flaggan "-W %s" är tvetydig %s: flaggan kräver ett argument -- "%c" %s: skriva över %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: läsfel%s: ta bort %s %s? %s: ta bort alla argument rekursivt? %s: ta bort alla argument? %s: ta bort skrivskyddad %s %s? %s: borttagen%s: tar bort%s: namnändrad till %s%s: ersätt %s? %s: sökning misslyckades%s: för många kontrollsummerader%s: försök skriva över %s, åsidosätt rättigheterna %04lo (%s)? %s: kan inte avgöra maximal filnamnslängd%s: kunde inte utföra alla efterfrågade operationer%s: unär operator förväntas%s: okänd flagga "%c%s" %s: okänd flagga "--%s" %s: värdet kunde inte konverteras helt%s: skrivfel%s:%lu: ogiltig rad; inget andra element%s:%lu: ogiltigt filnamn med längd noll%s:%lu: okänt nyckelord %s%s}: heltal krävs mellan "{" och "}""")" förväntades")" förväntades, fann %s©* filsystem som mellanlagrar på temporära platser, såsom klienter till NFS version 3 * comprimerade filsystem * loggstrukturerade eller journalfilsystem, som de som kommer med AIX och Solaris (och JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.) * filsystem som skriver skriver extra data och fortsätter även om en del skrivningar misslyckas, såsom RAID-baserade filsystem * filsystem som tar ögonblicksbilder, såsom Network Appliances NFS-server , medellast: %.2f, %g s, %s/s argument %2$s till %1$s är för stort--context (-Z) fungerar endast med en kärna med SELinux--reflink kan endast användas med --sparse=auto-R --dereference kräver antingen -H eller -L-R -h kräver -P-ef tar inte -l-nt tar inte -l-ot accepterar inte -l??? ?????Avbruten (SIGABRT)Adressfamiljen för värdnamnet stöds inteAlarmklockaAlla argument till långa flaggor är obligatoriska korta flaggor. Alla begäran utfördaArgumentbufferten är för litenArnold RobbinsFelaktigt systemanropFelaktigt värde för ai_flagsBrian FoxBrutet rörBussfelVARNING: Observera att shred bygger på ett väldigt viktigt antagande: att filsystemet skriver över data på plats. Detta är det traditionella sättet att göra saker, men många moderna filsystemskonstruktioner uppfyller inte detta antagande. Följande är exempel på filsystem på vilka shred inte har någon effekt, eller inte är garanterat att vara effektivt i alla filsystemets lägen: KOMMENTARBegränsning av CPU-tid överskridenAnropa funktionen link för att skapa en länk som heter FIL2 till en befintlig FIL1. Anropa funktionen unlink för att ta bort angiven FIL. Ändra gällande användar-id och grupp-id till ANVÄNDAREs. -, -l, --login gör skalet till ett inloggningsskal -c, --command=KOMMANDO skicka ett enskilt KOMMANDO till skalet med -c -f, --fast skicka -f till skalet (för csh eller tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment återställ inte miljövariabler -p samma som -m -s, --shell=SKAL kör SKAL, om /etc/shells tillåter det Ändra grupptillhörighet på varje FIL till GRUPP. Med --reference, ändra grupptillhörighet på varje FIL till den hos RFIL. -c, --changes som "verbose", men rapportera endast när ändring görs --dereference ändra det varje symbolisk länk pekar på (detta är normalfallet), istället för själva länken Ändra rättigheterna på varje FIL till RÄTTIGHET. -c, --changes som "verbose", men rapportera bara när något ändras Ändra ägaren och/eller gruppen på varje FIL till ÄGARE och/eller GRUPP. Med --reference, ändra ägare och grupp på varje FIL till dem hos RFIL. -c, --changes som "verbose", men rapportera endast när ändring görs --dereference ändra det varje symbolisk länk pekar på (detta är normalfallet), istället för själva länken Ändra säkerhetskontext för varje FIL till KONTEXT. Med --reference, ändra säkerhetskontext för varje FIL till den hos RFIL. -h, --no-dereference ändra symboliska länkar istället för refererade filer Chet RameyBarnstatus ändradColin PlumbJämför de sorterade filerna FIL1 och FIL2 rad för rad. Sammanfoga FIL(er), eller standard in, till standard ut. -A, --show-all som -vET -b, --number-nonblank numrera icke-tomma rader -e som -vE -E, --show-ends visa $ i slutet av varje rad -n, --number numrera alla rader -s, --squeeze-blank utelämna upprepade tomma rader ÅterupptagenKonvertera mellanrum i varje FIL till tabulatorer, skriv till standard ut. Utan FIL eller om FIL är -, läs standard in. Konvertera tabulatorer i varje FIL till mellanslag, skriv till standard ut. Utan FIL eller om FIL är -, läs standard in. Kopiera KÄLLA till DEST, eller flera KÄLLOR till KATALOG. Kopiera en fil med konvertering och formatering enligt operanderna. bs=BYTE läs och skrive BYTE block åt gången (se även ibs=,obs=) cbs=BYTE konvertera BYTE byte åt gången conv=KONVar konvertera filen enligt den kommaseparerade symbollistan count=BLOCK kopiera endast BLOCK inblock ibs=BYTE läs BYTE byte åt gången (standard: 512) Kopiera standard in till varje FIL, och även till standard ut. -a, --append lägg till till angivna FILer, skriv inte över -i, --ignore-interrupts ignorera avbrottssignaler Skapa en temporarfil eller -katalog, säkert, och skriv dess namn. MALL måste innehålla åtminstone 3 "X" i följd i sin sista komponent. Om MALL inte är angivet, används tmp.XXXXXXXXXX, och --tmpdir är implicit. Skapa namngivna rör (FIFO) med de givna NAMNen. Skapa KATALOG(er), om de inte redan finns. Skapa specialfilen NAMN av angiven TYP. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDiagnostisera ogiltiga eller oportabla filnamn. -p kontrollera för de flesta POSIX-system -P kontrollera tomma namn och inledande "-" --portability kontrollera för alla POSIX-system (detsamma som -p -P) Katalog: Visa fil- eller filsystemstatus. -L, --dereference följ länkar -f, --file-system visa filsystemstatus istället för filstatus Visa aktuell tid på angivet FORMAT, eller ställ systemklockan. -d, --date=STRÄNG visa tid som beskrivs av STRÄNG, inte "nu" -f, --file=DATUMFIL samma som --date en gång per rad i DATUMFIL Dmitry V. LevinSläpp eventuella tilläggsgrupper, anta användar-ID och grupp-ID för den angivna ANVÄNDAREn (numeriskt ID eller användarnamn), och kör KOMMANDO med angivna ARGUMENT. Avsluta med status 111 om det inte gick att anta begärda användar- och grupp-ID. Annars, avsluta med slutstatus hos KOMMANDO. Detta program är användbart endast när det körs av root (användar-ID noll). EmulatorfällaSLUTVarje intervall är en av: N N:te byte, tecken eller fält, räknat från 1 N- från N:te byte, tecken eller fält, till radslut N-M från N:te till och med M:te byte, tecken eller fält -M från första till och med M:te byte, tecken eller fält Utan FIL eller när FIL är -, läs standard in. Eka STRÄNG(arna) till standard ut. -n skriv inte ut den avslutande nyraden Eric BlakeAvsluta med en statuskod som indikerar misslyckande.Avsluta med en statuskod som indikerar framgång.Avsluta med status som bestäms av UTTRYCK. François PinardMISSLYCKADESFIXA: okändFORMAT måste passa för att skriva ett argument av typen "double". Som standard är det %.PRECf om FÖRSTA, ÖKNING och SISTA alla är fixpunktsdecimaltal med maximal precision PREC, och annars %g. Fifo:er har inte övre och undre enhetsnummer.Begränsning av filstorlek överskridenFilsystem Filsystem TypFiltrera intilliggande matchande rader från INFIL (eller standard in), skriv till UTFIL (eller standard ut). Utan flaggor slås matchande rader samman till den första förekomsten. Aritmetiskt felFör fullständig dokumentation, kör: info coreutils '%s invocation' För varje par av inmatade rader med identiska join-fält, skriv en rad till standard ut. Om inget annat anges används det första fältet som join-fält avskiljda med blanktecken. När FIL1 eller FIL2 (inte båda) är -, läs standard in. -a FILNUM skriv omatchade rader från fil FILNUM, där FILNUM är 1 eller 2, motsvarande FIL1 eller FIL2 -e TOM ersätt tomma inmatningsfält med TOM Tvinga ut ändrade block till disk, uppdatera superblocket. Allmän hjälp med att använda GNU-program: Giuseppe ScrivanoH. Peter AnvinAvringdI/O möjligtLUGNIan Lance TaylorOverksamOm FIL inte anges, använd %s. %s som FIL är vanligt. Otillåten instruktionDessutom kan säkerhetskopior av filsystemet och fjärrspeglar innehålla kopior av filen som inte kan tas bort, och som kan göra det möjligt att återta en strimlad fil senare. I verkliga livet: I det första formatet, skapa en link till MÅL med namnet LÄNKNAMN. I det andra formatet, skapa en länk till MÅL i aktuell katalog. I de tredje och fjärde formaten, skapa länkar till varje MÅL i KATALOG. Skapa hårda länkar om inget annat anges, symboliska länkar med --symbolic. När hårda länkar skapas måste varje MÅL existera. Symboliska länkar kan innehålla godtycklig text. Om de senare löses upp tolkas en relativ länk i förhållande till sin föräldrakatalog. I fallet ext3-filsystem gäller den ovanstående friskrivningen (och shred är därmed av begränsad nytta) bara i läget data=journal, som lägger fildata i journal utöver bara metadata. I både läget data=ordered (standard) och data=writeback fungerar shred som vanligt. Ext3-journallägen kan ändras genom att lägga till flaggan data=något till monteringsflaggorna för ett särskilt filsystem i filen /etc/fstab, så som det är dokumenterat i manualsidan för mount (man mount). Oändligt BInformationsbegäranAvbrutenAvbruten av en signalOgiltig bakåtreferensOgiltigt teckenklassnamnOgiltigt sorteringsteckenOgiltigt innehåll i \{\}Felaktigt tidigare reguljärt uttryckOgiltigt intervallslutFelaktigt reguljärt uttryckJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfDödadLINJEINLOGGNINGVisa information om FILerna (aktuell katalog om inget anges). Sortera posterna alfabetiskt om ingen av -cftuvSUX eller --sort anges. LoginInloggningsnamn: Obligatoriska argument till långa flaggor är obligatoriska även för de korta. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnMinnesallokeringsfelMinnet slutMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNAMNNamnNamn eller tjänst okändIngen adress associerad med värdnamnetIngen matchningInget tidigare reguljärt uttryckOreparabelt fel i namnuppslagningOKEndast en sträng får anges när man tar bort utan att pressa samman upprepaningar.Flaggan --string utan ett tal implicerar 3. Flaggan --width utan ett tal implicerar 32. I normalläge använder od -A o -t d2 -w16. Sorteringsflaggor: Andra flaggor: Utdata är ett permuterat index, med sammanhang, av orden i indatafilerna Skriv ut kommandon för att sätta miljövariabeln LS_COLORS. Bestäm utformat: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell skriv kod för att sätta LS_COLORS i Bourne-skal -c, --csh, --c-shell skriv kod för att sätta LS_COLORS i C-skal -p, --print-database visa standardvärden Skriv ut delar av INFIL med bestämd storlek till PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ... Standardstorlek är 1000 rader, och standardprefix är "x". Utan INFIL, eller när INFIL är -, läs standard in. Skriv ut delar av FIL avdelade med MÖNSTER till filer "xx00", "xx01", ..., och skriv ut byte-antal för varje del till standard ut. Skriv ut plattformsberoende gränser på ett format som är användbart i skalskript. Skriv ut vilka som är påloggade enligt FIL. Om FIL inte är angiven, använd %s. %s som FIL är vanligt. Skriv över de angivna FIL(erna) upprepade gånger, för att göra det svårare även för väldigt dyra hårdvaruutrustningar att ta fram data. PIDPaketerad av %s Paketerad av %s (%s) Padraig BradyPaginera eller skapa kolumner av FIL(er) för utskrift. Parametersträng inte korrekt kodadLösenord:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlan: StrömavbrottFör tidigt slut på reguljärt uttryckSkriv ut ARGUMENT enligt FORMAT, eller kör enligt FLAGGA: Skriv CRC-kontrollsumma och byteantal för varje FIL. Skriv NAMN med eventuella inledande sökvägskomponenter borttagna. Tag bort eventuell specificerad ÄNDELSE. Skriv ut NAMN med dess avslutande /komponent borttagen; om NAMN inte innehåller något /, skriv "." (som betyder aktuell katalog) Skriv ut viss systeminformation. Om ingen FLAGGA angetts används -s. -a, --all skriv ut all information, i följande ordning, men utelämna -p och -i om okända: -s, --kernel-name skriv ut kärnans namn -n, --nodename skriv ut maskinens nätverksnodnamn -r, --kernel-release skriv ut kärnans utgåva Skriv kontrollsumma och antal block för varje FIL. -r använd BSD summeringsalgoritm, använd 1 k block -s, --sysv använd System V:s summeringsalgoritm, använd 512-byteblock Skriv ut gruppmedlemskap för ANVÄNDARNAMN eller, om inget ANVÄNDARNAMN angavs, för den aktuella processen (som kan vara annorlunda om gruppdatabasen har ändrats). Skriv information om användare som är inloggade just nu. Skriv ut maskinarkitekturen. Skriv ut tal från FÖRSTA till SISTA, i steg om ÖKNING. -f, --format=FORMAT använd flyttalsFORMAT av typ printf -s, --separator=STRÄNG använd STRÄNG för att separera tal (standard: \n) -w, --equal-width jämna ut bredd genom att lägga till inledande nollor Skriv ut eller ändra terminalkarakteristik. -a, --all skriv ut alla nuvarande inställningar läsligt -g, --save skriv ut alla nuvarande inställningar i stty-format -F, --file=ENHET öppna och använd angiven ENHET istället för standard in Skriv valda delar av rader från varje FIL till standard ut. Skriver ut aktuell tid, den tid som systemet varit uppe, antalet användare på systemet och medelvärdet av antalet jobb i körkön under de senaste 1, 5 och 15 minuterna.Skriv ut filnamnet på den terminal som är kopplad till standard in. -s, --silent, --quiet skriv inte ut någonting, returnera endast slutstatus Skriv de 10 första raderna av varje FIL till standard ut. Vid fler än en FIL, föregå varje fil med ett huvud med filens namn. Utan FIL eller när FIL är -, läs standard in. Skriv ut hela filnamnet på aktuell katalog. Skriv de sista %d raderna från varje FIL till standard ut. Vid fler än en FIL, inled varje med ett huvud med filnamnet. Utan FIL eller om FIL är -, läs standard in. Skriv ut namnet på aktuell användare. Skriv antalet processorenheter som är tillgängliga för den aktuella procesen, vilket kan vara mindre än antalet inkopplade processorer Skriv ut primfaktorerna till alla angivna heltal TAL. Om inga argument angivits på kommandoraden, läses de från standard in. Skriv ut användarnamnet som associeras med den aktuella gällande användar-ID:t. Samma som id -un. Skriv ut användar- och gruppinformation om ANVÄNDARNAMN, eller (när ANVÄNDARNAMN utelämnas) om den aktuella användaren. -a ignoreras, finns för kompabilitet med andra versioner -Z, --context skriv endast säkerhetskontexten för den aktuella användaren -g, --group skriv endast gällande grupp-ID -G, --groups skriv alla grupp-ID -n, --name skriv ett namn i stället för ett nummer, gäller -ugG -r, --real skriv verklig ID i stället för den gällande, gäller -ugG -u, --user skriv endast gällande användar-ID Skriv värdet på en symbolisk länk eller kanoniskt filnamn Bearbetar pågående begäranProfileringsklockaProjekt: Q. Frank XiaLämnadRandy SmithRealtidssignal %dFormatera om varje stycke i FILen/-erna, skriv till standard ut. Flaggan -BREDD är en förkortad form av --widht=SIFFROR. Reguljärt uttryck för stortTa bort (avlänka) FIL(en/erna). -f, --force ignorera icke existerande filer, fråga aldrig -i fråga före varje borttagning Ta bort KATALOG(er) om de är tomma. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty ignorera alla fel som beror enbart på att katalogen inte är tom Byt namn på KÄLLA till DEST eller flytta KÄLLor till KATALOG. Skriv gång på gång en rad med alla specifierade STRÄNG(ar), eller "y" Rapportera fel i %s till %s Rapportera kommentarer om översättningen till Rapportera anmärkningar på översättningen av %s till Begäran annuleradBegäran inte annuleradFörlorad resursRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonKör KOMMANDO med justerat nice-värde, vilket påverkar processens schemaläggning. Utan KOMMANDO skrivs nuvarande nice-värde. Nice-värden går från %d (mest gynnad schemaläggning) till %d (minst gynnad). -n, --adjustment=N lägg till heltalet N till nice-värdet (10 som standard) Kör KOMMANDO med rootkatalogen satt till NYROOT. Kör KOMMANDO, ignorera avringningssignaler. Kör KOMMANDO, med modifierad buffringsoperationer för dess standardströmmar. Kör ett program i en annan säkerhetskontext. Med varken KONTEXT eller KOMMANDO, skriv ut den aktuella säkerhetskontexten. KONTEXT Fullständig säkerhetskontext -c, --compute beräkna processövergångskontext före modifiering -t, --type=TYP typ (för samma roll som föräldern) -u, --user=ANV användaridentitet -r, --role=ROLL roll -l, --range=INTVL nivåintervall Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerSegmenteringsfelSkickar signaler till processer, eller räknar upp signaler. Servname stöds inte för ai_socktypeSätt LC_ALL='C' för att kringgå problemet.Sätt varje NAMN till VÄRDE i miljön och kör KOMMANDO. -i, --ignore-environment börja med en tom miljö -0, --null avsluta varje utmatad rad med en 0-byte istället för nyrad -u, --unset=NAMN ta bort variabeln från miljön Skal: Visa information om filsystemet där varje FIL ligger, eller annars alla filsystem. Krymp eller utöka storleken på varje FIL till den angivna storleken. Ett FILargument som inte finns skapas. Om en FIL är större än den angivna storleken förloras överskjutande data. Om en FIL är kortare utökas den och den utökade delen (ett hål) läses som noll-byte:ar. Simon JosefssonSpecialfiler kräver övre och undre enhetsnummerStackfelStoppadStoppad (signal)Stoppad (terminalläsning)Stoppad (terminalskrivning)Stuart KempLyckasSammanfatta diskanvändningen för varje FIL, rekursivt för kataloger. SystemfelTIDTillfälligt fel i namnuppslagningAvslutadFöljande frivilliga flaggor kan komma efter "%": - (bindestreck) fyll inte ut fältet _ (understrykning) fyll ut med blanksteg 0 (noll) fyll ut med nollor ^ använd versaler om möjligt # använd motsatt skiftläge om möjligt Följande flaggor modifierar hur en hierarki traverseras när flaggan -R också anges. Om mer än en anges har enbart den sista någon verkan. -H om ett kommandoradsargument för ett kommando är en symbolisk länk, följ den. -L följ varje symbolisk länk till en katalog som påträffas -P följ inga symboliska länkar (normalfall) De jämförda strängarna var %s och %s.Torbjörn GranlundSpårnings-/brytpunktsfällaAvslutande bakstreckÖversätt, pressa ihop och/eller ta bort tecken från standard in, skriv till standard ut. -c, -C, --complement använd komplementet av MÄNGD1 -d, --delete ta bort tecken i MÄNGD1, översätt inte -s, --squeeze-repeats ersätt varje insekvens av upprepade tecken som är uppräknat i MÄNGD1 med en ensam förekomst av det tecknet -t, --truncate-set1 stympa först MÄNGD1 till längden hos MÄNGD2 Försök med "%s --help" för mer information. Försök med "%s ./%s" för att ta bort filen %s. Två strängar måste anges när man både tar bort pressar samman upprepningar.Två strängar måste ges vid översättningUlrich DrepperOkänt felOkänd signal %dOkänt systemfelEnsam ( eller \(Ensam ) eller \)Ensam [ eller [^Ensam \{Uppdatera åtkomst- och modifieringstiderna på varje fil till aktuell tid. Ett FIL-argument som inte finns skapas tomt, om inte -c eller -h anges. En - som FIL-argumentsträng hanteras speciellt och får touch att ändra tiden på filen som är kopplad till standard ut. Viktigt I/O-tillståndAnvändning: %s Användning: %s KOMMANDO [ARGUMENT]... eller: %s FLAGGA Användning: %s KONTEXT KOMMANDO [arg] eller: %s [ -c ] [-u ANV] [-r ROLL] [-t TYP] [-l INTVL] KOMMANDO [arg] Användning: %s UTTRYCK eller: %s FLAGGA Användning: %s FIL eller: %s FLAGGA Användning: %s FIL1 FIL2 eller: %s [FLAGGA] Användning: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... eller: %s FLAGGA Användning: %s NAMN eller: %s FLAGGA Användning: %s NAMN [ÄNDELSE] eller: %s FLAGGA Användning: %s ANTAL[ÄNDELSE]... eller: %s FLAGGA Gör paus i ANTAL sekunder. ÄNDELSE kan vara "s" för att ange sekunder (standardval), "m" för minuter, "h" för timmar eller "d" för dagar. Till skillnad från de flesta implementationer som kräver att ANTAL är ett heltal, kan ANTAL här vara ett valfritt flyttal. Med två eller flera agument, gör paus så länge som summan av dem anger Användning: %s FLAGGA... KOMMANDO Användning: %s FLAGGA... FIL... Användning: %s FLAGGA... [FIL]... Användning: %s [-F ENHETS | --file=ENHETS] [INSTÄLLNING]... eller: %s [-F ENHETS | --file=ENHETS] [-a|--all] eller: %s [-F ENHETS | --file=ENHETS] [-g|--save] Användning: %s [-BREDD] [FLAGGA]... [FIL]... Användning: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... eller: %s -l [SIGNAL]... eller: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Användning: %s [FIL]... eller: %s [FLAGGA] Användning: %s [NAMN] eller: %s FLAGGA Skriv ut eller ställ in värdnamnet på aktuellt system. Användning: %s [TAL]... eller: %s FLAGGA Användning: %s [OPERAND]... eller: %s FLAGGA Användning: %s [FLAGGA] Användning: %s [FLAGGA] Skriv ut den numeriska identifieraren (i hexadecimal form) för aktuell värd. Användning: %s [FLAGGA] NYROT [KOMMANDO [ARG]...] eller: %s FLAGGA Användning: %s [FLAGGA] [KOMMANDO [ARG]...] Användning: %s [FLAGGA] [FIL] Skriv en fullständigt ordnad lista konsistent med den partiella ordningen i FIL. "Utan FIL eller om FIL är -, läs standard in. Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... KONTEXT FIL... eller: %s [FLAGGA]... [-u ANVÄNDARE] [-r ROLL] [-l INTVL] [-t TYP] FIL... eller: %s [FLAGGA]... --reference=RFIL FIL... Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... KATALOG... Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... FIL Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... FIL MÖNSTER... Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... FIL... Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... FIL1 FIL2 Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... GRUPP FIL... eller: %s [FLAGGA]... --reference=RFIL FIL... Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... SISTA eller: %s [FLAGGA]... FÖRSTA SISTA eller: %s [FLAGGA]... FÖRSTA ÖKNING SISTA Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... RÄTTIGHET[,RÄTTIGHET]... FIL... eller: %s [FLAGGA]... OKTAL-RÄTTIGHET FIL... eller: %s [FLAGGA]... --reference=RFIL FIL... Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... NAMN TYP [ÖVRE LÄGRE] Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... NAMN... Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... MÄNGD1 [MÄNGD2] Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... [ FIL | ARG1 ARG2 ] Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... [+FORMAT] eller: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[ÅÅ]ÅÅ][.ss]] Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... [-T] KÄLLA DEST eller: %s [FLAGGA]... KÄLLA... KATALOG eller: %s [FLAGGA]... -t KATALOG KÄLLA... Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... [-T] KÄLLA DEST eller: %s [FLAGGA]... KÄLLA... KATALOG eller: %s [FLAGGA]... -t KATALOG KÄLLA... eller: %s [FLAGGA]... -d KATALOG... Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... [-T] MÅL LÄNKNAMN (format 1) eller: %s [FLAGGA]... MÅL (format 2) eller: %s [FLAGGA]... MÅL... KATALOG (format 3) eller: %s [FLAGGA]... -t KATALOG MÅL... (format 4) Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... [-] [NAMN=VÄRDE]... [KOMMANDO [ARG]...] Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... [-] [ANVÄNDARE [ARG]...] Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... [FIL] Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... [FIL] eller: %s -e [FLAGGA]... [ARG] eller: %s -i LÅ-HÖ [FLAGGA]... Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... [FIL] Base64-koda eller -avkoda FIL, eller standard in, till standard ut. Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... [FIL]... Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... [FIL]... eller: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FIL] [[+]FÖRSKUTNING[.][b]] eller: %s --traditional [FLAGGA]... [FIL] [[+]FÖRSKUTNING[.][b] [+][ETIKETT][.][b]] Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... [FIL]... eller: %s [FLAGGA]... --files0-from=F Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... [FIL]... Skriv eller kontrollera %s (%d-bitars) kontrollsummor. Utan FIL eller om FIL är -, läs standard in. Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... [INFIL [UTFIL]] Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... [INFIL [PREFIX]] Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... [INFIL]... (utan -G) eller: %s -G [FLAGGA]... [INFIL [UTFIL]] Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... [ÄGARE][:[GRUPP]] FIL... eller: %s [FLAGGA]... --reference=RFIL FIL... Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... [MALL] Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... [ANVÄNDARNAMN] Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... [ANVÄNDARNAMN]... Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... [ANVÄNDARE]... Användning: %s [FLAGGA]... [VARIABEL]... Skriv värdena på de angivna miljöVARIABLERNA. Om ingen VARIABEL angetts, skriv ut namn- och värdepar för samtliga. Användning: %s [KORT-FLAGGA]... ANVÄNDARE KOMMANDO [ARGUMENT]... eller: %s LÅNG-FLAGGA Användning: %s [KORT_FLAGGA]... [STRÄNG]... eller: %s LÅNG-FLAGGA Användning: %s [STRÄNG]... eller: %s FLAGGA Användning: %s [ignorerade kommandoradsargument] eller: %s FLAGGA Användning: test UTTRYCK eller: test eller: [ UTTRYCK ] eller: [ ] eller: [ FLAGGA Användarsignal 1Användarsignal 2Användning av -s ignorerar -L och -P. Annars styr den sist angivna flaggan beteendet när källan är en symbolisk länk, som standard %s. Giltiga argument är:Giltiga formatsekvenser för filsystem: %a Fria block tillgängliga för icke superanvändare %b Totalt antal datablock i filsystem %c Totalt antal filnoder i filsystem %d Fria filnoder i filsystem %f Fria block i filsystem %C SELinux säkerhetskontextsträng Alarmklocka - virtuell tidVARNING: --page-increment undanbedes, använd --line-increment iställetVARNING: --preserve_context undanbedes, använd --preserve-context iställetVARNING: Cirkulär katalogstruktur. Detta betyder nästan säkert att du har ett trasigt filsystem. RAPPORTERA TILL SYSTEMANSVARIG. Följande katalog utgör del av cykeln: %s VARNING: ignorerar --context (-Z); denna kärna har inte SELinux.VARNING: ignorerar --preserve-context; denna kärna har inte SELinux.VARNING: ignorerar flaggan --strip-program eftersom flaggan -s inte angavsVarning: NärVarÄndrat fönsterMed --follow (-f), följer tail som standard filidentifieraren, vilket betyder att även om man byter namn på en tail:ad fil kommer tail fortsätta att följa dess slut. Detta standardbeteende är inte önskvärt när du verkligen vill följa det faktiska namnet på filen, inte filidentifieraren (t.ex. roterade loggfiler). Använd --follow=name i så fall. Det gör att tail följer den namngivna filen på ett sätt som hanterar att dess namn ändras, eller att filen tas bort eller skapas. Bryt inmatade rader i varje fil (standard in som standard) och skriv till standard ut. Skriv en slumpvis permutation av indataraderna till standard ut. Skriv varje FIL till standard ut, sista raden först. Utan FIL, eller när FIL är -, läs standard in. Skriv varje FIL till standard ut och lägg till radnummer. Utan FIL eller om FIL är -, läs standard in. Skriv rader som består av sekventiellt korresponderande rader från varje FIL, åtskilda med TAB, till standard ut. Utan FIL eller om FIL är -, läs standard in. Skriv en sorterad sammanfogning av alla FIL(er) till standard ut. Skrivet av %s och %s. Skrivet av %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s med flera. Skrivet av %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s och %s. Skrivet av %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s och %s. Skrivet av %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s och %s. Skrivet av %s, %s, %s, %s, %s och %s. Skrivet av %s, %s, %s, %s och %s. Skrivet av %s, %s, %s och %s. Skrivet av %s, %s och %s. Skrivet av %s. [=c=]-uttryck får inte förekomma i sträng2 vid översättning^[nN]^[yYjJ]""-%c" extra tecken eller felaktigt tal i argumentet: %s"--pages=FÖRSTA_SIDA[:SISTA_SIDA]" saknar argument"-N NUMMER" felaktigt första radnummer: %s"-W SIDBREDD" felaktigt antal tecken: %s"-l SIDLÄNGD" felaktigt antal rader: %s"-o MARGINAL felaktigt indrag av rad: %s"-w SIDBREDD" felaktigt antal tecken: %sett kommando måste anges med en justeringbearbetar %sai_family stöds inteai_socktype stöds intetvetydigt argument %s till %sen indataavskiljare kan endast specificeras vid arbete på fältlägger till utdata till %ssäkerhetskopiering av %s skulle förstöra källan; %s inte kopieradsäkerhetskopiering av %s skulle förstöra källan; %s inte flyttadsäkerhetskopietypblockspecialfilblockspecialfiler stöds intebåde SI- och IEC-prefix finns på enheterbåda filerna kan inte vara standard inbyteposition %s är för stordet går inte att sätta en partiell kontext på filen %s utan etikettkan inte få processkontextenkan inte komma åt %skan inte göra säkerhetskopia %skan inte samtidigt bara visa summan och alla storlekarkan inte byta ägare av %skan inte ändra rättigheter på %skan inte ändra rotkatalog till %skan inte byta till katalog %skan inte byta katalog till rotkatalogdet går inte att kombinera --target-directory (-t) och --no-target-directory (-T)det går inte att kombinera --target-directory och --no-target-directorydet går inte att kombinera flaggorna -e och -ikan inte kombinera något par av {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}kan inte kombinera block och unblockkan inte kombinera excl och nocreatekan inte kombinera lcase och ucasekan inte kombinera rättighets- och --reference-flaggorkan inte kombinera signal med -l eller -tkan inte jämföra filnamnen %s och %skan inte konvertera U+%04X till lokal teckenuppsättningkan inte konvertera U+%04X till lokal teckenuppsättning: %skan inte kopiera en katalog, %s, på sig själv, %skan inte kopiera cyklisk symbolisk länk %skan inte skapa katalog %skan inte skapa fifo %skan inte skapa hård länk %s till %skan inte skapa länk %skan inte skapa länk %s till %skan inte skapa normal fil %skan inte skapa specialfil %skan inte skapa symbolisk länk %skan inte skapa symbolisk länk %s till %sdet går inte att skapa en temporärfil i %skan inte följa %skan inte avgöra enhet och inod för %skan inte avgöra värdnamnetkan inte avgöra platsen för %s. återgår till pollningkan inte göra "ioctl" på %skan inte hitta ett namn för grupp-ID %lukan inte hitta ett namn för användar-ID %lukan inte följa %s vid namndet går inte att tvinga målkontext till %s och bevara denkan inte göra fstat på %skan inte avgöra aktuell katalogkan inte avgöra nice-värdekan inte avgöra systemnamnkan inte göra lseek i %skan inte göra både hårda och symboliska länkarkan inte skapa katalog %skan inte flytta %s till %skan inte flytta %s till en underkatalog till sig själv, %skan inte flytta katalog på icke-katalog: %s -> %skan inte öppna %s för läsningkan inte öppna %s för skrivningkan inte öppna katalog %sdet går inte att ändra den lösa symboliska länken %skan inte skriva över katalog %s med icke-katalogkan inte skriva över icke-katalog %s med katalog %sdet går inte att göra formaterad utmatningkan inte bevara utökade attribut, cp byggdes utan stöd för xattrkan inte bevara säkerhetskontext utan en kärna med SELinuxkan inte skriva "endast" för mer än ett valkan inte skriva ut bara namn eller faktiskt ID på standardformatkan inte visa säkerhetskontext när en användare är angivenkan inte läsa katalog %skan inte läsa filnamn från %skan inte läsa filsysteminformation för %skan inte läsa realtidsklockankan inte läsa symbolisk länk %skan inte läsa tabellen över monterade filsystemkan inte ta bort %skan inte ta bort katalog: %skan inte flytta filpekaren för %skan inte köra %skan inte sätta %skan inte ställa klockankan inte sätta grupp-idkan inte sätta grupp-id till %lukan inte sätta grupperkan inte sätta värdnamn; detta system saknar denna funktionenkan inte sätta namnet till %skan inte sätta nice-värdekan inte sätta tidsstämpel för %skan inte sätta användar-idkan inte sätta användar-id till %lukan inte hoppa förbi slutet på en kombinerad inmatningdet går inte att ange --null (-0) med ett kommandodet går inte att ange både utskrift på tvären och parallell utskriftdet går inte att ange antal kolumner vid parallell utskriftkan inte ange tider från mer än en källakan inte dela på mer än ett sättkan inte ta status på %skan inte ta status på aktuell katalog (nu %s)kan inte ta status på standard inkan inte beröra %skan inte avsäkerhetskopiera %skan inte ta bort %skan inte ta bort %skan inte bevaka %skan inte bevaka föräldrakatalog till %skan inte kringgå fel i kärnan trots alltbytte grupp av %s till %s bytte ägare av %s till %s byter grupp av %sbyter ägare av %sändrar rättigheter på %sändrar säkerhetskontext för %s teckenplats är nolltecken utanför intervallteckenspecialfilteckenspecialfiler stöds intetar bort rättigheter på %sklockändringmisslyckades stängastänger %sstänger %s (fd=%d)stänger katalog %sstänger infil %sstänger utdatafil %sstänger standard inkompatibilitetsläge stödjer högst en filmotsägelsefulla ersättningssträngar för tomma fältmotstridiga specificerare för säkerhetskontext angivnakunde inte ställa in buffring av %s till läge %s det gick inte att skapa en process för %s -ddet går inte att skapa temporärfildet gick inte att köra %sdet gick inte att köra %s -dkunde inte hitta katalogpost i %s med matchande i-nodkunde inte avgöra boot-tillfälleskapade katalog %sskapar katalog %sskapar filen %s skapar hård länk %sskapar hård länk %s => %sskapar hård länk till %.0s%sskapar symbolisk länk %sskapar symbolisk länk %s -> %savgränsningslistor avslutas med en oskyddat omvänt snedstreck: %skatalogdivision med nolldup2 misslyckadestom %s är inte tillåtettomt filnamntom tabulatorfel när fil stängdesfel i matchningen av reguljärt uttryckfel i sökning med reguljärt uttryckfel vid initiering av månadssträngarfel vid övervakning av inotify-händelsefel vid läsning av %sfel vid läsning av inotify-händelsefel vid inväntande av kommandofel vid skrivning av %sslut=extra argument %sextra operand %sextra operand %s extra operand %s inte tillåten med -%ckunde inte byta kontext på %s till %skunde inte byta grupp för %s till %s kunde inte ändra rättigheterna på %s till %04lo (%s) kunde inte byta ägare på %s kunde inte byta ägare på %s till %s misslyckades att ändra katalog till %smisslyckades att klona %smisslyckades att beräkna en ny kontextmisslyckades att skapa en katalog via mallen %smisslyckades att skapa en fil via mallen %skunde inte skapa säkerhetskontext: %skunde inte hämta attribut för %smisslyckades att hämta aktuell kontextmisslyckades att hämta skapandekontexten för filsystemetkunde inte avgöra grupper för dem aktuella processenkunde inte avgöra grupper för användaren %skunde inte ta reda på säkerhetskontext för %smisslyckades att hitta filen %smisslyckades att öppna %smisslyckades att bevara författarskap för %smisslyckades att bevara ägare av %smisslyckades att bevara rättigheter på %smisslyckades att bevara tider för %smisslyckades att omdirigera standard felmisslyckades att omdirigera standard fel till /dev/nullmisslyckades att ta bort %smisslyckades att ta bort katalogen %smisslyckades att göra standard in oanvändbarmisslyckades att öppna om %s i läge %smisslyckades att återställa standardkontext för filskapandekunde inte återvända till den ursprungliga arbetskatalogenmisslyckades att köra kommandot %skunde inte sätta %s-komponenten av säkerhetskontexten till %smisslyckades att sätta tilläggsgruppermisslyckades att sätta standardkontext för skapade filer till %smisslyckades att sätta grupp-IDmisslyckades att sätta nytt intervall %smisslyckades att sätta ny roll %smisslyckades att sätta ny typ %smisslyckades att sätta ny användare %smisslyckades att sätta tilläggsgrupp(er)misslyckades att ställa in kopian av standard fel att stängas vid execmisslyckades att sätta säkerhetskontexten för %s till %smisslyckades att sätta användar-IDmisslyckades att ta status på %smisslyckades att slå av O_DIRECT: %smisslyckades att uppdatera miljön med %sfdatasync misslyckades för %sfflush misslyckadesfältnummer %s är för stortfältnummer är nollfält och positioner numreras från 1fifofil %d är inte i sorterad ordningfiloperander kan inte kombineras med --files0-fromfiloperander kan inte kombineras med --print-database (-p)filsystemstypen %s är både vald och exkluderadsystemanropet fork misslyckadesformat %s avslutas med %%målet %s har inget %%-direktivformat %s har för många %%-direktivformatet %s har okänt %%%c-direktivformatsträng får inte anges när strängar med lika bredd skrivsfsync misslyckades för %sfts_close misslyckadesfts_read misslyckadesgetpass: kan inte öppna /dev/ttyhämtar nya attribut för %sgrupp av %s bevarad som %s iconv-funktion inte tillgängligiconv-funktion inte användbarid=ignorerar alla argumentignorerar indataignorerar indata och lägger till utdata till %singorerar indata och omdirigerar standard fel och standard utignorerar felaktigt tabulatorsteg i miljövariabeln TABSIZE: %signorerar ogiltigt värde på miljövariabeln QUOTING_STYLE: %signorerar felaktig bredd i miljövariabeln COLUMNS: %signorerar argument som inte är flaggorinkompatibla join-fält %lu, %luinkompatibla tabulatorerfelaktigt lösenordinotify kan inte användas, återgår till pollningindata försvannför lång rad inflytt mellan enheter misslyckades: %s till %s; kan inte ta bort måletfelaktigt argument till %s%s: "%s"felaktigt argument %2$s till --%1$sfelaktigt justering %sfelaktigt argument %sfelaktigt argument %s till %sfelaktig stil för numrering av kropp: %sfelaktigt buffringsläge %s för %s felaktig byte- eller fältlistaogiltigt tecken "%c" i typsträngen %sogiltig teckenklass %sogiltig kontext: %sogiltig konverteringfelaktig formatbeskrivning i ändelse: %cfelaktig formatbeskrivning i ändelse: \%.3oogiltigt datum %sfelaktigt datumformat %sogiltigt sjunkande intervallogiltig enhet %s %sogiltig enhetstyp %sfelaktigt fältnummer: %sfelaktig fältspecifikation: %sogiltig fältbredd: %sfelaktigt filnummer i fältspec: %sfelaktigt flyttalsargument: %sfelaktig stil för numrering av sidfot: %sfelaktig formatprecisionfelaktig formatbreddogiltig gapbredd: %sogiltig gruppogiltig grupp %sogiltig grupplista %sogiltig grupp: %sfelaktig stil för numrering av sidhuvud: %sogiltig indataogiltig inflaggaogiltigt indataintervall %sogiltigt heltal %sfelaktigt heltalsargument %sfelaktig radantal %sfelaktig linjedisciplin %sfelaktig bredd på radnumrets fält: %sfelaktig ökning av radnummer: %sfelaktigt format på radnummer: %sfelaktig radlängd: %sogiltigt övre enhetsnummer %sogiltigt maxdjup %sogiltigt undre enhetsnummer %sfelaktig rättighetogiltig rättighet %sogiltig rättighet: %sogiltigt antal %sfelaktigt nummer efter ","felaktigt nummer efter "-"felaktigt nummer efter "."felaktigt nummer vid fältstartfelaktigt antal tomma rader: %sfelaktigt antal byteogiltigt antal byte att jämföraogiltigt antal byte att hoppa överfelaktigt antal kolumner: %sogiltigt antal fält att hoppa överfelaktigt antal raderfelaktigt antal rader: 0ogiltig flagga -- %cogiltig flagga -- %c; -RADLÄNGD accepteras bara när det är den första flaggan; använd -w N iställetogiltig radix för utmatningsadress "%c"; måste vara ett tecken från [doxn]ogiltig utflaggaogiltigt sidintervall %sogiltig precision: %sogiltigt intervall utan slutpunkt: -ogiltig upprepningsantal %s i konstruktionen [c*n]ogiltig specfelaktigt första radnummer: %sogiltig statusflaggaogiltigt suffix %s, innehåller katalogseparatorfelaktigt suffix i argument till %s%s "%s"felaktigt tabulatorsteg %sogiltig mall, %s, innehåller katalogseparatorogiltig mall, %s, med --tmpdir får den inte vara absolutfelaktigt tidsintervall: %sfelaktigt tidsstilsformat %sogiltig avslutande flagga -- %cogiltig typsträng %sogiltig typsträng %s; detta system har ingen %lu-bytes flyttalstypogiltig typsträng %s; detta system har ingen %lu-bytes heltalstypogiltigt universellt-teckennamn \%c%0*xogiltig användareogiltig användare %sogiltig radlängd: %sogiltig radbrytningslängd: %sogiltigt filnamn med längd nolldet är farligt att arbeta rekursivt på %sdet är farligt att arbeta rekursivt på %s (samma som %s)sist=inledande "-" i en komponent av filnamnet %sgränsen %lu överskreds av längden %lu för filnamnet %sgränsen %lu överskreds av längden %lu för filnamnsdelen %sradbuffring av standard in är meningslöstradantalsflagga -%s%c... är för storradnummer %s är lägre än föregående radnummer, %sspill i radnummermaximalt argument till --%s vid aktuell rlimit är %sminnet slutmeddelandeköminsta argument till --%s är %s[:upper:] och/eller [:lower:] är felaktigt uppställdasaknar %%-formatbeskrivning i ändelse "]" saknasargument saknas efter %sargument saknas till %ssaknat teckenklassnamn "[::]"saknar formatbeskrivning i ändelsedestinationfilsoperand saknas efter %ssaknat ekvivalensklasstecken "[==]"filoperand saknassaknar hexadecimal siffra i kontrollsekvenssaknar fältlistasaknar lista med positionsangivelserargument saknasoperand saknas efter %srättigheter måste ange endast filrättighetsbitarrättigheterna hos %s ändrade till %04lo (%s) rättigheterna hos %s är oförändrat %04lo (%s) flerteckenstabulator %smultipla -l-flaggor angivnamultipla -l eller -t-flaggor angivnamultipla komprimeringsprogram angivnamultipla avgränsare angivnaflera nivåintervallmultipla utfiler angivnamultipla utformat angivnamultipla slumpkällor angivnamultipla relativa modifierare angivnaflera rollermultipla målkataloger angivnaflera typerflera användarevarken den symboliska länken %s eller det den refererar har ändrats ingen SHELL-miljövariabel, och ingen flagga för skalvariant angiveninget byte av ägare av %s inget kommando angivetinga filsystem bearbetadeinga fler fileringen indata från %singet inloggningsnamninget process-ID angivetingen typ kan anges när strängar sparasinget användarnamn angivet; åtminstone ett måsta anges när -l användsej portabelt tecken %s i filnamnet %sinte en ttyskriver inte via en lös symbolisk länk %stal i %s är för stortantal byteantal raderspill i filposition vid läsning av filen %sutesluter katalog %sendast en [c*] återupprepningssammansättning kan förekomma i sträng2endast en enhet får angesendast en sorts lista får användasmisslyckades öppnaöppnar %sflagga använd i felaktigt sammanhang -- %cflaggorna --backup och --no-clobber är ömsesidigt uteslutandeflaggorna --compare (-C) och --preserve-timestamps är ömsesidigt uteslutandeflaggorna --compare (-C) och --strip är ömsesidigt uteslutandeflaggorna "-%s" är inkompatiblaslut på utfiländelserspill vid utökning av storlek av filen %sspill vid avrundning uppåt av storlek på filen %sägare av %s bevarad ägare av %s bevarad som %s spill i sidnummerbredden på sidan är för smalbevarar rättigheter på %sbevarar tider på %satt skriva alla duplicerade rader och antalet upprepningar är meningslöstintervallets ändpunkter för "%s-%s"är i omvänd ordningläsfelmisslyckades läsaläser %släser katalog %sför stor postomdirigerar standard fel och standard uttom normal filnormal filtog bort %s tog bort katalog: %s tar bort katalog, %skörnivåsemaforskiljetecken kan inte vara tomtsätt LC_ALL='C' för att kringgå problemetsätter flaggor för %ssätter rättigheter på %ssätter tider på %sdelat minne-objektskip-bytes + read-bytes är för storthoppar över %s, eftersom den är på en annan enhethoppar över fil %s eftersom den byttes ut medan den kopieradesuttag (socket)standard felstandard instandard in stängdstandard utmisslyckades ta statusstandard felstandard instandard utextra tecken i fältspecifikationsträngjämförelse misslyckadessträngtransformation misslyckadesstrip-processen slutade onormaltatt undertrycka ej avskilda rader är endast rimligt vid arbete på fältsymbolisk länksyntaxfelsystemstarttabulatorsteg kan inte vara 0tabulatorsteg innehåller felaktiga tecken: %stabulatorsteg måste vara stigandetabulatorsteg är för stort %stabulatorsteg är för storttabulatorer är för långt isärmålet %s är inte en katalogmålkatalog kan inte användas vid installation av en katalogterm=test och/eller [flaggorna --binary och --text är meningsfulla enbart när kontrollsummor verifierasflaggan --compare (-C) ignoreras när du anger ett läge med tillåt-inte-bitarflaggan --context (-Z) är föråldrad och kommer tas bort i en framtida utgåvaflaggan --quiet är meningsfull enbart när kontrollsummor verifierasflaggan --status är meningsfull enbart när kontrollsummor verifierasflaggan --warn är meningsfull enbart när kontrollsummor verifieras sammansättningen [c*] får förekomma i sträng2 endast vid översättningåterupprepningssammansättningen [c*] får ej förekomma i sträng1argumentet %s saknar ett inledande "+". När en flagga som anger datum används måste eventuellt argument, som inte är en flagga vara en formatsträng som börjar med "+"avskiljaren måste vara endast ett teckenflaggorna för utförlig och stty-läsbar utmatningsstil är ömsesidigt uteslutandeflaggorna för att skriva ut dircolors interna databas och att välja en skalsyntax är ömsesidigt uteslutandeargumenten för utskrift och för tidsinställning får inte användas tillsammansflaggorna för att ange datum för utskrift är ömsesidigt uteslutandede jämförda strängarna var %s och %sstrip-flaggan kan inte användas vid installation av en katalogden otransformerade strängen var %stiden %s är utanför tillåtet intervallför att använda användar-ID %s behöver du använda -g ocksåför få X i mallen %sför många %%-formatbeskrivningar i ändelseför många tecken i mängdför många upprepade raderför många mallartotalttraversering misslyckades: %stypat minne-objektuid=%lukan inte visa felmeddelandekan inte notera aktuell arbetskatalogkan inte sätta säkerhetskontext %soväntat fel: fts_info=%d: %s rapportera gärna till %sokänd binär operatorokänd status från kommando (0x%X)okänd strömokänt användar-ID: %sobegripligt värde på LS_COLORS-miljövariabelnokänd operand %sokänt prefix: %suppe %ld dag %2d.%02d, uppe %ld dagar %2d.%02d, uppe ???? dagar ??.??, använd --no-preserve-root för att åsidosätta detta säkerhetsskyddanvändaren %s existerar inteanvändning av %s att betyda standard in fungerar inte i filsystemslägeanvänder aritmetik med godtycklig precisionanvänder ett skyddat skal %sanvänder aritmetik med enkel precisionväntar på %s [-d]väntar på stripvarning: %s: tecken som följer efter teckenkonstanten har ignoreratsvarning: %s: misslyckades att byta kontext till %svarning: --pid=PID stöds inte på detta systemvarning: --retry är huvudsakligen användbar när filer följs via namnvarning: PID ignorerad, --pid=PID är användbar bara när man följervarning: "touch %s" är föråldrat; använd "touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d"varning: ett oskyddat omvänt snedstreck vid strängslut är inte portabeltvarning: omvänt snedstreck vid slutet av formatetvarning: kan inte byta katalog till %svarning: kan inte ta bort: %svarning: att följa standar in obegränsat är ineffektivtvarning: ignorerar överflödiga argument, startar med %svarning: ogiltig filposition efter misslyckad läsningvarning: ogiltig bredd %lu; använder %d i ställetvarning: radnummer %s är detsamma som föregående radnummervarning: källfil %s angiven mer än en gångvarning: att summera står i konflikt med --max-depth=%luvarning: att summera är detsamma som att använda --max-depth=0varning: flaggan --%s är föråldrad: använd --referencevarning: den tvetydiga oktala kontrollsekvensen \%c%c%c tolkas som en 2-byte sekvens \0%c%c, %cvarning: okänd sekvens med omvänt snedstreck "\%c"varning: går runt fel i kärnan i lseek för fil (%s) med mt_type=0x%0lx -- se för en lista av typerkonstig filnär set1 inte stympas får sträng2 ej vara tomnär filnamn läses från standard in tillåts inte filnamnet %snär en utmatningstyp specificeras, kan inte inställningar görasvid översättning med kompleterande teckenklasser måste sträng2 översätta alla tecken i domänen till ettvid översättning får endast teckenklasserna "upper" och "lower" finnas i sträng2kommer inte kopiera %s genom en nyskapad symlänk %skommer inte skapa hård länk %s till katalog %skommer inte skriva över nyligen skapade %s med %smed --parents måste destinationen vara en katalogmed --suffix måste mallen %s sluta med Xskrivfelskrivfel för %smisslyckaes skrivaskriver %sskrivning till %sdu måste ange -c, -t, -u, -l, -r eller kontextdu måste specificera en lista med byte, tecken eller fältdu måste ange den ena av %s och %sPRIuMAXPRIdMAX%+% records in %+% records out % truncated record % truncated records % byte (%s) copied% bytes (%s) copiedoffset too large: cannot truncate to a length of seek=% (%lu-byte) blocksfailed to truncate to % bytes in output file %sfailed to allocate a % byte stdio buffer %s: %: improperly formatted %s checksum lineWARNING: % of % listed file could not be readWARNING: % of % listed files could not be readWARNING: % of % computed checksum did NOT matchWARNING: % of % computed checksums did NOT matchstarting page number % exceeds page count %Page %overflow in % * % byte blocks for file %struncating %s at % bytes%+% poster in %+% poster ut % avhuggen post % avhuggna poster % byte (%s) kopierad% byte (%s) kopieradepositionen för stor: kan inte hugga av till en längd av seek=% (%lu-byte-)blockmisslyckades att hugga av vid % byte i utdatafil %smisslyckades att allokera en % byte stdio-buffert %s: %: felaktigt formaterad %s-kontrollsummeradVARNING: % av % listad fil kunde inte läsasVARNING: % av % listade filer kunde inte läsasVARNING: % av % beräknad kontrollsumma stämde INTEVARNING: % av % beräknade kontrollsummor stämde INTEförsta sidnummer % överskrider antalet sidor %Sida %spill i % · % byte-block för fil %shugger av %s vid % byte07070100009264000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001600000000reloc/share/locale/tr07070100009265000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000002200000000reloc/share/locale/tr/LC_MESSAGES07070100009266000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00021011000000660000000300000000000000000000002f00000000reloc/share/locale/tr/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo0-L=T=h=>>?Q@G@DB>CpC!jDEIFwG5kI~J KT.KGK8KwL|L#MBNGOz PP]Q>RR3S|#UU0~VAVVWEXXwY^Z[90\tj\]^_{`ytaHa77bobF,csc`d,fLfg5gg)hjI&kplHm;noopZqWqIr}sOst pvOw\x>zQ{"}A~~ C؂uͅCYm4&8K 9DHzfLVЖ'Ǚ›I K=lC?.ɣ!r$*9ߧ#!=_,=%j ,X; |HŮٯ &ڳ  *-B ^/ش#><"{B* +=)Mw%,"$ //O8ͷ <Qbw¸Ը' 1*Lw$ʹ;2Ea}̺")3]z1'ܻ( -Naz"Ǽ"ڼ (9I0e."Ž+$)Dnp) ¾;?ҾK8ftV3xxx:,2:1X \0 )31:l78puz IEN>OoF-  2hCw$B'j;% 8@ 1N'-*d 5nA$&+3,H&u '0 )7Ya'T'8(`&_#v&"Tgt.c"+Y~Z~=c* F'Z`x! 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EXPRESSION EXPRESSION is false EXPRESSION1 -a EXPRESSION2 both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true EXPRESSION1 -o EXPRESSION2 either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true -a, --all same as -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot time of last system boot -d, --dead print dead processes -H, --heading print line of column headings -b FILE FILE exists and is block special -c FILE FILE exists and is character special -d FILE FILE exists and is a directory -e FILE FILE exists -l produce long format output for the specified USERs -b omit the user's home directory and shell in long format -h omit the user's project file in long format -p omit the user's plan file in long format -s do short format output, this is the default -n STRING the length of STRING is nonzero STRING equivalent to -n STRING -z STRING the length of STRING is zero STRING1 = STRING2 the strings are equal STRING1 != STRING2 the strings are not equal ARG1 * ARG2 arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 is less than ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 is equal to ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 is unequal to ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2 FILE1 -ef FILE2 FILE1 and FILE2 have the same device and inode numbers FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2 FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 is older than FILE2 INTEGER copy up to but not including specified line number /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copy up to but not including a matching line %REGEXP%[OFFSET] skip to, but not including a matching line {INTEGER} repeat the previous pattern specified number of times {*} repeat the previous pattern as many times as possible A line OFFSET is a required `+' or `-' followed by a positive integer. INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING length of STRING b create a block (buffered) special file c, u create a character (unbuffered) special file p create a FIFO # users=%lu A lightweight `finger' program; print user information. The utmp file will be %s. A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment. A mere - implies -l. If USER not given, assume root. An omitted EXPRESSION defaults to false. Otherwise, EXPRESSION is true or false and sets exit status. It is one of: As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. Both MAJOR and MINOR must be specified when TYPE is b, c, or u, and they must be omitted when TYPE is p. If MAJOR or MINOR begins with 0x or 0X, it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal; otherwise, as decimal. TYPE may be: By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: Combination settings: * [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase cbreak same as -icanon -cbreak same as icanon Control settings: [-]clocal disable modem control signals [-]cread allow input to be received * [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8] Except for -h and -L, all FILE-related tests dereference symbolic links. Beware that parentheses need to be escaped (e.g., by backslashes) for shells. INTEGER may also be -l STRING, which evaluates to the length of STRING. Exit status is 0 if EXPRESSION is neither null nor 0, 1 if EXPRESSION is null or 0, 2 if EXPRESSION is syntactically invalid, and 3 if an error occurred. Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. If FILE is -, shred standard output. Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified. The default is not to remove the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda, and those files usually should not be removed. When operating on regular files, most people use the --remove option. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual. If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. If a FILE is -, copy again to standard output. If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). Input settings: [-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal [-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline [-]ignbrk ignore break characters [-]igncr ignore carriage return Local settings: [-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings * -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings Note that the -d and -t options accept different time-date formats. Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available. Output settings: * bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1] * crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3] * ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1] * nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1] Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed to login group if implied by a `:' following a symbolic OWNER. OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic. Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). Special characters: * dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input) eol CHAR CHAR will end the line The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo', use one of these commands: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. With no options, produce three-column output. Column one contains lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2, and column three contains lines common to both files. Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories (note: will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the superuser) -f, --force remove existing destination files --help display this help and exit --lookup attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS -m only hostname and user associated with stdin -p, --process print active processes spawned by init --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --version output version information and exit -evenp same as -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7 nl same as -icrnl -onlcr -nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-') [-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty [-]hupcl same as [-]hup [-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input [-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-') [-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors * [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character [-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return [-]inpck enable input parity checking [-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters [-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters [-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters * [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal * [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\' for uppercase characters cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values -cooked same as raw crt same as echoe echoctl echoke dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany ek erase and kill characters to their default values evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N set the input speed to N * line N use line discipline N min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read ospeed N set the output speed to N oddp same as parenb parodd cs7 -oddp same as -parenb cs8 [-]parity same as [-]evenp pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7 raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw same as cooked stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal * swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer * werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed %h same as %b %H hour (00..23) %I hour (01..12) %j day of year (001..366) %k hour ( 0..23) %l hour ( 1..12) %m month (01..12) %M minute (00..59) + TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like `match' or an operator like `/' ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -D create all leading components of DEST except the last, then copy SOURCE to DEST -g, --group=GROUP set group ownership, instead of process' current group -m, --mode=MODE set permission mode (as in chmod), instead of rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=OWNER set ownership (super-user only) -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -L FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h) -O FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID -p FILE FILE exists and is a named pipe -r FILE FILE exists and read permission is granted -s FILE FILE exists and has a size greater than zero -L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links -P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default) -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -S, --separate-dirs do not include size of subdirectories -s, --summarize display only a total for each argument -M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx' -O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives -R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences -T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives -N, --read-bytes=BYTES limit dump to BYTES input bytes -S, --strings[=BYTES] output strings of at least BYTES graphic chars -t, --format=TYPE select output format or formats -v, --output-duplicates do not use * to mark line suppression -w, --width[=BYTES] output BYTES bytes per output line --traditional accept arguments in traditional form -P, --portability use the POSIX output format --sync invoke sync before getting usage info -t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE -T, --print-type print file system type -x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE -v (ignored) -S FILE FILE exists and is a socket -t FD file descriptor FD is opened on a terminal -u FILE FILE exists and its set-user-ID bit is set -w FILE FILE exists and write permission is granted -x FILE FILE exists and execute (or search) permission is granted -T, -w, --mesg add user's message status as +, - or ? -u, --users list users logged in --message same as -T --writable same as -T -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword -b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting -g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields -i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE -o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -a, --suffix-length=N use suffixes of length N (default %d) -b, --bytes=SIZE put SIZE bytes per output file -C, --line-bytes=SIZE put at most SIZE bytes of lines per output file -d, --numeric-suffixes use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic -l, --lines=NUMBER put NUMBER lines per output file -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -b, --bytes=LIST select only these bytes -c, --characters=LIST select only these characters -d, --delimiter=DELIM use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -c, --crown-margin preserve indentation of first two lines -p, --prefix=STRING reformat only lines beginning with STRING, reattaching the prefix to reformatted lines -s, --split-only split long lines, but do not refill -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes -f omit the line of column headings in short format -w omit the user's full name in short format -i omit the user's full name and remote host in short format -q omit the user's full name, remote host and idle time in short format -f same as -t fF, select floats -i same as -t dI, select decimal ints -l same as -t dL, select decimal longs -o same as -t o2, select octal 2-byte units -s same as -t d2, select decimal 2-byte units -x same as -t x2, select hexadecimal 2-byte units -f FILE FILE exists and is a regular file -g FILE FILE exists and is set-group-ID -G FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID -h FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L) -k FILE FILE exists and has its sticky bit set -f, --fields=LIST select only these fields; also print any line that contains no delimiter character, unless the -s option is specified -n (ignored) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --reference=RFILE use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values -R, --recursive change files and directories recursively -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) -i, --initial do not convert tabs after non blanks -t, --tabs=NUMBER have tabs NUMBER characters apart, not 8 -i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage -k like --block-size=1K -l, --local limit listing to local file systems --no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -q, --count all login names and number of users logged on -r, --runlevel print current runlevel -s, --short print only name, line, and time (default) -t, --time print last system clock change -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -r, --reference=FILE use this file's times instead of current time -t STAMP use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time --time=WORD change the specified time: WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent to -a WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to -m -r, --references first field of each line is a reference -t, --typeset-mode - not implemented - -w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL specify the name or number of the signal to be sent -l, --list list signal names, or convert signal names to/from numbers -t, --table print a table of signal information -s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -t, --tagged-paragraph indentation of first line different from second -u, --uniform-spacing one space between words, two after sentences -w, --width=WIDTH maximum line width (default of 75 columns) -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -u, --update move only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -u, --remove truncate and remove file after overwriting -v, --verbose show progress -x, --exact do not round file sizes up to the next full block; this is the default for non-regular files -z, --zero add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system -w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline lcase change upper case to lower case d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer direct use direct I/O for data dsync use synchronized I/O for data noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file nofollow do not follow symlinks nonblock use non-blocking I/O none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups sync likewise, but also for metadata %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% (backup: %s) * [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c') [-]echo echo input characters * [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho [-]echoe same as [-]crterase [-]echok echo a newline after a kill character * [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill [-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters * [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\' and '/' [-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters [-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters * [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase * [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character [-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters [-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control [-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence) [-]tandem same as [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded * [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline * [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters * [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays * [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase * [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline * [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return * [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column [-]opost postprocess output * tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3] * tabs same as tab0 * -tabs same as tab3 * vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1] * eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line * lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal * rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it * rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows * size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel speed print the terminal speed time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second Mounted on TTY groups= old on repetition %s % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %.*s: invalid conversion specification%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu user%lu users%s%s -> %s (unbackup) %s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has unknown file type%s is too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot change nonblocking mode%s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot lseek back to original position%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot rewind%s: cannot seek%s: cannot seek to end-relative offset %s%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: cannot seek to relative offset %s%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: couldn't reset non-blocking mode%s: descend into directory %s? %s: descend into write-protected directory %s? %s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: error truncating%s: error writing at offset %s%s: expected a numeric value%s: failed to close%s: failed to open for writing%s: failed to remove%s: fcntl failed%s: fdatasync failed%s: file has negative size%s: file has shrunk too much%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: fstat failed%s: fsync failed%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input contains an odd number of tokens%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of passes%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: lseek failed%s: multiple signals specified%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: no size information for this device%s: not listing already-listed directory%s: number of bytes is too large%s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s: seek failed%s: too many checksum lines%s: unable to determine maximum file name length%s: unable to perform all requested operations%s: value not completely converted%s: write error%s:%lu: invalid line; missing second token%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}'', load average: %.2f-R --dereference requires either -H or -L-R -h requires -P??? All arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. COMMENTCall the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1. Call the unlink function to remove the specified FILE. Change the effective user id and group id to that of USER. -, -l, --login make the shell a login shell -c, --command=COMMAND pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c -f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment do not reset environment variables -p same as -m -s, --shell=SHELL run SHELL if /etc/shells allows it Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made Compare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. Convert blanks in each FILE to tabs, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. -a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. Directory: EXITEcho the STRING(s) to standard output. -n do not output the trailing newline Exit with the status determined by EXPRESSION. F. PinardFAILEDFifos do not have major and minor device numbers.Filesystem Filesystem TypeFor each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by whitespace. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input. -a FILENUM print unpairable lines coming from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2 -e EMPTY replace missing input fields with EMPTY Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block. IDLEIdleIn real life: LINELoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. NAMENameOKOnly one string may be given when deleting without squeezing repeats.Output a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. Determine format of output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output defaults Output fixed-size pieces of INPUT to PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ...; default size is 1000 lines, and default PREFIX is `x'. With no INPUT, or when INPUT is -, read standard input. Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files `xx00', `xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output. Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. PIDPaginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Password:Plan: Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print NAME with its trailing /component removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output `.' (meaning the current directory). Print or change terminal characteristics. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. -s, --silent, --quiet print nothing, only return an exit status Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the full filename of the current working directory. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the name of the current user. Project: Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals. Send signals to processes, or list signals. Set LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Shell: Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default. Special files require major and minor device numbers.Summarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. TIMEThe following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. -H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it -L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered -P do not traverse any symbolic links (default) The strings compared were %s and %s.Try `%s --help' for more information. Two strings must be given when translating.Unknown system errorUsage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NAME] or: %s OPTION Print or set the hostname of the current system. Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPERAND]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... or: %s [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form) or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form) Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] or: %s --traditional [OPTION]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Valid arguments are:WARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s Warning: WhenWhereWrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argumenta command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sambiguous argument %s for %san input delimiter may be specified only when operating on fieldsappending output to %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileblock special files not supportedboth files cannot be standard inputbyte offset %s is too largecannot access %scannot backup %scannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change ownership of %scannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot chdir to root directorycannot combine any two of {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}cannot combine block and unblockcannot combine excl and nocreatcannot combine lcase and ucasecannot combine mode and --reference optionscannot combine signal with -l or -tcannot compare file names %s and %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot dereference %scannot determine device and inode of %scannot determine hostnamecannot follow %s by namecannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open %s for writingcannot open directory %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot read directory %scannot read file names from %scannot read file system information for %scannot read realtime clockcannot read symbolic link %scannot remove %scannot reposition file pointer for %scannot set datecannot set group idcannot set group-ID to %lucannot set groupscannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot set time stamps for %scannot set user idcannot set user-ID to %lucannot skip past end of combined inputcannot specify times from more than one sourcecannot split in more than one waycannot stat %scannot stat current directory (now %s)cannot touch %scannot un-backup %scannot unlink %scannot work around kernel bug after allchanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %scharacter offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special filecharacter special files not supportedclock changeclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing directory %sclosing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputcouldn't find directory entry in %s with matching i-nodecouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %sdirectorydivision by zeroempty taberror in regular expression searcherror reading %serror writing %sexit=extra argument %sextra operand %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to chdir to %sfailed to get attributes of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to open %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to redirect standard errorfailed to return to initial working directoryfailed to set the copy of stderr to close on execfailed to stat %sfdatasync failed for %sfflush failedfield number %s is too largefield number is zerofifofile system type %s both selected and excludedfork system call failedformat string may not be specified when printing equal width stringsfsync failed for %sfts_read failedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %signoring non-option argumentsincompatible tabsincorrect passwordinput disappearedinput line is too longinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid body numbering style: %sinvalid byte or field listinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid date format %sinvalid device %s %sinvalid device type %sinvalid field number: %sinvalid field width: %sinvalid floating point argument: %sinvalid footer numbering style: %sinvalid format precisioninvalid format widthinvalid gap width: %sinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid header numbering style: %sinvalid line number field width: %sinvalid line number increment: %sinvalid line numbering format: %sinvalid line width: %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid maximum depth %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid modeinvalid mode %sinvalid mode: %sinvalid number %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of blank lines: %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid number of lines: 0invalid option -- %cinvalid option -- %c; -WIDTH is recognized only when it is the first option; use -w N insteadinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid precision: %sinvalid starting line number: %sinvalid tab size: %sinvalid time style format %sinvalid universal character name \%c%0*xinvalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sinvalid zero-length file nameit is dangerous to operate recursively on %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)last=limit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name component %sline count option -%s%c... is too largeline number overflowmemory exhaustedmessage queuemisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing argument after %smissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing destination file operand after %smissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing file operandmissing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operandmissing operand after %smode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multiple -l or -t options specifiedmultiple output files specifiedmultiple target directories specifiedneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno change to ownership of %s no files remainingno login nameno process ID specifiedno type may be specified when dumping stringsno username specified; at least one must be specified when using -lnonportable character %s in file name %snot a ttynumber of bytesnumber of linesoffset overflow while reading file %somitting directory %sonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one device may be specifiedonly one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %sownership of %s retained ownership of %s retained as %s page width too narrowpreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedreading %sreading directory %srecord too largeregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %srun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptysetting flags for %ssetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectskip-bytes + read-bytes is too largeskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstray character in field specstring comparison failedsuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errortab size cannot be 0tab size contains invalid character(s): %stab sizes must be ascendingtab stop is too large %stabs are too far aparttarget %s is not a directorytarget directory not allowed when installing a directoryterm=the --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the delimiter must be a single characterthe options for verbose and stty-readable output styles are mutually exclusivethe options to output dircolors' internal database and to select a shell syntax are mutually exclusivethe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivethe strip option may not be used when installing a directorytime %s is out of rangetoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtoo many characters in settoo many repeated linestotaltyped memory objectunknown user-ID: %sunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableunrecognized operand %sunrecognized prefix: %suse --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeuser %s does not existusing restricted shell %swarning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredwarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: `touch %s' is obsolete; use `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'warning: cannot change directory to %swarning: cannot remove: %swarning: following standard input indefinitely is ineffectivewarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: summarizing conflicts with --max-depth=%luwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0warning: working around lseek kernel bug for file (%s) of mt_type=0x%0lx -- see for the list of typesweird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'will not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swrite errorwrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsProject-Id-Version: coreutils 5.3.0 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2005-03-14 04:17+0200 Last-Translator: Deniz Akkus Kanca Language-Team: Turkish MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1); X-Generator: KBabel 1.9.1 ( İFADE ) İFADE doğrudur ! İFADE İFADE yanlıştır İFADE1 -a İFADE2 İFADE1 ve İFADE2 her ikisi de doğrudur İFADE1 -o İFADE2 ya İFADE1 ya da İFADE2 doğrudur -a, --all -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u ile aynı -b, --boot son sistem açılış zamanı -d, --dead ölü işlemleri yazdırır -H, --heading sütun başlığı satırı yazdırır -b DOSYA DOSYA vardır ve blok özeldir -c DOSYA DOSYA vardır ve karakter özeldir -d DOSYA DOSYA vardır ve bir dizindir -e DOSYA DOSYA vardır -l belirtilen KULLANICIlar için uzun biçemde çıktı üretir -b uzun biçemde kullanıcının ev dizini ve kabuğunu göstermez -h uzun biçemde kullanıcının proje dosyasını göstermez -p uzun biçemde kullanıcının plan dosyasını göstermez -s kısa biçemde çıktı üretir, öntanımlı -n DİZGE DİZGEnin uzunluğu sıfırdan farklıdır DİZGE -n DİZGE ile aynıdır -z DİZGE DİZGEnin uzunluğu sıfırdır DİZGE1 = DİZGE2 DİZGEler eşittir DİZGE1 != DİZGE2 DİZGEler farklıdır ARG1 * ARG2 aritmetik çarpma işlemi ARG1 / ARG2 aritmetik bölme işleminde bölümü verir ARG1 % ARG2 aritmetik bölme işleminde kalanı verir ARG1 + ARG2 aritmetik toplama işlemi ARG1 - ARG2 aritmetik çıkarma işlemi ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 küçüktür ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 küçük ya da eşittir ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 eşittir ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 farklıdır ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 büyük ya da eşittir ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 büyüktür ARG2 DOSYA1 -ef DOSYA2 DOSYA1 ve DOSYA2 aynı aygıtta ve aynı uzunluktadır DOSYA1 -nt DOSYA2 DOSYA1 DOSYA2den daha yenidir DOSYA1 -ot DOSYA2 DOSYA1 DOSYA2den daha eskidir SAYI verilen SAYI satırına kadar (SAYI satırı hariç) kopyalar /DÜZİF/[GÖRELİ] kalıba uyan satıra kadar (uyan satır hariç) kopyalar (DÜZİF = düzenli ifade(regular expression)) %DÜZİF%[GÖRELİ] uyan satıra kadar (uyan satır hariç) atlar {SAYI} bir önceki kalıbı SAYI kere tekrar eder {*} bir önceki kalıbı mümkün olduğu kadar tekrar eder Bir satır GÖRELİ konumu, `+' veya `-' ve ardından bir pozitif sayıdan oluşur. TAMSAYI1 -eq TAMSAYI2 TAMSAYI1 TAMSAYI2ye eşittir TAMSAYI1 -ge TAMSAYI2 TAMSAYI1 TAMSAYI2ye eşit ya da büyüktür TAMSAYI1 -gt TAMSAYI2 TAMSAYI1 TAMSAYI2den büyüktür TAMSAYI1 -le TAMSAYI2 TAMSAYI1 TAMSAYI2ye eşit ya da küçüktür TAMSAYI1 -lt TAMSAYI2 TAMSAYI1 TAMSAYI2den küçüktür TAMSAYI1 -ne TAMSAYI2 TAMSAYI1 TAMSAYI2den farklıdır DİZGE : DÜZİFD ilk karakterinden itibaren DİZGE içindeki DÜZenliİFaDe ile eşleşen kısım match DİZGE DÜZİFD DİZGE : DÜZİFD ile aynı substr DİZGE KONUM UZNLK DİZGEnin KONUMdan başlayan UZuNLuKtaki alt dizgesi index DİZGE KARKTR DİZGE içinde KARaKTeRlerin ilk rastlandığı konum length DİZGE DİZGEnin karakter sayısı b özel blok (önbellekli) dosyası oluşturur c, u özel karakter (önbellekli) dosyası oluşturur p FIFO oluşturur kullanıcı sayısı: %lu Basit bir`finger' uygulaması; kullanıcı bilgilerini gösterir. utmp dosyası olarak %s kullanılacaktır. Sadece -, -i uygular. KOMUT verilmezse mevcut çevre değişkenlerini listeler. Sadece - ile -l uygulanır. KULLANICI verilmezse root varsayılır. İFADE yok ise, çıkış durumu öntanımlı olarak yanlış (false) olur. İFADEnin sonucunun doğru ya da yanlış olmasına göre aşağıdaki çıkış durumlarından biri belirlenir: Özel bir durum olarak, cp force ve backup seçenekleri verilmiş ve KAYNAK ve HEDEF değişkenleri birbirine eşit olup mevcut, normal bir dosyayı gösteriyorlarsa KAYNAK'ın bir yedeğini alır. Kabukta yorumlanması için öncelenmesi ya da yorumlanmaması için tırnak içine alınması gereken işlemimlerinden sakının. Karşılaştırmalar her ikisi de sayısal ise sayısal, değilse sözlük sırasına göredir. Örgüsel eşleşmeler \(ve \) arasındaki eşleşen dizge ile ya da null ile sonuçlanır; eğer \(ve \) kullanılmamışsa eşleşen karakter sayısıyla ya da 0 ile sonuçlanır. TÜR b,c veya u olduğu zaman hem MAJÖR, hem de MİNÖR belirtilmelidir. TÜR p olduğu zaman ne MAJÖR ne de MİNÖR belirtilmelidir. Eğer MAJÖR veya MİNÖR 0x veya 0X ile başlarsa, onaltılık olarak algılanır. Eğer 0 ile başlarlarsa, sekizlik olarak algılanır. Bütün diğer değerler onluk olarak algılanır. TÜR, aşağıdaki değerlerde olabilir: aksi belirtilmedikçe otomatik olarak kullanılan seçenekler: -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn KK, mantıksal sayfaları ayırmak için kullanılan iki ayraç karakteridir. İkinci karakter verilmemişse :. kabul edilir. \. elde etmek için \\ yazılır. TARZ, aşağıdaki değerlerden biri olarak belirtilmelidir: Birleşik ayarlar: * [-]LCASE [-]lcase ile aynı cbreak -icanon ile aynı -cbreak icanon ile aynı Denetim ayarları: [-]clocal modem denetim sinyallerini geçersiz kılar [-]cread girdi alımına izin verir * [-]crtscts RTS/CTS uzlaşmasını etkinleştirir csN karakter bit sayısını N olarak ayarlar, [5..8 bit arasında] -h ve -L haricinde bütün DOSYA ile ilgili testler sembolik bağları izler. Parantezlerin kabukta öncelem (örn. tersbölü ile) gerektirdiğini unutmayın. TAMSAYI yerine DİZGE uzunluğuna karşılık olarak -l DİZGE kullanılabilir. Eğer İFADE boş veya 0 değil ise, çıkış durumu 0, eğer İFADE boş veya 0 ise 1, eğer İFADE sözdizim hatası içeriyor ise 2, bir hata var ise 3 olur. Standart girdiye bağlı olan tty hattını yönetir. Argümansız çalıştırıldığında iletişim hızını, hat disiplinini, stty sane ayarından farklı ayarları gösterir. Ayarlarda KRKT yazıldığı gibi ya da ^c, 0x37, 0177 ya da 127 olarak gösterilmiş bir karakter olabilir. ^- veya undef değerleri bu özel karakteri geçersiz kılar Eğer DOSYA - ise, standart çıktıyı bu işleme tabi tutar Eğer --remove (-u) belirtilmişse DOSYA(ları) siler. Öntanımlı değer dosyaları silmez çünkü bu komut genelde /dev/hda gibi aygıt dosyaları üzerinde çalıştırılır ve o dosyalar genelde silinmemelidir. Normal dosyalar üzerinde çalıştırıldığı zaman genelde --remove seçeneği kullanılır. DOSYA belirtilmezse %s kullanılır. DOSYA olarak %s kullanımı yaygındır. ARG1 ARG2 verilmişse, -m varsayılır: `who am i' (ben kimim) ya da `who mom likes' (annem kimi sever) gibi kullanımlar mümkündür. Eğer DOSYA belirtilmiş ise, hangi dosya türü ve uzantılar için hangi renklerin kullanılacağı dosyadan okunur. Eğer DOSYA belirtilmemiş ise önceden derlenmiş bir veritabanı kullanılır. Bu dosyaların biçemi için, 'dircolors --print-database' komutunu çalıştırın. DOSYA verilmemişse veya DOSYA - ise, standart girdi tekrar kopyalanır. Eğer komut verilmemişse, ``${SHELL} -i''yi çalıştırır (öntanımlı: /bin/sh). Girdi ayarları: [-]brkint kırma karakterleri kesme sinyali üretir [-]icrnl satır başı karakterini alt satıra geçme karakteri olarak yorumlar [-]ignbrk kırma karakterlerini yoksayar [-]igncr satır başı karakterlerini yoksayar Yerel ayarlar: [-]crterase silme karakterlerini gerisilme-boşluk-gerisilme olarak yansılar * crtkill satırları echoprt ve echoe ayarlarına uygun olarak siler * -crtkill satırları echoctl ve echok ayarlarına uygun olarak siler Dikkat: -d ve -t seçenekleri farklı zaman/tarih biçemleri kabul ederler. AYARdan önceki seçimlik `-' anlamı ters çevirir. * karakteri POSIX olmayan ayarları gösterir. Hangi ayarların kullanılabileceği sisteme göre değişir. Çıktı ayarları: * bsN geri silme tarzı gecikme, N [0..1] arasında * crN satır başı tarzı gecikme, N [0..3] arasında * ffN sayfa başı tarzı gecikme, N [0..1] arasında * nlN alt satıra geçiş tarzı gecikme, N [0..1] arasında Sahip değeri yok ise sahip değiştirilmez. Grup değeri yok ise değiştirilmez, fakat bir sembolik bir SAHİP'ten sonra':' ile işaret edilmiş ise kullanıcının grubuna değiştirilir. SAHİP ve GRUP değerleri sembolik olabileceği gibi sayısal değerler de olabilir. İFADE'nin değerini standart çıktıya yazdırır. Aşağıda boş satır artan öncelik gruplarını ayırır. İFADE:|n ARG1 | ARG2 eğer ARG1 boş veya 0 ise ARG2, değil ise ARG1 ARG1 & ARG2 eğer iki argüman da 0 veya boş ise ARG2, değil ise ARG1 Eğer DOSYA - olarak verilmişse, standart girdiyi okur. Her KALIP, aşağıdaki seçeneklerden olabilir: KUMEler burada karakter dizgeleri anlamındadır. anlamlı olan sıralamalar aşağıdadır: \NNN NNN (1-3 tane sekizlik basamak ) sekizlik değeri olan karakter \\ ters kesik \a bip sesi \b geri git \f form ilerletme \n yeni satır \r satır başı \t enine tab SAYI yerine genelde bir sayı yazılır ( örnek : od -t d1 ), ancak FORMAT d,o,u,x den biri olduğunda SAYI yerine sizeof(char) anlamına gelen C, sizeof(short) anlamına gelen S veya sizeof(long) anlamana gelen L de gelebilir. Eğer FORMAT f ise, SAYI yerine sizeof(float) anlamına gelen F, sizeof(double) anlamına gelen D veya sizeof(long double) anlamına gelen L de gelebilir. Özel karakterler * dsusp KRKT KRKT okuma sırasında dur (SIGSTOP) sinyali gönderecektir eof KRKT KRKT dosya sonu karakteri olacak (girdiyi sonlandırır) eol KRKT KRKT satır sonu karakteri olacak Yedekleme soneki eğer --suffix veya SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX ile belirtilmemiş ise '~'dir. Yedekleme kontrol metodu --backup seçeneği ile veya VERSION_CONTROL çevre değişkeninden belirlenebilir. Geçerli değerler: Toplamlar %s'de belirtildiği gibi hesaplanır. Toplamlar kontrol edilirken, girdi, bu yazılımdan önceden elde edilmiş bir çıktı olmalıdır. Öntanımlı olarak, her satırı bir sağlama toplamı ile yazdırır, tür belirtir (ikilik için `*' , metin için ` ') ve DOSYA'nın ismini yazar. Adı '-' ile başlayan bir dosyayı silmek için, örneğin '-foo' aşağıdaki komutlardan birini kullanın: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo DOSYA belirtilmediğinde veya - olduğunda standart girdiden okur. `-F /' seçeneği verilmiş gibi çalışır DOSYA verilmemişse veya DOSYA - ise, standart girdi okunur. Seçenek verilmemişse üç sütuna çıktı verir. Birinci sütun yalnızca DOSYA1'de bulunan satırları, ikinci sütun yalnızca DOSYA2'de bulunan satırları, üçüncü sütun her iki dosyada da bulunan satırları içerir. SEÇENEK belirtilmeksizin bazı yararlı kullanıcı bilgileri gösterir. DOSYA'yı, (hiçbir seçenek belirtilmediğinde sekizlik sayı sisteminde), standart çıktıya yazar. DOSYA adı verilmemişse veya - olarak verilmişse, standart girdiden okur. --backup[=KONTROL] her mevcut hedef dosyanın bir yedeğini alır -b --backup gibi fakat argüman almaz -d, -F, --directory süper kullanıcının dizinleri sabit bağlamasına izin verir (not: sistem kısıtlamaları yüzünden büyük ihtimal ile süper kullanıcı için dahi bu işlem başarısız olacaktır) -f, --force önceden var olan hedef dosyaları siler --help bu yardımı gösterir ve çıkar --lookup makina isimlerini DNS üzerinden IP ile eşleştirmeye çalışır -m stdGirdi'deki kullanıcı ve makina ismini gösterir -p, --process init tarafından başlatılan aktif işlemleri listeler --no-preserve-root `/' için özel işlem yapma (öntanımlı) --preserve-root `/' üzerinde döngüsel işlem yapma --version sürüm bilgisini gösterir ve çıkar -evenp -parenb cs8 ile aynı * [-]lcase xcase iuclc olcuc ile aynı litout -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 ile aynı -litout parenb istrip opost cs7 ile aynı nl -icrnl -onlcr ile aynı -nl icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret ile aynı [-]cstopb her karakter için iki durma biti kullanılır (`-' ile bir) [-]hup son işlem tty'yi kapatırken kapatma (SIGHUP) sinyali gönderilir [-]hupcl [-]hup ile aynı [-]parenb çıktı için eşlik biti üretilir, girdi için eşlik biti beklenir [-]parodd tek eşlik biti kullanılır (`-' ile çift) [-]ignpar eşlik hataları olan karakterleri yoksayar * [-]imaxbel girdi tamponu taştığında uyarı sesi üretir [-]inlcr alt satıra geçme karakterini satır başı karakteri olarak yorumlar [-]inpck girdi eşlik denetimini etkinleştirir [-]istrip girdi karakterlerinin yüksek (8.) bitini temizler [-]isig kesme, çıkış ve dondurma özel karakterlerini etkinleştirir [-]noflsh kesme ve çıkış özel karakterlerinden sonra güncellemeyi geçersiz kılar * [-]prterase [-]echoprt ile aynı * [-]tostop terminale yazmaya çalışan artalandaki işleri durdurur * [-]xcase icanon ile, büyük harfleri `\' ile önceleyerek gösterir cooked brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon eof ve eol karakterlerinin öntanımlı değerleri ile aynı -cooked raw ile aynı crt echoe echoctl echoke ile aynı dec echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u ile aynı * [-]decctlq [-]ixany ile aynı ek karakter ve satır silme karakterlerinin öntanımlı değerleriyle aynı evenp parenb -parodd cs7 ile aynı ispeed N girdi hızını N olarak ayarlar * line N terminal hat disiplinini N yapar min N -icanon ile okumanın tamamlanması için gereken en az karakter sayısını N yapar ospeed N çıktı hızını N olarak ayarlar oddp parenb parodd cs7 ile aynı -oddp -parenb cs8 ile aynı [-]parity [-]evenp ile aynı pass8 -parenb -istrip cs8 ile aynı -pass8 parenb istrip cs7 ile aynı raw -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 ile aynı -raw cooked ile aynı stop KRKT KRKT çıktıyı durduracaktır susp KRKT KRKT bir terminal dur (SIGSTOP) sinyali gönderecektir * swtch KRKT KRKT başka bir kabuk katmanına geçecektir * werase KRKT KRKT son sözcüğü silecektir %h %b ile aynı %H saat (00..23) %I saat (01..12) %j yılın günü (001..366) %k saat ( 0..23) %l saat ( 1..12) %m ay (01..12) %M dakika (00..59) + ANDAÇ ANDAÇ `match' gibi bir anahtar sözcük ya da `/' gibi bir işlemimi bile olsa bir dizge olarak yorumlar. ( İFADE ) İFADEnin değeri -A, --address-radix=RADIX adresleri RADIX sayı sisteminde yazar -j, --skip-bytes=BAYT her dosyanın ilk BAYT baytını atlar -D HEDEF'in en sondaki hariç tüm öğelerini oluşturur, sonra KAYNAK'ı HEDEF'e kopyalar -g, --group=GRUP İşlemin şimdiki grubu yerine grup üyeliğini GRUP'a atar -m, --mode=KİP izin kipini rwxr-xr-x yerine KİP olarak atar (chmod gibi) -o, --owner=SAHİP sahibi atar (yalnızca süper-kullanıcı) -D, --date-format=FORMAT başlık tarihini yazarken FORMAT'ı kullanır -e[KARAKTER[GENISLIK]], --expand-tabs[=KARAKTER[GENISLIK]] KARAKTER(KARAKTER belirtilmediğinde TAB) yerine GENISLIK(GENISLIK belirtilmediğinde 8) tane boşluk koyar -F, -f, --form-feed yenisatır karakteri yerine (\n) formfeed (\f) karakteri kullanarak sayfaları ayırır -L DOSYA DOSYA vardır ve bir sembolik bağdır -O DOSYA DOSYA vardır ve etkin kullanıcı kimliğine aittir -p DOSYA DOSYA vardır ve bir isimli veri yoludur -r DOSYA DOSYA vardır ve okunabilirdir -s DOSYA DOSYA vardır ve uzunluğu sıfırdan büyüktür -L, --dereference bütün sembolik bağları takip eder -P, --no-dereference sembolik bağları takip etmez (öntanımlı) -0, --null her çıktı satırını yenisatır yerine 0 bayt ile sonlandırır -S, --separate-dirs altdizinlerin boyutunu dahil etmez -s, --summarize her argüman için yalnızca toplamı gösterir -M, --macro-name=DİZGE TeX formatında çıktı oluştururken `xx' yerine DİZGE makrosunu kullanır -O, --format=roff roff direktifleri formatında çıktı oluşturur -R, --right-side-refs -A seçeneğinde oluşturulan referansları satırbaşına değil, satırsonuna koyar( -A ile beraber kullanımı anlamlı bir seçenek) -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP satır sonlarını REGEXP'i (REGEXP = regular expression (düzenli ifade) ) -T, --format=tex TeX formatında çıktı oluştur -N, --read-bytes=BAYT çıktıyı dosya başına BAYT baytla sınırlar -s, --strings[=SAYI] en az SAYI grafik karakter içeren dizgeler yazdırır. -t, --format=FORMAT çıktı formatını FORMAT olarak belirler -v, --output-duplicates birbirinin aynı art arda gelen satırları * kullanmadan yazar -w, --width[=BAYT] her satıra BAYT bayt yazar --traditional geleneksel formda argüman kabul eder -P, --portability POSIX çıktı biçemini kullanır --sync kullanım bilgisini almadan önce sync yapar -t, --type=TÜR bilgi göstermeyi TÜR türünde dosyasistemleri ile sınırlar -T, --print-type dosyasistemi türünü gösterir -x, --exclude-type=TÜR bilgi göstermeyi TÜR türünde olmayan dosyasistemleri ile sınırlar -v (yoksayılır) -S DOSYA DOSYA vardır ve bir sokettir -t [DB] dosya belirteci DB (öntanımlı:stdÇıktı) bir terminalde açıktır -u DOSYA DOSYA vardır ve kullanıcı-kimlik belirleme biti ayarlıdır -w DOSYA DOSYA vardır ve yazılabilirdir -x DOSYA DOSYA vardır ve çalıştırılma (veya arama) izni verilmiştir -T, -w, --mesg kullanıcının ileti durumunu +, - veya ? olarak gösterir -u, --users sistemde olan kullanıcıları listeler --message -T ile aynı --writable -T ile aynı -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP anahtar kelimeleri REGEXP'i kullanarak belirler -b, --break-file=DOSYA DOSYA'daki karakterlere bakarak kelime sonlarını belirler -f, --ignore-case büyük/küçük harf ayrımı yapmaz -g, --gap-size=SAYI çıktının kolonları arasındaki boşluk genişliği SAYI olur -i, --ignore-file=DOSYA girdi üzerinde çalışırken DOSYA daki kelimeleri dikkate almaz -o, --only-file=DOSYA girdide sadece DOSYA'daki kelimeleri dikkate alır -a, --across satırları yukardan aşağı yerine soldan sağa yazar. bu seçenek -KOLON ile kullanılır -c, --show-control-chars şapka(^G) ve sekizli ters kesik notasyonunu kullanarak kontrol karakterlerini de gösterir -d, --double-space çift aralık bırakarak yazar -a, --suffix-length=N parça isimlerinin ONEK'ten sonraki bölümlerinin uzunluğu N olur ( -a kullanılmadıkça %d) -b, --bytes=SAYI dosyayı N bayt parçalara böler -C, --line-bytes=SAYI parçaların her satırında en fazla N bayt olur -d, --numeric-suffixes alfabetik değil, nümerik sonekler kullanır -l, --lines=SAYI her parçada N tane satır olur -b, --before ayracı satırdan sonra değil, satırdan önce koyar -r, --regex ayracı düzenli ifade olarak kabul eder (regex = regular expression (düzenli ifade)) -s, --seperator=AYRAC satırları `\n' yerine AYRAC ile ayır -b, --body-numbering=TARZ satırları TARZ tarzında numaralandırır. -d, --section-delimiter=KK mantıksal sayfaları ayırırken KK'yi kullanır -f, --footer-numbering=TARZ altyazıları TARZ tarzında numaralandırır -b, --bytes sütunlar yerine baytları sayar -s, --spaces satırı boşluklarda böler -w, --width=N 80 yerine N sütun kullanır -b, --bytes=LİSTE sadece bu baytları gösterir -c, --characters=LİSTE sadece bu karakterleri gösterir -d, --delimiter=AYRAÇ Alan ayracı olarak TAB yerine AYRAÇ'ı kullanır -c, --count her satır başına tekrar sayısını yazar -d, --repeated sadece aynısından iki tane olan satırları gösterir -c, --crown-margin paragrafın ilk iki satırını değiştirmez -p, --prefix=DİZGE sadece DİZGE ile başlayan satırları yeniden biçemler -s, --split-only uzun satırları böler fakat kısaları birleştirmez -d, --delimiters=LISTE TABlar yerine LISTE'deki karakterleri kullanır -s, --serial Her dosyayı (paralel olarak yazmak yerine) arka arkaya yazar -e terskesme kaçışlarını yorumlar -E (öntanımlı) terskesme kaçışlarını yorumlamaz -e (öntanımlı) terskesme kaçışlarını yorumlar -E terskesme kaçışlarını yorumlamaz -f kısa biçemde sütun başlığı satırını göstermez -w kısa biçemde kullanıcının tam adını göstermez -i kısa biçemde kullanıcının tam adı ve uzak makinayı göstermez -q kısa biçemde kullanıcının tam adı, uzak makina ve atıl zamanını göstermez -f veya -t fF, gerçel sayıları seçer -i veya -t dI, 10luk kısa sayıları seçer -l veya -t dL, 10luk uzun sayıları seçer -o veya -t o2, 8lik 2 bayt sayıları seçer -x veya -t x2, 16lik 2 bayt sayıları seçer -f DOSYA DOSYA vardır ve normal bir dosyadır -g DOSYA DOSYA vardır ve grup-kimliği belirlidir -G DOSYA DOSYA vardır ve etkin grup kimliğine aittir -h DOSYA DOSYA vardır ve sembolik bağdır (-L ile aynı) -k DOSYA DOSYA vardır ve kalıcı biti ayarlıdır -f, --fields=LİSTE sadece bu alanları gösterir; ayrıca, eğer -s seçeneği belirtilmemişse, içinde ayraç olmayan tüm satırları yazdırır. -n (yoksayılır) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] dosyayı sürekli izler, yeni satırlar eklendikçe onları da çıktıya yazar. --follow=name dosya ismini kullanarak izler,--follow=descriptor dosya açıldığında sistemin döndüğü dosya descriptor'ını kullanarak izler. -F --follow=name --retry 'ın aynısı -f, --silent, --quiet çoğu hata mesajını bastırır -v, --verbose işlenen her dosya için bir durum belirtir --reference=REFDOSYA belirtilen KİP değerini değil, REFDOSYA'nın kipini kullanır -R, --recursive Yinelemeli olarak dosya ve dizinleri işler -h, --no-dereference her sembolik bağın kendisini etkiler, bağın imlediği dosyayı değil. (yalnızca sembolik bağ sahibiyetini değiştirebilen sistemlerde bulunur. -i, --initial Boşluktan sonra gelmeyen tabları değiştirmez -t, --tabs=N tabların yerine 8 değil N boşluk koyar -i, --inodes blok kullanımı yerine idüğüm bilgilerini gösterir -k, --block-size=1024 gibi -l, --local listelemeyi yerel dosyasistemleri ile sınırlar --no-sync (öntanımlı) kullanım bilgisini almadan önce sync yapmaz -l uzun listeleme biçemi kullanır -L, --dereference bir sembolik bağ için dosya bilgilerini gösterirken, sembolik bağın imlediği dosyanın bilgilerini gösterir, sembolik bağın kendi bilgilerini değil -m satırı virgül ayraçlı girdilerle doldurur -n, --digits=BASAMAK BASAMAK sayısında basamak kullanır (-n kullanılmadıkça 2 ) -s, --quiet, --silent çıktı dosyalarının bayt büyüklüklerini vermez -z, --elide-empty-files boş çıktı dosyalarını siler -q, --count tüm çalışan kullanıcı isimlerini ve sayısını gösterir -r, --runlevel şimdiki açılış seviyesini gösterir -s, --short yalnız isim, satır ve zamanı gösterir (öntanımlı) -t, --time son sistem saat değişikliğini gösterir -q, --hide-control-chars grafik olmayan karakterler yerine ? çıktılar --show-control-chars grafik olmayan karakterleri olduğu gibi gösterir (program 'ls' ve çıktı bir terminal değil ise öntanımlı seçenek) -Q, --quote-name çıktı adlarını çift tırnak içinde gösterir --quoting-style=SÖZCÜK tırnaklama biçemi için SÖZCÜK'te belirtilen değeri kullanır: literal (olduğu gibi), locale (yerel), shell (kabuk), shell-always (her zaman kabuk), c (C dili), escape (kaçış karakterli) -q, --quiet, --silent dosya isimlerini göstermez -v, --verbose dosya isimlerini gösterir -r, --reference=DOSYA şimdiki zaman yerine bu DOSYAnın zaman damgalarını kullanır -t DAMGA şimdiki zaman yerine [[YY]YY]AAGGssdd[ss] değerini kullanır --time=SÖZCÜK SÖZCÜKle belirtilen zaman damgasını değiştirir: access (erişim) atime (erişim) use (kullanım, -a ile aynı) modify (değişim) mtime (değişim, -m ile aynı) -r, --references her satırın ilk alanını referans olarak kullanır -t, --typeset-mode [henüz çalışmayan bir seçenek] -w, --width=SAYI çıktıdaki kolon sayısı SAYI olur (referans hariç) -s, --only-delimited içinde ayraç olmayan alanları yazdırmaz --output-delimeter=DİZGE çıktı ayracı olarak DİZGE'yi kullanır -s, --signal=SİNYAL, -SİNYAL Gönderilecek sinyalin adı veya numarası. -l, --list Sinyal adlarını listeler ya da sinyal isimleri ile sinyal numaraları arasında dönüşüm yapar. -t, --table Sinyal bilgileri tablosu gösterir. -s, --symbolic-link kopyalama yerine sembolik bağ oluşturur -S, --suffix=SONEK normal yedekleme soneki yerine SONEK'i kullanır -t, --target-directory=DİZİN bütün KAYNAK argümanlarını DİZİN'e taşır -T, --no-target-directory HEDEF'i normal bir dosya kabul eder -t -vT ile aynı -T, --show-tabs TAB karakterlerini ^I olarak gösterir -u (yoksayılır) -v, --show-nonprinting LFD ve TAB hariç ^ ve M- nitelemesini kullanır -t, --tabs=LİSTE LİSTE virgülle ayrılmış sayılardır. Listedeki sayılar tabların satırdaki yerlerine karşılık gelir. Satırda listenin uzunluğundan fazla tab varsa, fazla olan tablar yerine bir boşluk koyar -t, --tagged-paragraph paragrafın ilk satırı ikinci satırından farklı girintilenir -u, --uniform-spacing sözcük arası bir, noktadan sonra iki boşluk koyar. -w, --width=GENİŞLİK maksimum satır genişliği (öntanımlı 75 sütun) -t, --target-directory=DİZİN bütün KAYNAK argümanlarını DİZİN'e taşır -T, --no-target-directory HEDEF'i normal bir dosya kabul eder -u, --update taşıma işlemini yalnızca KAYNAK dosyası hedeften daha yeni ise, veya hedef dosya yok ise yapar -v, --verbose ne yapıldığını anlatır -u, --remove üzerine yazdıktan sonra dosyayı sıfırlar ve siler -v, --verbose ilerlemeyi gösterir -x, --exact dosya boyutunu sonraki tam bloğa yuvarlamaz bu işlem, normal dosya olmayan dosyalar için öntanımlıdır -z, --zero işlemi gizlemek için en son olarak üzerine sıfırlarla yazar -u, --update yalnızca KAYNAK dosya hedef dosyadan daha yeni olduğu veya hedef dosya mevcut olmadığı zaman kopyalar -v, --verbose ne yapıldığını anlatır -x, --one-file-system bu dosya sisteminde kalır -w, --check-chars=N her satırda N'den fazla karakter karşılaştırmaz -z, --zero-terminated satırları satır-sonu karakteri (\n) yerine 0'la (0 baytı) bitirir [:graph:] boşluk hariç, tüm yazılabilir karakterler [:lower:] tüm küçük harfler [:print:] boşluk dahil, tüm yazılabilir karakterler [:punct:] tüm noktalama isaretleri [:space:] tüm enine veya boyuna boşluklar [:upper:] tüm büyük harfler [:xdigit:] tüm onaltılık sistem rakamları [=KAR=] KAR'a eş olan tüm karakterler \v boyuna tab KAR1-KAR2 büyükten küçüğe KAR1 den KAR2 ye kadarki tüm karakterler [KAR*] KUME2'de kullanılır:KUME1'in boyuna gelene kadar KAR'ın tekrarı [KAR*TEKRAR] KAR'ın TEKRAR kere tekrarı, TEKRAR 0 ile başlıyorsa sekizlik sayı olarak algılanır [:alnum:] tüm harf ve rakamlar [:alpha:] tüm harfler [:blank:] tüm enine boşluklar [:cntrl:] tüm kontrol karakterleri [:digit:] tüm rakamlar ascii EBCDIC'den ASCII'ye ebcdic ASCII'den EBCDIC'ye ibm ASCII'den alternatifli EBCDIC'ye block satırsonu karakteri ile biten kayıtları cbs boyutuna getirmek için boşlukla doldurur unblock cbs boyutundaki kayıtlarda sonda yer alan boşlukları yenisatır ile değiştirir lcase büyük harfleri küçük harfe dönüştürür d[SAYI] işaretli (signed) ondalık sayı olarak yazar, her sayı için SAYI bayt kullanır f[SAYI] gerçel sayı olarak yazar, her sayı için SAYI bayt kullanır o[SAYI] sekizlik sayı olarak yazar, her sayı için SAYI bayt kullanır u[SAYI] işaretsiz (unsigned) ondalık sayı olarak yazar, her sayı için SAYI bayt kullanır x[SAYI] 16lik sayı olarak yazar, her sayı için SAYI bayt kullanır direct veri için direkt I/O kullanır dsync veri için senkron I/O kullanır noctty dosyadan kontrol eden terminali ayarlamaz terminal from file nofollow sembolik bağları izlemez nonblock bloklamayan I/O kullanır none, off hiç yedekleme yapma (--backup kullanılsa bile) numbered, t numaralanmış yedekleme yap existing, nil eğer numaralanmış yedekler var ise numaralanmış, yoksa basit simple, never her zaman basit yedekleme yap sync önceki gibi fakat meta veri için de geçerli %4s-blok Dolu Boş Kull%% (yedek: %s)* [-]ctlecho denetim karakterlerini şapkalı gösterim (`^c') ile yansılar [-]echo girdi karakterlerini yansılar * [-]echoctl [-]ctlecho ile aynı [-]echoe [-]crterase ile aynı [-]echok karakteri sildikten sonra bir alt satıra geçiş yansılar * [-]echoke [-]crtkill ile [-]echonl diğer karakterler yansılanmamış olsa bile alt satıra geçişi yansılar * [-]echoprt geriye doğru silinmiş karakterleri `\' ve '/' arasında yansılar [-]icanon karakter, satır, sözcük silmeleri ve satır yenileme özel karakterlerini etkinleştirir [-]iexten POSIX olmayan özel karakterleri etkinleştirir * [-]iuclc büyük harfleri küçük harf olarak yorumlar * [-]ixany sadece başla karakteri değil herhangi bir karakter girdiyi başlatır [-]ixoff başla/dur karakterlerinin gönderimini etkinleştirir [-]ixon XON/XOFF akış denetimini etkinleştirir [-]parmrk eşlik hatalarını imler (255-0-karakter sıralamasıyla) [-]tandem [-]ixoff ile aynı * [-]iutf8 girdi karakterlerinin UTF-8 kodlu olduğunu varsayar * [-]ocrnl satır başını alt satıra geçiş olarak yorumlar * [-]ofdel 0 karakteri yerine dolgu için silme karakterini kullanır * [-]ofill gecikmeler için zamanlama yapmak yerine dolgu karakterlerini kullanır * [-]olcuc küçük harfleri büyük harf olarak yorumlar * [-]onlcr alt satıra geçişi satır başı olarak yorumlar * [-]onlret alt satıra geçiş karakteri satır başı yapar * [-]onocr satır başı karakterini ilk karakter olarak basmaz [-]opost işlem sonrası çıktı * tabN yatay sekme tarzı gecikme, N [0..3] arasında * tabs tab0 ile aynı * -tabs tab3 ile aynı * vtN düşey sekme tarzı gecikme, N [0..1] arasında * eol2 KRKT satır sonu için diğer bir KRKT olacaktır erase KRKT KRKT yazılan son karakteri silecektir intr KRKT KRKT bir kesme (SIGINT) sinyali gönderecektir kill KRKT KRKT bulunulan satırı silecektir * lnext KRKT KRKT izleyen özel karakterin yorumlanmasını engelleyecektir quit KRKT KRKT bir çıkış (SIGQUIT) sinyali gönderecektir * rprnt KRKT KRKT bulunulan satırı yeniden yazacaktır start KRKT KRKT durdurulduktan sonra çıktıyı yeniden başlatacaktır * rows N çekirdeğe terminal satır sayısını N olarak bildirir * size çekirdeğe uygun satır ve sütun sayısını gösterir speed terminal hızını gösterir time N -icanon ile okuma zaman aşımını N/10 saniyeye ayarlar Bağlanılan yer TTY gruplar= eski %s tekrarda %%(hafızayı yüzdeyle belirtmek için) , b, k (varsayılan), M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. DOSYA verilmediğinde veya - olduğunda standart girdiden okur. *** UYARI *** Çevre değişkenlerince belirlenen locale dosyası sıralamayı etkiler. bayt değerlerine göre sıralama için LC_ALL çevre değişkenine C değerini atayın. %.*s: geçersiz çevrim tanımı%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu kullanıcı%lu kullanıcı%s%s -> %s (yedeklemeyi geri al) %s ve %s aynı dosya%s var ama bir dizin değil%s bilinmeyen dosya türüne sahip%s çok büyük%s: %s bu bilgisayarda kullanılamayacak kadar büyük bir sayı%s: %s:%s: sırasız: %s:açma veya okuma BAŞARISIZ %s: Böyle bir kullanıcı yok%s: tekrar sayımında `}' gerekli%s: göreceli sembolik bağlar yalnızca mevcut dizinde oluşturulabilir%s: bloklamayan kip değiştirilemedi%s: tail bu çeşit dosyayı takip edemez%s: orjinal konuma geri gidilemiyor (lseek)%s: dizinin üzerine yazılamaz%s: geri gelinemiyor%s: aranamadı%s: dosyanın sonundan %s görecesine geri gidilemiyor (seek)%s: %s görecesine ilerleme (seek) yapılamıyor%s: görece %s'ye ilerlenemiyor (seek)%s: yalnızca eklenebilir kipte dosya belirteçine shred uygulanamaz%s: kapatan ayraç `%c' eksik%s: bloklamayan kip sıfırlanamadı%s: %s dizininin içine inilsin mi?%s: korumalı dizin %s'nin içine inilsin mi?%s: eşitlik sınıfı (equivalance class)operandı tek karakterden oluşmalıdır%s: kısaltmada hata%s %s göreli konumunda yazdırma hatası%s: bir sayısal argüman gerekli%s: kapatılamadı%s: yazmak için açılamadı%s: silinemedi%s: fcntl başarısız%s: fdatasync başarısız%s: dosya büyüklüğü negatif%s: dosya fazla küçülmüş%s: dosya çok büyük%s: dosya fazla uzun%s: dosya kısaldı%s: fstat başarısız%s: fsync başarısız%s: dizinde sabit bağa izin verilmiyor%s: girdide bir döngü (döngü=loop, Graph Teorideki anlamında) var%s: girdide tek sayılı andaç var%s: girdi dosyası çıktı dosyası ile aynı%s: ayraçtan sonra tamsayı olmalı%s: geçersiz PID%s: geçersiz dosya büyüklüğü%s: geçersiz dosya tipi%s:--max-unchanged-stats seçeneğiyle verilen argüman geçersiz%s: geçersiz sayı%s: geçersiz bayt sayısı%s: geçersiz satır sayısı%s geçersiz sayıda geçiş%s: geçersiz saniye sayısı%s: geçersiz kalıp%s: geçersiz işlem kimlik no%s: geçersiz düzenli ifade(regular expression): %s%s: geçersiz sinyal%s: -a seçeneğine verilen arguman geçersiz%s: satır sayısı 0'dan büyük olmalı%s: satır sayısı kapsam dışı%s: arama (lseek) başarısız%s: birden fazla sinyal belirtilmiş%s: doğru biçemlenmiş %s sağlama toplam satırı bulunamadı%s: bu aygıt için boyut bilgileri yok%s: önceden listelenmiş dizin tekrar listelenmedi%s: bayt sayısı fazla büyük%s: %s'ın üzerine yazılsın mı?%s: geçiş %lu/%lu (%s)%s: geçiş %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: geçiş %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: okuma hatası%s: %s %s silinsin mi?%s: korumalı %s %s silinsin mi?%s: silindi%s: siliniyor%s: %s olarak yeniden adlandırıldı%s: %s'un üzerine yazılsın mı?%s: arama (seek) başarısız%s: çok fazla sağlama satırı%s: maksimum dosya adı uzunluğu belirlenemedi%s: istenen işlemlerin tümü yapılamıyor%s: değer tamamen dönüştürülmedi%s: yazma hatası%s: %lu geçersiz satır; ikinci dizgecik yok%s: %lu: tanınmayan anahtar kelime %s%s}: `{' ve `}' arasına tamsayı yazılmalı' çalışıyor, yük ortalaması: %.2f-R --dereference ile ya -H veya -L kullanılmalıdır-R -h ile -P kullanılmalıdır??? Uzun seçenekler için zorunlu argümanlar kısa seçenekler için de zorunludur. AÇIKLAMAMevcut olan DOSYA1'e DOSYA2 adında bir bağ oluşturmak için 'link' (bağ) işlevini çağırın. Belirtilen DOSYA'yı silmek için 'unlink' (bağ çöz) işlevini çağırın. Etkin kullanıcı ve grup kimliklerini KULLANICI olarak değiştirir. -, -l, --login kabuğu bir giriş kabuğu yapar -c, --command=KOMUT -c ile kabukta tek bir KOMUT çalıştırır -f, --fast kabuğu -f ile çalıştırır (csh veya tcsh için) -m, --preserve-environment çevre değişkenlerini sıfırlamaz -p -m ile aynı -s, --shell=KABUK /etc/shells dosyasında varsa KABUĞU çalıştırır Her DOSYA'nın kipini KİP olarak değiştirir. -c, --changes verbose gibi, fakat yalnızca değişiklikleri bildirir Sıralı dosyalar DOSYA1 ve DOSYA2'yi satır satır karşılaştırır. DOSYA'daki boşlukları sekmeye çevirir ve standard çıktıya yazar. DOSYA belirtilmediğinde veya - olduğunda standard girdiden okur. Her DOSYA'daki tabları boşluğa çevirerek standart çıktıya yazar. DOSYA belirtilmediğinde, veya - olduğunda, standart girdiden okur. KAYNAK'ı HEDEF'e kopyalar veya birden fazla KAYNAK'ı DİZİN'e kopyalar. Standart girdiyi verilen DOSYAlara ve ayrıca standart çıktıya kopyalar. -a, --append DOSYAların üzerine yazmaz sonuna ekler -i, --ignore-interrupts kesme sinyallerini yoksayar İsimli veri yollarını (FIFO) belirtilen İSİM'lerle oluşturur. Eğer yoksa, ilgili DİZİN(ler)i oluşturur. Belirtilen TÜR'de belirtilen İSİM'de özel dosya oluşturur. Dizin:ÇIKIŞDİZGE(leri) standart çıktıya yazdırır. -n sonlayan yenisatırı yazdırmaz İFADEye göre üretilen durum kodu ile çıkar. F. PinardBAŞARISIZFifoların majör ve minör aygıt numarası bulunmaz. %sDosyasistemi Dosyasistemi TürüHer birleştirme (join) alanı aynı olan girdi satırı çifti için standart çıktıya bir satır yazar. Öntanımlı birleştırme alanı, boşlukla ayrılmış ilk alandır. DOSYA1 veya DOSYA2 - olduğunda (ikisi birden - olamaz), standart girdiden okur. -a DOSYANUM DOSYANUM dosyasından gelen eşleştirilememiş satırları yazdırır. DOSYANUM, DOSYA1 veya DOSYA2 dosyasından gelinmesine göre 1 veya 2 olabilir. -e YAZI eksik girdi alanlarını YAZI ile değiştirir Değişen blokları diske yazılmaya zorlar ve süper bloğu günceller. ATIL BoştaGerçekte:HATGirişKullanıcı ismi:Uzun seçenekler için zorunlu olan argümanlar kısa seçenekler için de zorunludur. İSİMİsimTamamtekrar edilen karakterler bire indirgenMEden silme yapılıyorsa sadece bir dizge verilmeli.girdi dosyasındaki kelimelerin (contextleriyle beraber),bir permutasyonunu oluşturur. LS_COLORS çevre değişkenini değiştirmek için çıktı komutları. Çıktı formatını belirler: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell LS_COLORS'u belirlemek için Bourne kabuk komutları çıktılar -c, --csh, --c-shell LS_COLORS'u belirlemek için C kabuk komutları çıktılar -p, --print-database öntanımlıları çıktılar GIRDI'yi eşit büyüklükte parçalara bölüp ONEKaa, ONEKab, ... isimli dosyalara kor. Ötanımlı boy 1000 satır ve öntanımlı ONEK `x'tir. GIRDI belirtilmediğinde veya - olduğunda standart girdiyi kullanır KALIP(lar)la ayrılmış DOSYA parçalarını `xx01', `xx02', ... isimli dosyalara, her parçanın bayt sayısını standart çıktıya yazar. DOSYAya göre çalışmakta olan kullanıcıları gösterir. DOSYA verilmezse %s kullanılır. DOSYA olarak %s kullanımı yaygındır. Belirtilen DOSYA(ların) üzerine bir kaç defa yazarak pahalı donanım çözümleri ile bile dosya içeriğinin kurtarılabilmesini zorlaştırır. PIDDOSYA(ları)yı kolonlara ayırır veya sayfalandırır ve yazar . Parola:Plan: Her DOSYA'nın CRC sağlama toplamlarını ve bayt sayılarını yazdırır. Dizinlerle ilgili kısımlar kaldırılarak İSİM basılır. Belirtilmişse, SONEK de kaldırılır. İSİM'min sonundaki / kaldırılarak yazdırılır; eğer İSİM içinde herhangi bir / içermiyorsa, `.' basılır (içinde bulunulan dizin anlamında). --help bu iletiyi gösterir ve çıkar --version sürüm bilgilerini gösterir ve çıkar Terminal karakteristiklerini değiştirir ve gösterir. -a, --all tüm ayarları okunabilir biçimde gösterir -g, --save tüm ayarları stty-okuyabilir biçimde gösterir -F, --file=AYGIT stdGirdi yerine belirtilen AYGITI açar ve kullanır Her DOSYA'daki satırların seçilen bölümlerini standart çıktıya yazdırır. Standart girdiye bağlı terminalin dosya ismini gösterir. -s, --silent, --quiet hiçbir şey göstermez, sadece çıkış durumu ile döner Her DOSYA'nın ilk on satırını standart çıktıya yazar. Birden fazla DOSYA verildiğinde, her dosyadan önce dosya adını yazar. DOSYA adı verilmediğinde, veya - olduğunda standart girdiden okur. Çalışılan dizinin tam dosya yolunu gösterir. Belirtilen her DOSYA'nın son %d satırını standart çıktıya yazar. Dosya ismi belirtilmediğinde veya - olduğunda standart girdiden okur. Çalıştıran kullanıcının ismini gösterir. Proje:KAYNAK'ı HEDEF olarak yeniden adlandırır veya KAYNAK'ları DİZİN'e taşır. Belirtilmişse DİZGE(ler)den, yoksa `y'den oluşan satırları sürekli üretir. KOMUT'u kök dizin YENİKÖK olarak çalıştırır. KOMUTu çalıştırır, ve bitir sinyallerini yoksayar. İşlemlere sinyal yollar veya sinyalleri listeler. Problemi devre dışı bırakmak için LC_ALL='C' tanımlayın.Kabuk:Üzerinde DOSYA'ların bulunduğu dosyasistemi hakkında bilgi gösterir, veya öntanımlı olarak bütün dosyasistemleri hakkında bilgi gösterir. Özel dosyalar, majör ve minör aygıt numaraları gerektirir.Her DOSYA'nın disk kullanımını özetler, dizinler için çevrimli çalışır. SAATAşağıdaki seçenekler, -R seçeneği var iken hiyerarşilerin nasıl gezildiğini etkiler. Eğer birden fazla seçenek kullanılır ise, ancak sonuncusu etkin olur. -H eğer bir komut satırı seçeneği, bir dizine verilen sembolik bağ ise, o dizini gezer -L bir dizine giden bütün sembolik bağları gezer -P hiç bir sembolik bağı gezmez (öntanımlı) Karşılaştırılan dizgeler %s ve %s idi.Daha fazla bilgi için `%s --help' yazın. çevrim için iki dizge verilmelidir.Bilinmeyen sistem hatasıKullanımı: %s BİÇEM [ARGÜMAN]... veya: %s SEÇENEK Kullanımı: %s İFADE veya: %s SEÇENEK Kullanım: %s DOSYA veya: %s SEÇENEK Kullanım: %s DOSYA1 DOSYA2 veya: %s SEÇENEK Kullanımı: %s BİÇEM [ARGÜMAN]... veya: %s SEÇENEK Kullanımı: %s İSİM veya: %s SEÇENEK Kullanımı: %s İSİM [SONEK] veya: %s SEÇENEK Kullanımı: %s [-s SİNYAL] | -SİNYAL] PID... ya da: %s -l [SİNYAL]... ya da: %s -t [SİNYAL]... Kullanım: %s [DOSYA]... veya: %s [SEÇENEK] Kullanımı: %s [İSİM] veya: %s SEÇENEK Çalıştırıldığı sistemin makina ismini değiştirir ya da gösterir. Kullanımı: %s [SAYI]... veya: %s SEÇENEK Kullanımı: %s [İŞLEYEN]... veya: %s SEÇENEK Kullanım: %s [SEÇENEK] Kullanımı: %s [SEÇENEK] [KOMUT [ARG]...] Kullanım: %s [SECENEK] [DOSYA] DOSYA'daki kısmi sıralamayı (kısmi sıralama=partial ordering, matematiksel bir terim) göz önüne alarak DOSYA'nın tam sıralı (tam sıralı = totally ordered, matematiksel terim) halini çıktıya yazar. (tsort = topological sort, topolojik sıralama) Kullanım: %s [SEÇENEK]... Kullanım: %s [SEÇENEK]... DİZİN... Kullanım: %s [SEÇENEK]... [DOSYA] Kullanım: %s [SEÇENEK]... DOSYA KALIP... Kullanım: %s [SEÇENEK]... DOSYA... Kullanım: %s [SEÇENEK]... DOSYA1 DOSYA2 Kullanım: %s [SEÇENEK]... GRUP DOSYASI veya: %s [SEÇENEK]... --reference=REFDOSYA DOSYA... Kullanımı: %s [SEÇENEK]... SON veya: %s [SEÇENEK]... İLK SON ya da: %s [SEÇENEK]... İLK ARTIŞ SON Kullanım: %s [SEÇENEK]... KİP[,KİP]... DOSYA... veya: %s [SEÇENEK]... SEKİZLİK-KİP DOSYA veya: %s [SEÇENEK]... --reference=REFDOSYA DOSYA... Kullanım: %s [SEÇENEK]...İSİM TİP [MAJÖR MİNÖR] Kullanımı: %s [SEÇENEK]... İSİM... Kullanım: %s [SEÇENEK]... KÜME1 [KÜME2] Kullanımı: %s [SEÇENEK]... [ DOSYA | ARG1 ARG2 ] Kullanımı: %s [SEÇENEK]... [+BİÇEM] veya: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Kullanım: %s [SEÇENEK]... [-T] KAYNAK HEDEF veya: %s [SEÇENEK]... KAYNAK... DİZİN veya: %s [SEÇENEK]... -t DİZİN KAYNAK... Kullanım: %s [SEÇENEK]... [T] KAYNAK HEDEF veya: %s [SEÇENEK]... KAYNAK... DİZİN veya: %s [SEÇENEK]... -t DİZİN KAYNAK... veya: %s [SEÇENEK]... -d DİZİN... Kullanım: %s [SEÇENEK]... [-T] KAYNAK BAĞ_ADI (1. biçem) veya: %s [SEÇENEK]... HEDEF (2. biçem) veya: %s [SEÇENEK]... HEDEF...DİZİN (3. biçem) veya: %s [SEÇENEK]... -t DİZİN HEDEF... (4. biçem) Kullanımı: %s [SEÇENEK]... [-] [İSİM=DEĞER]... [KOMUT [ARG]...] Kullanımı: %s [SEÇENEK]... [-] [KULLANICI [ARG]...] Kullanım: %s [SEÇENEK]... [DOSYA] Kullanım: %s [SEÇENEK]... [DOSYA]... Kullanım: %s [SEÇENEK]... [DOSYA]... veya: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [DOSYA] [[+]GÖRELİ[.][b]] veya: %s --traditional [SEÇENEK] [DOSYA] [[+]GÖRELİ[.][b] [[+]ETİKET]][.][b] Kullanım: %s [SEÇENEK]... DOSYA veya: %s [SEÇENEK]... --files0-from=F Kullanım: %s [SEÇENEK]... [GİRDİ [ÇIKTI]] Kullanım: %s [SEÇENEK]... [GİRDİ]... (-G olmaksızın) veya: %s -G [SEÇENEK]... [GİRDİ [ÇIKTI]] Kullanım: %s [SEÇENEK]... [SAHİP][:[GRUP]] DOSYA... veya: %s [SEÇENEK]... --reference=REFDOSYA DOSYA... Kullanımı: %s [SEÇENEK]... [KULLANICI-İSMİ] Kullanımı: %s [SEÇENEK]... [KULLANICI]... Kullanımı: %s [DİZGE]... veya: %s SEÇENEK Geçerli argümanlar:Uyarı: Döngülü dizin yapısı Bu hemen her zaman bozulmuş bir dosya sisteminiz olduğunu gösterir. SİSTEM YÖNETİCİNİZE HABER VERİN. Aşağıdaki dizin bu çevrimin bir parçası: %s Uyarı: zaman yerDOSYA'daki (DOSYA belirtilmediğinde standart girdi'deki) satırları katlar ve standart çıktıya yazar DOSYAları baştan sona yazar ( son satır ilk). DOSYA belirtilmediğinde veya - olduğunda standart girdiden okur. Satır başlarına satır numarası koyarak her DOSYA'yı standart çıktıya yazdırır. DOSYA adı verilmemişse, veya - olarak verilmişse, standart girdiden okur. Standart çıktıya her DOSYAdan aynı sırada olan satırları aralarına tablar koyarak yazar. DOSYA adı verilmediğinde veya - olduğunda standart girdiden okur %s ve %s tarafından yazıldı. %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s ve başkaları tarafından yazıldı. %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s ve %s tarafından yazıldı. %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s ve %s tarafından yazıldı. %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s ve %s tarafından yazıldı. %s, %s, %s, %s, %s ve %s tarafından yazıldı. %s, %s, %s, %s ve %s tarafından yazıldı. %s, %s, %s ve %s tarafından yazıldı. %s, %s ve %s tarafından yazıldı. %s tarafından yazıldı. KUME2'de çeviri yaparken [=c=] ifadeleri yer alamaz^[hH]^[eE]``--pages=İLK_SAYFA[:SON_SAYFA]' argüman eksikkomut ayarlama ile birlikte verilmeli%s'e erişiliyor%s argümanı `%s' için belirsizsadece alanlar üzerinde işlem yaparken bir ayraç belirtilebilirçıktı, %s'nin sonuna ekleniyor%s'ı yedeklemek kaynağı yok eder; %s kopyalanmadı%s'ı yedeklemek kaynağı yok eder; %s taşınmadıyedekleme türüblok özel dosyasıözel blok dosyalar desteklenmiyorher iki dosya da standart girdi olamazbayt görecesi %s çok büyük%s'e erişilemedi%s yedeklenemedihem özetleyip hem bütün girdiler gösterilemez%s'in sahipliği değiştirilemiyor%s'in erişim izinleri değiştirilemiyorkök dizini %s olarak değiştirilemedi%s dizinine geçilemedikök dizinine geçilemedi{ascii, ebcdic, ibm} değerlerinin herhangi ikisi birleştirilemez`block' ve `unblock' seçenekleri aynı anda kullanılamaz`excl' ve `nocreat' seçenekleri birleştirilemez`lcase' (küçük harf) ve `ucase' (büyük harf) seçenekleri aynı anda kullanılamazkip ve --reference seçenekleri birleştirilemezsinyal, -l veya -t ile birleştirilemez%s ve %s dosya adları karşılaştırılamazU+%04X yerel karakter kümesine dönüştürülemiyorU+%04X yerel karakter kümesine dönüştürülemiyor: %sbir dizin, %s, kendi içine kopyalanamaz, %sçevrimli sembolik bağ %s kopyalanamaz%s dizini oluşturulamıyor%s fifosu oluşturulamadı%s sabit bağı %s'e bağlanamadı%s bağı oluşturulamadı%s sabit bağı %s'e bağlanamadınormal dosya %s oluşturulamadıözel dosya %s oluşturulamadı%s sembolik bağı oluşturulamadısembolik bağ %s, %s'e bağlanamadı%s izlenemedi%s'nın aygıtı ve i-düğümü belirlenemedimakina ismi saptanamadı%s adı ile takip edilemiyor%s'nin dosya durumu (fstat) alınamadıçalışılan dizin alınamadısistem ismi alınamadı%s'de lseek yapılamadıhem sabit hem sembolik bağ oluşturulamazdizin %s oluşturulamadı%s %s'e taşınamadı%s kendi alt dizinine taşınamaz, %sbir dizin, dizin olmayanın üzerine taşınamaz: %s -> %s%s okumak için açılamadı%s yazmak için açılamadıdizin %s açılamadıDizin %s'ın üzerine dizin olmayan bir dosya yazılamazDizin olmayan %s'un üzerine dizin %s yazılamazöntanımlı biçemde gerçek kimlikler veya gerçek isimler gösterilemez%s dizini okunamıyor%s'den dosya adları okunamadı%s için dosyasistem bilgisi okunamadıgerçekzaman saati okunamıyor%s sembolik bağı okunamadı%s silinemedi%s üzerinde lseek başarısıztarih ayarlanamadıgrup kimliği atanamıyorgrup kimliği %lu olarak atanamıyorgruplar atanamıyormakina ismi değiştirilemedi; bu sistemde bu yetenek yok%s için zaman damgalama yapılamadıkullanıcı kimliği atanamıyorkullanıcı kimliği %lu olarak atanamıyorgirdinin dikkate alınmayacak bölümü toplam girdiden daha büyük verilmişzaman birden fazla kaynaktan belirtilemez-C -l -b seçenekleri beraber kullanılmaz%s durumlanamadışimdiki dizin durumlanamadı (şimdi %s)`touch' %s yapılamadı%s yedeklemesi geri alınamadı%s bağı çözülemediçekirdek hatası bertaraf edilemedi%s'nin grup üyeliği %s'e değiştirildi %s'nin sahipliği %s'e değiştirildi %s'in grup üyeliği değiştiriliyor%s'in sahipliği değiştiriliyor%s'nın erişim izinleri değiştiriliyorsıralama anahtarında belirtilen karakter yeri sıfırkarakter kapsamdışıkarakter özel dosyasıözel karakter dosyaları desteklenmiyorsaat değişikliğikapatma işlemi başarısız%s kapatılıyor %s kapatılıyor (fd=%d)%s dizini kapatılıyorgirdi dosyası %s kapatılıyorçıktı dosyası %s kapatılıyorstandart girdi kapatılıyor%s içinde eşleşen i-düğümlü dizin girdisi bulunamadısistemin başlama zamanı alınamadıdizin %s oluşturuldudizin %s oluşturuluyordizinsıfırla bölümboş sekmedüzenli ifade (regular expression) aramasında hata oluştu%s'i okunurken hata%s'e yazarken hataçıkış=%s argümanı fazla`%s' operandı fazla%s'in grup üyeliği %s olarak değiştirilemedi %s'nın kipi %04lo (%s) olarak değiştirilemedi %s'nın sahipliği değiştirilemedi %s'nın sahipliği %s olarak değiştirilemedi %s dizinine chdir başarısız%s'nın öznitelikleri alınamadı%s dosyasına bakılamadı%s açılamadı%s'nin yazar bilgileri korunamadı%s'nin sahiplik bilgileri korunamadı%s'in izinleri korunamadı%s'in zaman damgaları korunamadıstandart hata yeniden yönlendirilemedibaşlangıç çalışma dizinine geri dönülemedistandart hatanın kopyası, exec sonunda kapanmaya ayarlanamadı%s durumlanamadı%s için fdatasync başarısızfflush başarısızalan numarası %s çok büyükalan numarası sıfırfifodosyasistem türü %s hem seçili hem dışarlanmışfork sistem çağrısı başarısızeş genişlikli dizgeler için biçem dizgesi belirtilmeyebilir%s için fsync başarısızfts_read başarısız oldugetpass: dev/tty açılamıyor%s'nın yeni öznitelikleri alınıyor%s'in grubu %s olarak korundu iconv işlevi yokiconv işlevi kullanılabilir değilkimlik=argümanların tamamı yoksayılıyorçevre değişkeni TABSIZE'da bulunan geçersiz sekme boyutu yoksayıldı: %sçevre değişkeni QUOTING_STYLE'da bulunan geçersiz değer yoksayıldı: %sçevre değişkeni COLUMNS'da belirtilen geçersiz genişlik değeri yoksayıldı: %sseçenek olmayan argümanlar yoksayılıyoruyumsuz sekmeparola yanlışgirdi yok oldugirdi satırı fazla uzunaygıt arası taşıma başarısız: %s'yı %s'a; hedef silinemedi%s argümanı `%s' için geçersizgeçersiz gövde numaralama tarzı: %sgeçersiz bayt veya alan listesisonekte geçersiz dönüşüm belirleyicisi: %csonekte geçersiz dönüşüm belirleyicisi: \%.3ogeçersiz tarih biçemi %sgeçersiz aygıt %s %sgeçersiz aygıt türü %sgeçersiz alan numarası: %sgeçersiz satır genişliği: %sgerçel sayı argüman geçersiz: %sgeçersiz altbilgi numaralama tarzı: %sgeçersiz biçem kesinliğigeçersiz biçem genişliğigeçersiz boşluk genişliği: %sgrup geçersizgeçersiz grup %sgeçersiz başlık numaralama tarzı: %sgeçersiz satır numarası alan genişliği: %sgeçersiz satır numarası artışı: %sgeçersiz satır numaralama biçemi: %sgeçersiz satır genişliği: %sgeçersiz majör aygıt numarası %sgeçersiz maksimum derinlik %sgeçersiz minör aygıt numarası %sgeçersiz kipgeçersiz kip %sgeçersiz kip: %sgeçersiz sayı %s`,' den sonra geçersiz sayı`-' den sonra geçersiz sayı`.' dan sonra geçersiz sayıalan başlangıcında geçersiz sayıgeçersiz boş satır sayısı: %sgeçersiz bayt sayısıkarşılaştırılacak bayt sayısı geçersizatlanacak bayt sayısı geçersizatlanacak alan sayısı geçersizgeçersiz satır sayısıgeçersiz satır sayısı: 0geçersiz seçenek -- %cgeçersiz seçenek -- %c; GENİŞLİK yalnızca ilk seçenek olduğu zaman kabul edilir; bunun yerine -w N kullanıngeçersiz çıktı adres radix'i `%c'; [doxn] harflerinden biri olmalıgeçersiz kesinlik: %sgeçersiz başlangıç satır numarası: %sgeçersiz sekme boyutu: %sgeçersiz tarih biçemi %sevrensel karakter ismi \%c%0*x geçersizkullanıcı geçersizgeçersiz kullanıcı %sgeçersiz genişlik: %sgeçersiz sıfır uzunluklu dosya adı%s üzerinde döngüsel işlem yapmak tehlikelidir%s üzerinde döngüsel işlem yapmak tehlikelidir (%s gibi)son=%1$lu limiti, %3$s dosya adının %2$lu uzunluğu ile aşıldı%1$lu limiti, %3$s dosya adı bileşeninin %2$lu uzunluğu ile aşıldısatır sayma seçeneği -%s%c... fazla büyüksatır numarası taşmasıbellek tükendiileti kuyruğuayarlanmamış veya uymayan [:upper:] ve/veya [:lower:] ifadesisonekte %% dönüşüm belirleyicisi eksik%s sonrasında eksik argüman`[:' ile `:]' arasında bir eşitlik sınıfı belirtilmelisonekte dönüşüm belirleyicisi eksik%s sonrasında hedef dosya işleyeni eksik`[=' ile `=]' arasında bir eşitlik sınıfı belirtilmelidosya işleyeni eksiköncelemde onaltılık sayı yokalan listesi eksikkonum listesi eksikeksik işlenen`%s'den sonra eksik işlenen%s'nin kipi %04lo (%s) olarak değiştirildi %s'nin kipi %04lo (%s) olarak korundu birden fazla -l veya -t seçeneği belirtilmişbirden fazla çıktı dosyası belirtilmişbirden fazla hedef dizin belirtilmişne sembolik bağ %s ne de imlediği dosya değiştirilmedi SHELL çevre değişkeni yok ve kabuk türü seçeneği verilmemiş%s'in sahipliği değişmedi üzerinde çalışabilecek dosya kalmadıkullanıcı ismi yoksüreç kimliği belirtilmemişdizgeler çıktılanırken tür belirtilemezkullanıcı adı belirtilmemiş; -l kullanırken en az bir tane belirtilmeli%2$s dosya adında taşınmaz karakter %1$s bulundubir tty değilbayt sayısısatır sayısı%s dosya okunurken görece taşması%s dizini atlanıyorKUME2'de yalnızca bir [c*] tekrar yapısı olabilirsadee tek aygıt belirtilebilirsadece bir liste türü belirtilebiliraçma işlemi başarısız%s açılıyor%s'nin sahipliği korundu %s'nin sahipliği %s olarak korundu sayfa genişliği çok dar%s'in zaman damgaları korunduhem aynı olan satırların yazılmasına izin vermek hem de aynı olan satırların sayısını yazdırmak anlamsızalan sınırları '%s-%s' ters sıralılarokuma hatasıokuma başarısız oldu%s okunuyordizin %s okunuyorkayıt çok büyüknormal boş dosyanormal dosya%s silindi %s dizini silindi dizin %s siliniyoraçılış-seviyesisemafor-s 'ten sonra AYRAC belirtilmeli%s için seçenekler belirtiliyor%s'in izinleri ayarlanıyor%s'in zamanları değiştiriliyorpaylaşımlı bellek nesnesiatlanacak baytlar + okunacak baytlar çok büyükkopyalandığı esnada değiştirildiği için %s dosyası atlandısoketstandart hatastandart girdistandart girdi kapalıstandart çıktıstat başarısızalan tanımında fazla harfdizge karşılaştırması başarısızayrılmamış alanları atlamak sadece alanlar üzerinde işlem yapılırken anlamlısembolik bağsözdizimi hatasıtab boyu 0 olamazsekme boyunda geçersiz karakter(ler): %stab boyları küçükten büyüğe sıralı olmalısekme boyu %s çok büyüksekmeler fazla aralıhedef %s bir dizin değilbir dizin kurulurken hedef dizin belirlenemezterminal= --binary ve --text seçenekleri sağlama toplamlarını kontrol ederken geçersiz--status seçeneği yalnızca sağlama toplam kontrolü sırasında anlamlı--warn seçeneği yalnızca sağlama toplam kontrolü sırasında anlamlı[c*] ifadesi KUME2'de sadece çeviri yaparken kullanılabilir[c*] tekrar yapısı KUME1'de bulunamazayraç tek karakter olmalıdırayrıntılı çıktı seçenekleri ile stty-okuyabilir tarzı çıktı seçenekleri birlikte kullanılamazdircolors çıktısının hem içsel veritabanına, hem de bir kabuk sentaksına göre olması çelişkilizamanı ayarlamak ve göstermek için bu seçenekler birlikte kullanılamaztarih belirten bu seçenekler birlikte kullanılamazbir dizin kurulurken strip seçeneği kullanılamaz%s zamanı aralık dışısonekte gereğinden fazla %% dönüşüm belirleyicisi varkümede çok fazla karakterçok fazla tekrar eden satırtoplamtürlenmiş bellek nesnesibilinmeyen kullanıcı kimliği: %sçevre değişkeni LS_COLORS'da taranamaz değergeçersiz işleyen %stanımlanmamış önek: %s--no-preserver-root seçeneğini kullanarak bu güvenlik tedbirini aşın%s diye bir kullanıcı yokkısıtlı kabuk %s kullanılıyoruyarı: %s: karakter sabitini izleyen karakter(ler) yoksayıldıuyarı: --pid=PID bu sistemde desteklenmiyoruyarı: --pid=PID sadece -f seçeneğiyle kullanıldığında bir anlam taşıruyarı: `touch %s' artık kullanılmıyor; `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d' kullanılmalıuyarı: %s dizinine geçilemiyoruyarı: %s silinemediuyarı: standart girdiyi sonsuza dek takip etmek verimli değildiruyarı: geçersiz genişlik %lu; %d kullanılıyoruyarı: %s kaynak dosyası bir defadan çok belirtilmişuyarı: özetlemek --max-depth=%lu ile çakışıyoruyarı: özetlemek --max-depth=0 ile aynıuyarı: mt_type=0x%2$0lx, %1$s dosyası için lseek çekirdek hatasına alternatifler kullanılıyor -- tür listesi için 'e bakıngarip dosyaKUME1 kısaltılmıyorsa KUME2 boş olamazbir çıktı tarzı belirtildiğinde kipler ayarlanamazkarakter sınıflarının tümleyicileri (küme tümleyen=set complement) kullanıldığında KUME2 sadece bir karakter kullanan ifadeler içerebilirçeviri yaparken, KUME2'de kullanılabilecek karakter sınıfları: upper, lowerDizine sabit bağ oluşturulmayacak: sabit bağ %s, dizin %syeni oluşturulmuş %s'un üzerine %s yazılamazyazma hatasıyazma başarısız oldu%s yazılıyor%s'e yazılıyorbayt, karakter ya da alan listesi belirtilmelidirPRIuMAX%s: %: improperly formatted %s checksum lineWARNING: % of % listed file could not be readWARNING: % of % listed files could not be readWARNING: % of % computed checksum did NOT matchWARNING: % of % computed checksums did NOT matchstarting page number % exceeds page count %Page %%s: %: yanlış biçemlenmiş %s sağlama satırıUyarı: listelenmiş dosyanın % / % kısmı okunamadıUyarı: listelenmiş dosyanın % / % kısmı okunamadıUYARI: Hesaplanmış sağlamaların % / % kısmı eşleşmediUYARI: Hesaplanmış sağlamaların % / % kısmı eşleşmedibaşlangıç sayfa numarası % sayfa sayısı % değerini aşıyorSayfa %07070100009267000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001600000000reloc/share/locale/uk07070100009268000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000002200000000reloc/share/locale/uk/LC_MESSAGES07070100009269000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00046a75000000660000000300000000000000000000002f00000000reloc/share/locale/uk/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo0$+`I b b8bddde?fgGghipj!k=llwn5pRRq~r $sT2sGs8stwtpu#v6w;xxzyziz>V{\{R{E||}~~31|eK0 =AĆ Ӊ[E`ԌY9ktF S •y59oH;7Fy qx,@ctTt:56l)IԳ~o"Dg;iZsW.&7^EC4 }AO y= O\(Qi52T*EJ ]!ku&l*C.Q: QEu;4bq _j,;2<n=z~}f}13;qTK *  b V4Y+&wzI<K6 *=K*CX?mH!!"$$8$$3%%X%*~%:%&% &9&&'#C($g(!((,)")%) *' * 5*C*,++XX,;-|-j/~0S102 /3<3 A3 M3 W3a3j3s3y33&4 4 44445#5A5 ]5+~555D50#6T60m6"666/6 7?7W7m77#77>7"8%:8B`8*8888)999%V9,|99#9"9$:%:/E:u:8::::;#;B;W;h;};;;;;;;'<7<*R<}<$<< <<"=*=@=;V======>,>"C>f>y>)>>>>" ?1-?'_?(? ????"@;@J@&]@@"@ @ @@@@A5*A0`A.AA"AA+B;B)[BB BBBlB;CXD nD6|D)DDDEE 4E?E)DE?nEEEEE Fk FvGK~G8GHOIt KtKL M M3M|NxOxP:PP2yQ:Q1QR(R 8R ERQRRSUS#U<(U\eV+V0V W)W0W?W1XAXTXgX7 Z?EZZZZZZV[e[ =]H]`]w]]]$]]]^ )^ 5^ A^N^ _^k^}^^^_ _I*_ t_____ _ _ ____#`<`E`*d``E```N`La^bcHcocNdd d-d&e tKt$PtutGu$w `1̕ܕ $(4]v.2#%<0b3ǗFB.+q51Ә*=h)ʙ%ۙ%@8RӚ&.'!Vx&қ' &EZs Ȝߜ% 8 E R]p+ɝ-!#Edx8Ȟߞ 2Nk  ̟ #"2Ufw}%$ؠ#*!!L'n*̡%%Cb( $ʢ$#?%c!ˣߣ 3-R113#M1q.ҥ  '(<ej;.Ŧ !$?$dDΧ-If)/Ԩ=@B:!ܩ#5;Lͪ  ($Mh|*-(=Tm%#Ǭ"'< R`q" ǭޭ ##>!b!ܮ !1BTm!߯": Xy]Gg{!* ޱ  $ E2Z;ɲR4L(Գ  ,B,`9Ǵ*ʹ0:)'d8ŵ/ڵ  /)-Y #Ķ&)*9d$yϷ߷+!$"Fi#$¸!:!\~%¹7ѹ= Gez -ͺC(? h'rĻ%Ի4 E&f  $ɼ"8V>nB   '8 K Xd{  ).$C-h7οտ  (/5<Zs#J  */Zv8 H,?u=>32f(N fo>@#V<z(/3c~*!8P_3s0$D!^H+28N=J@#Q&u=4.*,Y<037(c`"t \3g>5j_{0, *93d    /7 E7$9;^=>u9X1<l )b 9Mn.Sx9n! 0<#*RL T^^ j A fY`Qu0y `+!!$%'9)s%*+l-T/#1135I6U6J8$8 9:<i=F@-J@gxBtCUEFFGGHIFK^MvzNP\SBTIWUzW8ZU\,T]^2`abc^e g*h?ii8xkln"ojp:Vq suvux_yy_zvU|!}0HW<>9xMbi%\ q~$}-AУO"bUB۬Lk% { <\ص5u:{8Aa8;vtW G#kQ,*;Oy9z.e-10q7+L)[/ X# Y  d*5^`ApVrQVSX>[Gd.9>"t8*!Z#L$&z(D*,-- . . ).3. <. 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Qr  I@G0E9A92{JPJJL7N~iMM6,)6:JMDa)?<iMujjeu; Q E GI U H 0 U 74 Ll ? 0 $* 8O  % v R*J}.9B1GtpH-/v83');>e44#V6t jJ88%q%(34*,6FC}D@1G-y1`c:"1>/23b0<0W5Nb9?5y2!$%)MO,0=-97g9)OCSI2DAYJ#& '1 &Y 0 0 0 >!KR!2!Q!S#":w"U"6#9?#)y##a$4$+-%WY%l%/&IN&6&E&<'nR'j'5,(1b(B(/())M8*-*0*)*<+LL+?+^+8,IN,R,q,K]-X-0.Z3. .!.E.K/c/3z///</X0^t0N0?"1cb1*1.1! 21B2ft2<2>30W3-373A3604#g4>4?4= 5H5Cd55'55}q6(6"7<;7$x717?7H8X8@8*9r39(999G9"C:lf:<:?;KP;;Y;+ <58<-n<(<6<6<w3=I==>1>"C>$f>,>>>$>'?6?V?<e?J?-?:@AV@*@@@jAtoA A#AB03B!dB=BBBB:B0C4DC8yCC'ND%vDMDcDNNE<E9ETF5iFsFG%Gr8GbG`HoH_H SIH_JJKK!L_L7M^NM+M<MN;NTN6-OCdO(OO0OPPPUjPMP6QEQHcQQQ-Q.,R}[R'RTSEVSVSST+TYT^U}fU~UycVVf|WUWD9X~XlYmmYeYtAZhZc[h[[c\]]]nZ^i^3_(`w`Z-aCaUa"b%>b0db bbCbSb*/^ryw[1GdEF+OuwA VPYlP8C?/:595nh.tQ7|N K&/e { vlYtZZ;b}VoTdf5[y0uS$?<>c~7S"{1;a{iLs=W,keK]&Zv6f 2xS)z[LDj^_)TeIf`b,x)t$(!BDaG^I{3 iH((H42B>XC?3,YdMA1qon\RX2AL4t3Qk[mmvz_ -[K:`F:8@ECfc'u~ j5RcMca&KBg0F<0") 5?+ uU7r$p]W6=MnAc1VV ::}A@ `j~S}6-zSWQ|rrRO!(%p<8#'*JE. !U@-Pi=BgH84wbv>$"94s+`sN^$ k Yo*'TUbL1M?O6* j0o;X&b} dZ#uN(si %wGq&%q-.E~I.= ];HqDW<.x_TCLhDQ+=|9las>#eg X0R,z/4f %'ghaFl\k%~#`O!97J>N;*zVJZqe6ip yD-yI@839!I PG xF@n\ rnp CJpOMWBEj ]_x2d Qh {N+|/}GR oHl)m2v\#"TK]P|\wYyk,mXgtJUm3^<7_h"'ULc\bbbbbbbc,c@clcccccdTdpdTc tc1c/c7 d(Md `d d/e[ebe$"e!!$f(*fg#gZ{gDEE#h162628i2Jbj ( EXPRESSION ) EXPRESSION is true ! EXPRESSION EXPRESSION is false EXPRESSION1 -a EXPRESSION2 both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true EXPRESSION1 -o EXPRESSION2 either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true --check-order check that the input is correctly sorted, even if all input lines are pairable --nocheck-order do not check that the input is correctly sorted -a, --all same as -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot time of last system boot -d, --dead print dead processes -H, --heading print line of column headings -b FILE FILE exists and is block special -c FILE FILE exists and is character special -d FILE FILE exists and is a directory -e FILE FILE exists -l produce long format output for the specified USERs -b omit the user's home directory and shell in long format -h omit the user's project file in long format -p omit the user's plan file in long format -s do short format output, this is the default -n STRING the length of STRING is nonzero STRING equivalent to -n STRING -z STRING the length of STRING is zero STRING1 = STRING2 the strings are equal STRING1 != STRING2 the strings are not equal ARG1 * ARG2 arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 is less than ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 is equal to ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 is unequal to ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2 FILE1 -ef FILE2 FILE1 and FILE2 have the same device and inode numbers FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2 FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 is older than FILE2 INTEGER copy up to but not including specified line number /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copy up to but not including a matching line %REGEXP%[OFFSET] skip to, but not including a matching line {INTEGER} repeat the previous pattern specified number of times {*} repeat the previous pattern as many times as possible A line OFFSET is a required `+' or `-' followed by a positive integer. INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING length of STRING a number all lines t number only nonempty lines n number no lines pBRE number only lines that contain a match for the basic regular expression, BRE FORMAT is one of: ln left justified, no leading zeros rn right justified, no leading zeros rz right justified, leading zeros b create a block (buffered) special file c, u create a character (unbuffered) special file p create a FIFO # users=%lu A lightweight `finger' program; print user information. The utmp file will be %s. A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment. A mere - implies -l. If USER not given, assume root. After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number; then an optional modifier, which is either E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available. An omitted EXPRESSION defaults to false. Otherwise, EXPRESSION is true or false and sets exit status. It is one of: As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. Both MAJOR and MINOR must be specified when TYPE is b, c, or u, and they must be omitted when TYPE is p. If MAJOR or MINOR begins with 0x or 0X, it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal; otherwise, as decimal. TYPE may be: By default, rm does not remove directories. Use the --recursive (-r or -R) option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents. By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: Combination settings: * [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase cbreak same as -icanon -cbreak same as icanon Control settings: [-]clocal disable modem control signals [-]cread allow input to be received * [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8] Each FLAG symbol may be: append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc suggested) Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Output "stdio". Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Output ".". Examples: %s f - g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. %s Copy standard input to standard output. Examples: %s root /u Change the owner of /u to "root". %s root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to "staff". %s -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root". Examples: %s staff /u Change the group of /u to "staff". %s -hR staff /u Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff". Except for -h and -L, all FILE-related tests dereference symbolic links. Beware that parentheses need to be escaped (e.g., by backslashes) for shells. INTEGER may also be -l STRING, which evaluates to the length of STRING. Exit status is 0 if EXPRESSION is neither null nor 0, 1 if EXPRESSION is null or 0, 2 if EXPRESSION is syntactically invalid, and 3 if an error occurred. FORMAT controls the output. Interpreted sequences are: %% a literal % %a locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun) Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. If FILE is -, shred standard output. Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified. The default is not to remove the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda, and those files usually should not be removed. When operating on regular files, most people use the --remove option. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual. If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. If FIRST or INCREMENT is omitted, it defaults to 1. That is, an omitted INCREMENT defaults to 1 even when LAST is smaller than FIRST. FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are interpreted as floating point values. INCREMENT is usually positive if FIRST is smaller than LAST, and INCREMENT is usually negative if FIRST is greater than LAST. If a FILE is -, copy again to standard output. If first and second call formats both apply, the second format is assumed if the last operand begins with + or (if there are 2 operands) a digit. An OFFSET operand means -j OFFSET. LABEL is the pseudo-address at first byte printed, incremented when dump is progressing. For OFFSET and LABEL, a 0x or 0X prefix indicates hexadecimal; suffixes may be . for octal and b for multiply by 512. If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). If standard input is a terminal, redirect it from /dev/null. If standard output is a terminal, append output to `nohup.out' if possible, `$HOME/nohup.out' otherwise. If standard error is a terminal, redirect it to standard output. To save output to FILE, use `%s COMMAND > FILE'. Input settings: [-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal [-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline [-]ignbrk ignore break characters [-]igncr ignore carriage return Local settings: [-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings * -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings NOTE: [ honors the --help and --version options, but test does not. test treats each of those as it treats any other nonempty STRING. NOTE: your shell may have its own version of %s, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. Note that the -d and -t options accept different time-date formats. Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available. Output settings: * bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1] * crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3] * ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1] * nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1] Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed to login group if implied by a `:' following a symbolic OWNER. OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic. POS is F[.C][OPTS], where F is the field number and C the character position in the field; both are origin 1. If neither -t nor -b is in effect, characters in a field are counted from the beginning of the preceding whitespace. OPTS is one or more single-letter ordering options, which override global ordering options for that key. If no key is given, use the entire line as the key. SIZE may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). Sending a %s signal to a running `dd' process makes it print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s Options are: Special characters: * dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input) eol CHAR CHAR will end the line TYPE is made up of one or more of these specifications: a named character, ignoring high-order bit c ASCII character or backslash escape The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: The data are encoded as described for the base64 alphabet in RFC 3548. When decoding, the input may contain newlines in addition to the bytes of the formal base64 alphabet. Use --ignore-garbage to attempt to recover from any other non-alphabet bytes in the encoded stream. The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. The valid format sequences for files (without --file-system): %a Access rights in octal %A Access rights in human readable form %b Number of blocks allocated (see %B) %B The size in bytes of each block reported by %b %C SELinux security context string To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo', use one of these commands: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Traditional format specifications may be intermixed; they accumulate: -a same as -t a, select named characters, ignoring high-order bit -b same as -t o1, select octal bytes -c same as -t c, select ASCII characters or backslash escapes -d same as -t u2, select unsigned decimal 2-byte units Use one, and only one of -b, -c or -f. Each LIST is made up of one range, or many ranges separated by commas. Selected input is written in the same order that it is read, and is written exactly once. With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. With no options, produce three-column output. Column one contains lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2, and column three contains lines common to both files. Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. ??? --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories (note: will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the superuser) -f, --force remove existing destination files --complement complement the set of selected bytes, characters or fields --files0-from=F summarize disk usage of the NUL-terminated file names specified in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -H equivalent to --dereference-args (-D) -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si like -h, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 --help display this help and exit --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode print the index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k like --block-size=1K --lookup attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS -m only hostname and user associated with stdin -p, --process print active processes spawned by init --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially --preserve-root do not remove `/' (default) -r, -R, --recursive remove directories and their contents recursively -v, --verbose explain what is being done --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST don't preserve the specified attributes --parents use full source file name under DIRECTORY --one-file-system when removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any directory that is on a file system different from that of the corresponding command line argument --preserve-context preserve SELinux security context -Z, --context=CONTEXT set SELinux security context of files and directories --reference=RFILE use RFILE's security context rather than specifying a CONTEXT value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC output date and time in RFC 3339 format. TIMESPEC=`date', `seconds', or `ns' for date and time to the indicated precision. Date and time components are separated by a single space: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=STRING set time described by STRING -u, --utc, --universal print or set Coordinated Universal Time --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix --time show time of the last modification of any file in the directory, or any of its subdirectories --time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status --time-style=STYLE show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT FORMAT is interpreted like `date' --time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale --version output version information and exit -evenp same as -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7 nl same as -icrnl -onlcr -nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-') [-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty [-]hupcl same as [-]hup [-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input [-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-') [-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors * [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character [-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return [-]inpck enable input parity checking [-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters [-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters [-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters * [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal * [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\' for uppercase characters cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values -cooked same as raw crt same as echoe echoctl echoke dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany ek erase and kill characters to their default values evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N set the input speed to N * line N use line discipline N min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read ospeed N set the output speed to N oddp same as parenb parodd cs7 -oddp same as -parenb cs8 [-]parity same as [-]evenp pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7 raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw same as cooked stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal * swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer * werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed %% a single % %b ARGUMENT as a string with `\' escapes interpreted, except that octal escapes are of the form \0 or \0NNN and all C format specifications ending with one of diouxXfeEgGcs, with ARGUMENTs converted to proper type first. Variable widths are handled. %A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday) %b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan) %B locale's full month name (e.g., January) %c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005) %C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20) %d day of month (e.g, 01) %D date; same as %m/%d/%y %e day of month, space padded; same as %_d %F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d %g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G) %G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V %S second (00..60) %t a tab %T time; same as %H:%M:%S %u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday %U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) %V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53) %w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday %W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53) %d Device number in decimal %D Device number in hex %f Raw mode in hex %F File type %g Group ID of owner %G Group name of owner %h Number of hard links %i Inode number %n File name %N Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link %o I/O block size %s Total size, in bytes %t Major device type in hex %T Minor device type in hex %h same as %b %H hour (00..23) %I hour (01..12) %j day of year (001..366) %i File System ID in hex %l Maximum length of filenames %n File name %s Block size (for faster transfers) %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) %t Type in hex %T Type in human readable form %k hour ( 0..23) %l hour ( 1..12) %m month (01..12) %M minute (00..59) %n a newline %N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) %p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known %P like %p, but lower case %r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM) %R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M %s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u User ID of owner %U User name of owner %x Time of last access %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch %y Time of last modification %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch %z Time of last change %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch %x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99) %X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48) %y last two digits of year (00..99) %Y year %z +hhmm numeric timezone (e.g., -0400) %:z +hh:mm numeric timezone (e.g., -04:00) %::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00) %:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30) %Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT) By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes. + TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like `match' or an operator like `/' ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION --output-delimiter=STR separate columns with STR -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -A, --auto-reference output automatically generated references -G, --traditional behave more like System V `ptx' -F, --flag-truncation=STRING use STRING for flagging line truncations -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks -b, --bytes equivalent to `--apparent-size --block-size=1' -c, --total produce a grand total -D, --dereference-args dereference only symlinks that are listed on the command line -D create all leading components of DEST except the last, then copy SOURCE to DEST -g, --group=GROUP set group ownership, instead of process' current group -m, --mode=MODE set permission mode (as in chmod), instead of rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=OWNER set ownership (super-user only) -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names -h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line follow symbolic links listed on the command line --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory --hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A) -I prompt once before removing more than three files, or when removing recursively. Less intrusive than -i, while still giving protection against most mistakes --interactive[=WHEN] prompt according to WHEN: never, once (-I), or always (-i). Without WHEN, prompt always -L FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h) -O FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID -p FILE FILE exists and is a named pipe -r FILE FILE exists and read permission is granted -s FILE FILE exists and has a size greater than zero -L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links -P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default) -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -S, --separate-dirs do not include size of subdirectories -s, --summarize display only a total for each argument -M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx' -O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives -R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences -T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives -N, --read-bytes=BYTES limit dump to BYTES input bytes -S, --strings[=BYTES] output strings of at least BYTES graphic chars -t, --format=TYPE select output format or formats -v, --output-duplicates do not use * to mark line suppression -w, --width[=BYTES] output BYTES bytes per output line --traditional accept arguments in traditional form -P, --portability use the POSIX output format --sync invoke sync before getting usage info -t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE -T, --print-type print file system type -x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE -v (ignored) -S sort by file size --sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time -S FILE FILE exists and is a socket -t FD file descriptor FD is opened on a terminal -u FILE FILE exists and its set-user-ID bit is set -w FILE FILE exists and write permission is granted -x FILE FILE exists and execute (or search) permission is granted -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create the links -T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file -v, --verbose print name of each linked file -T, -w, --mesg add user's message status as +, - or ? -u, --users list users logged in --message same as -T --writable same as -T -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword -b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting -g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields -i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE -o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of NAME to CTX -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each NAME to CTX -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -a, --all include dummy file systems -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks --total produce a grand total -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories --apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be larger due to holes in (`sparse') files, internal fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like -a, --all convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks --first-only convert only leading sequences of blanks (overrides -a) -t, --tabs=N have tabs N characters apart instead of 8 (enables -a) -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated LIST of tab positions (enables -a) -a, --archive same as -dR --preserve=all --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument --copy-contents copy contents of special files when recursive -d same as --no-dereference --preserve=links -a, --suffix-length=N use suffixes of length N (default %d) -b, --bytes=SIZE put SIZE bytes per output file -C, --line-bytes=SIZE put at most SIZE bytes of lines per output file -d, --numeric-suffixes use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic -l, --lines=NUMBER put NUMBER lines per output file -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline -b, --binary read in binary mode -b, --binary read in binary mode (default unless reading tty stdin) -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -b, --bytes=LIST select only these bytes -c, --characters=LIST select only these characters -d, --delimiter=DELIM use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignore leading blanks -d, --dictionary-order consider only blanks and alphanumeric characters -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case characters -b, --suffix-format=FORMAT use sprintf FORMAT instead of %02d -f, --prefix=PREFIX use PREFIX instead of `xx' -k, --keep-files do not remove output files on errors -c, --check read %s sums from the FILEs and check them -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -c, --crown-margin preserve indentation of first two lines -p, --prefix=STRING reformat only lines beginning with STRING, reattaching the prefix to reformatted lines -s, --split-only split long lines, but do not refill -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries --file-type likewise, except do not append `*' --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso -f omit the line of column headings in short format -w omit the user's full name in short format -i omit the user's full name and remote host in short format -q omit the user's full name, remote host and idle time in short format -f same as -t fF, select floats -i same as -t dI, select decimal ints -l same as -t dL, select decimal longs -o same as -t o2, select octal 2-byte units -s same as -t d2, select decimal 2-byte units -x same as -t x2, select hexadecimal 2-byte units -f FILE FILE exists and is a regular file -g FILE FILE exists and is set-group-ID -G FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID -h FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L) -k FILE FILE exists and has its sticky bit set -f, --canonicalize canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively; all but the last component must exist -e, --canonicalize-existing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, all components must exist -f, --fields=LIST select only these fields; also print any line that contains no delimiter character, unless the -s option is specified -n (ignored) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -f, --force if an existing destination file cannot be opened, remove it and try again (redundant if the -n option is used) -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite (overrides a previous -n option) -H follow command-line symbolic links in SOURCE -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --reference=RFILE use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values -R, --recursive change files and directories recursively -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's group rather than specifying a GROUP value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's owner and group rather than specifying OWNER:GROUP values -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -g like -l, but do not list owner -g GID[,GID1...] also set the primary group-ID to the numeric GID, and (if specified) supplemental group IDs to GID1, ... -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) -i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing fields -j FIELD equivalent to `-1 FIELD -2 FIELD' -o FORMAT obey FORMAT while constructing output line -t CHAR use CHAR as input and output field separator -i, --initial do not convert tabs after non blanks -t, --tabs=NUMBER have tabs NUMBER characters apart, not 8 -i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage -k like --block-size=1K -l, --local limit listing to local file systems --no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) -k like --block-size=1K -l, --count-links count sizes many times if hard linked -m like --block-size=1M -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -l, --link link files instead of copying -L, --dereference always follow symbolic links in SOURCE -l, --login print system login processes -m, --canonicalize-missing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, without requirements on components existence -n, --no-newline do not output the trailing newline -q, --quiet, -s, --silent suppress most error messages -v, --verbose report error messages -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each created directory to CTX -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file (overrides a previous -i option) -P, --no-dereference never follow symbolic links in SOURCE -n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o like -l, but do not list group information -p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output -s, --stable stabilize sort by disabling last-resort comparison -S, --buffer-size=SIZE use SIZE for main memory buffer -p same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps --preserve[=ATTR_LIST] preserve the specified attributes (default: mode,ownership,timestamps), if possible additional attributes: context, links, xattr, all -q, --count all login names and number of users logged on -r, --runlevel print current runlevel -s, --short print only name, line, and time (default) -t, --time print last system clock change -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -r, --reference=FILE display the last modification time of FILE -R, --rfc-2822 output date and time in RFC 2822 format. Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=FILE use this file's times instead of current time -t STAMP use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time --time=WORD change the specified time: WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent to -a WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to -m -r, --references first field of each line is a reference -t, --typeset-mode - not implemented - -w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL specify the name or number of the signal to be sent -l, --list list signal names, or convert signal names to/from numbers -t, --table print a table of signal information -s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -t sort by modification time -T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP use SEP instead of non-blank to blank transition -T, --temporary-directory=DIR use DIR for temporaries, not $TMPDIR or %s; multiple options specify multiple directories -u, --unique with -c, check for strict ordering; without -c, output only the first of an equal run -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -t, --tagged-paragraph indentation of first line different from second -u, --uniform-spacing one space between words, two after sentences -w, --width=WIDTH maximum line width (default of 75 columns) -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -u, --update move only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -t, --text read in text mode (default if reading tty stdin) -t, --text read in text mode (default) -u, --remove truncate and remove file after overwriting -v, --verbose show progress -x, --exact do not round file sizes up to the next full block; this is the default for non-regular files -z, --zero add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system -u, --user=USER set user USER in the target security context -r, --role=ROLE set role ROLE in the target security context -t, --type=TYPE set type TYPE in the target security context -l, --range=RANGE set range RANGE in the target security context -v, --kernel-version print the kernel version -m, --machine print the machine hardware name -p, --processor print the processor type or "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform print the hardware platform or "unknown" -o, --operating-system print the operating system -w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines -w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value -x list entries by lines instead of by columns -X sort alphabetically by entry extension -Z, --context print any SELinux security context of each file -1 list one file per line -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline lcase change upper case to lower case binary use binary I/O for data d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer direct use direct I/O for data directory fail unless a directory dsync use synchronized I/O for data fullblock accumulate full blocks of input (iflag only) noatime do not update access time nocreat do not create the output file excl fail if the output file already exists notrunc do not truncate the output file ucase change lower case to upper case swab swap every pair of input bytes noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file noerror continue after read errors sync pad every input block with NULs to ibs-size; when used with block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing fsync likewise, but also write metadata nofollow do not follow symlinks nolinks fail if multiply-linked nonblock use non-blocking I/O none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups sync likewise, but also for metadata text use text I/O for data %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% %H:%M%P %s-blocks Used Available Capacity (backup: %s) * [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c') [-]echo echo input characters * [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho [-]echoe same as [-]crterase [-]echok echo a newline after a kill character * [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill [-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters * [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\' and '/' [-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters [-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters * [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase * [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character [-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters [-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control [-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence) [-]tandem same as [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded * [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline * [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters * [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays * [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase * [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline * [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return * [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column [-]opost postprocess output * tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3] * tabs same as tab0 * -tabs same as tab3 * vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1] * eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line * lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal * rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it * rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows * size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel speed print the terminal speed time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second Mounted on TTY context=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu groups= old on repetition %s % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %.*s: invalid conversion specification%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu user%lu users%s%s (for regexp %s)%s -> %s (unbackup) %s [-d] terminated abnormally%s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has appeared; following end of new file%s has become accessible%s has become inaccessible%s has been replaced with an untailable file; giving up on this name%s has been replaced; following end of new file%s has unknown file type%s home page: %s is not a valid positive integer%s is too large%s%s argument `%s' too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s: line number out of range%s: %s: match not found%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: binary operator expected%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot change nonblocking mode%s: cannot find name for user ID %lu %s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot lseek back to original position%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot rewind%s: cannot seek%s: cannot seek to end-relative offset %s%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: cannot seek to relative offset %s%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: cannot skip%s: cannot skip to specified offset%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: couldn't reset non-blocking mode%s: descend into directory %s? %s: descend into write-protected directory %s? %s: end of file%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: error truncating%s: error writing at offset %s%s: expected a numeric value%s: failed to close%s: failed to open for writing%s: failed to remove%s: fcntl failed%s: fdatasync failed%s: file has negative size%s: file has shrunk too much%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: fstat failed%s: fsync failed%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input contains an odd number of tokens%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid count at start of %s%s: invalid directive%s: invalid field specification %s%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of passes%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: lseek failed%s: multiple signals specified%s: new permissions are %s, not %s%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: no size information for this device%s: not listing already-listed directory%s: number of bytes is too large%s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove all arguments recursively? %s: remove all arguments? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s: seek failed%s: too many checksum lines%s: try to overwrite %s, overriding mode %04lo (%s)? %s: unable to determine maximum file name length%s: unable to perform all requested operations%s: unary operator expected%s: value not completely converted%s: write error%s:%lu: invalid line; missing second token%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}''')' expected')' expected, found %s(C)* file systems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS version 3 clients * compressed file systems * log-structured or journaled file systems, such as those supplied with AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.) * file systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes fail, such as RAID-based file systems * file systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server , load average: %.2f, %g s, %s/s --context (-Z) works only on an SELinux-enabled kernel-R --dereference requires either -H or -L-R -h requires -P-ef does not accept -l-nt does not accept -l-ot does not accept -l??? Address family for hostname not supportedAll arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. All requests doneArgument buffer too smallArnold RobbinsBad value for ai_flagsBrian FoxCAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important assumption: that the file system overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern file system designs do not satisfy this assumption. The following are examples of file systems on which shred is not effective, or is not guaranteed to be effective in all file system modes: COMMENTCall the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1. Call the unlink function to remove the specified FILE. Change the effective user id and group id to that of USER. -, -l, --login make the shell a login shell -c, --command=COMMAND pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c -f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment do not reset environment variables -p same as -m -s, --shell=SHELL run SHELL if /etc/shells allows it Change the group of each FILE to GROUP. With --reference, change the group of each FILE to that of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the security context of each FILE to CONTEXT. With --reference, change the security context of each FILE to that of RFILE. -h, --no-dereference affect symbolic links instead of any referenced file Chet RameyColin PlumbCompare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output. -A, --show-all equivalent to -vET -b, --number-nonblank number nonempty output lines -e equivalent to -vE -E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line -n, --number number all output lines -s, --squeeze-blank suppress repeated empty output lines Convert blanks in each FILE to tabs, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. -a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDirectory: Display file or file system status. -L, --dereference follow links -f, --file-system display file system status instead of file status Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date. -d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not `now' -f, --file=DATEFILE like --date once for each line of DATEFILE Dmitry V. LevinDrop any supplemental groups, assume the user-ID and group-ID of the specified USER (numeric ID or user name), and run COMMAND with any specified ARGUMENTs. Exit with status 111 if unable to assume the required user and group ID. Otherwise, exit with the exit status of COMMAND. This program is useful only when run by root (user ID zero). EXITEach range is one of: N N'th byte, character or field, counted from 1 N- from N'th byte, character or field, to end of line N-M from N'th to M'th (included) byte, character or field -M from first to M'th (included) byte, character or field With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Echo the STRING(s) to standard output. -n do not output the trailing newline Exit with a status code indicating success.Exit with the status determined by EXPRESSION. F. PinardFAILEDFIXME: unknownFORMAT must be suitable for printing one argument of type `double'; it defaults to %.PRECf if FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are all fixed point decimal numbers with maximum precision PREC, and to %g otherwise. Fifos do not have major and minor device numbers.Filesystem Filesystem TypeFor each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by whitespace. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input. -a FILENUM print unpairable lines coming from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2 -e EMPTY replace missing input fields with EMPTY Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block. General help using GNU software: H. Peter AnvinIDLEIan Lance TaylorIdleIn addition, file system backups and remote mirrors may contain copies of the file that cannot be removed, and that will allow a shredded file to be recovered later. In real life: In the case of ext3 file systems, the above disclaimer applies (and shred is thus of limited effectiveness) only in data=journal mode, which journals file data in addition to just metadata. In both the data=ordered (default) and data=writeback modes, shred works as usual. Ext3 journaling modes can be changed by adding the data=something option to the mount options for a particular file system in the /etc/fstab file, as documented in the mount man page (man mount). Infinity BInterrupted by a signalInvalid back referenceInvalid character class nameInvalid collation characterInvalid content of \{\}Invalid preceding regular expressionInvalid range endInvalid regular expressionJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfLINEList information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort. LoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnMemory allocation failureMemory exhaustedMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNAMENameName or service not knownNo address associated with hostnameNo matchNo previous regular expressionNon-recoverable failure in name resolutionOKOnly one string may be given when deleting without squeezing repeats.Ordering options: Other options: Output a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. Determine format of output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output defaults Output fixed-size pieces of INPUT to PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ...; default size is 1000 lines, and default PREFIX is `x'. With no INPUT, or when INPUT is -, read standard input. Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files `xx00', `xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output. Output platform dependent limits in a format useful for shell scripts. Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. PIDPadraig BradyPaginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Parameter string not correctly encodedPassword:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlan: Premature end of regular expressionPrint ARGUMENT(s) according to FORMAT, or execute according to OPTION: Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print NAME with its trailing /component removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output `.' (meaning the current directory). Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s. -a, --all print all information, in the following order, except omit -p and -i if unknown: -s, --kernel-name print the kernel name -n, --nodename print the network node hostname -r, --kernel-release print the kernel release Print machine architecture. Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT. -f, --format=FORMAT use printf style floating-point FORMAT -s, --separator=STRING use STRING to separate numbers (default: \n) -w, --equal-width equalize width by padding with leading zeroes Print or change terminal characteristics. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. -s, --silent, --quiet print nothing, only return an exit status Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the full filename of the current working directory. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the name of the current user. Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID. Same as id -un. Processing request in progressProject: Q. Frank XiaRandy SmithRegular expression too bigRemove (unlink) the FILE(s). -f, --force ignore nonexistent files, never prompt -i prompt before every removal Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Report %s translation bugs to Request canceledRequest not canceledRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonRun COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling. With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Nicenesses range from %d (most favorable scheduling) to %d (least favorable). -n, --adjustment=N add integer N to the niceness (default 10) Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals. Run a program in a different security context. With neither CONTEXT nor COMMAND, print the current security context. CONTEXT Complete security context -c, --compute compute process transition context before modifying -t, --type=TYPE type (for same role as parent) -u, --user=USER user identity -r, --role=ROLE role -l, --range=RANGE levelrange Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerSend signals to processes, or list signals. Servname not supported for ai_socktypeSet LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Shell: Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default. Simon JosefssonSpecial files require major and minor device numbers.Stuart KempSuccessSummarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. System errorTIMETemporary failure in name resolutionThe following optional flags may follow `%': - (hyphen) do not pad the field _ (underscore) pad with spaces 0 (zero) pad with zeros ^ use upper case if possible # use opposite case if possible The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. -H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it -L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered -P do not traverse any symbolic links (default) The strings compared were %s and %s.Torbjorn GranlundTrailing backslashTry `%s --help' for more information. Try `%s ./%s' to remove the file %s. Two strings must be given when translating.Ulrich DrepperUnknown errorUnknown system errorUnmatched ( or \(Unmatched ) or \)Unmatched [ or [^Unmatched \{Usage: %s Usage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s CONTEXT COMMAND [args] or: %s [ -c ] [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-t TYPE] [-l RANGE] COMMAND [args] Usage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NUMBER[SUFFIX]... or: %s OPTION Pause for NUMBER seconds. SUFFIX may be `s' for seconds (the default), `m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. Unlike most implementations that require NUMBER be an integer, here NUMBER may be an arbitrary floating point number. Given two or more arguments, pause for the amount of time specified by the sum of their values. Usage: %s OPTION... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NAME] or: %s OPTION Print or set the hostname of the current system. Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPERAND]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... CONTEXT FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-l RANGE] [-t TYPE] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... or: %s [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form) or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form) Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] or: %s -e [OPTION]... [ARG]... or: %s -i LO-HI [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Base64 encode or decode FILE, or standard input, to standard output. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] or: %s --traditional [OPTION]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [TEMPLATE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [ignored command line arguments] or: %s OPTION Usage: test EXPRESSION or: test or: [ EXPRESSION ] or: [ ] or: [ OPTION Valid arguments are:Valid format sequences for file systems: %a Free blocks available to non-superuser %b Total data blocks in file system %c Total file nodes in file system %d Free file nodes in file system %f Free blocks in file system %C SELinux security context string WARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s Warning: WhenWhereWrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write a random permutation of the input lines to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to standard output. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``-%c' extra characters or invalid number in the argument: %s`--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argument`-N NUMBER' invalid starting line number: %s`-W PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %s`-l PAGE_LENGTH' invalid number of lines: %s`-o MARGIN' invalid line offset: %s`-w PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %sa command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sai_family not supportedai_socktype not supportedambiguous argument %s for %san input delimiter may be specified only when operating on fieldsbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileblock special files not supportedboth files cannot be standard inputbyte offset %s is too largecan't apply partial context to unlabeled file %scan't get process contextcannot access %scannot backup %scannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change ownership of %scannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot chdir to root directorycannot combine -e and -i optionscannot combine any two of {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}cannot combine block and unblockcannot combine excl and nocreatcannot combine lcase and ucasecannot combine mode and --reference optionscannot combine signal with -l or -tcannot compare file names %s and %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot dereference %scannot determine device and inode of %scannot determine hostnamecannot do ioctl on %scannot find name for group ID %lucannot find name for user ID %lucannot follow %s by namecannot force target context to %s and preserve itcannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot get nicenesscannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open %s for writingcannot open directory %scannot operate on dangling symlink %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot perform formatted outputcannot preserve extended attributes, cp is built without xattr supportcannot preserve security context without an SELinux-enabled kernelcannot print "only" of more than one choicecannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot print security context when user specifiedcannot read directory %scannot read file names from %scannot read file system information for %scannot read realtime clockcannot read symbolic link %scannot read table of mounted file systemscannot remove %scannot reposition file pointer for %scannot set datecannot set group idcannot set group-ID to %lucannot set groupscannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot set name to %scannot set nicenesscannot set time stamps for %scannot set user idcannot set user-ID to %lucannot skip past end of combined inputcannot specify times from more than one sourcecannot split in more than one waycannot stat %scannot stat current directory (now %s)cannot touch %scannot un-backup %scannot unlink %scannot work around kernel bug after allchanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %schanging security context of %s character offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special filecharacter special files not supportedclearing permissions for %sclock changeclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing directory %sclosing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputconflicting empty-field replacement stringsconflicting security context specifiers givencouldn't create process for %s -dcouldn't create temporary filecouldn't execute %scouldn't execute %s -dcouldn't find directory entry in %s with matching i-nodecouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %screating file %s creating hard link %screating hard link %s => %screating hard link to %.0s%screating symbolic link %screating symbolic link %s -> %sdirectorydivision by zerodup2 failedempty %s not allowedempty file nameempty taberror closing fileerror in regular expression matchererror in regular expression searcherror reading %serror writing %sexit=extra argument %sextra operand %sextra operand %s extra operand %s not allowed with -%cfailed to change context of %s to %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to chdir to %sfailed to compute a new contextfailed to create directory via template %sfailed to create file via template %sfailed to create security context: %sfailed to get attributes of %sfailed to get current contextfailed to get file system create contextfailed to get groups for user %sfailed to get security context of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to open %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to redirect standard errorfailed to remove %sfailed to remove directory %sfailed to reopen %s with mode %sfailed to restore the default file creation contextfailed to return to initial working directoryfailed to set %s security context component to %sfailed to set default file creation context to %sfailed to set new range %sfailed to set new role %sfailed to set new type %sfailed to set new user %sfailed to set supplemental group(s)failed to set the copy of stderr to close on execfailed to set the security context of %s to %sfailed to stat %sfdatasync failed for %sfflush failedfield number %s is too largefield number is zerofields and positions are numbered from 1fifofile %d is not in sorted orderfile operands cannot be combined with --print-database (-p)file system type %s both selected and excludedfork system call failedformat %s ends in %%format %s has no %% directiveformat %s has too many %% directivesformat %s has unknown %%%c directiveformat string may not be specified when printing equal width stringsfsync failed for %sfts_read failedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsignoring inputignoring input and appending output to %signoring input and redirecting stderr to stdoutignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %signoring non-option argumentsincompatible join fields %lu, %luincompatible tabsincorrect passwordinput disappearedinput line is too longinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid %s%s argument `%s'invalid adjustment %sinvalid argument %sinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid body numbering style: %sinvalid byte or field listinvalid character `%c' in type string %sinvalid character class %sinvalid context: %sinvalid conversioninvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid date %sinvalid date format %sinvalid decreasing rangeinvalid device %s %sinvalid device type %sinvalid field number: %sinvalid field specifier: %sinvalid field width: %sinvalid file number in field spec: %sinvalid floating point argument: %sinvalid footer numbering style: %sinvalid format precisioninvalid format widthinvalid gap width: %sinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid group: %sinvalid header numbering style: %sinvalid inputinvalid input flaginvalid input range %sinvalid integer %sinvalid integer argument %sinvalid line count %sinvalid line discipline %sinvalid line number field width: %sinvalid line number increment: %sinvalid line numbering format: %sinvalid line width: %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid maximum depth %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid modeinvalid mode %sinvalid mode: %sinvalid number %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of blank lines: %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of columns: %sinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid number of lines: 0invalid option -- %cinvalid option -- %c; -WIDTH is recognized only when it is the first option; use -w N insteadinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid output flaginvalid precision: %sinvalid range with no endpoint: -invalid repeat count %s in [c*n] constructinvalid specinvalid starting line number: %sinvalid status flaginvalid suffix in %s%s argument `%s'invalid tab size: %sinvalid template, %s, contains directory separatorinvalid template, %s; with --tmpdir, it may not be absoluteinvalid time interval %sinvalid time style format %sinvalid trailing option -- %cinvalid type string %sinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte floating point typeinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte integral typeinvalid universal character name \%c%0*xinvalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sinvalid wrap size: %sinvalid zero-length file nameit is dangerous to operate recursively on %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)last=leading `-' in a component of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name component %sline count option -%s%c... is too largeline number %s is smaller than preceding line number, %sline number overflowmaximum --%s argument with current rlimit is %smemory exhaustedmessage queuemisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing `]'missing argument after %smissing argument to %smissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing destination file operand after %smissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing file operandmissing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operandmissing operand after %smode must specify only file permission bitsmode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multi-character tab %smultiple -i options specifiedmultiple -l or -t options specifiedmultiple compress programs specifiedmultiple delimiters specifiedmultiple levelrangesmultiple output files specifiedmultiple output formats specifiedmultiple random sources specifiedmultiple rolesmultiple target directories specifiedmultiple typesmultiple usersneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno change to ownership of %s no command specifiedno file systems processedno files remainingno login nameno process ID specifiedno type may be specified when dumping stringsno username specified; at least one must be specified when using -lnonportable character %s in file name %snot a ttynot writing through dangling symlink %snumber in %s is too largenumber of bytesnumber of linesoffset overflow while reading file %somitting directory %sonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one device may be specifiedonly one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %soption used in invalid context -- %coptions `-%s' are incompatibleownership of %s retained ownership of %s retained as %s page width too narrowpreserving permissions for %spreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedreading %sreading directory %srecord too largeregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %srun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptyset LC_ALL='C' to work around the problemsetting flags for %ssetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectskip-bytes + read-bytes is too largeskipping %s, since it's on a different deviceskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstderrstdinstdoutstray character in field specstring comparison failedstring transformation failedstrip process terminated abnormallysuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errortab size cannot be 0tab size contains invalid character(s): %stab sizes must be ascendingtab stop is too large %stab stop value is too largetabs are too far aparttarget %s is not a directorytarget directory not allowed when installing a directoryterm=test and/or [the --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the argument %s lacks a leading `+'; when using an option to specify date(s), any non-option argument must be a format string beginning with `+'the delimiter must be a single characterthe options for verbose and stty-readable output styles are mutually exclusivethe options to output dircolors' internal database and to select a shell syntax are mutually exclusivethe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivethe strings compared were %s and %sthe strip option may not be used when installing a directorythe untransformed string was %stime %s is out of rangeto use user-ID %s you need to use -g tootoo few X's in template %stoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtoo many characters in settoo many repeated linestoo many templatestotaltyped memory objectuid=%luunable to display error messageunable to record current working directoryunable to set security context %sunknown binary operatorunknown streamunknown user-ID: %sunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableunrecognized operand %sunrecognized prefix: %suse --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeuser %s does not existusing arbitrary-precision arithmeticusing restricted shell %susing single-precision arithmeticwaiting for %s [-d]waiting for stripwarning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredwarning: %s: failed to change context to %swarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: --retry is useful mainly when following by namewarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: `touch %s' is obsolete; use `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'warning: an unescaped backslash at end of string is not portablewarning: backslash at end of formatwarning: cannot change directory to %swarning: cannot remove: %swarning: following standard input indefinitely is ineffectivewarning: ignoring excess arguments, starting with %swarning: invalid file offset after failed readwarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: line number %s is the same as preceding line numberwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: summarizing conflicts with --max-depth=%luwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0warning: the ambiguous octal escape \%c%c%c is being interpreted as the 2-byte sequence \0%c%c, %cwarning: unrecognized escape `\%c'warning: working around lseek kernel bug for file (%s) of mt_type=0x%0lx -- see for the list of typesweird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen reading file names from stdin, no file name of %s allowedwhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'will not copy %s through just-created symlink %swill not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swith --parents, the destination must be a directorywrite errorwrite error for %swrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify -c, -t, -u, -l, -r, or contextyou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsProject-Id-Version: coreutils 7.1 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2009-03-18 15:12+0300 Last-Translator: Maxim V. Dziumanenko Language-Team: Ukrainian MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n%10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2); ( ВИРАЗ ) ВИРАЗ істинний ! ВИРАЗ ВИРАЗ хибний ВИРАЗ1 -a ВИРАЗ2 ВИРАЗ1 та ВИРАЗ2 обидва істинні ВИРАЗ1 -o ВИРАЗ2 ВИРАЗ1 або ВИРАЗ2 істинний --check-order перевіряти, що вхідний потік сортований, навіть якщо усі вхідні рядки утворюють пари --nocheck-order не перевіряти, що вхідний потік коректно сортований -a, --all еквівалент -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot час останнього звантаження системи -d, --dead виводити мертві процеси -H, --heading виводити рядок з заголовками стовпчиків -b ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ існує та є спеціальним з блочним доступом -c ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ існує та є спеціальним з символьним доступом -d ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ існує та є каталогом -e ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ існує -l використовувати докладний формат виводу -b опустити у докладному форматі початковий каталог та оболонку цього користувача -h опустити у докладному форматі файл проекту цього користувача -p опустити у докладному форматі файл плану цього користувача -s короткий формат виводу, типово використовується -n РЯДОК довжина РЯДКА відмінна від нуля РЯДОК еквівалентно -n РЯДОК -z РЯДОК довжина РЯДКА дорівнює нулю РЯДОК1 = РЯДОК2 рядки еквівалентні РЯДОК1 != РЯДОК2 рядки не еквівалентні АРГ1 * АРГ2 арифметичний добуток АРГ1 та АРГ2 АРГ1 / АРГ2 арифметична частка від АРГ1 та АРГ2 АРГ1 % AРГ2 арифметичний залишок від ділення АРГ1 на АРГ2 АРГ1 + АРГ2 арифметична сума АРГ1 та АРГ2 АРГ1 - АРГ2 арифметична різниця АРГ1 та АРГ2 АРГ1 < АРГ2 АРГ1 менше АРГ2 АРГ1 <= АРГ2 АРГ1 менше або дорівнює АРГ2 АРГ1 = АРГ2 АРГ1 дорівнює АРГ2 АРГ1 != АРГ2 АРГ1 не дорівнює АРГ2 АРГ1 >= АРГ2 АРГ1 більше або дорівнює АРГ2 АРГ1 > АРГ2 АРГ1 більше АРГ2 ФАЙЛ1 -ef ФАЙЛ2 ФАЙЛ1 та ФАЙЛ2 мають одинакові пристрої та номери inode ФАЙЛ1 -nt ФАЙЛ2 ФАЙЛ1 змінювався пізніше ніж ФАЙЛ2 ФАЙЛ1 -ot ФАЙЛ2 ФАЙЛ1 створений пізніше ніж ФАЙЛ2 ЦІЛЕ копіювати до рядка з вказаним номером, але не включно /REGEXP/[ЗСУВ] копіювати до відповідного рядка, але не включно %%REGEXP%%[ЗСУВ] пропустити до відповідного рядка, але не включно {ЦІЛЕ} повторити попередній шаблон вказане число раз {*} повторити попередній шаблон максимальну кількість разів Додатковий ЗСУВ рядків -- це обов'язковий символ `+' або `-' з попереднім додатнім цілим числом. ЦІЛЕ1 -eq ЦІЛЕ2 ЦІЛЕ1 дорівнює ЦІЛОМУ2 ЦІЛЕ1 -ge ЦІЛЕ2 ЦІЛЕ1 більше або дорівнює ЦІЛОМУ2 ЦІЛЕ1 -gt ЦІЛЕ2 ЦІЛЕ1 більше ЦІЛОГО2 ЦІЛЕ1 -le ЦІЛЕ2 ЦІЛЕ1 менше або дорівнює ЦІЛОМУ2 ЦІЛЕ1 -lt ЦІЛЕ2 ЦІЛЕ1 менше ЦІЛОГО2 ЦІЛЕ1 -ne ЦІЛЕ2 ЦІЛЕ1 відмінне від ЦІЛОГО2 РЯДОК : REGEXP перевірка відповідності REGEXP початку або кінцю РЯДКА match РЯДОК REGEXP те саме, що та РЯДОК : REGEXP substr РЯДОК ПОЗ ДОВЖИНА частина РЯДКА, позиція відраховується від 1 index РЯДОК СИМВОЛИ позиція у РЯДКУ, де першим знайдений будь-який з СИМВОЛІВ, інакше 0 length РЯДОК довжина РЯДКА a нумерувати всі рядки t нумерувати лише не порожні рядки n не нумерувати рядки pБРВ нумерувати лише рядки, частина яких збігається з базовим регулярним виразом БРВ ФОРМАТ вказується як один з наступних: ln вирівнювати по лівому краю, не виводити початкові нулі rn вирівнювати по правому краю, не виводити початкові нулі rz вирівнювати по правому краю, виводити початкові нулі b створити файл блочного пристрою (буферизований) c, u створити файл символьного пристрою (не буферизований) p створити іменований канал число користувачів=%lu Спрощена програма `finger'; виводить відомості про користувача. У складі файлу utmp буде використовуватися %s. Просто `-' -- синонім для `-i'. Якщо не вказана КОМАНДА, виводить отримане оточення. Просто знак мінус означає -l. Якщо КОРИСТУВАЧ не вказаний, вважається root. Після будь-якої з ознак йде необов'язкова ширина поля у вигляді десяткового; числа потім необов'язковий модифікатор, один з наступних: E -- якщо можливо, вживати альтернативне представлення для поточної локалі O -- якщо можливо, використовувати альтернативні числові символи локалі. Якщо ВИРАЗ не вказаний, він вважається хибним. У іншому випадку ВИРАЗ може бути істинним або хибним; він встановлює статус завершення програми. Код завершення визначається наступним образом: Коли вказані ключі -f та -b, та SOURCE збігається з DEST cp створює резервну копію DEST. Пам'ятайте, що при використанні у оболонці деякі оператори повинні бути взяті у дужки. Якщо обидва аргументу АРГ є числами, то виконується арифметичний порівняння, інакше вони порівнюються як рядки. При відповідності шаблону повертається відповідний рядок рядок між \( та \) або порожній рядок; якщо \( та \) не використовуються, то повертається кількість відповідних символів. Якщо ТИП -- це b, c або u, необхідно вказувати як ОСНОВНИЙ, так і ДРУГОРЯДНИЙ, а якщо ТИП дорівнює p, їх не можна вказувати. Якщо ОСНОВНИЙ або ДРУГОРЯДНИЙ починаються з 0x або 0X, вони інтерпретуються як шістнадцяткові числа; якщо починаються з 0 - як вісімкові; інакше як десяткові. ТИП може приймати наступні значення: Зазвичай rm не видаляє каталоги. Використовуйте ключ --recursive (-r або -R), щоб видалити всі перелічені каталоги разом з їх змістом. Типово використовуються -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. СС - це два знаки, що розділяють логічні сторінки; якщо вказаний лише один, то я якості іншого використовується :. Вводьте \\ щоб отримати \. СТИЛЬ вказується як один з наступних: Об'єднані параметри: * [-]LCASE синонім [-]lcase cbreak синонім -icanon -cbreak синонім icanon Параметри керування: [-]clocal скасувати керуючі сигнали модему [-]cread дозволити ввід * [-]crtscts дозволити керування потоком з підтвердженням готовності csН встановити розмір символу рівним Н біт, Н від 5 до 8 Символ-ОЗНАКА може бути таким: append режим додавання (має сенс для виводу; рекомендується conv=notrunc) РЕЖИМ вказується у формі `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Приклади: %s /usr/bin/sort Виводить "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Виводить "stdio". Приклади: %s /usr/bin/sort Виводить "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Виводить ".". Приклади: %s f - g Виводить вміст f, потім стандартний потік вводу, потім вміст g. %s Копіює дані зі стандартного потоку вводу у стандартний вивід. Приклади: %s root /u Змінює власника /u на "root". %s root:staff /u То же, але ще міняє групу на "staff". %s -hR root /u Змінює власника /u та вкладених файлів на "root". Приклади: %s staff /u Змінює групу /u на "staff". %s -hR staff /u Змінює групу /u та вкладених файлів на "staff". Всі тести, що відносяться до ФАЙЛУ, крім -h та -L розіменовують символьні посилання. Пам'ятайте, що ви повинні скасувати спеціальне значення дужок для командного інтерпретатора (наприклад, за допомогою знаку `\'). ЦІЛЕ може також бути вказане як "-l РЯДОК", при цьому воно приймає значення довжини РЯДКА. Статус завершення дорівнює 0, якщо ВИРАЗ не порожній та не 0; 1, якщо ВИРАЗ порожній або 0; 2, якщо ВИРАЗ синтаксично неправильний; та 3, якщо виникла помилка. ФОРМАТ керує виводом. Розпізнаються послідовності: %% знак % %a місцева скорочена назва дня тижня (напр., нед) Керує термінальною лінією, що підключена до стандартного вводу. Запущена без аргументів, виводить швидкість передачі інформації, line discipline та відмінності від звичайних параметрів. В параметрах, СИМВОЛИ трактуються буквально або вказуються у як ^c, 0x37, 0177 або 127; для скасування спеціальних символів служать значення ^- та undef. Якщо ФАЙЛ вказаний як -, змішувати стандартний вивід. Видаляє ФАЙЛ(ы), якщо вказаний --remove (-u). Типово файли не видаляються, оскільки часто обробляються файли-пристрої на зразок /dev/hda, а такі файли не треба видаляти. При обробці звичайних файлів більшість людей використовує ключ --remove. Якщо ФАЙЛ не вказаний, використовується %s. Часто як ФАЙЛ вказують %s. Якщо вказані АРГ1 та АРГ2, вважається використання -m: наприклад `am i' та `mom likes'. Якщо вказаний FILE, то читати його щоб дізнатись які кольори яким розширенням призначені. Інакше використовувати типову базу даних. Для докладнішого опису формату FILE запустите dircolors --print-database. Якщо не вказані ПЕРШЕ або ПРИРІСТ, типово використовується 1. Тобто ПРИРІСТ типово приймається за 1, навіть якщо ОСТАННІЙ менше ПЕРШОГО. ПЕРШИЙ, ОСТАННІЙ та ПРИРІСТ вважаються числами з рухомою комою. ПРИРІСТ повинен бути додатнім, якщо ПЕРШИЙ менше ОСТАННЬОГО, та від'ємним у іншому випадку. Якщо ФАЙЛ вказаний як -, копіює знову у стандартний вивід. Якщо застосовуються й перша, й друга форми виклику, вважається друга форма, якщо останній операнд починається на + або (якщо вказані два операнда) на цифру. Операнд ЗСУВ означає -j ЗСУВ. МІТКА -- це псевдоадреса першого виведеного байту, збільшується у процесі виводу. Префікс 0x або 0X задає ЗСУВ або МІТКУ як шістнадцяткові числа, суфікс . -- як вісімкові, а суфікс b помножує на 512. Якщо команда не вказана, виконує ``${SHELL} -i'' (типово: /bin/sh). Якщо стандартний ввід відбувається з терміналу, перенаправте його з /dev/null. Якщо стандартний вивід відбувається на термінал, якщо можливо, перенаправте його на додавання до `nohup.out', ц іному разі др `$HOME/nohup.out'. Якщо стандартний потік помилок виводиться на екран, перенаправте його у стандартний потік виводу. Щоб зберегти вивід у ФАЙЛ, вкажіть `%s КОМАНДА > ФАЙЛ'. Параметри вводу: [-]brkint символ break буде викликати сигнал переривання [-]icrnl перетворювати переведення каретки у переведення рядка [-]ignbrk ігнорувати символи переривання [-]igncr ігнорувати символи переведення каретки Локальні параметри: [-]crterase стирати символи як забиття-пробіл-забиття * crtkill стирати весь рядок, згідно з параметрами echoprt та echoe * -crtkill стирати весь рядок, згідно з параметрами echoctl та echok ПРИМІТКА: [ притримується параметрів --help та --version options, але тест - ні. інтерпретує кожен з цих параметрів як будь-який непорожній рядок. ПРИМІТКА: ваша оболонка може надавати свою версію %s, яка звичайно перекриває версію, описану тут. Зверніться до документації з вашої оболонки, щоб дізнатись, які ключі вона підтримує. Зауважте, що ключі -d та -t сприймають різні формати дати та часу. Необов'язковий знак мінус перед ПАРАМЕТРом означає зміну знаку. Зірочкою позначені параметри, не описані у стандарті POSIX. Доступність того чи іншого параметру визначається системою, що використовується. Параметри виводу: * bsН пауза після забою, діапазон Н [0..1] * crН пауза після переведення каретки, діапазон Н [0..3] * ffН пауза після переведення сторінки, діапазон Н [0..1] * nlН пауза після нового рядка, діапазон Н [0..1] Власник не змінюється, якщо він не вказаний у аргументі. Група також не змінюється, якщо не вказана; але якщо після символьного ВЛАСНИКА стоїть знак `:', вважається зміна групи на основну групу поточного користувача. ВЛАСНИК та ГРУПА можуть бути як числовими, так і символьними. ПОЗиція вказується як П[.З][КЛЮЧ], де П -- номер поля, а З -- позиція знаку у цьому поле. КЛЮЧ складається з однієї або кількох літер, що вказують порядок сортування; він скасовує відповідні глобальні ключі для цього ключового поля. Якщо ключове поле не вказано, у якості ключа використовується цілий рядок. Після РОЗМІРУ можна вказувати наступні суфікси-мультиплікатори: Виводить значення ВИРАЗУ на стандартний вивід. Нижче порожніми рядками розділені групи за зростанням пріоритету. Можливі ВИРАЗИ: АРГ1 | АРГ2 АРГ1, якщо він відмінний від нуля, інакше АРГ2 АРГ1 & АРГ2 АРГ1, якщо обидва відмінні від нуля, інакше 0 Якщо ФАЙЛ вказаний як -, читає стандартний ввід. ШАБЛОН вказується наступним чином: ТАБЛИЦі вказуються як символьні рядки. У багатьох випадках символи представляють самі себе. Приймаються наступні послідовності: \ННН знак з вісімковим кодом ННН (від 1 до 3 цифр) \\ зворотна похила риска \a звуковий сигнал \b забиття \f переведення сторінки \n новий рядок \r переведення каретки \t горизонтальна табуляція Якщо ФОРМАТ -- одне з [doux], ЧИСЛО можна вказувати як C (char), S (short), I (int) або L (long), якщо ФОРМАТ дорівнює f, то ЧИСЛО може бути F (float), D (double) або L (long double). Якщо надіслати запущеному процесу `dd' сигнал %s, він виведе на стандартний потік помилок статистику вводу/виводу та продовжить копіювання. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 вхідних записів 18335302+0 вихідних записів 9387674624 байта (9.4 GB) скопійовано, 34.6279 секунди, 271 Мб/с Ключі: Спеціальні символи: * dsusp СИМВОЛ СИМВОЛ буде надсилати терміналу сигнал зупинки при завершенні вводу eof СИМВОЛ СИМВОЛ буде означати кінець файлу (припинення вводу) eol СИМВОЛ СИМВОЛ буде означати кінець рядка ТИП може складатись з одного або більше наступних описів: a іменований знак c ASCII-знак або керуюча послідовність з `\' Типовий суфікс для запасних копій ~, лише якщо не встановлена змінна оточення SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX або ключ --suffix. Спосіб контролю версій можна вказати ключем --backup або змінною оточення VERSION_CONTROL. Можливі значення: Дані закодовані символами з алфавіту base64, відповідно до RFC 3548. При декодуванні ввід може містити також переведення рядків окрім байтів формального алфавіту base64. Вказуйте ключ --ignore-garbage, щоб спробувати ігнорувати неалфавітні знаки в закодованому потоці. Метод обчислення контрольних сум описаний у %s. Вхідними даними при перевірці повинні бути отримані раніше дані виводу цієї програми. Типово виводить рядок з контрольною сумою, знак, що відображає тип файлу (`*' для двійкових, ` ' для текстових), та назва кожного ФАЙЛУ. Можливі форматні послідовності для файлів (без --file-system): %a Права доступу у вісімковій формі %A Права доступу у текстовій формі %b Число виділених блоків (дивіться %B) %B Розмір блоку, що повідомляється %b, у байтах %C рядок з контекстом безпеки SELinux Для видалення файлу, що починається з `-' (наприклад: `-foo'), використовуйте одну з наступних команд: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Традиційні специфікації формату можна змішувати, вони акумулюються: -a синонім -t a, іменовані знаки -b синонім -t o1, вісімкові байти -c синонім -t c, ASCII-знаки або керуючі послідовності з `\' -d синонім -t u2, беззнакові десяткові двобайтові одиниці Використовуйте один, і лише один, з ключів -b, -c чи -f. Кожен СПИСОК складається з одного діапазону, або кількох діапазонів, розділених комами. Вибрані частини вхідного файлу виводяться у тому порядку, у якому вони, з'являються на вході, та виводяться рівно один раз. Якщо ФАЙЛ не вказаний або вказаний як -, читає стандартний ввід. Типово вважається вказаним `-F /'. Якщо вхідний файл не вказаний, або якщо вказано символ -, використовується стандартний ввід. Якщо запущений без ключів виводить результат у три стовпчики. Перший стовпчик містить рядки, унікальні для ФАЙЛУ1, другий -- унікальні для ФАЙЛУ2, а третій -- спільні для обох файлів рядки. Якщо КЛЮЧІ не вказані, виводить стандартний набір корисних відомостей. Виводить однозначне (типово байтове вісімкове) представлення ФАЙЛУ на стандартний вивід. Якщо ФАЙЛ не вказаний або вказаний як -, читається стандартний ввід. ??? --backup[=КОНТРОЛЬ] робити резервну копію кожного цільового файлу -b те ж, що й --backup, але не приймає аргумент -d, -F, --directory дозволяє суперкористувачу створювати жорсткі посилання на каталоги (примітка: ймовірно, це не вийде через системні обмеження, навіть для суперкористувача) -f, --force видаляти існуючі цільові файли --complement доповнити множину вибраних байтів, знаків або полів. --files0-from=Ф вивести звіт про файли, чиї назви (завершені нулем) перераховані у файлі Ф Якщо Ф вказано - назви беруться зі стандартного вводу -H еквівалент ключа --dereference-args (-D) -h, --human-readable виводити розміри у зручному для людини вигляді (наприклад, 1K 234M 2G) --si як -h, але використовувати ступені 1000, а не 1024 --help показати цю довідку та вийти --indicator-style=СТИЛЬ додавати до назв елементів індикатор з вказаним СТИЛЕМ: none (типово), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode з -l, виводити номер i-вузла кожного файлу -I, --ignore=ШАБЛОН не виводити файли, що відповідають ШАБЛОНУ -k те саме, що й --block-size=1K --lookup намагатись канонізувати назви вузлів через DNS -m лише назва вузлі та користувач, пов'язані з стандартним вводом -p, --process виводити активні процеси, які породжені init --no-preserve-root не обробляти `/' особливим чином (типово) --preserve-root відмовлятись рекурсивно обробляти `/' -r, -R, --recursive рекурсивно видаляти каталоги та їх зміст -v, --verbose пояснювати дії, що виконуються --no-preserve-root не обробляти `/' особливим чином (типово) --preserve-root не обробляти рекурсивно `/' --no-preserve-root не трактувати `/' особливим чином (типово) --preserve-root перешкоджати рекурсивному виконанню на `/' --no-preserve=СПИС_АТТР не зберігати вказані атрибути --parents добавить вихідний шлях до КАТАЛОГУ --one-file-system при видаленні ієрархії рекурсивно, пропускати каталоги, що лежать на інших файлових системах, ніж вказані аргументами командного рядку --preserve-context зберегти контекст безпеки SELinux -Z, --context=CONTEXT встановити контекст безпеки SELinux для файлів та каталогів --reference=ЗФАЙЛУ використовувати контекст ЗФАЙЛУ замість явного вказування КОНТЕКСТ -R, --recursive рекурсивно обробляти файли та каталоги -v, --verbose виводити діагностичні повідомлення для кожного файлу --rfc-3339[=СПЕЦ] вивести дату/час у форматі RFC 3339 СПЕЦ=`date', `seconds' або `ns' для отримання дати та часу з вказаною точністю. -s, --set=РЯДОК встановити час, що описується РЯДКОМ -u, --utc, --universal показати або встановити універсальний координований час --strip-trailing-slashes видаляє всі кінцеві косі риски з кожного аргументу ДЖЕРЕЛО -S, --suffix=СУФІКС перевизначає суфікс для резервних копій --time виводити час останньої зміни будь-якого файлу у каталозі або усіх його підкаталогів --time=СЛОВО виводити вказаний у СЛОВО час, а не час зміни: atime, access, use, ctime або status --time-style=СТИЛЬ виводити час, використовуючи СТИЛЬ: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +ФОРМАТ ФОРМАТ інтерпретується як у `date' --time-style=СТИЛЬ з -l, виводити час використовуючи СТИЛЬ: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +ФОРМАТ. ФОРМАТ інтерпретується як у `date'; якщо ФОРМАТ - це ФОРМАТ1<переведення-рядка>ФОРМАТ2, ФОРМАТ1 застосовується до старих файлів, а ФОРМАТ2 до нових; якщо до СТИЛЮ доданий префікс `posix-', то він діє лише не у POSIX локалі --version показати інформацію про версію та вийти -evenp синонім -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase синонім xcase iuclc olcuc litout синонім -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout синонім parenb istrip opost cs7 nl синонім -icrnl -onlcr -nl синонім icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb два біти розділення у символі (один, якщо з `-') [-]hup надсилати сигнал обриву термінальної лінії, коли останній процес закриває термінал [-]hupcl синонім [-]hup [-]parenb генерувати при виводі біт парності та очікувати біт парності на вводі [-]parodd встановити перевірку на парність (навіть з `-') [-]ignpar ігнорувати символи з помилками парності * [-]imaxbel при переповненні буферу вводу подавати звуковий сигнал та не скидати буфер, ігноруючи подальший ввід [-]inlcr перетворювати переведення рядка у переведення каретки [-]inpck використовувати перевірку парності вводу [-]istrip очищати старший (восьмий) біт символів, що вводяться [-]isig використовувати спецсимволи interrupt, quit, та suspend [-]noflsh заборонити скидання буферу після прийому спецсимволів interrupt та quit * [-]prterase синонім [-]echoprt * [-]tostop призупиняти фонові програми, що намагаються виконати запис на термінал * [-]xcase відображати `\' для великих літер, вживається з icanon cooked синонім brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, символи eof та eol мають типове значення -cooked синонім raw crt синонім echoe echoctl echoke dec синонім echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq синонім [-]ixany ek встановити типові значення для символів erase та kill evenp синонім parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed Н встановити швидкість вводу * line Н використовувати протокол лінії Н min Н використовується з -icanon, встановити Н мінімальним числом символів для завершення операції читання ospeed Н встановити швидкість виводу oddp синонім parenb parodd cs7 -oddp синонім -parenb cs8 [-]parity синонім [-]evenp pass8 синонім -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 синонім parenb istrip cs7 raw синонім -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw синонім cooked stop СИМВОЛ СИМВОЛ буде призупиняти ввід susp СИМВОЛ СИМВОЛ буде надсилати терміналу сигнал зупинки * swtch СИМВОЛ СИМВОЛ буде перемикати рівень складності оболонки * werase СИМВОЛ СИМВОЛ буде стирати останнє введене слово %% один знак % %b інтерпретувати escape-послідовності у АРГУМЕНТІ, крім вісімкових у формі \0 або \0ННН а також всі специфікації формату у стилі C, що закінчуються одним з знаків diouxXfeEgGcs; АРГУМЕНТ приводиться до відповідного типу. Обробляються також знаки змінної ширини. %A місцева повна назва дня тижня (напр., понеділок) %b місцева скорочена назва місяця (напр., січ) %B місцева повна назва місяця (напр., січень) %c місцевий час та дата (напр., Чтв 3 Мар 23:05:25 2005) %C століття; як %Y, але без двох останніх цифр (напр., 20) %d день місяця (напр., 01) %D дата; аналогічно %m/%d/%y %e день місяця, доповнений пробілами; аналогічно %_d %F повна дата; еквівалентно %Y-%m-%d %g останні дві цифри року для номера тижня ISO (см. %G) %G рік для номера тижня ISO (см. %V); звичайно буває корисно лише з %V %S секунди (00..60) %t табуляція %T час, аналог %H:%M:%S %u день тижня (1..7); 1 означає понеділок %U номер тижня у році, якщо перший день тижня -- неділя (00..53) %V номер тижня по ISO, якщо перший день тижня -- понеділок (01..52) %w день тижня (0..6), 0 означає неділю %W номер тижня у році, якщо перший день тижня -- понеділок (00..53) %d Номер пристрою, десятковий %D Номер пристрою, шістнадцятковий %f Низькорівневий режим, шістнадцятковий %F Тип файлу %g ID групи-власника %G Назва групи-власника %h Число жорстких посилань %i Число Inode %n Назва файлу %N Екранована назва файлу, символьні посилання розіменовуються %o Розмір блоку вводу/виводу %s Повний розмір, у байтах %t Основний тип пристрою, шістнадцятковий %T Другорядний тип пристрою, шістнадцятковий %h те саме, що й %b %H час (00..23) %I час (01..12) %j номер дня у році (001..366) %i Ідентифікатор файлової системи, шістнадцятковий %l Максимальна довжина назви файлу %n Назва файлу %s Розмір блоку (для швидшої передачі) %S Фундаментальний розмір блоку (для обліку блоків) %t Тип, шістнадцятковий %T Тип у текстовій формі %k час ( 0..23) %l час ( 1..12) %m місяць (01..12) %M хвилини (00..59) %n новий рядок %N наносекунди (000000000..999999999) %p місцевий еквівалент AM або PM; пропускається якщо невідомо %P як %p, але малими літерами %r час відповідно до локалі, 12-годинний формат (напр., 11:11:04 PM) %R години та хвилини відповідно до локалі, 24-годинний формат; аналог %H:%M %s число секунд, що минули з 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u ID користувача-власника %U Ім'я користувача-власника %x Час останньої доступу %X Час останньої доступу у секундах з початку Епохи %y Час останньої зміни %Y Час останньої зміни у секундах з початку Епохи %z Час останньої зміни %Z Час останньої зміни у секундах з початку Епохи %x місцеве представлення дати (напр., дд/мм/рр) %X місцеве представлення часу (напр., 23:13:48) %y останні дві цифри року (00..99) %Y рік %z +ггхх годинний пояс (напр., -0400) %:z +гг:хх годинний пояс (напр., -04:00) %::z +гг:хх:сс годинний пояс (напр., -04:00:00) %:::z годинний пояс з достатньою кількістю двокрапок (напр., -04, +05:30) %Z алфавітне скорочення часового поясу (напр., EDT) Типово date доповнює числові поля нулями. + ЛЕКСЕМА сприймати ЛЕКСЕМУ як рядок, навіть якщо це ключове слово, як `match', або оператор, як `/' ( ВИРАЗ ) значення ВИРАЗУ --output-delimiter=РЯД розділяти стовпчику вставляючи РЯД -A, --address-radix=ОСНОВА виводити зсув у файлах використовуючи вказану систему числення -j, --skip-bytes=Н пропустить перші Н байт -A, --auto-reference виводити автоматично згенеровані посилання -G, --traditional увімкнути режим сумісності з System V -F, --flag-truncation=РЯДОК використовувати РЯДОК для позначення обрізаних рядків -B, --block-size=РОЗМІР використовувати блоки вказаного РОЗМІРУ -b, --bytes еквівалент `--apparent-size --block-size=1' -c, --total підбивати підсумок -D, --dereference-args розіменовувати символьні посилання у командному рядку -D створювати всі початкові складові ЦІЛІ крім останньої, потім копіювати ДЖЕРЕЛО у ЦІЛЬ -g, --group=ГРУПА встановлювати ГРУПУ, а не групу поточного процесу -m, --mode=РЕЖИМ встановлювати РЕЖИМ (як chmod), а не rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=ВЛАСНИК встановлювати ВЛАСНИКА (лише для суперкористувача) -D, --date-format=ФОРМАТ використовувати для дати у заголовку вказаний ФОРМАТ -e[ЗНАК[ЧИСЛО]], --expand-tabs[=ЗНАК[ЧИСЛО]] перетворювати вхідні ЗНАКИ (табуляцію) у вказане ЧИСЛО пробілів (8) -F, -f, --form-feed для розділення сторінок вживати знак переносу сторінки, а не нового рядка (з трьохрядковим заголовком, якщо є ключ -F, та п'ятирядковим заголовком та кінцівкою, якщо ключ -F не вказаний) -G, --no-group у довгому списку, не виводити назви груп -h, --human-readable виводити розміри у зручному для людини вигляді (наприклад, 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si те саме, але виводити ступені 1000, а не 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line слідувати за символьними посиланнями у командному рядку --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir слідувати за усіма символьними посиланнями у командному рядку, які вказують на каталог --hide=ШАБЛОН не виводити файли, що відповідають ШАБЛОНУ оболонки (скасовується ключами -a або -A) -I питати перед видаленням більш ніж трьох файлів, або при рекурсивному видаленні. Менш набридливий ніж -i, хоча забезпечує захист від більшості помилок --interactive[=КОЛИ] питати КОЛИ: never, once (-I), always (-i). Без значення КОЛИ - питати завжди -L ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ існує та є символьним посиланням (еквівалент -h) -O ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ існує та належить поточному ефективному користувачу -p ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ існує та є іменованим каналом -r ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ існує доступний для читання -s ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ існує та має ненульовий розмір -L, --dereference розіменовувати символьні посилання -P, --no-dereference не слідувати за символьним посиланням (типово) -0, --null завершувати рядок виводу нулем, а не переносом рядка -S, --separate-dirs не включати розмір каталогів -s, --summarize виводити лише зведення для кожного аргументу -M, --macro-name=РЯДОК назва макросу, яку слід використовувати замість `xx' -O, --format=roff генерувати вивід у вигляді директив roff -R, --right-side-refs поміщати посилання справа, не діє при -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP для кінця рядків або кінця речень -T, --format=tex генерувати вивід у вигляді директив TeX -N, --read-bytes=Н читати лише Н байт у кожному файлі -s, --strings[=Н] виводити рядки довжиною принаймні Н графічних знаків -t, --format=ТИП вибір формату або форматів виводу -v, --output-duplicates не позначати знаком * рядки, що не виводяться -w, --width[=Н] виводити Н байт у кожному рядку виводу --traditional приймати аргументи у традиційній формі -P, --portability виводити у форматі POSIX --sync викликати sync перед отриманням інформації про використання блоків -t, --type=ТИП перерахувати лише файлові системи вказаного ТИПУ -T, --print-type виводити тип файлової системи -x, --exclude-type=ТИП виключати файлові системи вказаного ТИПУ -v (ігнорується) -S сортувати за розміром файлу --sort=СЛОВО extension -X, none -U, size -S, time -t, version -v, status -c, time -t, atime -u, access -u, use -u --time=СЛОВО з -l, виводити замість часу зміни час, вказаний СЛОВОМ: atime, access, use, ctime або status; якщо --sort=time, використовувати вказаний час як ключ сортування -S ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ існує та є сокетом -t [ДФ] дескриптор файлу ДФ відкритий на терміналі -u ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ існує та має ознака set-user-ID -w ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ існує та доступний для запису -x ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ існує та є виконуваним -S, --suffix=СУФІКС вказує СУФІКС для резервних копій -t, --target-directory=КАТАЛОГ вказує КАТАЛОГ, у якому створювати посилання -T, --no-target-directory вважати НАЗВУ_ПОСИЛАННЯ звичайним файлом -v, --verbose виводити назву кожного файлу перед створенням посилання -T, -w, --mesg додавати статус отримання повідомлень як +, - або ? -u, --users перерахувати підключених користувачів --message еквівалент -T --writable еквівалент -T -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP регулярний вираз для ключових слів -b, --break-file=ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ з символами-розділювачами слів -f, --ignore-case перетворювати до верхнього регістру при сортуванні -g, --gap-size=ЧИСЛО розмір проміжку між полями виводу, виражений у стовпчиках -i, --ignore-file=ФАЙЛ прочитати перелік ігнорованих слів з ФАЙЛУ -o, --only-file=ФАЙЛ лише прочитати список слів з заданого ФАЙЛУ -Z, --context=КОН встановити контекст безпеки SELinux для НАЗВА у КОН -Z, --context=КОН встановити контекст безпеки SELinux для кожної НАЗВИ у КОН -a, --across виводити колонки поперек, а не вниз; використовується разом з ключем -ЧИСЛО -c, --show-control-chars використовувати запис з шапочкою (^G) або зворотною косою рискою (та вісімковим кодом) -d, --double-space вставляти порожній рядок після кожного виведеного рядка -a, --all включати віртуальні файлові системи -B, --block-size=РОЗМІР використовувати блоки вказаного РОЗМІРУ --total виводити загальний підсумок -h, --human-readable виводити розміри у зручному для людини вигляді (наприклад, 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si те саме, але використовувати ступені 1000, а не 1024 -a, --all виводить обсяг для усіх файлів, а не лише каталогів --apparent-size виводить дійсні розміри, а не зайнятий дисковий простір; хоча справжній розмір звичайно менший, іноді він може бути більшим через дірки у файлах, внутрішньої фрагментації, непрямих блоків та т.і. -a, --all перетворювати всі пробільні знаки, а не лише початкові --first-only перетворювати лише початкові пробільні знаки (перекриває-a) -t, --tabs=ЧИСЛО вживати табуляцію вказаної ширини, а не 8 (включає -a) -t, --tabs=СПИСОК використовувати заданий СПИСОК (розділених комами) позицій табуляції (включає -a) -a, --archive те саме що та -dR --preserve=all --backup[=CONTROL] створити резервну копію перед видаленням -b те саме, що й --backup, але без аргументу --copy-contents копіює зміст спеціальних файлів, при рекурсивному використанні -d те саме, що й --no-dereference --preserve=link -a, --suffix-length=Н використовувати суфікси довжини Н (типово %d) -b, --bytes=ЧИСЛО записувати у кожен файл виводу вказане ЧИСЛО байт -C, --line-bytes=ЧИСЛО записувати не більше вказаного ЧИСЛА байт з рядка -d, --numeric-suffixes використовувати числові, а не алфавітні суфікси -l, --lines=ЧИСЛО записувати у кожен файл виводу вказане ЧИСЛО рядків -b, --before приєднати розділювач до початку, а не до кінця -r, --regex сприймати розділювач як регулярний вираз -s, --separator=РЯДОК вказати розділювачем РЯДОК, а не знак `\n' -b, --binary читати у двійковому режимі -b, --binary читати у двійковому режимі (типово, якщо читається не термінальний ввід) -b, --body-numbering=СТИЛЬ використовувати СТИЛЬ нумерації рядків тіла -d, --section-delimiter=СС використовувати СС для розділення логічних сторінок -f, --footer-numbering=СТИЛЬ використовувати СТИЛЬ нумерації рядків нижнього колонтитулу -b, --bytes прочитати байти, а не стовпчики -s, --spaces розбивати лише на пробілах -w, --width=ЧИСЛО використовувати вказане ЧИСЛО стовпчиків, а не 80 -b, --bytes=СПИСОК вибрати лише вказані байти -c, --characters=СПИСОК вибрати лише вказані знаки -d, --delimiter=РОЗДІЛЮВАЧ використовувати РОЗДІЛЮВАЧ для розділення полів замість табуляції -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ігнорувати початкові пробіли -d, --dictionary-order розглядати лише пропуски, літери та цифри -f, --ignore-case ігнорувати регістр літер -b, --suffix-format=ФОРМАТ використовувати ФОРМАТ як у sprintf замість %02d -f, --prefix=ПРЕФІКС використовувати ПРЕФІКС замість `xx' -k, --keep-files не видаляти файли виводу при помилках -c, --check читає суми %s з ФАЙЛІВ та порівнює їх -c, --count виводити число повторів на початку кожного рядка -d, --repeated виводити лише рядки, що повторюються -c, --crown-margin зберігати відступи двох перших рядків -p, --prefix=РЯДОК форматувати лише рядки, що починаються з РЯДОК, зберігаючи при цьому префікс рядків -s, --split-only розбивати довгі рядки, але не заповнювати -d, --delimiters=СПИСОК використовувати замість табуляції знаки зі СПИСКУ -s, --serial обробляти файли послідовно -e інтерпретувати керуючі послідовності (типово) -E не інтерпретувати керуючі послідовності -f не сортувати, вмикає -aU, вимикає -lst -F, --classify додавати до назви індикатор (один з */=>@|) --file-type аналогічно, але не додавати `*' --format=СЛОВО across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time виводити повну дату та час -f опустити у короткому форматі рядок з заголовками колонок -w опустити у короткому форматі повне ім'я користувача -i опустити у короткому форматі повне ім'я користувача та назву віддаленої машини -q опустити у короткому форматі повне ім'я користувача, назву віддаленої машини та час неактивності -f синонім -t fF, числа з плаваючою комою -i синонім -t dI, десяткові цілі -l синонім -t dL, десяткові довгі цілі -o синонім -t o2, вісімкові двобайтові одиниці -s синонім -t d2, десяткові двобайтові одиниці -x синонім -t x2, шістнадцяткові двобайтові одиниці -f ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ існує та є звичайним файлом -g ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ існує та має ознака set-group-ID -G ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ існує та належить поточної ефективній групі -h ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ існує та є символьним посиланням (еквівалент -L) -k ФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ існує та має ознака sticky -f, --canonicalize отримати канонічну назву файлу шляхом рекурсивного слідування по усім символьним посиланням в усіх компонентах шляху; всі компоненти пути, крім останнього, повинні існувати -e, --canonicalize-existing отримати канонічну назву файлу шляхом рекурсивного слідування по усім символьним посиланням у кожній компоненті вказаного пути; всі компоненти шляху повинні існувати -f, --fields=СПИСОК вибрати лише вказані поля; також виводити всі рядки, що не містять розділювачів, якщо не вказаний ключ -s -n (ігнорується) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] виводити дані, що надходять, при зростанні файлу; -f, --follow та --follow=descriptor еквівалентні -F еквівалент --follow=name --retry -f, --force якщо не можна відкрити існуючий файл, видалити його та спробувати ще раз (зайве, при вказаному параметрі -n ) -i, --interactive запитувати підтвердження перед переписом (перевизначає раніше вказаний параметрі -n ) -H слідувати за символьним посиланням у ДЖЕРЕЛО -f, --silent, --quiet не виводити більшість повідомлень про помилки -v, --verbose виводити діагностичні повідомлення для усіх файлів --reference=ЗФАЙЛ режим ЗФАЙЛУ замість явного вказування РЕЖИМУ -R, --recursive рекурсивно обробляти файли та каталоги -f, --silent, --quiet не виводити більшість повідомлень про помилки --reference=ЗФАЙЛУ використовувати групу ЗФАЙЛУ замість явного вказування ГРУПИ -R, --recursive рекурсивно обробляти файли та каталоги -v, --verbose виводити діагностичні повідомлення для кожного файлу -f, --silent, --quiet не виводити більшість повідомлень про помилки --reference=ЗФАЙЛ використовувати власника та групу ЗФАЙЛУ замість явного вказування ВЛАСНИКА:ГРУПИ -R, --recursive рекурсивно обробляти файли та каталоги -v, --verbose виводити діагностичні повідомлення для кожного файлу -g як і -l, але не виводити власника -g GID[,GID1...] також встановити головний ідентифікатор групи у значення GID, та (якщо вказано) ідентифікатори додаткових груп ID у GID1, ... -h, --no-dereference впливає на символічне посилання, а не на файл, на який вказує (діє лише на системі з підтримкою зміни прав власності символічних посилань) -i, --ignore-case ігнорувати регістр літер при порівнянні полів -j ПОЛЕ еквівалентно `-1 ПОЛЕ -2 ПОЛЕ' -o ФОРМАТ виводити відповідно до ФОРМАТУ -t ЗНАК використовувати ЗНАК розділення полів вводу та виводу -i, --initial не перетворювати знаки табуляції після знаків пробілів -t, --tabs=ЧИСЛО встановлює ширину табуляції, типово 8 -i, --inodes вивести інформацію про індексні дескриптори, а не про використання блоків -k аналог --block-size=1K -l, --local перерахувати лише локальні файлові системи --no-sync не викликати sync перед отриманням інформації про використання блоків (типово) -k як --block-size=1K -l, --count-links прочитати кожне жорстке посилання як окремий файл -m як --block-size=1M -l використовувати широкий формат -L, --dereference показувати інформацію про символьні посилання, виводити інформацію про файл, на який посилається посилання -m виводити список на всю ширину через кому -l, --link створювати жорсткі посилання, а не копіювати -L, --dereference завжди слідувати за символьним посиланням у ДЖЕРЕЛО -l, --login виводити процеси входу у систему -m, --canonicalize-missing отримати канонічну назва файлу шляхом рекурсивного слідування по усім символьним посиланням в усіх компонентах шляху; компоненти не обов'язково мають існувати -n, --no-newline не виводити завершальне переведення рядка -q, --quiet, -s, --silent не виводити повідомлення про помилки -v, --verbose повідомляти про помилки -m, --mode=MODE встановити код доступу (як у chmod) -p, --parents не виводити помилок якщо каталог існує, при потребі створювати батьківські каталоги -v, --verbose виводити повідомлення про кожен створений каталог -Z, --context=CTX встановити контекст безпеки SELinux кожного створеного каталогу на CTX -n, --digits=ЦИФРИ використовувати вказане число ЦИФР замість 2 -s, --quiet, --silent не виводити розміри вихідних файлів -z, --elide-empty-files видаляти порожні файли виводу -n, --no-clobber не переписувати існуючий файл (перевизначає попередній параметр -i) -P, --no-dereference ніколи не йти за символічними посиланнями у ДЖЕРЕЛО -n, --numeric-uid-gid як -l, але виводити числові UID та GID -N, --literal виводити назви як є (не обробляти особливим чином, наприклад, керуючі знаки) -o як -l, але не виводити інформацію про групу -p, --indicator-style=slash додавати індикатор / до каталогів -o, --output=ФАЙЛ виводити у ФАЙЛ, а не на стандартний вивід -s, --stable стабілізувати сортування, виключивши перевірку на рівність -S, --buffer-size=РОЗМІР використовувати в пам'яті буфер вказаного РОЗМІРУ -p те саме, що й --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps --preserve[=СПИС_АТТР] зберігати вказані атрибути (типово: mode,ownership,timestamps), якщо можливо додаткові атрибути: context, links, xattr, all -q, --count всі назви та кількість підключених користувачів -r, --runlevel виводити поточний рівень виконання -s, --short виводити лише назву, лінію та час (приймається типово) -t, --time виводити останню зміна системного часу -q, --hide-control-chars виводити ? замість не графічних символів --show-control-chars виводити недруковані символи (типово якщо програма не `ls' та вивід йде не на термінал). -Q, --quote-name взяти назву файлу у дужки --quoting-style=СЛОВО використовувати вид оточення дужками СЛОВО: literal, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent не виводити заголовки з назвами файлів -v, --verbose завжди виводити заголовки з назвами файлів -r, --reference=ФАЙЛ показати час останньої зміни ФАЙЛу -R, --rfc-2822 виводити час відповідно до RFC-2822 Приклад: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=ФАЙЛ використовувати час ФАЙЛУ замість поточного -t Час використовувати [[ВВ]РР]ММДДггхх[.сс] замість поточного часу --time=СЛОВО змінити вказаний час: СЛОВО access, atime, use еквівалентно -a СЛОВО modify, mtime еквівалентно -m -r, --references перше поле у кожній рядку є посиланням -t, --typeset-mode - не реалізовано - -w, --width=ЧИСЛО ширина виводу у стовпчиках, без урахування посилань -s, --only-delimited не виводити рядки, що не містять розділювачів --output-delimiter=РЯДОК використовувати РЯДОК для розділення полів при виводі, типово використовується розділювач для вводу -s, --signal=СИГНАЛ, -СИГНАЛ вказує назву або номер сигналу, що надсилається -l, --list виводить назви сигналів або переводить назви у номери та назад -t, --table виводить таблицю з інформацією про сигнали -s, --symbolic-link створювати символьні посилання а не копіювати -S, --suffix=СУФІКС використовувати для запасних копій вказаний СУФІКС --target-directory=КАТАЛОГ скопіювати всі ДЖЕРЕЛА у КАТАЛОГ -T, --no-target-directory вважати ЦІЛЬ звичайним файлом -t сортувати за часом зміни -T, --tabsize=ЧИСЛО крок табуляції дорівнює ЧИСЛУ замість 8 -t еквівалент -vT -T, --show-tabs відображати символи табуляцій як ^I -u (ігнорується) -v, --show-nonprinting використовувати нотацію ^ та M-, за винятком переведення рядка та табуляції -t, --field-separator=РОЗДІЛЮВАЧ використовувати при пошуку ключових полів РОЗДІЛЮВАЧ, а не перехід від непробільних знаків до пробільних -T, --temporary-directory=КАТАЛОГ використовувати для тимчасових файлів КАТАЛОГ, а не $TMPDIR або %s; декілька таких ключів задають декілька каталогів -u, --unique з -c, суворо перевіряти порядок; без -c, виводити лише перше серед кількох рівних -t, --tabs=СПИСОК використовувати розділений комами список позицій табуляції -t, --tagged-paragraph відступ першого рядка відмінний від другого -u, --uniform-spacing один пробіл після слова, два після речення -w, --width=ЧИСЛО максимальна ширина рядка (типово 75 стовпчиків) -t, --target-directory=КАТАЛОГ перемістити всі ДЖЕРЕЛА у КАТАЛОГ -T, --no-target-directory вважати ЦІЛЬ звичайним файлом -u, --update переміщувати лише тоді коли файл ДЖЕРЕЛО новіший ніж цільовий файл, або коли цільовий файл відсутній -v, --verbose пояснювати виконувані дії -t, --text читати у текстовому режимі (типово, якщо читається термінальний ввід) -t, --text читати у текстовому режимі (типово) -u, --remove обрізати та видаляти файл після перезаписи -v, --verbose виводити поступ -x, --exact не округляти розміри файлів до наступного цілого блоку; типово для незвичних файлів -z, --zero перезаписати у конці нулями, щоб сховати змішування -u, --update копіювати лише тоді коли вихідний файл новіший ніж цільовий файл, або коли цільовий файл відсутній -v, --verbose пояснювати що зроблено -x, --one-file-system залишатись у межах однієї файлової системи -u, --user=КОРИСТУВАЧ встановити користувача КОРИСТУВАЧ у цільовому контексті безпеки -r, --role=РОЛЬ встановити роль РОЛЬ у цільовому контексті безпеки -t, --type=ТИП встановити тип ТИП у цільовому контексті безпеки -l, --range=ДІАПАЗОН встановити діапазон ДІАПАЗОН у цільовому контексті безпеки -v, --kernel-version вивести версію ядра -m, --machine вивести тип обладнання машини -p, --processor вивести тип процесора або "невідомо" -i, --hardware-platform вивести тип апаратної платформи або "невідомо" -o, --operating-system вивести назву операційної системи -w, --check-chars=Н порівнювати перші Н знаків рядків -w, --width=ЧИСЛО задає ширину екрану замість поточного значення -x вивід списку рядками, а не стовпчиками -X сортувати за розширенням у алфавітному порядку -Z, --context виводити контекст безпеки SELinux для кожного файлу -1 виводити по одному файлу у рядку -z, --zero-terminated завершувати рядки нульовим байтом, а не символом нового рядка [:graph:] всі друковані знаки, за винятком пробілу [:lower:] всі маленькі літери [:print:] всі друковані знаки, включно з пробілом [:punct:] всі знаки пунктуації [:space:] всі вертикальні або горизонтальні пробільні знаки [:upper:] всі великі літери [:xdigit:] всі шістнадцяткові цифри [=ЗНАК=] всі знаки, еквівалентні ЗНАКУ \v вертикальна табуляція ЗНАК1-ЗНАК2 всі знаки від ЗНАК1 до ЗНАК2 у порядку зростання [ЗНАК*] ЗНАК заповнює ТАБЛИЦЮ2 до довжини ТАБЛИЦІ1 [ЗНАК*ЧИСЛО] вказане ЧИСЛО однакових ЗНАКІВ; ЧИСЛО вісімкових, якщо починається з 0 [:alnum:] всі літери та цифри [:alpha:] всі літери [:blank:] всі горизонтальні пробільні символи [:cntrl:] всі керуючі знаки [:digit:] всі цифри ascii з EBCDIC на ASCII ebcdic з ASCII на EBCDIC ibm з ASCII на альтернативну EBCDIC block заповнювати записи, що закінчуються переносом рядка, пробілами до розміру cbs unblock замінювати кінцеві пробіли у записах з розміром cbs переносом рядка lcase змінювати регістр з верхнього на нижній binary використовувати двійковий ввід/вивід для даних d[ЧИСЛО] знакове десяткове ціле розміром вказане ЧИСЛО байт f[ЧИСЛО] число з плаваючою точкою розміром вказане ЧИСЛО байт o[ЧИСЛО] вісімкове ціле розміром вказане ЧИСЛО байт u[ЧИСЛО] беззнакове десяткове ціле розміром вказане ЧИСЛО байт x[ЧИСЛО] шістнадцяткове ціле розміром вказане ЧИСЛО байт direct використовувати прямий ввід/вивід для даних directory помилка, якщо не є каталогом dsync використовувати синхронізований ввід/вивід для даних fullblock акумулювати повні блоки вводу (лише iflag) noatime не оновлювати час останнього доступу nocreat не створювати файл виводу excl завершаться помилкою, якщо файл виводу уже існує notrunc не обрізати файл виводу ucase змінювати регістр з нижнього на верхній swab міняти місцями кожну пару вхідних байтів noctty не призначати керуючий термінал з файлу noerror продовжувати після помилок читання sync доповнювати кожен вхідний блок нулями до розміру ibs; якщо вживається разом з block або unblock, доповнювати пробілами fdatasync фізично записати файл виводу перед завершенням fsync аналогічно, але записати також метадані nofollow не слідувати за символьним посиланням nolinks помилка, якщо знайдено декілька посилань nonblock використовувати ввід/вивід без блокування none, off ніколи не створювати резервних копій (навіть якщо вказаний ключ --backup) numbered, t створювати нумеровані копії existing, nil якщо існують нумеровані копії, то створювати нумеровані інакше створювати прості simple. never завжди створювати прості копії sync те саме, але також для метаданих text використовувати текстовий ввід/вивід для даних %4s-блоків Вик Доступно Вик%% %H:%M %s-блоків Вик Доступно Всього (резервна копія: %s)* [-]ctlecho відображати керуючі символи з шапкою (`^c') [-]echo відображати символи, що вводяться * [-]echoctl синонім [-]ctlecho [-]echoe синонім [-]crterase [-]echok відображати переведення рядка після символу знищення * [-]echoke синонім [-]crtkill [-]echonl відображати переведення рядка, навіть якщо інші символи не відображаються * [-]echoprt виводити стерті символи у зворотному порядку, між `\` та '/' [-]icanon використовувати спецсимволи erase, kill, werase, та rprnt [-]iexten використовувати спецсимволи, не описані у стандарті POSIX * [-]iuclc перетворювати великі літери на малі * [-]ixany дозволити будь-якому символу відновити ввід [-]ixoff дозволити надсилання символів призупинення/відновлення [-]ixon дозволити керування потоком даних [-]parmrk відмічати помилки парності (послідовністю з 255 нулів) [-]tandem синонім [-]xioff * [-]iutf8 вважати, що вхідні знаки у кодуванні UTF-8 * [-]ocrnl перетворювати переведення каретки у переведення рядка * [-]ofdel заповнювати символами затирання замість нулів * [-]ofill використовувати символи заповнення для затримок * [-]olcuc перетворювати маленькі літери на великі * [-]onlcr перетворювати переведення рядка у переведення каретки * [-]onlret переведення рядка призводить до переведення каретки * [-]onocr не виводити переведення каретки у першому стовпчику [-]opost форматувати вивід * tabН значення паузи після горизонтальної табуляції, допустимі Н [0..3] * tabs синонім tab0 * -tabs синонім tab3 * vtН пауза після вертикальної табуляції, діапазон Н [0..1] * eol2 СИМВОЛ інший СИМВОЛ для кінця рядка erase СИМВОЛ СИМВОЛ буде стирати останній введений до нього intr СИМВОЛ СИМВОЛ буде надсилати сигнал переривання kill СИМВОЛ СИМВОЛ буде стирати поточний рядок * lnext СИМВОЛ СИМВОЛ буде вводити наступний символ, скасовуючи його спеціальну дію quit СИМВОЛ СИМВОЛ буде надсилати сигнал виходу * rprnt СИМВОЛ СИМВОЛ буде перерисовувати поточний рядок start СИМВОЛ СИМВОЛ буде відновлювати ввід * rows Н повідомити ядру, що термінал має Н рядків * size вивести числа стовпчиків та рядків, відомі ядру speed вивести швидкість терміналу time Н використовується з -icanon, встановити часову межу для операції читання рівним Н десятим секунди змонтований на Термінал контекст=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu групи=давно при повторі %s % 1% пам'яті, b 1, k 1024 (типово), та так далі для M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Якщо ФАЙЛ не вказаний або вказаний як -, читає стандартний ввід. *** ПОПЕРЕДЖЕННЯ *** Встановлена в середовищі локаль впливає на порядок сортування. Щоб отримати традиційний порядок, що використовує системні значення байт, встановіть LC_ALL=C. %.*s: неправильна специфікація перетворення%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu користувач%lu користувачі%lu користувачів%s%s (для регулярного виразу %s)%s -> %s (відновлення) %s [-d] аварійно завершений%s та %s - один і той самий файл%s існує, але не є каталогом%s з'явився; початий вивід для нового файлу%s став доступний%s став недоступний%s був замінений файлом, для якого tail незастосовний; кінець виводу для цієї назви%s був заміщений; вивід продовжується для нового файлу%s має невідомий тип файлу%s домашня сторінка: %s не є правильним цілим додатнім числом%s надто велике%s%s аргумент `%s' занадто великий%s: %s настільки великий, що його неможливо машинно представити%s: %s: номер рядка поза допустимими межами%s: %s: відповідність не знайдено%s: %s:%s: неправильний порядок: %s: не вдається відкрити або прочитати %s: Такого користувача немає%s: при вказуванні числа повторів необхідна `}'%s: очікується двійковий оператор%s: відносні символьні посилання можна створювати лише у поточному каталозі%s: не вдається змінити неблокуючий режим%s: не вдається визначити ім'я користувача для ID %lu %s: не можна стежити за кінцем файлу такого типу; вивід продовжується для нового файлую%s: не вдається вернуть вказівник файлу на початкову позицію%s: не вдається перезаписати каталог%s: не вдається відкотитись%s: не вдається зсунути вказівник файлу%s: не вдається перемістити вказівник позиції на %s відносно кінця%s: не вдається перейти до позиції %s%s: не вдається перемістити вказівник позиції на %s%s: не вдається нарізати файловий дескриптор з лише з правом додавання%s: не вдається пропустити%s: не вдається перемістити вказівник позиції на вказану кількість%s: пропущений закривний розділювач `%c'%s: не вдається переініціалізувати неблокуючий режим%s: спуститься у каталог %s? %s: спуститься у захищений від запису каталог %s? %s: кінець файлу%s: потрібно вказати один символ, що визначає клас еквівалентних йому%s: помилка при скороченні%s: помилка записи за зсувом %s%s: очікується числове значення%s: не вдається закрити%s: не вдається відкрити для читання%s: не вдається видалити%s: операція fcntl завершилась помилкою%s: операція fdatasync завершилась невдало%s: файл має від'ємний розмір%s: файл надто скоротився%s: файл надто великий%s: файл надто великий%s: файл обрізаний%s: операція fstat завершилась помилкою%s: операція fsync завершилась невдало%s: не допускається створювати жорсткі посилання на каталоги%s: на вході міститься цикл:%s: на вході міститься непарна кількість лексем%s: вхідний файл є файлом виводу%s: після розділювача очікується ціле число%s: неправильний PID%s: неправильний лічильник на початку %s%s: неправильна директива%s: неправильна специфікація поля %s%s: неправильний розмір файлу%s: неправильний тип файлу%s: неправильна максимальна кількість не змінених параметрів між відкриттями%s: неприпустимий число%s: неправильна кількість байт%s: неправильна кількість рядків%s: неправильна кількість проходів%s: неправильне число секунд%s: неприпустимий шаблон%s: неправильний ідентифікатор процесу%s: неприпустимий регулярний вираз: %s%s: неправильний сигнал%s: неправильна довжина суфіксу%s: номер рядка повинен бути більше нуля%s: номер рядка поза допустимими межами%s: операція lseek завершилась помилкою%s: задано декілька сигналів%s: нові права доступу %s, а не %s%s: не знайдено правильно складених рядків контрольних сум %s%s: для цього пристрою немає відомостей про розмір%s: пропущено вже перелічений каталогу%s: число байт надто великий%s: переписати %s? %s: прохід %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: прохід %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: прохід %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: помилка читання%s: видалити %s %s? %s: видалити усі аргументи рекурсивно? %s: видалити усі аргументи? %s: видалити захищений від запису %s %s? %s: видалено%s: видалення%s: перейменований на %s%s: замінити %s? %s: помилка переміщення по файлу%s: надто багато рядків контрольних сум%s: намагатись переписати %s, незважаючи на права доступу %04lo (%s)? %s: не вдається визначити максимальну довжину назви файлу%s: не вдається виконати всі запитані дії%s: очікується унарний оператор%s: значення перетворене не повністю%s: помилка запису%s:%lu: неправильний рядок; пропущена друга лексема%s:%lu ключове слово %s не розпізнано%s: між `{' та `}' повинно бути ціле число'очікується `)'очікується `)', виявлено %s(C)* файлові системи, які кешують файли у тимчасових сховищах, наприклад клієнти NFS версії 3 * стиснені файлові системи * файлові системи з журналом, наприклад які йдуть у комплекті AIX та Solaris (та JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3 та ін.) * файлові системи, які записують надлишкові дані та зберігають працездатність навіть якщо виникають невдалі записи, наприклад файлові системи, що побудовані на технології RAID * файлові системи, які створюють копії стану, наприклад NFS-сервер від Network Appliance , середня завантаженість: %.2f, %g с, %s/s --context (-Z) працює, якщо ядро має підтримку SELinuxДля комбінація ключів -R --dereference треба вказати -H або -Lпри вказуванні -R -h потрібно вказати -P-ef не допускає -l-nt не допускає -l-ot не допускає -l<внутрішній>??? Сімейство адрес не підтримується для цього вузлаВсі аргументи для довгих ключів є обов'язковими для коротких. Всі запити завершеніБуфер аргументів надто малийArnold RobbinsНеправильне значення ai_flagsBrian FoxУВАГА: Пам'ятайте, що shred покладається на дуже важливе припущення: що ваша файлова система перезаписує файли "на місці". Зазвичай це так, але багато сучасних файлових системи не задовольняють цьому припущенню. Ось приклади файлових систем, на яких shred не ефективний або не дає гарантії ефективності в усіх режимах файлової системи: КОМЕНТАРВикликає функцію link для створення посилання з назвою ФАЙЛ2 на існуючий ФАЙЛ1. Викликає функцію unlink для видалення вказаного ФАЙЛУ. Встановлює ефективні id користувача та групи як у КОРИСТУВАЧА. -, -l, --login використовувати оболонку як оболонку входу -c, --commmand=КОМАНДА передати оболонці КОМАНДУ за допомогою -c -f, --fast передати оболонці -f (для csh або tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment не перевстановлювати змінні оточення -p синонім для -m -s, --shell=ОБОЛОНКА запустити ОБОЛОНКУ, якщо дозволяє /etc/shells Змінює групу власника кожного файлу ФАЙЛ на ГРУПА. З ключем --reference, змінює групу кожного ФАЙЛУ на групу ЗФАЙЛУ. -c, --changes як і verbose, але виводити лише при змінах --dereference впливає на ціль кожного символічного посилання (типово), а не на саме символічне посилання Змінює режим кожного ФАЙЛУ на вказаний РЕЖИМ. -c, --changes як verbose, але повідомляти, лише якщо справді внесена зміна Змінює власника та/або групу кожного ФАЙЛУ на ВЛАСНИКА та/або ГРУПУ. З ключем --reference, змінює власника та групу кожного ФАЙЛУ на власника та групу ЗФАЙЛУ. -c, --change те саме що й --verbose, але повідомляє лише коли були внесені зміни --dereference змінювати файл, на який вказує символьне посилання, а не саме посилання (типово) Змінює контекст безпеки кожного файлу ФАЙЛ на КОНТЕКСТ. З ключем --reference, змінює контекст безпеки кожного ФАЙЛУ на контекст ЗФАЙЛУ. --dereference впливає на ціль кожного символічного посилання, а не на саме символічне посилання Chet RameyColin PlumbПорівнює сортовані файли ФАЙЛ1 та ФАЙЛ2 по рядках. Конкатенація файлів, чи стандартного вводу, у стандартний потік виводу. -A, --show-all еквівалент -vET -b, --number-nonblank кількість непорожніх рядків виводу -e еквівалент -vE -E, --show-ends відображати $ наприкінці кожного рядка -n, --number кількість усіх рядків виводу -s, --squeeze-blank не більше ніж один порожній рядок Перетворює пробіли у ФАЙЛАХ у знаки табуляції та виводить на стандартний вивід. Якщо ФАЙЛ не вказаний або вказаний як -, читається стандартний ввід. Перетворює знаки табуляції у кожному ФАЙЛІ на пробіли та виводить на стандартний вивід. Якщо ФАЙЛ не вказаний або вказаний як -, читає. стандартний ввід Копіює ДЖЕРЕЛО у ЦІЛЬ, або декілька ДЖЕРЕЛ у КАТАЛОГ. Копіює стандартний ввід у кожен ФАЙЛ, а також у стандартний вивід. -a, --append дописати у вказані ФАЙЛИ -i, --ignore-interrupts ігнорувати сигнали переривання Створює іменовані канали (FIFO) для вказаного NAME. Створює DIRECTORY, якщо він ще не існує. Створює спеціальній файл з назвою NAME та типом TYPE. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreКаталог: Відображає стан файлу або файлової системи. -L, --dereference слідувати за посиланням -f, --file-system показати стан файлової системи, а не файлу Виводить поточний час у заданому ФОРМАТІ, або встановлює системний час. -d, --date=РЯДОК показати не поточний час, а час, що описується вказаним РЯДКОМ -f, --file=ФАЙЛ відповідає застосуванню --date для кожного рядка ФАЙЛУ Dmitry V. LevinСкидає всі додаткові групи, встановлює ідентифікатори користувача та групи як у вказаного КОРИСТУВАЧА та запускає КОМАНДУ з вказаними АРГУМЕНТАМИ. Завершується зі статусом 111, якщо не вдається встановити потрібні ідентифікатори користувача та групи. У іншому випадку повертається вихідний статус КОМАНДИ. Ця програма має сенс лише для root (UID=0). ВИХІДДіапазони вказуються наступним чином: Н Н-ний байт, знак або поле; рахуючи від 1 Н- від Н-го байту, знаку або поля до кінця рядка Н-М від Н-го до М-го (включно) байту, знаку або поля -М від першого до М-го (включно) байту, знаку або поля Якщо ФАЙЛ не вказаний або вказаний як -, читає стандартний ввід. Виводить РЯДОК(РЯДКА) на стандартний вивід. -n не виводити завершальне переведення рядка Завершення з успішним статусом.Вихідний статус визначається ВИРАЗОМ. Ф. ПінардПОМИЛКАFIXME: невідомоФОРМАТ повинен бути придатний для друку одного аргументу типу `double'; типове значення %.PRECf якщо ПЕРШЕ, ПРИРІСТ, та ОСТАННЄ є числами з плаваючою комою з максимальною точністю ТОЧН, та %g у іншому випадку. У файлів-черг немає основного та другорядного числа пристрою.Файлова система Ф. система ТипДля кожної пари вхідних рядків з однаковими спільними полями виводить рядок на стандартний вивід. Типово спільне поле вважається першим, поля розділюються знаками пробілів. Якщо один з ФАЙЛІВ вказаний як -, читає стандартний потік вводу. -a НОМЕР виводити рядки що не мають пари з файлу з вказаним номером (1 або 2) -e РЯДОК замінювати при виводі порожні рядки вказаним РЯДКОМ Записує змінені блоки на диск, оновлює суперблок Загальна довідка з ПЗ GNU: H. Peter AnvinНЕАКТИВНИЙIan Lance TaylorНеактивнийОкрім того, резервні копії та видалені дзеркала файлової системи можуть містити копії файлу, які не можна видалити, та які пізніше дозволять відновити знищений файл. У реальному житті: В випадку файлових систем ext3 наведене вище обмеження вірне (тож, shred не такий ефективний), лише у режимі data=journal, коли окрім метаданих у журнал заносяться також самі дані файлів. В режимах data=ordered (типово) та data=writeback програма shred працює у звичайному режимі. Режими журналу ext3 можна змінити, додавши ключ data=щось до параметрів підключення конкретної файлової системи у файлі /etc/fstab, згідно документації на сторінці man для mount (man mount). НескінченістьПерервано за сигналомНеправильне зворотне посиланняНекоректна назва класу символуНеправильний символ порівнянняНеприпустимий вміст \{\}Некоректний попередній регулярний виразНеправильний кінець діапазонуНеправильний регулярний виразJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfЛІНІЯВидає інформацію про ФАЙЛИ (типово у поточному каталозі). Сортує у алфавітному порядку, якщо не вказано ані --sort, ані один з ключів -cftuSUX. Реєстраційне ім'я'Реєстраційна назва: Аргументи, що обов'язкові для довгих ключів, є обов'язковими та для коротких. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnПомилка виділення пам'ятіСкінчилась пам'ятьMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerНАЗВАНазваНевідома назва чи сервісЗ даною назвою вузла не пов'язано жодної адресиНемає збігівВідсутній попередній регулярний виразКритична помилка при розв'язанні назвГараздПри видаленні без ущільнення повторів можна вказати дві лише одну таблицю.Ключі, що вказують порядок: Інші параметри: Виводить переставлений алфавітний вказівник слів вхідних файлів, включаючи контекст. Видає команди для встановлення змінної оточення LS_COLORS. Вказати формат виводу: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell вивести код для встановлення LS_COLORS у Bourne shell -c, --csh, --c-shell вивести код для встановлення LS_COLORS у C shell -p, --print-database вивести типові параметри --help показати довідку та вийти --version вивести інформацію про версію та вийти Виводить фіксовані за розміром частини ФАЙЛУ у файли ПРЕФІКСaa, ПРЕФІКСab, ...; типово розмір частини дорівнює 1000 рядків, а ПРЕФІКС дорівнює `x'. Якщо ФАЙЛ не вказаний або вказаний як -, читає стандартний ввід. Виводить частини ФАЙЛУ, розділені ШАБЛОНОМ (ШАБЛОНАМИ), у файли `xx00', `xx01', ... та виводить число байт у кожній частині на стандартний вивід. Ліміти платформи виводу обмежені у форматі придатному для використання у сценаріях. Виводить список підключених користувачів відповідно до ФАЙЛУ. Якщо ФАЙЛ не вказаний, використовується %s. Часто у якості ФАЙЛУ вказують %s. Перезаписує декілька раз вказані файли, щоб ускладнити відновлення навіть з використанням дуже коштовного обладнання. PIDPadraig BradyРозбиває ФАЙЛ(ы) на сторінки або колонки для друку. Неправильно закодований рядок параметрівПароль:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatПлан: Передчасний кінець регулярного виразуВиводить АРГУМЕНТ(и) відповідно до ФОРМАТ, або або виконати відповідно до OPTION: Виводить контрольну суму (CRC) та число байт для кожного ФАЙЛУ. Вивести НАЗВУ з видаленням компоненту каталогу на початку рядка. Також видалити завершальний СУФІКС (якщо вказано). Виводить НАЗВУ, видаляючи компоненту справа від останньої косої риски; якщо НАЗВА не містить косої риски, виводить `.' (тобто поточний каталог). Виводить певні відомості про систему. Якщо КЛЮЧ не вказаний, вважається -s. -a, --all вивести всю інформацію, у наступному порядку, крім -p та -i, якщо вони невідомі: -s, --kernel-name вивести назву ядра -n, --nodename вивести назву машини у мережі -r, --release вивести номер випуску операційної системи Вивести архітектуру машини. Виводить числа від ПЕРШОГО до ОСТАННЬОГО з кроком ПРИРІСТ. -f, --format ФОРМАТ використовувати ФОРМАТ у стилі printf -s, --separator РЯДОК використовувати РЯДОК як розділювач (типово \n) -w, --equal-width вирівнювати по ширині, додаючи на початок нулі Виводить або змінює встановлення терміналу. -a, --all вивести поточні параметри у текстовій формі -g, --save вивести поточні параметри у формі, що зрозуміла програмі stty -F, --file=ПРИСТРІЙ відкрити та використовувати вказаний пристрій замість стандартного вводу Виводить вибрані частини рядків з кожного ФАЙЛУ на стандартний вивід. Виводить назву файлу для терміналу, що приєднаний до стандартному вводу. -s, --silent, --quiet не виводити, лише повернути код завершення Виводити перші 10 рядків кожного ФАЙЛУ на стандартний вивід. Якщо задано декілька ФАЙЛІВ, спочатку виводити заголовок з назвою файлу. Якщо ФАЙЛ не вказаний або вказаний як -, читає стандартний ввід. Виводить повну назву поточного робочого каталогу. Виводить останні %d рядків кожного з ФАЙЛІВ на стандартний вивід. Якщо задано декілька ФАЙЛІВ, спочатку виводить заголовок з назвою файлу. Якщо ФАЙЛ не вказаний або вказаний як -, читає стандартний ввід. Виводить ім'я поточного користувача. Вивести ім'я користувача, що відповідає поточному ефективному id користувача. Аналогічно виклику id -un. Триває обробка запитуПроект: Q. Frank XiaRandy SmithРозмір виразу надто великийВидалення (unlink) ФАЙЛУ(s). -f, --force ігнорувати не існуючі файли, ніколи не питати -i питати перед кожним видаленням Перейменовує SOURCE у DEST, або переміщує SOURCE(ы) у DIRECTORY. Безперервно виводити вказаний РЯДОК (РЯДКИ) або, якщо РЯДОК не вказано, `y'. Повідомте %s про помилку у перекладі на Запит скасованоЗапит не скасованоRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonЗапускає КОМАНДУ зі зміненим значенням nice, що впливає на пріоритет для планувальника. Якщо КОМАНДА не вказана, виводиться поточне значення nice. Допустимі межі від %d (найбільший пріоритет) до %d (найменший). -n, --adjustment=N збільшити nice на ціле число N (типово 10) Виконує КОМАНДУ з вказаним кореневим каталогом. Виконує КОМАНДУ ігноруючи сигнали обриву термінальної лінії. Запустити програму з іншим контекстом безпеки. якщо не вказано КОНТЕКСТ ані КОМАНДА, виводиться поточний контекст безпеки. КОНТЕКСТ Повний контекст безпеки -c, --compute обчислити процес переходу контексту перед зміною -t, --type=ТИП тип (для тієї ж ролі, що й у батьківському) -u, --user=КОРИСИТУВАЧ користувач -r, --role=РОЛЬ роль -l, --range=ДІАПАЗОН діапазон рівня Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerНадсилає процесам сигнали або виводить сигнали. Servname не підтримується для ai_socktypeЩоб обійти цю проблему, встановіть LC_ALL='C'Оболонка: Показати інформацію про файлову систему, на якій розташований кожен з ФАЙЛІВ, або, типово, про усі файлові системи. Simon JosefssonДля спеціального файлу повинні бути вказані основний та другорядний номери пристрою.Stuart KempВиконаноСумарне використання дискового простору кожного ФАЙЛУ, з каталогами. Системна помилкаЧасТимчасова помилка розв'язання назвПісля `%' можуть йти наступні необов'язкові ознаки: - (дефіс) не доповнювати це поле _ (підкреслення) доповнювати пробілами 0 (нуль) доповнювати нулями ^ використовувати верхній регістр, якщо можливо # використовувати протилежний регістр, якщо можливо Наступні ключі впливають на спосіб обходу ієрархії каталогів при заданому ключі -R. Якщо вказано декілька цих ключів, діє лише останній. -H якщо аргумент командного рядка є символьним посиланням на каталог, перейти за ним -L переходити за кожним символьним посиланням на каталог -P не переходити за символьними посиланнями (типово) Помилка порівняння рядків %s та %s.Torbjorn GranlundЗворотна коса риска наприкінціСпробуйте `%s --help' для одержання додаткової інформації. Спробуйте `%s ./%s', щоб видалити файл %s. При перетворенні потрібно вказати дві таблиці.Ulrich DrepperНевідома помилкаНевідома системна помилкаНепарна ( чи \(Непарна ) чи \)Непарна [ чи [^Непарна \{Використання: %s Використання: %s КОМАНДА [АРГУМЕНТ]... або: %s КЛЮЧ Використання: %s CONTEXT КОМАНДА [аргументів] або: %s [ -c ] [-u КОРИСТУВАЧ] [-r РОЛЬ] [-t ТИП] [-l ДІАПАЗОН] КОМАНДА [аргументи] Використання: %s ВИРАЗ або: %s КЛЮЧ Використання: %s ФАЙЛ або: %s КЛЮЧ Використання: %s ФАЙЛ1 ФАЙЛ2 або: %s КЛЮЧ Використання: %s ФОРМАТ [АРГУМЕНТ]... або: %s КЛЮЧ Використання: %s НАЗВА або: %s КЛЮЧ Використання: %s НАЗВА [СУФІКС] чи: %s КЛЮЧ Використання: %s ЧИСЛО[СУФІКС] або: %s КЛЮЧ Призупиняє виконання на вказане ЧИСЛО секунд. СУФІКС може приймати значення `s', що означає секунди (типове значення), `m' -- хвилини, `h' -- години та `d' -- дні. На відміну від інших реалізацій, які вимагають, щоб ЧИСЛО було цілим, тут воно може бути довільним числом з плаваючою комою. Використання: %s КЛЮЧ... [ФАЙЛ]... Використання: %s [-s СИГНАЛ | -СИГНАЛ] PID... або: %s -l [СИГНАЛ]... або: %s -t [СИГНАЛ]... Використання: %s [ФАЙЛ]... або: %s КЛЮЧ Використання: %s [НАЗВА] або: %s КЛЮЧ Виводить або встановлює назву цієї системи. Використання: %s [ЧИСЛО]... або: %s КЛЮЧ Використання: %s [ОПЕРАНД]... або: %s КЛЮЧ Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ] Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ] [КОМАНДА [АРГ]...] Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ] [ФАЙЛ] Виводити повністю сортований список, що відповідає частковому сортуванню у заданому ФАЙЛІ. Якщо ФАЙЛ не вказаний або вказаний як -, читається стандартний ввід. Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... КОНТЕКСТ ФАЙЛ або: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [-u КОРИСТУВАЧ] [-r РОЛЬ] [-l ДІАПАЗОН] [-t ТИП] ФАЙЛ... або: %s [КЛЮЧ]... --reference=ЗФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ... Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... КАТАЛОГ... Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ФАЙЛ] Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... ФАЙЛ ШАБЛОН... Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... ФАЙЛ... Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... ФАЙЛ1 ФАЙЛ2 Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... ГРУПА ФАЙЛ... чи: %s [КЛЮЧ]... --reference=ЗФАЙЛУ ФАЙЛ... Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... ОСТАННЄ або: %s [КЛЮЧ]... ПЕРШЕ ОСТАННЄ або: %s [КЛЮЧ]... ПЕРШЕ ПРИРІСТ ОСТАННЄ Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... РЕЖИМ[,РЕЖИМ]... ФАЙЛ або: %s [КЛЮЧ]... ВІСІМК-РЕЖИМ ФАЙЛ... або: %s [КЛЮЧ]... --reference=ЗФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ... Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... НАЗВА ТИП [ОСНОВНИЙ ДРУГОРЯДНИЙ] Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... НАЗВА... Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... НАБІР1 [НАБІР2] Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ ФАЙЛ | АРГ1 АРГ2] Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [+ФОРМАТ] або: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [ММДДррхх[[СС]РР][.сс]] Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [-T] ДЖЕРЕЛО ЦІЛЬ або: %s [КЛЮЧ]... ДЖЕРЕЛО... КАТАЛОГ або: %s [КЛЮЧ]... -t КАТАЛОГ ДЖЕРЕЛО... Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [-T] ДЖЕРЕЛО ЦІЛЬ або: %s [КЛЮЧ]... ДЖЕРЕЛО... КАТАЛОГ або: %s [КЛЮЧ]... -t КАТАЛОГ ДЖЕРЕЛО... або: %s [КЛЮЧ]... -d КАТАЛОГ... Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [-T] ЦІЛЬ НАЗВА_ПОСИЛАННЯ (1-а форма) або: %s [КЛЮЧ]... ЦІЛЬ (2-а форма) або: %s [КЛЮЧ]... ЦІЛЬ... КАТАЛОГ (3-я форма) або: %s [КЛЮЧ]... -t КАТАЛОГ ЦІЛЬ... (4-а форма) Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [-] [НАЗВА=ЗНАЧЕННЯ]... [КОМАНДА [АРГ]...] Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [-] [КОРИСТУВАЧ [АРГ]...] Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ФАЙЛ] Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ФАЙЛ] або: %s -e [КЛЮЧ]... [АРГУМЕНТ]... або: %s -i НИЖ-ВИЩ [КЛЮЧ]... Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ФАЙЛ] Кодування чи декодування файлу чи стандартного потоку вводу у форматі Base64, і запис у стандартний потік виводу. Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ФАЙЛ]... Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ФАЙЛ]... або: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [ФАЙЛ] [[+]ЗСУВ[.][b]] або: %s --traditional [КЛЮЧ]... [ФАЙЛ] [[+]ЗСУВ[.][b] [+][МІТКА][.][b]] Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ФАЙЛ]... або: %s [КЛЮЧ]... --files0-from=Ф Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ВХІД [ВИХІД]] Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ВХІД]... (без -G) або: %s -G [КЛЮЧ]... [ВХІД [ВИХІД]] Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ВЛАСНИК][:[ГРУПА]] ФАЙЛ... або: %s [КЛЮЧ]... --reference=ЗФАЙЛ ФАЙЛ... Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [ШАБЛОН] Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [КОРИСТУВАЧ] Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [КОРИСТУВАЧ]... Використання: %s [КЛЮЧ]... [КОРИСТУВАЧ]... Використання: %s [РЯДОК]... або: %s КЛЮЧ Використання: %s [ аргументи командного рядка, що ігноруються ] або: %s КЛЮЧ Використання: test ВИРАЗ або: test або: [ ВИРАЗ ] або: [ ] або: [ КЛЮЧ Допустимі аргументи:Можливі форматні послідовності для файлових систем: %a Число вільних блоків, доступних для звичайного користувача %b Повне число блоків даних у файловій системі %c Повне число вузлів у файловій системі %d Число вільних файлових вузлів у файловій системі %f Число вільних блоків у файловій системі %C рядок з контекстом безпеки SELinux УВАГА: Зациклення у структурі каталогу. Швидше за все, це означає, що ваша файлова система пошкоджена. ПОВІДОМТЕ ВАШОГО СИСТЕМНОГО АДМІНІСТРАТОРА. Наступний каталог є частиною циклу: %s Попередження: КолиДеРозбиває рядки у ФАЙЛІ(ах) (типово читає стандартний ввід) та виводить на стандартний вивід. Виводить випадково переставлені вхідні рядки на стандартний вивід. Виводить ФАЙЛИ на стандартний вивід, починаючи з останньої рядка. Якщо ФАЙЛ не вказаний або вказаний як -, читає стандартний ввід. Виводить кожен ФАЙЛ на стандартний вивід, додаючи номери рядків. Якщо ФАЙЛ не вказаний або вказаний як -, читається стандартний ввід. Виводить на стандартний вивід рядки, складені з відповідних рядків вхідних ФАЙЛІВ, що розділяються табуляцією. Якщо ФАЙЛ не вказаний або вказаний як -, читається стандартний ввід. Вивести сортоване сполучення усіх ФАЙЛ(ів) на стандартний вивід. Автор програми %s та %s. Автор програми %s, %s, %s. %s, %s, %s, %s %s, %s та інші. Автор програми %s, %s, %s. %s, %s, %s, %s %s та %s Автор програми %s, %s, %s. %s, %s, %s, %s та %s Автор програми %s, %s, %s. %s, %s, %s та %s Автор програми %s, %s, %s. %s, %s та %s Автор програми %s, %s, %s. %s та %s Автор програми %s, %s, %s та %s. Автор програми %s, %s та %s. Автор програми %s. вираз [=c=] не може використовуватись у ТАБЛИЦІ2 при перетворенні^[nN]^[yY]``-%c' зайві знаки або неправильне число у аргументі: %s`--pages=ПЕРША_СТОР[:ОСТАННЯ_СТОР]' пропущений аргумент`-N НОМЕР' неправильний номер початкового рядка: %s`-W ШИРИНА_СТОРІНКИ' неправильна кількість знаків: %s`-l ДОВЖИНА_СТОРІНКИ' неправильна кількість рядків: %s`-o ПОЛЕ' неправильна зсув: %s`-w ШИРИНА_СТОРІНКИ' неправильна кількість знаків: %sякщо вказана поправка, треба вказати командузвернення до %sai_family не підтримуєтьсяai_socktype не підтримуєтьсянеоднозначний аргумент %s для %sрозділювач для вхідних даних можна вказувати лише при обробці полівзбереження запасної копії %s знищить оригінал; %s не скопійованозбереження запасної копії %s знищить оригінал; %s не перенесенийтип резервної копіїфайл блочного пристроюблочні спеціальні файли не підтримуютьсязамість обох файлів не можна вказувати одночасно стандартний ввідбайтовий зсув %s надто великийне вдається застосувати частковий контекст для непозначеного файлу %sне можна отримати контекст процесуне вдається отримати доступ до %sне вдається створити резервну копію для %sне можна одночасно підбивати зведення та виводити всі елементине вдається змінити власника %sНе вдається змінити права доступу до %sне вдається змінити кореневий каталог на %sне вдається змінити каталог на %sне вдається перейти до кореневого каталогуне можна одночасно використовувати ключі -e та -iне можна одночасно використовувати будь-які два з {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}не можна одночасно використовувати block та unblockне можна одночасно використовувати excl та nocreatне можна одночасно використовувати lcase та ucaseне можна використовувати разом ключі режиму та --referenceне можна об'єднувати сигнал з -l або -tне вдається порівняти назви файлів %s та %sнеможливо перетворити U+%04X у локальне кодуваннянеможливо перетворити U+%04X у локальне кодування: %sне вдається скопіювати каталог, %s, у самого себе, %sне вдається скопіювати циклічне символьне посилання %sНе вдається створити каталог %sне вдається створити чергу %sне вдається створити жорстке посилання %s на %sне вдається створити посилання %sне вдається створити посилання %s на %sне вдається створити звичайний файл %sне вдається створити спеціальній файл %sне вдається створити символьне посилання %sне вдається створити символьне посилання %s на %sне вдається перейти за символьним посиланням %sне вдається визначити пристрій та inode для %sне вдається визначити назву машинипомилка ioctl на %sне вдається визначити назву групи для ID %luне вдається визначити ім'я користувача для ID %luне вдається слідувати за %s за назвоюне можна примусово вказувати контекст та %s зберігати його не вдається виконати fstat для %sпоточний каталог недоступнийне вдається дізнатись значення niceне вдається дізнатись назву системине вдається виконати lseek для %sне можна створювати жорстке та символьне посилання одночасноне вдається створити каталог %sне вдається перемістити %s у %sне вдається перенести %s у свій власний підкаталог, %sне можна перейменувати каталог на файл, що не є каталогом: %s -> %sне вдається відкрити %s для читанняне вдається відкрити %s для записуне вдається відкрити каталог %sобробка небезпечного символьного посилання %s неможливане можна перезаписувати каталог %s файлом, що не є каталогомне можна перезаписати файл %s, що не є каталогом, каталогом %sне вдається виконати форматований вивідне вдається зберегти розширені атрибути, cp зібрано без підтримки xattrне можна зберігати контекст безпеки, якщо ядро не підтримує SELinuxне можна виводити "only" для більш ніж одного варіантуне можна виводити лише назви або дійсні ID у типовому форматіне можна виводити контекст безпеки, коли вказано користувачане вдається прочитати каталог %sне вдається прочитати назви файлів з %sне вдається прочитати інформацію файлової системи для %sне вдається прочитати значення таймеру реального часуне вдається прочитати символьне посилання %s%помилка при читані змонтованих файлових системне вдається видалити %sне вдається перемістити вказівник файлу для %sне вдається встановити датуне вдається встановити груповий idне вдається встановити ідентифікатор групи рівним %luне вдається встановити групине вдається встановити основну назву -- ця система не має такої функціїне вдається встановити назву у %sне вдається встановити значення niceне вдається встановити мітки часу для %sне вдається встановити id користувачане вдається встановити ідентифікатор користувача рівним %luнеможливо перейти за межу останнього вхідного файлуне вдається вказати час з кількох джерелне можна розбивати одразу кількома методамине вдається виконати stat для %sне вдається виконати stat для поточного каталогу (наразі %s)не вдається виконати touch для %sне вдається відновити %s з резервної копіїне вдається видалити посилання %sне вдається обійти помилку ядразмінена група %s на %s змінено власника %s на %s зміна групи для %sзміна власника %sзміна прав доступу для %sзміна контексту безпеки для %s нульовий знаковий зсувсимвол поза діапазономфайл символьного пристроюзнакові спеціальні файли не підтримуютьсяочищення прав доступу для %sзміна часупомилка закриттязакриття %sзакриття %s (fd=%d)закриття каталогу %sзакриття вхідного файлу %sзакриття файлу виводу %sзакривається стандартний потік вводуконфліктуючі рядки заміни для порожнього полявказано конфліктуючі специфікатори контексту безпекинеможливо створити процес для %s -dне вдається створити тимчасовий файлнеможливо виконати %sнеможливо виконати %s -dу %s не знайдено запис каталогу з відповідним i-nodeне вдається дізнатись час початкового завантаженнястворений каталог %sстворення каталогу %sстворюється файл %s створюється жорстке посилання %sстворюється жорстке посилання %s => %sстворюється жорстке посилання на %.0s%sстворюється символьного посилання %sстворюється символьне посилання %s -> %sкаталогділення на нульпомилка dup2порожній рядок %s є неприпустимимпорожня назва файлупорожня табуляціяпомилка при закритті файлупомилка у механізмі відповідності регулярних виразівпомилка пошуку регулярного виразупомилка читання %sпомилка запису %sвихід=зайвий аргумент %sзайвий операнд %sзайвий операнд %s додатковий операнд %s не припустимий з -%cне вдається змінити контекст %s на %sпомилка зміни групи %s на %s помилка зміни прав доступу %s на %04lo (%s) не вдається змінити власника %s не вдається змінити власника %s на %s помилка зміни каталогу на %sпомилка при обчисленні нового контекстуне вдається створити каталог через шаблон %sне вдається створити файл через шаблон %sне вдається створити контексту безпеки: %sпомилка отримання атрибутів %sпомилка при отриманні поточного контекстуне вдається отримати контекст файлової системи для створення файлівпомилка при отриманні груп користувачів %sне вдається встановити контекст безпеки %sне вдається найти файл %sне вдається відкрити %sне вдається зберегти автора %sне вдається зберегти власника %sне вдається зберегти права доступу для %sне вдається зберегти мітки часу для %sне вдається перенаправити стандартний потік помилокне вдається видалити %sпомилка при видаленні каталогу %sне вдається повторно відкрити %s у режимі %sпомилка при відновленні типового контексту при створенні файлуне вдається повернутись до початкового робочого каталогуне вдається встановити %s контекст безпеки компоненту %sпомилка встановлення типового контексту для створення файлів %sпомилка при встановленні нового діапазону %sпомилка при встановленні нової ролі %sпомилка при встановленні нового типу %sпомилка при встановленні нового користувача %sне вдається встановити додаткові групине вдається зробити так, щоб копія стандартного потоку помилок закрилась на початку виконанняне вдається встановити контекст безпеки %s на %sпомилка отримання атрибутів %sоперація fdatasync для %s завершилась помилкоюоперація fflush завершилась помилкоюномер поля %s надто великийнульовий номер поляполя та позиції нумеруються з 1fifoфайл %d не сортованийОперанди-файли не можна одночасно використовувати з --print-database (-p)файлова система типа %s і вибрана, і виключенасистемний виклик fork завершився помилкоюформат %s закінчується у %%формат %s не містить директиву %%формат %s має надто багато директив %%формат містить %s невідому директиву %%%cпри виводі рядків однакової ширини формат можна не вказуватиоперація fsync для %s завершилась помилкоюпомилка при операції fts_readgetpass: не вдається відкрити /dev/ttyотримуються нові атрибути %sгрупа %s залишена як %s функція iconv недоступнафункцію iconv неможливо використатиid=всі аргументи проігнорованівсі аргументи проігнорованівивід додається у %sігнорується ввід та перенаправлення stderr на stdoutпроігноровано неправильний розмір табуляції змінної оточення TABSIZE: %sпроігноровано неправильне значення змінної оточення QUOTING_STYLE: %sпроігноровано неправильну ширину змінної оточення COLUMNS: %sаргументи, що не є ключами проігнорованіполя об'єднання %lu, %lu несуміснінесумісна табуляціянеправильний парольввід став недоступнийвхідний рядок надто великийпомилка при переміщенні з пристрою %s на пристрій %s: не вдається видалити цільовий файлнеправильний %s%s аргумент `%s'неправильна поправка %sнеправильний аргумент %sнеправильний аргумент %s для %sнеправильний стиль нумерації тіла: %sнеправильний список байтів або полівнеправильний знак `%c' у рядку типу %sнеправильний клас знаків %sнеправильний контекст: %sнеприпустиме перетвореннянеправильний специфікатор перетворення у суфіксі: %cнеправильний специфікатор перетворення у суфіксі: \%.3oнеправильна дата %sнеправильний формат дати %sнеприпустимий спадаючий діапазоннеправильний пристрій %s %sнеправильний тип пристрою %sнеправильний номер поля: %sнеправильна специфікація поля: %sнеправильна ширина поля: %sнеправильний номер файлу у специфікації поля: %sнеправильний аргумент з плаваючою комою: %sнеправильний стиль нумерації нижнього колонтитула: %sнеправильна точність у форматінеправильна ширина у форматінеправильна ширина дірки: %sнеправильна групанеправильна група %sнеправильна група: %sнеправильний стиль нумерації заголовка: %sнеправильні вхідні данінеприпустима ознака входунеприпустимий вхідний діапазон %sнеправильне ціле число %sнеправильний цілий аргумент %sнеправильна кількість рядків %sнеправильна line discipline %sнеправильна ширина поля для номера рядка: %sнеправильний приріст номеру рядка: %sнеправильний формат нумерації рядків: %sнеправильна ширина рядка: %sнеправильне основне число пристрою %sнеприпустима максимальна глибина %sнеправильне другорядне число пристрою %sнеправильний режимнеправильний режим %sнеправильний режим: %sнеправильний номер %sнеправильне число після `,'неправильне число після `-'неправильне число після `.'неправильне число на початку полянеправильна кількість порожніх рядків: %sнеправильна кількість байтнеправильна кількість байт, що порівнюютьсянеправильна кількість байт, що пропускаютьсянеправильне число стовпчиків: %sнеправильна кількість полів, що пропускаютьсянеправильна кількість рядківнеправильна кількість рядків: 0неправильний ключ -- `%c'неправильний ключ -- %c; -ШИРИНА розпізнається, лише якщо це перший аргумент, у іншому випадку вказуйте -w Nнеправильно вказана основа системи числення `%c', повинна бути одним з символів [doxn]неприпустимий ознака виводунеправильна точність: %sнеправильний діапазон без кінцевого значення: -неправильно вказана кількість повторів %s у конструкції [c*n]неправильна специфікаціянеправильний номер початкового рядка: %sнеприпустимий ознака статусунеправильний суфікс у %s%s аргументі `%s'неправильний розмір табуляції: %sнеправильний шаблон, %s, містить символ розділення каталогівнеправильний шаблон, %s; з --tmpdir, він не може бути абсолютнимнеправильний інтервал часу %sнеправильний формат часу %sнеправильний завершальний ключ -- `%c'неправильний рядок типу %sнеправильно вказаний тип %s; ця система не підтримує %lu-байтове типу з плаваючою комоюнеправильно вказаний рядок типу %s; ця система не підтримує %lu-байтове цілого типунеправильна універсальна назва знаку \%c%0*xнеправильний користувачнеправильний користувач %sнеприпустима ширина: %sнеправильна величина переносу: %sнеправильна назва файлу нульової довжининебезпечно рекурсивно обробляти %sнебезпечно рекурсивно обробляти %s (те ж саме, що й %s)попередній=початковий `-' у компоненті назві файлу %sмежу %lu перевищено довжиною %lu у назві файлу %sперевищено обмеження %lu довжиною %lu у компоненті імені файлу %sключ кількості рядків -%s%c... надто великийномер рядка %s менше номеру попереднього рядка, %sпереповнення номера рядкамаксимум --%s аргумент з поточним rlimit що дорівнює %sпам'ять вичерпаночерга повідомленьнепарні конструкції [:upper:] та/або [:lower:]пропущено опис перетворення (%%) у суфіксіпропущена `]'пропущений аргумент після %sпропущений аргумент для %sпропущено назву класу знаків `[::]'пропущений специфікатор перетворення у суфіксіпісля %s пропущений операнд, що вказує цільовий файлпропущений знак класу еквівалентності `[==]'пропущений операнд, що вказує файлнеправильна шістнадцяткове число у escape-послідовностівідсутній список поліввідсутній список позиційвідсутній операндпропущений операнд після %sрежим повинен визначати лише біти прав доступу до файлуправа доступу %s змінені на %04lo (%s) права доступу %s залишені як %04lo (%s) багатознакова табуляція %sзадано декілька ключів -iзадано декілька ключів -l або -tвказано декілька програм стисканнязадано декілька розділювачівмножинні діапазонизадано декілька файлів для виводузадано декілька вихідних форматіввказано декілька форматів виводумножинні ролейвказано декілька цільових каталогівмножинні типимножинні користувачіані символьне посилання %s, ані об'єкт на який воно вказує, не були змінені або змінна оточення SHELL відсутня, або не вказаний тип інтерпретаторуне змінений власник %s не вказано командуне вказана жодна файлова системабільше немає файлівреєстраційне ім'я відсутнєне вказаний ідентифікатор процесупри дампі рядків не можна вказувати типне вказано ім'я користувача; при використанні ключа -l треба вказати хоча б одненепереносний знак %s у назві файлу %sне ttyзапис через через висяче символьне посилання %s не виконуєтьсячисло у %s надто великечисло байтчисло рядківпереповнення зсуву при читанні файлу %sпропуск каталогу %sу ТАБЛИЦІ2 може використовуватись лише одна конструкція [c*]можна вказати лише одне пристрійможна вказати лише один тип спискуоперація відкриття завершилась помилкоювідкриття %sпараметр використовує неправильний контекст -- %cнесумісні параметри `-%s'власник %s залишений без змін власник %s залишений як %s сторінка надто вузьказбереження прав доступу для %sзбереження відмітки про час %sвивід усіх рядків, що повторюються та числа повторів не має сенсунеправильний порядок меж діапазону `%s-%s'помилка читанняпомилка читаннячитання %sчитання каталогу %sзапис надто великийзвичайний порожній файлзвичайний файлвидалено %s видалено каталог: %s видалення каталогу, %sрівень виконаннясемафоррозділювач не може бути порожнімЩоб обійти цю проблему, встановіть LC_ALL='C'встановлення ознак для %sвстановлення прав доступу для %sвстановлення тимчасових позначок %sоб'єкт спільній пам'ятізначення skip-bytes + read-bytes надто великеприпущено %s, оскільки він розташований на іншому пристроїпропущено файл %s, оскільки він був замінений під час копіюваннясокетстандартна помилкастандартний ввідстандартний ввід закритийстандартний вивідоперація stat завершилась помилкоюstderrstdinstdoutзайвий знак у специфікації поляпомилка порівняння рядківпомилка перетворення рядківпроцес strip завершився помилкоюзаборона виводу рядків, що не містять розділювачів, має сенс лише при роботі з полямисимволічне посиланнясинтаксична помилкарозмір табуляції не може дорівнювати нулюрозмір табуляції містить неприпустимий знак (знаки): %sномера позицій табуляції повинні зростатирозмір табуляції надто великий %sрозмір табуляції надто великийпозиції табуляції надто далеко одна від одноївказана ціль %s не є каталогомпри встановленні каталогу не можна вказувати цільовий каталогтермінал=test та/або [ключі --binary та --text не мають сенсу при перевірці контрольних сумключ --status має сенс лише при перевірці контрольних сумключ --warn має сенс лише при перевірці контрольних сумконструкція [c*] може використовуватись у ТАБЛИЦІ2 лише при перетворенніконструкція [c*] не може використовуватись у ТАБЛИЦІ1аргумент %s не починається зі знаку `+'; При вказуванні дати, кожен аргумент, що не є ключем, повинен мати символьний формат та починатись зі знаку `+'.розділювач повинен бути одним символомключі для виводу у текстовому та виводі, зрозумілому програмі stty, виключають один одногоключі для виводу внутрішньої бази даних dircolors та ключі для вибору синтаксису оболонки взаємно виключають друг другаключі для встановлення та для відображення часу не можуть застосовуватись разомключі для виводу дати взаємно виключають друг другарядки, що порівнювались %s та %s.при встановленні каталогу не можна вживати ключ stripРядок до перетворення %sчас %s поза допустимим діапазономдля використання ідентифікатора користувача %s слід використовувати -g tooнадто мало символів X у шаблоні %sнадто багато описів перетворення (%%) у суфіксінадто багато знаків у таблицінадто багато рядків, що повторюютьсянадто багато шаблонівзагаломоб'єкт типізованої пам'ятіuid=%luНеможливо вивести повідомлення про помилкуне вдається зберегти поточний робочій каталогне вдається встановити контекст безпеки %sневідомий двійковий операторневідомий потікневідомий ідентифікатор користувача: %sнезрозуміле значення змінної оточення LS_COLORSоперанд %s не розпізнанийне розпізнаний префікс: %sвикористовуйте --no-preserve-root, щоб скасувати попередження про небезпекукористувач %s не існуєвикористання арифметики з довільною точністювикористовується обмежена оболонка %sвикористання арифметики з фіксованою точністюочікування %s [-d]очікування stripпопередження: %s: знаки, наступні за знаковою константою, проігнорованіпопередження: %s: не вдається змінити контекст у %sпопередження: --pid=PID не підтримується на цій системіпопередження: ключ --retry корисний лише при слідуванні за назвою файлупопередження: PID ігнорований; ключ --pid=PID корисний лише при слідуванніпопередження: `touch %s' застарів; використовуйте `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'попередження: неекранована зворотна похила риска наприкінці формату не є переносимоюпопередження: зворотна похила риска наприкінці форматупопередження: не вдається змінити каталог на %sпопередження, не вдається видалити: %sпопередження: нескінченне стеження за стандартним вводом неефективнепопередження: зайві аргументи проігноровані, починаючи з %sпопередження: некоректний зсув файлу після помилки читанняпопередження: неправильна ширина %lu; буде використана %dпопередження: номер рядка %s дорівнює попередньому номеру рядкапопередження: вхідний файл %s вказаний більше одного разупопередження: підбиття зведення конфліктує з --max-depth=%luпопередження: підбиття зведення це те ж саме, що й --max-depth=0попередження: неоднозначна вісімкова послідовність \%c%c%c трактується як двобайтова послідовність \0%c%c, %cпопередження: керуюча послідовність `\%c' не розпізнанапопередження: обходиться помилка lseek у ядрі для файлу (%s) mt_type=0x%0lx -- см. для списку типівдивний файлякщо частина таблиці1 не відкидається, таблиця2 не повинна бути порожньоюпри читанні імен файлів з stdin, не допускаються назви файлів %sпри вказуванні стилю виводу не можна встановлювати режимпри перетворенні з доповненням класів символів, ТАБЛИЦЯ2 повинна ставити у відповідність всім символам доповнення рівно один символпри перетворенні, у ТАБЛИЦІ2 можуть використовуватись лише класи `upper' та `lower'не буде копіюватися %s через щойно створене символьне посилання %sжорстке посилання %s на каталог %s не буде створеноне переписується щойно створений %s %sпри заданому --parents ціль повинна бути каталогомпомилка записупомилка запису для %sзапис завершився помилкоюзапис %sзапис у %sслід вказати -c, -t, -u, -l, -r, або контексттреба вказати список байт, символів або полівPRIuMAX%+% records in %+% records out % truncated record % truncated records % byte (%s) copied% bytes (%s) copiedoffset too large: cannot truncate to a length of seek=% (%lu-byte) blocks%s: %: improperly formatted %s checksum lineWARNING: % of % listed file could not be readWARNING: % of % listed files could not be readWARNING: % of % computed checksum did NOT matchWARNING: % of % computed checksums did NOT matchstarting page number % exceeds page count %Page %%+% записів прочитано %+% записів записано % обрізаний запис % обрізані записи % обрізаних записів скопійовано % байт (%s) скопійовано % байти (%s) скопійовано % байтів (%s)зсув надто великий: не вдається обрізати до величини seek=% (%lu-байтних) блоків%s: %: неправильно складений рядок контрольної суми %sПОПЕРЕДЖЕННЯ: не вдається прочитати % вказаний файл з %ПОПЕРЕДЖЕННЯ: не вдається прочитати % вказані файли з %ПОПЕРЕДЖЕННЯ: не вдається прочитати % вказаних файлів з %ПОПЕРЕДЖЕННЯ: НЕ збіглась % обчислена контрольна сума з %ПОПЕРЕДЖЕННЯ: НЕ збіглись % обчислені контрольні суми з %ПОПЕРЕДЖЕННЯ: НЕ збіглись % обчислених контрольних сум з %номер початкової сторінки % перевищує загальну кількість сторінок %Сторінка %0707010000926a000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001600000000reloc/share/locale/vi0707010000926b000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000002200000000reloc/share/locale/vi/LC_MESSAGES0707010000926c000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00053eed000000660000000300000000000000000000002f00000000reloc/share/locale/vi/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mo0-@[z $zXz}}}~~BG5/p![}:w5\R~ d\rwόTGG8w '#AFDzf<i>D\R>hI`}ޟa>v3|fKD=lΥ0;lA5YOKW" bED9>IJϳ\Y@Ÿe׹9=wtսǾF g4d)xy50/H7WF[ HTuq1DS-,F|}\KDgp 5{s% Bc})I/"i4-ZvWX . &  E  M47F}]sOm[ y O7n \ S"Q#7%R&(2=)p*+--.E;0J00 12!3u4&T6l{7C8,:. ;Q9;;^<<=n>*?@hAEB4CuEE1FFGSHII'JK4MMNOP\R JSUTUV,W;#Y<_ZZ.[\]Kg__|`az~bbcd[ffmgf$i5jk1ElwlH$n;mnoppJrsqtYuvLw'xTx#Tzx{@|8~ˀOU!Vw΃a3D;wIQ.K6c? =Ē* 4CǘX d?6SvʜmeӞϟ!]$(ͣ$Ȥ%*:>y&Jq9R#$ͩ!,"%B h's ,X;|Sа     ȴҴ۴& @ JVil ζ+4?OD0Է)H0\"'/% Uv#ι>"N%qB*ں$6)Fp%,#"$7\/|8 )FZyϽ$5'Fn*$Ҿ (">aw;ɿܿ1Ol")-J["z1'( ,An,'- (0(Y"&5"P s 50.Bq"+%,R)r l;3o 6-)=Of} ) ?(:Tcs   kK68Ortt7 ~  3| Sx]x:Ou2:11@ P] AMU(<-\j ++0* [el{1K}j@7j? -:2m(7   "?[$s    (9@EK I ,:Kev   #*GEJ~#N4EHo   5-C&q     #H2Hh{wi\q; Hf B>~;:v%1WT^ 7 - 7D IUi8S@D): O]q 1'K]   -&H*o d    5%  [ g      0 < AD   $    $j&%C+>j y $ +,6jc& '0> o)~9Vs))YS'T'*(R{X@?)&i+B#& G"fTgF."+>Yj~C= * !6!^T!c! 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EXPRESSION EXPRESSION is false EXPRESSION1 -a EXPRESSION2 both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true EXPRESSION1 -o EXPRESSION2 either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true --check-order check that the input is correctly sorted, even if all input lines are pairable --nocheck-order do not check that the input is correctly sorted -1 suppress column 1 (lines unique to FILE1) -2 suppress column 2 (lines unique to FILE2) -3 suppress column 3 (lines that appear in both files) -a, --all same as -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot time of last system boot -d, --dead print dead processes -H, --heading print line of column headings -b FILE FILE exists and is block special -c FILE FILE exists and is character special -d FILE FILE exists and is a directory -e FILE FILE exists -l produce long format output for the specified USERs -b omit the user's home directory and shell in long format -h omit the user's project file in long format -p omit the user's plan file in long format -s do short format output, this is the default -n STRING the length of STRING is nonzero STRING equivalent to -n STRING -z STRING the length of STRING is zero STRING1 = STRING2 the strings are equal STRING1 != STRING2 the strings are not equal ARG1 * ARG2 arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 is less than ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 is equal to ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 is unequal to ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2 FILE1 -ef FILE2 FILE1 and FILE2 have the same device and inode numbers FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2 FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 is older than FILE2 INTEGER copy up to but not including specified line number /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copy up to but not including a matching line %REGEXP%[OFFSET] skip to, but not including a matching line {INTEGER} repeat the previous pattern specified number of times {*} repeat the previous pattern as many times as possible A line OFFSET is a required `+' or `-' followed by a positive integer. INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING length of STRING a number all lines t number only nonempty lines n number no lines pBRE number only lines that contain a match for the basic regular expression, BRE FORMAT is one of: ln left justified, no leading zeros rn right justified, no leading zeros rz right justified, leading zeros b create a block (buffered) special file c, u create a character (unbuffered) special file p create a FIFO # users=%lu -t is implied if PAGE_LENGTH <= 10. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. A field is a run of blanks (usually spaces and/or TABs), then non-blank characters. Fields are skipped before chars. A lightweight `finger' program; print user information. The utmp file will be %s. A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment. A mere - implies -l. If USER not given, assume root. After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number; then an optional modifier, which is either E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available. An omitted EXPRESSION defaults to false. Otherwise, EXPRESSION is true or false and sets exit status. It is one of: As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. BLOCKS and BYTES may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Each CONV symbol may be: Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. Both MAJOR and MINOR must be specified when TYPE is b, c, or u, and they must be omitted when TYPE is p. If MAJOR or MINOR begins with 0x or 0X, it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal; otherwise, as decimal. TYPE may be: By default, rm does not remove directories. Use the --recursive (-r or -R) option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents. By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: By default, sparse SOURCE files are detected by a crude heuristic and the corresponding DEST file is made sparse as well. That is the behavior selected by --sparse=auto. Specify --sparse=always to create a sparse DEST file whenever the SOURCE file contains a long enough sequence of zero bytes. Use --sparse=never to inhibit creation of sparse files. When --reflink[=always] is specified, perform a lightweight copy, where the data blocks are copied only when modified. If this is not possible the copy fails, or if --reflink=auto is specified, fall back to a standard copy. Combination settings: * [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase cbreak same as -icanon -cbreak same as icanon Control settings: [-]clocal disable modem control signals [-]cread allow input to be received * [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8] DURATION is an integer with an optional suffix: `s' for seconds(the default), `m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. Display values are in units of the first available SIZE from --block-size, and the %s_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables. Otherwise, units default to 1024 bytes (or 512 if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set). Each FLAG symbol may be: append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc suggested) Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Examples: %s -12 file1 file2 Print only lines present in both file1 and file2. %s -3 file1 file2 Print lines in file1 not in file2, and vice versa. Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Output "stdio". Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Output ".". Examples: %s f - g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. %s Copy standard input to standard output. Examples: %s root /u Change the owner of /u to "root". %s root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to "staff". %s -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root". Examples: %s staff /u Change the group of /u to "staff". %s -hR staff /u Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff". Except for -h and -L, all FILE-related tests dereference symbolic links. Beware that parentheses need to be escaped (e.g., by backslashes) for shells. INTEGER may also be -l STRING, which evaluates to the length of STRING. Exit status is 0 if EXPRESSION is neither null nor 0, 1 if EXPRESSION is null or 0, 2 if EXPRESSION is syntactically invalid, and 3 if an error occurred. Exit status: 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory), 2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument). FORMAT controls the output as in C printf. Interpreted sequences are: \" double quote FORMAT controls the output. Interpreted sequences are: %% a literal % %a locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun) Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. If -e is in effect, the following sequences are recognized: If FILE is -, shred standard output. Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified. The default is not to remove the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda, and those files usually should not be removed. When operating on regular files, most people use the --remove option. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual. If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. If FIRST or INCREMENT is omitted, it defaults to 1. That is, an omitted INCREMENT defaults to 1 even when LAST is smaller than FIRST. FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are interpreted as floating point values. INCREMENT is usually positive if FIRST is smaller than LAST, and INCREMENT is usually negative if FIRST is greater than LAST. If MODE is `0' the corresponding stream will be unbuffered. If MODE is `L' the corresponding stream will be line buffered. This option is invalid with standard input. If a FILE is -, copy again to standard output. If first and second call formats both apply, the second format is assumed if the last operand begins with + or (if there are 2 operands) a digit. An OFFSET operand means -j OFFSET. LABEL is the pseudo-address at first byte printed, incremented when dump is progressing. For OFFSET and LABEL, a 0x or 0X prefix indicates hexadecimal; suffixes may be . for octal and b for multiply by 512. If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). If standard input is a terminal, redirect it from /dev/null. If standard output is a terminal, append output to `nohup.out' if possible, `$HOME/nohup.out' otherwise. If standard error is a terminal, redirect it to standard output. To save output to FILE, use `%s COMMAND > FILE'. If the command times out, then exit with status 124. Otherwise, exit with the status of COMMAND. If no signal is specified, send the TERM signal upon timeout. The TERM signal kills any process that does not block or catch that signal. For other processes, it may be necessary to use the KILL (9) signal, since this signal cannot be caught. If the first character of K (the number of bytes or lines) is a `+', print beginning with the Kth item from the start of each file, otherwise, print the last K items in the file. K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Input settings: [-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal [-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline [-]ignbrk ignore break characters [-]igncr ignore carriage return K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Local settings: [-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings * -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings NOTE: If COMMAND adjusts the buffering of its standard streams (`tee' does for e.g.) then that will override corresponding settings changed by `stdbuf'. Also some filters (like `dd' and `cat' etc.) don't use streams for I/O, and are thus unaffected by `stdbuf' settings. NOTE: [ honors the --help and --version options, but test does not. test treats each of those as it treats any other nonempty STRING. NOTE: your shell may have its own version of %s, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. Note that if you use rm to remove a file, it might be possible to recover some of its contents, given sufficient expertise and/or time. For greater assurance that the contents are truly unrecoverable, consider using shred. Note that the -d and -t options accept different time-date formats. Note that the -r and -s options are mutually exclusive. Note, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. Note: 'uniq' does not detect repeated lines unless they are adjacent. You may want to sort the input first, or use `sort -u' without `uniq'. Also, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available. Otherwise MODE is a number which may be followed by one of the following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. In this case the corresponding stream will be fully buffered with the buffer size set to MODE bytes. Output settings: * bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1] * crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3] * ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1] * nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1] Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed to login group if implied by a `:' following a symbolic OWNER. OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic. POS is F[.C][OPTS], where F is the field number and C the character position in the field; both are origin 1. If neither -t nor -b is in effect, characters in a field are counted from the beginning of the preceding whitespace. OPTS is one or more single-letter ordering options, which override global ordering options for that key. If no key is given, use the entire line as the key. SIZE may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 RADIX is d for decimal, o for octal, x for hexadecimal or n for none. BYTES is hexadecimal with 0x or 0X prefix, and may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Adding a z suffix to any type displays printable characters at the end of each output line. Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: Report %s bugs to %s Report bugs to: %s SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIGNAL may be a signal name like `HUP', or a signal number like `1', or the exit status of a process terminated by a signal. PID is an integer; if negative it identifies a process group. SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). SIZE may also be prefixed by one of the following modifying characters: `+' extend by, `-' reduce by, `<' at most, `>' at least, `/' round down to multiple of, `%' round up to multiple of. SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Sending a %s signal to a running `dd' process makes it print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s Options are: Special characters: * dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input) eol CHAR CHAR will end the line Special settings: N set the input and output speeds to N bauds * cols N tell the kernel that the terminal has N columns * columns N same as cols N TYPE is made up of one or more of these specifications: a named character, ignoring high-order bit c ASCII character or backslash escape The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: The data are encoded as described for the base64 alphabet in RFC 3548. When decoding, the input may contain newlines in addition to the bytes of the formal base64 alphabet. Use --ignore-garbage to attempt to recover from any other non-alphabet bytes in the encoded stream. The following three options are useful only when verifying checksums: --quiet don't print OK for each successfully verified file --status don't output anything, status code shows success -w, --warn warn about improperly formatted checksum lines The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. The valid format sequences for files (without --file-system): %a Access rights in octal %A Access rights in human readable form %b Number of blocks allocated (see %B) %B The size in bytes of each block reported by %b %C SELinux security context string This install program copies files (often just compiled) into destination locations you choose. If you want to download and install a ready-to-use package on a GNU/Linux system, you should instead be using a package manager like yum(1) or apt-get(1). In the first three forms, copy SOURCE to DEST or multiple SOURCE(s) to the existing DIRECTORY, while setting permission modes and owner/group. In the 4th form, create all components of the given DIRECTORY(ies). To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo', use one of these commands: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Traditional format specifications may be intermixed; they accumulate: -a same as -t a, select named characters, ignoring high-order bit -b same as -t o1, select octal bytes -c same as -t c, select ASCII characters or backslash escapes -d same as -t u2, select unsigned decimal 2-byte units Translation occurs if -d is not given and both SET1 and SET2 appear. -t may be used only when translating. SET2 is extended to length of SET1 by repeating its last character as necessary. Excess characters of SET2 are ignored. Only [:lower:] and [:upper:] are guaranteed to expand in ascending order; used in SET2 while translating, they may only be used in pairs to specify case conversion. -s uses SET1 if not translating nor deleting; else squeezing uses SET2 and occurs after translation or deletion. Unless -t CHAR is given, leading blanks separate fields and are ignored, else fields are separated by CHAR. Any FIELD is a field number counted from 1. FORMAT is one or more comma or blank separated specifications, each being `FILENUM.FIELD' or `0'. Default FORMAT outputs the join field, the remaining fields from FILE1, the remaining fields from FILE2, all separated by CHAR. Important: FILE1 and FILE2 must be sorted on the join fields. E.g., use ` sort -k 1b,1 ' if `join' has no options, or use ` join -t '' ' if `sort' has no options. Note, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. If the input is not sorted and some lines cannot be joined, a warning message will be given. Use one, and only one of -b, -c or -f. Each LIST is made up of one range, or many ranges separated by commas. Selected input is written in the same order that it is read, and is written exactly once. Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it. With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. With no options, produce three-column output. Column one contains lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2, and column three contains lines common to both files. Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. ??? --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -f, --force do not prompt before overwriting -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file If you specify more than one of -i, -f, -n, only the final one takes effect. --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories (note: will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the superuser) -f, --force remove existing destination files --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -c (ignored) -C, --compare compare each pair of source and destination files, and in some cases, do not modify the destination at all -d, --directory treat all arguments as directory names; create all components of the specified directories --batch-size=NMERGE merge at most NMERGE inputs at once; for more use temp files --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks. See SIZE format below -B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~ -c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime --complement complement the set of selected bytes, characters or fields --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -L, --max-line-length print the length of the longest line -w, --words print the word counts --files0-from=F summarize disk usage of the NUL-terminated file names specified in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -H equivalent to --dereference-args (-D) -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si like -h, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 --from=CURRENT_OWNER:CURRENT_GROUP change the owner and/or group of each file only if its current owner and/or group match those specified here. Either may be omitted, in which case a match is not required for the omitted attribute --group-directories-first group directories before files. augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping --help display this help and exit --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode print the index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k like --block-size=1K --lookup attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS -m only hostname and user associated with stdin -p, --process print active processes spawned by init --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially --preserve-root do not remove `/' (default) -r, -R, --recursive remove directories and their contents recursively -v, --verbose explain what is being done --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST don't preserve the specified attributes --parents use full source file name under DIRECTORY --one-file-system when removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any directory that is on a file system different from that of the corresponding command line argument --pid=PID with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies -q, --quiet, --silent never output headers giving file names --retry keep trying to open a file even when it is or becomes inaccessible; useful when following by name, i.e., with --follow=name --preserve-context preserve SELinux security context -Z, --context=CONTEXT set SELinux security context of files and directories --reference=RFILE use RFILE's security context rather than specifying a CONTEXT value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC output date and time in RFC 3339 format. TIMESPEC=`date', `seconds', or `ns' for date and time to the indicated precision. Date and time components are separated by a single space: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=STRING set time described by STRING -u, --utc, --universal print or set Coordinated Universal Time --sort=WORD sort according to WORD: general-numeric -g, human-numeric -h, month -M, numeric -n, random -R, version -V -V, --version-sort natural sort of (version) numbers within text --sparse=WHEN control creation of sparse files. See below --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix --suffix=SUFF append SUFF to TEMPLATE. SUFF must not contain slash. This option is implied if TEMPLATE does not end in X. --time show time of the last modification of any file in the directory, or any of its subdirectories --time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status --time-style=STYLE show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT FORMAT is interpreted like `date' --time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale --tmpdir[=DIR] interpret TEMPLATE relative to DIR. If DIR is not specified, use $TMPDIR if set, else /tmp. With this option, TEMPLATE must not be an absolute name. Unlike with -t, TEMPLATE may contain slashes, but mktemp creates only the final component --verbose print a diagnostic just before each output file is opened --version output version information and exit --all print the number of installed processors --ignore=N if possible, exclude N processing units Size Used Avail Use% Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Size Used Avail Use% -evenp same as -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7 nl same as -icrnl -onlcr -nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-') [-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty [-]hupcl same as [-]hup [-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input [-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-') [-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors * [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character [-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return [-]inpck enable input parity checking [-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters [-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters [-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters * [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal * [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\' for uppercase characters cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values -cooked same as raw crt same as echoe echoctl echoke dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany ek erase and kill characters to their default values evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N set the input speed to N * line N use line discipline N min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read ospeed N set the output speed to N oddp same as parenb parodd cs7 -oddp same as -parenb cs8 [-]parity same as [-]evenp pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7 raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw same as cooked sane same as cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke, all special characters to their default values stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal * swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer * werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed %% a single % %b ARGUMENT as a string with `\' escapes interpreted, except that octal escapes are of the form \0 or \0NNN and all C format specifications ending with one of diouxXfeEgGcs, with ARGUMENTs converted to proper type first. Variable widths are handled. %A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday) %b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan) %B locale's full month name (e.g., January) %c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005) %C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20) %d day of month (e.g, 01) %D date; same as %m/%d/%y %e day of month, space padded; same as %_d %F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d %g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G) %G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V %S second (00..60) %t a tab %T time; same as %H:%M:%S %u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday %U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) %V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53) %w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday %W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53) %d Device number in decimal %D Device number in hex %f Raw mode in hex %F File type %g Group ID of owner %G Group name of owner %h Number of hard links %i Inode number %n File name %N Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link %o I/O block size %s Total size, in bytes %t Major device type in hex %T Minor device type in hex %h same as %b %H hour (00..23) %I hour (01..12) %j day of year (001..366) %i File System ID in hex %l Maximum length of filenames %n File name %s Block size (for faster transfers) %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) %t Type in hex %T Type in human readable form %k hour ( 0..23) %l hour ( 1..12) %m month (01..12) %M minute (00..59) %n a newline %N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) %p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known %P like %p, but lower case %r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM) %R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M %s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u User ID of owner %U User name of owner %x Time of last access %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch %y Time of last modification %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch %z Time of last change %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch %x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99) %X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48) %y last two digits of year (00..99) %Y year %z +hhmm numeric timezone (e.g., -0400) %:z +hh:mm numeric timezone (e.g., -04:00) %::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00) %:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30) %Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT) By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes. + TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like `match' or an operator like `/' ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION +FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE], --pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE] begin [stop] printing with page FIRST_[LAST_]PAGE -COLUMN, --columns=COLUMN output COLUMN columns and print columns down, unless -a is used. Balance number of lines in the columns on each page --output-delimiter=STR separate columns with STR --userspec=USER:GROUP specify user and group (ID or name) to use --groups=G_LIST specify supplementary groups as g1,g2,..,gN -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -A, --auto-reference output automatically generated references -G, --traditional behave more like System V `ptx' -F, --flag-truncation=STRING use STRING for flagging line truncations -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks -b, --bytes equivalent to `--apparent-size --block-size=1' -c, --total produce a grand total -D, --dereference-args dereference only symlinks that are listed on the command line -C list entries by columns --color[=WHEN] colorize the output. WHEN defaults to `always' or can be `never' or `auto'. More info below -d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links -D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode -D create all leading components of DEST except the last, then copy SOURCE to DEST -g, --group=GROUP set group ownership, instead of process' current group -m, --mode=MODE set permission mode (as in chmod), instead of rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=OWNER set ownership (super-user only) -D, --all-repeated[=delimit-method] print all duplicate lines delimit-method={none(default),prepend,separate} Delimiting is done with blank lines -f, --skip-fields=N avoid comparing the first N fields -i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing -s, --skip-chars=N avoid comparing the first N characters -u, --unique only print unique lines -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names -h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line follow symbolic links listed on the command line --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory --hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A) -I prompt once before removing more than three files, or when removing recursively. Less intrusive than -i, while still giving protection against most mistakes --interactive[=WHEN] prompt according to WHEN: never, once (-I), or always (-i). Without WHEN, prompt always -L FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h) -O FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID -p FILE FILE exists and is a named pipe -r FILE FILE exists and read permission is granted -s FILE FILE exists and has a size greater than zero -L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links -P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default) -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -S, --separate-dirs do not include size of subdirectories -s, --summarize display only a total for each argument -L, --logical use PWD from environment, even if it contains symlinks -P, --physical avoid all symlinks -M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx' -O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives -R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences -T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives -N, --read-bytes=BYTES limit dump to BYTES input bytes -S, --strings[=BYTES] output strings of at least BYTES graphic chars -t, --format=TYPE select output format or formats -v, --output-duplicates do not use * to mark line suppression -w, --width[=BYTES] output BYTES bytes per output line --traditional accept arguments in traditional form -P, --portability use the POSIX output format --sync invoke sync before getting usage info -t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE -T, --print-type print file system type -x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE -v (ignored) -R, -r, --recursive copy directories recursively --reflink[=WHEN] control clone/CoW copies. See below --remove-destination remove each existing destination file before attempting to open it (contrast with --force) -S sort by file size --sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time -S FILE FILE exists and is a socket -t FD file descriptor FD is opened on a terminal -u FILE FILE exists and its set-user-ID bit is set -w FILE FILE exists and write permission is granted -x FILE FILE exists and execute (or search) permission is granted -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create the links -T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file -v, --verbose print name of each linked file -SSTRING, --sep-string[=STRING] separate columns by STRING, without -S: Default separator with -J and otherwise (same as -S" "), no effect on column options -t, --omit-header omit page headers and trailers -T, --omit-pagination omit page headers and trailers, eliminate any pagination by form feeds set in input files -v, --show-nonprinting use octal backslash notation -w, --width=PAGE_WIDTH set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters for multiple text-column output only, -s[char] turns off (72) -T, -w, --mesg add user's message status as +, - or ? -u, --users list users logged in --message same as -T --writable same as -T -W, --page-width=PAGE_WIDTH set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters always, truncate lines, except -J option is set, no interference with -S or -s -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword -b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting -g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields -i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE -o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of NAME to CTX -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each NAME to CTX -a change only the access time -c, --no-create do not create any files -d, --date=STRING parse STRING and use it instead of current time -f (ignored) -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -a, --all do not ignore entries starting with . -A, --almost-all do not list implied . and .. --author with -l, print the author of each file -b, --escape print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters -a, --all include dummy file systems -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks --total produce a grand total -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories --apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be larger due to holes in (`sparse') files, internal fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like -a, --all convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks --first-only convert only leading sequences of blanks (overrides -a) -t, --tabs=N have tabs N characters apart instead of 8 (enables -a) -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated LIST of tab positions (enables -a) -a, --archive same as -dR --preserve=all --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument --copy-contents copy contents of special files when recursive -d same as --no-dereference --preserve=links -a, --suffix-length=N use suffixes of length N (default %d) -b, --bytes=SIZE put SIZE bytes per output file -C, --line-bytes=SIZE put at most SIZE bytes of lines per output file -d, --numeric-suffixes use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic -l, --lines=NUMBER put NUMBER lines per output file -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline -b, --binary read in binary mode -b, --binary read in binary mode (default unless reading tty stdin) -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -b, --bytes=LIST select only these bytes -c, --characters=LIST select only these characters -d, --delimiter=DELIM use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignore leading blanks -d, --dictionary-order consider only blanks and alphanumeric characters -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case characters -b, --suffix-format=FORMAT use sprintf FORMAT instead of %02d -f, --prefix=PREFIX use PREFIX instead of `xx' -k, --keep-files do not remove output files on errors -c --format=FORMAT use the specified FORMAT instead of the default; output a newline after each use of FORMAT --printf=FORMAT like --format, but interpret backslash escapes, and do not output a mandatory trailing newline. If you want a newline, include \n in FORMAT -t, --terse print the information in terse form -c, --bytes=K output the last K bytes; alternatively, use -c +K to output bytes starting with the Kth of each file -c, --bytes=[-]K print the first K bytes of each file; with the leading `-', print all but the last K bytes of each file -n, --lines=[-]K print the first K lines instead of the first 10; with the leading `-', print all but the last K lines of each file -c, --check read %s sums from the FILEs and check them -c, --check, --check=diagnose-first check for sorted input; do not sort -C, --check=quiet, --check=silent like -c, but do not report first bad line --compress-program=PROG compress temporaries with PROG; decompress them with PROG -d --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -c, --crown-margin preserve indentation of first two lines -p, --prefix=STRING reformat only lines beginning with STRING, reattaching the prefix to reformatted lines -s, --split-only split long lines, but do not refill -c, --no-create do not create any files -d, --decode decode data -i, --ignore-garbage when decoding, ignore non-alphabet characters -w, --wrap=COLS wrap encoded lines after COLS character (default 76). Use 0 to disable line wrapping -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -d, --directory create a directory, not a file -u, --dry-run do not create anything; merely print a name (unsafe) -q, --quiet suppress diagnostics about file/dir-creation failure -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes -e, --echo treat each ARG as an input line -i, --input-range=LO-HI treat each number LO through HI as an input line -n, --head-count=COUNT output at most COUNT lines -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries --file-type likewise, except do not append `*' --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso -f omit the line of column headings in short format -w omit the user's full name in short format -i omit the user's full name and remote host in short format -q omit the user's full name, remote host and idle time in short format -f same as -t fF, select floats -i same as -t dI, select decimal ints -l same as -t dL, select decimal longs -o same as -t o2, select octal 2-byte units -s same as -t d2, select decimal 2-byte units -x same as -t x2, select hexadecimal 2-byte units -f FILE FILE exists and is a regular file -g FILE FILE exists and is set-group-ID -G FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID -h FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L) -k FILE FILE exists and has its sticky bit set -f, --canonicalize canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively; all but the last component must exist -e, --canonicalize-existing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, all components must exist -f, --fields=LIST select only these fields; also print any line that contains no delimiter character, unless the -s option is specified -n (ignored) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -f, --force if an existing destination file cannot be opened, remove it and try again (redundant if the -n option is used) -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite (overrides a previous -n option) -H follow command-line symbolic links in SOURCE -f, --force change permissions to allow writing if necessary -n, --iterations=N overwrite N times instead of the default (%d) --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -s, --size=N shred this many bytes (suffixes like K, M, G accepted) -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --reference=RFILE use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values -R, --recursive change files and directories recursively -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's group rather than specifying a GROUP value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's owner and group rather than specifying OWNER:GROUP values -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -g like -l, but do not list owner -g GID[,GID1...] also set the primary group-ID to the numeric GID, and (if specified) supplemental group IDs to GID1, ... -g, --general-numeric-sort compare according to general numerical value -i, --ignore-nonprinting consider only printable characters -M, --month-sort compare (unknown) < `JAN' < ... < `DEC' -h, --header-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering header lines -i, --line-increment=NUMBER line number increment at each line -l, --join-blank-lines=NUMBER group of NUMBER empty lines counted as one -n, --number-format=FORMAT insert line numbers according to FORMAT -p, --no-renumber do not reset line numbers at logical pages -s, --number-separator=STRING add STRING after (possible) line number -h, --header=HEADER use a centered HEADER instead of filename in page header, -h "" prints a blank line, don't use -h"" -i[CHAR[WIDTH]], --output-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] replace spaces with CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -J, --join-lines merge full lines, turns off -W line truncation, no column alignment, --sep-string[=STRING] sets separators -h, --human-numeric-sort compare human readable numbers (e.g., 2K 1G) -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the timestamps of a symlink) -m change only the modification time -i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing fields -j FIELD equivalent to `-1 FIELD -2 FIELD' -o FORMAT obey FORMAT while constructing output line -t CHAR use CHAR as input and output field separator -i, --initial do not convert tabs after non blanks -t, --tabs=NUMBER have tabs NUMBER characters apart, not 8 -i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage -k like --block-size=1K -l, --local limit listing to local file systems --no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) -i, --input=MODE adjust standard input stream buffering -o, --output=MODE adjust standard output stream buffering -e, --error=MODE adjust standard error stream buffering -i, --interactive prompt whether to remove destinations -L, --logical make hard links to symbolic link references -n, --no-dereference treat destination that is a symlink to a directory as if it were a normal file -P, --physical make hard links directly to symbolic links -s, --symbolic make symbolic links instead of hard links -k like --block-size=1K -l, --count-links count sizes many times if hard linked -m like --block-size=1M -k, --key=POS1[,POS2] start a key at POS1 (origin 1), end it at POS2 (default end of line) -m, --merge merge already sorted files; do not sort -k, --kill-after=DURATION also send a KILL signal if COMMAND is still running this long after the initial signal was sent. -s, --signal=SIGNAL specify the signal to be sent on timeout. SIGNAL may be a name like `HUP' or a number. See `kill -l` for a list of signals -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -l, --length=PAGE_LENGTH set the page length to PAGE_LENGTH (66) lines (default number of lines of text 56, and with -F 63) -m, --merge print all files in parallel, one in each column, truncate lines, but join lines of full length with -J -l, --link link files instead of copying -L, --dereference always follow symbolic links in SOURCE -l, --login print system login processes -m, --canonicalize-missing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, without requirements on components existence -n, --no-newline do not output the trailing newline -q, --quiet, -s, --silent suppress most error messages -v, --verbose report error messages -m, --mode=MODE set file permission bits to MODE, not a=rw - umask -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each created directory to CTX -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -n, --lines=K output the last K lines, instead of the last %d; or use -n +K to output lines starting with the Kth --max-unchanged-stats=N with --follow=name, reopen a FILE which has not changed size after N (default %d) iterations to see if it has been unlinked or renamed (this is the usual case of rotated log files) -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file (overrides a previous -i option) -P, --no-dereference never follow symbolic links in SOURCE -n, --numeric-sort compare according to string numerical value -R, --random-sort sort by random hash of keys --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -r, --reverse reverse the result of comparisons -n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o like -l, but do not list group information -p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories -n[SEP[DIGITS]], --number-lines[=SEP[DIGITS]] number lines, use DIGITS (5) digits, then SEP (TAB), default counting starts with 1st line of input file -N, --first-line-number=NUMBER start counting with NUMBER at 1st line of first page printed (see +FIRST_PAGE) -o, --indent=MARGIN offset each line with MARGIN (zero) spaces, do not affect -w or -W, MARGIN will be added to PAGE_WIDTH -r, --no-file-warnings omit warning when a file cannot be opened -o, --io-blocks treat SIZE as number of IO blocks instead of bytes -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output -s, --stable stabilize sort by disabling last-resort comparison -S, --buffer-size=SIZE use SIZE for main memory buffer -p same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps --preserve[=ATTR_LIST] preserve the specified attributes (default: mode,ownership,timestamps), if possible additional attributes: context, links, xattr, all -p DIR use DIR as a prefix; implies -t [deprecated] -t interpret TEMPLATE as a single file name component, relative to a directory: $TMPDIR, if set; else the directory specified via -p; else /tmp [deprecated] -p, --parents remove DIRECTORY and its ancestors; e.g., `rmdir -p a/b/c' is similar to `rmdir a/b/c a/b a' -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every directory processed -p, --preserve-timestamps apply access/modification times of SOURCE files to corresponding destination files -s, --strip strip symbol tables --strip-program=PROGRAM program used to strip binaries -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -v, --verbose print the name of each directory as it is created -q, --count all login names and number of users logged on -r, --runlevel print current runlevel -s, --short print only name, line, and time (default) -t, --time print last system clock change -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -r, --reference=FILE display the last modification time of FILE -R, --rfc-2822 output date and time in RFC 2822 format. Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=FILE use this FILE's size -s, --size=SIZE use this SIZE -r, --reference=FILE use this file's times instead of current time -t STAMP use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time --time=WORD change the specified time: WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent to -a WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to -m -r, --references first field of each line is a reference -t, --typeset-mode - not implemented - -w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded -r, --reverse reverse order while sorting -R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively -s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL specify the name or number of the signal to be sent -l, --list list signal names, or convert signal names to/from numbers -t, --table print a table of signal information -s, --sleep-interval=N with -f, sleep for approximately N seconds (default 1.0) between iterations -v, --verbose always output headers giving file names -s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -s[CHAR], --separator[=CHAR] separate columns by a single character, default for CHAR is the character without -w and 'no char' with -w -s[CHAR] turns off line truncation of all 3 column options (-COLUMN|-a -COLUMN|-m) except -w is set -t sort by modification time -T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP use SEP instead of non-blank to blank transition -T, --temporary-directory=DIR use DIR for temporaries, not $TMPDIR or %s; multiple options specify multiple directories -u, --unique with -c, check for strict ordering; without -c, output only the first of an equal run -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -t, --tagged-paragraph indentation of first line different from second -u, --uniform-spacing one space between words, two after sentences -w, --width=WIDTH maximum line width (default of 75 columns) -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -u, --update move only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -t, --text read in text mode (default if reading tty stdin) -t, --text read in text mode (default) -u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time -U do not sort; list entries in directory order -v natural sort of (version) numbers within text -u, --remove truncate and remove file after overwriting -v, --verbose show progress -x, --exact do not round file sizes up to the next full block; this is the default for non-regular files -z, --zero add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system -u, --user=USER set user USER in the target security context -r, --role=ROLE set role ROLE in the target security context -t, --type=TYPE set type TYPE in the target security context -l, --range=RANGE set range RANGE in the target security context -v FILENUM like -a FILENUM, but suppress joined output lines -1 FIELD join on this FIELD of file 1 -2 FIELD join on this FIELD of file 2 --check-order check that the input is correctly sorted, even if all input lines are pairable --nocheck-order do not check that the input is correctly sorted --header treat the first line in each file as field headers, print them without trying to pair them -v, --kernel-version print the kernel version -m, --machine print the machine hardware name -p, --processor print the processor type or "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform print the hardware platform or "unknown" -o, --operating-system print the operating system -v, --starting-line-number=NUMBER first line number on each logical page -w, --number-width=NUMBER use NUMBER columns for line numbers -w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines -w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value -x list entries by lines instead of by columns -X sort alphabetically by entry extension -Z, --context print any SELinux security context of each file -1 list one file per line -x, --one-file-system skip directories on different file systems -X, --exclude-from=FILE exclude files that match any pattern in FILE --exclude=PATTERN exclude files that match PATTERN --max-depth=N print the total for a directory (or file, with --all) only if it is N or fewer levels below the command line argument; --max-depth=0 is the same as --summarize -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline Processes in an uninterruptible sleep state also contribute to the load average. [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \0NNN byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits) \xHH byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits) \NNN byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits) \xHH byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits) \uHHHH Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character with hex value HHHH (4 digits) \UHHHHHHHH Unicode character with hex value HHHHHHHH (8 digits) \\ backslash \a alert (BEL) \b backspace \c produce no further output \e escape \f form feed \n new line \r carriage return \t horizontal tab \v vertical tab \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline lcase change upper case to lower case binary use binary I/O for data cio use concurrent I/O for data d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer direct use direct I/O for data directory fail unless a directory dsync use synchronized I/O for data fullblock accumulate full blocks of input (iflag only) if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin iflag=FLAGS read as per the comma separated symbol list obs=BYTES write BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout oflag=FLAGS write as per the comma separated symbol list seek=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS obs-sized blocks at start of output skip=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS ibs-sized blocks at start of input status=noxfer suppress transfer statistics noatime do not update access time nocreat do not create the output file excl fail if the output file already exists notrunc do not truncate the output file ucase change lower case to upper case swab swap every pair of input bytes noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file noerror continue after read errors sync pad every input block with NULs to ibs-size; when used with block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing fsync likewise, but also write metadata nofollow do not follow symlinks nolinks fail if multiply-linked nonblock use non-blocking I/O none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups sync likewise, but also for metadata text use text I/O for data %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% %H:%M%P %s-blocks Used Available Capacity (backup: %s) * [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c') [-]echo echo input characters * [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho [-]echoe same as [-]crterase [-]echok echo a newline after a kill character * [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill [-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters * [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\' and '/' [-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters [-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters * [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase * [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character [-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters [-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control [-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence) [-]tandem same as [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded * [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline * [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters * [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays * [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase * [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline * [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return * [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column [-]opost postprocess output * tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3] * tabs same as tab0 * -tabs same as tab3 * vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1] * eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line * lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal * rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it * rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows * size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel speed print the terminal speed time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second ??:???? Mounted on TTY context=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu groups= old on repetition %s % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %.*s: invalid conversion specification%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu user%lu users%s%s (for regexp %s)%s -> %s (unbackup) %s [-d] terminated abnormally%s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has appeared; following end of new file%s has become accessible%s has become inaccessible%s has been replaced with a remote file. giving up on this name%s has been replaced with an untailable file; giving up on this name%s has been replaced; following end of new file%s has unknown file type%s has unusable, apparently negative size%s home page: <%s> %s home page: %s is not a valid positive integer%s is too large%s may be used only on a SELinux kernel%s was specified but %s was not%s%s argument `%s' too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s: line number out of range%s: %s: match not found%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: binary operator expected%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot change nonblocking mode%s: cannot find name for user ID %lu %s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot lseek back to original position%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot rewind%s: cannot seek%s: cannot seek to end-relative offset %s%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: cannot seek to relative offset %s%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: cannot skip%s: cannot skip to specified offset%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: couldn't reset non-blocking mode%s: descend into directory %s? %s: descend into write-protected directory %s? %s: end of file%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: error truncating%s: error writing at offset %s%s: expected a numeric value%s: failed to close%s: failed to open for writing%s: failed to remove%s: fcntl failed%s: fdatasync failed%s: file has negative size%s: file has shrunk too much%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: fstat failed%s: fsync failed%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input contains an odd number of tokens%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid count at start of %s%s: invalid directive%s: invalid field specification %s%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of passes%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid number to ignore%s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: lseek failed%s: multiple signals specified%s: new permissions are %s, not %s%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: no size information for this device%s: not listing already-listed directory%s: number of bytes is too large%s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '--%s' requires an argument %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option '-W %s' requires an argument %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove all arguments recursively? %s: remove all arguments? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s: seek failed%s: too many checksum lines%s: try to overwrite %s, overriding mode %04lo (%s)? %s: unable to determine maximum file name length%s: unable to perform all requested operations%s: unary operator expected%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: value not completely converted%s: write error%s:%lu: invalid line; missing second token%s:%lu: invalid zero-length file name%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}''')' expected')' expected, found %s(C)* file systems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS version 3 clients * compressed file systems * log-structured or journaled file systems, such as those supplied with AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.) * file systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes fail, such as RAID-based file systems * file systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server , load average: %.2f, %g s, %s/s --%s argument %s too large--context (-Z) works only on an SELinux-enabled kernel--reflink can be used only with --sparse=auto-R --dereference requires either -H or -L-R -h requires -P-ef does not accept -l-nt does not accept -l-ot does not accept -l??? ?????AbortedAddress family for hostname not supportedAlarm clockAll arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. All requests doneArgument buffer too smallArnold RobbinsBad system callBad value for ai_flagsBrian FoxBroken pipeBus errorCAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important assumption: that the file system overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern file system designs do not satisfy this assumption. The following are examples of file systems on which shred is not effective, or is not guaranteed to be effective in all file system modes: COMMENTCPU time limit exceededCall the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1. Call the unlink function to remove the specified FILE. Change the effective user id and group id to that of USER. -, -l, --login make the shell a login shell -c, --command=COMMAND pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c -f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment do not reset environment variables -p same as -m -s, --shell=SHELL run SHELL if /etc/shells allows it Change the group of each FILE to GROUP. With --reference, change the group of each FILE to that of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the security context of each FILE to CONTEXT. With --reference, change the security context of each FILE to that of RFILE. -h, --no-dereference affect symbolic links instead of any referenced file Chet RameyChild exitedColin PlumbCompare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output. -A, --show-all equivalent to -vET -b, --number-nonblank number nonempty output lines -e equivalent to -vE -E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line -n, --number number all output lines -s, --squeeze-blank suppress repeated empty output lines ContinuedConvert blanks in each FILE to tabs, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Copy a file, converting and formatting according to the operands. bs=BYTES read and write BYTES bytes at a time (also see ibs=,obs=) cbs=BYTES convert BYTES bytes at a time conv=CONVS convert the file as per the comma separated symbol list count=BLOCKS copy only BLOCKS input blocks ibs=BYTES read BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. -a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals Create a temporary file or directory, safely, and print its name. TEMPLATE must contain at least 3 consecutive `X's in last component. If TEMPLATE is not specified, use tmp.XXXXXXXXXX, and --tmpdir is implied. Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDiagnose invalid or unportable file names. -p check for most POSIX systems -P check for empty names and leading "-" --portability check for all POSIX systems (equivalent to -p -P) Directory: Display file or file system status. -L, --dereference follow links -f, --file-system display file system status instead of file status Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date. -d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not `now' -f, --file=DATEFILE like --date once for each line of DATEFILE Dmitry V. LevinDrop any supplemental groups, assume the user-ID and group-ID of the specified USER (numeric ID or user name), and run COMMAND with any specified ARGUMENTs. Exit with status 111 if unable to assume the required user and group ID. Otherwise, exit with the exit status of COMMAND. This program is useful only when run by root (user ID zero). EMT trapEXITEach range is one of: N N'th byte, character or field, counted from 1 N- from N'th byte, character or field, to end of line N-M from N'th to M'th (included) byte, character or field -M from first to M'th (included) byte, character or field With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Echo the STRING(s) to standard output. -n do not output the trailing newline Eric BlakeExit with a status code indicating failure.Exit with a status code indicating success.Exit with the status determined by EXPRESSION. F. PinardFAILEDFIXME: unknownFORMAT must be suitable for printing one argument of type `double'; it defaults to %.PRECf if FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are all fixed point decimal numbers with maximum precision PREC, and to %g otherwise. Fifos do not have major and minor device numbers.File size limit exceededFilesystem Filesystem TypeFilter adjacent matching lines from INPUT (or standard input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output). With no options, matching lines are merged to the first occurrence. Floating point exceptionFor complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' For each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by whitespace. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input. -a FILENUM print unpairable lines coming from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2 -e EMPTY replace missing input fields with EMPTY Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block. General help using GNU software: Giuseppe ScrivanoH. Peter AnvinHangupI/O possibleIDLEIan Lance TaylorIdleIf FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Illegal instructionIn addition, file system backups and remote mirrors may contain copies of the file that cannot be removed, and that will allow a shredded file to be recovered later. In real life: In the 1st form, create a link to TARGET with the name LINK_NAME. In the 2nd form, create a link to TARGET in the current directory. In the 3rd and 4th forms, create links to each TARGET in DIRECTORY. Create hard links by default, symbolic links with --symbolic. When creating hard links, each TARGET must exist. Symbolic links can hold arbitrary text; if later resolved, a relative link is interpreted in relation to its parent directory. In the case of ext3 file systems, the above disclaimer applies (and shred is thus of limited effectiveness) only in data=journal mode, which journals file data in addition to just metadata. In both the data=ordered (default) and data=writeback modes, shred works as usual. Ext3 journaling modes can be changed by adding the data=something option to the mount options for a particular file system in the /etc/fstab file, as documented in the mount man page (man mount). Infinity BInformation requestInterruptInterrupted by a signalInvalid back referenceInvalid character class nameInvalid collation characterInvalid content of \{\}Invalid preceding regular expressionInvalid range endInvalid regular expressionJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfKilledLINELOGINList information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort. LoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnMemory allocation failureMemory exhaustedMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNAMENameName or service not knownNo address associated with hostnameNo matchNo previous regular expressionNon-recoverable failure in name resolutionOKOnly one string may be given when deleting without squeezing repeats.Option --string without a number implies 3; option --width without a number implies 32. By default, od uses -A o -t oS -w16. Ordering options: Other options: Output a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. Determine format of output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output defaults Output fixed-size pieces of INPUT to PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ...; default size is 1000 lines, and default PREFIX is `x'. With no INPUT, or when INPUT is -, read standard input. Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files `xx00', `xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output. Output platform dependent limits in a format useful for shell scripts. Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. PIDPackaged by %s Packaged by %s (%s) Padraig BradyPaginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Parameter string not correctly encodedPassword:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlan: Power failurePremature end of regular expressionPrint ARGUMENT(s) according to FORMAT, or execute according to OPTION: Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print NAME with its trailing /component removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output `.' (meaning the current directory). Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s. -a, --all print all information, in the following order, except omit -p and -i if unknown: -s, --kernel-name print the kernel name -n, --nodename print the network node hostname -r, --kernel-release print the kernel release Print checksum and block counts for each FILE. -r use BSD sum algorithm, use 1K blocks -s, --sysv use System V sum algorithm, use 512 bytes blocks Print group memberships for each USERNAME or, if no USERNAME is specified, for the current process (which may differ if the groups database has changed). Print information about users who are currently logged in. Print machine architecture. Print newline, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a total line if more than one FILE is specified. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. A word is a non-zero-length sequence of characters delimited by white space. -c, --bytes print the byte counts -m, --chars print the character counts -l, --lines print the newline counts Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT. -f, --format=FORMAT use printf style floating-point FORMAT -s, --separator=STRING use STRING to separate numbers (default: \n) -w, --equal-width equalize width by padding with leading zeroes Print or change terminal characteristics. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the current time, the length of time the system has been up, the number of users on the system, and the average number of jobs in the run queue over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes.Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. -s, --silent, --quiet print nothing, only return an exit status Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the full filename of the current working directory. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the name of the current user. Print the number of processing units available to the current process, which may be less than the number of online processors Print the prime factors of each specified integer NUMBER. If none are specified on the command line, read them from standard input. Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID. Same as id -un. Print user and group information for the specified USERNAME, or (when USERNAME omitted) for the current user. -a ignore, for compatibility with other versions -Z, --context print only the security context of the current user -g, --group print only the effective group ID -G, --groups print all group IDs -n, --name print a name instead of a number, for -ugG -r, --real print the real ID instead of the effective ID, with -ugG -u, --user print only the effective user ID Print value of a symbolic link or canonical file name Processing request in progressProfiling timer expiredProject: Q. Frank XiaQuitRandy SmithReal-time signal %dReformat each paragraph in the FILE(s), writing to standard output. The option -WIDTH is an abbreviated form of --width=DIGITS. Regular expression too bigRemove (unlink) the FILE(s). -f, --force ignore nonexistent files, never prompt -i prompt before every removal Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty ignore each failure that is solely because a directory is non-empty Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Report %s bugs to: %s Report %s translation bugs to Request canceledRequest not canceledResource lostRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonRun COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling. With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Nicenesses range from %d (most favorable scheduling) to %d (least favorable). -n, --adjustment=N add integer N to the niceness (default 10) Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals. Run COMMAND, with modified buffering operations for its standard streams. Run a program in a different security context. With neither CONTEXT nor COMMAND, print the current security context. CONTEXT Complete security context -c, --compute compute process transition context before modifying -t, --type=TYPE type (for same role as parent) -u, --user=USER user identity -r, --role=ROLE role -l, --range=RANGE levelrange Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerSegmentation faultSend signals to processes, or list signals. Servname not supported for ai_socktypeSet LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Set each NAME to VALUE in the environment and run COMMAND. -i, --ignore-environment start with an empty environment -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -u, --unset=NAME remove variable from the environment Shell: Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default. Shrink or extend the size of each FILE to the specified size A FILE argument that does not exist is created. If a FILE is larger than the specified size, the extra data is lost. If a FILE is shorter, it is extended and the extended part (hole) reads as zero bytes. Simon JosefssonSpecial files require major and minor device numbers.Stack faultStart COMMAND, and kill it if still running after DURATION. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. StoppedStopped (signal)Stopped (tty input)Stopped (tty output)Stuart KempSuccessSummarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. System errorTIMETemporary failure in name resolutionTerminatedThe following optional flags may follow `%': - (hyphen) do not pad the field _ (underscore) pad with spaces 0 (zero) pad with zeros ^ use upper case if possible # use opposite case if possible The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. -H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it -L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered -P do not traverse any symbolic links (default) The strings compared were %s and %s.Torbjorn GranlundTrace/breakpoint trapTrailing backslashTranslate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing to standard output. -c, -C, --complement use the complement of SET1 -d, --delete delete characters in SET1, do not translate -s, --squeeze-repeats replace each input sequence of a repeated character that is listed in SET1 with a single occurrence of that character -t, --truncate-set1 first truncate SET1 to length of SET2 Try `%s --help' for more information. Try `%s ./%s' to remove the file %s. Two strings must be given when both deleting and squeezing repeats.Two strings must be given when translating.Ulrich DrepperUnknown errorUnknown signal %dUnknown system errorUnmatched ( or \(Unmatched ) or \)Unmatched [ or [^Unmatched \{Update the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time. A FILE argument that does not exist is created empty, unless -c or -h is supplied. A FILE argument string of - is handled specially and causes touch to change the times of the file associated with standard output. Urgent I/O conditionUsage: %s Usage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s CONTEXT COMMAND [args] or: %s [ -c ] [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-t TYPE] [-l RANGE] COMMAND [args] Usage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NUMBER[SUFFIX]... or: %s OPTION Pause for NUMBER seconds. SUFFIX may be `s' for seconds (the default), `m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. Unlike most implementations that require NUMBER be an integer, here NUMBER may be an arbitrary floating point number. Given two or more arguments, pause for the amount of time specified by the sum of their values. Usage: %s OPTION... COMMAND Usage: %s OPTION... FILE... Usage: %s OPTION... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [SETTING]... or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-a|--all] or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-g|--save] Usage: %s [-WIDTH] [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NAME] or: %s OPTION Print or set the hostname of the current system. Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPERAND]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] Print the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) for the current host. Usage: %s [OPTION] DURATION COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] NEWROOT [COMMAND [ARG]...] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... CONTEXT FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-l RANGE] [-t TYPE] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... or: %s [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form) or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form) Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] or: %s -e [OPTION]... [ARG]... or: %s -i LO-HI [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Base64 encode or decode FILE, or standard input, to standard output. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] or: %s --traditional [OPTION]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Print or check %s (%d-bit) checksums. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [PREFIX]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [TEMPLATE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [VARIABLE]... Print the values of the specified environment VARIABLE(s). If no VARIABLE is specified, print name and value pairs for them all. Usage: %s [SHORT-OPTION]... USER COMMAND [ARGUMENT]... or: %s LONG-OPTION Usage: %s [SHORT-OPTION]... [STRING]... or: %s LONG-OPTION Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [ignored command line arguments] or: %s OPTION Usage: test EXPRESSION or: test or: [ EXPRESSION ] or: [ ] or: [ OPTION User defined signal 1User defined signal 2Using -s ignores -L and -P. Otherwise, the last option specified controls behavior when the source is a symbolic link, defaulting to %s. Valid arguments are:Valid format sequences for file systems: %a Free blocks available to non-superuser %b Total data blocks in file system %c Total file nodes in file system %d Free file nodes in file system %f Free blocks in file system %C SELinux security context string Virtual timer expiredWARNING: --page-increment is deprecated; use --line-increment insteadWARNING: --preserve_context is deprecated; use --preserve-context insteadWARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s WARNING: ignoring --context (-Z); this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --preserve-context; this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --strip-program option as -s option was not specifiedWarning: WhenWhereWindow changedWith --follow (-f), tail defaults to following the file descriptor, which means that even if a tail'ed file is renamed, tail will continue to track its end. This default behavior is not desirable when you really want to track the actual name of the file, not the file descriptor (e.g., log rotation). Use --follow=name in that case. That causes tail to track the named file in a way that accommodates renaming, removal and creation. Wrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write a random permutation of the input lines to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to standard output. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``-%c' extra characters or invalid number in the argument: %s`--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argument`-N NUMBER' invalid starting line number: %s`-W PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %s`-l PAGE_LENGTH' invalid number of lines: %s`-o MARGIN' invalid line offset: %s`-w PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %sa command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sai_family not supportedai_socktype not supportedambiguous argument %s for %san input delimiter may be specified only when operating on fieldsappending output to %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileblock special files not supportedboth SI and IEC prefixes present on unitsboth files cannot be standard inputbyte offset %s is too largecan't apply partial context to unlabeled file %scan't get process contextcannot access %scannot backup %scannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change ownership of %scannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot chdir to root directorycannot combine --target-directory (-t) and --no-target-directory (-T)cannot combine --target-directory and --no-target-directorycannot combine -e and -i optionscannot combine any two of {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}cannot combine block and unblockcannot combine excl and nocreatcannot combine lcase and ucasecannot combine mode and --reference optionscannot combine signal with -l or -tcannot compare file names %s and %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot create temporary file in %scannot dereference %scannot determine device and inode of %scannot determine hostnamecannot determine location of %s. reverting to pollingcannot do ioctl on %scannot find name for group ID %lucannot find name for user ID %lucannot follow %s by namecannot force target context to %s and preserve itcannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot get nicenesscannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open %s for writingcannot open directory %scannot operate on dangling symlink %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot perform formatted outputcannot preserve extended attributes, cp is built without xattr supportcannot preserve security context without an SELinux-enabled kernelcannot print "only" of more than one choicecannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot print security context when user specifiedcannot read directory %scannot read file names from %scannot read file system information for %scannot read realtime clockcannot read symbolic link %scannot read table of mounted file systemscannot remove %scannot remove directory: %scannot reposition file pointer for %scannot run %scannot set %scannot set datecannot set group idcannot set group-ID to %lucannot set groupscannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot set name to %scannot set nicenesscannot set time stamps for %scannot set user idcannot set user-ID to %lucannot skip past end of combined inputcannot specify --null (-0) with commandcannot specify both printing across and printing in parallelcannot specify number of columns when printing in parallelcannot specify times from more than one sourcecannot split in more than one waycannot stat %scannot stat current directory (now %s)cannot stat standard inputcannot touch %scannot un-backup %scannot unlink %scannot unset %scannot watch %scannot watch parent directory of %scannot work around kernel bug after allchanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %schanging security context of %s character offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special filecharacter special files not supportedclearing permissions for %sclock changeclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing directory %sclosing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputcompatibility mode supports at most one fileconflicting empty-field replacement stringsconflicting security context specifiers givencould not set buffering of %s to mode %s couldn't create process for %s -dcouldn't create temporary filecouldn't execute %scouldn't execute %s -dcouldn't find directory entry in %s with matching i-nodecouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %screating file %s creating hard link %screating hard link %s => %screating hard link to %.0s%screating symbolic link %screating symbolic link %s -> %sdelimiter list ends with an unescaped backslash: %sdirectorydivision by zerodup2 failedempty %s not allowedempty file nameempty taberror closing fileerror in regular expression matchererror in regular expression searcherror initializing month stringserror monitoring inotify eventerror reading %serror reading inotify eventerror waiting for commanderror writing %sexit=extra argument %sextra operand %sextra operand %s extra operand %s not allowed with -%cfailed to change context of %s to %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to chdir to %sfailed to clone %sfailed to compute a new contextfailed to create directory via template %sfailed to create file via template %sfailed to create security context: %sfailed to get attributes of %sfailed to get current contextfailed to get file system create contextfailed to get groups for the current processfailed to get groups for user %sfailed to get security context of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to open %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to redirect standard errorfailed to redirect stderr to /dev/nullfailed to remove %sfailed to remove directory %sfailed to render standard input unusablefailed to reopen %s with mode %sfailed to restore the default file creation contextfailed to return to initial working directoryfailed to run command %sfailed to set %s security context component to %sfailed to set additional groupsfailed to set default file creation context to %sfailed to set group-IDfailed to set new range %sfailed to set new role %sfailed to set new type %sfailed to set new user %sfailed to set supplemental group(s)failed to set the copy of stderr to close on execfailed to set the security context of %s to %sfailed to set user-IDfailed to stat %sfailed to turn off O_DIRECT: %sfailed to update the environment with %sfdatasync failed for %sfflush failedfield number %s is too largefield number is zerofields and positions are numbered from 1fifofile %d is not in sorted orderfile operands cannot be combined with --files0-fromfile operands cannot be combined with --print-database (-p)file system type %s both selected and excludedfork system call failedformat %s ends in %%format %s has no %% directiveformat %s has too many %% directivesformat %s has unknown %%%c directiveformat string may not be specified when printing equal width stringsfsync failed for %sfts_close failedfts_read failedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsignoring inputignoring input and appending output to %signoring input and redirecting stderr to stdoutignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %signoring non-option argumentsincompatible join fields %lu, %luincompatible tabsincorrect passwordinotify cannot be used, reverting to pollinginput disappearedinput line is too longinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid %s%s argument `%s'invalid --%s argument %sinvalid adjustment %sinvalid argument %sinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid body numbering style: %sinvalid buffering mode %s for %s invalid byte or field listinvalid character `%c' in type string %sinvalid character class %sinvalid context: %sinvalid conversioninvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid date %sinvalid date format %sinvalid decreasing rangeinvalid device %s %sinvalid device type %sinvalid field number: %sinvalid field specifier: %sinvalid field width: %sinvalid file number in field spec: %sinvalid floating point argument: %sinvalid footer numbering style: %sinvalid format precisioninvalid format widthinvalid gap width: %sinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid group list %sinvalid group: %sinvalid header numbering style: %sinvalid inputinvalid input flaginvalid input range %sinvalid integer %sinvalid integer argument %sinvalid line count %sinvalid line discipline %sinvalid line number field width: %sinvalid line number increment: %sinvalid line numbering format: %sinvalid line width: %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid maximum depth %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid modeinvalid mode %sinvalid mode: %sinvalid number %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of blank lines: %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of columns: %sinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid number of lines: 0invalid option -- %cinvalid option -- %c; -WIDTH is recognized only when it is the first option; use -w N insteadinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid output flaginvalid page range %sinvalid precision: %sinvalid range with no endpoint: -invalid repeat count %s in [c*n] constructinvalid specinvalid starting line number: %sinvalid status flaginvalid suffix %s, contains directory separatorinvalid suffix in %s%s argument `%s'invalid tab size: %sinvalid template, %s, contains directory separatorinvalid template, %s; with --tmpdir, it may not be absoluteinvalid time interval %sinvalid time style format %sinvalid trailing option -- %cinvalid type string %sinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte floating point typeinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte integral typeinvalid universal character name \%c%0*xinvalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sinvalid wrap size: %sinvalid zero-length file nameit is dangerous to operate recursively on %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)last=leading `-' in a component of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name component %sline buffering stdin is meaninglessline count option -%s%c... is too largeline number %s is smaller than preceding line number, %sline number overflowmaximum --%s argument with current rlimit is %smemory exhaustedmessage queueminimum --%s argument is %smisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing `]'missing argument after %smissing argument to %smissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing destination file operand after %smissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing file operandmissing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operandmissing operand after %smode must specify only file permission bitsmode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multi-character tab %smultiple -i options specifiedmultiple -l or -t options specifiedmultiple compress programs specifiedmultiple delimiters specifiedmultiple levelrangesmultiple output files specifiedmultiple output formats specifiedmultiple random sources specifiedmultiple relative modifiers specifiedmultiple rolesmultiple target directories specifiedmultiple typesmultiple usersneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno change to ownership of %s no command specifiedno file systems processedno files remainingno input from %sno login nameno process ID specifiedno type may be specified when dumping stringsno username specified; at least one must be specified when using -lnon-integer argumentnonportable character %s in file name %snot a ttynot writing through dangling symlink %snumber in %s is too largenumber of bytesnumber of linesoffset overflow while reading file %somitting directory %sonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one device may be specifiedonly one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %soption used in invalid context -- %coptions --backup and --no-clobber are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --preserve-timestamps are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --strip are mutually exclusiveoptions `-%s' are incompatibleoutput file suffixes exhaustedoverflow extending size of file %soverflow rounding up size of file %sownership of %s retained ownership of %s retained as %s page number overflowpage width too narrowpreserving permissions for %spreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedreading %sreading directory %srecord too largeredirecting stderr to stdoutregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %srun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptyset LC_ALL='C' to work around the problemsetting flags for %ssetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectskip-bytes + read-bytes is too largeskipping %s, since it's on a different deviceskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstderrstdinstdoutstray character in field specstring comparison failedstring transformation failedstrip process terminated abnormallysuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errorsystem boottab size cannot be 0tab size contains invalid character(s): %stab sizes must be ascendingtab stop is too large %stab stop value is too largetabs are too far aparttarget %s is not a directorytarget directory not allowed when installing a directoryterm=test and/or [the --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --compare (-C) option is ignored when you specify a mode with non-permission bitsthe --context (-Z) option is obsolete and will be removed in a future releasethe --quiet option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the argument %s lacks a leading `+'; when using an option to specify date(s), any non-option argument must be a format string beginning with `+'the delimiter must be a single characterthe options for verbose and stty-readable output styles are mutually exclusivethe options to output dircolors' internal database and to select a shell syntax are mutually exclusivethe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivethe strings compared were %s and %sthe strip option may not be used when installing a directorythe untransformed string was %stime %s is out of rangeto use user-ID %s you need to use -g tootoo few X's in template %stoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtoo many characters in settoo many repeated linestoo many templatestotaltraversal failed: %struncating %styped memory objectuid=%luunable to display error messageunable to record current working directoryunable to set security context %sunexpected failure: fts_info=%d: %s please report to %sunknown binary operatorunknown status from command (0x%X)unknown streamunknown user-ID: %sunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableunrecognized operand %sunrecognized prefix: %sup %ld day %2d:%02d, up %ld days %2d:%02d, up ???? days ??:??, use --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeuser %s does not existusing %s to denote standard input does not work in file system modeusing arbitrary-precision arithmeticusing restricted shell %susing single-precision arithmeticwaiting for %s [-d]waiting for stripwarning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredwarning: %s: failed to change context to %swarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: --retry is useful mainly when following by namewarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: `touch %s' is obsolete; use `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'warning: an unescaped backslash at end of string is not portablewarning: backslash at end of formatwarning: cannot change directory to %swarning: cannot remove: %swarning: following standard input indefinitely is ineffectivewarning: ignoring excess arguments, starting with %swarning: invalid file offset after failed readwarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: line number %s is the same as preceding line numberwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: summarizing conflicts with --max-depth=%luwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0warning: the --%s option is obsolete; use --referencewarning: the ambiguous octal escape \%c%c%c is being interpreted as the 2-byte sequence \0%c%c, %cwarning: unrecognized escape `\%c'warning: working around lseek kernel bug for file (%s) of mt_type=0x%0lx -- see for the list of typesweird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen reading file names from stdin, no file name of %s allowedwhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'will not copy %s through just-created symlink %swill not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swith --parents, the destination must be a directorywith --suffix, template %s must end in Xwrite errorwrite error for %swrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify -c, -t, -u, -l, -r, or contextyou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsyou must specify one of %s or %sProject-Id-Version: coreutils 8.4.10081926 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2010-04-22 21:52+0930 Last-Translator: Clytie Siddall Language-Team: Vietnamese MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0; X-Generator: LocFactoryEditor 1.8 ( BIỂU_THỨC ) BIỂU_THỨC là đúng (true) ! BIỂU_THỨC BIỂU_THỨC là sai (false) BIỂU_THỨC1 -a BIỂU_THỨC2 cả BIỂU_THỨC1 và BIỂU_THỨC2 đều là đúng (true) BIỂU_THỨC1 -o BIỂU_THỨC2 BIỂU_THỨC1 hoặc BIỂU_THỨC2 là đúng (true) --check-order kiểm tra dữ liệu nhập vào được sắp xếp đúng, thậm chí nếu mọi dòng nhập vào đều có thể kết đôi được --nocheck-order do not check that the input is correctly sorted -1 bỏ đi cột 1 (những dòng chỉ có trong TẬP_TIN1) -2 bỏ đi cột 2 (những dòng chỉ có trong TẬP_TIN2) -3 bỏ đi cột 3 (những dòng có trong cả hai tập tin) -a, --all giống như « -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u » -b, --boot thời gian của lần khởi động cuối -d, --dead in ra các tiến trình chết -H, --heading in dòng chứa các tiêu đề của cột -b TẬP_TIN TẬP_TIN tồn tại và là cái đặc biệt kiểu khối -c TẬP_TIN TẬP_TIN tồn tại và là cái đặc biệt kiểu ký tự -d TẬP_TIN TẬP_TIN tồn tại và là thư mục -e TẬP_TIN TẬP_TIN tồn tại -l đưa ra kết quả dạng dài cho (các) NGƯỜI_DÙNG -b bỏ đi thư mục cá nhân của người dùng và trình bao trong dạng dài -h bỏ đi tập tin dự án của người dùng trong dạng dài -p bỏ đi tập tin kế hoạch của người dùng trong dạng dài -s xuất dạng ngắn, đây là mặc định -n CHUỖI CHUỖI có chiều dài khác không CHUỖI tương đương với « -n CHUỖI » -z CHUỖI CHUỖI có chiều dài là không CHUỖI1 = CHUỖI2 các chuỗi bằng nhau CHUỖI1 != CHUỖI2 các chuỗi khác nhau ĐỐI_SỐ1 * ĐỐI_SỐ2 tích số học của ĐỐI_SỐ1 và ĐỐI_SỐ2 ĐỐI_SỐ1 / ĐỐI_SỐ2 thương số học của ĐỐI_SỐ1 chia cho ĐỐI_SỐ2 ĐỐI_SỐ1 % ĐỐI_SỐ2 phần dư khi ĐỐI_SỐ1 chia cho ĐỐI_SỐ2 ĐỐI_SỐ1 + ĐỐI_SỐ2 tổng số học của ĐỐI_SỐ1 và ĐỐI_SỐ2 ĐỐI_SỐ1 - ĐỐI_SỐ2 hiệu số học của ĐỐI_SỐ1 và ĐỐI_SỐ2 ĐỐI_SỐ1 < ĐỐI_SỐ2 ĐỐI_SỐ1 nhỏ hơn ĐỐI_SỐ2 ĐỐI_SỐ1 <= ĐỐI_SỐ2 ĐỐI_SỐ1 nhỏ hơn hoặc bằng ĐỐI_SỐ2 ĐỐI_SỐ1 = ĐỐI_SỐ2 ĐỐI_SỐ1 bằng ĐỐI_SỐ2 ĐỐI_SỐ1 != ĐỐI_SỐ2 ĐỐI_SỐ1 khác ĐỐI_SỐ2 ĐỐI_SỐ1 >= ĐỐI_SỐ2 ĐỐI_SỐ1 lớn hơn hoặc bằng ĐỐI_SỐ2 ĐỐI_SỐ1 > ĐỐI_SỐ2 ĐỐI_SỐ1 lớn hơn ĐỐI_SỐ2 TẬP_TIN1 -ef TẬP_TIN2 TẬP_TIN1 và TẬP_TIN2 có cùng số hiệu thiết bị và inode TẬP_TIN1 -nt TẬP_TIN2 TẬP_TIN1 mới hơn (theo ngày sửa) TẬP_TIN2 TẬP_TIN1 -ot TẬP_TIN2 TẬP_TIN1 cũ hơn TẬP_TIN2 SỐ_NGUYÊN sao chép đến (nhưng không chứa) số thứ tự dòng đã chỉ ra /BTCQ/[HIỆU] sao chép đến (nhưng không chứa) một dòng tương ứng %BTCQ%[HIỆU] nhảy tới (nhưng không chứa) một dòng tương ứng {SỐ_NGUYÊN} lặp lại mẫu trước SỐ_NGUYÊN lần {*} lặp lại mẫu trước theo khả năng cao nhất BTCQ: biểu thức chính quy HIỆU dòng phải là dấu cộng « + » hay dấu trừ « - » với một số nguyên dương theo sau. SỐ_NGUYÊN1 -eq SỐ_NGUYÊN2 SỐ_NGUYÊN1 bằng SỐ_NGUYÊN2 SỐ_NGUYÊN1 -ge SỐ_NGUYÊN2 SỐ_NGUYÊN1 lớn hơn hoặc bằng SỐ_NGUYÊN2 SỐ_NGUYÊN1 -gt SỐ_NGUYÊN2 SỐ_NGUYÊN1 lớn hơn SỐ_NGUYÊN2 SỐ_NGUYÊN1 -le SỐ_NGUYÊN2 SỐ_NGUYÊN1 nhỏ hơn hoặc bằng SỐ_NGUYÊN2 SỐ_NGUYÊN1 -lt SỐ_NGUYÊN2 SỐ_NGUYÊN1 nhỏ hơn SỐ_NGUYÊN2 SỐ_NGUYÊN1 -ne SỐ_NGUYÊN2 SỐ_NGUYÊN1 khác (không bằng) SỐ_NGUYÊN2 CHUỖI : BTCQ đánh dấu tương ứng của BTCQ trong CHUỖI match CHUỖI BTCQ giống như CHUỖI : BTCQ substr CHUỖI VỊ_TRÍ DÀI chuỗi con của CHUỖI, VỊ_TRÍ đếm từ 1 index CHUỖI KÝ_TỰ chỉ mục trong CHUỖI ở đó tìm thấy KÝ_TỰ, hoặc 0 length CHUỖI chiều dài CHUỖI a đánh số mọi dòng t chỉ đánh số những dòng không rỗng n không đánh số dòng pBRE chỉ dánh số những dòng chứa tương ứng với biểu thức chính quy cơ bản, BRE ĐỊNH_DẠNG là một trong: ln canh hàng trái, không có các số 0 ở đầu rn canh hàng phải, không có các số 0 ở đầu rz canh hàng phải, có các số 0 ở đầu b tạo một tập tin đặc biệt kiểu khối (có bộ đệm) c, u tạo một tập tin đặc biệt kiểu ký tự (không có bộ đệm) p tạo một FIFO (VTRT: Vào Trước, Ra Trước) # người dùng=%lu « -t » được ngụ ý nếu CHIỀU_DÀI_TRANG ≤ 10. Không có TẬP_TIN, hoặc TẬP_TIN là « - » thì đọc đầu vào tiêu chuẩn. Một trường là một chuỗi các khoảng trắng (thường là dấu cách và/hay khoảng TAB), rồi các ký tự không trắng. Bỏ qua các trường trước khi các ký tự. Một chương trình « finger » nhẹ; in ra thông tin về người dùng. Tập tin « utmp » sẽ là %s. Một « - » nghĩa là « -i ». Nếu không có câu LỆNH, thì in ra môi trường kết quả. Một « - » ý nói « -l ». Nếu không đưa ra NGƯỜI_DÙNG, thì coi như người chủ (root). Sau mỗi cờ cũng có thể đặt bề rộng trường (theo số thập phân); rồi (cũng tùy chọn) sự sửa đổi, hoặc: E để dùng các sự đại diện xen kẽ của miền địa phương (néu có) hoặc O để dùng các ký hiệu thuộc số xen kẽ của miền địa phương (néu có) Theo mặc định, một BIỂU_THỨC bị bỏ qua là sai (false). Không thì BIỂU_THỨC là đúng (true) hoặc sai (false) và đặt giá trị thoát. Nó là một trong số: Như một trường hợp đặc biệt, cp tạo bản sao lưu của NGUỒN khi đưa ra hai tùy chọn force (ép buộc) và backup (sao lưu) và NGUỒN và ĐÍCH cùng là một tên cho một tập tin thông thường đã tồn tại. Theo sau KHỐI và BYTES có thể đặt các hậu tố nhân sau : c 1 w 2 b 512 kB 1000 K 1024 MB 1000*1000 M 1024*1024 GB 1000*1000*1000 G 1024*1024*1024 và tương tự với T, P, E, Z, Y. Mỗi ký hiệu CONV có thể là: Cần biết rằng rất nhiều toán tử cần đặt sau ký tự thoát hoặc trong dấu ngoặc khi gõ vào trong trình bao. So sánh sẽ là số học nếu cả hai ĐỐI_SỐ đều là số, nếu không sẽ là so sánh nghĩa từ. Khớp mẫu sẽ trả lại chuỗi tương ứng giữa « \( » và « \) » hoặc rỗng. Nếu không dùng « \( » và « \) », chúng sẽ trả lại số ký tự tương ứng hoặc 0. Phải đưa ra cả LỚN và NHỎ khi KIỂU là b, c hoặc u, và phải bỏ đi khi KIỂU là p. Nếu LỚN hoặc NHỎ bắt đầu với: tiền tố giải thích dạng • 0x hoặc 0X thập lục • 0 bát phân • gì khác thập phân KIỂU có thể là: Mặc định là chức năng « rm » không xoá thư mục. Hãy dùng tùy chọn « --recursive » (-r hoặc -R) để xoá mỗi thư mục đã liệt kê, cùng với nội dung hoàn toàn. Theo mặc định, chọn « -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn ». CC là hai ký tự phân cách dùng để chia các trang lôgíc; khi thiếu ký tự thứ hai thì nó ngầm hiểu là « : ». Gõ « \\ » để dùng « \ ». STYLE là một trong: Mặc định là tập tin NGUỒN sparse nhận ra thô sơ và tập tin ĐÍCH tương ứng cũng được sparse. Tính năng này lựa chọn bởi « --sparse=auto ». Hãy chỉ ra « --sparse=always » để tạo một tập tin ĐÍCH sparse kể cả khi tập tin NGUỒN chứa một chuỗi byte số không đủ dài. Hãy dùng « --sparse=never » để ngăn chặn việc tạo các tập tin sparse. Khi « --reflink[=always] » được chỉ ra, hãy chạy một thao tác sao chép nhẹ nhàng, trong đó mỗi khối dữ liệu được sao chép chỉ nếu bị sửa đổi. Không thể làm như thế, không sao chép được hay « --reflink=auto » được chỉ ra thì phục hồi việc sao chép tiêu chuẩn. Thiết lập tổ hợp: * [-]LCASE giống như « [-]lcase » cbreak giống như « -icanon » -cbreak giống như « icanon » Thiết lập điều khiển: [-]clocal bỏ tín hiệu điều khiển bộ điều giải [-]cread cho phép nhận dữ liệu vào * [-]crtscts bật dùng tiến trình bắt tay RTS/CTS csN đặt kích cỡ ký tự thành N bit, N nằm trong [5..8] THỜI_LƯỢNG là một số nguyên có một hậu số vẫn tuỳ chọn: • s giây (mặc định) • m phút • h giờ • d ngày. Giá trị hiển thị theo đơn vị kích CỠ sẵn có đầu tiên từ « --block-size », và các biến đổi môi trường %s_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE và BLOCKSIZE. Không thì đơn vị mặc định là 1024 byte (hoặc 512 nếu đặt POSIXLY_CORRECT). Mỗi ký hiệu CỜ có thể là: append chế độ phụ thêm (chỉ có ích cho kết quả ra; cũng đề nghị « conv=notrunc ») Mỗi CHẾ_ĐỘ có dạng « [ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+ ». Ví dụ : %s -12 tập_tin1 tập_tin2 In ra chỉ những dòng nằm trong cả hai tập tin này. %s -3 tập_tin1 tập_tin2 In ra những dòng chỉ nằm trong một của hai tập tin này. Ví dụ : %s /usr/bin/sort Xuất « sort ». %s include/stdio.h .h Xuất « stdio ». Thí dụ : %s /usr/bin/sort Xuất « /usr/bin ». %s stdio.h Xuất « . ». Ví dụ : %s f - g Xuất nội dung của f, rồi đầu vào tiêu chuẩn, rồi nội dung của g. %s Sao chép đầu vào tiêu chuẩn vào đầu ra tiêu chuẩn. Thí dụ : %s root /u Thay đổi người sở hữu /u thành « root ». %s root:staff /u Cũng vậy, cũng thay đổi nhóm thành « staff ». %s -hR root /u Thay đổi người sở hữu /u và các tập tin dưới thành « root ». Thí dụ : %s staff /u Thay đổi nhóm của « /u » thành « staff ». %s -hR staff /u Thay đổi nhóm của « /u » và các tập tin dưới thành « staff ». Trừ đối với « -h » và « -L », mọi thử nghiệm có liên quan đến TẬP_TIN sẽ bỏ tham chiếu của liên kết mềm. Cần thoát các dấu ngoặc (ví dụ, bằng xuyệc ngược) đối trong trình bao. SỐ_NGUYÊN có thể đồng thời là « -l CHUỖI » tính chiều dài của CHUỖI. Trạng thái thoát là: • 0 nếu BIỂU_THỨC không phải rỗng hoặc 0. • 1 nếu BIỂU_THỨC là rỗng hoặc 0 • 2 nếu BIỂU_THỨC sai cú pháp • 3 nếu gặp lỗi. Trạng thái thoát: 0 nếu ổn, 1 nếu gặp lỗi không đáng kể (v.d. không thể truy cập đến thư mục con), 2 nếu gặp lỗi nghiêm trọng (v.d. không thể truy cập đến đối số dòng lệnh) ĐỊNH_DẠNG điều khiển kết xuất giống như trong printf kiểu C. Các chuỗi được biên dịch là: \" ngoặc kép ĐỊNH_DẠNG điều khiển kết xuất. Các chuỗi được đọc: %% một chữ cái % %a tên viết tắt của ngày trong tuần của miền địa phương (Th 3..CN) Điều khiển đường tty kết nối tới đầu vào tiêu chuẩn. Khi không có đối số, in ra tốc độ đường truyền baud, kỷ luật đường truyền, và sự lệch hướng khỏi giá trị stty hữu tỷ. Trong thiết lập KÝ_TỰ là các chữ cái hoặc mã hoá như ^c, 0x37, 0177 hoặc 127, giá trị đặc biệt « ^- » hoặc « undef » dùng để tắt bỏ các ký tự đặc biệt. « -e » có hiệu lực thì cũng nhận ra những dãy theo đây: Nếu TẬP_TIN là « - », shred đầu ra tiêu chuẩn. Xóa (các) TẬP_TIN nếu có chỉ ra « --remove » (-u). Mặc định là không xóa tập tin vì nó thường thao tác trên tập tin thiết bị như « /dev/hda », và không nên xóa bỏ những tập tin này. Khi thao tác trên tập tin thông thường, phần lớn người dùng sử dụng tùy chọn « --remove ». Nếu không chỉ ra TẬP_TIN, sử dụng %s. %s là TẬP_TIN chung. Nếu đưa ra ĐỐI_SỐ1 ĐỐI_SỐ2, giả sử « -m »: thường là « am i » hoặc « mom likes ». Nếu chỉ ra TẬP_TIN, thì đọc nó để tìm ra màu nào sử dụng cho dạng tập tin và phần mở rộng tập tin nào. Nếu không, sử dụng cơ sở dữ liệu đã biên dịch từ trước. Để xem chi tiết về định dạng của những tập tin này, chạy « dircolors --print-database ». Nếu bỏ qua ĐẦU hoặc ĐỘ_TĂNG, thì mặc định thành 1. Tức là ĐỘ_TĂNG bị bỏ qua mặc định thành 1 thậm chí khi CUỐI nhỏ hơn ĐẦU. ĐẦU, ĐỘ_TĂNG, và CUỐI biên dịch như các giá trị điểm trôi. ĐỘ_TĂNG thường là dương nếu ĐẦU nhỏ hơn CUỐI, và ĐỘ_TĂNG thường là âm nếu ĐẦU lớn hơn CUỐI. Nếu CHẾ_ĐỘ là « 0 » thì luồng tương ứng không được chuyển hoán đệm. Nếu CHẾ_ĐỘ là « L » thì luồng tương ứng được chuyển hoán đệm theo dòng. Tuỳ chọn này không hợp lệ với đầu vào tiêu chuẩn. Nếu TẬP_TIN là « - », sao chép trở lại đầu ra tiêu chuẩn. Nếu áp dụng cả dạng gọi thứ nhất và thứ hai, thì dạng thứ hai có tác dụng nếu toán hạng cuối cùng bắt đầu với « + » hoặc (nếu có 2 toán hạng) một chữ số. Một toán hạng HIỆU có nghĩa « -j HIỆU ». NHÃN là một địa chỉ giả lập tại byte đầu tiên được in, tăng lên khi tiến trình đổ đang chạy. Đối với HIỆU và NHÃN, một tiền tố « 0x » hoặc « 0X » cho biết nó là thập lục; hậu tố đuôi có thể là « . » đối với bát phân và « b » để nhân lên 512. Nếu không đưa ra câu lệnh, thì chạy câu lệnh « ${SHELL} -i » (mặc định: /bin/sh). Đầu vào tiêu chuẩn là thiết bị cuối thì chuyển tiếp nó từ « /dev/null ». Đầu ra tiêu chuẩn là thiết bị cuối thì phụ thêm kết xuất vào « nohup.out » nếu có thể, không thì « $HOME/nohup.out ». Đầu lỗi tiêu chuẩn là thiết bị cuối thì chuyển tiếp nó vào đầu ra tiêu chuẩn. Để lưu kết xuất vào tập tin, dùng « %s LỆNH > TẬP_TIN ». Nếu câu lệnh quá hạn thì thoát với trạng thái 124, không thì thoát với trạng thái của câu lệnh đó. Không đưa ra tín hiệu thì gửi tín hiệu TERM khi quá hạn. Tín hiệu TERM ép buộc kết thúc bất cứ tiến trình nào không chặn hay bắt tín hiệu đó. Đối với tiến trình khác, có thể cần sử dụng tín hiệu KILL (9) vì không thể bắt tín hiệu đó. Nếu ký tự đầu tiên của K (số byte hoặc số dòng) là một « + », thì in ra đầu tiên với mục thứ K từ đầu mỗi tập tin, không thì in K mục cuối cùng trong tập tin. K có thể có các đuôi bội số: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, và tương tự với T, P, E, Z, Y. Thiết lập đầu vào: [-]brkint sự ngắt gây ra một tín hiệu gián đoạn [-]icrnl chuyển return thành dòng mới [-]ignbrk lờ đi ký tự ngắt [-]igncr lờ đi return K có thể đặt các hậu tố nhân sau : b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, và tương tự với T, P, E, Z, Y. Giấy phép GPL pb3+ : Giấy phép Công cộng GNU phiên bản 3 hay sau Đây là phần mềm tự do : bạn có quyền sửa đổi và phát hành lại nó. KHÔNG CÓ BẢO HÀNH GÌ CẢ, với điều khiển được pháp luật cho phép. Thiết lập nội bộ : [-]crterase đưa ra ký tự xóa như backspace-space-backspace * crtkill diệt toàn dòng theo thiết lập echoprt và echoe * -crtkill diệt toàn dòng theo thiết lập echoctl và echok GHI CHÚ : nếu câu LỆNH điều chỉnh việc chuyển hoán đệm các luồng tiêu chuẩn (v.d. « tee ») thì cũng ghi đè lên các thiết lập tương ứng bị « stdbuf » sửa đổi. Ngoài ra còn có một số bộ lọc (v.d. « dd » và « cat ») mà không dùng luồng với đầu V/R, thì không bị tác động bởi thiết lập « stdbuf ». GHI CHÚ : [ tùy theo hai tùy chọn « --help » (trợ giúp) và « --version » (phiên bản), còn test (thử) không phải. test xử lý mỗi tùy chọn này giống như CHUỖI khác rỗng. GHI CHÚ : có lẽ bạn có trình bao với một phiên bản %s riêng, mà thường có quyền cao hơn phiên bản nói trên. Hãy tham chiếu đến tài liệu hướng dẫn của trình bao để tìm chi tiết về các tùy chọn được hỗ trợ. Chú ý rằng nếu dùng chức năng « rm » để xoá bở một tập tin nào đó, có thể là cũng có khả năng phục hồi một phần nội dung (nếu có đủ kỹ năng và/hay thời gian). Để đảm bảo rằng nội dung không phục hồi được, hãy sử dụng « shred ». Ghi chú rằng hai tùy chọn « -d » và « -t » chấp nhận định dạng ngày/giờ khác nhau. Ghi chú rằng hai tùy chọn « -r » và « -s » loại từ lẫn nhau. Ghi chú : sự so sánh thì tùy theo quy tắc của « LC_COLLATE ». Ghi chú : « uniq » không phát hiện dòng lặp lại nếu chúng không kề nhau. Trước tiên có lẽ bạn muốn sắp xếp kết xuất, hoặc dùng « sort -u » không có « uniq ». Hơn nữa, sự so sánh tùy theo quy tắc của « LC_COLLATE ». Một « - » không bắt buộc ở trước THIẾT_LẬP chỉ ra sự phủ định. Một « * » đánh dấu thiết lập không phải POSIX. Hệ thống nằm dưới xác định những thiết lập có thể. Không thì CHẾ_ĐỘ là một con số có thể đi trước một của những hậu tố này: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, và tương tự với G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Trong trường hợp này, luồng tương ứng được chuyển hoán đệm một cách đầy đủ, với kích cỡ vùng đệm được đặt thành CHẾ_ĐỘ byte. Thiết lập đầu ra: * bsN kiểu trì hoãn của xoá lùi, N nằm trong [0..1] * crN kiểu trì hoãn của return, N nằm trong [0..3] * ffN kiểu trì hoãn của thụt dòng, N nằm trong [0..1] * nlN kiểu trì hoãn của dòng mới, N nằm trong [0..1] Không chỉ ra chủ sở hữu thì không thay đổi nó. Không chỉ ra nhóm thì không thay đổi nó, nhưng thay đổi thành nhóm đăng nhập nếu đặt một dấu hai chấm « : » sau CHỦ_SỞ_HỮU tượng trưng. CHỦ_SỞ_HỮU và NHÓM có thể là các giá trị số cũng như tượng trưng. VỊ_TRÍ là « F[.C][TÙY_CHỌN...] », trong đó F là số thứ tự trường và C là vị trí của ký tự trong trường; cả hai có gốc 1. Không đặt « -t » hay « -b » thì đếm các ký tự của trường từ đầu của khoảng cách đứng trước. TÙY_CHỌN là một hoặc vài tùy chọn sắp xếp ký tự đơn sẽ ghi chèn các tùy chọn sắp xếp toàn cầu cho khóa đó. Khi không đưa ra một khóa, thì dùng cả dòng làm khóa. CỠ có thể có các đuôi bội số sau : In giá trị của BIỂU_THỨC ra đầu ra tiêu chuẩn. Một dòng trắng ở dưới phân cách các nhóm có quyền ưu tiên tăng dần. BIỂU_THỨC có thể là: ĐỐI_SỐ1 | ĐỐI_SỐ2 ĐỐI_SỐ1 nếu nó không phải rỗng hoặc 0, nếu không thì ĐỐI_SỐ2 ĐỐI_SỐ1 & ĐỐI_SỐ2 ĐỐI_SỐ1 nếu mỗi đối số không phải rỗng hay 0, ngược lại thì 0 CƠ SÔ: d thập lục o bát phân x thập lục n không có BYTES: có tiền tố số 0x hoặc 0X thập lục có hậu tố bội số b 512 kB 1000 K 1024 MB 1000*1000 M 1024*1024 GB 1000*1000*1000 G 1024*1024*1024 v.v. cho T, P, E, Z, Y. Một hậu tố đuôi z trong bất kỳ dạng nào thêm các ký tự có thể in ra vào cuối mỗi dòng kết quả. Đọc đầu vào tiêu chuẩn nếu TẬP_TIN là « - » Mỗi MẪU có thể là: Thông báo lỗi %s tới %s Gửi báo cáo lỗi tới: %s Gửi báo cáo lỗi dịch (tiếng Việt) tới Clytie: TẬP_HỢP là chuỗi các ký tự. Hầu hết tập hợp tự đại diện. Các chuỗi được biên dịch là: \NNN ký tự với giá trị bát phân NNN (1 tới 3 chữ số) \\ xuyệc ngược \a tiếng chuông BEL nghe rõ \b xoá lùi \f thụt dòng \n dòng mới \r return \t tab ngang TÍN_HIỆU có thể là một tên tín hiệu như « HUP » (treo, gác), hoặc một số thứ tự tín hiệu như « 1 », hoặc trạng thái thoát của một tiến trình dừng bởi một tín hiệu. PID là một số nguyên, nếu âm thì đại diện một nhóm tiến trình. CỠ là một số. Đối với KIỂU doux, CỠ còn có thể là: C sizeof(char) kích cỡ ký tự S sizeof(short) kích cỡ ngắn I sizeof(int) kích cỡ số nguyên L sizeof(long) kích cỡ dài Nếu KIỂU là f, CỠ còn có thể là: F sizeof(float) kích cỡ trôi D sizeof(double) kích cỡ đôi L sizeof(long double) kích cỡ đôi dài Kích CỠ cũng có thể theo sau một của những ký tự sửa đổi này: + tăng theo - giảm theo < nhiều nhất > ít nhất / làm tròn xuống bội số cho % làm tròn lên bội số cho CỠ có thể là (hoặc có thể là số nguyên đi trước) một trong: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, và tương tự với G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Gửi một tín hiệu %s tới tiến trình « dd » đang chạy để nó in thống kê V/R ra đầu lỗi tiêu chuẩn, sau đó tiếp tục sao chép. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 mục ghi vào 18335302+0 mục ghi ra 9387674624 byte (9.4 GB) đã sao chép, 34.6279 giây, 271 MB/giây Tùy chọn: Ký tự đặc biệt: * dsusp KÝ_TỰ KÝ_TỰ sẽ gửi một tín hiệu dừng của thiết bị cuối khi tràn dữ liệu vào eof KÝ_TỰ KÝ_TỰ sẽ gửi một kết thúc tập tin (dừng nhập vào) eol KÝ_TỰ KÝ_TỰ sẽ kết thúc dòng Thiết lập đặc biệt: N đặt tốc độ nhập vào và kết xuất thành N baud * cols N cho hạt nhân biết thiết bị cuối có N cột * columns N giống như « cols N » KIỂU là một hoặc vài dạng sau: a ký tự có tên, lờ đi bit bậc cao c ký tự ASCII hoặc thoát xuyệc ngược Hậu tố sao lưu là « ~ », trừ khi đặt với « --suffix » hoặc SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. Phương pháp điều khiển phiên bản có thể chọn qua tùy chọn « --backup » hoặc qua biến môi trường VERSION_CONTROL. Có những giá trị: Dữ liệu được mã hoá như được diễn tả cho bảng chữ cái base64 trong tài liệu RFC 3564. Khi giải mã, kết nhập có thể chứa các ký tự dòng mới, thêm vào các byte của bảng chữ cái base64 hình thức. Hãy dùng tùy chọn « --ignore-garbage » để thử phục hồi khi luồng đã mã hoá chứa byte khác chữ cái. Ba tùy chọn sau chỉ có ích khi tính tổng kiểm tra (checksum): --quiet đừng in ra « OK » cho mỗi tập tin được thẩm tra đúng --status không đưa ra gì cả, mã trạng thái cho biết thành công -w, --warn cảnh báo về những dòng tổng kiểm tra có định dạng không đúng Tổng được tính như mô tả trong %s. Khi kiểm tra, dữ liệu vào phải là dữ liệu ra trước đây của chương trình này. Chế độ mặc định là in ra một dòng ghi tổng kiểm tra, một ký tự chỉ dạng (« * » cho nhị phân, « » cho văn bản), và tên cho mỗi TẬP_TIN. Các chuỗi định dạng đúng cho các tập tin (không có « --file-system »): %a Quyền truy cập theo dạng bát phân %A Quyền truy cập theo dạng dễ đọc %b Số khối đã cấp phát (xem %B) %B Kích cỡ theo byte của mỗi khối được %b thông báo %C Chuỗi ngữ cảnh bảo mật SELinux Chương trình cài đặt này sao chép các tập tin (thường vừa mới biên dịch) vào các vị trí đích được bạn chọn. Muốn tải về và cài đặt một gói sẵn sàng dùng vào một hệ thống GNU/Linux thì bạn nên sử dụng một trình quản lý gói phần mềm để thay thế, v.d. yum(1) hay apt-get(1). Theo ba kiểu đầu tiên, sao chép NGUỒN vào ĐÍCH hoặc đồng thời nhiều NGUỒN vào THƯ_MỤC đã có, cũng thiết lập các chế độ quyền hạn và chủ sở hữu/nhóm. Theo kiểu thứ tư, tạo mọi thành phần của (các) THƯ_MỤC đưa ra. Để xóa một tập tin có tên bắt đầu với một « - », ví dụ « -foo », sử dụng một trong các câu lệnh sau: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Có thể kết hợp tham số ở dạng truyền thống; chúng tích lũy: tham số giống như chọn -a -t a ký tự có tên, lờ đi bit bậc cao -b -t o1 byte bát phân -c -t c ký tự ASCII hoặc ký tự thoát xuyệc ngược -d -t u2 đơn vị hai byte thập phân không có chữ ký Sự chuyển đổi xảy ra nếu không đưa ra tùy chọn « -d » và cả hai TẬP_HỢP1 và TẬP_HỢP2 xuất hiện. Tùy chọn « -t » chỉ có thể đưa ra khi chuyển đổi. TẬP_HỢP2 kéo dài thành chiều dài của TẬP_HỢP1 bằng cách lặp lại ký tự cuối cùng theo yêu cầu. Ký tự thừa trong TẬP_HỢP2 vẫn bị bỏ qua. Chỉ đảm bảo rằng [:lower:] và [:upper:] sẽ mở rộng theo thứ tự tăng dần; dùng trong TẬP_HỢP2 khi chuyển đổi, thì chỉ có thể sử dụng chúng theo cặp để ghi rõ cách chuyển đổi chữ hoa/thường. Tùy chọn « -s » dùng TẬP_HỢP1 nếu không chuyển đổi và cũng không xoá; có thì chức năng vắt dùng TẬP_HỢP2 và xảy ra đằng sau việc chuyển đổi hay xoá. Không đưa ra tuỳ chọn « -t KÝ_TỰ » thì ký tự trắng nào đi trước sẽ phân cách các trường và bị lờ đi, có thì phân cách bởi KÝ_TỰ. Mỗi TRƯỜNG là số thứ tự của trường đếm từ 1. ĐỊNH_DẠNG là một hoặc vài định dạng phân cách bởi khoảng trắng hoặc dấu phẩy với cấu trúc « TẬP_TIN_SỐ.TRƯỜNG » hoặc « 0 ». ĐỊNH_DẠNG mặc định đưa ra trường để nối lại, những trường còn lại trong TẬP_TIN1, các trường còn lại trong TẬP_TIN2, cả phân cách bởi KÝ_TỰ. Quan trọng: TẬP_TIN1 và TẬP_TIN2 phải được sắp xếp theo vùng nối lại. V.d. dùng « sort -k 1b,1 » nếu « join » không có tùy chọn. Ghi chú : việc so sánh tùy theo quy tắc của « LC_COLLATE ». Nếu đầu vào không phải được sắp xếp và một số dòng nào đó không nối lại được, một thông điệp cảnh báo sẽ được hiển thị. Dùng chỉ một của những tùy chọn « -b », « -c » và « -f ». Mỗi DANH_SÁCH chứa một phạm vi, hoặc nhiều phạm vi định giới bằng dấu phẩy. Đầu vào đã chọn được ghi theo cùng một thứ tự với việc đọc; nó được ghi chỉ một lần. Chức năng sử dụng màu sắc để phân biệt các kiểu tập tin khác nhau cũng bị tắt theo mặc định và khi dùng tuỳ chọn « --color=never » (màu = không bao giờ). Khi dùng « --color=auto » (màu = tự động), lệnh liệt kê « ls » chỉ xuất mã màu khi đầu ra tiêu chuẩn được kết nối đến một thiết bị cuối. Biến môi trường « LS_COLORS » (màu sắc của ls) cũng có khả năng sửa đổi thiết lập này. Hãy sử dụng lệnh « dircolors » để đặt nó. Khi không có TẬP_TIN hoặc khi TẬP_TIN là « - », đọc đầu vào tiêu chuẩn. « -F / » theo mặc định. Không có TẬP_TIN, hoặc TẬP_TIN là « - », thì đọc đầu vào tiêu chuẩn. Khi không có tùy chọn, đưa ra kết quả trong ba cột. Cột thứ nhất là những dòng chỉ có trong TẬP_TIN1, cột thứ hai chứa những dòng chỉ có trong TẬP_TIN2, và cột thứ ba chứa những dòng có chung trong chúng. Khi không có TÙY_CHỌN, in ra một vài bộ thông tin xác định có ích. Ghi TẬP_TIN dạng rõ ràng vào đầu ra tiêu chuẩn, theo byte bát phân theo mặc định. Khi có vài đối số TẬP_TIN, thì nối chúng với nhau theo thứ tự liệt kê để tạo dữ liệu vào. Khi không có TẬP_TIN, hoặc khi TẬP_TIN là « - », đọc đầu vào tiêu chuẩn. ??? --backup[=ĐIỀU_KHIỂN] tạo bản sao lưu của mỗi tập tin đích đã có -b giống « --backup » nhưng không chấp nhận đối số -f, --force không hỏi lại trước khi ghi chèn -i, --interactive hỏi lại trước khi ghi chèn -n, --no-clobber không ghi đè lên tập tin đã có Nếu bạn ghi rõ hơn một của những tuỳ chọn « -i », « -f » và « -n » thì chỉ tuỳ chọn cuối cùng có tác động. --backup[=ĐIỀU_KHIỂN] tạo bản sao lưu của mỗi tập tin tồn tại ở nơi đến -b giống « --backup » nhưng không chấp nhận đối số -d, -F, --directory cho phép siêu người dùng thử tạo liên kết cứng tới thư mục (ghi chú : rất có thể sẽ không thành công do hạn chế của hệ thống, thậm chí đối với siêu người dùng) -f, --force xóa các tập tin tồn tại ở nơi đến --backup[=ĐIỀU_KHIỂN] tạo bản sao lưu của mỗi tập tin đích đã có -b giống « --backup » nhưng không chấp nhận đối số -c (bị lờ đi) -C, --compare so sánh mỗi cặp tập tin nguồn và đích, và trong một số trường hợp nào đó cũng không sửa đổi đích bằng cách nào cả -d, --directory coi mọi đối số là tên thư mục; tạo tất cả các thành phần của thư mục chỉ ra --batch-size=SỐ gộp lại đồng thời nhiều nhất SỐ đầu vào ; cho một số lớn hơn, hãy sử dụng các tập tin tạm thời --block-size=CỠ sử dụng khối kích cỡ CỠ byte. Xem định dạng kích CỠ ở dưới. -B, --ignore-backups không liệt kê các mục kết thúc « ~ » đã ngụ ý -c với « -lt »: sắp xếp theo, và hiển thị ctime (thời gian sửa đổi cuối cùng của thông tin trạng thái tập tin) với « -l »: hiển thị ctime và sắp xếp theo tên nếu không: sắp xếp theo ctime --complement bổ sung tập hợp các byte, ký tự hoặc trường đã chọn --files0-from=F đọc dữ liệu vào từ những tập tin chỉ ra bởi các tập tin chấm dứt rỗng (NUL) trong tập tin F Nếu F là « - » thì đọc các tên từ đầu vào tiêu chuẩn -L, --max-line-length in chiều dài của dòng dài nhất -w, --words in các số đếm từ --files0-from=F tính tổng sử dụng đĩa của các tập tin có tên dừng bởi NUL chỉ ra trong tập tin F -H tương đương với « --dereference-args » (-D) -h, --human-readable in kích cỡ với định dạng dễ đọc (v.d. 1K 234M 2G) --si giống « -h », nhưng dùng 1000 lũy thừa thay cho 1024 --from=SỞ_HỮU_HIỆN_CÓ:NHÓM_HIỆN_CÓ thay đổi chủ sở hữu và/hoặc nhóm của mỗi tập tin chỉ nếu chủ sở hữu và/hoặc nhóm hiện thời tương ứng với mẫu chỉ ra ở đây. Có thể bỏ sót một trong hai tham số, trong trường hợp đó không yêu cầu khớp nó --group-directories-first nhóm lại các thư mục trước các tập tin. Làm tăng lên với tùy chọn « --sort », nhưng bất cứ lần nào dùng « --sort=none » (-U) sẽ tắt chức năng nhóm lại. --help hiển thị trợ giúp này rồi thoát --indicator-style=TỪ phụ thêm vào tên mục chỉ thị với dạng TỪ : • none không có (mặc định) • slash (-p) dấu xuyệc • file-type (--file-type) kiểu tập tin • classify (-F) phân loại -i, --inode với « -l », in ra số chỉ mục của mỗi tập tin -I, --ignore=MẪU không liệt kê các mục tương ứng với MẪU của trình bao -k giống « --block-size=1K » --lookup cố làm hợp tiêu chuẩn tên máy qua DNS -m chỉ tên máy và người dùng kết hợp với đầu vào tiêu chuẩn -p, --process in các tiến trình hoạt động sinh ra bởi init --no-preserve-root không coi « / » là đặc biệt --preserve-root không xóa « / » (mặc định) -r, -R, --recursive xóa đệ quy các thư mục và nội dung -v, --verbose cho biết những gì đang thực hiện --no-preserve-root không coi `/' là đặc biệt (mặc định) --preserve-root không thao tác đệ quy trên `/' --no-preserve-root không coi `/' là đặc biệt (mặc định) --preserve-root không thao tác đệ quy trên `/' --no-preserve=DANH_SÁCH_THUỘC_TÍNH không giữ các thuộc tính chỉ ra --parents dùng tên tập tin nguồn đầy đủ dưới THƯ_MỤC --one-file-system khi xoá đệ quy một phân cấp, nhảy qua thư mục nằm trên hệ thống tập tin khác với hệ thống có đối số dòng lệnh tượng ứng. --pid=SỐ với « -f » thì chấm dứt sau khi tiến trình SỐ chết -q, --quiet, --silent không bao giờ xuất phần đầu chỉ ra tên tập tin --retry cứ thử mở một tập tin nào đó, thậm chí nếu nó vẫn (hoặc trở thành) không tới được; có ích khi đi theo tên, tức là dùng « --follow=name » --preserve-context bảo tồn ngữ cảnh bảo mật SELinux -Z, --context=NGỮ_CẢNH đặt ngữ cảnh bảo mật SELinux của các tập tin và thư mục --reference=TẬP_TIN_R sử dụng ngữ cảnh bảo mật của TẬP_TIN_R thay vào ghi rõ giá trị NGỮ_CẢNH -R, --recursive thực hiện đệ quy trên tập tin và thư mục -v, --verbose đưa ra thông tin chuẩn đoán cho mọi tập tin đã xử lý --rfc-3339=ĐẶC_TẢ_GIỜ đưa ra ngày và giờ dạng tương thích RFC 3339. ĐẶC_TẢ_GIỜ yêu cầu mức chính xác: • date ngày tháng • seconds giây • ns nanô-giây Các thành phần ngày và giờ định giới bằng một dấu cách đơn : 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=CHUỖI đặt thời gian theo mẫu của CHUỖI -u, --utc, --universal in ra hay đặt Thời gian Quốc tế --sort=TỪ sắp xếp theo TỪ : • general-numeric -g thuộc số kiểu chung • human-numeric -h thuộc số kiểu người • month -M tháng • numeric -n thuộc số • random -R ngẫu nhiên • version -V phiên bản -V, --version-sort sắp xếp số thứ tự (phiên bản) một cách tự nhiên bên trong văn bản --sparse=KHI_NÀO điều khiển việc tạo tập tin sparse. Xem dưới. --strip-trailing-slashes gỡ bỏ mọi dấu xuyệc đi theo khỏi mỗi đối số NGUỒN --strip-trailing-slashes xóa mọi dấu xuyệc nằm theo khỏi mỗi đối số NGUỒN -S, --suffix=HẬU_TỐ dùng HẬU_TỐ thay cho đuôi để sao lưu thông thường --suffix=HẬU_TỐ phụ thêm hậu tố này vào MẪU. Không cho phép hậu tố chứa dấu sổ chéo. Tuỳ chọn này được ngụ ý nếu MẪU không kết thúc bằng chữ X. --time hiển thị giờ sửa đổi cuối cùng của bất cứ tập tin nào trong thư mục, hoặc của bất cứ thư mục con nào của nó --time=TỪ hiển thị giờ theo TỪ thay cho giờ sửa đổi: • atime giờ truy cập • access giờ truy cập • use giờ dùng • ctime giờ thay đổi inode • status giờ lấy trạng thái --time-style=KIỂU_DÁNG hiển thị giờ theo kiểu dáng KIỂU_DÁNG: • full-iso ISO đầy đủ • long-iso ISO dài • iso ISO • +ĐỊNH_DẠNG ĐỊNH_DẠNG được giải thích như « date » --time-style=KIỂU_DÁNG với « -l », hiển thị các thời gian theo KIỂU_DÁNG: • full-iso ISO đầy đủ • long-iso ISO dài • iso ISO • locale miền địa phương • +ĐỊNH_DẠNG. ĐỊNH_DẠNG được giải thích giống như « date »; nếu ĐỊNH_DẠNG là « ĐỊNH_DẠNG1ĐỊNH_DẠNG2 » thì ĐỊNH_DẠNG1 áp dụng cho các tập tin không phải vừa mở, và ĐỊNH_DẠNG2 áp dụng cho các tập tin vừa mở; nếu KIỂU_DÁNG có « posix- » đứng trước, KIỂU_DÁNG chỉ có tác động bên ngoài miền địa phương POSIX. --tmpdir[=THƯ_MỤC] đọc MẪU tương đối so với THƯ_MỤC. Không ghi rõ THƯ_MỤC thì dùng $TMPDIR (nếu đặt), không thì « /tmp ». Khi dùng tùy chọn này, MẪU không thể là một tên tuyệt đối. Không giống như « -t », MẪU có thể chứa dấu xuyệc, nhưng mktemp chỉ tạo thành phần cuối cùng. --verbose in thông tin chẩn đoán đúng trước khi mở mỗi tập tin kết xuất --version đưa ra thông tin phiên bản rồi thoát --all in ra số các bộ xử lý được cài đặt --ignore=SỐ nếu có thể thì loại trừ SỐ đơn vị xử lý Cỡ Dùng Còn %%Dùng Inode IDùng ITrống %%IDùng Cỡ Dùng Còn %%Dùng -evenp giống như « -parenb cs8 » * [-]lcase giống như « xcase iuclc olcuc » litout giống như « -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 » -litout giống như « parenb istrip opost cs7 » nl giống như « -icrnl -onlcr » -nl giống như « icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret » [-]cstopb dùng hai bit dừng cho mỗi ký tự (đặt « - » thì một bit) [-]hup gửi tín hiệu treo khi tiến trình cuối cùng đóng tty [-]hupcl như « [-]hup » [-]parenb tạo bit tương tính chẵn lẻ trong kết quả và chờ bit tính chẵn lẻ trong dữ liệu vào [-]parodd đặt tính chẵn lẻ kiểu lẻ (đặt « - » thì chẵn) [-]ignpar lờ đi các ký tự với lỗi tính chẵn lẻ * [-]imaxbel bíp và không làm tràn bộ đệm đầu vào đầy khi nhận một ký tự [-]inlcr chuyển dòng mới thành return [-]inpck bật dùng kiểm tra tính chẵn lẻ đầu vào [-]istrip gột bit cao (thứ 8) của các ký tự nhập vào [-]isig bật dùng các ký tự đặc biệt gián đoạn, thoát, và ngưng [-]noflsh tắt bỏ làm tràn sau các ký tự đặc biệt gián đoạn và thoát * [-]prterase giống như « [-]echoprt » * [-]tostop dừng các công việc nền mà thử ghi tới thiết bị cuối * [-]xcase với « icanon », thoát với « \ » cho các ký tự viết hoa cooked giống như « brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon » các ký tự eof và eol tới giá trị mặc định của chúng -cooked giống như « raw » crt giống như « echoe echoctl echoke » dec giống như « echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u » * [-]decctlq giống như « [-]ixany » ek các ký tự xóa và diệt tới giá trị mặc định của chúng evenp giống như « parenb -parodd cs7 » ispeed N đặt tốc độ nhập vào thành N * line N dùng kỷ luật dòng N min N với « -icanon », đọc ít nhất N ký tự mỗi lần đọc ospeed N đặt tốc độ đưa kết quả ra thành N oddp giống như « parenb parodd cs7 » -oddp giống như « -parenb cs8 » [-]parity giống như « [-]evenp » pass8 giống như « -parenb -istrip cs8 » -pass8 giống như « parenb istrip cs7 » raw giống như « -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 » -raw giống như « cooked » sane giống như : « cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke », mỗi ký tự đặc biệt cũng có giá trị mặc định stop KÝ_TỰ KÝ_TỰ sẽ dừng kết quả susp KÝ_TỰ KÝ_TỰ sẽ gửi một tín hiệu dừng của thiết bị cuối * swtch KÝ_TỰ KÝ_TỰ sẽ chuyển sang một lớp trình bao khác * werase KÝ_TỰ KÝ_TỰ sẽ xóa từ đã gõ cuối cùng %% một dấu % đơn %b ĐỐI_SỐ là một chuỗi có các ký tự thoát « \ » đã biên dịch, trừ khi dãy thoát bát phân có dạng « \0 » hoặc « \0NNN » và tất cả các dạng C kết thúc bởi một trong « diouxXfeEgGcs », và đầu tiên các ĐỐI SỐ đã chuyển đổi tới dạng thích hợp. Chiều dài các biến được điều khiển. %A tên đầy đủ của ngày trong tuần của miền địa phương (Thứ hai..Chủ nhật) %b tên ngắn gọn của các tháng của miền địa phương (Thg 1..Thg 12) %B tên đầy đủ của các tháng của miền địa phương (Tháng một..Tháng mười hai) %c thời gian và ngày của miền địa phương (v.d. 14:36:33 MSD Thứ ba 26 Thg 4 2005) %C thế kỷ, giống như %Y, trừ bỏ quên hai chữ số cuối cùng (v.d. 21) %d ngày của tháng (01..31) %D ngày (giống như %m/%d/%y) %e ngày của tháng, để trống thay cho việc dùng 0 ( 1..31), giống như %_d %F ngày tháng đầy đủ (giống như %Y-%m-%d %g hai chữ số cuối cùng của năm của số thứ tự tuần ISO (xem %G) %G năm của số thứ tự tuần ISO (xem %V); thường chỉ có ích cùng với %V %S giây (00..60); cần 60 để thích hợp với giây nhảy qua phút khác %t khoảng tab ngang %T thời gian (giống như %H:%M:%S) %u ngày của tuần (1..7); 1 tương ứng với Thứ Hai %U số thứ tự của tuần trong năm với Chủ Nhật là ngày đầu tuần (00..53) %V số thứ tự của tuần ISO với Thứ hai là ngày đầu tuần (01..53) %w ngày trong tuần (0..6); 0 là Chủ Nhật %W số thứ tự của tuần trong năm với Thứ Hai là ngày đầu tuần (00..53) %d Số hiệu thiết bị theo dạng thập phân %D Số hiệu thiết bị theo dạng thập lục %f Chế độ thô theo dạng thập lục %F Kiểu tập tin %g ID nhóm của người sở hữu %G Tên nhóm của người sở hữu %h Số liên kết cứng %i Số hiệu inode %n Tên tập tin %N Tên tập tin đã trích dẫn (bỏ liên kết nếu là liên kết mềm) %o Kích cỡ khối V/R %s Tổng kích cỡ theo byte %t Kiểu thiết bị lớn theo dạng thập lục %T Kiểu thiết bị nhỏ theo dạng thập lục %h giống như %b %H giờ (00..23) %I giờ (01..12) %j ngày của năm (001..366) %i ID hệ thống tập tin theo dạng thập lục %l Chiều dài tối đa của tên tập tin %n Tên tập tin %s Kích cỡ khối (để truyền nhanh hơn) %S Kích cỡ khối chủ yếu (để đếm các khối) %t Kiểu theo dạng thập lục %T Kiểu theo dạng dễ đọc %k giờ ( 0..23) %l giờ ( 1..12) %m tháng (01..12) %M phút (00..59) %n một dòng mới %N nanô-giây (000000000..999999999) %p chỉ ra AM hoặc PM viết hoa của miền địa phương (không rõ thì rỗng) %P chỉ ra am hoặc pm viết thường của miền địa phương (không rõ thì rỗng) %r thời gian, tính theo 12 giờ, của miền địa phương (v.d. 11:11:04 CH) %R thời gian, tính theo 24 giờ (giống như %H:%M) %s số giây kể từ 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC (một sự mở rộng GNU) %u ID người dùng của người sở hữu %U Tên người dùng của người sở hữu %x Thời gian truy cập cuối cùng %X Thời gian truy cập cuối cùng, theo giây kể từ Epoch %y Thời gian sửa đổi cuối cùng %Y Thời gian sửa đổi cuối cùng, theo giây kể từ Epoch %z Thời gian thay đổi cuối cùng %Z Thời gian thay đổi cuối cùng, theo giây kể từ Epoch %x ngày theo quy định của miền địa phương (v.d. 22/10/07) %X giờ theo quy định của miền địa phương (v.d. 23:13:48) %y hai chữ số cuối cùng của năm (00..99) %Y năm (v.d. 2007) %z +hhmm mũi giờ thuộc số (v.d., +0930) %:z +hh:mm mũi giờ thuộc số (v.d., +09:30) %::z +hh:mm:ss mũi giờ thuộc số (v.d., +09:30:00) %:::z mũi giờ thuộc số có « : » đến mức chính xác đã yêu cầu (v.d., -04, +09:30) %Z viết tắt mũi giờ theo abc (v.d., EDT, CST) Mặc định là ngày tháng đệm trường số bằng số không (v.d. 06). + HIỆU_BÀI hiểu HIỆU_BÀI như một chuỗi, thậm chí cả khi nó là một từ khóa như « match » hay một toán tử như « / » ( BIỂU_THỨC ) giá trị của BIỂU_THỨC +TRANG_ĐẦU[:TRANG_CUỐI], --pages=TRANG_ĐẦU[:TRANG_CUỐI] bắt đầu [dừng] in ấn ở trang TRANG_ĐẦU[_CUỐI] -CỘT, --columns=CỘT đưa ra CỘT cột và in ra các cột xuống dưới, trừ khi dùng « -a ». Cân bằng số các dòng trong các cột trên mỗi trang. --output-delimiter=CHUỖI phân cách các cột bằng chuỗi này --userspec=NGƯỜI_DÙNG:NHÓM chỉ ra người dùng và nhóm (theo mã số hay tên) cần dùng\n --groups=G_LIST chỉ ra các nhóm phụ kiểu g1,g2,..,gN -0, --null kết thúc mỗi dòng kết xuất bằng 0 byte thay cho ký tự dòng mới -A, --address-radix=CƠ_SỐ quyết định cách in các hiệu tập tin -j, --skip-bytes=BYTE bỏ qua BYTE byte đầu tiên từ đầu vào -A, --auto-reference đưa ra sự chỉ đến đã tạo ra tự động -G, --traditional làm việc giống với « ptx » của System V -F, --flag-truncation=CHUỖI dùng CHUỖI để đánh dấu sự cắt dòng -B, --block-size=CỠ dùng khối kích cỡ CỠ-byte -b, --bytes tương đương « --apparent-size --block-size=1 » -c, --total đưa ra một tổng tổng quát -D, --dereference-args không theo liên kết mềm được liệt kê trên dòng lệnh -C liệt kê các mục theo cột --color[=KHI] phân biệt kết xuất theo màu sắc. KHI có thể là: • never không bao giờ • always luôn luôn • auto tự động (mặc định) -d, --directory liệt kê mục nhập thư mục thay vì nội dung, và không chỉ tới đích của liên kết mềm -D, --dired tạo kết xuất thích hợp với chế độ dired của Emacs -D tạo mọi thành phần đi trước của mỗi ĐÍCH trừ cái cuối, sau đó sao chép NGUỒN tới ĐÍCH -g, --group=NHÓM đặt quyền sở hữu nhóm, thay cho nhóm của tiến trình hiện thời -m, --mode=CHẾ_ĐỘ đặt chế độ quyền hạn (như trong chmod), thay cho « rwxr-xr-x » -o, --owner=SỞ_HỮU đặt quyền sở hữu (chỉ cho siêu người dùng) -D, --all-repeated[=phương_pháp_định_giới] in mọi dòng trùng phương_pháp_định_giới là: • none không có (mặc định) • prepend thêm vào trước • separate phân cách Có định giới bằng dòng trắng. -f, --skip-fields=N không so sánh N trường đầu tiên -i, --ignore-case không phân biệt chữ hoa/thường khi so sánh -s, --skip-chars=N không so sánh N ký tự đầu tiên -u, --unique chỉ in mỗi dòng duy nhất -z, --zero-terminated kết thúc dòng với 0 byte, không phải ký tự dòng mới -D, --date-format=ĐỊNH_DẠNG dùng ĐỊNH_DẠNG cho ngày tháng trong phần đầu -e[KÝ_TỰ[RỘNG]], --expand-tabs[=KÝ_TỰ[RỘNG]] mở rộng KÝ_TỰ đưa vào (TAB) thành chiều RỘNG của tab (8) -F, -f, --form-feed dùng các dạng khác để chia trang thay cho dòng mới (3 dòng phần đầu của trang với « -F », hoặc 5 dòng phần đầu và gạch dài khi không có « -F ») -G, --no-group trong danh sách dài, không in ra tên nhóm -h, --human-readable với « -l », in kích cỡ ở dạng dễ đọc (v.d. 1K 234M 2G) --si giống trên, nhưng dùng 1000 lũy thừa, không phải 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line đi theo liên kết mềm liệt kê trên dòng lệnh --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir đi theo mỗi liên kết mềm trên dòng lệnh chỉ tới một thư mục --hide=MẪU không liệt kê những mục tương ứng với MẪU của trình bao (ghi chèn bởi « -a » hoặc « -A ») -I hỏi một lần trước khi xoá hơn 3 tập tin, hoặc khi xoá đệ quy. Ít xâm nhập hơn « -i », vẫn còn bảo vệ khỏi phần lớn lỗi. --interactive[=KHI] hỏi KHI nào: • never không bao giờ • once (-l) một lần • always (-i) luôn luôn không có KHI thì luôn luôn hỏi trước -L TẬP_TIN TẬP_TIN tồn tại và là một liên kết mềm (giống như « -h ») -O TẬP_TIN TẬP_TIN tồn tại và sở hữu bởi ID người dùng hoạt động -p TẬP_TIN TẬP_TIN tồn tại và là một đường ống có tên -r TẬP_TIN TẬP_TIN tồn tại và cho phép đọc -s TẬP_TIN TẬP_TIN tồn tại và có kích cỡ lớn hơn không -L, --dereference không liên kết mọi liên kết mềm -P, --no-dereference không đi theo liên kết mềm nào (đây là mặc định) -0, --null kết thúc mỗi dòng kết quả bằng 0 byte thay cho dòng mới -S, --separate-dirs không thêm kích cơ của thư mục con -s, --summarize chỉ hiển thị tổng số cho mỗi đối số -L, --logical dùng PWD từ môi trường, thậm chí nếu nó chứa liên kết tượng trưng -P, --physical tránh mọi liên kết tượng trưng -M, --macro-name=CHUỖI tên vĩ lệnh để sử dụng thay cho « xx » -O, --format=roff tạo ra kết quả như chỉ thị roff -R, --right-side-refs đặt sự chỉ đến ở bên phải, không đếm trong « -w » -S, --sentence-regexp=BTCQ cho cuối các dòng hoặc cuối các câu (BTCQ: biểu thức chính quy) -T, --format=tex tạo kết quả như chỉ thị TeX -N, --read-bytes=BYTE giới hạn việc đổ thành BYTE byte dữ liệu vào -S, --strings[=BYTE] cho ra các chuỗi của ít nhất BYTE ký tự đồ họa -t, --format=KIỂU chọn (các) định dạng kết quả -v, --output-duplicates không dùng « * » để đánh dấu việc bỏ dòng -w, --width[=BYTE] cho ra BYTE byte trên mỗi dòng --traditional chấp nhận đối số dạng truyền thống -P, --portability sử dụng định dạng kết quả POSIX --sync gọi sync trước khi lấy thông tin -t, --type=KIỂU chỉ liệt kê các hệ thống tập tin KIỂU -T, --print-type in ra kiểu hệ thống tập tin -x, --exclude-type=KIỂU chỉ liệt kê các hệ thông tập tin không phải KIỂU -v (bị lờ đi) -R, -r, --recursive sao chép đệ quy các thư mục --reflink[=KHI_NÀO] điều khiển việc sao chép clone/CoW. Xem dưới. --remove-destination gỡ bỏ mỗi tập tin đích đến đã có trước khi thử mở nó (khác với « --force ») -S sắp xếp theo kích cỡ tập tin --sort=TỪ sắp xếp theo TỪ thay cho tên: • extension -X phần mở rộng • none -U không có • size -S kích cỡ • time -t thời gian • version -v phiên bản --time=TỪ với « -l », hiển thị thời gian theo TỪ thay vì thời gian sửa đổi: • atime -u thời gian truy cập cuối • access -u thời gian truy cập • use -u thời gian sử dụng • ctime -c thời gian thay đổi inode cuối • status -c thời gian lấy trạng thái dùng thời gian chỉ ra làm tiêu chuẩn sắp xếp nếu « --sort=time » -S TẬP_TIN TẬP_TIN tồn tại và là một ổ cắm -t FD mô tả tập tin FD được mở trên một thiết bị cuối -u TẬP_TIN TẬP_TIN tồn tại và có bit ID người dùng đã đặt (set-user-ID) -w TẬP_TIN TẬP_TIN tồn tại và cho phép ghi -x TẬP_TIN TẬP_TIN tồn tại và cho phép thực hiện (hoặc tìm kiếm) -S, --suffix=HẬU_TỐ dùng thay cho hậu tố sao lưu thông thường -t, --target-directory=THƯ_MỤC chỉ ra THƯ_MỤC đến đó cần tạo liên kết -T, --no-target-directory coi TÊN_LIÊN_KẾT là một tập tin thông thường -v, --verbose in ra tên của mỗi tập tin đã liên kết -SCHUỖI, --sep-string[=CHUỖI] chia các cột bằng CHUỖI, không có « -S »: Ký tự phân chia mặc định với « -J » và nếu không (giống như « -S" " »), không ảnh hưởng đến các tùy chọn cột -t, --omit-header bỏ đi phần đầu và phần đi theo của các trang -T, --omit-pagination bỏ qua phần đầu và phần đi theo của trang, loại trừ sự dàn trang bởi mẫu trong tập tin đưa vào -v, --show-nonprinting sử dụng ký hiệu xuyệc ngược bát phân -w, --width=RỘNG_TRANG đặt chiều rộng trang thành chiều RỘNG_TRANG (72) ký tự chỉ cho kết quả đa cột văn bản, « -s[ký_tự] » tắt đi (72) -T, -w, --mesg thêm trạng thái thư của người dùng như « + », « - » hoặc « ? » -u, --users liệt kê những người dùng đã đăng nhập --message giống như « -T » --writable giống như « -T » -W, --page-width=RỘNG_TRANG đặt chiều rộng trang thành luôn luôn RỘNG_TRANG (72) ký tự, cắt ngắn các dòng, trừ khi đặt tùy chọn « -J », không can thiệp với « -S » hoặc « -s » -W, --word-regexp=BTCQ dùng biểu thức chính quy này để tương ứng mỗi từ khóa -b, --break-file=TẬP_TIN ký tự phá vỡ từ trong TẬP_TIN này -f, --ignore-case đưa chữ thường thành hoa để sắp xếp -g, --gap-size=SỐ kích cỡ chỗ trống trong các cột giữa các trường kết quả -i, --ignore-file=TẬP_TIN đọc danh sách từ lờ đi từ TẬP_TIN -o, --only-file=TẬP_TIN chỉ đọc danh sách từ từ TẬP_TIN này -Z, --context=NGỮ_CẢNH đặt ngữ cảnh bảo mật SELinux của TÊN thành NGỮ_CẢNH -Z, --context=NGỮ_CẢNH đặt ngữ cảnh bảo mật SELinux của mỗi TÊN thành NGỮ_CẢNH -a chỉ thay đổi thời gian truy cập -c, --no-create không tạo tập tin nào -d, --date=CHUỖI phân tích cú pháp của CHUỖI và dùng nó thay cho thời gian hiện tại -f (bị lờ đi) -a, --across in các cột bắt chéo nhau thay vì in xuống, sử dụng cùng với « -CỘT » -c, --show-control-chars dùng ký hiệu mũ (^G) và cách ghi xuyệc ngược bát phân -d, --double-space nhân đôi khoảng trắng trong kết quả -a, --all đừng bỏ qua mục bắt đầu với « . » -A, --almost-all đừng liệt kê « . » và « .. » đã ngụ ý --author với « -l » thì in ra tác giả của mỗi tập tin -b, --escape in ra giá trị thoát kiểu C cho ký tự không phải đồ họa -a, --all gồm cả những hệ thống tập tin giả -B, --block-size=CỠ dùng khối kích cỡ CỠ byte --total xuất một tổng số tổng quát -h, --human-readable hiện kích cỡ ở dạng dễ đọc (v.d. 1K 234M 9G) -H, --si như trên nhưng dùng 1000 lũy thừa thay cho 1024 -a, --all ghi số đếm cho mọi tập tin, không chỉ thư mục --apparent-size in ra kích cỡ hiển thị, thay cho sử dụng đĩa; mặc dù kích cỡ hiển thị thường nhỏ hơn, đôi khi nó lớn hơn do các lỗ hổng trong tập tin (« sparse »), sự phân mảnh, khối gián tiếp, và tương tự -a, --all chuyển đổi mọi khoảng trắng, thay vì chỉ những khoảng trắng đầu tiên --first-only chỉ chuyển đổi những dãy khoảng trắng đầu tiên (ghi chèn « -a ») -t, --tabs=N tab có N ký tự thay vì 8 (bật dùng « -a ») -t, --tabs=DANH_SÁCH dùng DANH_SÁCH các vị trí tab định giới bằng dấu phẩy (bật « -a ») -a, --archive giống như « -dR --preserve=all » --backup[=ĐIỀU_KHIỂN] tạo bản sao lưu cho mỗi tập tin đích đã tồn tại -b giống « --backup » nhưng không chấp nhận đối số --copy-contents sao chép nội dung của tập tin đặc biệt khi đệ quy -d giống như « --no-dereference --preserve=links » -a, --suffix-length=N sử dụng các hậu tố với chiều dài N (mặc định %d) -b, --bytes=CỠ đặt CỠ byte cho mỗi tập tin kết quả -C, --line-bytes=CỠ đặt nhiều nhất CỠ byte dòng cho mỗi tập tin kết quả -d, --numeric-suffixes sử dụng hậu tố thuộc số thay cho chữ cái -l, --lines=SỐ đặt SỐ dòng cho mỗi tập tin kết quả -b, --before gắn ký tự phân chia ở trước thay vì sau -r, --regex biên dịch ký tự phân chia như một biểu thức chính quy -s, --separator=CHUỖI dùng CHUỖI làm ký tự phân chia thay cho dòng mới -b, --binary đọc ở chế độ nhị phân -b, --binary đọc ở chế độ nhị phân (mặc định trừ khi đọc đầu vào tiêu chuẩn tty) -b, --body-numbering=KIỂU_DÁNG dùng KIỂU_DÁNG để đánh số các dòng phần thân -d, --section-delimiter=CC dùng CC để phân cách cách trang lôgíc -f, --footer-numbering=KIỂU_DÁNG dùng KIỂU_DÁNG để đánh số các dòng phần chân -b, --bytes đếm byte thay cho cột -s, --spaces ngắt dòng ở khoảng trắng -w, --width=RỘNG dùng RỘNG cột thay cho 80 -b, --bytes=DANH_SÁCH chỉ chọn những byte này -c, --characters=DANH_SÁCH chỉ chọn những ký tự này -d, --delimiter=DẤU sử dụng DẤU này thay cho TAB, để phân cách các trường -b, --ignore-leading-blanks lờ đi nhưng khoảng trắng ở đầu -d, --dictionary-order tính chỉ các dấu cách và các ký tự chữ cái/số -f, --ignore-case tính chữ thường là chữ hoa -b, --suffix-format=ĐỊNH_DẠNG dùng sprintf ĐỊNH_DẠNG thay cho %02d -f, --prefix=HẬU_TỐ dùng HẬU_TỐ thay cho « xx » -k, --keep-files không xóa tập tin xuất khi có lỗi -c --format=ĐỊNH_DẠNG dùng ĐỊNH_DẠNG đưa ra thay cho định dạng mặc định; xuất một ký tự dòng mới sau mỗi lần dùng ĐỊNH_DẠNG --printf=ĐỊNH_DẠNG giống « --format », còn cũng giải thích các dãy thoát kiểu xuyệc ngược, và không bắt buộc phải xuất ký tự dòng mới đi theo. Muốn tạo dòng mới thì bao gồm « \n » trong ĐỊNH_DẠNG. -t, --terse in ra thông tin dưới dạng ngắn -c, --bytes=K xuất K byte cuối cùng; hoặc dùng « -c +K » để xuất các byte bắt đầu với byte thứ K của mỗi tập tin -c, --bytes=[-]K in ra N byte đầu tiên của mỗi tập tin; khi có « - » ở đầu, in ra tất cả trừ K byte cuối cùng của mỗi tập tin -n, --lines=[-]K in ra K dòng đầu tiên thay cho 10; khi có « - » ở đầu, in ra tất cả trừ K dòng cuối cùng của mỗi tập tin -c, --check đọc tổng %s từ các TẬP_TIN và kiểm tra -c, --check, --check=diagnose-first kiểm tra có đầu vào đã sắp xếp; không nên sắp xếp -C, --check=quiet, --check=silent giống « -c », nhưng không thông báo dòng sai thứ nhất --compress-program=TRÌNH nén các đồ tạm thời bằng chương trình này; để giải nén cũng đặt « -d » --files0-from=F đọc đầu vào từ những tập tin chỉ ra bởi các tập tin kết thúc rỗng trong tập tin F Nếu F là « - » thì đọc các tên từ đầu vào tiêu chuẩn -c, --count thêm vào trước các dòng số lần lặp lại của chúng -d, --repeated chỉ in những dòng lặp lại -c, --crown-margin giữ khoảng thụt dòng của hai dòng đầu tiên -p, --prefix=CHUỖI chỉ định dạng lại những dòng bắt đầu với CHUỖI, gán lại chuỗi tiền tố đó vào dòng đã định dạng lại -s, --split-only chia những dòng dài, nhưng không điền lại -c, --no-create không tạo tập tin nào -d, --decode giải mã dữ liệu -i, --ignore-garbage giải mã thì cũng bỏ qua ký tự khác bảng chữ cái -w, --wrap=SỐ ngắt dòng mã hoá đẳng sau số các cột này (mặc định 76). Giá trị 0 thì tắt chức năng ngắt dòng -d, --delimiters=DANH_SÁCH sử dụng lại các ký tự từ DANH_SÁCH thay cho TAB -s, --serial dán một dòng cho mỗi lần thay vì dán song song -d, --directory tạo một thư mục, không phải một tập tin -u, --dry-run đừng tạo gì, chỉ in ra một tên (không an toàn) -q, --quiet thu hồi các hàm chẩn đoán về lỗi tạo tập tin hay thư mục -e hiệu lực chức năng đọc ký tự thoát chéo ngược -E tắt chức năng đọc ký tự thoát chéo ngược (mặc định) -e hiệu lực khả năng biên dịch ký tự thoát xuyệc ngược (mặc định) -E tắt khả năng biên dịch ký tự thoát xuyệc ngược -e, --echo coi mỗi ĐỐI_SỐ là một dòng nhập vào -i, --input-range=THẤP-CAO coi mỗi con số từ THẤP đến CAO là một dòng nhập vào -n, --head-count=SỐ xuất nhiều nhất SỐ dòng -o, --output=TẬP_TIN ghi kết quả vào tập tin này, thay cho đầu ra tiêu chuẩn --random-source=TẬP_TIN lấy các byte ngẫu nhiên từ tập tin này -z, --zero-terminated kết thúc dòng bằng 0 byte, không phải ký tự dòng mới -f không sắp xếp, dùng « -aU », tắt « -ls --color » -F, --classify phụ thêm chỉ thị (một trong « */=>@| ») vào các mục --file-type cũng vậy, trừ không phụ thêm « * » --format=TỪ TỪ là: • across -x ngang qua • commas -m dấu phẩy • horizontal -x nằm ngang • long -l dài • single-column -1 cột đơn • verbose -l xuất chi tiết • vertical -C thẳng đứng --full-time giống « -l --time-style=full-iso » -f bỏ đi dòng chỉ tên cột trong dạng ngắn -w bỏ đi tên đầy đủ của người dùng trong dạng ngắn -i bỏ đi tên đầy đủ của người dùng và máy ở xa trong dạng ngắn -q bỏ đi tên đầy đủ của người dùng, máy ởỡa và thời gian nghỉ trong dạng ngắn tham số giống như chọn -f -t fF sự trôi -i -t dI số nguyên thập phân -l -t dL chiều dài thập phân -o -t o2 đơn vị 2 byte bát phân -s -t d2 đơn vị 2 byte thập phân -x -t x2 đơn vị 2 byte thập lục -f TẬP_TIN TẬP_TIN tồn tại và là một tập tin thông thường -g TẬP_TIN TẬP_TIN tồn tại và có đặt ID nhóm (set-group-ID) -G TẬP_TIN TẬP_TIN tồn tại và sở hữu bởi ID nhóm hoạt động -h TẬP_TIN TẬP_TIN tồn tại và là một liên kết mềm (giống như « -L ») -k TẬP_TIN TẬP_TIN tồn tại và có đặc bit dính (sticky) -f, --canonicalize làm hợp quy tắc bằng cách theo đệ quy mọi liên kết mềm trong mọi thành phần của tên đưa ra; tất cả thành phần (trừ mục cuối cùng) của đường dẫn phải tồn tại -e, --canonicalize-existing làm hợp quy tắc bằng cách theo đệ quy mọi liên kết mềm sau trong mọi thành phần của đường dẫn đưa ra, tất cả thành phầu của đường dẫn phải tồn tại -f, --fields=DANH_SÁCH chỉ chọn những trường này, đồng thời in mọi dòng không có ký tự phân cách, trừ khi đưa ra tùy chọn « -s » -n (bị lờ đi) -f, --follow[={tên|mô_tả}] in ra dữ liệu đã phụ thêm vào cuối tập tin; « -f », « --follow », và « --follow=mô_tả » là tương đương -F giống như « --follow=tên --retry » -f, --force nếu không mở được tập tin đích thì xoá nó và thử lại (dư nếu dùng tuỳ chọn « -n ») -i, --interactive hỏi lại trước khi ghi chèn (có quyền cao hơn một tuỳ chọn « -n » đặt trước) -H đi theo các liên kết mềm của dòng lệnh trong NGUỒN -f, --force Thay đổi quyền hạn để cho phép ghi nhớ nếu cần thiết -n, --iterations=SỐ Ghi chèn SỐ lần thay cho giá trị mặc định (%d) --random-source=TẬP_TIN Lấy các byte ngẫu nhiên từ tập tin này -s, --size=N shred số byte này (chấp nhận các hậu tố K, M, G, v.d. « 102K ») -f, --silent, --quiet bỏ qua phần lớn các thông báo lỗi -v, --verbose đưa ra thông tin chuẩn đoán cho mọi tập tin được xử lý --reference=TẬP_TIN_R dùng chế độ của TẬP_TIN_R thay cho CHẾ_ĐỘ -R, --recursive thực hiện đệ quy trên tập tin và thư mục -f, --silent, --quiet bỏ qua phần lớn các thông báo lỗi --reference=TẬP_TIN_R sử dụng nhóm của TẬP_TIN_R thay cho giá trị NHÓM chỉ ra -R, --recursive thực hiện đệ quy trên tập tin và thư mục -v, --verbose đưa ra thông tin chuẩn đoán cho mọi tập tin -f, --silent, --quiet bỏ qua phần lớn các thông báo lỗi --reference=TẬP_TIN_R dùng người sở hữu và nhóm của TẬP_TIN_R thay cho giá trị CHỦ_SỞ_HỮU:NHÓM chỉ ra -R, --recursive thực hiện đệ quy trên tập tin và thư mục -v, --verbose đưa ra thông tin chuẩn đoán cho mọi tập tin được xử lý -g giống « -l », nhưng không liệt kê người sở hữu -g GID[,GID1...] cũng đặt ID nhóm chính thành GID thuộc số và (nếu chỉ ra) đặt các ID nhóm phụ thành GID1, ... -g, --general-numeric-sort so sánh theo giá trị thuộc số kiểu chung -i, --ignore-nonprinting tính chỉ các ký tự có thể in được -M, --month-sort so sánh (không rõ) < « Th1 » < ... < « Th12 » -h, --header-numbering=KIỂU_DÁNG dùng KIỂU_DÁNG để đánh số các dòng phần đầu -i, --page-increment=SỐ độ tăng số thứ tự dòng -l, --join-blank-lines=SỐ đếm SỐ dòng rỗng như một dòng -n, --number-format=ĐỊNH_DẠNG chèn số thứ tự dòng theo ĐỊNH_DẠNG -p, --no-renumber không đặt lại số thứ tự dòng tại trang lôgíc -s, --number-separator=CHUỖI thêm CHUỖI vào sau số thứ tự dòng (có thể) -h ĐẦU_TRANG, --header=ĐẦU_TRANG dùng một phần ĐẦU_TRANG ở giữa thay cho tên tập tin trong phần đầu trang, « -h "" » in một dòng trắng, đừng sử dụng « -h"" » -i[KÝ_TỰ[RỘNG]], --output-tabs[=KÝ_TỰ[RỘNG]] thay thế khoảng trắng với các KÝ_TỰ (TAB) thành chiều RỘNG tab (8) -J, --join-lines gộp lại các dòng đầy đủ, tắt bỏ cắt dòng « -W », không sắp hàng các cột, --sep-string[=CHUỖI] đặt ký tự phân chia -h, --human-numeric-sort so sánh các số mà người đọc được (v.d. 2K 1G) -h, --no-dereference ảnh hưởng mỗi liên kết mềm chứ không ảnh hưởng tập tin đích (chỉ có tác dụng trên hệ thống có thể thay đổi quyền sở hữu của một liên kết mềm) -h, --no-dereference ảnh hưởng mỗi liên kết mềm chứ không ảnh hưởng tập tin đích (chỉ có tác dụng trên hệ thống có thể thay đổi quyền sở hữu của một liên kết mềm) -m thay đổi chỉ thời gian sửa đổi -i, --ignore-case lờ đi sự khác nhau về kiểu chữ khi so sánh các trường -j TRƯỜNG tương đương với « -1 TRƯỜNG -2 TRƯỜNG » -o ĐỊNH_DẠNG tuân theo ĐỊNH_DẠNG khi tạo ra dòng kết quả -t KÝ_TỰ dùng KÝ_TỰ làm ký tự phân chia trường đưa vào và kết quả ra -i, --initial không chuyển đổi tab nằm sau ký tự không phải trống -t, --tabs=SỐ dùng SỐ cho số ký tự của tab, không phải 8 -i, --inodes liêt kê thông tin về inode thay cho sử dụng khối -k giống như « --block-size=1K » -l, --local chỉ liệt kê hệ thống tập tin cục bộ --no-sync không gọi sync trước khi lấy thông tin sử dụng (mặc định) -i, --input=CHẾ_ĐỘ điều chỉnh việc chuyển hoán đệm luồng đầu vào tiêu chuẩn -o, --output=CHẾ_ĐỘ điều chỉnh việc chuyển hoán đệm luồng đầu ra tiêu chuẩn -e, --error=CHẾ_ĐỘ điều chỉnh việc chuyển hoán đệm luồng lỗi tiêu chuẩn -i, --interactive nhắc có nên gỡ bỏ đích hay không -L, --logical tạo liên kết cứng đến tham chiếu liên kết tượng trưng -n, --no-dereference xử lý đích là liên kết tượng trưng đến một thư mục như là nó vẫn còn một tập tin tiêu chuẩn -P, --physical tạo liên kết cứng trực tiếp đến liên kết tượng trưng -s, --symbolic tạo liên kết tượng trưng thay cho liên kết cứng -k giống « --block-size=1K » -l, --count-links tính kích cỡ rất nhiều lần nếu có liên kết cứng -m giống « --block-size=1M » -k, --key=VỊ_TRÍ1[,VỊ_TRÍ2] bắt đầu một khoá ở VỊ_TRÍ1, kết thúc ở VỊ_TRÍ12 (kết thúc dòng mặc định) -m, --merge gộp lại các tập tin đã sắp xếp; không sắp xếp -k, --kill-after=THỜI_LƯỢNG cũng gửi một tín hiệu KILL (buộc kết thúc) nếu LỆNH vẫn còn chạy trong thời lượng này sau khi gửi tín hiệu gốc. -s, --signal=TÍN_HIỆU ghi rõ tín hiệu cần gửi khi quá hạn. TÍN_HIỆU có thể là một tên như « HUP », hoặc một con số. Xem « kill -l » để thấy một danh sách các tín hiệu. -l dùng dạng danh sách dài -L, --dereference khi hiển thị thông tin cho một liên kết mềm, hiển thị thông tin cho tập tin mà liên kết chỉ đến thay cho bản thân liên kết -m liệt kê liền nhau các mục, cách nhau bởi dấu phẩy -l, --length=DÀI_TRANG đặt chiều dài trang thành chiều DÀI_TRANG (66) dòng (số dòng mặc định của văn bản là 56, có « -F » thì 63) -m, --merge in song song tất cả các tập tin, mỗi tập tin trên một cột cắt ngắn các dòng, có « -J » thì cũng nhập các dòng có chiều dài đầy đủ. -l, --link liên kết tập tin thay vào sao chép -L, --dereference luôn luôn theo liên kết mềm trong NGUỒN -l, --login in ra các tiến trình đăng nhập của hệ thống -m, --canonicalize-missing làm hợp quy tắc bằng cách theo đệ quy mọi liên kết mềm sau trong mọi thành phần của đường dẫn đưa ra, và không cần sự tồn tại của các thành phần -n, --no-newline không đưa ra ký tự dòng mới đi theo -q, --quiet không xuất chi tiết -s, --silent bỏ đi hầu hết các thông báo lỗi -v, --verbose báo cáo các thông báo lỗi -m, --mode=CHẾ_ĐỘ đặt quyền hạn tập tin thành CHẾ_ĐỘ, thay cho « a=rw - umask » -m, --mode=CHẾ_ĐỘ đặt chế độ tập tin (giống như chmod), thay cho « a=rwx - umask » -p, --parents không đưa ra lỗi nếu có, tạo thư mục mẹ khi cần thiết -v, --verbose in ra thông báo mỗi khi tạo một thư mục -Z, --context=NGỮ_CẢNH đặt ngữ cảnh bảo mật SELinux của mỗi thư mục đã tạo thành NGỮ_CẢNH -n, --digits=CHỮ_SỐ dùng số chữ số CHỮ_SỐ thay cho 2 -s, --quiet, --silent không in ra kích thước của mỗi tập tin xuất -z, --elide-empty-files xóa tập tin xuất rỗng -n, --lines=K xuất K dòng cuối cùng, thay cho %d cuối cùng hoặc dùng « -n +K » để xuất các dòng bắt đầu với dòng thứ K --max-unchanged-stats=N với « --follow=tên », mở lại một TẬP_TIN không có kích cỡ thay đổi sau N (mặc định %d) lần lặp lại để xem nó có bị bỏ liên kết hay đổi tên chưa (đây thường là trường hợp các tập tin theo dõi đã quay vòng) -n, --no-clobber không ghi đè lên một tập tin đã có (có quyền cao hơn một tuỳ chọn « -i » đặt trước) -P, --no-dereference không bao giờ nên theo liên kết mềm trong NGUỒN -n, --numeric-sort so sánh theo giá trị thuộc số kiểu chuỗi -R, --random-sort sắp xếp theo hash ngẫu nhiên của khoá --random-source=TẬP_TIN lấy các byte ngẫu nhiên từ tập tin này -r, --reverse đảo ngược kết quả so sánh -n, --numeric-uid-gid giống « -l », nhưng liệt kê UID và GID dạng số -N, --literal in ra tên thô của các mục (v.d. không coi các ký tự điều khiển là đặc biệt) -o giống « -l », nhưng không liệt kê thông tin về nhóm -p, --indicator-style=slash phụ thêm vào thư mục chỉ thị « / » -n[PHÂN_CÁCH[CHỮ_SỐ]], --number-lines[=PHÂN_CÁCH[CHỮ_SỐ]] đánh số dòng, sử dụng CHỮ_SỐ (5) chữ số, sau đó PHÂN_CÁCH (TAB), mặc định đếm bắt đầu từ dòng thứ nhất của tập tin nhập vào -N, --first-line-number=SỐ bắt đầu đếm với SỐ tại dòng thứ nhất của trang in đầu tiên (xem « +TRANG_ĐẦU ») -o, --indent=LỀ thụt mỗi dòng với LỀ (số không) khoảng trắng, không ảnh hưởng « -w » hoặc « -W », LỀ sẽ được thêm vào chiều RỘNG_TRANG -r, --no-file-warnings bỏ đi cảnh báo khi không mở được một tập tin -o, --io-blocks tính kích CỠ là một số các khối VR thay cho các byte -o, --output=TẬP_TIN ghi kết quả vào tập tin này thay cho đầu ra tiêu chuẩn -s, --stable ổn định sắp xếp bằng việc tắt so sánh sắp xếp lại cuối cùng -S, --buffer-size=CỠ dùng CỠ cho bộ nhớ đệm chính -p giống như « --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps » --preserve[=DANH_SÁCH_THUỘC_TÍNH] bảo tồn các thuộc tính chỉ ra (mặc định: • mode chế độ • ownership quyền sở hữu • timestamps nhãn thời gian) nếu có thể, cũng có thuộc tính: • context ngữ cảnh • links các liên kết • xattr • all tất cả -p THƯ_MỤC dùng THƯ_MỤC làm tiền tố ; ngụ ý « -t » [bị phản đối] -t giải thích MẪU là một thành phần tên tập tin đơn, tương đối so với một thư mục: $TMPDIR, nếu đặt; không thì thư mục được ghi rõ với « -p »; không thì « /tmp » [bị phản đối] -p, --parents gỡ bỏ THƯ_MỤC và các thư mục cấp trên, v.d. « rmdir -p a/b/c » tương tự với « rmdir a/b/c a/b a ». -v, --verbose đưa ra chuẩn đoán cho mỗi thư mục được xử lý -p, --preserve-timestamps áp dụng thời gian truy cập/sửa đổi cho các tập tin NGUỒN tới các tập tin đích tương ứng -s, --strip cắt bỏ các bảng ký hiệu --strip-program=TRÌNH chương trình dùng để cắt bỏ tập tin nhị phân -S, --suffix=HẬU_TỐ ghi chèn hậu số sao lưu thường dùng -t, --target-directory=THƯ_MỤC sao chép mọi đối số NGUỒN vào THƯ_MỤC -T, --no-target-directory coi ĐÍCH như một tập tin thông thường -v, --verbose in ra tên của mỗi thư mục khi tạo ra nó -q, --count mọi tên đăng nhập và số người dùng đã đăng nhập -r, --runlevel in bậc chạy (runlevel) hiện thời -s, --short chỉ in tên, dòng và thời gian (mặc định) -t, --time in sự thay đổi đồng hồ hệ thống cuối cùng -q, --hide-control-chars in dấu « ? » thay cho các ký tự không phải đồ họa --show-control-chars hiển thị các ký tự không phải đồ họa như chúng có (mặc định trừ khi chương trình là « ls » và đầu ra là thiết bị cuối) -Q, --quote-name đặt tên các mục trong ngoặc kép --quoting-style=TỪ dùng dạng trích dẫn TỪ cho tên các mục: • literal nghĩa chữ • locale miền địa phương • shell trình bao • shell-always luôn luôn trình bao • c • escape thoát -q, --quiet, --silent không in ra phần đầu cho biết tên tập tin -v, --verbose luôn luôn in ra phần đầu cho biết tên tập tin -r, --reference=TẬP_TIN hiển thị lần sửa cuối cùng của TẬP_TIN -R, --rfc-2822 đưa ra ngày tháng dạng tương thích RFC 2822 Thí dụ : T2, 07 Th8 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=TẬP_TIN dùng kích cỡ của tập tin này -s, --size=CỠ dùng kích cỡ này -r, --reference=TẬP_TIN dùng thời gian của tập tin này thay cho thời gian hiện thời -t TEM dùng [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] thay cho thời gian hiện thời --time=TỪ thay đổi thời gian chỉ ra: TỪ là access, atime, hoặc use: tương đương với « -a » TỪ là modify hoặc mtime: tương đương với « -m » -r, --references trường đầu tiên của mỗi dòng là một sự tham khảo -t, --typeset-mode (chưa thực hiện) -w, --width=SỐ chiều rộng kết quả theo cột, bỏ đi sự tham khảo -r, --reverse đảo ngược thứ tự khi sắp xếp -R, --recursive liệt kê đệ quy các thư mục con -s, --size in kích cỡ đã cấp phát của mỗi tập tin, theo khối -s, --only-delimited không in ra những dòng không có ký tự phân cách --output-delimiter=CHUỖI dùng CHUỖI là ký tự phân cách cho kết quả in ra. Mặc định là ký tự phân cách đầu vào. -s, --signal=TÍN_HIỆU, -TÍN_HIỆU chỉ ra tên hoặc số của tín hiệu cần gửi -l, --list liệt kê tên các tín hiệu, hoặc chuyển đổi tên tín hiệu tới/từ các số -t, --table in ra bảng thông tin về tín hiệu -s, --sleep-interval=N với « -f » thì ngủ trong khoảng N giây (mặc định 1.0) giữa hai lần lặp lại -v, --verbose lúc nào cũng xuất phần đầu chỉ ra tên tập tin -s, --symbolic-link tạo liên kết mềm thay cho việc sao chép -S, --suffix=HẬU_TỐ thay cho hậu tố thường dùng để sao lưu -t, --target-directory=THƯ_MỤC sao chép mọi đối số NGUỒN vào THƯ_MỤC -T, --no-target-directory coi ĐÍCH là một tập tin thông thường -s[KÝ_TỰ],--separator[=KÝ_TỰ] phân chia các cột bằng một ký tự đơn, mặc định cho KÝ_TỰ là ký tự không có « -w » và 'no char' với « -w » « -s[KÝ_TỰ] » bỏ việc cắt ngắn dòng của tất cả 3 tùy chọn cột (-CỘT|-a -CỘT|-m) trừ khi đặt « -w » -t sắp xếp theo thời gian sửa đổi -T, --tabsize=CỘT giả sử chiều dài tab là CỘT thay cho 8 -t tương đương với « -vT » -T, --show-tabs hiển thị ký tự TAB ở dạng « ^I » -u (bị bỏ qua) -v, --show-nonprinting dùng ký hiệu « ^ » và « M- », trừ cho LFD và TAB -t, --field-separator=DẤU phân cách các trường bằng DẤU này thay cho sự chuyển dạng không phải trống thành trống -T, --temporary-directory=THƯ_MỤC dùng THƯ_MỤC làm tạm thời, không phải $TMPDIR hay %s; khi có nhiều tùy chọn, thì chỉ ra nhiều thư mục -u, --unique với « -c », kiểm tra có thứ tự chặt chẽ không; khi không có « -c », chỉ đưa ra cái đầu tiên khi trùng nhau -t, --tabs=DANH_SÁCH dùng danh sách các vị trí chính xác của tab (phân cách bởi dấu phẩy) -t, --tagged-paragraph thụt dòng đầu tiên khác với dòng thứ hai -u, --uniform-spacing một khoảng trống giữa các từ, hai giữa các câu -w, --width=RỘNG bề rộng dòng tối đa (mặc định là 75 cột) -t, --target-directory=THƯ_MỤC di chuyển mọi đối số NGUỒN vào THƯ_MỤC -T, --no-target-directory coi ĐÍCH như một tập tin thông thường -u, --update chỉ di chuyển khi tập tin NGUỒN mới hơn tập tin ở nơi đến hoặc khi không có tập tin tập tin ở nơi đến -v, --verbose nói rõ về những gì đang xảy ra -t, --text đọc ở chế độ văn bản (mặc định khi đọc đầu vào tiêu chuẩn tty -t, --text đọc ở chế độ văn bản (mặc định) -u với « -lt »: sắp xếp theo, và hiển thị thời gian truy cập với « -l »: hiển thị thời gian truy cập và sắp xếp theo tên nếu không: sắp xếp theo thời gian truy cập -U không sắp xếp; liệt kê các mục theo thứ bậc của thư mục -v sắp xếp các số thứ tự (phiên bản) một cách tự nhiên bên trong văn bản -u, --remove cắt ngắn và xóa tập tin sau khi ghi chèn -v, --verbose hiển thị tiến trình -x, --exact không làm tròn kích cỡ tập tin đến khối đầy tiếp theo; đây là mặc định cho các tập tin không thông thường -z, --zero thêm một lần ghi chèn cuối cùng bằng các số 0 để giấu việc dùng shred -u, --update chỉ sao chép nếu tập tin NGUỒN mới hơn tập tin đích đến hoặc khi thiếu tập tin đích đến -v, --verbose cho biết cụ thể những gì đã thực hiện -x, --one-file-system chỉ thực hiện trên hệ thống tập tin này -u, --user=NGƯỜI_DÙNG đặt người dùng này trong ngữ cảnh bảo mật đích -r, --role=VÀI_TRÒ đặt vai trò này trong ngữ cảnh bảo mật đích -t, --type=KIỂU đặt kiểu này trong ngữ cảnh bảo mật đích -l, --range=PHẠM_VI đặt phạm vi này trong ngữ cảnh bảo mật đích -v TẬP_TIN_SỐ giống như « -a TẬP_TIN_SỐ », nhưng bỏ đi các dòng nhập đã nối lại -1 TRƯỜNG nối lại ở TRƯỜNG này của tập tin 1 -2 TRƯỜNG nối lại ở TRƯỜNG này của tập tin 2 --check-order kiểm tra dữ liệu nhập vào được sắp xếp đúng không, thậm chí nếu tất cả các dòng nhập vào có khả năng ghép cặp --nocheck-order đừng kiểm tra dữ liệu nhập vào được sắp xếp đúng không --header xử lý dòng đầu của từng tập tin là dòng đầu trường, in ra mà không thử kết đôi -v, --kernel-version in ra phiên bản nhân -m, --machine in ra tên phần cứng của máy tính -p, --processor in ra kiểu của bộ xử lý, hoặc « không rõ » -i, --hardware-platform in ra tên kiến trúc phần cứng, hoặc « không rõ » -o, --operating-system in ra tên hệ điều hành -v, --starting-line-number=SỐ số thứ tự dòng đầu tiên trên mỗi trang luận lý -w, --number-width=SỐ dùng SỐ cột để hiển thị số thứ tự dòng -w, --check-chars=N so sánh nhiều nhất N ký tự trên dòng -w, --width=CỘT giả sử chiều rộng màn hình thay vì giá trị hiện thời -x liệt kê các mục theo dòng thay vì theo cột -X sắp xếp phần mở rộng các mục theo bảng chữ cái -Z, --context in bất kỳ ngữ cảnh bảo mật SELinux nào của mỗi tập tin -1 liệt kê một tập tin trên mỗi dòng -x, --one-file-system bỏ qua thư mục trên hệ thống tập tin khác -X, --exclude-from=TẬP_TIN bỏ những tập tin tương ứng với mẫu trong TẬP_TIN --exclude=MẪU bỏ những tập tin tương ứng với MẪU --max-depth=N in ra tổng số cho một thư mục (hoặc tập tin, với « --all ») chỉ nếu nó nằm ≤ N bậc dưới đối số dòng lệnh; « --max-depth=0 » là tương tự như « --summarize » -z, --zero-terminated kết thúc dòng với 0 byte, thay cho ký tự dòng mới Các tiến trình đang ngủ một cách không gián đoạn được thì cũng được tính trong trọng tải trung bình. [:graph:] mọi ký tự có thể in, trừ khoảng trắng [:lower:] mọi chữ cái viết thường [:print:] mọi ký tự có thể in, gồm cả khoảng trắng [:punct:] mọi ký tự chấm câu [:space:] mọi khoảng trắng nằm ngang hoặc đứng [:upper:] mọi chữ cái viết hoa [:xdigit:] mọi chữ số thập lục [=KÝ_TỰ=] mọi ký tự tương đương với KÝ_TỰ \0NNN byte có giá trị bát phân NNN (1 đến 3 chữ số) \xHH byte có giá trị thập lục HH (1 đến 2 chữ số) \NNN byte có giá trị bát phân NNN (1 đến 3 chữ số) \xHH byte có giá trị thập lục HH (1 đến 2 chữ số) \uHHHH ký tự Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) có giá trị thập lục HHHH (4 chữ số) \UHHHHHHHH ký tự Unicode có giá trị thập lục HHHHHHHH (8 chữ số) \\ sổ chéo ngược \a cảnh giác (BEL) \b xoá lùi \c không xuất gì thêm nữa \e thoát \f kéo trang \n dòng mới \r xuống dòng \t cột tab theo chiều ngang \v cột tab theo chiều dọc \v tab đúng KÝ_TỰ1-KÝ_TỰ2 mọi ký tự từ KÝ_TỰ1 đến KÝ_TỰ2 theo thứ tự tăng dần [KÝ_TỰ*] trong TẬP_HỢP2, sao chép KÝ_TỰ tới chiều dài của TẬP_HỢP1 [KÝ_TỰ*REPEAT] LẶP LẠI sao chép của KÝ_TỰ, LẶP LẠI bát phân nếu bằt đầu từ 0 [:alnum:] mọi chữ cái và chữ số [:alpha:] mọi chữ cái [:blank:] mọi khoảng trắng nằm ngang [:cntrl:] mọi ký tự điều khiển [:digit:] mọi chữ số ascii từ EBCDIC tới ASCII ebcdic từ ASCII tới EBCDIC ibm từ ASCII tới EBCDIC xen kẽ block thêm mục ghi dừng dòng mới với khoảng trắng đến kích cỡ cbs unblock thay thế khoảng trắng theo sau trong mục ghi kích cỡ cbs bằng dòng mới lcase thay đổi chữ hoa thành chữ thường binary sử dụng V/R nhị phân cho dữ liệu cio dùng V/R đồng quy cho dữ liệu Đặt CỠ thì xuất CỠ byte cho mỗi số nguyên: d[CỠ] số thập phân đã ký f[C] điểm trôi o[CỠ] số bát phân u[CỠ] số thập phân chưa ký x[CỠ] số thập lục direct sử dụng V/R thẳng cho dữ liệu directory không thành công nếu không phải thư mục dsync dùng V/R đã đồng bộ cho dữ liệu fullblock tích luỹ các khối đầy đủ dữ liệu nhập vào (chỉ iflag) if=TẬP_TIN đọc từ TẬP_TIN thay cho đầu vào tiêu chuẩn iflag=CỜ đọc tùy theo danh sách các ký hiệu phân cách bởi dấu phẩy obs=BYTES ghi BYTES byte mỗi lần (mặc định: 512) of=TẬP_TIN ghi vào TẬP_TIN thay cho đầu ra tiêu chuẩn oflag=CỜ ghi tùy theo danh sách các ký hiệu phân cách bởi dấu phẩy seek=KHỐI bỏ qua KHỐI khối với kích thước obs ở đầu đầu ra skip=KHỐI bỏ qua KHỐI khối với kích thước ibs ở đầu đầu vào status=noxfer bỏ đi thông kê truyền tải noatime không cập nhật giờ truy cập nocreat không tạo tập tin kết quả excl lỗi nếu tập tin kết quả đã có notrunc không cắt ngắn tập tin kết quả ucase thay đổi chữ thường thành chữ hoa swab trao đổi mọi cặp byte đưa vào noctty không ấn định thiết bị cuối điều khiển từ tập tin noerror tiếp tục sau khi gặp lỗi đọc sync thêm mọi khối đầu vào với NUL đến kích thước ibs; khi sử dụng với block hoặc unblock, thêm bằng khoảng trắng fdatasync ghi vật lý dữ liệu tập tin kết quả lên đĩa trước khi thoát fsync như trên, nhưng đồng thời ghi cả siêu dữ liệu nofollow không đi theo liên kết mềm nolinks lỗi nếu có nhiều liên kết nonblock sử dụng V/R không đặt khối none, off không bao giờ tạo bản sao lưu (dù đưa ra « --backup ») numbered, t tạo các bản sao lưu đã đánh số existing, nil đánh số nếu có bản sao lưu đánh số, nếu không thì đơn giản simple, never luôn luôn tạo sao lưu đơn giản sync như trên, nhưng đồng thời cho cả siêu dữ liệu text sử dụng V/R văn bản cho dữ liệu Khối %4s Dùng Còn %%Dùng %H:%M%P Khối %s Dùng Còn Khả năng (sao lưu : %s) * [-]ctlecho đưa ra ký tự control ở dạng mũ (`^c') [-]echo đưa ra ký tự nhập vào * [-]echoctl giống như « [-]ctlecho » [-]echoe giống như « [-]crterase » [-]echok đưa ra một dòng mới sau một ký tự diệt * [-]echoke giống như « [-]crtkill » [-]echonl đưa ra một dòng mới thậm chí nếu không đưa ra ký tự khác * [-]echoprt đưa ra ngược lại ký tự bị xóa, giữa « \ » và « / » [-]icanon bật dùng các ký tự đặc biệt xóa, diệt, werase, và rprnt [-]iexten bật dùng các ký tự đặc biệt không phải POSIX * [-]iuclc chuyển ký tự viết hoa thành viết thường * [-]ixany bất kỳ ký tự nào không chỉ ký tự khởi động cũng chạy lại đầu vào [-]ixoff bật dùng việc gửi ký tự chạy/dừng [-]ixon bật dùng điều khiển luồng XON/XOFF [-]parmrk đánh dấu lỗi tính chẵn lẻ (với một dãy 255-0 ký tự) [-]tandem giống như « [-]ixoff » * [-]iutf8 coi như các ký tự đưa vào được mã hóa UTF-8 * [-]ocrnl chuyển return thành dòng mới * [-]ofdel dùng các ký tự xóa để làm đầy thay cho các ký tự rỗng * [-]ofill dùng các ký tự làm đầy (độn thêm) thay cho thời gian trì hoãn * [-]olcuc chuyển ký tự viết thường thành viết hoa * [-]onlcr chuyển dòng mới thành return-dòng mới * [-]onlret dòng mới tạo ra một return * [-]onocr không in ra return trong cột đầu tiên [-]opost xử lý cuối cùng kết quả * tabN kiểu trì hoãn của tab ngang, N nằm trong [0..3] * tabs giống như « tab0 » * -tabs giống như « tab3 » * vtN kiểu trì hoãn của tab dọc, N nằm trong [0..1] * eol2 KÝ_TỰ KÝ_TỰ xen kẽ để kết thúc dòng erase KÝ_TỰ KÝ_TỰ sẽ xóa ký tự cuối cùng gõ vào intr KÝ_TỰ KÝ_TỰ sẽ gửi một tín hiệu gián đoạn kill KÝ_TỰ KÝ_TỰ sẽ xóa dòng hiện thời * lnext KÝ_TỰ KÝ_TỰ sẽ nhập ký tự tiếp theo trong ngoặc quit KÝ_TỰ KÝ_TỰ sẽ gửi một tín hiệu thoát * rprnt KÝ_TỰ KÝ_TỰ sẽ vẽ lại dòng hiện thời start KÝ_TỰ KÝ_TỰ sẽ chạy lại kết quả sau khi dừng nó * rows N cho nhân biết thiết bị cuối có N dòng * size in ra số hàng và số cột theo thông tin của nhân speed in ra tốc độ của thiết bị cuối time N với « -icanon », đặt thời gian chờ đọc thành N phần mười của một giây ??:???? Gắn vào TTYngữ cảnh=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu nhóm= cũ khi lặp lại %s % 1% của bộ nhớ, b 1, K 1024 (mặc định), và tương tự cho M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Khi không có TẬP_TIN, hoặc khi TẬP_TIN là « - », đọc đầu vào tiêu chuẩn. *** CẢNH BÁO *** Biến môi trường địa phương ảnh hưởng đến thứ tự sắp xếp. Đặt « LC_ALL=C » để dùng thứ tự sắp xếp truyền thống theo giá trị byte gốc. %.*s: sai sự xác định chuyển đổi%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu người dùng%s%s (cho biểu thức chính quy %s)%s -> %s (hủy sao lưu) %s [-d] đã chấm dứt bất thường%s và %s là cùng một tập tin%s tồn tại nhưng không phải là một thư mục%s đã xuất hiện; đi theo cuối của tập tin mới%s đã trở thành có thể truy cập%s đã trở thành không thể truy cập%s bị thay thế bằng một tập tin từ xa thì chịu thua về tên này%s bị thay thế bởi tập tin không thể tail nên đầu hàng với tên này%s bị thay thế; đi theo cuối của tập tin mới%s có kiểu tập tin không rõ%s có kích cỡ vô ích có vẻ là âmTrang chủ %s: <%s> Trang chủ %s: %s không phải là một số nguyên dương hợp lệ%s là quá lớn%s dùng được chỉ với hạt nhân SELinux%s đưa ra còn %s không phảiđối số %s%s « %s » quá lớn%s: %s quá lớn nên không thể đại diện%s: %s: số thứ tự dòng vượt quá giới hạn%s: %s: không tìm thấy%s: %s:%s: sai thứ tự : %s: mở hoặc đọc BỊ LỖI %s: Không có người dùng như vậy%s: yêu cầu « } » trong số đếm lặp lại%s: đã mong đợi toán tử nhị phân%s: chỉ tạo được liên kết mềm tương đối trong thư mục hiện thời%s: không thay đổi được chế độ không chặn%s: không tìm thấy tên cho ID người dùng %lu %s: không thể đi theo cuối của kiểu tập tin này; đầu hàng với tên này%s: không thể lseek lại vị trí gốc%s: không ghi chèn được thư mục%s: không thể tua lại%s: không thể tìm nơi%s: không thể tìm seek tới hiệu tương đối với cuối %s%s: không thể tìm tới hiệu %s%s: không thể tìm nơi tới rìa tương đối %s%s: không thể shred mô tả tập tin chỉ cho phép phụ thêm vào%s: không thể bỏ qua%s: không thể tìm nơi tới rìa đưa ra%s: thiếu dấu phân cách đóng « %c »%s: không đặt lại được chế độ non-blocking (không chặn)%s: đi vào thư mục %s không? %s: đi vào thư mục đã bảo vệ khỏi ghi %s không? %s: gặp kết thúc tập tin%s: toán hạng hạng tương đương phải là một ký tự đơn%s: lỗi cắt ngắn%s: lỗi ghi tại hiệu %s%s: đã mong đợi một giá trị số%s: lỗi đóng%s: lỗi mở để ghi%s: lỗi xoá%s: fcntl bị lỗi%s: fdatasync bị lỗi%s: tập tin có kích cỡ âm%s: tập tin đã rút ngắt quá nhiều%s: tập tin quá lớn%s: tập tin quá dài%s: tập tin đã bị cắt ngắn%s: fstat bị lỗi%s: fsync bị lỗi%s: không cho phép liên kết cứng tới thư mục%s: dữ liệu vào chứa một vòng lặp:%s: dữ liệu vào chứa một số lẻ các hiệu bài%s: tập tin đầu vào là tập tin đầu ra%s: chờ đợi một số nguyên sau dấu phân cách%s: sai PID%s: sai số đếm tại đầu của %s%s: sai chỉ thị%s: sai xác định trường %s%s: sai kích cỡ tập tin%s: sai dạng tập tin%s: sai số trạng thái không thay đổi tối đa giữa các lần mở%s: số sai%s: số byte sai%s: số dòng sai%s: sai số lần thực hiện%s: sai số giây%s: con số không hợp lệ cần bỏ qua%s: tùy chọn không hợp lệ -- « %c » %s: mẫu sai%s: mã số tiến trình sai%s: biểu thức chính quy không hợp lệ: %s%s: tín hiệu sai%s: sai chiều dài hậu tố%s: số thứ tự dòng phải lớn hơn số không%s: số thứ tự dòng vượt quá giới hạn%s: lseek bị lỗi%s: đã chỉ ra nhiều tín hiệu%s: quyền hạn mới là %s, không phải %s%s: không tìm thấy dòng tổng kiểm tra %s với định dạng đúng%s: không có thông tin kích cỡ cho thiết bị này%s: không liệt kê thư mục đã liệt kê%s: số byte quá lớn%s: tùy chọn « %c%s » không cho phép đối số %s: tùy chọn « %s » vẫn mơ hồ %s: tùy chọn « --%s » không cho phép đối số %s: tùy chọn « --%s » yêu cầu một đối số %s: tùy chọn « -W %s » không cho phép đối số %s: tùy chọn « -W %s » vẫn mơ hồ %s: tùy chọn « -W %s » yêu cầu một đối số %s: tùy chọn yêu cầu một đối số -- « %c » %s: ghi đề lên %s? %s: thực hiện %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: thực hiện %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: thực hiện %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: lỗi đọc%s: xoá %s %s không? %s: xoá đệ quy mọi đối số không? %s: xóa mọi đối số không? %s: xóa %s đã bảo vệ khỏi ghi %s không? %s: đã xóa%s: đang xóa%s: đã đổi tên thành %s%s: thay thế %s không? %s: lỗi tìm nơi%s: quá nhiều dòng tổng kiểm tra%s: thử ghi đề lên %s, cũng có quyền cao hơn chế độ %04lo (%s)? %s: không nhận ra chiều dài tên tập tin tối đa%s: không thể thực hiện mọi thao tác yêu cầu%s: đã mong đợi toán tử nguyên phân%s: không nhận ra tuỳ chọn « %c%s » %s: không nhận ra tuỳ chọn « --%s » %s: giá trị chưa được chuyển đổi hoàn toàn%s: lỗi ghi nhớ%s:%lu: dòng sai; thiếu hiệu bài thứ hai%s:%lu: sai tên tập tin chiều dài không%s:%lu: không nhận ra từ khóa %s%s}: yêu cầu số nguyên giữa ngoặc « { » và « } » »đã mong đợi « ) »đã mong đợi « ) », còn tìm thấy %s©• hệ thống tập tin nhớ tạm ở vị trí tạm thời, như trình khách NFS phiên bản 3 • hệ thống tập tin đã nén • các hệ thống tập tin cấu trúc log hoặc journal, như những hệ thống của AIX và Solaris (và JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, v.v...) • hệ thống tập tin ghi dữ liệu thừa và phục hồi khi có lỗi ghi nhớ như các hệ thống tập tin dựa trên RAID • hệ thống tập tin tạo ảnh chụp (hiện trạng), như của các máy phục vụ NFS Network Appliance , trọng tải trung bình: %.2f, %g s, %s/s đối số « --%s » %s vẫn quá lớn--context (-Z) chỉ hoạt động với hạt nhân hiệu lực SELinux« --reflink » chỉ dùng được với « --sparse=auto »-R --dereference yêu cầu hoặc « -H » hoặc « -L »-R -h yêu cầu -P« -ef » không chấp nhận « -l »« -nt » không chấp nhận « -l »« -ot » không chấp nhận « -l »??? ?????Bị hủy bỏNhóm địa chỉ cho tên máy vẫn không được hỗ trợĐồng hồ báo thứcMọi đối số bắt buộc phải sử dụng với tùy chọn dài cũng bắt buộc với tùy chọn ngắn. Mọi yêu cầu đều đã xử lý xongVùng đệm đối số quá nhỏArnold RobbinsSai gọi hệ thốngGiá trị sai cho « ai_flags »Brian FoxỐng dẫn bị ngắtLỗi mạch nốiCẨN THẬN: Chú ý rằng chức năng shred dựa trên một tính chất quan trọng: đó là hệ thống tập tin ghi chèn dữ liệu tại chỗ. Đây là cách truyền thống để thực hiện, nhưng nhiều hệ thống tập tin mới có thiết kế không thoả mãn. Dưới đây là những hệ thống tập tin mà shred không thực hiện được trên chúng, hoặc không bảo hành shred thực hiện được trên chúng ở mọi chế độ của hệ thống tập tin: CHÚ_THÍCHVượt quá giới hạn thời gian CPUGọi hàm số link để tạo liên kết có tên TẬP_TIN2 tới một TẬP_TIN1 đã có. Gọi hàm « unlink » để xóa TẬP_TIN chỉ ra. Thay đổi id người dùng và id nhóm hoạt động thành của NGƯỜIDÙNG. -, -l, --login khiến trình bao thành trình bao đăng nhập -c, --command=LỆNH đưa một câu LỆNH đơn tới trình bao với « -c » -f, --fast đưa « -f » tới trình bao (cho csh hoặc tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment không đặt lại các biến môi trường -p giống như « -m » -s, --shell=TRÌNH_BAO chạy TRÌNH_BAO nếu « /etc/shells » cho phép Thay đổi nhóm của mỗi TẬP_TIN thành NHÓM. Khi có « --reference », thay đổi nhóm của mỗi TẬP_TIN thành nhóm của TẬP_TIN_R. -c, --changes giống verbose nhưng chỉ thông báo khi có thay đổi --dereference ảnh hưởng đích đến của mỗi liên kết mềm (mặc định), chứ không ảnh hưởng bản thân nó Thay đổi chế độ của mỗi TẬP_TIN thành CHẾ_ĐỘ. -c, --changes giống verbose nhưng chỉ báo cáo khi có thay đổi Thay đổi người sở hữu và/hoặc nhóm của mỗi TẬP_TIN thành NGƯỜI_SỞ_HỮU và/hoặc NHÓM. Với « --reference », thay đổi người sở hữu và nhóm của mỗi TẬP_TIN thành như TẬP_TIN_R. -c, --changes giống verbose nhưng chỉ báo cáo khi có thay đổi --dereference ảnh hưởng đích đến của mỗi liên kết mềm (mặc định), chứ không ảnh hưởng bản thân nó Thay đổi ngữ cảnh bảo mật của mỗi TẬP_TIN thành NGỮ_CẢNH. Khi có « --reference », thay đổi ngữ cảnh bảo mật của mỗi TẬP_TIN thành điều của TẬP_TIN_R. -h, --no-dereference ảnh hưởng đến liên kết mềm thay cho tập tin nào đã tham chiếu Chet RameyTiến trình con đã kết thúcColin PlumbSo sánh các tập tin đã sắp xếp TẬP_TIN1 và TẬP_TIN2 theo từng dòng. Ghép nối các TẬP_TIN, hoặc đầu vào tiêu chuẩn, ra đầu ra tiêu chuẩn. -A, --show-all tương đương với « -vET » -b, --number-nonblank đánh số dòng kết quả không rỗng -e tương đương với « -vE » -E, --show-ends hiển thị « $ » tại cuối mỗi dòng -n, --number đánh số tất cả những dòng của kết qủa -s, --squeeze-blank không bao giờ có hơn một dòng rỗng đơn Đã tiếp tụcChuyển thành tab khoảng trắng trong mỗi TẬP_TIN, ghi ra đầu ra tiêu chuẩn. Khi không có TẬP_TIN hoặc khi TẬP_TIN là « - », đọc đầu vào tiêu chuẩn. Chuyển đổi tab trong mỗi TẬP_TIN thành khoảng trắng, ghi ra đầu ra tiêu chuẩn. Khi không có TẬP_TIN, hoặc khi TẬP_TIN là « - », đọc đầu vào tiêu chuẩn. Sao chép NGUỒN tới ĐÍCH hoặc nhiều NGUỒN tới THƯ_MỤC. Sao chép mọt tập tin, chuyển đổi và định dạng theo các toán hạng. bs=BYTES đọc BYTES byte mỗi lần (xem cũng « ibs= » và « obs= ») cbs=BYTES chuyển đổi BYTES byte mỗi lần conv=CONVS chuyển đổi tập tin tùy theo danh sách các ký hiệu phân cách nhau bởi dấu phẩy count=KHỐI chỉ sao chép KHỐI khối đầu vào ibs=BYTES đọc BYTES byte mỗi lần (mặc định: 512) Sao chép đầu vào tiêu chuẩn vào mỗi TẬP_TIN, và đồng thời vào đầu ra tiêu chuẩn. -a, --append phụ thêm vào các TẬP_TIN chỉ ra, không ghi chèn -i, --ignore-interrupts lờ đi tín hiệu gián đoạn Tạo tạm thời một tập tin hay thư mục một cách an toàn, và in tên của nó. MẪU phải chứa ít nhất 3 chữ X liên tiếp trong thành phần cuối cùng. Không ghi rõ MẪU thì dùng « tmp.XXXXXXXXXX », cũng ngụ ý « --tmpdir ». Tạo ống (pipe) có tên (FIFO) với TÊN chỉ ra. Tạo (các) THƯ_MỤC, nếu chúng chưa có. Tạo tập tin đặc biệt với TÊN và KIỂU đưa ra. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreChẩn đoán tên tập tin không hợp lệ hay tên tập tin không thể mang được. -p kiểm tra có hệ thống POSIX (nhận ra phần lớn) -P kiểm tra có tên rỗng và dấu gạch nối đứng trước « - » --portability kiểm tra có hệ thống POSIX (nhận ra tất cả); bằng tùy chọn « -p -P » Thư mục: Hiển thị trạng thái của tập tin hay hệ thống tập tin. -L, --dereference theo các liên kết -f, --file-system hiển thị trạng thái của hệ thống tập tin thay cho trạng thái của tập tin Hiển thị thời gian hiện thời trong ĐỊNH_DẠNG đưa ra, hoặc đặt ngày của hệ thống. -d, --date=CHUỖI hiển thị thời gian theo CHUỖI, không phải `now' -f, --file=TẬP_TIN_NGÀY giống « --date » một lần cho mỗi dòng của TẬP_TIN_NGÀY Dmitry V. LevinBỏ mọi nhóm phụ, giả sử ID người dùng và ID nhóm của NGƯỜI_DÙNG chỉ ra (ID thuộc số hay tên người dùng), và chạy câu LỆNH với mọi ĐỐI_SỐ đưa ra. Thoát với trạng thái 111 nếu không thể dùng UID và GID yêu cầu. Nếu không, thoát với trạng thái thoát của câu LỆNH. Chương trình này chỉ có ích khi chạy bởi root (UID=0). Bẫy EMTTHOÁTMỗi phạm vi là một trong: N Byte, ký tự hoặc trường thứ N đếm từ 1 N- Từ byte, ký tự hoặc trường thứ N đến cuối dòng N-M Từ byte, ký tự hoặc trường thứ N đến M (tính cả M) -M Từ byte, ký tự hoặc trường đầu tiên đến thứ M (tính cả M) Khi không có TẬP_TIN, hoặc khi TẬP_TIN là « - », đọc đầu vào tiêu chuẩn. Hiển thị CHUỖI ra đầu ra tiêu chuẩn. -n không in ra ký tự dòng mới đi theo Eric BlakeThoát với mã trạng thái ngụ ý thất bại.Thoát với mã trạng thái ngụ ý thành công.Thoát với trạng thái xác định bởi BIỂU_THỨC. F. PinardBỊ LỖISỬA ĐI: không rõĐỊNH_DẠNG phải thích hợp để in ra một đối số kiểu « double »; nó có giá trị mặc định là « %.PRECf » nếu ba giá trị ĐẦU, ĐỘ_TĂNG, và CUỐI đều là số điểm cứng thập phân có độ chính xác tối đa PREC, không thì giá trị mặc định là %g. FIFO không có các số thiết bị lớn và nhỏ.Vượt quá giới hạn kích cỡ tập tinHệ thống tập tin Hệ thống tập tin KiểuLọc các dòng kề nhau tương ứng từ VÀO (hoặc đầu vào tiêu chuẩn). cũng ghi vào RA (hoặc đầu ra tiêu chuẩn). Không có tuỳ chọn thì các dòng tương ứng được gộp lại đối với lần gặp thứ nhất. Ngoại lệ điểm phù độngĐể thấy tài liệu hướng dẫn hoàn toàn, hãy chạy câu lệnh: info coreutils '%s invocation' Với mỗi cặp dòng văn bản đưa vào với trường để gia nhập giống nhau, ghi một dòng văn bản ra đầu ra tiêu chuẩn. Trường để gia nhập mặc định là đầu tiên, giới hạn bở khoảng trắng. Khi TẬP_TIN1 hoặc TẬP_TIN2 (không đồng thời) là « - », đọc đầu vào tiêu chuẩn. -a TẬP_TIN_SỐ in ra dòng không có cặp từ tập tin số TẬP_TIN_SỐ, ở đó TẬP_TIN_SỐ là 1 hoặc 2, tương ứng với TẬP_TIN1 hoặc TẬP_TIN2 -e RỖNG thay thế các trường nhập thiếu bằng RỖNG Bắt buộc ghi vào đĩa các khối đã thay đổi, cập nhật siêu khối. Trợ giúp chung về sử dụng phần mềm GNU: Giuseppe ScrivanoH. Peter AnvinNgừng nóiV/R có thể làmNGHỈIan Lance TaylorNghỉNếu không đưa ra TẬP_TIN, thì sử dụng %s. %s là TẬP_TIN chung. Câu lệnh cấmThêm vào đó, bản sao lưu hệ thống tập tin và máy nhân ở xa có thể chứa bản sao của tập tin không thể xóa, và do đó cho phép phục hồi tập tin đã bị xé vụn bởi shred. Tên thật: Theo kiểu thứ 1, tạo một liên kết tới ĐÍCH với tên TÊN_LIÊN_KẾT. Theo kiểu thứ 2, tạo một liên kết tới ĐÍCH trong thư mục hiện tại. Theo kiểu thứ 3 và thứ 4, tạo liên kết tới mỗi ĐÍCH trong THƯ_MỤC. Tạo liên kết cứng theo mặc định; mỗi ĐÍCH phải tồn tại. Liên kết mềm có thể chứa văn bản tùy ý; nếu được giải quyết về sau, một liên kết tương đối được giải thích tương ứng với thư mục cấp trên. Trong trường hợp của hệ thống tập tin ext3, sự từ bỏ trên là thích hợp (thì shred chỉ có tác động bị hạn chế) chỉ ở chế độ « data=journal » (dữ liệu = nhật ký), mà làm nhật ký các dữ liệu thêm vào chỉ siêu dữ liệu. Trong cả hai chế độ « data=ordered » (dữ liệu = thứ tự) (mặc định) và « data=writeback » (dữ liệu = ghi về), shred thức hiện như bình thường. Vẫn còn có thể thay đổi chế độ làm nhật ký của ext3 bằng cách thêm tùy chọn « data=gì » vào các tùy chọn gắn kết cho một hệ thống tập tin nào đó trong tập tin « /etc/fstab », như diễn tả trên trang hướng dẫn về chức năng mount (man mount). B vô cùngYêu cầu thông tinNgắtBị tín hiệu gián đoạnSai tham chiếu ngượcSai tên hạng ký tựKý tự đối chiếu không hợp lệNội dụng « \{\} » không hợp lệSai biểu thức chính quy đi trướcSai kết thúc phạm viBiểu thức chính quy không hợp lệJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfBị giếtĐƯỜNGĐĂNG_NHẬPLiệt kê thông tin về các TẬP_TIN (thư mục hiện thời theo mặc định). Sắp xếp các mục theo bảng chữ cái nếu không có « -cftuvSUX » hoặc « --sort ». Đăng nhậpTên đăng nhập: Mọi đối số bắt buộc phải sử dụng với tùy chọn dài cũng bắt buộc với tùy chọn ngắn. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnLỗi phân cấp bộ nhớCạn bộ nhớMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerTÊNTênKhông rõ tên hay dịch vụKhông có địa chỉ tương ứng với tên máyKhông tìm thấyKhông có biểu thức chính quy đi trướcTiến trình giải quyết tên bị lỗi một cách không thể phục hồiOKChỉ được đưa ra một chuỗi khi xóa mà không vắt việc lặp lại.« --string » không kèm theo số ngầm hiểu là 3. «--width » không kèm theo số ngầm hiểu là 32. Theo mặc định, « od » sử dụng « -A o -t oS -w16 ». Tùy chọn sắp xếp: Tùy chọn khác: Đưa ra một chỉ mục đã hoán vị, bao gồm ngữ cảnh, của những từ trong các tập tin đưa vào. Đưa ra các câu lệnh đặt biên môi trường LS_COLORS. Nhận ra định dạng kết quả: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell đưa ra mã trình bao Bourne đặt LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell đưa ra mã trình bao C shell đặt LS_COLORS -p, --print-database xuất các giá trị mặc định Tạo ra các phần có kích cỡ xác định của dữ liệu VÀO với tên TIỀN_TỐaa, TIỀN_TỐab, v.v.; kích cỡ mặc định là 1000 dòng, và TIỀN_TỐ mặc định là « x ». Khi không có dữ liệu VÀO, hoặc khi dữ liệu VÀO là « - », đọc đầu vào tiêu chuẩn. Đưa ra các phần của TẬP_TIN phân chia bởi (các) MẪU thành các tập tin `xx00', `xx01', v.v., và in ra đầu ra tiêu chuẩn kích thước theo byte của mỗi phần. Giới hạn phụ thuộc vào nền tảng kết xuất theo một định dạng thích hợp với văn lệnh trình bao. Cho biết hiện thời ai đã đăng nhập theo TẬP_TIN. Nếu không đưa ra TẬP_TIN, thì sử dụng %s. %s là TẬP_TIN chung. Viết chèn nhiều lần (các) TẬP_TIN chỉ ra, để làm cho việc phục hồi dù bằng các thiết bị đắt tiền cũng khó khăn. PIDGói đóng bởi %s Gói đóng bởi %s (%s) Padraig BradyDàn trang hoặc dàn cột (các) TẬP_TIN để in. Chuỗi tham số sai mã hoáMật khẩu :Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatKế hoạch: Gián đoạn trong việc cấp năng lượngKết thúc sớm biểu thức chính quyIn (các) ĐỐI_SỐ theo ĐỊNH_DẠNG, hoặc thực hiện tùy theo TÙY_CHỌN: In ra tổng kiểm tra CRC và số đếm byte của mỗi TẬP_TIN. In ra TÊN mà không có thành phần thư mục đứng ở đầu. Nếu chỉ ra, thì còn xóa HẬU_TỐ theo sau. In ra TÊN không có thành phần « / » ở đầu; nếu TÊN không chứa « / » nào, thì in ra « . » (có nghĩa là thư mục hiện thời). In ra vài thông tin nào đó về hệ thống. Không có TÙY_CHỌN thì giống như « -s ». -a, --all in ra mọi thông tin, theo thứ tự sau, trừ bỏ đi « -p » và « -i » nếu không rõ : -s, --kernel-name in ra tên nhân -n, --nodename in ra tên máy của nút mạng -r, --kernel-release in ra bản phát hành nhân In ra tổng kiểm tra và số đếm khối cho mỗi TẬP_TIN. -r dùng thuật toán tính tổng BSD, dùng các khối 1K -s, --sysv dùng thuật toán tính tổng System V, dùng các khối 512 byte In ra (các) nhóm chứa mỗi TÊN_NGƯỜI_DÙNG hoặc, nếu không đưa ra TÊN_NGƯỜI_DÙNG, cho tiến trình hiện thời (mà có thể khác nếu cơ sở dữ liệu nhóm bị thay đổi). In ra thông tin về những người dùng chưa đăng xuất. In ra kiến trúc của máy. In số đếm các dòng mới, từ, và byte của mỗi TẬP_TIN, cũng in dòng tổng số riêng nếu chỉ ra vài TẬP_TIN. Khi không có TẬP_TIN, hoặc khi TẬP_TIN là « - », đọc đầu vào tiêu chuẩn. Một từ là một dãy ký tự định giới bằng khoảng trắng mà không có chiều dài số không. -c, --bytes in số đếm byte -m, --chars in số đếm ký tự -l, --lines in số đếm dòng mới In các số từ ĐẦU đến CUỐI, cộng thêm ĐỘ_TĂNG sau mỗi số. -f, --format=ĐỊNH_DẠNG sử dụng ĐỊNH_DẠNG điểm trôi kiểu printf -s, --separator=CHUỖI dùng CHUỖI để phân cách các số (mặc định: \n) -w, --equal-width cân bằng chiều rộng bằng cách thêm các số 0 vào đầu In hoặc thay đổi các đặc điểm của thiết bị cuối. -a, --all in mọi thiết lập hiện thời ở dạng dễ đọc cho người dùng -g, --save in mọi thiết lập hiện thời ở dạng stty có thể đọc -F, --file=THIẾT_BỊ mở và dùng THIẾT_BỊ thay cho đầu vào tiêu chuẩn In ra đầu ra tiêu chuẩn phần đã chọn của các dòng từ mỗi TẬP_TIN. In ra thời gian hiện thời, thời gian hệ thống đã chạy liên tục, số các người dùng trên hệ thống, và số trung bình các công việc trong hàng đợi chạy trong 1, 5 và 15 phút cuối cùng.In ra tên tập tin của thiết bị cuối đã kết nối với đầu vào tiêu chuẩn. -s, --silent, --quiet không in gì, chỉ trả lại trạng thái thoát In 10 dòng đầu tiên của mỗi TẬP_TIN ra đầu ra tiêu chuẩn. Khi có vài TẬP_TIN, đắt trước mỗi tập tin một phần đầu cho biết tên tập tin. Khi không có TẬP_TIN, hoặc khi TẬP_TIN là « - », đọc đầu vào tiêu chuẩn. In ra tên đầy đủ của thư mục làm việc hiện thời. In ra %d dòng cuối cùng của mỗi TẬP_TIN ra đầu ra tiêu chuẩn. Khi có vài TẬP_TIN, thì đầu tiên in ra phần đầu cho biết tên tập tin. Khi không có TẬP_TIN, hoặc khi TẬP_TIN là « - », đọc đầu vào tiêu chuẩn. In ra tên của người dùng hiện thời. In ra số các đơn vị xử lý sẵn sàng cho tiến trình hiện thời, một số có thể nhỏ hơn số các bộ xử lý trực tuyến In ra các nhân số nguyên tố của mỗi số nguyên SỐ. Nếu không có đối số chỉ ra trên dòng lệnh, thì đọc chúng từ đầu vào tiêu chuẩn. In ra tên người dùng tương ứng với ID người dùng hiện thời hoạt động. Giống như « id -un ». In thông tin về người dùng và nhóm đối với TÊN_NGƯỜI_DÙNG đưa ra, hoặc (khi không đưa ra TÊN_NGƯỜI_DÙNG) về người dùng hiện thời. -a lờ đi để tương thích với các phiên bản khác -Z, --context chỉ in ngữ cảnh bảo mật của người dùng hiện thời -g, --group chỉ in ID của nhóm hoạt động -G, --groups in ID của mọi nhóm -n, --name in ra tên thay cho số, dùng cho các tùy chọn « -ugG » -r, --real in ra ID thực sự thay cho ID hoạt động, dùng với « -ugG » -u, --user chỉ in ra ID hoạt động của người dùng Hiển thị giá trị của một liên kết mềm hoặc tên tập tin chuẩn tắc. Đang xử lý yêu cầuQuá hạn bộ đếm thời gian theo dõi cách sử dụng tiềm năng hệ thốngDự án: Q. Frank XiaThoátRandy SmithTín hiệu thời gian thực %dĐịnh dạng lại mỗi đoạn văn trong (các) TẬP_TIN, cũng ghi ra đầu ra tiêu chuẩn. Tùy chọn « -RỘNG » viết tắt tùy chọn « --width=CHỮ_SỐ ». Biểu thức chính quy quá lớnXoá (hủy liên kết) các TẬP_TIN. -f, --force lờ đi tập tin không tồn tại, không bao giờ hỏi trước -i hỏi trước mỗi lần xoá Gỡ bỏ mỗi THƯ_MỤC trống. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty lờ đi mỗi lần thất bại chỉ do thư mục không trống gây ra Đổi tên NGUỒN thành ĐÍCH, hoặc di chuyển (các) NGUỒN vào THƯ_MỤC. In lặp lại một dòng với tất cả CHUỖI chỉ ra, hoặc « y ». Thông báo lỗi %s tới: %s Hãy thông báo lỗi dịch %s cho Yêu cầu bị thôiYêu cầu không bị thôiMất tài nguyênRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonChạy câu LỆNH với giá trị ưu tiên (nice) khác để gây ảnh hưởng lên quyền ưu tiên xử lý. Khi không có câu LỆNH, in ra giá trị nice hiện thời. Giá trị nice nằm trong khoảng từ %d (ưu tiên về thời gian cao nhất) đến %d (ưu tiên ít nhất). -n, --adjustment=N cộng thêm N vào giá trị nice (mặc định 10) Chạy câu LỆNH với thư mục gốc (root) đặt là GỐC_MỚI. Chạy câu LỆNH, và lờ đi tín hiệu treo (hangup). Chạy câu LỆNH, với thao tác bị sửa đổi để chuyển hoán đệm cho các luồng tiêu chuẩn. Chạy chương trình ở ngữ cảnh bảo mật khác. Không có NGỮ_CẢNH, cũng không có LỆNH thì in ra ngữ cảnh bảo mật hiện thời. NGỮ_CẢNH ngữ cảnh bảo mật hoàn toàn -c, --compute tính ngữ cảnh chuyển tiếp tiến trình trước khi sửa đổi -t, --type=KIỂU kiểu (cho cùng một vai trỏ với điều mẹ) -u, --user=NGƯỜI_DÙNG nhận diện người dùng -r, --role=VAI_TRÒ vai trò -l, --range=PHẠM_VI phạm vi cấp Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerLỗi chia ra từng đoạnGửi tín hiệu tới tiến trình, hoặc liệt kê các tín hiệu. Không hỗ trợ tên dịch vụ cho « ai_socktype »Hãy đặt « LC_ALL='C' » để giải quyết vấn đề.Đặt mỗi TÊN thành GIÁ_TRỊ trong môi trường và chạy câu LỆNH. -i, --ignore-environment bắt đầu với một môi trường rỗng -0, --null kết thúc mỗi dòng kết xuất bằng 0 byte thay cho ký tự dòng mới -u, --unset=TÊN xóa biến TÊN khỏi môi trường Trình bao : Hiển thị thông tin về hệ thống tập tin chứa mỗi TẬP_TIN, hoặc tất cả các tập tin theo mặc định. Thu nhỏ hoặc mở rộng kích cỡ của mỗi TẬP_TIN thành kích cỡ đưa ra. Một đối số TẬP_TIN chưa tồn tại thì được tạo. Nếu một tập tin nào đó vẫn lớn hơn kích cỡ đưa ra thì dữ liệu thừa bị mất. Nếu một tập tin nào đó vẫn nhỏ hơn thì nó được mở rộng và phần mở rộng (lỗ) được đọc là số không byte. Simon JosefssonTập tin đặc biệt yêu cầu các số thiết bị lớn và nhỏ.Lỗi đốngKhởi chạy LỆNH, và buộc kết thúc nó nếu vẫn còn chạy sau THỜI_LƯỢNG. Mọi đối số bắt buộc phải sử dụng với tùy chọn dài cũng bắt buộc với tùy chọn ngắn. Bị dừngBị dừng (tín hiệu)Bị dừng (đầu vào TTY)Bị dừng (kết xuất TTY)Stuart KempThành côngTính tổng không gian đĩa mỗi TẬP_TIN sử dụng, đệ quy cho mỗi thư mục. Lỗi hệ thốngGIỜTiến trình giải quyết tên bị lỗi tạm thờiBị chấm dứtTheo « % » cũng có thể đặt những cờ này: - (dấu gạch nối) đừng đệm trường _ (dấu gạch dưới) đệm trường bằng dấu cách 0 (số không) đệm trường bằng số không ^ in ra chữ hoa nếu có thể # in ra chữ đối diện nếu có thể Những tùy chọn sau sửa đổi cách đi qua cây thư mục khi có tùy chọn « -R ». Nếu chỉ ra hơn một tùy chọn, thì chỉ tùy chọn cuối có ảnh hưởng. -H nếu đối số dòng lệnh là liên kết mềm tới một thư mục, thì đi qua nó -L đi qua mọi liên kết mềm tới một thư mục -P không đi qua bất kỳ liên kết mềm nào (mặc định) Đã so sánh hai chuỗi %s và %s.Torbjorn GranlundBẫy tìm đường / điểm ngắtCó dấu chéo ngược theo sauChuyển đổi, vắt, và/hoặc xóa các ký tự từ đầu vào tiêu chuẩn, ghi ra đầu ra tiêu chuẩn. -c, -C, --complement dùng phần bù của TẬP_HỢP1 -d, --delete xóa các ký tự trong TẬP_HỢP1, không chuyển đổi -s, --squeeze-repeats thay thế mỗi dãy đưa vào của một ký tự lặp liệt kê trong TẬP_HỢP1 bằng lần xuất hiện đơn của ký tự đó -t, --truncate-set1 đầu tiên xén TẬP_HỢP1 thành chiều dài của TẬP_HỢP2 Hãy thử chạy câu lệnh trợ giúp « %s --help » để biết thêm thông tin. Thử lệnh « %s ./%s » để xoá tập tin %s. Chỉ được đưa ra hai chuỗi khi làm cả hai việc xoá và vắt việc lặp lại.Phải đưa ra hai chuỗi khi chuyển đổi.Ulrich DrepperLỗi không rõKhông nhận ra tín hiệu %dLỗi hệ thống không rõCó một ký tự « ( » hay « \( » riêng lẻCó một ký tự « ) » hay « \) » riêng lẻCó một ký tự « [ » hay « [^ » riêng lẻCó một ký tự « \{ » riêng lẻCập nhật các thời gian truy cập và sửa đổi của mỗi TẬP_TIN lên thời gian hiện tại. Đối số TẬP_TIN không tồn tại thì được tạo trống, nếu không đựa ra « -c » hay « -h ». Chuỗi đối số TẬP_TIN « - » được xử lý đặc biệt và gây ra tiến trình touch thay đổi các thời gian của tập tin liên quan đến đầu ra tiêu chuẩn. Điều kiện V/R khẩnSử dụng: %s Sử dụng: %s LỆNH [ĐỐI_SỐ]... hoặc: %s TÙY_CHỌN Sử dụng: %s NGỮ_CẢNH LỆNH [đối_số...] hoặc: %s [ -c ] [-u NGƯỜI_DÙNG] [-r VAI_TRÒ] [-t KIỂU] [-l PHẠM_VI] LỆNH [đối_số...] Sử dụng: %s BIỂU_THỨC hoặc: %s TÙY_CHỌN Sử dụng: %s TẬP_TIN hoặc: %s TÙY_CHỌN Sử dụng: %s TẬP_TIN1 TẬP_TIN2 hoặc: %s TÙY_CHỌN Sử dụng: %s ĐỊNH_DẠNG [ĐỐI_SỐ]... hoặc: %s TÙY_CHỌN Sử dụng: %s TÊN hoặc: %s TÙY_CHỌN Sử dụng: %s TÊN [HẬU_TỐ] hoặc: %s TÙY_CHỌN Sử dụng: %s SỐ[HẬU_TỐ]... hoặc: %s TÙY_CHỌN Tạm dừng trong vòng SỐ giây. HẬU_TỐ có thể là: • s giây (mặc định) • m phút • h giờ • d ngày Không giống như phần lớn bản thực hiện yêu cầu SỐ là số nguyên, ở đây SỐ có thể là số điểm trôi tùy ý. Đưa ra ít nhất hai đối số thì tạm dừng trong thời gian là tổng mỗi giá trị đó. Sử dụng: %s TÙY_CHỌN... LỆNH Sử dụng: %s TÙY_CHỌN... TẬP_TIN... Sử dụng: %s TÙY_CHỌN... [TẬP_TIN]... Sử dụng: %s [-F THIẾT_BỊ | --file=THIẾT_BỊ] [THIẾT_LẬP]... hoặc: %s [-F THIẾT_BỊ | --file=THIẾT_BỊ] [-a|--all] hoặc: %s [-F THIẾT_BỊ | --file=THIẾT_BỊ] [-g|--save] Sử dụng: %s [-RỘNG] [TÙY_CHỌN]... [TẬP_TIN]... Sử dụng: %s [-s TÍN_HIỆU | -TÍN_HIỆU] PID... hoặc: %s -l [TÍN_HIỆU]... hoặc: %s -t [TÍN_HIỆU]... Sử dụng: %s [TẬP_TIN]... hoặc: %s [TÙY_CHỌN] Sử dụng: %s [TÊN] hoặc: %s TÙY_CHỌN In hoặc đặt tên máy cho hệ thống hiện thời. Sử dụng: %s [SỐ]... hoặc: %s TÙY_CHỌN Sử dụng: %s [TOÁN_HẠNG]... hoặc: %s TÙY_CHỌN Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN] Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN] In ra số nhận diện (thập lục) máy chủ hiện thời. Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN] THỜI_LƯỢNG LỆNH [ĐỐI_SỐ]...] or: %s [TÙY_CHỌN] Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN] GỐC_MỚI [LỆNH [ĐỐI_SỐ]...] or: %s TÙY_CHỌN Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN] [LỆNH [ĐỐI_SỐ]...] Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN] [TẬP_TIN] Ghi danh sách đã sắp xếp hoàn toàn mà thích hợp với sự sắp xếp một phần trong TẬP_TIN. Khi không có TẬP_TIN, hoặc khi TẬP_TIN là « - », đọc đầu vào tiêu chuẩn. Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... NGỬ_CẢNH TẬP_TIN... hoặc: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... [-u NGƯỜI_DÙNG] [-r VÀI_TRÒ] [-l PHẠM_VI] [-t KIỂU] TẬP_TIN... hoặc: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... --reference=TẬP_TIN_R TẬP_TIN... Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... THƯ_MỤC... Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... TẬP_TIN Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... TẬP_TIN MẪU... Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... TẬP_TIN... Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... TẬP_TIN1 TẬP_TIN2 Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... NHÓM TẬP TIN... hoặc: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... --reference=TẬP_TIN_R TẬP_TIN... Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... CUỐI hoặc: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... ĐẦU CUỐI hoặc: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... ĐẦU ĐỘ_TĂNG CUỐI Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... CHẾ_ĐỘ[,CHẾ_ĐỘ]... TẬP_TIN... hoặc: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... CHẾ_ĐỘ_BÁT_PHÂN TẬP_TIN... hoặc: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... --reference=TẬP_TIN_R TẬP_TIN... Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... TÊN KIỂU [LỚN NHỎ] Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... TÊN... Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... TẬP_HỢP1 [TẬP_HỢP2] Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... [ TẬP_TIN | ĐỐI_SỐ1 ĐỐI_SỐ2 ] Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... [+ĐỊNH_DẠNG] hoặc: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] • u, utc, universal thời gian thế giới (v.d. 18:22+0930) • C viết tắt "century": thế kỷ • Y viết tắt "year": năm • M viết tắt "month": tháng • D viết tắt "day": ngày • h viết tắt "hour": giờ • m viết tắt "minute": phút • s viết tắt "second": giây Hai ký tự thì hai chữ số, v.d. « MM » cho Tháng Ba là « 03 ». Lời thí dụ đầy đủ : Lúc sáu giờ hai mươi bảy phút mười ba giây vào ngày chín, tháng Tư, năm 2007: [04090627[[20]07][.13]] Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... [-T] NGUỒN ĐÍCH hoặc: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... NGUỒN... THƯ_MỤC hoặc: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... -t THƯ_MỤC NGUỒN... Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... [-T] NGUỒN ĐÍCH hoặc: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... NGUỒN... THƯ_MỤC hoặc: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... -t THƯ_MỤC NGUỒN... hoặc: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... -d THƯ_MỤC... Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... [-T] ĐÍCH TÊN_LIÊN_KẾT (dạng thứ 1) hoặc: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... ĐÍCH (dạng thứ 2) hoặc: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... ĐÍCH... THƯ_MỤC (dạng thứ 3) hoặc: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... -t THƯ_MỤC ĐÍCH... (dạng thứ 4) Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... [-] [TÊN=GIÁ_TRỊ]... [LỆNH [ĐỐI_SỐ]...] Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... [-] [NGƯỜI_DÙNG [ĐỐI_SỐ]...] Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... [TẬP_TIN] Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... [TẬP_TIN] hoặc: %s -e [TÙY_CHỌN]... [ĐỐI_SỐ]... hoặc: %s -i LO-HI [TÙY_CHỌN]... Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN] [TẬP_TIN] Mã hoá/giải mã Base64 TẬP_TIN, hay đầu vào tiêu chuẩn, ra đầu ra tiêu chuẩn Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... [TẬP_TIN]... Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... [TẬP_TIN]... hoặc: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [TẬP_TIN] [[+]HIỆU[.][b]] hoặc: %s --traditional [TÙY_CHỌN]... [TẬP_TIN] [[+]HIỆU[.][b] [+][NHÃN][.][b]] Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... [TẬP_TIN]... hoặc: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... --files0-from=F Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... [TẬP_TIN]... In hoặc tính tổng kiểm tra %s (%d bit). Nếu không có TẬP_TIN, hoặc khi TẬP_TIN là « - », đọc đầu vào tiêu chuẩn. Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... [VÀO [RA]] Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... [VÀO [TIỀN_TỐ]] Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... [VÀO]... (không có « -G ») hoặc: %s -G [TÙY_CHỌN]... [VÀO [RA]] Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... [NGƯỜI_SỞ_HỮU][:[NHÓM]] TẬP_TIN... hoặc: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... --reference=TẬP_TIN_R TẬP_TIN... Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... [MẪU] Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... [TÊN_NGƯỜI_DÙNG] Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... [TÊN_NGƯỜI_DÙNG]... Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... [NGƯỜI_DÙNG]... Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN]... [BIẾN]... In ra các giá trị của (những) biến môi trường đưa ra. Không đưa ra BIẾN môi trường thì in cặp tên/giá_trị cho mỗi biến. Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN_NGẮN]... NGƯỜI_DÙNG LỆNH [ĐỐI_SỐ]... hoặc: %s TÙY_CHỌN_DÀI Sử dụng: %s [TÙY_CHỌN_NGẮN]... [CHUỖI]... hoặc: %s TÙY_CHỌN-DÀI Sử dụng: %s [CHUỖI]... hoặc: %s TÙY_CHỌN Sử dụng: %s [các đối số dòng lệnh bị bỏ qua] hoặc: %s TÙY_CHỌN Sử dụng: test BIỂU_THỨC hoặc: test hoặc: [ BIỂU_THỨC ] hoặc: [ ] hoặc: [ TÙY_CHỌN Tín hiệu tự định nghĩa 1Tín hiệu tự định nghĩa 2Sử dụng tuỳ chọn « -s » thì lờ cả hai « -L » và « -P ». Không thì tuỳ chọn đưa ra cuối cùng sẽ điều khiển ứng xử khi nguồn là một liên kết tượng trưng; mặc định là %s. Đối số hợp lệ:Các chuỗi định dạng đúng cho hệ thống tập tin: %a Các khối còn trống cho người dùng không phải siêu người dùng %b Tổng số khối dữ liệu trong hệ thống tập tin %c Tổng số nút tập tin trong hệ thống tập tin %d Số nút tập tin còn trống trong hệ thống tập tin %f Số khối còn trống trong hệ thống tập tin %C Chuỗi ngữ cảnh bảo mật SELinux Quá hạn bộ đếm thời gian ảoCẢNH BÁO : « --page-increment » bị phản đối, nên thay thế bằng « --line-increment »CẢNH BÁO : « --preserve_context » bị phản đối, nên thay thế bằng « --preserve-context »CẢNH BÁO : cấu trúc thư mục vòng quanh. Gần chắc chắn là hệ thống tập tin đã bị hỏng. HÃY THÔNG BÁO CHO NHÀ QUẢN LÝ HỆ THỐNG. Thư mục sau nằm trong vòng quay: %s CẢNH BÁO : lờ đi « -context » (-Z) vì hạt nhân này không hiệu lực SELinuxCẢNH BÁO : lờ đi « --preserve-context » vì hạt nhân này không hiệu lực SELinuxCẢNH BÁO : lờ đi « --strip-program » vì không đưa ra tùy chọn « -s »Cảnh báo : LúcTạiCửa sổ bị thay đổiDùng « --follow » (-f) thì tail mặc định theo bộ mô tả tập tin. Có nghĩa là ngay cả khi tập tin được tail cũng bị thay tên, tail cứ theo dõi kết thúc của nó. Ứng xử mặc định này không có giá trị khi người dùng thực sự muốn theo dõi tên thật của tập tin, chứ không phải bộ mô tả tập tin (ví dụ, quay vòng sổ theo dõi). Hãy dùng « --follow=tên » trong trường hợp đó. Nó khiến tail theo dõi tập tin có tên đưa ra bằng một cách làm cho thích nghi việc thay tên, gỡ bỏ và tạo. Ngắt dòng đưa vào của mỗi TẬP_TIN (đầu vào tiêu chuẩn theo mặc định), ghi ra đầu ra tiêu chuẩn. In ra đầu ra tiêu chuẩn một tập hợp hoán vị ngẫu nhiên của các dòng nhập vào. Ghi mỗi TẬP_TIN ra đầu ra tiêu chuẩn, in dòng cuối cùng đầu tiên. Khi không có TẬP_TIN hoặc khi TẬP_TIN là « - », đọc đầu vào tiêu chuẩn. In mỗi TẬP_TIN tới đầu ra tiêu chuẩn, với số thứ tự của các dòng ở đầu. Khi không có TẬP_TIN, hoặc khi TẬP_TIN là « - », đọc đầu vào tiêu chuẩn. Viết các dòng bao gồm chuỗi các dòng tương ứng từ mỗi TẬP_TIN, phân cách nhau bởi TAB, ra đầu ra tiêu chuẩn. Khi không có TẬP_TIN, hoặc khi TẬP_TIN là « - », đọc đầu vào tiêu chuẩn. Ghi ra đầu ra tiêu chuẩn bản ghép nối đã sắp xếp của tất cả TẬP_TIN. Viết bởi %s và %s. Viết bởi %s, %s, %s,. %s, %s, %s, %s. %s, %s, và những người khác. Viết bởi %s, %s, %s,. %s, %s, %s, %s. %s, và %s. Viết bởi %s, %s, %s,. %s, %s, %s, %s. và %s. Viết bởi %s, %s, %s,. %s, %s, %s, và %s. Viết bởi %s, %s, %s,. %s, %s, và %s. Viết bởi %s, %s, %s,. %s, và %s. Viết bởi %s, %s, %s,. và %s. Viết bởi %s, %s và %s. Viết bởi %s. biểu thức « [=c=] » không được có trong chuỗi2 khi chuyển đổi^[kKnN]^[cCyY]« « -%c » ký tự mở rộng hoặc số sai trong đối số: %sthiếu tham số « --pages=TRANG_ĐẦU[:TRANG_CUỐI] »« -N SỐ » sai số dòng bắt đầu: %s« -W CHIỀU_RỘNG_TRANG » sai số ký tự: %s« -l CHIỀU_DÀI_TRANG » sai số của dòng: %s« -o LỀ » sai hiệu dòng: %s« -w CHIỀU_RỘNG_TRANG » sai số ký tự: %sphải đưa ra một câu lệnh với một điều chỉnhđang truy cập %skhông hỗ trợ nhóm « ai_family »Không hỗ trợ « ai_socktype »đối số vẫn mơ hồ %s cho %schỉ đưa ra dấu phân cách dữ liệu vào khi thực hiện với trườngđang phụ thêm kết xuất vào %ssao lưu %s sẽ phá hủy nguồn nên không sao chép %ssao lưu %s sẽ phá hủy nguồn nên không di chuyển %skiểu sao lưutập tin đặc biệt khốikhông hỗ trợ tập tin đặc biệt kiểu khốiđơn vị có cả hai tiền tố SI và IECcả hai tập tin không thể là đầu vào tiêu chuẩnhiệu byte %s là quá lớnkhông thể áp dụng ngữ cảnh bộ phận cho tập tin không có nhãn %skhông thể lấy ngữ cảnh tiến trìnhkhông thể truy cập đến %skhông sao lưu được %skhông thể đồng thời tóm tắt, và hiển thị mọi mụckhông thay đổi được quyền sở hữu của %skhông thay đổi được quyền hạn của %skhông chuyển đổi được thư mục gốc thành %skhông chuyển đổi được sang thư mục %skhông chuyển được sang thư mục gốcKhông kết hợp được hai tùy chọn « --target-directory » (-t) và « --no-target-directory » (-T) [loại từ lẫn nhau !]không thể kết hợp « --target-directory » và « --no-target-directory » [loại từ lẫn nhau !]không thể kết hợp hai tùy chọn « -e » và « -i »không thể kết hợp hai trong số {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}không thể kết hợp block và unblockkhông thể kết hợp excl và nocreatkhông thể kết hợp lcase (chữ thường) và ucase (chữ hoa)không thể kết hợp chế độ và tùy chọn « --reference »không thể kết hợp tín hiệu với « -l » hoặc « -t »không so sánh được tên tập tin %s và %skhông chuyển đổi được U+%04X thành bảng mã ký tự nội bộkhông chuyển đổi được U+%04X thành bảng mã ký tự nội bộ : %skhông sao chép được một thư mục (%s) vào chính nó (%s)không sao chép được liên kết mềm vòng tròn %skhông tạo được thư mục %skhông tạo được fifo (vào trước, ra trước) %skhông tạo được liên kết cứng %s tới %skhông tạo được liên kết %skhông tạo được liên kết %s tới %skhông tạo được tập tin thông thường %skhông tạo được tập tin đặc biệt %skhông tạo được liên kết mềm %skhông tạo được liên kết mềm %s tới %skhông tạo được tập tin tạm thời trong %skhông truy cập được giá trị của %skhông nhận ra thiết bị và inode của %skhông thể quyết định tên máykhông thể quyết định vị trí của %s thì phục hồi việc thăm dòkhông thực hiện được ioctl trên %skhông tìm thấy tên cho nhóm ID %lukhông tìm thấy tên cho ID %lukhông thể theo sau %s theo tênkhông thể ép buộc ngữ cảnh đích thành %s rồi bảo tồn nókhông fstat được %skhông lấy được thư mục hiện thờikhông lấy được giá trị ưu tiênkhông lấy được tên hệ thốngkhông lseek được %skhông tạo được đồng thời liên kết mềm và cứngkhông tạo được thư mục %skhông di chuyển được %s vào %skhông di chuyển được %s vào một thư mục con của chính nó (%s)không di chuyển được thư mục vào cái không phải thư mục: %s -> %skhông mở được %s để đọckhông mở được %s để ghikhông mở được thư mục %skhông thể thực hiện trên liên kết mềm theo sát %skhông ghi chèn được thư mục %s bằng cái không phải thư mụckhông ghi chèn được cái không phải thư mục %s bằng thư mục %skhông thể thực hiện kết xuất đã định dạngkhông thể bảo tồn các thuộc tính mở rộng, cp được xây dựng mà không hỗ trợ xattrkhông thể bảo tồn ngữ cảnh bảo mật khi với hạt nhân không hiệu lực SELinux.không thể in « only » (chỉ in) trong nhiều sự chọnkhông thể chỉ in tên hoặc ID thật ở dạng mặc địnhkhông thể in ngữ cảnh bảo mật khi ghi rõ người dùngkhông đọc được thư mục %skhông đọc được tên tập tin từ %skhông đọc được thông tin hệ thống tập tin cho %skhông đọc được đồng hồ thời gian thựckhông đọc được liên kết mềm %skhông đọc được bảng các hệ thông tập tin đã gắnkhông gỡ bỏ được %skhông xoá được thư mục: %skhông thể đặt lại vị trí của cái chỉ tập tin cho %skhông chạy được %skhông thể đặt %skhông đặt được ngàykhông đặt được ID nhómkhông đặt được ID nhóm thành %lukhông đặt được các nhómkhông thể đặt tên máy; hệ thống này thiếu chức năngkhông thể đặt tên thành %skhông đặt được giá trị ưu tiênkhông đặt được nhãn thời gian cho %skhông đặt được ID người dùngkhông đặt được ID người dùng thành %lukhông thể nhảy qua cuối của dữ liệu vào đã kết hợpkhông thể xác định « --null (0) » với câu lệnhkhông thể đồng thời in ra chéo nhau và in ra song song.không chỉ ra được số các cột khi in ra song songkhông chỉ ra được thời gian từ vài nguồnkhông thể chia theo vài cáchkhông thể lấy trạng thái (stat) về %skhông lấy được trạng thái về thư mục hiện thời (bây giờ %s)không thể lấy trạng thái về đầu vào tiêu chuẩnkhông sờ (touch) được %skhông thể hủy sao lưu %skhông thể hủy liên kết %skhông thể bỏ đặt %skhông thể theo dõi %skhông thể theo dõi thư mục mẹ của %svậy không làm việc được với lỗi của nhânđã thay đổi nhóm của %s thành %s đã thay đổi quyền sở hữu của %s thành %s đang thay đổi nhóm của %sđang thay đổi quyền sở hữu của %sđang thay đổi quyền hạn của %sđang thay đổi ngữ cảnh bảo mật của %s hiệu ký tự là khôngký tự ở ngoại phạm vitập tin đặc biệt ký tựkhông hỗ trợ tập tin đặc biệt kiểu ký tựđang gột quyền hạn cho %sthay đổi giờlỗi đóngđang đóng %sđang đóng %s (fd=%d)đang đóng thư mục %sđang đóng tập tin vào %sđang đóng tập tin ra %sđang đóng đầu vào tiêu chuẩnchế độ tương thích hỗ trợ nhiều nhất một tập tinxung đột các chuỗi thay thế trường rỗngchỉ ra các toán tử ngữ cảnh bảo mật xung đột với nhaukhông đặt được việc chuyển hoán đệm %s thành chế độ %s không tạo được tiến trình cho %s -dkhông tạo được tập tin tạm thờikhông thể thực hiện %skhông thể thực hiện %s -dkhông tìm thấy mục nhập thư mục trong %s có inode tương ứngkhông lấy được thời gian khởi độngđã tạo thư mục %sđang tạo thư mục %sđang tạo tập tin %s đang tạo liên kết cứng %sđang tạo liên kết cứng %s => %sđang tạo liên kết cứng tới %.0s%sđang tạo liên kết mềm %sđang tạo liên kết mềm %s -> %sdanh sách dấu tách kết thúc bằng một gạch chéo không được thoát: %sthư mụcchia cho khôngdup2 bị lỗikhông cho phép %s trốngtên tập tin rỗngkhoảng tab trốnglỗi đóng tập tinlỗi trong hàm khớp biểu thức chính quylỗi trong biểu thức chính quy tìm kiếmlỗi sơ khởi các chuỗi thánggặp lỗi khi theo dõi sự kiện inotifylỗi đọc %sgặp lỗi khi đọc sự kiện inotifygặp lỗi khi đợi câu lệnhlỗi ghi %sthoát=tham số thêm %stoán hạng thừa %stoán hạng thừa %s không cho phép toán hạng thêm %s với « -%c »lỗi thay đổi ngữ cảnh của %s thành %sthay đổi nhóm của %s thành %s không thành công lỗi chuyển đổi chế độ của %s thành %04lo (%s) thay đổi quyền sở hữu của %s không thành công thay đổi quyền sở hữu của %s thành %s không thành công lỗi chdir (chuyển đổi thư mục) sang %slỗi nhái theo %slỗi tính ngữ cảnh mớilỗi tạo thư mục thông qua mẫu %slỗi tạo tập tin thông qua mẫu %slỗi tạo ngữ cảnh bảo mật: %slấy thuộc tính của %s không thành cônglỗi lấy ngữ cảnh hiện thờilỗi lấy ngữ cảnh tạo hệ thống tập tinlỗi lấy các nhóm cho tiến trình hiện thờilỗi lấy các nhóm cho người dùng %slỗi lấy ngữ cảnh bảo mật của %slỗi tra tìm tập tin %slỗi mở %slỗi bảo tồn nguồn tác giả của %slỗi bảo tồn quyền sở hữu của %slgiữ quyền hạn cho %s không thành cônggiữ các thời gian cho %s không thành côngchuyển hướng đầu lỗi tiêu chuẩn không thành côngkhông chuyển hướng được đầu lỗi tiêu chuẩn tới /dev/nulllỗi gỡ bỏ %slỗi gỡ bỏ thư mục %slỗi vô hiệu hoá đầu vào tiêu chuẩnkhông mở lại được %s với chế độ %slỗi phục hồi ngữ cảnh tạo tập tin mặc địnhlỗi trở về thư mục làm việc khởi đầulỗi chạy câu lệnh %slỗi đặt thành phần ngữ cảnh bảo mật %s thanh %slỗi đặt nhóm phụlỗi đặt ngữ cảnh tạo tập tin mặc định thành %slỗi đặt mã số nhóm (GID)lỗi đặt phạm vi mới %slỗi đặt vai trò mới %slỗi đặt kiểu mới %slỗi đặt người dùng mới %slỗi đặt (các) nhóm phụlỗi khi đặt bản sao của lỗi tiêu chuẩn để đóng khi thực hiệnlỗi đặt ngữ cảnh bảo mật của %s thành %slỗi đặt mã số người dùng (UID)lỗi stat (lấy trạng thái về) %skhông tắt được O_DIRECT: %slỗi cập nhật môi trường dùng %sfdatasync bị lỗi cho %sfflush bị lỗisố trường %s là quá lớnsố của trường là khôngcác trường và vị trí đều đánh số từ 1fifotập tin %d không phải theo thứ tự sắp xếptoán hạng tập tin không thể kết hợp với « --file0-from »toán hạng tập tin không thể kết hợp với « --print-database » (-p)dạng hệ thống tập tin %s đã được cả chọn và loại bỏcuộc gọi hệ thống fork (tạo tiến trình con) bị lỗiđịnh dạng %s kết thúc bằng %%định dạng %s không có chỉ thị %%định dạng %s có quá nhiều chỉ thị %%định dạng %s có chỉ thị %%%c không rõkhông được chỉ ra chuỗi định dạng khi in các chuỗi có chiều rộng bằng nhaufsync bị lỗi cho %sfts_close bị lỗifts_read bị lỗigetpass: không mở được « /dev/tty »đang lấy thuộc tính mới của %snhóm của %s vẫn là %s hàm iconv không sẵn sànghàm iconv không thể sử dụng đượcid=đang lờ đi mọi đối sốđang lờ đi dữ liệu vàođang lờ đi dữ liệu vào và phụ thêm vào %s kết xuấtđang lờ đi dữ liệu vào và chuyển hướng lỗi tiêu chuẩn tới đầu vào tiêu chuẩnđang lờ đi kích cỡ tab sai trong biến môi trường TABSIZE: %sđang lờ đi giá trị sai của biến môi trường kiểu dáng trích dẫn QUOTING_STYLE: %sđang lờ đi bề rộng sai trong biến môi trường cột COLUMNS: %sđang lờ đi các đối số không tùy chọnkhông tương thích nối lại hai trường %lu, %lucác khoảng tab không tương thích với nhausai mật khẩuinotify không dùng được thì phục hồi việc trưng cầuđầu vào đã biến mấtdòng nhập vào quá dàidi chuyển không thành công giữa các thiết bị: %s tới %s; không xóa được đíchđối số %s%s không hợp lệ « %s »sai đối số « --%s » %sđiều chỉnh sai %sđối số sai %ssai đặt đối số %s cho %ssai dạng đánh số vào phần thân: %ssai đặt chế độ chuyển hoán đệm %s cho %s sai danh sách byte hoặc trườngsai ký tự « %c » trong chuỗi kiểu %ssai hạng ký tự %sngữ cảnh không hợp lệ: %ssai chuyển đổihậu tố chứa sự xác định chuyển đổi sai: %chậu tố chứa sự xác định chuyển đổi sai: \%.3ongày sai %s'sai định dạng ngày tháng %sphạm vi giảm dần saisai thiết bị %s %ssai kiểu thiết bị %ssố thứ tự vùng sai: %ssự xác định vùng sai: %ssai chiều rộng trường: %ssai số thứ tự tập tin trong sự xác định trường: %ssai đối số điểm trôi: %ssai dạng đánh số vài phần chân: %sđịnh dạng độ chính xác saiđịnh dạng chiều dài saichiều rộng chỗ trống sai: %snhóm không hợp lệnhóm không hợp lệ %sdanh sách nhóm không hợp lệ %snhóm không hợp lệ: %ssai dạng đánh số vào phần đầu : %ssai nhập vàocờ đầu vào không hợp lệsai phạm vi nhập vào %ssai số nguyên %ssai đối số kiểu số nguyên %ssai đếm dòng %ssai kỷ luật của dòng %ssai chiều dài trường số của dòng: %ssai độ tăng số của dòng: %ssai định dạng đánh số dòng: %ssai bề rộng dòng: %ssai số lớn của thiết bị %ssai độ sâu tối đa %ssai số nhỏ của thiết bị %schế độ không hợp lệchế độ sai %schế độ sai: %ssố không hợp lệ %ssố sai ở sau « , »số sai ở sau « - »số sai ở sau « . »số sai tại đầu trườngsai số dòng trắng: %ssai số các bytesai số byte cần so sánhsai số byte cần bỏ quasai số cột: %ssai số trường cần bỏ quasai số các dòngsai số dòng: 0tùy chọn sai -- %ctùy chọn sai « -- %c »; « -WIDTH » chỉ nhận ra khi nó là tùy chọn đầu tiên; dùng « -w N » (N là số) để thay thếsai cơ số địa chỉ kết quả ra « %c »; nó phải là một ký tự trong [doxn]cờ đầu ra không hợp lệsai phạm vi trang %ssai độ chính xác: %sphạm vi sai không có điểm cuối: -sai số đếm lặp %s trong cấu trúc « [c*n] »đặc tả không hợp lệsai số của dòng bắt đầu: %scờ trạng thái không hợp lệhậu tố không hợp lệ %s, chứa dấu phân cách thư mụcgặp hậu tố không hợp lệ trong đối số %s%s « %s »sai kích cỡ tab: %smẫu không hợp lệ, %s, chứa dấu phân cách thư mụcmẫu không hợp lệ, %s; với « --tmpdir » thì không thể là tuyệt đốisai khoảng thời gian %ssai định dạng kiểu thời gian %ssai tùy chọn theo sau « -- %c »sai chuỗi kiểu %ssai chuỗi kiểu %s; hệ thống này không cung cấp kiểu điểm trôi %lu bytesai chuỗi kiểu %s; hệ thống này không cung cấp kiểu tích phân %lu bytesai tên ký tự chung « \%c%0*x »tên người dùng không hợp lệsai người dùng %schiều rộng sai: %ssai kích cỡ ngắt dòng: %ssai tên tập tin chiều dài bằng khôngthực hiện đệ quy trên %s là rất nguy hiểmthực hiện đệ quy trên %s là rất nguy hiểm (cũng như %s)cuối=dấu gạch nối « - » đứng trước trong phần của tên tập tin %sgiới hạn %lu bị vượt quá theo chiều dài %lu của tên tập tin %sgiới hạn %lu bị vượt quá theo chiều dài %lu của thành phần tên tập tin %svô ích khi chuyển hoán đệm theo dòng đầu vào tiêu chuẩntùy chọn số đếm dòng « -%s%c... » là quá lớnsố thứ tự dòng « %s » nhỏ hơn số thứ tự dòng đứng trước, %svượt quá số dòng có thểđối số « --%s » tối đa theo giới hạn rlimit hiện thời là %scạn bộ nhớhàng đợi thưđối số « --%s » tối thiểu là %ssắp hàng sai cấu trúc « [:upper:] » và/hoặc « [:lower:] »hậu tố thiếu sự xác định chuyển đổi %%thiếu « ] »thiếu đối số ở sau %sthiếu đối số cho %sthiếu tên lớp của ký tự `[::]'hậu tố thiếu sự xác định chuyển đổithiếu toán hạng tập tin đích đến ở sau %sthiếu ký tự hạng tương đương « [==] »thiếu toán hạng tập tinthiếu số thập lục trong dãy thoátthiếu danh sách các trườngthiếu danh sách các vị tríthiếu toán hạngthiếu toán hạng đằng sau %schế độ phải xác định chỉ các bit đặt quyền hạn tập tinchế độ của %s đã thay đổi thành %04lo (%s) chế độ của %s vẫn là %04lo (%s) khoảng tab đa ký tự %sđã chỉ ra nhiều tùy chọn « -i »đã chỉ ra vài tùy chọn « -l » hoặc « -t »đã chỉ ra nhiều chương trình nénđã chỉ ra nhiều dấu táchđa phạm vi cấpđã chỉ ra nhiều tập tin kết quảđã chỉ ra nhiều định dạng kết quảđã chỉ ra nhiều nguồn ngẫu nhiênđã chỉ ra nhiều ký tự sửa đổi tương ứngđa vai tròđã chỉ ra nhiều thư mục đích đếnđa kiểuđa người dùngliên kết mềm %s chưa thay đổi, đích đến cũng vậy không có biến môi trường SHELL (trình bao), và không đưa ra tùy chọn kiểu trình baokhông thay đổi quyền sở hữu của %s chưa ghi rõ lệnhkhông có hệ thống tập tin được xử lýkhông còn tập tin nàokhông có dữ liệu nhập vào từ %skhông có tên đăng nhậpchưa ghi rõ ID tiến trìnhkhông chỉ ra được kiểu khi đổ các chuỗichưa đưa ra tên người dùng; cần chỉ ra ít nhất một tên người dùng khi dùng « -l »đối số không phải số nguyênký tự không mang được %s trong tên tập tin %skhông phải một ttykhông phải ghi qua liên kết mềm theo sát %s%s chứa một con số quá lớnsố các bytesố các dòngvùng hiệu bị tràn khi đọc tập tin %sbỏ quên thư mục %schỉ một cấu trúc lặp « [c*] » có thể nằm trong chuỗi2chỉ có thể đưa ra một thiết bịchỉ có thể đưa ra một dạng danh sáchlỗi mởđang mở %stùy chọn dùng theo ngữ cảnh sai -- %chai tùy chọn « -backup » và « -no-clobber » loại từ lẫn nhauhai tuỳ chọn « --compare » (-C) và « --preserve-timestamps » loại từ lẫn nhauhai tuỳ chọn « --compare » (-C) và « --strip » loại từ lẫn nhaucác tùy chọn « -%s » không tương thích với nhaucạn các đuôi (hậu tố) kết xuấttràn việc mở rộng kích cỡ của tập tin %stràn việc làm tròn kích cỡ tập tin %s lênquyền sở hữu của %s được giữ nguyên quyền sở hữu của %s vẫn là của %s tràn số thứ tự trangchiều rộng trang quá hẹpđang bảo tồn quyền hạn cho %sđang bảo tồn các thời gian cho %sin ra mọi dòng trùng và số đếm lặp lại là không có ý nghĩacác điểm cuối phạm vi của « %s-%s » đang ở trong thứ tự dãy ngược lạilỗi đọclỗi đọcđang đọc %sđang đọc thư mục %smục ghi quá lớnđang chuyển hướng đầu lỗi tiêu chuẩn (stderr) tới đầu ra tiêu chuẩn (stdout)tập tin trống thông thườngtập tin thông thườngđã gỡ bỏ %s đã xóa thư mục: %s đang xóa thư mục, %sbậc chạycờ hiệucái phân chia không thể là rỗnghãy đặt « LC_ALL='C' » để giải quyết vấn đềđang thiết lập cờ cho %sđang thiết lập quyền hạn cho %sđang đặt thời gian của %svật thể bộ nhớ chia sẻskip-bytes + read-bytes là quá lớnđang nhảy qua %s, vì nó nằm trên thiết bị khácbỏ qua tập tin %s, vì nó bị thay thế trong khi sao chépổ cắmlỗi tiêu chuẩnđầu vào tiêu chuẩnđầu vào tiêu chuẩn bị đóngđầu ra tiêu chuẩnlỗi lấy trạng thái về tập tinđầu lỗi tiêu chuẩnđầu vào tiêu chuẩnđầu ra tiêu chuẩnký tự rác trong lời xác định trườnglỗi so sánh các chuỗilỗi chuyển dạng chuỗitiến trình strip đã kết thúc bất thườngbỏ đi các dòng không phân cách chỉ có tác dụng khi thực hiện với trườngliên kết mềmlỗi cú pháphệ thống khởi độngkích cỡ tab không thể là 0kích cỡ tab chứa ký tự không cho phép: %skích cỡ tab phải tăng dầnchiều dài tab là quá lớn %schiều dài tab là quá lớntab phân cách nhau quá xađích %s không phải là một thư mụckhông cho phép dùng thư mục đích khi cài đặt một thư mụcterm=thử và/hoậc « [ »các tùy chọn « --binary » và « --text » mất ý nghĩa khi tính tổng kiểm tratuỳ chọn « --compare » (-C) bị bỏ qua khi bạn chỉ định một chế độ có bit không cho phéptùy chọn « --context » (-Z) quá cũ và sẽ bị gỡ bỏ trong một phiên bản sautùy chọn « --quiet » chỉ có ý nghĩa khi tính tổng kiểm tratùy chọn « --status » chỉ có ý nghĩa khi tính tổng kiểm tratùy chọn « --warn » chỉ có ý nghĩa khi tính tổng kiểm tracấu trúc « [c*] » chỉ có thể nằm trong chuỗi2 khi chuyển đổicấu trúc lặp « [c*] » không được có trong chuỗi1đối số %s thiếu dấu cộng « + » ở đầu; khi sử dụng một tùy chọn để chỉ ra (các) ngày tháng, mỗi đối số không tùy chọn phải là một chuỗi bắt đầu với dấu cộng.dấu phân cách phải là một ký tự đơncác tùy chọn cho dạng kết quả chi tiết và dạng có thể đọc stty loại trừ lẫn nhautùy chọn để đưa ra cơ sở dữ liệu nội bộ của dircolors và tùy chọn để chọn một cú pháp trình bao loại trừ lẫn nhaunhững tùy chọn để in ra và đặt thời gian không sử dụng được cùng nhaunhững tùy chọn chỉ ra ngày để hiển thị loại trừ lẫn nhauđã so sánh hai chuỗi %s và %skhông dùng được tùy chọn strip khi cài đặt một thư mụcchuỗi chưa được chuyển dạng là %sthời gian %s vượt ra ngoài giới hạnđể sử dụng ID người dùng %s thì phải cũng dùng tùy chọn « -g »quá ít X trong mẫu %shậu tố chứa quá nhiều sự xác định chuyển đổi %%quá nhiều ký tự trong tập hợpquá nhiều dòng lặp lạiquá nhiều mẫutổnglỗi theo cây: %sđang cắt ngắn %svật thể bộ nhớ đặt kiểuuid=%lukhông thể hiển thị thông điệp lỗikhông ghi nhớ được thư mục làm việc hiện thờikhông thể đặt ngữ cảnh bảo mật %sgặp lỗi bất thường: fts_info=%d: %s xin hãy thông báo cho %skhông rõ toán tử nhị phânnhận được trạng thái không rõ từ câu lệnh (0x%X)không rõ luồngID người dùng không rõ : %sgiá trị không thể phân tích cho biến môi trường màu sắc LS_COLORStoán hạng không nhận ra %stiền tố không nhận ra: %slên %ld ngày %2d:%02d, lên ???? ngày ??:??, hãy dùng « --no-preserve-root » để bỏ qua kiểm tra nàyngười dùng %s không tồn tạisử dụng %s để đại diện đầu vào tiêu chuẩn cũng không hoạt động trong chế độ hệ thống tập tinđang sử dụng chức năng sự tính chính xác tuỳ ýsử dụng trình bao bị giới hạn %sđang sử dụng chức năng sự tính chính xác đơnđang đợi %s [-d]đang đợi stripcảnh báo : %s: lờ đi các ký tự theo sau hằng ký tựcảnh báo : %s lỗi thay đổi ngữ cảnh thành %scảnh báo : không hỗ trợ « --pid=PID » trên hệ thống nàycảnh báo : « --retry » thường có ích khi theo sau theo têncảnh báo : PID bị bỏ qua; « --pid=PID » chỉ có ích khi theo saucảnh báo : « touch %s » là cách cũ; hãy dùng « touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d »cảnh báo : không thể mang được dấu xuyệc ngược chưa thoát ở kết thúc chuỗicảnh báo : định dạng kết thúc bằng xuyệc ngượccảnh báo : không thể chuyển đổi thư mục sang %scảnh báo : không xoá được: %scảnh báo : không hiệu quả khi theo sau đầu vào tiêu chuẩn một cách không giới hạncảnh báo : lờ đi các đối số thừa nên bắt đầu từ %scảnh báo : vùng hiệu tập tin không hợp lệ sau lỗi đọccảnh báo : sai chiều rộng %lu nên dùng %d thay thếcảnh bảo : số thứ tự dòng « %s » trùng với số thứ tự dòng đứng trướccảnh báo : tập tin nguồn %s được ghi rõ nhiều lầncảnh báo : tóm tắt xung đột với « --max-depth=%lu »cảnh báo : tóm tắt là giống với sử dụng « --max-depth=0 »cảnh báo : tuỳ chọn « --%s » quá cũ, hãy dùng « --reference »cảnh báo : dãy thoát bát phân mơ hồ « \%c%c%c » đang được biên dịch như dãy 2 byte \0%c%c, `%c'cảnh báo : không nhận ra dãy thoát « \%c »cảnh báo : đang gỡ rối lỗi nhân lseek cho tập tin (%s) có mt_type=0x%0lx -- xem để biết danh sách các dạngtập tin kỳ lạkhi không cắt ngắn tập_hợp1, chuỗi2 phải không rỗngđọc các tên tập tin từ đầu vào tiêu chuẩn thì không cho phép tên tập tin %skhi chỉ ra dạng kết quả, không được đặt các chế độkhi chuyển đổi với các hạng ký tự bù, chuỗi2 phải ánh xạ tới một mọi ký tự trong miềnkhi chuyển đổi, hạng ký tự có trong chuỗi2 chỉ có thể là « upper » và « lower »sẽ không sao chép %s qua liên kết mềm vừa mới tạo %ssẽ không tạo liên kết cứng %s tới thư mục %ssẽ không ghi chèn %s vừa mới tạo bằng %sđặt tùy chọn « --parents » thì đích đến phải là một thư mụcdùng « --suffix » (hậu tố) thì mẫu %s phải kết thúc bằng chữ Xlỗi ghi nhớlỗi ghi nhớ cho %slỗi ghiđang ghi %sđang ghi tới %sphải ghi rõ tùy chọn « -c », « -t », « -u », « -l », « -r » hay ngữ cảnhcần chỉ ra danh sách các byte, ký tự, hoặc trườngphải đưa ra một của %s và %sPRIuMAXPRIdMAX%+% records in %+% records out % truncated record % truncated records % byte (%s) copied% bytes (%s) copiedoffset too large: cannot truncate to a length of seek=% (%lu-byte) blocksfailed to truncate to % bytes in output file %sfailed to allocate a % byte stdio buffer %s: %: improperly formatted %s checksum lineWARNING: % of % listed file could not be readWARNING: % of % listed files could not be readWARNING: % of % computed checksum did NOT matchWARNING: % of % computed checksums did NOT matchstarting page number % exceeds page count %Page %overflow in % * % byte blocks for file %struncating %s at % bytes%+% mục ghi vào %+% mục ghi ra % mục ghi bị cắt ngắn % byte (%s) đã sao chépvùng hiệu quá lớn: không thể cắt ngắn thành chiều dài seek=% (%lu-byte) khốilỗi cắt ngắn ở % byte trong tập tin kết quả %slỗi cấp phát một vùng đệm V/R tiêu chuẩn % byte %s: %: dòng tổng kiểm tra %s có định dạng không đúngCẢNH BÁO : không đọc được % trên % tập tin đã liệt kêCẢNH BÁO : % trên % tổng kiểm tra KHÔNG tương ứngsố trang bắt đầu % vượt quá số đếm trang %Trang %tràn các khối byte % * % cho tập tin %sđang cắt ngắn %s ở % 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EXPRESSION EXPRESSION is false EXPRESSION1 -a EXPRESSION2 both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true EXPRESSION1 -o EXPRESSION2 either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true --check-order check that the input is correctly sorted, even if all input lines are pairable --nocheck-order do not check that the input is correctly sorted -1 suppress column 1 (lines unique to FILE1) -2 suppress column 2 (lines unique to FILE2) -3 suppress column 3 (lines that appear in both files) -a, --all same as -b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u -b, --boot time of last system boot -d, --dead print dead processes -H, --heading print line of column headings -b FILE FILE exists and is block special -c FILE FILE exists and is character special -d FILE FILE exists and is a directory -e FILE FILE exists -l produce long format output for the specified USERs -b omit the user's home directory and shell in long format -h omit the user's project file in long format -p omit the user's plan file in long format -s do short format output, this is the default -n STRING the length of STRING is nonzero STRING equivalent to -n STRING -z STRING the length of STRING is zero STRING1 = STRING2 the strings are equal STRING1 != STRING2 the strings are not equal ARG1 * ARG2 arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 / ARG2 arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2 ARG1 + ARG2 arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 - ARG2 arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 is less than ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 is equal to ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 is unequal to ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2 FILE1 -ef FILE2 FILE1 and FILE2 have the same device and inode numbers FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2 FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 is older than FILE2 INTEGER copy up to but not including specified line number /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copy up to but not including a matching line %REGEXP%[OFFSET] skip to, but not including a matching line {INTEGER} repeat the previous pattern specified number of times {*} repeat the previous pattern as many times as possible A line OFFSET is a required `+' or `-' followed by a positive integer. INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 length STRING length of STRING a number all lines t number only nonempty lines n number no lines pBRE number only lines that contain a match for the basic regular expression, BRE FORMAT is one of: ln left justified, no leading zeros rn right justified, no leading zeros rz right justified, leading zeros b create a block (buffered) special file c, u create a character (unbuffered) special file p create a FIFO # users=%lu -t is implied if PAGE_LENGTH <= 10. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. A field is a run of blanks (usually spaces and/or TABs), then non-blank characters. Fields are skipped before chars. A lightweight `finger' program; print user information. The utmp file will be %s. A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment. A mere - implies -l. If USER not given, assume root. After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number; then an optional modifier, which is either E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available. An omitted EXPRESSION defaults to false. Otherwise, EXPRESSION is true or false and sets exit status. It is one of: As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. BLOCKS and BYTES may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Each CONV symbol may be: Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. Both MAJOR and MINOR must be specified when TYPE is b, c, or u, and they must be omitted when TYPE is p. If MAJOR or MINOR begins with 0x or 0X, it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal; otherwise, as decimal. TYPE may be: By default, rm does not remove directories. Use the --recursive (-r or -R) option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents. By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: By default, sparse SOURCE files are detected by a crude heuristic and the corresponding DEST file is made sparse as well. That is the behavior selected by --sparse=auto. Specify --sparse=always to create a sparse DEST file whenever the SOURCE file contains a long enough sequence of zero bytes. Use --sparse=never to inhibit creation of sparse files. When --reflink[=always] is specified, perform a lightweight copy, where the data blocks are copied only when modified. If this is not possible the copy fails, or if --reflink=auto is specified, fall back to a standard copy. Combination settings: * [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase cbreak same as -icanon -cbreak same as icanon Control settings: [-]clocal disable modem control signals [-]cread allow input to be received * [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8] Display values are in units of the first available SIZE from --block-size, and the %s_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables. Otherwise, units default to 1024 bytes (or 512 if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set). Each FLAG symbol may be: append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc suggested) Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. Examples: %s -12 file1 file2 Print only lines present in both file1 and file2. %s -3 file1 file2 Print lines in file1 not in file2, and vice versa. Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "sort". %s include/stdio.h .h Output "stdio". Examples: %s /usr/bin/sort Output "/usr/bin". %s stdio.h Output ".". Examples: %s f - g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. %s Copy standard input to standard output. Examples: %s root /u Change the owner of /u to "root". %s root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to "staff". %s -hR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root". Examples: %s staff /u Change the group of /u to "staff". %s -hR staff /u Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff". Except for -h and -L, all FILE-related tests dereference symbolic links. Beware that parentheses need to be escaped (e.g., by backslashes) for shells. INTEGER may also be -l STRING, which evaluates to the length of STRING. Exit status is 0 if EXPRESSION is neither null nor 0, 1 if EXPRESSION is null or 0, 2 if EXPRESSION is syntactically invalid, and 3 if an error occurred. Exit status: 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory), 2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument). FORMAT controls the output as in C printf. Interpreted sequences are: \" double quote FORMAT controls the output. Interpreted sequences are: %% a literal % %a locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun) Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. If -e is in effect, the following sequences are recognized: If FILE is -, shred standard output. Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified. The default is not to remove the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda, and those files usually should not be removed. When operating on regular files, most people use the --remove option. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. If ARG1 ARG2 given, -m presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual. If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. If FIRST or INCREMENT is omitted, it defaults to 1. That is, an omitted INCREMENT defaults to 1 even when LAST is smaller than FIRST. FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are interpreted as floating point values. INCREMENT is usually positive if FIRST is smaller than LAST, and INCREMENT is usually negative if FIRST is greater than LAST. If MODE is `0' the corresponding stream will be unbuffered. If MODE is `L' the corresponding stream will be line buffered. This option is invalid with standard input. If a FILE is -, copy again to standard output. If first and second call formats both apply, the second format is assumed if the last operand begins with + or (if there are 2 operands) a digit. An OFFSET operand means -j OFFSET. LABEL is the pseudo-address at first byte printed, incremented when dump is progressing. For OFFSET and LABEL, a 0x or 0X prefix indicates hexadecimal; suffixes may be . for octal and b for multiply by 512. If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} -i'' (default: /bin/sh). If standard input is a terminal, redirect it from /dev/null. If standard output is a terminal, append output to `nohup.out' if possible, `$HOME/nohup.out' otherwise. If standard error is a terminal, redirect it to standard output. To save output to FILE, use `%s COMMAND > FILE'. If the command times out, then exit with status 124. Otherwise, exit with the status of COMMAND. If no signal is specified, send the TERM signal upon timeout. The TERM signal kills any process that does not block or catch that signal. For other processes, it may be necessary to use the KILL (9) signal, since this signal cannot be caught. If the first character of K (the number of bytes or lines) is a `+', print beginning with the Kth item from the start of each file, otherwise, print the last K items in the file. K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Input settings: [-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal [-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline [-]ignbrk ignore break characters [-]igncr ignore carriage return K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Local settings: [-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings * -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings NOTE: If COMMAND adjusts the buffering of its standard streams (`tee' does for e.g.) then that will override corresponding settings changed by `stdbuf'. Also some filters (like `dd' and `cat' etc.) don't use streams for I/O, and are thus unaffected by `stdbuf' settings. NOTE: [ honors the --help and --version options, but test does not. test treats each of those as it treats any other nonempty STRING. NOTE: your shell may have its own version of %s, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. Note that the -d and -t options accept different time-date formats. Note that the -r and -s options are mutually exclusive. Note, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. Note: 'uniq' does not detect repeated lines unless they are adjacent. You may want to sort the input first, or use `sort -u' without `uniq'. Also, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available. Otherwise MODE is a number which may be followed by one of the following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. In this case the corresponding stream will be fully buffered with the buffer size set to MODE bytes. Output settings: * bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1] * crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3] * ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1] * nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1] Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed to login group if implied by a `:' following a symbolic OWNER. OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic. POS is F[.C][OPTS], where F is the field number and C the character position in the field; both are origin 1. If neither -t nor -b is in effect, characters in a field are counted from the beginning of the preceding whitespace. OPTS is one or more single-letter ordering options, which override global ordering options for that key. If no key is given, use the entire line as the key. SIZE may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be: ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 RADIX is d for decimal, o for octal, x for hexadecimal or n for none. BYTES is hexadecimal with 0x or 0X prefix, and may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Adding a z suffix to any type displays printable characters at the end of each output line. Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: Report %s bugs to %s Report bugs to: %s SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIGNAL may be a signal name like `HUP', or a signal number like `1', or the exit status of a process terminated by a signal. PID is an integer; if negative it identifies a process group. SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). SIZE may also be prefixed by one of the following modifying characters: `+' extend by, `-' reduce by, `<' at most, `>' at least, `/' round down to multiple of, `%' round up to multiple of. SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. Sending a %s signal to a running `dd' process makes it print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying. $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s Options are: Special characters: * dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input) eol CHAR CHAR will end the line Special settings: N set the input and output speeds to N bauds * cols N tell the kernel that the terminal has N columns * columns N same as cols N TYPE is made up of one or more of these specifications: a named character, ignoring high-order bit c ASCII character or backslash escape The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: The data are encoded as described for the base64 alphabet in RFC 3548. When decoding, the input may contain newlines in addition to the bytes of the formal base64 alphabet. Use --ignore-garbage to attempt to recover from any other non-alphabet bytes in the encoded stream. The following three options are useful only when verifying checksums: --quiet don't print OK for each successfully verified file --status don't output anything, status code shows success -w, --warn warn about improperly formatted checksum lines The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. The valid format sequences for files (without --file-system): %a Access rights in octal %A Access rights in human readable form %b Number of blocks allocated (see %B) %B The size in bytes of each block reported by %b %C SELinux security context string This install program copies files (often just compiled) into destination locations you choose. If you want to download and install a ready-to-use package on a GNU/Linux system, you should instead be using a package manager like yum(1) or apt-get(1). In the first three forms, copy SOURCE to DEST or multiple SOURCE(s) to the existing DIRECTORY, while setting permission modes and owner/group. In the 4th form, create all components of the given DIRECTORY(ies). To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo', use one of these commands: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo Traditional format specifications may be intermixed; they accumulate: -a same as -t a, select named characters, ignoring high-order bit -b same as -t o1, select octal bytes -c same as -t c, select ASCII characters or backslash escapes -d same as -t u2, select unsigned decimal 2-byte units Translation occurs if -d is not given and both SET1 and SET2 appear. -t may be used only when translating. SET2 is extended to length of SET1 by repeating its last character as necessary. Excess characters of SET2 are ignored. Only [:lower:] and [:upper:] are guaranteed to expand in ascending order; used in SET2 while translating, they may only be used in pairs to specify case conversion. -s uses SET1 if not translating nor deleting; else squeezing uses SET2 and occurs after translation or deletion. Use one, and only one of -b, -c or -f. Each LIST is made up of one range, or many ranges separated by commas. Selected input is written in the same order that it is read, and is written exactly once. Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it. With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. With no options, produce three-column output. Column one contains lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2, and column three contains lines common to both files. Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. ??? --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -f, --force do not prompt before overwriting -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file If you specify more than one of -i, -f, -n, only the final one takes effect. --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -d, -F, --directory allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories (note: will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the superuser) -f, --force remove existing destination files --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument -c (ignored) -C, --compare compare each pair of source and destination files, and in some cases, do not modify the destination at all -d, --directory treat all arguments as directory names; create all components of the specified directories --batch-size=NMERGE merge at most NMERGE inputs at once; for more use temp files --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks. See SIZE format below -B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~ -c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime --complement complement the set of selected bytes, characters or fields --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -L, --max-line-length print the length of the longest line -w, --words print the word counts --files0-from=F summarize disk usage of the NUL-terminated file names specified in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -H equivalent to --dereference-args (-D) -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si like -h, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 --group-directories-first group directories before files. augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping --help display this help and exit --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode print the index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k like --block-size=1K --lookup attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS -m only hostname and user associated with stdin -p, --process print active processes spawned by init --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially --preserve-root do not remove `/' (default) -r, -R, --recursive remove directories and their contents recursively -v, --verbose explain what is being done --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve-root do not treat `/' specially (the default) --preserve-root fail to operate recursively on `/' --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST don't preserve the specified attributes --parents use full source file name under DIRECTORY --one-file-system when removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any directory that is on a file system different from that of the corresponding command line argument --pid=PID with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies -q, --quiet, --silent never output headers giving file names --retry keep trying to open a file even when it is or becomes inaccessible; useful when following by name, i.e., with --follow=name --preserve-context preserve SELinux security context -Z, --context=CONTEXT set SELinux security context of files and directories --reference=RFILE use RFILE's security context rather than specifying a CONTEXT value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC output date and time in RFC 3339 format. TIMESPEC=`date', `seconds', or `ns' for date and time to the indicated precision. Date and time components are separated by a single space: 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=STRING set time described by STRING -u, --utc, --universal print or set Coordinated Universal Time --sort=WORD sort according to WORD: general-numeric -g, human-numeric -h, month -M, numeric -n, random -R, version -V -V, --version-sort natural sort of (version) numbers within text --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix --suffix=SUFF append SUFF to TEMPLATE. SUFF must not contain slash. This option is implied if TEMPLATE does not end in X. --time show time of the last modification of any file in the directory, or any of its subdirectories --time=WORD show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status --time-style=STYLE show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, +FORMAT FORMAT is interpreted like `date' --time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale --verbose print a diagnostic just before each output file is opened --version output version information and exit --all print the number of installed processors --ignore=N if possible, exclude N processing units Size Used Avail Use% Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Size Used Avail Use% -evenp same as -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7 nl same as -icrnl -onlcr -nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-') [-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty [-]hupcl same as [-]hup [-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input [-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-') [-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors * [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character [-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return [-]inpck enable input parity checking [-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters [-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters [-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters * [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal * [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\' for uppercase characters cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values -cooked same as raw crt same as echoe echoctl echoke dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany ek erase and kill characters to their default values evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N set the input speed to N * line N use line discipline N min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read ospeed N set the output speed to N oddp same as parenb parodd cs7 -oddp same as -parenb cs8 [-]parity same as [-]evenp pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7 raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw same as cooked sane same as cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke, all special characters to their default values stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal * swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer * werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed %% a single % %b ARGUMENT as a string with `\' escapes interpreted, except that octal escapes are of the form \0 or \0NNN and all C format specifications ending with one of diouxXfeEgGcs, with ARGUMENTs converted to proper type first. Variable widths are handled. %A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday) %b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan) %B locale's full month name (e.g., January) %c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005) %C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20) %d day of month (e.g, 01) %D date; same as %m/%d/%y %e day of month, space padded; same as %_d %F full date; same as %Y-%m-%d %g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G) %G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V %S second (00..60) %t a tab %T time; same as %H:%M:%S %u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday %U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) %V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53) %w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday %W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53) %d Device number in decimal %D Device number in hex %f Raw mode in hex %F File type %g Group ID of owner %G Group name of owner %h Number of hard links %i Inode number %n File name %N Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link %o I/O block size %s Total size, in bytes %t Major device type in hex %T Minor device type in hex %h same as %b %H hour (00..23) %I hour (01..12) %j day of year (001..366) %i File System ID in hex %l Maximum length of filenames %n File name %s Block size (for faster transfers) %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) %t Type in hex %T Type in human readable form %k hour ( 0..23) %l hour ( 1..12) %m month (01..12) %M minute (00..59) %n a newline %N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) %p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known %P like %p, but lower case %r locale's 12-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM) %R 24-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M %s seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC %u User ID of owner %U User name of owner %x Time of last access %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch %y Time of last modification %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch %z Time of last change %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch %x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99) %X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48) %y last two digits of year (00..99) %Y year %z +hhmm numeric timezone (e.g., -0400) %:z +hh:mm numeric timezone (e.g., -04:00) %::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., -04:00:00) %:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., -04, +05:30) %Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT) By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes. + TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a keyword like `match' or an operator like `/' ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION --output-delimiter=STR separate columns with STR --userspec=USER:GROUP specify user and group (ID or name) to use --groups=G_LIST specify supplementary groups as g1,g2,..,gN -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -A, --auto-reference output automatically generated references -G, --traditional behave more like System V `ptx' -F, --flag-truncation=STRING use STRING for flagging line truncations -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks -b, --bytes equivalent to `--apparent-size --block-size=1' -c, --total produce a grand total -D, --dereference-args dereference only symlinks that are listed on the command line -C list entries by columns --color[=WHEN] colorize the output. WHEN defaults to `always' or can be `never' or `auto'. More info below -d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links -D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode -D create all leading components of DEST except the last, then copy SOURCE to DEST -g, --group=GROUP set group ownership, instead of process' current group -m, --mode=MODE set permission mode (as in chmod), instead of rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=OWNER set ownership (super-user only) -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names -h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line follow symbolic links listed on the command line --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory --hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A) -I prompt once before removing more than three files, or when removing recursively. Less intrusive than -i, while still giving protection against most mistakes --interactive[=WHEN] prompt according to WHEN: never, once (-I), or always (-i). Without WHEN, prompt always -L FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h) -O FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID -p FILE FILE exists and is a named pipe -r FILE FILE exists and read permission is granted -s FILE FILE exists and has a size greater than zero -L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links -P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default) -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -S, --separate-dirs do not include size of subdirectories -s, --summarize display only a total for each argument -L, --logical use PWD from environment, even if it contains symlinks -P, --physical avoid all symlinks -M, --macro-name=STRING macro name to use instead of `xx' -O, --format=roff generate output as roff directives -R, --right-side-refs put references at right, not counted in -w -S, --sentence-regexp=REGEXP for end of lines or end of sentences -T, --format=tex generate output as TeX directives -N, --read-bytes=BYTES limit dump to BYTES input bytes -S, --strings[=BYTES] output strings of at least BYTES graphic chars -t, --format=TYPE select output format or formats -v, --output-duplicates do not use * to mark line suppression -w, --width[=BYTES] output BYTES bytes per output line --traditional accept arguments in traditional form -P, --portability use the POSIX output format --sync invoke sync before getting usage info -t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE -T, --print-type print file system type -x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE -v (ignored) -S sort by file size --sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time -S FILE FILE exists and is a socket -t FD file descriptor FD is opened on a terminal -u FILE FILE exists and its set-user-ID bit is set -w FILE FILE exists and write permission is granted -x FILE FILE exists and execute (or search) permission is granted -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY specify the DIRECTORY in which to create the links -T, --no-target-directory treat LINK_NAME as a normal file -v, --verbose print name of each linked file -SSTRING, --sep-string[=STRING] separate columns by STRING, without -S: Default separator with -J and otherwise (same as -S" "), no effect on column options -t, --omit-header omit page headers and trailers -T, --omit-pagination omit page headers and trailers, eliminate any pagination by form feeds set in input files -v, --show-nonprinting use octal backslash notation -w, --width=PAGE_WIDTH set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters for multiple text-column output only, -s[char] turns off (72) -T, -w, --mesg add user's message status as +, - or ? -u, --users list users logged in --message same as -T --writable same as -T -W, --page-width=PAGE_WIDTH set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters always, truncate lines, except -J option is set, no interference with -S or -s -W, --word-regexp=REGEXP use REGEXP to match each keyword -b, --break-file=FILE word break characters in this FILE -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case for sorting -g, --gap-size=NUMBER gap size in columns between output fields -i, --ignore-file=FILE read ignore word list from FILE -o, --only-file=FILE read only word list from this FILE -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of NAME to CTX -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each NAME to CTX -a change only the access time -c, --no-create do not create any files -d, --date=STRING parse STRING and use it instead of current time -f (ignored) -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -a, --all include dummy file systems -B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks --total produce a grand total -h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) -H, --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories --apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be larger due to holes in (`sparse') files, internal fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like -a, --all convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks --first-only convert only leading sequences of blanks (overrides -a) -t, --tabs=N have tabs N characters apart instead of 8 (enables -a) -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated LIST of tab positions (enables -a) -a, --archive same as -dR --preserve=all --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument --copy-contents copy contents of special files when recursive -d same as --no-dereference --preserve=links -a, --suffix-length=N use suffixes of length N (default %d) -b, --bytes=SIZE put SIZE bytes per output file -C, --line-bytes=SIZE put at most SIZE bytes of lines per output file -d, --numeric-suffixes use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic -l, --lines=NUMBER put NUMBER lines per output file -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline -b, --binary read in binary mode -b, --binary read in binary mode (default unless reading tty stdin) -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -b, --bytes=LIST select only these bytes -c, --characters=LIST select only these characters -d, --delimiter=DELIM use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignore leading blanks -d, --dictionary-order consider only blanks and alphanumeric characters -f, --ignore-case fold lower case to upper case characters -b, --suffix-format=FORMAT use sprintf FORMAT instead of %02d -f, --prefix=PREFIX use PREFIX instead of `xx' -k, --keep-files do not remove output files on errors -c, --bytes=K output the last K bytes; alternatively, use -c +K to output bytes starting with the Kth of each file -c, --bytes=[-]K print the first K bytes of each file; with the leading `-', print all but the last K bytes of each file -n, --lines=[-]K print the first K lines instead of the first 10; with the leading `-', print all but the last K lines of each file -c, --check read %s sums from the FILEs and check them -c, --check, --check=diagnose-first check for sorted input; do not sort -C, --check=quiet, --check=silent like -c, but do not report first bad line --compress-program=PROG compress temporaries with PROG; decompress them with PROG -d --files0-from=F read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F; If F is - then read names from standard input -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -c, --crown-margin preserve indentation of first two lines -p, --prefix=STRING reformat only lines beginning with STRING, reattaching the prefix to reformatted lines -s, --split-only split long lines, but do not refill -c, --no-create do not create any files -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -d, --directory create a directory, not a file -u, --dry-run do not create anything; merely print a name (unsafe) -q, --quiet suppress diagnostics about file/dir-creation failure -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes -e, --echo treat each ARG as an input line -i, --input-range=LO-HI treat each number LO through HI as an input line -n, --head-count=COUNT output at most COUNT lines -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries --file-type likewise, except do not append `*' --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso -f omit the line of column headings in short format -w omit the user's full name in short format -i omit the user's full name and remote host in short format -q omit the user's full name, remote host and idle time in short format -f same as -t fF, select floats -i same as -t dI, select decimal ints -l same as -t dL, select decimal longs -o same as -t o2, select octal 2-byte units -s same as -t d2, select decimal 2-byte units -x same as -t x2, select hexadecimal 2-byte units -f FILE FILE exists and is a regular file -g FILE FILE exists and is set-group-ID -G FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID -h FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L) -k FILE FILE exists and has its sticky bit set -f, --canonicalize canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively; all but the last component must exist -e, --canonicalize-existing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, all components must exist -f, --fields=LIST select only these fields; also print any line that contains no delimiter character, unless the -s option is specified -n (ignored) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -f, --force if an existing destination file cannot be opened, remove it and try again (redundant if the -n option is used) -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite (overrides a previous -n option) -H follow command-line symbolic links in SOURCE -f, --force change permissions to allow writing if necessary -n, --iterations=N overwrite N times instead of the default (%d) --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -s, --size=N shred this many bytes (suffixes like K, M, G accepted) -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --reference=RFILE use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values -R, --recursive change files and directories recursively -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's group rather than specifying a GROUP value -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages --reference=RFILE use RFILE's owner and group rather than specifying OWNER:GROUP values -R, --recursive operate on files and directories recursively -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed -g like -l, but do not list owner -g GID[,GID1...] also set the primary group-ID to the numeric GID, and (if specified) supplemental group IDs to GID1, ... -g, --general-numeric-sort compare according to general numerical value -i, --ignore-nonprinting consider only printable characters -M, --month-sort compare (unknown) < `JAN' < ... < `DEC' -h, --header-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering header lines -i, --line-increment=NUMBER line number increment at each line -l, --join-blank-lines=NUMBER group of NUMBER empty lines counted as one -n, --number-format=FORMAT insert line numbers according to FORMAT -p, --no-renumber do not reset line numbers at logical pages -s, --number-separator=STRING add STRING after (possible) line number -h, --header=HEADER use a centered HEADER instead of filename in page header, -h "" prints a blank line, don't use -h"" -i[CHAR[WIDTH]], --output-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] replace spaces with CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -J, --join-lines merge full lines, turns off -W line truncation, no column alignment, --sep-string[=STRING] sets separators -h, --human-numeric-sort compare human readable numbers (e.g., 2K 1G) -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the timestamps of a symlink) -m change only the modification time -i, --ignore-case ignore differences in case when comparing fields -j FIELD equivalent to `-1 FIELD -2 FIELD' -o FORMAT obey FORMAT while constructing output line -t CHAR use CHAR as input and output field separator -i, --initial do not convert tabs after non blanks -t, --tabs=NUMBER have tabs NUMBER characters apart, not 8 -i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage -k like --block-size=1K -l, --local limit listing to local file systems --no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) -i, --interactive prompt whether to remove destinations -L, --logical make hard links to symbolic link references -n, --no-dereference treat destination that is a symlink to a directory as if it were a normal file -P, --physical make hard links directly to symbolic links -s, --symbolic make symbolic links instead of hard links -k like --block-size=1K -l, --count-links count sizes many times if hard linked -m like --block-size=1M -k, --key=POS1[,POS2] start a key at POS1 (origin 1), end it at POS2 (default end of line) -m, --merge merge already sorted files; do not sort -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -l, --length=PAGE_LENGTH set the page length to PAGE_LENGTH (66) lines (default number of lines of text 56, and with -F 63) -m, --merge print all files in parallel, one in each column, truncate lines, but join lines of full length with -J -l, --link link files instead of copying -L, --dereference always follow symbolic links in SOURCE -l, --login print system login processes -m, --canonicalize-missing canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, without requirements on components existence -n, --no-newline do not output the trailing newline -q, --quiet, -s, --silent suppress most error messages -v, --verbose report error messages -m, --mode=MODE set file permission bits to MODE, not a=rw - umask -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z, --context=CTX set the SELinux security context of each created directory to CTX -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -n, --lines=K output the last K lines, instead of the last %d; or use -n +K to output lines starting with the Kth --max-unchanged-stats=N with --follow=name, reopen a FILE which has not changed size after N (default %d) iterations to see if it has been unlinked or renamed (this is the usual case of rotated log files) -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file (overrides a previous -i option) -P, --no-dereference never follow symbolic links in SOURCE -n, --numeric-sort compare according to string numerical value -R, --random-sort sort by random hash of keys --random-source=FILE get random bytes from FILE -r, --reverse reverse the result of comparisons -n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o like -l, but do not list group information -p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories -n[SEP[DIGITS]], --number-lines[=SEP[DIGITS]] number lines, use DIGITS (5) digits, then SEP (TAB), default counting starts with 1st line of input file -N, --first-line-number=NUMBER start counting with NUMBER at 1st line of first page printed (see +FIRST_PAGE) -o, --indent=MARGIN offset each line with MARGIN (zero) spaces, do not affect -w or -W, MARGIN will be added to PAGE_WIDTH -r, --no-file-warnings omit warning when a file cannot be opened -o, --output=FILE write result to FILE instead of standard output -s, --stable stabilize sort by disabling last-resort comparison -S, --buffer-size=SIZE use SIZE for main memory buffer -p same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps --preserve[=ATTR_LIST] preserve the specified attributes (default: mode,ownership,timestamps), if possible additional attributes: context, links, xattr, all -p DIR use DIR as a prefix; implies -t [deprecated] -t interpret TEMPLATE as a single file name component, relative to a directory: $TMPDIR, if set; else the directory specified via -p; else /tmp [deprecated] -p, --parents remove DIRECTORY and its ancestors; e.g., `rmdir -p a/b/c' is similar to `rmdir a/b/c a/b a' -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every directory processed -p, --preserve-timestamps apply access/modification times of SOURCE files to corresponding destination files -s, --strip strip symbol tables --strip-program=PROGRAM program used to strip binaries -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -v, --verbose print the name of each directory as it is created -q, --count all login names and number of users logged on -r, --runlevel print current runlevel -s, --short print only name, line, and time (default) -t, --time print last system clock change -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -r, --reference=FILE display the last modification time of FILE -R, --rfc-2822 output date and time in RFC 2822 format. Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=FILE use this FILE's size -s, --size=SIZE use this SIZE -r, --reference=FILE use this file's times instead of current time -t STAMP use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time --time=WORD change the specified time: WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent to -a WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to -m -r, --references first field of each line is a reference -t, --typeset-mode - not implemented - -w, --width=NUMBER output width in columns, reference excluded -r, --reverse reverse order while sorting -R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively -s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -s, --signal=SIGNAL, -SIGNAL specify the name or number of the signal to be sent -l, --list list signal names, or convert signal names to/from numbers -t, --table print a table of signal information -s, --sleep-interval=N with -f, sleep for approximately N seconds (default 1.0) between iterations -v, --verbose always output headers giving file names -s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -s[CHAR], --separator[=CHAR] separate columns by a single character, default for CHAR is the character without -w and 'no char' with -w -s[CHAR] turns off line truncation of all 3 column options (-COLUMN|-a -COLUMN|-m) except -w is set -t sort by modification time -T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --field-separator=SEP use SEP instead of non-blank to blank transition -T, --temporary-directory=DIR use DIR for temporaries, not $TMPDIR or %s; multiple options specify multiple directories -u, --unique with -c, check for strict ordering; without -c, output only the first of an equal run -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -t, --tagged-paragraph indentation of first line different from second -u, --uniform-spacing one space between words, two after sentences -w, --width=WIDTH maximum line width (default of 75 columns) -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -u, --update move only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -t, --text read in text mode (default if reading tty stdin) -t, --text read in text mode (default) -u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time -U do not sort; list entries in directory order -v natural sort of (version) numbers within text -u, --remove truncate and remove file after overwriting -v, --verbose show progress -x, --exact do not round file sizes up to the next full block; this is the default for non-regular files -z, --zero add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system -u, --user=USER set user USER in the target security context -r, --role=ROLE set role ROLE in the target security context -t, --type=TYPE set type TYPE in the target security context -l, --range=RANGE set range RANGE in the target security context -v, --kernel-version print the kernel version -m, --machine print the machine hardware name -p, --processor print the processor type or "unknown" -i, --hardware-platform print the hardware platform or "unknown" -o, --operating-system print the operating system -v, --starting-line-number=NUMBER first line number on each logical page -w, --number-width=NUMBER use NUMBER columns for line numbers -w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines -w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value -x list entries by lines instead of by columns -X sort alphabetically by entry extension -Z, --context print any SELinux security context of each file -1 list one file per line -x, --one-file-system skip directories on different file systems -X, --exclude-from=FILE exclude files that match any pattern in FILE --exclude=PATTERN exclude files that match PATTERN --max-depth=N print the total for a directory (or file, with --all) only if it is N or fewer levels below the command line argument; --max-depth=0 is the same as --summarize -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline Processes in an uninterruptible sleep state also contribute to the load average. [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \0NNN byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits) \xHH byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits) \NNN byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits) \xHH byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits) \uHHHH Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character with hex value HHHH (4 digits) \UHHHHHHHH Unicode character with hex value HHHHHHHH (8 digits) \\ backslash \a alert (BEL) \b backspace \c produce no further output \e escape \f form feed \n new line \r carriage return \t horizontal tab \v vertical tab \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline lcase change upper case to lower case binary use binary I/O for data cio use concurrent I/O for data d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer direct use direct I/O for data directory fail unless a directory dsync use synchronized I/O for data fullblock accumulate full blocks of input (iflag only) if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin iflag=FLAGS read as per the comma separated symbol list obs=BYTES write BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout oflag=FLAGS write as per the comma separated symbol list seek=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS obs-sized blocks at start of output skip=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS ibs-sized blocks at start of input status=noxfer suppress transfer statistics noatime do not update access time nocreat do not create the output file excl fail if the output file already exists notrunc do not truncate the output file ucase change lower case to upper case swab swap every pair of input bytes noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file noerror continue after read errors sync pad every input block with NULs to ibs-size; when used with block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing fsync likewise, but also write metadata nofollow do not follow symlinks nolinks fail if multiply-linked nonblock use non-blocking I/O none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups sync likewise, but also for metadata text use text I/O for data %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% %H:%M%P %s-blocks Used Available Capacity (backup: %s) * [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c') [-]echo echo input characters * [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho [-]echoe same as [-]crterase [-]echok echo a newline after a kill character * [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill [-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters * [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\' and '/' [-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters [-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters * [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase * [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character [-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters [-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control [-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence) [-]tandem same as [-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded * [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline * [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters * [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays * [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase * [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline * [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return * [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column [-]opost postprocess output * tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3] * tabs same as tab0 * -tabs same as tab3 * vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1] * eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line * lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal * rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it * rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows * size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel speed print the terminal speed time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second ??:???? Mounted on TTY context=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu groups= old on repetition %s % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %.*s: invalid conversion specification%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu user%lu users%s%s (for regexp %s)%s -> %s (unbackup) %s [-d] terminated abnormally%s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has appeared; following end of new file%s has become accessible%s has become inaccessible%s has been replaced with a remote file. giving up on this name%s has been replaced with an untailable file; giving up on this name%s has been replaced; following end of new file%s has unknown file type%s has unusable, apparently negative size%s home page: <%s> %s home page: %s is not a valid positive integer%s is too large%s may be used only on a SELinux kernel%s was specified but %s was not%s%s argument `%s' too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s: line number out of range%s: %s: match not found%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: binary operator expected%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot change nonblocking mode%s: cannot find name for user ID %lu %s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot lseek back to original position%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot rewind%s: cannot seek%s: cannot seek to end-relative offset %s%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: cannot seek to relative offset %s%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: cannot skip%s: cannot skip to specified offset%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: couldn't reset non-blocking mode%s: descend into directory %s? %s: descend into write-protected directory %s? %s: end of file%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: error truncating%s: error writing at offset %s%s: expected a numeric value%s: failed to close%s: failed to open for writing%s: failed to remove%s: fcntl failed%s: fdatasync failed%s: file has negative size%s: file has shrunk too much%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: fstat failed%s: fsync failed%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input contains an odd number of tokens%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid count at start of %s%s: invalid directive%s: invalid field specification %s%s: invalid file size%s: invalid file type%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of passes%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid number to ignore%s: invalid option -- '%c' %s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: lseek failed%s: multiple signals specified%s: new permissions are %s, not %s%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: no size information for this device%s: not listing already-listed directory%s: number of bytes is too large%s: option '%c%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '%s' is ambiguous %s: option '--%s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' doesn't allow an argument %s: option '-W %s' is ambiguous %s: option requires an argument -- '%c' %s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove all arguments recursively? %s: remove all arguments? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s: seek failed%s: too many checksum lines%s: try to overwrite %s, overriding mode %04lo (%s)? %s: unable to determine maximum file name length%s: unable to perform all requested operations%s: unary operator expected%s: unrecognized option '%c%s' %s: unrecognized option '--%s' %s: value not completely converted%s: write error%s:%lu: invalid line; missing second token%s:%lu: invalid zero-length file name%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}''')' expected')' expected, found %s(C)* file systems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS version 3 clients * compressed file systems * log-structured or journaled file systems, such as those supplied with AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.) * file systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes fail, such as RAID-based file systems * file systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server , load average: %.2f, %g s, %s/s --%s argument %s too large--context (-Z) works only on an SELinux-enabled kernel--reflink can be used only with --sparse=auto-R --dereference requires either -H or -L-R -h requires -P-ef does not accept -l-nt does not accept -l-ot does not accept -l??? ?????AbortedAddress family for hostname not supportedAlarm clockAll arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. All requests doneArgument buffer too smallArnold RobbinsBad system callBad value for ai_flagsBrian FoxBroken pipeBus errorCAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important assumption: that the file system overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern file system designs do not satisfy this assumption. The following are examples of file systems on which shred is not effective, or is not guaranteed to be effective in all file system modes: COMMENTCPU time limit exceededCall the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1. Call the unlink function to remove the specified FILE. Change the effective user id and group id to that of USER. -, -l, --login make the shell a login shell -c, --command=COMMAND pass a single COMMAND to the shell with -c -f, --fast pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh) -m, --preserve-environment do not reset environment variables -p same as -m -s, --shell=SHELL run SHELL if /etc/shells allows it Change the group of each FILE to GROUP. With --reference, change the group of each FILE to that of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. With --reference, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made --dereference affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself Change the security context of each FILE to CONTEXT. With --reference, change the security context of each FILE to that of RFILE. -h, --no-dereference affect symbolic links instead of any referenced file Chet RameyChild exitedColin PlumbCompare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output. -A, --show-all equivalent to -vET -b, --number-nonblank number nonempty output lines -e equivalent to -vE -E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line -n, --number number all output lines -s, --squeeze-blank suppress repeated empty output lines ContinuedConvert blanks in each FILE to tabs, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Copy a file, converting and formatting according to the operands. bs=BYTES read and write BYTES bytes at a time (also see ibs=,obs=) cbs=BYTES convert BYTES bytes at a time conv=CONVS convert the file as per the comma separated symbol list count=BLOCKS copy only BLOCKS input blocks ibs=BYTES read BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. -a, --append append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite -i, --ignore-interrupts ignore interrupt signals Create a temporary file or directory, safely, and print its name. TEMPLATE must contain at least 3 consecutive `X's in last component. If TEMPLATE is not specified, use tmp.XXXXXXXXXX, and --tmpdir is implied. Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid MadoreDiagnose invalid or unportable file names. -p check for most POSIX systems -P check for empty names and leading "-" --portability check for all POSIX systems (equivalent to -p -P) Directory: Display file or file system status. -L, --dereference follow links -f, --file-system display file system status instead of file status Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date. -d, --date=STRING display time described by STRING, not `now' -f, --file=DATEFILE like --date once for each line of DATEFILE Dmitry V. LevinDrop any supplemental groups, assume the user-ID and group-ID of the specified USER (numeric ID or user name), and run COMMAND with any specified ARGUMENTs. Exit with status 111 if unable to assume the required user and group ID. Otherwise, exit with the exit status of COMMAND. This program is useful only when run by root (user ID zero). EMT trapEXITEach range is one of: N N'th byte, character or field, counted from 1 N- from N'th byte, character or field, to end of line N-M from N'th to M'th (included) byte, character or field -M from first to M'th (included) byte, character or field With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Echo the STRING(s) to standard output. -n do not output the trailing newline Eric BlakeExit with a status code indicating failure.Exit with a status code indicating success.Exit with the status determined by EXPRESSION. F. PinardFAILEDFIXME: unknownFORMAT must be suitable for printing one argument of type `double'; it defaults to %.PRECf if FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are all fixed point decimal numbers with maximum precision PREC, and to %g otherwise. Fifos do not have major and minor device numbers.File size limit exceededFilesystem Filesystem TypeFilter adjacent matching lines from INPUT (or standard input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output). With no options, matching lines are merged to the first occurrence. Floating point exceptionFor complete documentation, run: info coreutils '%s invocation' For each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by whitespace. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input. -a FILENUM print unpairable lines coming from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2 -e EMPTY replace missing input fields with EMPTY Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block. General help using GNU software: Giuseppe ScrivanoH. Peter AnvinHangupI/O possibleIDLEIan Lance TaylorIdleIf FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Illegal instructionIn addition, file system backups and remote mirrors may contain copies of the file that cannot be removed, and that will allow a shredded file to be recovered later. In real life: In the 1st form, create a link to TARGET with the name LINK_NAME. In the 2nd form, create a link to TARGET in the current directory. In the 3rd and 4th forms, create links to each TARGET in DIRECTORY. Create hard links by default, symbolic links with --symbolic. When creating hard links, each TARGET must exist. Symbolic links can hold arbitrary text; if later resolved, a relative link is interpreted in relation to its parent directory. In the case of ext3 file systems, the above disclaimer applies (and shred is thus of limited effectiveness) only in data=journal mode, which journals file data in addition to just metadata. In both the data=ordered (default) and data=writeback modes, shred works as usual. Ext3 journaling modes can be changed by adding the data=something option to the mount options for a particular file system in the /etc/fstab file, as documented in the mount man page (man mount). Infinity BInformation requestInterruptInterrupted by a signalInvalid back referenceInvalid character class nameInvalid collation characterInvalid content of \{\}Invalid preceding regular expressionInvalid range endInvalid regular expressionJames YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin BraunsdorfKilledLINELOGINList information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort. LoginLogin name: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Mark KettenisMatthew BradburnMemory allocation failureMemory exhaustedMichael MeskesMichael StoneMike HaertelMike ParkerNAMENameName or service not knownNo address associated with hostnameNo matchNo previous regular expressionNon-recoverable failure in name resolutionOKOnly one string may be given when deleting without squeezing repeats.Option --string without a number implies 3; option --width without a number implies 32. By default, od uses -A o -t oS -w16. Ordering options: Other options: Output a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. Determine format of output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output defaults Output fixed-size pieces of INPUT to PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ...; default size is 1000 lines, and default PREFIX is `x'. With no INPUT, or when INPUT is -, read standard input. Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files `xx00', `xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output. Output platform dependent limits in a format useful for shell scripts. Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. PIDPackaged by %s Packaged by %s (%s) Padraig BradyPaginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Parameter string not correctly encodedPassword:Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaatPlan: Power failurePremature end of regular expressionPrint ARGUMENT(s) according to FORMAT, or execute according to OPTION: Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print NAME with its trailing /component removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output `.' (meaning the current directory). Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -s. -a, --all print all information, in the following order, except omit -p and -i if unknown: -s, --kernel-name print the kernel name -n, --nodename print the network node hostname -r, --kernel-release print the kernel release Print checksum and block counts for each FILE. -r use BSD sum algorithm, use 1K blocks -s, --sysv use System V sum algorithm, use 512 bytes blocks Print group memberships for each USERNAME or, if no USERNAME is specified, for the current process (which may differ if the groups database has changed). Print information about users who are currently logged in. Print machine architecture. Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT. -f, --format=FORMAT use printf style floating-point FORMAT -s, --separator=STRING use STRING to separate numbers (default: \n) -w, --equal-width equalize width by padding with leading zeroes Print or change terminal characteristics. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the current time, the length of time the system has been up, the number of users on the system, and the average number of jobs in the run queue over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes.Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. -s, --silent, --quiet print nothing, only return an exit status Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the full filename of the current working directory. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the name of the current user. Print the number of processing units available to the current process, which may be less than the number of online processors Print the prime factors of each specified integer NUMBER. If none are specified on the command line, read them from standard input. Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID. Same as id -un. Print user and group information for the specified USERNAME, or (when USERNAME omitted) for the current user. -a ignore, for compatibility with other versions -Z, --context print only the security context of the current user -g, --group print only the effective group ID -G, --groups print all group IDs -n, --name print a name instead of a number, for -ugG -r, --real print the real ID instead of the effective ID, with -ugG -u, --user print only the effective user ID Print value of a symbolic link or canonical file name Processing request in progressProfiling timer expiredProject: Q. Frank XiaQuitRandy SmithReal-time signal %dReformat each paragraph in the FILE(s), writing to standard output. The option -WIDTH is an abbreviated form of --width=DIGITS. Regular expression too bigRemove (unlink) the FILE(s). -f, --force ignore nonexistent files, never prompt -i prompt before every removal Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty ignore each failure that is solely because a directory is non-empty Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Report %s bugs to: %s Report %s translation bugs to Request canceledRequest not canceledResource lostRichard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss PatersonRun COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling. With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Nicenesses range from %d (most favorable scheduling) to %d (least favorable). -n, --adjustment=N add integer N to the niceness (default 10) Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals. Run COMMAND, with modified buffering operations for its standard streams. Run a program in a different security context. With neither CONTEXT nor COMMAND, print the current security context. CONTEXT Complete security context -c, --compute compute process transition context before modifying -t, --type=TYPE type (for same role as parent) -u, --user=USER user identity -r, --role=ROLE role -l, --range=RANGE levelrange Russell CokerScott BartramScott MillerSegmentation faultSend signals to processes, or list signals. Servname not supported for ai_socktypeSet LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Set each NAME to VALUE in the environment and run COMMAND. -i, --ignore-environment start with an empty environment -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -u, --unset=NAME remove variable from the environment Shell: Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default. Shrink or extend the size of each FILE to the specified size A FILE argument that does not exist is created. If a FILE is larger than the specified size, the extra data is lost. If a FILE is shorter, it is extended and the extended part (hole) reads as zero bytes. Simon JosefssonSpecial files require major and minor device numbers.Stack faultStoppedStopped (signal)Stopped (tty input)Stopped (tty output)Stuart KempSuccessSummarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. System errorTIMETemporary failure in name resolutionTerminatedThe following optional flags may follow `%': - (hyphen) do not pad the field _ (underscore) pad with spaces 0 (zero) pad with zeros ^ use upper case if possible # use opposite case if possible The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. -H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it -L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered -P do not traverse any symbolic links (default) The strings compared were %s and %s.Torbjorn GranlundTrace/breakpoint trapTrailing backslashTranslate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing to standard output. -c, -C, --complement use the complement of SET1 -d, --delete delete characters in SET1, do not translate -s, --squeeze-repeats replace each input sequence of a repeated character that is listed in SET1 with a single occurrence of that character -t, --truncate-set1 first truncate SET1 to length of SET2 Try `%s --help' for more information. Try `%s ./%s' to remove the file %s. Two strings must be given when both deleting and squeezing repeats.Two strings must be given when translating.Ulrich DrepperUnknown errorUnknown signal %dUnknown system errorUnmatched ( or \(Unmatched ) or \)Unmatched [ or [^Unmatched \{Update the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time. A FILE argument that does not exist is created empty, unless -c or -h is supplied. A FILE argument string of - is handled specially and causes touch to change the times of the file associated with standard output. Urgent I/O conditionUsage: %s Usage: %s COMMAND [ARG]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s CONTEXT COMMAND [args] or: %s [ -c ] [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-t TYPE] [-l RANGE] COMMAND [args] Usage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE1 FILE2 or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NUMBER[SUFFIX]... or: %s OPTION Pause for NUMBER seconds. SUFFIX may be `s' for seconds (the default), `m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. Unlike most implementations that require NUMBER be an integer, here NUMBER may be an arbitrary floating point number. Given two or more arguments, pause for the amount of time specified by the sum of their values. Usage: %s OPTION... COMMAND Usage: %s OPTION... FILE... Usage: %s OPTION... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [SETTING]... or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-a|--all] or: %s [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-g|--save] Usage: %s [-WIDTH] [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL] PID... or: %s -l [SIGNAL]... or: %s -t [SIGNAL]... Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NAME] or: %s OPTION Print or set the hostname of the current system. Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPERAND]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [OPTION] Print the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) for the current host. Usage: %s [OPTION] NEWROOT [COMMAND [ARG]...] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... CONTEXT FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... [-u USER] [-r ROLE] [-l RANGE] [-t TYPE] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST LAST or: %s [OPTION]... FIRST INCREMENT LAST Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR] Usage: %s [OPTION]... NAME... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] or: %s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... or: %s [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form) or: %s [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form) or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form) Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [USER [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] or: %s -e [OPTION]... [ARG]... or: %s -i LO-HI [OPTION]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Base64 encode or decode FILE, or standard input, to standard output. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]] or: %s --traditional [OPTION]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b] [+][LABEL][.][b]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Print or check %s (%d-bit) checksums. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [PREFIX]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [TEMPLATE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USER]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [VARIABLE]... Print the values of the specified environment VARIABLE(s). If no VARIABLE is specified, print name and value pairs for them all. Usage: %s [SHORT-OPTION]... USER COMMAND [ARGUMENT]... or: %s LONG-OPTION Usage: %s [SHORT-OPTION]... [STRING]... or: %s LONG-OPTION Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [ignored command line arguments] or: %s OPTION Usage: test EXPRESSION or: test or: [ EXPRESSION ] or: [ ] or: [ OPTION User defined signal 1User defined signal 2Using -s ignores -L and -P. Otherwise, the last option specified controls behavior when the source is a symbolic link, defaulting to %s. Valid arguments are:Valid format sequences for file systems: %a Free blocks available to non-superuser %b Total data blocks in file system %c Total file nodes in file system %d Free file nodes in file system %f Free blocks in file system %C SELinux security context string Virtual timer expiredWARNING: --page-increment is deprecated; use --line-increment insteadWARNING: --preserve_context is deprecated; use --preserve-context insteadWARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s WARNING: ignoring --context (-Z); this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --preserve-context; this kernel is not SELinux-enabledWARNING: ignoring --strip-program option as -s option was not specifiedWarning: WhenWhereWindow changedWith --follow (-f), tail defaults to following the file descriptor, which means that even if a tail'ed file is renamed, tail will continue to track its end. This default behavior is not desirable when you really want to track the actual name of the file, not the file descriptor (e.g., log rotation). Use --follow=name in that case. That causes tail to track the named file in a way that accommodates renaming, removal and creation. Wrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write a random permutation of the input lines to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to standard output. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``-%c' extra characters or invalid number in the argument: %s`--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argument`-N NUMBER' invalid starting line number: %s`-W PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %s`-l PAGE_LENGTH' invalid number of lines: %s`-o MARGIN' invalid line offset: %s`-w PAGE_WIDTH' invalid number of characters: %sa command must be given with an adjustmentaccessing %sai_family not supportedai_socktype not supportedambiguous argument %s for %san input delimiter may be specified only when operating on fieldsappending output to %sbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileblock special files not supportedboth SI and IEC prefixes present on unitsboth files cannot be standard inputbyte offset %s is too largecan't apply partial context to unlabeled file %scan't get process contextcannot access %scannot backup %scannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change ownership of %scannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot chdir to root directorycannot combine --target-directory (-t) and --no-target-directory (-T)cannot combine --target-directory and --no-target-directorycannot combine -e and -i optionscannot combine any two of {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}cannot combine block and unblockcannot combine excl and nocreatcannot combine lcase and ucasecannot combine mode and --reference optionscannot combine signal with -l or -tcannot compare file names %s and %scannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot create temporary file in %scannot dereference %scannot determine device and inode of %scannot determine hostnamecannot determine location of %s. reverting to pollingcannot do ioctl on %scannot find name for group ID %lucannot find name for user ID %lucannot follow %s by namecannot force target context to %s and preserve itcannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot get nicenesscannot get system namecannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot open %s for writingcannot open directory %scannot operate on dangling symlink %scannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot perform formatted outputcannot preserve extended attributes, cp is built without xattr supportcannot preserve security context without an SELinux-enabled kernelcannot print "only" of more than one choicecannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot print security context when user specifiedcannot read directory %scannot read file names from %scannot read file system information for %scannot read realtime clockcannot read symbolic link %scannot read table of mounted file systemscannot remove %scannot remove directory: %scannot reposition file pointer for %scannot run %scannot set %scannot set datecannot set group idcannot set group-ID to %lucannot set groupscannot set hostname; this system lacks the functionalitycannot set name to %scannot set nicenesscannot set time stamps for %scannot set user idcannot set user-ID to %lucannot skip past end of combined inputcannot specify --null (-0) with commandcannot specify both printing across and printing in parallelcannot specify number of columns when printing in parallelcannot specify times from more than one sourcecannot split in more than one waycannot stat %scannot stat current directory (now %s)cannot stat standard inputcannot touch %scannot un-backup %scannot unlink %scannot unset %scannot watch %scannot watch parent directory of %scannot work around kernel bug after allchanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %schanging security context of %s character offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special filecharacter special files not supportedclearing permissions for %sclock changeclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing directory %sclosing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputcompatibility mode supports at most one fileconflicting empty-field replacement stringsconflicting security context specifiers givencould not set buffering of %s to mode %s couldn't create process for %s -dcouldn't create temporary filecouldn't execute %scouldn't execute %s -dcouldn't find directory entry in %s with matching i-nodecouldn't get boot timecreated directory %screating directory %screating file %s creating hard link %screating hard link %s => %screating hard link to %.0s%screating symbolic link %screating symbolic link %s -> %sdelimiter list ends with an unescaped backslash: %sdirectorydivision by zerodup2 failedempty %s not allowedempty file nameempty taberror closing fileerror in regular expression matchererror in regular expression searcherror initializing month stringserror monitoring inotify eventerror reading %serror reading inotify eventerror waiting for commanderror writing %sexit=extra argument %sextra operand %sextra operand %s extra operand %s not allowed with -%cfailed to change context of %s to %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to chdir to %sfailed to clone %sfailed to compute a new contextfailed to create directory via template %sfailed to create file via template %sfailed to create security context: %sfailed to get attributes of %sfailed to get current contextfailed to get file system create contextfailed to get groups for the current processfailed to get groups for user %sfailed to get security context of %sfailed to lookup file %sfailed to open %sfailed to preserve authorship for %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfailed to redirect standard errorfailed to redirect stderr to /dev/nullfailed to remove %sfailed to remove directory %sfailed to render standard input unusablefailed to reopen %s with mode %sfailed to restore the default file creation contextfailed to return to initial working directoryfailed to run command %sfailed to set %s security context component to %sfailed to set additional groupsfailed to set default file creation context to %sfailed to set group-IDfailed to set new range %sfailed to set new role %sfailed to set new type %sfailed to set new user %sfailed to set supplemental group(s)failed to set the copy of stderr to close on execfailed to set the security context of %s to %sfailed to set user-IDfailed to stat %sfailed to turn off O_DIRECT: %sfailed to update the environment with %sfdatasync failed for %sfflush failedfield number %s is too largefield number is zerofields and positions are numbered from 1fifofile %d is not in sorted orderfile operands cannot be combined with --files0-fromfile operands cannot be combined with --print-database (-p)file system type %s both selected and excludedfork system call failedformat %s ends in %%format %s has no %% directiveformat %s has too many %% directivesformat %s has unknown %%%c directiveformat string may not be specified when printing equal width stringsfsync failed for %sfts_close failedfts_read failedgetpass: cannot open /dev/ttygetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableid=ignoring all argumentsignoring inputignoring input and appending output to %signoring input and redirecting stderr to stdoutignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %signoring non-option argumentsincompatible join fields %lu, %luincompatible tabsincorrect passwordinotify cannot be used, reverting to pollinginput disappearedinput line is too longinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid %s%s argument `%s'invalid --%s argument %sinvalid adjustment %sinvalid argument %sinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid body numbering style: %sinvalid buffering mode %s for %s invalid byte or field listinvalid character `%c' in type string %sinvalid character class %sinvalid context: %sinvalid conversioninvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid date %sinvalid date format %sinvalid decreasing rangeinvalid device %s %sinvalid device type %sinvalid field number: %sinvalid field specifier: %sinvalid field width: %sinvalid file number in field spec: %sinvalid floating point argument: %sinvalid footer numbering style: %sinvalid format precisioninvalid format widthinvalid gap width: %sinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid group list %sinvalid group: %sinvalid header numbering style: %sinvalid inputinvalid input flaginvalid input range %sinvalid integer %sinvalid integer argument %sinvalid line count %sinvalid line discipline %sinvalid line number field width: %sinvalid line number increment: %sinvalid line numbering format: %sinvalid line width: %sinvalid major device number %sinvalid maximum depth %sinvalid minor device number %sinvalid modeinvalid mode %sinvalid mode: %sinvalid number %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of blank lines: %sinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of columns: %sinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid number of lines: 0invalid option -- %cinvalid option -- %c; -WIDTH is recognized only when it is the first option; use -w N insteadinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid output flaginvalid page range %sinvalid precision: %sinvalid range with no endpoint: -invalid repeat count %s in [c*n] constructinvalid specinvalid starting line number: %sinvalid status flaginvalid suffix %s, contains directory separatorinvalid suffix in %s%s argument `%s'invalid tab size: %sinvalid template, %s, contains directory separatorinvalid template, %s; with --tmpdir, it may not be absoluteinvalid time interval %sinvalid time style format %sinvalid trailing option -- %cinvalid type string %sinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte floating point typeinvalid type string %s; this system doesn't provide a %lu-byte integral typeinvalid universal character name \%c%0*xinvalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sinvalid wrap size: %sinvalid zero-length file nameit is dangerous to operate recursively on %sit is dangerous to operate recursively on %s (same as %s)last=leading `-' in a component of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name %slimit %lu exceeded by length %lu of file name component %sline buffering stdin is meaninglessline count option -%s%c... is too largeline number %s is smaller than preceding line number, %sline number overflowmaximum --%s argument with current rlimit is %smemory exhaustedmessage queueminimum --%s argument is %smisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing `]'missing argument after %smissing argument to %smissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing destination file operand after %smissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing file operandmissing hexadecimal number in escapemissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operandmissing operand after %smode must specify only file permission bitsmode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multi-character tab %smultiple -i options specifiedmultiple -l or -t options specifiedmultiple compress programs specifiedmultiple delimiters specifiedmultiple levelrangesmultiple output files specifiedmultiple output formats specifiedmultiple random sources specifiedmultiple relative modifiers specifiedmultiple rolesmultiple target directories specifiedmultiple typesmultiple usersneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno change to ownership of %s no command specifiedno file systems processedno files remainingno input from %sno login nameno process ID specifiedno type may be specified when dumping stringsno username specified; at least one must be specified when using -lnonportable character %s in file name %snot a ttynot writing through dangling symlink %snumber in %s is too largenumber of bytesnumber of linesoffset overflow while reading file %somitting directory %sonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one device may be specifiedonly one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %soption used in invalid context -- %coptions --backup and --no-clobber are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --preserve-timestamps are mutually exclusiveoptions --compare (-C) and --strip are mutually exclusiveoptions `-%s' are incompatibleoutput file suffixes exhaustedoverflow extending size of file %soverflow rounding up size of file %sownership of %s retained ownership of %s retained as %s page number overflowpage width too narrowpreserving permissions for %spreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedreading %sreading directory %srecord too largeredirecting stderr to stdoutregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s removed directory: %s removing directory, %srun-levelsemaphoreseparator cannot be emptyset LC_ALL='C' to work around the problemsetting flags for %ssetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectskip-bytes + read-bytes is too largeskipping %s, since it's on a different deviceskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstderrstdinstdoutstray character in field specstring comparison failedstring transformation failedstrip process terminated abnormallysuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errorsystem boottab size cannot be 0tab size contains invalid character(s): %stab sizes must be ascendingtab stop is too large %stab stop value is too largetabs are too far aparttarget %s is not a directorytarget directory not allowed when installing a directoryterm=test and/or [the --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --compare (-C) option is ignored when you specify a mode with non-permission bitsthe --context (-Z) option is obsolete and will be removed in a future releasethe --quiet option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the argument %s lacks a leading `+'; when using an option to specify date(s), any non-option argument must be a format string beginning with `+'the delimiter must be a single characterthe options for verbose and stty-readable output styles are mutually exclusivethe options to output dircolors' internal database and to select a shell syntax are mutually exclusivethe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivethe strings compared were %s and %sthe strip option may not be used when installing a directorythe untransformed string was %stime %s is out of rangeto use user-ID %s you need to use -g tootoo few X's in template %stoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtoo many characters in settoo many repeated linestoo many templatestotaltraversal failed: %styped memory objectuid=%luunable to display error messageunable to record current working directoryunable to set security context %sunexpected failure: fts_info=%d: %s please report to %sunknown binary operatorunknown status from command (0x%X)unknown streamunknown user-ID: %sunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableunrecognized operand %sunrecognized prefix: %sup %ld day %2d:%02d, up %ld days %2d:%02d, up ???? days ??:??, use --no-preserve-root to override this failsafeuser %s does not existusing %s to denote standard input does not work in file system modeusing arbitrary-precision arithmeticusing restricted shell %susing single-precision arithmeticwaiting for %s [-d]waiting for stripwarning: %s: character(s) following character constant have been ignoredwarning: %s: failed to change context to %swarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: --retry is useful mainly when following by namewarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: `touch %s' is obsolete; use `touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'warning: an unescaped backslash at end of string is not portablewarning: backslash at end of formatwarning: cannot change directory to %swarning: cannot remove: %swarning: following standard input indefinitely is ineffectivewarning: ignoring excess arguments, starting with %swarning: invalid file offset after failed readwarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: line number %s is the same as preceding line numberwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: summarizing conflicts with --max-depth=%luwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0warning: the --%s option is obsolete; use --referencewarning: the ambiguous octal escape \%c%c%c is being interpreted as the 2-byte sequence \0%c%c, %cwarning: unrecognized escape `\%c'warning: working around lseek kernel bug for file (%s) of mt_type=0x%0lx -- see for the list of typesweird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen reading file names from stdin, no file name of %s allowedwhen specifying an output style, modes may not be setwhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'will not copy %s through just-created symlink %swill not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swith --parents, the destination must be a directorywith --suffix, template %s must end in Xwrite errorwrite error for %swrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify -c, -t, -u, -l, -r, or contextyou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsyou must specify one of %s or %sProject-Id-Version: coreutils 8.4 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2010-04-08 21:05+0800 Last-Translator: Aron Xu Language-Team: Chinese (simplified) MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0; ( 表达式 ) 表达式的值为真 ! 表达式 表达式的值为假(非) 表达式1 -a 表达式2 两个表达式的值都为真时结果为真(与) 表达式1 -o 表达式2 两个表达式中任一的值为真时结果为真(或) --check-order 检查输入是否被正确排序，即使所有输入行均成对 --nocheck-order 不检查输入是否被正确排序 -1 不输出文件1 特有的行 -2 不输出文件2 特有的行 -3 不输出两个文件共有的行 -a, --all 等于-b -d --login -p -r -t -T -u 选项的组合 -b, --boot 上次系统启动时间 -d, --dead 显示已死的进程 -H, --heading 输出头部的标题列 -b 文件 指定文件存在且为块设备文件 -c 文件 指定文件存在且为字符设备文件 -d 文件 指定文件存在且为目录 -e 文件 指定文件存在 -l 对指定用户输出完整的长格式信息 -b 在长格式中省略用户主目录以及登录 shell -h 在长格式中省略用户的项目文件 -p 在长格式中省略用户的计划文件 -s 输出短格式信息(默认) -n 字符串 字符串的长度非零 字符串 等于"-n 字符串" -z 字符串 字符串的长度为零 字符串1 = 字符串2 两个字符串相等 字符串1 != 字符串2 两个字符串不等 ARG1 * ARG2 计算 ARG1 与ARG2 相乘之积 ARG1 / ARG2 计算 ARG1 与ARG2 相除之商 ARG1 % ARG2 计算 ARG1 与ARG2 相除之余数 ARG1 + ARG2 计算 ARG1 与ARG2 相加之和 ARG1 - ARG2 计算 ARG1 与ARG2 相减之差 ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 小于ARG2 ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 小于或等于ARG2 ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 等于ARG2 ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 不等于ARG2 ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 大于或等于ARG2 ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 大于ARG2 文件1 -ef 文件2 文件1 与文件2 的设备和节点号相等 文件1 -nt 文件2 文件1 的上次修改时间新于文件2 文件1 -ot 文件2 文件1 的上次修改时间旧于文件2 整数 不包括指定的行，并以其为文件分块边界 /表达式/[偏移量] 不包括匹配到的行，并以其为文件分块边界 %表达式%[偏移量] 预先跳过匹配的行数，以其为文件分块边界 {整数} 将之前指定的模式重复指定的次数 {*} 将之前指定的模式重复尽可能多的次数。 一个行的偏移量需要在正整数值之后声明"+" 或 "-"。 整数1 -eq 整数2 整数1 等于整数2 整数1 -ge 整数2 整数1 大于等于整数2 整数1 -gt 整数2 整数1 大于 整数2 整数1 -le 整数2 整数1 大于等于整数2 整数1 -lt 整数2 整数1 小于 整数2 整数1 -ne 整数2 整数1 不等于整数2 字符串 : 表达式 定位字符串中匹配表达式的模式 match 字符串 表达式 等于"字符串 :表达式" substr 字符串 偏移量 长度 替换字符串的子串，偏移的数值从 1 起计 index 字符串 字符 在字符串中发现字符的地方建立下标，或者标0 length 字符串 字符串的长度 a 对所有行编号 t 对非空行编号 n 不编行号 pBRE 只对符合正则表达式BRE 的行编号 FORMAT 是下列之一: ln 左对齐，空格不用0 填充 rn 右对齐，空格不用0 填充 rz 右对齐，空格用0 填充 b 创建(有缓冲的)区块特殊文件 c, u 创建(没有缓冲的)字符特殊文件 p 创建先进先出(FIFO)特殊文件 # 用户数=%lu 如果页长<=10 则使用-t 选项。如果FILE 没有定义， 或者FILE 是"-"，则从标准输入读入。 若域中为先空字符(通常包括空格以及制表符)，然后非空字符，域中字符前的空字符将被跳过。 一个轻量级的"finger"程序，用于显示用户信息。 用到的utmp 文件为%s。 单纯的 - 意味着 -i。如果没有命令，则打印结果环境。 单独的"-"选项隐含了-l。如果不指定用户，则假设其为root。 在任何标记之后还允许一个可选的域宽度指定，它是一个十进制数字。 作为一个可选的修饰声明，它可以是E，在可能的情况下使用本地环境关联的 表示方式；或者是O，在可能的情况下使用本地环境关联的数字符号。 被省略的表达式的值默认为假，否则可能为真也可能为假， 并会被设为退出状态值。有效的表达式应属于下列之一： 有一个特别情况：如果同时指定--force 和--backup 选项，而源文件和目标文件 是同一个已存在的一般文件的话，cp 会将源文件备份。 块和字节数后可能带有以下的一个或多个后缀： c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. 每个 CONV 符号可能为： 请注意有许多运算操作符都可能需要由 shell 先实施转义。 如果参与运算的 ARG 自变量都是数字，比较符就会被视作数学符号，否则就是多义的。 模式匹配会返回"\"和"\"之间被匹配的子字符串或空(null)；如果未使用"\"和"\"， 则会返回匹配字符数量或是 0。 当类型为"p"时可不指定主设备号和次设备号，否则它们是必须指定的。 如果主设备号和次设备号以"0x"或"0X"开头，它们会被视作十六进制数来 解析；如果以"0"开头，则被视作八进制数；其余情况下被视作十进制数。 可用的类型包括： 默认时，rm 不会删除目录。使用--recursive(-r 或-R)选项可删除每个给定 的目录，以及其下所有的内容。 默认的选项设置是-v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn。CC 是用于分隔 逻辑页数的两个分界符，其中缺失的第二个字符暗含了":"，如果您要指定"\"， 请输入"\\"。可用的样式如下： 默认情况下，源文件的稀疏性仅仅通过简单的方法判断，对应的目标文件目标文件也 被为稀疏。这是因为默认情况下使用了--sparse=auto 参数。如果明确使用 --sparse=always 参数则不论源文件是否包含足够长的0 序列也将目标文件创文 建为稀疏件。 使用--sparse=never 参数禁止创建稀疏文件。 当指定了--reflink[=always] 参数时执行轻量化的复制，即只在数据块被修改的 情况下才复制。如果复制失败或者同时指定了--reflink=auto，则返回标准复制模式。 综合设置： * [-]LCASE 等于[-]lcase cbreak 等于-icanon -cbreak 等于icanon 控制设置： [-]clocal 禁用调制解调器控制信号 [-]cread 允许接收输入 * [-]crtscts 启用RTS/CTS 握手 csN 设置字符大小为N 位，N 的范围为5 到8 所显示的数值是来自 --block-size、%s_BLOCK_SIZE、BLOCK_SIZE 及 BLOCKSIZE 环境变量中第一个可用的 SIZE 单位。 否则，默认单位是 1024 字节(或是 512，若设定 POSIXLY_CORRECT 的话)。 FLAG 符号可以是： append 追加模式(仅对输出有意义；隐含了conv=notrunc) 每种 MODE 都应属于这类形式"[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+"。 示例： %s -12 文件1 文件2 只打印在文件1和文件2中都有的行 %s -3 文件1 文件2 打印在文件1中有，而文件2中没有的行。反之亦然。 示例： %s /usr/bin/sort 输出"sort"。 %s include/stdio.h .h 输出"stdio"。 示例： %s /usr/bin/sort 输出"/usr/bin"。 %s stdio.h 输出"."。 示例： %s f - g 先输出f 的内容，然后输出标准输入的内容，最后输出g 的内容。 %s 将标准输入的内容复制到标准输出。 示例： %s root /u 将 /u 的属主更改为"root"。 %s root:staff /u 和上面类似，但同时也将其属组更改为"staff"。 %s -hR root /u 将 /u 及其子目录下所有文件的属主更改为"root"。 示例： %s staff /u 将 /u 的属组更改为"staff"。 %s -hR staff /u 将 /u 及其子目录下所有文件的属组更改为"staff"。 除-h 和-L 以外，其它所有与指定文件相关的测试都会作用于符号链接。 请留心您在必要时需由shell 转义圆括号字符(例如使用反斜杠)。 指定整数也可用"-l 字符串"表示，这会估算相应字符串的长度。 若表达式的值既不是空也不是 0，退出状态值为 0；若表达式的值为空或为 0， 退出状态值为 1。如果表达式的句法无效，则会在出错时返回退出状态值 3。 退出状态： 0 正常 1 一般问题 (例如：无法访问子文件夹) 2 严重问题 (例如：无法使用命令行参数) 指定格式类似 C 中的 printf 函数，可控制输出。有效的解释序列有： \" 双引号 给定的格式FORMAT 控制着输出，解释序列如下： %% 一个文字的 % %a 当前locale 的星期名缩写(例如： 日，代表星期日) 处理连接到标准输入的tty 终端行设置。当不附加参数时，程序会输出波特率、行约束 规则以及与标准stty 设置间的偏差。在设置中，字符会被逐字读取或是被编码为^c、 0x37、0177 或127 这样的字符，其中有特殊值^- 或undef 被用于禁止特殊字符。 若-e 可用，则以下序列即可识别： 如果指定文件为"-"，粉碎标准输出的数据。 如果加上--remove (-u)选项表示删除文件。默认的方式是不删除文件，因为 覆盖像/dev/hda 等的设备文件是很普遍的，而这些文件通常不应删除。当覆盖 一般文件时，绝大多数人都会使用--remove 选项。 如果文件未被指定，则使用%s。%s 是通用的相关文件。 如果给定了参数1 和参数2，-m 会假定："am i"或"mom likes" 为参数。 如果指定了文件，则读取该文件的数据来决定文件类型及扩展名相应的颜色。 否则，会使用默认的数据库。如要了解此文件格式的细节，请执行： "dircolors --print-database"。 如果省略了首数或者增量，则默认其值为1，即使这样尾数仍小于首数。 首数、增量和尾数均以浮点数形式解释。当首数小于尾数时增量一般为正值， 相反在首数大于尾数时增量一般为负数。 若 MODE 是“0”，则相应的流将不缓冲。 若 MODE 是“L”，则相应的流将是行缓冲模式。 标准输入流下此选项无效。 如果文件指定为"-"，则将输入内容复制到标准输出。 如果两个调用格式都适用，系统会在最后一个运算量以"+"或数字开始 (如果有两个运算量)的情况下采用第二种格式。 偏移量是指 -j 偏移量。标签是第一个字节的伪地址， 随着累积过程递增。偏移量和标签如果冠以"0x"或"0X"前缀则 表示十六进制数；后缀"."代表八进制数，后缀"b"表示乘以 512。 如果没有指定命令，则运行"${SHELL} -i" (默认：/bin/sh)。 如果标准输入是一个终端，重定向自/dev/null。 如果标准输出是一个终端，尽可能将输出添加到"nohup.out"， 否则添加到"$HOME/nohup.out"。 如果标准错误输出是一个终端，重定向它到标准输出。 要保存输出内容到一个文件，使用 "%s COMMAND > FILE" 形式的命令。 如果程序超时则退出状态数为124，否则返回程序退出状态。 如果没有指定信号则默认为TERM 信号。TERM 信号在进程没有捕获此信号时杀死进程。 对于另一些进程可能需要使用KILL (9)信号，当然此信号不能被捕获。 如果字节数或行数K 的第一个字符是"+"，输出从文件开始第K 个项目，否则输出文件 最后K 个项目。K 可以使用一下几种单位之一： b 512，kB 1000，K 1024，MB 1000*1000，M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000，G 1024*1024*1024，以及T，P，E，Z，Y。 输入设置： [-]brkint 任务中断会触发中断信号 [-]icrnl 将回车转换为换行符 [-]ignbrk 忽略中断字符 [-]igncr 忽略回车 K 后面可以跟乘号: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, 对于T, P, E, Z, Y 同样适用。 许可证：GPLv3+：GNU 通用公共许可证第3 版或更新版本。 本软件是自由软件：您可以自由修改和重新发布它。 在法律范围内没有其他保证。 本地设置： [-]crterase 擦除字符回显为退格符 * crtkill 依照echoprt 和echoe 的设置清除所有行 * -crtkill 依照echoctl 和echol 的设置清除所有行 注意：若 COMMAND 调整其自身的标准流缓冲区(如“tee”就是)， 则此操作会覆盖由“stdbuf”所做出的相应设置。 还有某些滤件程序(如“dd”和“cat”之类)，它们不使用输入输出流， 因此不受“stdbuf”设置的影响。 注意：[ 服从 --help 和 --version 选项但 test 不同。 test 将其和其他非空字符串同能对待。 注意：您的shell 内含自己的%s 程序版本，它会覆盖这里所提及的相应 版本。请查阅您的shell 文档获知它所支持的选项。 请注意，-d 和-t 选项可接受不同的时间/日期格式。 请注意-r 和-s 是互斥的选项。 注意，比较操作遵从"LC_CPLLATE"所定义的规则。 提示：uniq 不会检查重复的行，除非它们是相邻的行。 如果您想先对输入排序，使用没有uniq 的"sort -u"。 同时，比较服从"LC_COLLATE" 变量所指定的规则。 可选- 在设置前的指示中，* 标记出了非POSIX 标准的设置。以下系 统定义象征了哪些设置是有效的。 否则 MODE 就应该是以下数字单位中的一个： KB 1000，K 1024，MB 1000*1000，M 1024*1024，以及 G、T、P、E、Z、Y。 在此情况下，相应的流将缓冲由 MODE 指定大小的缓冲字节。 输出设置： * bsN 退格延迟的风格，N 的值为0 至1 * crN 回车延迟的风格，N 的值为0 至3 * ffN 换页延迟的风格，N 的值为0 至1 * nlN 换行延迟的风格，N 的值为0 至1 如果没有指定所有者，则不会更改。 所属组若没有指定也不会更改，但当加上 ":"时 GROUP 会更改为指定所有者的主要组。所有者和所属组可以是数字或名称。 POS 是F[.C][OPTS]，F 代表域编号，C 是域中字母的位置，F 和C 均从1开始计数 如果没有有效的-t 或-b 选项存在，则从前导空格后开始计数字符。OPTS 是一个或多个 由单个字母表示的顺序选项，以此覆盖此key 的全局顺序设置。如果没有指定key 则 将其整个行。 指定的大小可以使用以下单位之一： 将表达式的值列印到标准输出，分隔符下面的空行可提升算式优先级。 可用的表达式有： ARG1 | ARG2 若ARG1 的值不为0 或者为空，则返回ARG1，否则返回ARG2 ARG1 & ARG2 若两边的值都不为0 或为空，则返回ARG1，否则返回 0 当 RADIX 为"d"时代表十进制，为"o"时代表八进制，为"x"时代表十六进制， "n"则代表无。 BYTES 是以0x 或0X 为前缀的十六进制数，可能有以下几种后缀： b 512，kB 1000，K 1024，MB 1000*1000，M 1024*1024， GB 1000*1000*1000，G 1024*1024*1024，对于T，P，E，Z，Y 同样适用。 为任何类型添加"z"后缀都将在每个输出行的行尾显示可显示字符 如果文件为"-"，则读取标准输入。每个"格式"可以是： 请向%2$s 报告%1$s 的错误 请向<%s> 报告软件错误。请向 报告翻译错误。 SET 是一组字符串，一般都可按照字面含义理解。解析序列如下： \NNN 八进制值为NNN 的字符(1 至3 个数位) \\ 反斜杠 \a 终端鸣响 \b 退格 \f 换页 \n 换行 \r 回车 \t 水平制表符 参数中的信号可以是类似"HUP"的信号名称，也可以是如"1"这样的信号编码，或者进程被 信号终止后的退出状态号。 进程号(PID) 是一个整数，如果为负数则表示一个进程组。 尺寸应该是一个数字。对 doux 等类型来说，适用的尺寸有： C 代表 sizeof(char)、S 代表 sizeof(short)、I 代表 sizeof(int)，或 L 代表 sizeof(long)； 如果类型是 f，可适用的尺寸有： F 代表 sizeof(float)、D 代表sizeof(double)，或 L 代表 sizeof(long double)。 指定大小也可使用以下前缀修饰： "+" 增加，"-" 减少，"<" 至多，">" 至少， "/" 小于等于原尺寸数字的指定数字的最小倍数，"%" 大于等于原尺寸数字的指定数字的最大倍数。 译者注：当输入值为m，参考值为n 时， "/" 运算的数学计算式为 m / n * n； "%" 运算的数学计算式为( m + n - 1 ) / n * n SIZE 可以是一个可选的整数，后面跟着以下单位中的一个： KB 1000，K 1024，MB 1000*1000，M 1024*1024，还有 G、T、P、E、Z、Y。 对运行中的"dd"进程发送一个%s 信号会使得 I/O 的统计信息被打印到标准错误设备然后恢复复制操作。 $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$! $ kill -%s $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid 18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s 可用选项有： 特殊字符： * dsusp 字符 每当输入刷新时会发送一个用于终端阻塞信号的字符 eof 字符 表示文件末尾而发送的字符(用于终止输入) eol 字符 为表示行尾而发送的字符 特殊设置： N 设置输入输出速度为N 波特 * cols N 统治内核终端上有N 栏 * columns N 等于cols N TYPE 是由下面一种或几种参数组成的： a 重定义字符，忽略高位字节 c ASCII 码字符或者是反斜线字串(如\n) 备份文件的后缀为"~"，除非以--suffix 选项或是SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX 环境变量指定。版本控制的方式可通过--backup 选项或VERSION_CONTROL 环境 变量来选择。以下是可用的变量值： 数据以 RFC 3548 规定的 Base64 字母格式进行编码。 解码时，输入数据(加密流)可能包含一些非有效 Base64 字符的新行字符。可以尝试用 --ignore-garbage 选项来恢复加密流中任何非 base64 字符。 以下三个选项在进行校验时非常有用： --quiet 不为校验成功的文件输出OK --status 不输出任何内容，使用退出状态号显示成功 -w, --warn 对格式不准确的校验和行进行警告 校验和会按照%s 规范生成。当进行检查时，给出的输入格式应该和程序的输出 样板格式相同。默认的输出模式时输出一行校验和的校验结果，并有一个字符来 表示文件类型("*"代表二进制，" "代表纯文本)，并同时显示每个文件的名称。 有效的文件格式序列(不使用 --file-system)： %a 八进制权限 %A 用可读性较好的方式输出权限 %b 计算已分配块数(参见%B) %B 以字节为单位输出%b 所报告的每个块的大小 %C SELinux 安全环境字符串 此install 将文件(通常仅是编译后的文件)复制到您所选择的目的位置。 如果您希望在GNU/Linux 操作系统上下载并安装一个即时可用的软件包， 您应当使用诸如yum(1) 和apt-get(1) 的软件包管理器。 在前三种形式中，将源文件复制到目标文件或将多个源文件复制到一个已存在的目录 中同时设置其所有权和权限模式。在第四种形式中，创建给出目标目录中的所有组件。 要删除第一个字符为"-"的文件 (例如"-foo")，请使用以下方法之一： %s -- -foo %s ./-foo 传统格式命令可混合使用，不同的格式可叠加： -a 即 -t a， 使用命名的字符，忽略高阶位 -b 即 -t o1，使用八进制单字节字符 -c 即 -t c， 使用ASCII 字符，或者反斜杠正名的特殊字符 -d 即 -t u2，使用无符号十进制双字节字符 仅在SET1 和SET2 都给出，同时没有-d 选项的时候才会进行替换。 仅在替换时才可能用到-t 选项。如果需要SET2 将被通过在末尾添加原来的末字符的方式 补充到同SET1 等长。SET2 中多余的字符将被省略。只有[:lower:] 和[:upper:] 以升序展开字符；在用于替换时的SET2 中以成对表示大小写转换。-s 作用于SET1，既不 替换也不删除，否则在替换或展开后使用SET2 缩减。 仅使用f -b, -c 或-f 中的一个。每一个列表都是专门为一个类别作出的，或者您可以用逗号隔 开要同时显示的不同类别。您的输入顺序将作为读取顺序，每个仅能输入一次。 使用色彩来区分文件类型的功能已被禁用，默认设置和 --color=never 同时禁用了它。 使用 --color=auto 选项，ls 只在标准输出被连至终端时才生成颜色代码。 LS_COLORS 环境变量可改变此设置，可使用 dircolors 命令来设置。 如果不指定文件，或者文件为 "-"，程序将从标准输入读取数据。默认时隐含 "-F /"选项。 如果没有指定文件，或者文件为"-"，则从标准输入读取。 如果不附带选项，程序会生成三列输出。第一列包含文件1 特有的行，第二列包含 文件2 特有的行，而第三列包含两个文件共有的行。 如果不附带任何选项，程序会显示一些可供识别用户身份的有用信息。 将指定文件以八进制形式(默认)转储到标准输出。如果指定了多于一个的文件 参数，程序会自动将输入的内容整合为列表并以同样的形式输出。 如果没有指定文件，或指定文件为"-"，程序从标准输入读取数据。 ??? --backup[=CONTROL] 为每个已存在的目标文件创建备份 -b 类似--backup 但不接受参数 -f, --force 覆盖前不询问 -i, --interactive 覆盖前询问 -n, --no-clobber 不覆盖已存在文件 如果您指定了-i、-f、-n 中的多个，仅最后一个生效。 --backup[=CONTROL] 为每个已存在的目标文件创建备份文件 -b 类似--backup，但不接受任何参数 -d, -F, --directory 创建指向目录的硬链接(只适用于超级用户) -f, --force 强行删除任何已存在的目标文件 --backup[=CONTROL] 为每个已存在的文件创建备份 -b 类似--backup 但不接受参数 -c (忽略) -C, --compare 比较每组源文件和目标文件，在一些情况下不修改目标文件 -d, --directory 将所有参数视为目录名称；为指定的目录创建所有组件 --batch-size=NMERGE 一次最多合并NMERGE 个输入；如果输入更多 则使用临时文件 --block-size=大小 块以指定大小的字节为单位 -B, --ignore-backups 不列出任何以"~"字符结束的项目 -c 配合-lt：根据ctime 排序并显示ctime(文件 状态最后更改的时间) 配合-l：显示ctime 但根据名称排序 其他情况：按ctime 排序 --complement 补全选中的字节、字符或域 --files0-from=文件 从指定文件读取以NUL 终止的名称，如果该文件被 指定为"-"则从标准输入读文件名 -L, --max-line-length 显示最长行的长度 -w, --words 显示单词计数 --files0-from=F 计算文件F 中以NUL 结尾的文件名对应占用的磁盘空间 如果F 的值是"-"，则从标准输入读入文件名 -H 等于--dereference-args (-D) -h, --human-readable 以可读性较好的方式显示尺寸(例如：1K 234M 2G) --si 类似-h，但在计算时使用1000 为基底而非1024 --group-directories-first 在文件前分组目录。此选项可与--sort 一起使用， 但是一旦使用--sort=none (-U)将禁用分组 --help 显示此帮助信息并退出 --indicator-style=方式 指定在每个项目名称后加上指示符号方式： none (默认)，classify (-F)，file-type (-p) -i, --inode 显示每个文件的inode 号 -I, --ignore=PATTERN 不显示任何符合指定shell PATTERN 的项目 -k 即--block-size=1K --lookup 尝试通过 DNS 查验主机名 -m 只面对和标准输入有直接交互的主机和用户 -p, --process 显示由 init 进程衍生的活动进程 --no-preserve-roo 不特殊对待"/" --preserve-root 不允许删除"/"(默认) -r, -R, --recursive 递归删除目录及其内容 -v, --verbose 详细显示进行的步骤 --no-preserve-root 不特殊对待根目录(默认) --preserve-root 禁止对根目录进行递归操作 --no-preserve-root 不特殊对待"/"(默认值) --preserve-root 不允许在"/"上递归操作 --sno-preserve=属性列表 不保留指定的文件属性 --parents 复制前在目标目录创建来源文件路径中的所有目录 --one-file-system 递归删除一个层级时，跳过所有不符合命令行参 数的文件系统上的文件 --pid=PID 同 -f 一起使用，当 PID 所对应的进程死去后终止 -q, --quiet, --silent 不输出给出文件名的头 --retry 即使目标文件不可访问依然试图打开；在与参数 --follow=name 同时使用时常常有用。 --preserve-context 保持SELinux 的安全环境 -Z, --context=CONTEXT 设置文件和目录的SELinux 安全环境 --reference=参考文件 使用指定参考文件的安全环境，而非指定值 -R, --recursive 递归处理所有的文件及子目录 -v, --verbose 为处理的所有文件显示诊断信息 --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC 以RFC 3339 格式输出日期和时间。 TIMESPEC=`date'，`seconds'，或 `ns' 表示日期和时间的显示精度。 日期和时间单元由单个的空格分开： 2006-08-07 12:34:56-06:00 -s, --set=字符串 设置指定字符串来分开时间 -u, --utc, --universal 输出或者设置协调的通用时间 --sort=WORD 按照WORD 指定的格式排序： 一般数字-g，高可读性-h，月份-M，数字-n， 随机-R，版本-V -V, --version-sort 在文本内进行自然版本排序 --strip-trailing-slashes 去掉每个源文件参数尾部的斜线 -S, --suffix=SUFFIX 替换常用的备份文件后缀 --suffix=SUFF 将 SUFF 添加至 TEMPLATE。SUFF 不能带斜杠。 若 TEMPLATE 不以 X 结尾，则此选项隐式实现。 --time 显示目录或该目录子目录下所有文件的最后修改时间 --time=WORD 显示WORD 时间，而非修改时间： atime，access，use，ctime 或status --time-style=样式 按照指定样式显示时间(样式解释规则同"date"命令)： full-iso，long-iso，iso，+FORMAT --time-style=STYLE 和-l 同时使用时根据STYLE 代表的格式显示时间： full-iso、iso、locale、posix-iso、+FORMAT。 FORMAT 即是"date"所用的时间格式；如果FORMAT 是FORMAT1<换行>FORMAT2，FORMAT1 适用于较旧 的文件而FORMAT2 适用于较新的文件；如果STYLE 以"posix-"开头，则STYLE 仅在POSIX 语系之外 生效。 -t 根据修改时间排序 -T, --tabsize=宽度 指定制表符(Tab)的宽度，而非8 个字符 --verbose 在每个输出文件打开前输出文件特征 --version 显示版本信息并退出 --all 打印所拥有的处理器数目 --ignore=N 如果有可能，忽略 N 个处理器 容量 已用 可用 已用%% Inode 已用(I) 可用(I) 已用(I)%% 容量 已用 可用 已用%% -evenp 等于-parenb cs8 * [-]lcase 等于xcase iuclc olcuc litout 等于-parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout 等于parenb istrip opost cs7 nl 等于-icrnl -onlcr -nl 等于icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret [-]cstopb 每个字符使用2 位停止位 (要恢复成1 位配合"-"即可) [-]hup 当最后一个进程关闭标准终端后发送挂起信号 [-]hupcl 等于[-]hup [-]parenb 对输出生成奇偶校验位并等待输入的奇偶校验位 [-]parodd 设置校验位为奇数 (配合"-"则为偶数) [-]ignpar 忽略含有奇偶不对称错误的字符 * [-]imaxbel 发出终端响铃但不刷新字符的完整输入缓冲 [-]inlcr 将换行符转换为回车 [-]inpck 启用输入奇偶性校验 [-]istrip 剥除输入字符的高8 位比特 [-]isig 启用interrupt、quit和suspend 等特殊字符 [-]noflsh 在interrupt 和 quit 特殊字符后禁止刷新 * [-]prterase 等于[-]echoprt * [-]tostop 中止尝试向终端写入数据的后台任务 * [-]xcase 和icanon 配合使用，用转义符"\"退出大写状态 cooked 等于brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon eof eol 等的默认值 -cooked 等于-raw crt 等于echoe echoctl echoke dec 等于echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq 等于[-]ixany ek 清除所有字符，将它们回溯为默认值 evenp 等于parenb -parodd cs7 ispeed N 设置输入速度为N 波特 * line N 设置行约束规则为N min N 和 -icanon 配合使用，设置每次一完整读入的最小字符数为 ospeed N 设置输出速度为N 波特 oddp 等于parenb parodd cs7 -oddp 等于-parenb cs8 [-]parity 等于[-]evenp pass8 等于-parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 等于parenb istrip cs7 raw 等于-ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw 等于cooked sane 等于cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke，所有特殊字符均 使用默认值 stop 字符 停止输出的字符 susp 字符 发送终端阻断信号的字符 * swtch 字符 在不同的shell 层次间切换的字符 * werase 字符 擦除前一个输入的单词的字符 %% 一个 "%" %b 带"\"的指定的参数是禁用转义符的字符串， 例外：八进制数的转义串采用"\0"或"\0NNN"的形式 同时，所有以diouxXfeEgGcs 结尾的C 格式化说明，将首先把指定的参数转换为 合适的类型。变量的宽度将得到恰当处理。 %A 当前locale 的星期名全称 (如：星期日) %b 当前locale 的月名缩写 (如：一，代表一月) %B 当前locale 的月名全称 (如：一月) %c 当前locale 的日期和时间 (如：2005年3月3日 星期四 23:05:25) %C 世纪；比如 %Y，通常为省略当前年份的后两位数字(例如：20) %d 按月计的日期(例如：01) %D 按月计的日期；等于%m/%d/%y %e 按月计的日期，添加空格，等于%_d %F 完整日期格式，等价于 %Y-%m-%d %g ISO-8601 格式年份的最后两位 (参见%G) %G ISO-8601 格式年份 (参见%V)，一般只和 %V 结合使用 %S 秒(00-60) %t 输出制表符 Tab %T 时间，等于%H:%M:%S %u 星期，1 代表星期一 %U 一年中的第几周，以周日为每星期第一天(00-53) %V ISO-8601 格式规范下的一年中第几周，以周一为每星期第一天(01-53) %w 一星期中的第几日(0-6)，0 代表周一 %W 一年中的第几周，以周一为每星期第一天(00-53) %d 十进制设备编号 %D 十六进制设备编号 %f 十六进制原始模式 %F 文件类型 %g 文件的属组ID %G 文件的属组组名 %h 硬链接数量 %i Inode 编号 %n 文件名 %N 如果对象是一个符号链接，显示引用到的其它文件名 %o I/O 块大小 %s 总计大小，以字节为单位 %t 十六进制主设备类型 %T 十六进制子设备类型 %h 等于%b %H 小时(00-23) %I 小时(00-12) %j 按年计的日期(001-366) %i 十六进制文件系统ID %I 允许的文件名最大长度 %n 文件名 %s 块大小(用于快速传输) %S 基本块大小(用于块计数) %t 十六进制类型描述 %T 可读性较好的类型描述 %k 时(0-23) %l 时(1-12) %m 月份(01-12) %M 分(00-59) %n 换行 %N 纳秒(000000000-999999999) %p 当前locale 下的"上午"或者"下午"，未知时输出为空 %P 与%p 类似，但是输出小写字母 %r 当前locale 下的 12 小时时钟时间 (如：11:11:04 下午) %R 24 小时时间的时和分，等价于 %H:%M %s 自UTC 时间 1970-01-01 00:00:00 以来所经过的秒数 %u 文件的属主ID %U 文件的属主用户名 %x 上次访问时间 %X 从UNIX 元年起计的上次访问时间 %y 上次修改时间 %Y 从UNIX 元年起计的上次修改时间 %z 上次更改时间 %Z 从UNIX 元年起计的上次更改时间 %x 当前locale 下的日期描述 (如：12/31/99) %X 当前locale 下的时间描述 (如：23:13:48) %y 年份最后两位数位 (00-99) %Y 年份 %z +hhmm 数字时区(例如，-0400) %:z +hh:mm 数字时区(例如，-04:00) %::z +hh:mm:ss 数字时区(例如，-04:00:00) %:::z 数字时区带有必要的精度 (例如，-04，+05:30) %Z 按字母表排序的时区缩写 (例如，EDT) 默认情况下，日期的数字区域以0 填充。 + 记号 将记号解析为字符串，即使它是一个类似"match"或 运算符"/"那样的关键字 ( 表达式 ) 表达式的值 --output-delimiter=STR 依照STR 分列 --userspec=用户:组 指定所用的用户及用户组(可使用“数字”或“名字”) --groups=组列表 指定可供选择的用户组列表，形如组1，组2，组3... -0, --null 以空字符而非新行符结束每一输出行 -A, --address-radix=初始偏移 设置要显示的文件的初始偏移量 -j, --skip-bytes=字节数 略过指定字节数的输入内容 -A,--auto-reference 输出自动生成的引用 -G,--traditional 行为类似System V 的"ptx" -F,--flag-trunctaion=字符串 使用指定字符串来标识行的截断 -B, --block-size=大小 使用指定字节数的块 -b, --bytes 等于--apparent-size --block-size=1 -c, --total 显示总计信息 -D, --dereference-args 解除命令行中列出的符号连接 -C 每栏由上至下列出项目 --color[=WHEN] 控制是否使用色彩分辨文件。WHEN 可以是 "never"(默认)、"always"或"auto"其中之一 -d, --directory 当遇到目录时列出目录本身而非目录内的文件 -D, --dired 产生适合Emacs 的dired 模式使用的结果 -D 创建目标目录的所有必要的父目录，然后将源文件复制至该目录 -g, --group=组 自行设置所属组，而不是进程目前的所属组 -m, --mode=模式 自行设置权限模式(像chmod)，而不是rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=所有者 自行设置所有者(只适用于超级用户) -D, --date-format=格式 使用遵循指定格式的页眉日期 -e[字符[宽度]], --expand-tabs[=字符[宽度]] 扩展输入的字符(制表符) 到制表符宽度(8) -F, -f, --form-feed 使用出纸页页标代替新行作为页面间的分隔符 (使用-F 选项时报头为3 行,不使用时为5 行) -G, --no-group 以一个长列表的形式，不输出组名 -h, --human-readable 与-l 一起，以易于阅读的格式输出文件大小 (例如 1K 234M 2G) --si 同上面类似，但是使用1000 为基底而非1024 -H, --dereference-command-line 跟随命令行列出的符号链接 --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir 跟随命令行列出的目录的符号链接 --hide=PATTERN 隐藏符合PATTERN 模式的项目 (-a 或 -A 将覆盖此选项) -I 在删除超过三个文件或者递归删除前要求确认。此选项比-i 提 示内容更少，但同样可以阻止大多数错误发生 --interactive[=WHEN] 根据指定的WHEN 进行确认提示：never，once (-I)， 或者always (-i)。如果此参数不加WHEN 则总是提示 -L 文件 指定文件存在且为符号链接(等于-h) -O 文件 指定文件存在且属主ID 有效 -p 文件 指定文件存在且为命名管道 -r 文件 指定文件存在且具备读取权限 -s 文件 指定文件存在且其大小大于0 -L, --dereference 找出任何符号链接指示的真正目的地 -P, --no-dereference 不跟随任何符号链接(默认) -0, --null 将每个空行视作0 字节而非换行符 -S, --separate-dirs 不包括子目录的占用量 -s, --summarize 只分别计算命令列中每个参数所占的总用量 -L, --logical 使用环境变量中的PWD，即使其中包含符号链接 -P, --physical 避免所有符号链接 -M, --macro-name=字符串 指定代替"xx"的宏名 -O, --format=roff 生成roff 格式输出 -R, --right-side-refs 将关联引用放置在右侧，不能和-w 选项叠加 -S, --sentence-regexp=正则表达式 用于匹配行末或句末 -T, --format=tex 生成TeX 格式输出 -N, --read-bytes=字节数 限制要转储的输入字节为指定的字节数 -S, --strings[=字节数] 输出至少包含指定字节数的字符相应的字串 -t, --format=类型 选取输出格式类型 -v, --output-duplicates 不使用"*"字符标记屏蔽的行 -w, --width[=字节数] 每一行只输出指定的字节数 --traditional 接受传统形式提交的参数 -P, --portability 使用POSIX 兼容的输出格式 --sync 取得使用量数据前先进行同步动作 -t, --type=类型 只显示指定文件系统为指定类型的信息 -T, --print-type 显示文件系统类型 -x, --exclude-type=类型 只显示文件系统不是指定类型信息 -v (忽略) -S 根据文件大小排序 --sort=WORD 以下是可选用的WORD 和它们代表的相应选项： extension -X status -c none -U time -t size -S atime -u time -t access -u version -v use -u --time=WORD 和-l 同时使用时显示WORD 所代表的时间而非修改时 间：atime、access、use、ctime 或status；加上 --sort=time 选项时会以指定时间作为排序关键字 -S 文件 指定文件存在且为套接字文件 -t FD 已有一个终端打开了文件的描述符FD -u 文件 指定文件存在且设置了setuid 位 -w 文件 指定文件存在且具备写入权限 -x 文件 指定文件存在且具备执行或搜索(针对目录)权限 -S, --suffix=后缀 自行指定备份文件的后缀 -t, --target-directory=目录 在指定目录中创建链接 -T, --no-target-directory 将链接名称当作普通文件 -v, --verbose 链接前先列出每个文件的名称 -S字符串, --sep-string[=字符串] 使用指定的字符串分栏，不使用-S 则使用默认的制表符 TAB 作为分隔符，与-J 和空格一起使用(等于-S" ")对 分栏选项无影响 -t, --omit-header 忽略页眉和页脚 -T, --omit-pagination 按照输入文件中的设置忽略页眉和页脚并除去所有分页记号 -v, --show-nonprinting 使用八进制反斜杠标记 -w, --width=页面宽度 为多栏页面输出将设置为指定的字符数(默认72)， 仅当-s[char] 选项不启用时有效(即保持默认值 72)。 -T, -w, --mesg 用+，- 或 ? 标注用户消息状态 -u, --users 列出已登录的用户 --message 等于-T --writable 等于-T -W, --page-width=页宽 总是将页宽设置为指定的(默认72)字符数， 除非-J 选项启用总是截断行，此参数与-S 或-s 冲突 -W, --word-regexp=正则表达式 使用正则表达式匹配每个关键字 -b, --break-file=文件 以文件中包含的单词为分隔字符 -f, --ignore-case 排序时合并小写字母和大写字母 -g, --gap-size=数值 指定多个输出区块间的列间隙尺寸 -i, --ignore-file=文件 从指定文件中读取忽略单词的列表 -o, --only-file=文件 只从指定文件中读取单词列表 -Z, --context=CTX 将对应名称文件的SELinux 安全环境设置为CTX -Z, --context=CTX 将每个创建的目录的SELinux 安全环境设置为CTX -a 只更改访问时间 -c, --no-create 不创建任何文件 -d, --date=字符串 使用指定字符串表示时间而非当前时间 -f (忽略) -a, --across 设置每列从上到下输出，配合"-列数"选项一起使用 -c, --show-control-chars 使用头标(^G)和八进制反斜杠标记 -d, --double-space 加倍输出空白区域 -a, --all 包含虚拟文件系统 -B, --block-size=大小 使用指定字节数的块 --total 显示总计信息 -h, --human-readable 以可读性较好的格式显示尺寸(例如：1K 234M 2G) -H, --si 计算时使用1000 为基底而非1024 -a, --all 输出所有文件的磁盘用量，不仅仅是目录 --apparent-size 显示表面用量，而并非是磁盘用量；虽然表面用量通常会 小一些，但有时它会因为稀疏文件间的"洞"、内部碎 片、非直接引用的块等原因而变大。 -a, --all 转换所有空格，包括但不只起始空格 --first-only 仅转换起始空格(覆盖-a 选项) -t, --tabs=N 设置制表符宽度为N 而非默认的8(启用-a 选项) -t, --tabs=列表 使用逗号分隔的列表列出制表符位置(启用-a 选项) -a, --archive 等于-dR --preserve=all --backup[=CONTROL 为每个已存在的目标文件创建备份 -b 类似--backup 但不接受参数 --copy-contents 在递归处理是复制特殊文件内容 -d 等于--no-dereference --preserve=links -a, --suffix-length=N 指定后缀长度为N (默认为%d) -b, --bytes=大小 指定每个输出文件的字节大小 -C, --line-bytes=大小 指定每个输出文件里最大行字节大小 -d, --numeric-suffixes 使用数字后缀代替字母后缀 -l, --lines=数值 指定每个输出文件有多少行 -b, --before 在行前而非行尾添加分隔标志 -r, --regex 将分隔标志视作正则表达式来解析 -s, --separator=字符串 使用指定字符串代替换行作为分隔标志 -b, --binary 以二进制模式读取 -b, --binary 以二进制模式读取(除非从标准输入读取否则为默认) -b, --body-numbering=样式 使用指定样式编号文件的正文行目 -d, --section-delimiter=CC 使用指定的CC 分割逻辑页数 -f, --footer-numbering=样式 使用指定样式编号文件的页脚行目 -b, --bytes 计算字节数而不是列数 -s, --spaces 在空格处断行 -w, --width=宽度 使用指定的列宽度代替默认的80 -b, --bytes=列表 只选中指定的这些字节 -c, --characters=列表 只选中指定的这些字符 -d, --delimiter=分界符 使用指定分界符代替制表符作为区域分界 -b, --ignore-leading-blanks 忽略前导的空白区域 -d, --dictionary-order 只考虑空白区域和字母字符 -f, --ignore-case 忽略字母大小写 -b, --suffix-format=格式 使用sprintf 格式代替%02d -f, --prefix=前缀 使用指定前缀代替"xx" -k, --keep-files 不移除错误的输出文件 -c, --bytes=K 输出最后K 字节；另外，使用-c +K 从每个文件的 第K 字节输出 -c, --bytes=[-]K 显示每个文件的前K 字节内容； 如果附加"-"参数，则除了每个文件的最后K字节数据外 显示剩余全部内容 -n, --lines=[-]K 显示每个文件的前K 行内容； 如果附加"-"参数，则除了每个文件的最后K 行外显示 剩余全部内容 -c, --check 从文件中读取%s 的校验值并予以检查 -c, --check, --check=diagnose-first 检查输入是否已排序，若已有序则不进行操作 -C, --check=quiet, --check=silent 类似-c，但不报告第一个无序行 --compress-program=程序 使用指定程序压缩临时文件；使用该程序 的-d 参数解压缩文件 --files0-from=文件 从指定文件读取以NUL 终止的名称，如果该文件被 指定为"-"则从标准输入读文件名 -c, --count 在每行前加上表示相应行目出现次数的前缀编号 -d, --repeated 只输出重复的行 -c --crown-margin 保持前两行的缩进 -p, --prefix=字符串 只对以指定字符串开头的行重新格式化， 将前缀重新附着到被重新格式化的行上 -s, --split-only 分割过长的行，但不自动补足 -c, --no-create 不创建文件 -d, --delimiters=列表 改用指定列表里的字符替代制表分隔符 -s, --serial 不使用平行的行目输出模式，而是每个文件占用一行 -d, --directory 创建一个目录而非文件 -u, --dry-run 不创建任何东西，仅打印出名字。(仅供测试) -q, --quiet 不显示任何有关文件或目录创建错误信息 -e 启用解释反斜杠的转义功能 -E 禁用解释反斜杠的转义功能(默认) -e 启用解释反斜杠的转义功能(默认) -E 禁用解释反斜杠的转义功能 -e, --echo 将每个参数视为输入行 -i, --input-range=LO-HI 将LO 到HI 的每个数字视为输入行 -n, --head-count=行数 最多输出指定的行数 -o, --output=文件 将结果输出到指定文件而非标准输出 --random-source=文件 从指定文件获得随机比特 -z, --zero-terminated 以0 结束行而非新行 -f 不进行排序，-aU 选项生效，-lst 选项失效 -F, --classify 加上文件类型的指示符号(*/=@| 其中一个) --format=关键字 交错-x，逗号分隔-m，水平-x，长-l， 单栏-1，详细-l，垂直-C --full-time 即-l --time-style=full-iso -f 在短格式中省略列栏报头 -w 在短格式中省略用户全名 -i 在短格式中省略用户全名以及远程主机 -q 在短格式中省略用户全名、远程主机以及空闲时间 -f 即 -t fF，指定浮点数对照输出格式 -i 即 -t dl，指定十进制整数对照输出格式 -l 即 -t dL，指定十进制长整数对照输出格式 -o 即 -t o2，指定双字节单位八进制数的对照输出格式 -s 即 -t d2，指定双字节单位十进制数的对照输出格式 -x 即 -t x2，指定双字节单位十六进制数的对照输出格式 -f 文件 指定文件存在且为普通文件 -g 文件 指定文件存在且设置了setgid 位 -G 文件 指定文件存在且属组ID 有效 -h 文件 指定文件存在且为符号链接 (等价于 -L) -k 文件 指定文件存在且设置了粘附位 -f, --canonicalize 递归跟随给出文件名的所有符号链接以标准化， 除最后一个外所有组件必须存在 -e, --canonicalize-existing 递归跟随给出文件名的所有符号链接以标准化， 所有组件都必须存在 -f, --fields=列表 只选中指定的这些域；并打印所有不包含分界符的 行，除非-s 选项被指定 -n (忽略) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] 即时输出文件变化后追加的数据。 -f, --follow 等于--follow=descriptor -F 即--follow=name --retry -f, --force 如果目标文件无法打开则将其移除并重试(当 -n 选项 存在时则不需再选此项) -i, --interactive 覆盖前询问(使前面的 -n 选项失效) -H 跟随源文件中的命令行符号链接 -f, --force 必要时修改权限以使目标可写 -n, --iterations=N 覆盖N 次，而非使用默认的%d 次 --random-source=文件 从指定文件中取出随机字节 -s, --size=N 粉碎数据为指定字节的碎片(可使用K、M 和G 作为单位) -f, --silent, --quiet 去除大部份的错误信息 -v, --verbose 为处理的所有文件显示诊断信息 --reference=参考文件 使用指定参考文件的模式，而非自行指定权限模式 -R, --recursive 以递归方式更改所有的文件及子目录 -f, --silent, --quiet 去除大部份错误信息 --reference=RFILE 使用参考文件的所属组，而非指定值 -R, --recursive 递归处理所有的文件及子目录 -v, --verbose 为处理的所有文件显示诊断信息 -f, --silent, --quiet 去除大部份的错误信息 --reference=参考文件 使用参考文件的所属组，而非指定值 -R, --recursive 递归处理所有的文件及子目录 -v, --verbose 为处理的所有文件显示诊断信息 -g 类似-l，但不列出所有者 -g GID[,GID1...] 将主组ID 设置为指定的数字GID，如果指定了GID1， 则同时添加这些附加组ID，... -g, --general-numeric-sort 按照常规数值排序 -i, --ignore-nonprinting 只排序可打印字符 -M, --month-sort 比较 (未知) < "一月" < ... < "十二月" 在LC_ALL=C 时为(unknown) < `JAN' < ... < `DEC' -h, --header-numbering=样式 使用指定样式编号文件的页眉行目 -i, --page-increment=数值 设置每一行遍历后的自动递增值 -l, --join-blank-lines=数值 设置数值为多少的若干空行被视作一行 -n, --number-format=格式 根据指定格式插入行号 -p, --no-renumber 在逻辑页数切换时不将行号值复位 -s, --number-separator=字符串 可能的话在行号后添加字符串 -h, --header=页眉 在页眉中使用居中的指定字符代替文件名 -h "" 输出一个空行，不要使用 -h"" -i[字符[宽度]], --output-tabs[=字符[宽度]] 使用指定字符(或制表符)代替空格不足到指定制表符宽度(默认8) -J, --join-lines 合并整个行，关闭-W 选项的行截断，不使用栏调整，使用 --sep-string[=字符串] 设置分隔符 -h, --human-numeric-sort 使用易读性数字(例如： 2K 1G) -h, --no-dereference 会影响符号链接本身，而非符号链接所指示的目的地 (当系统支持更改符号链接的所有者时，此选项才有用) -h, --no-dereference 会影响符号链接本身，而非符号链接所指示的目的地 (当系统支持更改符号链接的所有者时，此选项才有用) -m 只更改修改时间 -i, --ignore-case 比较时忽略大小写 -j 域 等于"-1 域 -2 域" -o 格式 按照指定格式构造输出行 -t 字符 使用指定字符作为输入和输出的分隔符 -i, --initial 不转换非空白符后的制表符 -t, --tabs=数字 设置每个制表符为指定数字的宽度，而不是默认的8 -i, --inodes 显示inode 信息而非块使用量 -k 即--block-size=1K -l, --local 只显示本机的文件系统 --no-sync 取得使用量数据前不进行同步动作(默认) -i, --interactive 删除文件前进行确认 -L, --logical 将硬链接创建为符号链接引用 -n, --no-dereference 如果目的地是一个链接至某目录的符号链接，会将 该符号链接当作普通文件处理，先将该已存在的链 接备份或删除 -s, --symbolic 创建符号链接而非硬链接 -k 等于--block-size=1K -l, --count-links 如果是硬连接，就多次计算其尺寸 -m 等于--block-size=1M -k, --key=位置1[,位置2] 在位置1 开始一个key，在位置2 终止(默认为行尾) -m, --merge 合并已排序的文件，不再进行排序 -l 使用较长格式列出信息 -L, --dereference 当显示符号链接的文件信息时，显示符号链接所指示 的对象而并非符号链接本身的信息 -m 所有项目以逗号分隔，并填满整行行宽 -l, --length=页长 使用指定页长的行数(默认66) (默认文本行数为56，当启用-F 时为 63) -m, --merge 在同一行显示所有文件，每个文件占用一栏，分割行，但是当 使用-J 时将行合并到完整长度 -l, --link 链接文件而不复制 -L, --dereference 总是跟随符号链接 -l，--login 显示系统登录进程 -m, --canonicalize-missing 递归跟随给出文件名的所有符号链接以标准化， 但不对组件存在性作出要求 -n, --no-newline 不输出尾随的新行 -q, --quiet, -s, --silent 缩减大多数的错误消息 -v, --verbose 报告所有错误消息 -m, --mode=模式 设置权限模式(类似chmod)，而不是rwxrwxrwx 减umask -m, --mode=模式 设置权限模式(类似chmod)，而不是rwxrwxrwx 减umask -p, --parents 需要时创建目标目录的上层目录，但即使这些目录已存在也不当作错误处理 -v, --verbose 每次创建新目录都显示信息 -Z, --context=CTX 将每个创建的目录的SELinux 安全环境设置为CTX -n, --digits=数位 使用指定的进制数位代替二进制 -s, --quiet, --silent 不显示输出文件的尺寸计数 -z, --elide-empty-files 删除空的输出文件 -n, --lines=K 输出最后K 行，代替最后%d 行；使用-n +K 从每个文件的第K 字节输出 --max-unchanged-stats=N 使用--follow=name, 重新打开一个在N(默认为%d) 次迭代后没有改变大小的文件来看它是否被解除连 接或重命名(这是循环日志文件的通常情况) -n, --no-clobber 不要覆盖已存在的文件(使前面的 -i 选项失效) -P, --no-dereference 不跟随源文件中的符号链接 -n, --numeric-sort 根据字符串数值比较 -R, --random-sort 根据随机hash 排序 --random-source=文件 从指定文件中获得随机字节 -r, --reverse 逆序输出排序结果 -n, --numeric-uid-gid 类似 -l，但列出UID 及GID 号 -N, --literal 输出未经处理的项目名称 (如不特别处理控制字符) -o 类似 -l，但不列出有关组的信息 -p, --indicator-style=slash 对目录加上表示符号"/" -n[分隔符[位数]], --number-lines[=分隔符[位数]] 显示行号，使用指定(默认5) 位数，后接分隔符(默认TAB) 默认从输入文件的第一行开始计数 -N, --first-line-number=数字 从首页的首行以指定数字开始计数(参看"+首页") -o, --indent=缩进量 将每行缩进(默认0)个空格，不影响-w 或-W 参数， 缩进亮的值将被加入页面宽度 -r, --no-file-warnings 当文件无法打开时忽略警告 -o, --output=文件 将结果写入到文件而非标准输出 -s, --stable 禁用last-resort 比较以稳定比较算法 -S, --buffer-size=大小 指定主内存缓存大小 -p 等于--preserve=模式,所有权,时间戳 --preserve[=属性列表 保持指定的属性(默认：模式,所有权,时间戳)，如果 可能保持附加属性：环境、链接、xattr 等 -p DIR 使用 DIR 作为目录名；隐式实现 -t(已废除) -t 把 TEMPLATE 相对于目录$TMPDIR 作为单独的文件名 (如果设置了该参数的话)；此目录也可以通过-p 指定；还可 以通过/tmp指定[不推荐] -p, --parents 删除指定目录及其上级文件夹，例如"rmdir -p a/b/c'" 与"rmdir a/b/c a/b a'" 基本相同 -v, --verbose 输出处理的目录详情 -p, --preserve-timestamps 修改源文件的访问/修改时间以与目标文件保持一致 -s, --strip 拆解符号表 --strip-program=程序 指定拆解二进制文件的程序 -S, --suffix=后缀 覆盖常用备份文件后缀 -t, --target-directory=目录 将源文件所有参数复制到指定目录 -T, --no-target-directory 将目标文件视为普通文件 -v, --verbose 创建目录时显示其名称 -q, --count 列出所有已登录用户的登录名与用户数量 -r, --runlevel 显示当前的运行级别 -s, --short 只显示名称、线路和时间(默认) -q, --hide-control-chars 以"?"字符代替无法打印的字符 --show-control-chars 直接显示无法打印的字符 (这是默认方式，除非调用 的程序名称是"ls"而且是在终端输出结果) -Q, --quote-name 将条目名称括上双引号 --quoting-style=方式 使用指定的quoting 方式显示条目的名称： literal、locale、shell、shell-always、c、escape -q, --quiet, --silent 不显示包含给定文件名的文件头 -v, --verbose 总是显示包含给定文件名的文件头 -r, --reference=文件 显示文件指定文件的最后修改时间 -R, --rfc-2822 以RFC 2822格式输出日期和时间 例如：2006年8月7日，星期一 12:34:56 -0600 -r, --reference=文件 使用此文件的大小 -s, --size=大小 使用此大小 -r, --reference=文件 使用指定文件的时间属性而非当前时间 -t STAMP 使用[[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] 格式的时间而非当前时间 --time=WORD 使用WORD 指定的时间：access、atime、use 都等于-a 选项的效果，而modify、mtime 等于-m 选项的效果 -r, --references 设置每行的第一个区块为关联引用 -t, --typeset-mode -- 此功能尚未实现 -- -w, --width=数值 每列的输出宽度，不计关联引用 -r, --reverse 逆序排列 -R, --recursive 递归显示子目录 -s, --size 以块数形式显示每个文件分配的尺寸 -s, --only-delimited 不打印没有包含分界符的行 --output-delimiter=字符串 使用指定的字符串作为输出分界符，默认采用输入 的分界符 -s, --signal=信号，-信号 指定要发送的信号名或信号代码。 -l, --list 列出可用的信号名称，同时提供信号名与信号代码的对照 -t, --table 显示一个有关信号具体信息的表格。 -s, --sleep-interval=秒数 同-f 一起使用，在迭代间暂停约指定秒数的时间 (默认1.0 秒) -v, --verbose 总是输出给出文件名的头 -s, --symbolic-link 只创建符号链接而不复制文件 -S, --suffix=后缀 自行指定备份文件的后缀 -t, --target-directory=目录 将所有参数指定的源文件/目录 复制至目标目录 -T, --no-target-directory 将目标目录视作普通文件 -s[CHAR], --separator[=CHAR] 由单个字符分隔各列，未附加-w 时默认为制表符，否则为空。 另外除非-w 选项被指定，否则"-s[CHAR]"会屏蔽三个列相关 的截行选项(-COLUMN|-a -COLUMN|-m) -t 按修改时间排序 -T, --tabsize=COLS 指定制表符(Tab)的宽度，而非8个字符 -t 与-vT 等价 -T, --show-tabs 将跳格字符显示为^I -u (被忽略) -v, --show-nonprinting 使用^ 和M- 引用，除了LFD和 TAB 之外 -t, --field-separator=分隔符 使用指定的分隔符代替非空格到空格的转换 -T, --temporary-directory=目录 使用指定目录而非$TMPDIR 或%s 作为 临时目录，可用多个选项指定多个目录 -u, --unique 配合-c，严格校验排序；不配合-c，则只输出一次排序结果 -t, --tables=列表 指定制表符位置列表，用逗号分隔 -t, --tagged-paragraph 缩进首行以使其不同于第二行 -u, --uniform-spacing 每两个单词间保留一个空格，每句之后保留两个空格 -w, --width=宽度 最大行宽(默认为75 列宽度) -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY 将所有参数指定的源文件或目录 移动至 指定目录 -T, --no-target-directory 将目标文件视作普通文件处理 -u, --update 只在源文件文件比目标文件新，或目标文件 不存在时才进行移动 -v, --verbose 详细显示进行的步骤 -t, --text 以纯文本模式读取(从标准输入读取时为默认) -t, --text 以纯文本模式读取(默认) -u 同-lt 一起使用：按照访问时间排序并显示 同-l一起使用：显示访问时间并按文件名排序 其他：按照访问时间排序 -U 不进行排序；按照目录顺序列出项目 -v 在文本中进行数字(版本)的自然排序 -u, --remove 覆盖后截断并删除文件 -v, --verbose 显示详细信息 -x, --exact 不将文件大小增加至最接近的块大小 -z, --zero 最后一次使用0 进行覆盖以隐藏覆盖动作 -u, --update 只在源文件比目标文件新，或目标文件 不存在时才进行复制 -v, --verbose 显示详细的进行步骤 -x, --one-file-system 不跨越文件系统进行操作 -u, --user=用户 设置指定用户的目标安全环境 -r, --role=角色 设置指定角色的目标安全环境 -t, --type=类型 设置指定类型的目标安全环境 -l, --range=范围 设置指定范围的目标安全环境 -v, --kernel-version 输出内核版本 -m, --machine 输出主机的硬件架构名称 -p, --processor 输出处理器类型或"unknown" -i, --hardware-platform 输出硬件平台或"unknown" -o, --operating-system 输出操作系统名称 -v, --starting-line-number=数字 每个逻辑页上的第一行的行号 -w, --number-width=数字 为行号使用指定的栏数 -w, --check-chars=N 对每行第N 个字符以后的内容不作对照 -w, --width=COLS 自行指定萤幕宽度而不使用目前的数值 -x 逐行列出项目而不是逐栏列出 -X 根据扩展名排序 -1 每行只列出一个文件 -x, --one-file-system 跳过处于不同文件系统之上的目录 -X, --exclude-from=文件 排除与指定文件中描述的模式相符的文件 --exclude=PATTERN 排除与PATTERN 中描述的模式相符的文件 --max-depth=N 显示目录总计(与--all 一起使用计算文件) 当N 为指定数值时计算深度为N； --max-depth=0 等于--summarize -z, --zero-terminated 以0 字节而非新行作为行尾标志 处于不可中断睡眠状态的程序同样影响系统平均负载。 [:graph:] 所有的可打印字符，不包括空格 [:lower:] 所有的小写字母 [:print:] 所有的可打印字符，包括空格 [:punct:] 所有的标点字符 [:space:] 所有呈水平或垂直排列的空白字符 [:upper:] 所有的大写字母 [:xdigit:] 所有的十六进制数 [=字符=] 所有和指定字符相等的字符 \0NNN 字节数以八进制数 NNN (1至3位)表示 \xHH 字节数以十六进制数 HH (1至2位)表示 \NNN 字节以八进制数 NNN(1至3位数)表示 \xHH 字节以十六进制数 HH(1至2位数)表示 \uHHHH Unicode(ISO/IEC 10646)字符以十六进制数 HHHH(4位数)表示 \UHHHHHHHH Unicode 字符以十六进制数 HHHHHHHH(8位数)表示 \\ 反斜杠 \a 响铃声 \b 退格 \c 不再产生新的输出 \e 转义符 \f 换页 \n 新行 \r 回车 \t 水平制表符 \v 竖直制表符 \v 垂直制表符 字符1-字符2 从字符1 到字符2 的升序递增过程中经历的所有字符 [字符*] 在SET2 中适用，指定字符会被连续复制直到吻合设置1 的长度 [字符*次数] 对字符执行指定次数的复制，若次数以 0 开头则被视为八进制数 [:alnum:] 所有的字母和数字 [:alpha:] 所有的字母 [:blank:] 所有呈水平排列的空白字符 [:cntrl:] 所有的控制字符 [:digit:] 所有的数字 ascii 由EBCDIC 码转换至ASCII 码 ebcdic 由ASCII 码转换至EBCDIC 码 ibm 由ASCII 码转换至替换的EBCDIC 码 block 将结束字符块里的换行替换成等长的空格 unblock 将cbs 大小的块中尾部的空格替换为一个换行符 lcase 将大写字符转换为小写 binary 使用二进制I/O 存取模式 cio 使用并行I/O 存取模式 d[尺寸] 有符号十进制数，每个整形数占指定尺寸的字节 f[尺寸] 浮点数，每个整形数占指定尺寸的字节 o[尺寸] 八进制数，每个整形数占指定尺寸的字节 u[尺寸] 无符号十进制数，每个整形数占指定尺寸的字节 x[尺寸] 十六进制数，每个整形数占指定尺寸的字节 direct 使用直接I/O 存取模式 directory 除非是目录，否则 directory 失败 dsync 使用同步I/O 存取模式 fullblock 为输入积累完整块(仅iflag) if=文件 从指定文件中读取 iflag=符号 按照以逗号分隔的符号列表指定的方式读取 obs=比特数 一次写入指定比特数(默认：512) of=文件 写入到指定文件 oflag=符号 按照以逗号分隔的符号列表指定的方式写入 seek=块数 在输出开始处跳过指定的块数 skip=块数 在输入开始处跳过指定的块数 status=noxfer 禁止传输统计 noatime 不更新存取时间 notrunc 不截断输出文件 ucase 将小写字符转换为大写 swab 交换每一对输入数据字节 noerror 读取数据发生错误后仍然继续 sync 将每个输入数据块以NUL 字符填满至ibs 的大小；当配合block 或unblock 时，会以空格代替NUL 字符填充 noctty 不根据文件指派控制终端 noerror 读取数据发生错误后仍然继续 sync 把每个输入的块以 NUL 填充至 ibs 的大小 如果配合 block 或 unblock 使用, 则以空格代替 NUL 填充 fdatasync 结束前将输出文件数据写入磁盘 fsync 类似上面，但是元数据也一同写入 nofollow 不跟随链接文件 nolinks 如果有多重链接，则nolinks 失败 nonblock 使用无阻塞I/O 存取模式 none, off 不进行备份(即使使用了--backup 选项) numbered, t 备份文件加上数字进行排序 existing, nil 若有数字的备份文件已经存在则使用数字，否则使用普通方式备份 simple, never 永远使用普通方式备份 sync 与上者类似，但同时也对元数据生效 text 使用文本I/O 存取模式 %4s-块 已用 可用 已用%% %H:%M %s-块 已用 可用 配额 (备份：%s) * [-]ctlecho 在头字符中输出控制符号("^c") [-]echo 回显输入字符 * [-]echoctl 等于[-]ctlecho [-]echoe 等于[-]crterase [-]echok 在每清除一个字符后输出一次换行 * [-]echoke 等于[-]crtkill 意义相同 [-]echonl 即使没有回显任何其它字符也输出换行 * [-]echoprt 在"\"和"/"之间向后显示擦除的字符 [-]icanon 启用erase、kill、werase 和rprnt 等特殊字符 [-]iexten 允许POSIX 标准以外的特殊字符 * [-]iuclc 将大写字母转换为小写 * [-]ixany 使得任何字符都会重启输出，不仅仅是起始字符 [-]ixoff 启用开始/停止字符传送 [-]ixon 启用XON/XOFF 流控制 [-]parmrk 标记奇偶校验错误 (结合255-0 字符序列) [-]tandem 等于[-]ixoff * [-]iutf8 假定输入字符都是UTF-8 编码 * [-]ocrnl 将回车转换为换行符 * [-]ofdel 使用删除字符代替空字符作填充 * [-]ofill 延迟时使用字符填充代替定时器同步 * [-]olcuc 转换小写字母为大写 * [-]onlcr 将换行符转换为回车 * [-]onlret 使得换行符的行为表现和回车相同 * [-]onocr 不在第一列输出回车 [-]opost 后续进程输出 * tabN 水平制表符延迟的风格，N 的值为0 至3 * tabs 等于tab0 * -tabs 等于tab3 * vtN 垂直制表符延迟的风格，N 的值为0 至1 * eol2 字符 为表示行尾而发送的另一个可选字符 erase 字符 擦除前一个输入文字的字符 intr 字符 用于发送中断信号的字符 kill 字符 用于擦除当前终端行的字符 * lnext 字符 用于输入下一个引用文字的字符 quit 字符 用于发送退出信号的字符 * rprnt 字符 用于重绘当前行的字符 start 字符 在停止后重新开启输出的字符 * rows N 向内核通告此终端有N 行 * size 根据内核信息输出当前终端的行数和列数 speed 输出终端速度(单位为波特) time N 和-icanon 配合使用，设置读取超时为N 个十分之一秒 ??:???? 挂载点 TTY 环境=%s egid=%lu euid=%lu gid=%lu 组= 旧的 在循环位%s 内存使用率% 1%，b 1、K 1024 (默认)，M、G、T、P、E、Z、Y 等依此类推。 如果不指定文件，或者文件为"-"，则从标准输入读取数据。 *** 警告 *** 本地环境变量会影响排序结果。 如果希望以字节的自然值获得最传统的排序结果，请设置LC_ALL=C。 %.*s：无效的转换声明%b %e %Y%b %e %H:%M%lu 个用户%s%s (正则表达式 %s)%s -> %s (还原备份) %s [-d] 不正常结束%s 与%s 为同一文件%s 存在但并非目录%s 已被建立，正在跟随新文件的末尾%s 已经可以访问%s 已不可访问%s 已被替换为一个远程文件，放弃跟踪%s 已被替换为tail 无法处理的文件，放弃跟踪%s 已被替换，正在跟随新文件的末尾%s 的文件类型不详%s 的文件大小为负数，无法使用%s 的主页：<%s> %s 项目主页： %s 不是有效的正整数%s 太大%s 只能用于启用了SELinux 支持的内核已指定%s 但未指定%s%s%s 参数"%s"太大%s：%s 过大以至于无法表示%s：%s：行数超出范围%s：%s：无匹配%s：%s:%s：无序： %s：打开或读取失败 %s：无此用户%s：在重复计数中需要"}"字符%s: 预期为双目运算符%s：只能于当前目录中创建相对的符号链接%s：无法更改非阻塞模式%s：无法找到用户ID 为%lu 的用户名 %s：无法跟随此类型文件的末尾，已放弃%s：lseek 无法回溯到初始位置%s：无法覆盖目录%s：无法反绕操作%s：无法搜索%s：无法检索相对偏移量的末尾 %s%s：无法检索到偏移量%s%s：无法检索相对偏移量 %s%s：不能对只可追加数据的文件描述符(file descriptor) 进行粉碎%s：无法跳过%s：无法跳至指定偏移量%s：闭合定义符"%c"缺失%s：无法重置非阻塞模式%s：是否进入目录%s? %s：是否进入有写保护的目录%s ？%s：文件结束%s：同类操作数必须是单个字符%s：截断文件时出错%s：在位置%s 写入时出现错误%s：需要一个数值%s：无法关闭%s：无法以写模式打开%s：删除失败%s：文件控制操作失败(fcntl)%s：fadatsync 失败%s：文件的大小为负数%s：文件被过度收缩%s：文件过大%s：文件太大%s：文件已截断%s：获取文件状态失败(fstat)%s：fsync 失败%s: 不允许将硬链接指向目录%s：输入内容中含有循环段落：%s：输入内容的行数为奇数%s：输入文件是输出文件%s：分界符后应该跟随整数%s：无效的进程号%s：在%s 处的计数无效%s：无效指令%s：无效的区块规格%s%s：文件大小无效%s：无效的文件类型%s：两次打开的间隔因过大而无效%s：无效数字%s：无效的字节数%s：无效的行数%s：覆盖次数无效%s：无效的秒数%s：无效的忽略数%s：无效选项 -- %c %s：无效的模式%s：无效的进程号%s：无效的正则表达式：%s%s：无效的信号%s：文件类型无效%s：行号必须大于0%s：行数超出范围%s：lseek 失败%s：同时指定了多个信号%s：新的权限为%s，而非%s%s：找不到格式适用的%s 校验和%s：此设备没有大小信息%s：不会再列出已经列出的目录%s：字节数过大%s：选项"%c%s"不允许带参数 %s：选项"%s"歧义 %s：选项"--%s"不允许带参数 %s：选项"-W %s"不允许带参数 %s：选项"-W %s"歧义 %s：选项必需带参数 -- "%c" %s：是否覆盖%s？ %s：第%lu 次，共%lu 次 (%s)...%s：第%lu 次，共%lu 次 (%s)...%s%s：第%lu 次，共%lu 次 (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s：读取出错%s：是否删除%s %s？%s：递归删除所有参数？%s：删除所有参数？%s：是否删除有写保护的%s %s？%s：已删除%s：正在删除%s：名称已更改为 %s%s：是否替换%s？ %s：检索失败%s：校验和的行数过多%s：是否覆盖%s，而不理会权限模式%04lo (%s)？ %s：不能确定最大文件名长度%s：无法执行所有请求的操作%s: 预期为单目运算符%s：无法识别的选项"%c%s" %s：无法识别的选项"--%s" %s：给定值不能完全转换%s：写入出错%s：%lu：此行无效；缺少了第二栏数据%s：%lu：无效的 0 长度文件名%s：%lu：无法识别的关键字%s%s}：在"{"和"}"之间需要一个整数声明"预期为')'预期为 ')'，实际为%s(C)* 文件系统是存放于缓存位置，比如NFS 第三版用户端 * 压缩文件系统 * 有纪录结构或是日志式文件系统，如AIX 及Solaris 使用的文件系统 (以及 JFS、ReiserFS、XFS、Ext3 等) * 会重复写入数据，及即使一部份写入动作失败后仍可继续的文件系统，如使用 RAID 的文件系统 * 会不时进行快照记录的文件系统，像Network Applicance 的NFS 服务器 ，平均负载：%.2f，%g 秒，%s/秒 --%s 参数%s 太长--context (-Z) 选项只能在开启SELinux 支持的内核上使用--reflink 只能与--sparse=auto 一起用-R --dereference 需要-H 或-L 其中之一-R -h 需要-P-ef 不能与-l 同时使用-nt 不能与-l 同时使用-ot 不能于-l 同时使用<内部数据>??? ?????已中止主机名的地址家族不被支持时钟警告长选项必须用的参数在使用短选项时也是必须的。 全部请求已完成参数缓冲区太小Arnold Robbins错误的系统调用错误的ai_flags 值Brian Fox管道中断总线错误警告：请注意使用shred 时有一个很重要的条件： 文件系统会在原来的位置覆盖指定的数据。传统的文件系统符合此条件，但许多现代 的文件系统都不符合条件。以下是会令shred 无效或不担保一定有效的文件系统的 例子： 备注CPU 时间超时调用 link 函数创建从既存的文件1 到文件2 的链接。 调用 unlink 函数删除指定的文件。 更改有效用户ID 和组ID 为指定用户。 -, -l, --login 使该shell 成为登录shell -c, --command=命令 向shell 传递单一命令 -f, --fast 针对csh 或tcsh 传递-f -m, --preserve-environment 不重设环境变量 -p 等于-m -s, --shell=SHELL 如果/etc/shells allows 则运行指定的SHELL 将每个指定文件的所属组设置为指定值。 如果使用 --reference，则将每个文件的所属组设置为与指定参考文件相同。 -c, --changes 类似 --verbose，但只在有更改时才显示结果 --dereference 影响符号链接所指示的对象，而非符号链接本身(默认值) 将每个文件的模式更改为指定值。 -c, --changes 类似 --verbose，但只在有更改时才显示结果 更改每个文件的所有者和/或所属组。 当使用 --referebce 参数时，将文件的所有者和所属组更改为与指定参考文件相同。 -c, --changes 类似 verbose，但只在有更改时才显示结果 --dereference 受影响的是符号链接所指示的对象，而非符号链接本身 将每个文件的安全环境变更至指定环境。 使用 --reference 选项时，把指定文件的安全环境设置为与参考文件相同。 -h, --no-dereference 影响符号连接而非引用的文件。 Chet Ramey子进程已退出Colin Plumb逐行比较已排序的文件文件1 和文件2。 将[文件]或标准输入组合输出到标准输出。 -A, --show-all 等于-vET -b, --number-nonblank 对非空输出行编号 -e 等于-vE -E, --show-ends 在每行结束处显示"$" -n, --number 对输出的所有行编号 -s, --squeeze-blank 不输出多行空行 已继续将每个指定文件中的空白字符转换为制表符并写到标准输出。 如果不指定文件，或者文件为"-"，则从标准输入读取数据。 将每个文件中的制表符转换为空格，写到标准输出。 如果不指定文件，或者文件为"-"，程序将从标准输入读取数据。 将源文件复制至目标文件，或将多个源文件复制至目标目录。 复制文件，依照操作数转换并格式化。 bs=比特数 一次读写的比特数(参见 ibs=,obs=) cbs=比特数 一次转换的比特数 conv=CONVS 依照每个逗号分割的标志列表转换文件 count=块数 只将指定个块数复制到块 ibs=比特数 一次读取的比特数(默认：512) 将标准输入复制到每个指定文件，并显示到标准输出。 -a, --append 内容追加到给定的文件而非覆盖 -i, --ignore-interrupts 忽略中断信号 安全地创建一个临时文件或目录，并且打输出它的名字。 TEMPLATE 最后部分必须含有至少 3 个连续的”X“。 如果 TEMPLATE 没有指定，将会使用 tmp.XXXXXXXXXX。 以指定的名称创建先进先出文件(FIFO)。 若指定目录不存在则创建目录。 创建指定类型和名称的特殊文件。 David M. IhnatDavid MacKenzieDavid Madore判断无效或未移植的文件名。 -p 为类POSIX 兼容系统检查 -P 检查空文件名和前导"-"文件名 --portability 为完整POSIX 兼容系统检查(等于-p -P) 主目录： 显示文件或文件系统的状态。 -L, --dereference 跟随链接 -f, --file-system 显示文件系统状态而非文件状态 以给定的格式显示当前时间，或是设置系统日期。 -d,--date=字符串 显示指定字符串所描述的时间，而非当前时间 -f,--file=日期文件 类似--date，从日期文件中按行读入时间描述 Dmitry V. Levin使用指定的用户(数字ID 或者用户名) 替代原有用户ID 和组ID 运行连同参数的指定命令 如果无法指定请求的用户和组ID 则以状态号111 退出，否则以所执行命令的终止状态号退出。 此程序通常仅在使用root 运行时有用 (root 的用户ID 为0)。 捕获EMT 信号退出每种参数格式表示范围如下： N 从第1 个开始数的第N 个字节、字符或域 N- 从第N 个开始到所在行结束的所有字符、字节或域 N-M 从第N 个开始到第M 个之间(包括第M 个)的所有字符、字节或域 -M 从第1 个开始到第M 个之间(包括第M 个)的所有字符、字节或域 当没有文件参数，或者文件不存在时，从标准输入读取 将 STRING 回显到标准输出。 -n 不尾随换行符 Eric Blake以表示失败的状态值退出以表示成功的状态值退出退出状态值取决于表达式。 F. Pinard失败FIXME：未知指定的格式必须适用于显示"double"类型的参数；当首数、增量和尾数均为指定 精确度的定点十进制数时默认为"%.精确度f"，否则默认为"%g"。 先进先出(FIFO)文件不需要指定主、次设备号。文件大小超过限制文件系统 文件系统 类型从输入文件或者标准输入中筛选相邻的匹配行并写入到输出文件或标准输出。 不附加任何选项时匹配行将在首次出现处被合并。 浮点数异常要获取完整文档，请运行：info coreutils '%s invocation' 针对每一对具有相同内容的输入行，整合为一行写到标准输出， 默认的内容连接区块是由第一个空白符代表的分界符号。当文件1 或文件2 都被指定为"-"时，程序将从标准输入读取数据。 -a 文件编号 文件编号的值可以是1 或2，分别对应文件1 和 文件2。 此选项用于根据指定文件编号输出不成对的行目。 -e 字符 将缺失的输入区块替换为指定字符 强迫将已更改的数据写入磁盘，并更新超级块。 GNU 软件一般性帮助： Giuseppe ScrivanoH. Peter Anvin挂起可能需要I/O空闲Ian Lance Taylor空闲如果文件没有指定，则使用%s，%s 是通用的相关文件。 非法操作另外，文件系统备份和远程镜像可能会 包含不能被删除的文件副本，这将会 允许碎片文件被恢复。 实名： 在第一种格式中，创建指定名称且指向指定目标链接。 在第二种格式中，在当前目录创建指向目标位置的链接。 在第三、四种格式中，在指定目录中创建指向指定目标的链接。 默认创建硬链接，当使用--symbolic 时创建符号链接。 当创建硬链接时每个指定的目标都必须存在。符号链接可以指向任意的位置， 当链接解析正常时，将其解析为一个与其父目录关联的链接。 在Ext3 文件系统中，以上免责声明仅适用于启用了data=journal 模式的情况， 此时文件日志记录了附加的元数据 shred 的作用将受到影响。在data=ordered(默认) 或data=writeback 模式下shred 仍然有效。 Ext3 日志模式可通过向/etc/fstab 的挂载选项中添加data=something 进行设置， 您可以查看mount 的man 页面以获得详细信息。 无穷量 B信息请求中断被信号中断无效的后向引用无效的字符类型名无效的校勘字符\{\} 中内容无效无效的前置正则表达式无效的范围结束符无效的正则表达式James YoungmanJay LepreauJim KingdonJim MeyeringJoseph ArceneauxKaveh GhaziKayvan AghaiepourKevin Braunsdorf已杀死线路登录列出 FILE 的信息(默认为当前目录)。 如果不指定-cftuvSUX 或--sort 选项，则根据字母大小排序。 登录登录名： 长选项必须使用的参数对于短选项时也是必需使用的。 Mark KettenisMatthew Bradburn内存分配失败内存耗尽Michael MeskesMichael StonMike HaertelMike Parker名称名字名称或服务未知没有与主机名关联的地址无匹配缺少之前的正则表达式名称解析时出现不可恢复的错误确定当进行不含缩减的删除操作时只能给定一组字符串。不带数字的--string 选项代表3；不带数字的--width 选项代表32。 默认情况下od 使用 -A o -t oS -w16 参数。 排序选项： 其他选项： 输出一串预排的文件索引信息，包括输入文件中各单词的环境。 输出用来设置 LS_COLORS 环境变量的命令。 指定输出的规格： -b, --sh, --bourne-shell 输出设置LS_COLORS 的Bourne shell 命令 -c, --csh, --c-shell 输出设置LS_COLORS 的C shell 命令 -p, --print-database 输出默认的色彩设置 将输入内容拆分为固定大小的分片并输出到"前缀aa"、"前缀ab",...； 默认以 1000 行为拆分单位，默认前缀为"x"。如果不指定文件，或 者文件为"-"，则从标准输入读取数据。 按照指定的格式将文件分块为"xx00"、"xx01"...并输出。 同时每个分块文件的字节数也将被输出到标准输出。 为Shell 脚本格式输出基于操作平台的限制参数。 根据文件判断输出当前有谁正登录在系统上。 如果文件未予指定，则使用%s，%s 是通用的相关文件。 多次覆盖文件，使得即使是昂贵的硬件探测仪器也难以将数据复原。 进程号由%s 打包 由%s (%s)打包 Padraig Brady对指定文件附注打印所需的页码或聚焦。 参数字符串编码不正确密码：Paul EggertPaul RubinPete TerMaat计划： 电源错误正则表达式异常结束按照指定格式打印参数或按照选项执行该参数： 输出每个文件的 CRC 校验值和字节统计。 去掉前导的目录部分后打印"名称"。 如果指定的话，还会去掉尾随的"后缀"。 输出已经去除了尾部的"/"字符部分的名称；如果名称中不包含"/"， 则显示"."(表示当前目录)。 输出一组系统信息。如果不跟随选项，则视为只附加-s 选项。 -a, --all 以如下次序输出所有信息。其中若-p 和 -i 的探测结果不可知则被省略： -s, --kernel-name 输出内核名称 -n, --nodename 输出网络节点上的主机名 -r, --kernel-release 输出内核发行号 为每个指定的文件输出校验和以及块计数。 -r 使用BSD 加和算法，以1 KB 为一个块 -s, --sysv 使用System V 加和算法，以51双字节为一个块 显示每个输入的用户名所在的全部组，如果没有指定用户名则默认为当前进程用户(当用户组数据库发生变更时可能导致差异)。 显示当前已登录的用户信息。 输出机器的体系结构。 以指定增量从首数开始打印数字到尾数。 -f, --format=格式 使用printf 样式的浮点格式 -s, --separator=字符串 使用指定字符串分隔数字(默认使用：\n) -w, --equal-width 在列前添加0 使得宽度相同 输出或修改终端参数。 -a, --all 以可读性较好的方式输出全部当前设置 -g, --save 以stty 可读取的格式输出当前全部设置 -F, --file=设备 打开并使用指定设备代替标准输入 从每个文件中输出指定部分到标准输出。 输出当前时间，系统启动时间，当前登录用户数以及最近1、5 和15 分钟系统运行 队列中的平均任务数。显示出连接到当前标准输入的终端设备文件名。 -s, --silent, --quiet 什么也不显示，只返回退出状态值 将每个指定文件的头10 行显示到标准输出。 如果指定了多于一个文件，在每一段输出前会给出文件名作为文件头。 如果不指定文件，或者文件为"-"，则从标准输入读取数据。 输出当前工作目录的完整名称。 显示每个指定文件的最后%d 行到标准输出。 若指定了多于一个文件，程序会在每段输出的开始添加相应文件名作为头。 如果不指定文件或文件为"-" ，则从标准输入读取数据。 显示当前用户的名称。 打印当前进程可用的处理器数， 此数目可能小于实际工作数 输出每个指定的数字的素因子，如果没有在命令行中指定则从标准输入读取。 显示与当前的有效用户ID 相关联的用户名。 与id -un 相同。 显示指定用户或当前用户(当未指定用户时)的用户与组信息。 -a 忽略，仅为与其他版本相兼容而设计 -Z, --context 仅显示当前用户的安全环境 -g, --group 仅显示有效的用户组ID -G, --groups 显示所有组的ID -n, --name 显示组名称而非数字，不与-ugG 一起使用 -r, --real 显示真实ID 而非有效ID，与-ugG 一起使用 -u, --user 仅显示有效用户ID 输出符号链接值或权威文件名。 正在处理请求定时器描述已过期项目： Q. Frank Xia退出Randy Smith实时信号%d重新格式化文件中每个段落并输出到标准输出 选项 "-宽度" 是"--width=数字" 的缩写。 正则表达式过长删除 (unlink) 文件。 -f, --force 强制删除。忽略不存在的文件，不提示确认 -i 在删除前需要确认 删除指定的空目录。 --ignore-fail-on-non-empty 忽略仅由目录非空产生的所有错误 将源文件重命名为目标文件，或将源文件移动至指定目录。 重复输出一行指定的字符串，或者重复输出"y"。 请向 %2$s 报告 %1$s 的错误 请向 报告%s 的翻译错误 请求已取消请求未取消资源丢失Richard M. StallmanRichard MlynarikRoland HuebnerRoland McGrathRoss Paterson以指定的优先级运行命令，这会影响相应进程的调度。 如果不指定命令，程序会显示当前的优先级。优先级的范围是从 %d (最大优先级) 到 %d (最小优先级)。 -n, --adjustment=N 对优先级数值加上指定整数N (默认为10) 以指定的新根为运行指定命令时的的根目录。 忽略挂起信号运行指定的命令。 运行标准流缓冲区操作已改变的 COMMAND。 以不同的安全环境运行程序。 如果没有指定环境或命令之一，输出当前安全环境。 环境 完整的安全环境描述 -c, --compute 在更改前计算环境变化 -t, --type=类型 类型(与父进程角色相同) -u, --user=用户 用户身份 -r, --role=角色 角色 -l, --range=范围 级别范围 Russell CokerScott BartramScott Miller段错误向进程发送信号，或是列出可用信号。 ai_socktype 不支持 Servname请设置LC_ALL='C' 以避免出现问题。设置一个环境变量的"名称=键值"并运行命令。 -i, --ignore-environment 以无定义的环境启动 -0, --null 以空字符而非新行符结束每一输出行 -u, --unset=名称 从当前环境中撤消一个变量 Shell： 显示每个文件所在的文件系统的信息，默认是显示所有文件系统。 将文件缩减或扩展至指定大小。 如果指定文件不存在则创建。 如果指定文件超出指定大小则超出的数据将丢失。 如果指定文件小于指定大小则用0 补足。 Simon Josefsson创建块设备文件时，必需指定主、次设备号。栈错误已停止已停止(信号)已停止(tty 输入)已停止(tty 输出)Stuart Kemp成功计算每个文件的磁盘用量，目录则取总用量。 系统错误时间名称解析出现临时错误已终止以下可选标记可以跟在"%"后: - (连字符)不填充该域 _ (下划线)以空格填充 0 (数字0)以0 填充 ^ 如果可能，使用大写字母 # 如果可能，使用相反的大小写 以下选项是在指定了 -R 选项时被用于设置如何穿越目录结构体系。 如果您指定了多于一个选项，那么只有最后一个会生效。 -H 如果命令行参数是一个通到目录的符号链接，则遍历符号链接 -L 遍历每一个遇到的通到目录的符号链接 -P 不遍历任何符号链接(默认) 要比较的字符串为%s 和%s。Torbjorn Granlund跟踪/断点陷阱末尾的反斜杠从标准输入中替换、缩减和/或删除字符，并将结果写到标准输出。 -c, -C, --complement 首先补足SET1 -d, --delete 删除匹配SET1 的内容，并不作替换 -s, --squeeze-repeats 如果匹配于SET1 的字符在输入序列中存在连续的 重复，在替换时会被统一缩为一个字符的长度 -t, --truncate-set1 先将SET1 的长度截为和SET2 相等 请尝试执行"%s --help"来获取更多信息。 尝试使用"%s ./%s"删除文件%s。 当同时重复删除和缩减时必须给出两组字符串。当进行替换操作时必须给定两组字符串。Ulrich Drepper未知错误未知信号%d未知的系统错误未匹配的( 或\(未匹配的 ) 或 \)未匹配的[ 或[^未匹配的\{将每个文件的访问时间和修改时间改为当前时间。 不存在的文件将会被创建为空文件，除非使用-c 或-h 选项。 如果文件名为"-"则特殊处理，更改与标准输出相关的文件的访问时间。 急需I/O 条件用法：%s 用法：%s 命令 [参数]... 　或：%s 选项 用法: %s 环境 命令 [参数] 　或: %s [ -c ] [-u 用户] [-r 角色] [-t 类型] [-l 范围] 命令 [参数] 用法：%s 表达式 　或：%s 选项 用法：%s 文件 　或：%s 选项 用法：%s 文件1 文件2 　或：%s 选项 用法：%s 格式 [参数] 　或：%s 选项 用法：%s 名称 　或：%s 选项 用法：%s 名称 [后缀] 　或：%s 选项 用法：%s 数字[时间单位]... 　或：%s 选项 暂停指定的秒数。时间单位可以是s 表示秒(默认设置)，m 表示分钟， h 表示小时，d 表示天。 指定数字可以是一个整数，也可以是浮点数。 如果参数个数超过2 个，暂停的总时间为各个参数的值的和。 用法：%s [选项]... 命令 用法：%s 选项... 文件... 用法：%s [选项]... [文件]... 用法：%s [-F 设备 | --file=设备] [设置]... 　或：%s [-F 设备 | --file=设备] [-a|--all] 　或：%s [-F 设备 | --file=设备] [-g|--save] 用法：%s [-宽度] [选项]... [文件]... 用法：%s [-s 信号 | -信号] 进程号... 　或：%s -l [信号]... 　或：%s -t [信号]... 用法：%s [文件]... 　或：%s [选项] 用法：%s [名称] 　或：%s 选项 显示或设置当前系统的主机名。 用法：%s [数字]... 　或：%s 选项 用法：%s [操作数] ... 　或：%s 选项 用法：%s [选项] 用法：%s [选项] 显示当前主机的数字标识符(十六进制)。 用法：%s [选项] 新根 [命令 [参数]...] 　或：%s 选项 用法：%s [选项] [命令 [参数]...] 用法：%s [选项] [文件] 对不完全排序的文件实行完整的列表排序。 如果不指定文件，或者文件为"-"，则从标准输入读取数据。 用法：%s [选项]... 用法: %s [选项]... 环境 文件... 　或: %s [选项]... [-u 用户] [-r 角色] [-l 范围] [-t 类型] 文件... 　或: %s [选项]... --reference=参考文件 文件... 用法：%s [选项]... 目录... 用法：%s [选项]... 文件 用法：%s [选项]... 文件 格式... 用法：%s [选项]... 文件... 用法：%s [选项]... 文件1 文件2 用法：%s [选项]... 用户组 文件... 　或：%s [选项]... --reference=参考文件 文件... 用法：%s [选项]... 尾数 　或：%s [选项]... 首数 尾数 　或：%s [选项]... 首数 增量 尾数 用法：%s [选项]... 模式[,模式]... 文件... 　或：%s [选项]... 八进制模式 文件... 　或：%s [选项]... --reference=参考文件 文件... 用法：%s [选项]... 名称 类型 [主设备号 次设备号] 用法：%s [选项]... 名称... 用法：%s [选项]... SET1 [SET2] 用法：%s [选项]... [ 文件 | 参数1 参数2 ] 用法：%s [选项]... [+格式] 　或：%s [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] 用法：%s [选项]... [-T] 源文件 目标文件 　或：%s [选项]... 源文件... 目录 　或：%s [选项]... -t 目录 源文件... 用法：%s [选项]... [-T] 源文件 目标文件 　或：%s [选项]... 源文件... 目录 　或：%s [选项]... -t 目录 源文件... 　或：%s [选项]... -d 目录... 用法：%s [选项]... [-T] 目标 链接名 (第一种格式) 　或：%s [选项]... 目标 (第二种格式) 　或：%s [选项]... 目标... 目录 (第三种格式) 　或：%s [选项]... -t 目录 目标... (第四种格式) 用法：%s [选项]... [-] [名称=值]... [命令 [参数]...] 用法：%s [选项]... [-] [用户 [参数]... ] 用法：%s [选项]... [文件] 用法： %s [选项]... [文件] 　或者: %s -e [选项]... [参数]... 　或者: %s -i LO-HI [选项]... 用法：%s [选项]... [文件] 使用 Base64 编码/解码文件或标准输入输出。 用法：%s [选项]... [文件]... 用法：%s [选项]... [文件]... 　或：%s [-abcdfilosx]... [文件] [[+]偏移量[.][b]] 　或：%s --traditional [选项]... [文件] [[+]偏移量[.][b] [+][标签][.][b]] 用法：%s [选项]... [文件]... 　或：%s [选项]... --files0-from=F 用法：%s [选项]... [文件]... 显示或检查 %s(%d-bit) 校验和。 若没有文件选项，或者文件处为"-"，则从标准输入读取。 用法：%s [选项]... [文件] 用法：%s [选项]... [输入 [前缀]] 用法：%s [选项]... [输入]... (不包括 -G 选项) 　或：%s -G [选项]... [输入 [输出]] 用法：%s [选项]... [所有者][:[组]] 文件... 　或：%s [选项]... --reference=参考文件 文件... 用法：%s [选项]... [TEMPLATE] 用法：%s [选项]... [用户名] 用法：%s [选项]... [用户名]... 用法: %s [选项]... [用户]... 用法： %s [选项]... [变量]... 显示指定的环境变量的值。 如果没有指定变量，则打印出所有变量的名称和值。 用法：%s [短选项]... 用户 命令 [参数]... 　或：%s 长选项 用法：%s [短选项]... [字符串]... 　或：%s 长选项 用法：%s [字符串]... 　或：%s 选项 用法：%s [忽略任何命令行参数] 　或：%s 选项 用法：%s 表达式 　或：test 　或：[表达式] 　或：[ ] 　或：[ 选项 用户自定义信号 1用户自定义信号 2使用 -s 选项会忽略 -L 和 -P。 否则当源为一个符号链接(默认%s)时，会由最后指定的一个选项来控制行为。 有效的参数为：有效的文件系统格式序列： %a 非超级用户可用的剩余块数 %b 文件系统的总数据块数 %c 文件系统中文件节点总数 %d 文件系统中空闲文件节点数 %f 文件系统中空闲块数 %C SELinux 安全环境字符串 虚拟记时器过期警告：不推荐使用--page-increment，请使用--line-increment警告：不推荐使用--preserve_context，请使用--preserve-context警告：发现循环的目录架构。 这几乎可以肯定文件系统已经损坏。 ** 请通知系统管理员。** 以下的目录是循环的一部份： %s 警告：忽略--context (-Z) 参数，当前运行的内核没有启用SELinux 支持警告：忽略--preserve-context 参数，当前运行的内核没有启用SELinux 支持警告：忽略--strip-program 选项，因为-s 选项没有指明警告：从来自窗口已更改如果您希望即时追查一个文件的有效名称而非描述内容(例如循环日志)，默认 的程序动作并不如您所愿。在这种场合可以使用--follow=name 选项，它会使 tail 定期追踪打开给定名称的文件，以确认它是否被删除或被其它某些程序重新创建过。 对每个指定的文件(默认由标准输入读取)设置自动换行，并将重新排版后的结果输出到标准输出。 把输入行按随机顺序输出到标准输出。 将每个指定文件按行倒置并写到标准输出。 如果不指定文件，或文件为"-"，则从标准输入读取数据。 将指定的各个文件添加行号标注后写到标准输出。 如果不指定文件或指定文件为"-" ，程序将从标准输入读取数据。 将每个指定文件里的每一行整合到对应一行里写到标准输出，之间用制表符分隔。 如果没有指定文件，或指定文件为"-"，程序将从标准输入读取数据。 串联排序所有指定文件并将结果写到标准输出。 由%s 和%s 编写。 由%s、%s、%s、 %s、%s、%s、%s、 %s、%s、和其他人编写。 由%s、%s、%s、 %s、%s、%s、%s、 %s、和%s 编写。 由%s、%s、%s、 %s、%s、%s、%s 和%s 编写。 由%s、%s、%s、 %s、%s、%s 和 %s 编写。 由%s、%s、%s、 %s、%s 和 %s 编写。 由%s、%s、%s、 %s 和 %s 编写。 由%s、%s、%s 和 %s 编写。 由%s、%s 和%s 编写。 由%s 编写。 在替换操作中字符串2 里不能出现表达式[=c=]^[nN]^[yY]"有多余字符"-%c"或无效数字出现在参数%s 中"--pages=首页[:末页]"缺失参数"-N 编号"中含有无效的起始行号：%s"-w "中含有无效的字符数：%s"-l 页长"中含有无效的行号：%s"-o 页边距"中含有无效的行偏移量：%s"-w "中含有无效的字符数：%s命令必须和调整值配合指定正在访问%s不支持的ai_family不支持ai_socktype%2$s 的参数%1$s 不明确只有当操作域时才可以指定输入分界符把输出追加到%s备份%s 会破坏源文件；未复制%s备份%s 会破坏源文件；未移动%s备份方式块特殊文件不支持区块特殊文件单位中既有 SI 单位又有 IEC 单位不能从标准输入同时读取两个文件字节偏移量%s 过大部分关联无法应用于文件%s不能得到进程环境无法访问%s无法备份%s不能既显示总用量，同时又显示每个项目无法更改%s 的所有权无法更改%s 的权限无法进入目录%s无法进入目录%s无法切换到根目录无法同时使用--target-directory (-t) 和--no-target-directory (-T) 选项无法同时使用 --target-directory 和 --no-target-directory不能同时指定-e 和-i 选项不可将{ascii、ebcdic、idm}中的任意两个结合使用不可将block 和unblock 结合使用不可将excl 和nocreat 结合使用不可将lcase 和ucase 结合使用无法组合使用 mode 和 --reference 选项无法将-l 或-t 选项结合使用无法比较文件名%s 和 %s无法将U+%04X 转换至用户的字符集无法将U+%04X 转换至用户的字符集：%s无法将目录%s 复制到自己%s无法复制循环的符号链接%s无法创建目录%s无法创建先进先出文件%s无法创建指向%2$s 的硬链接%1$s无法创建链接%s无法创建指向%2$s 的链接%1$s无法创建普通文件%s无法创建特殊文件%s无法创建符号链接%s无法创建指向%2$s 的符号链接%1$s无法在%s 创建临时文件无法取消%s 的引用无法决定%s 所在的设备及inode无法确定主机名无法定位 %s 的位置，回归为 polling 机制无法在 %s 上执行 ioctrl无法找到ID 为%lu 的用户的属组无法找到ID 为%lu 的用户的名称无法按名称跟随%s无法对%s 强制为目标环境，保持原样无法获取%s 的文件状态(fstat)无法获得当前目录无法获取优先级无法获取系统名无法lseek %s无法同时创建硬链接及符号链接无法创建目录%s无法将%s 移动至%s无法将目录%s 移动至自身的子目录%s 下无法将目录移动至非目录：%s -> %s无法打开%s 读取数据无法打开%s 读取数据无法打开目录%s无法创建符号链接%s无法以非目录来覆盖目录%s无法以目录%2$s 来覆盖非目录%1$s不能执行格式化输出无法保留扩展属性，当前使用的 cp 副本编译时没有启用 xattr 支持无法在未启用SELinux 支持的内核上使用安全环境有多种选择，无法输出唯一的以默认格式无法只显示名称或只显示真实ID。不能显示特定用户的安全环境无法读取目录%s无法从%s 中读取文件名无法为 %s 读取文件系统信息无法读取实时时钟无法读取符号链接%s%s 无法读取已挂载上的文件系统的目录无法删除%s无法删除目录：%s无法复位%s 的文件指针无法运行%s无法设定 %s无法设置日期无法设置组ID无法设置组ID 为%lu无法设置组无法设置主机名，此系统似乎不具备此功能无法设置主机名为%s无法设置优先级无法设置%s 的时间戳无法设置用户ID无法设置用户ID 为%lu无法略过输入内容的报尾无法以命令指定--null (-0)无法同时指定相交输出和平行输出参数在平行输出参数时不能指定栏数无法由多于一种的来源来指定时间无法以多于一种的方式切分输入无法获取%s 的文件状态(stat)无法获取当前目录的文件状态(stat，当前目录是%s)无法从标准输入获取文件信息(stat)无法创建%s无法将%s 的备份还原无法清除%s 的链接无法撤消 %s无法监视%s无法监视%s 的上级目录无法避免内核的错误%s 的所属组已更改为%s %s 的所有者已更改为%s 正在更改%s 的所属组正在更改%s 的所有者更改%s 的权限正在更改%s 的安全环境 字符偏移量为零字符值超出可接受的范围以外字符特殊文件不支持字符特殊文件清除%s 的权限时钟更改关闭失败正在关闭 %s正在关闭 %s (fd=%d)关闭目录%s正在关闭输入文件%s正在关闭输出文件%s关闭标准输入兼容模式最多支持一个文件有冲突的空区块替换字符串给出的安全环境说明冲突无法将%2$s 的缓冲模式设置为%1$s 无法创建进程%s -d无法创建临时文件无法执行%s无法执行%s -d在匹配的inode %s 上找不到目录入口无法获取启动时间已创建目录 %s正在创建目录%s正在创建文件%s 创建硬链接%s创建硬链接%s => %s创建硬链接%.0s%s创建符号链接 %s创建符号链接%s -> %s分割符列表以一个未跳过的反斜线结束：%s目录除以零复制已打开文件描述符失败(dup2)不允许空的%s空文件名空标签关闭文件时出错正则表达式匹配器出错正则表达式搜索时出错初始化月份字符串出错监视inotify 事件出错读取%s 时出错读取inotify 事件出错等待命令出错写入%s 出错退出=多余的参数%s额外的操作数 %s额外的操作数 %s 不允许额外的操作数%s 与-%c 一起使用改变%s 的环境到%s 失败无法更改%s 的所属组为%s 无法将%s 的权限模式更改为%04lo (%s) 更改%s 的所有者失败 无法更改%s 的所有者为%s 无法切换到目录%s克隆%s 失败计算新的环境失败无法通过模板%s 创建目录无法通过模板%s 创建文件创建安全环境失败：%s无法取得%s 的属性无法获得当前安全环境获取文件系统创建环境失败获取当前进程用户组失败获取用户%s 的属组失败无法取得%s 的安全环境查阅文件%s 失败打开%s 失败保留%s 的作者失败无法保留%s 的所有者保留%s 的权限失败无法保留%s 的时间重定向标准错误失败重定向标准错误到/dev/null 失败删除 %s 失败删除目录 %s 失败标准输入不可用，无法重定向以%s 模式重新打开%s 失败恢复默认文件创建环境失败返回到初始工作目录失败无法运行命令%s设置%s 安全环境组件到%s 失败设置附加组失败无法取得%s 的创建环境设置组ID 失败设置新范围%s 失败设置新角色%s 失败设置新类型%s 失败设置新用户%s 失败设置附加组失败执行时关闭标准错误失败设置%s 的安全环境为%s 失败设置用户ID 失败获取%s 的文件状态失败(stat)无法关闭O_DIRECT：%s更新%s 的环境失败%s 的fdatasync 失败冲洗流失败(fflush)域编号%s 过大区块编号为零序号从1 开始计数先进先出文件%d 没有被正确排序文件操作数不能于--files0-from 参数一起使用文件操作和--print-database (-p)不能同时使用不能同时选择和排除文件系统类型%s创建系统进程(fork)出错格式%s 以%% 结束格式%s 没有%% 指令格式%s 中%% 指令过多格式%s 中包含未知%%%c 指令当输出等宽字符串时不应再指定格式字符串%s 的fsync 失败fts_close 失败fts_read 失败getpass：无法打开 /dev/tty检查 %s 的新属性%s 的所属组已保留为%s iconv 函数不存在iconv 函数无法使用id=忽略任何参数忽略输入忽略输入并把输出追加到%s忽略输入重定向错误到标准输出端忽略无效的环境变量 TABSIZE 所示的制表符尺寸值：%s忽略无效的环境变量QUOTING_STYLE 的键值：%s忽略无效的环境变量 COLUMNS 所示的宽度值：%s忽略不是选项的参数不兼容的连接区块%lu，%lu不兼容的标签密码不正确无法使用 inotify 机制，回归为 polling 机制输入消失输入行太长无法进行跨设备的移动：%s 至%s；无法删除目标非法的%s%s 参数"%s"无效的 --%s 参数%s无效的调整值%s无效的参数 %s%2$s 的参数%1$s 无效无效的正文号样式：%s%2$s 的缓冲模式%1$s 无效 无效的字节或域列表无效字符"%c"出现在类型字符串%s 中无效的字符类型%s无效模式：%s转换无效下标中出现无效的转换规格：%c下标中出现无效的转换规格：\%.3o无效的日期%s日期格式%s 无效无效的缩小的范围无效的设备文件%s %s无效的设备类型 %s无效的区块编号%s无效的区块定义符：%s无效的域宽度：%s在区块定义中出现无效的文件编号：%s无效的浮点参数：%s无效的页脚号样式：%s无效的格式精确度无效的格式宽度无效的间隙宽度：%s无效的组无效的组%s无效的组列表%s无效的组：%s无效的页眉号样式：%s输入无效输入标志无效无效的输入范围：%s无效的整数%s无效的整数参数%s无效的行数%s无效的行约束%s无效的行宽数值：%s无效的行号递增值：%s无效的编号格式：%s无效的行宽：%s无效的主设备号 %s目录最大深度%s 无效无效的次设备号 %s无效的权限模式无效模式%s无效模式：%s无效的数字%s在","后的编号无效在"-"后的编号无效在"."后的编号无效区块起始处的编号无效无效的空行数：%s无效的号码%s要对照的字节数量无效要略过的字节数量无效无效的列数：%s要略过的区块数量无效无效的号码%s无效的行数：0无效的选项 -- %c无效选项 -- %c；宽度必须是第一个选项才能被正确识别；请使用 -w N无效的输出地址基数"%c"，它必须是 [doxn] 四个字符中的一个输出标志无效页码范围%s 无效无效的精度：%s无终点的无效的范围：-在参数结构 [c*n] 中有无效的重复次数%s无效的 spec无效的起始行号：%s状态标志无效无效后缀 %s，含有目录分隔符非法的后缀在%s%s 参数"%s"无效的制表符尺寸：%s无效模板，%s，包含目录分隔符无效模板，%s；如果与--tmpdir 同时使用则不可以是绝对路径无效的时间间隔%s无效的日期时间格式%s无效的加附选项 -- %c无效类型的字符串%s无效的类型字符串%s； 系统无法提供对%lu-字节浮点类型数值的支持无效的类型字符串%s； 系统无法提供对%lu-字节整形类型数值的支持无效的通用字符名称\%c%0*x无效的用户无效的用户%s无效的宽度：%s无效的换行字符数：%s无效的零长度文件名在%s 进行递归操作十分危险在%s 进行递归操作十分危险(与%s 相同)最近=文件名%s 以"-"符号开头文件名%3$s 的长度%2$lu 超出限值%1$lu文件名成分%3$s 的长度%2$lu 超出限值%1$lu对标准输入进行行缓冲无意义行数选项-%s%c... 过大行号%s 比先前的行号%s 更小行号溢出最大 --%s 参数在当前资源限制(rlimit)设置下是%s内存耗尽消息队列最小 --%s 参数是%s[:upper:] 和/或[:lower:] 的结构对齐不完整下标中丢失了%% 转换规格字符缺少"]"%s 后缺少参数缺少%s 的参数缺失字符种类名"[::]"下标中丢失了转换规格在%s 后缺少了要操作的目标文件缺失类型等值的字符"[==]"缺少了文件操作数Escape 中缺失十六进制数缺少域列表缺少位置列表缺少操作数%s 后缺少操作数模式必须只指定文件许可位%s 的权限模式已更改为%04lo (%s) %s 的权限模式保留为%04lo (%s) 多字符标签%s指定了多个-i 选项同时指定了多个-l 或-t 选项指定了多个压缩程序已定义多重分隔符复合级别范围指定了多个输出文件指定了多种输出格式指定了多个随机源指定了多个相关修饰符多角色指定了多个目标目录多类型多用户符号链接%s 和该链接所指示的对象都未被更改 没有设置SHELL 环境变量，也没有指定shell 类型的选项%s 的归属关系未更改 没有指定命令未处理文件系统没有剩余文件没有来自%s 的输入无登录名未指定进程号在转储字符串时不能指定类型没有指定用户名，当使用-l 选项时至少需要指定一个有不通用的字符%s 被包含在文件名%s 中不是一个 tty无法通过符号链接%s 进行操作%s 中的数字过大字节数参数数目错误读入文件%s 时偏移量溢出略过目录%s在字符串2 中只能出现一次[c*] 结构的重复次数声明只能指定一个设备只能指定列表中的一种类型打开失败正在打开%s在未定义环境中的无效选项 -- %c选项--backup 和 --no-clobber 互斥选项--compare (-C) 和--preserve-timestamps 是互斥的选项--compare (-C) 和--strip 是互斥的选项"-%s"不兼容已排除输出文件后缀扩展文件%s 大小时溢出处理大于等于文件%s 的指定大小的最大倍数时溢出%s 的所有权已保留 %s 的所有者已保留为%s 页码溢出过窄%s 的保留权限正在保留 %s 的时间同时输出重复的行和重复计数是没有意义的"%s-%s"的结束点范围序列已经过反转处理读取错误读取失败正在读入%s正在读取目录%s记录数据过大重定向标准错误到标准输出普通空文件普通文件已删除%s 已删除目录：%s 正在删除目录 %s运行级别信号量分隔符不能为空请设置LC_ALL='C' 以避免出现问题。正在设置%s 的标记设置%s 的权限正在设置%s 的时间共享内存对象略过字节数+ 读入字节数的值过大跳过%s，因为它位于不同的设备上跳过文件%s，因为在准备复制时它已被其它文件取代套接字标准错误标准输入标准输入已关闭标准输出获取文件状态失败(stat)标准错误标准输入标准输出区块中有孤立字符字符串比较出现错误字符串转换失败拆解过程非正常中止清除没有分界符的行只有在 操作域时才有意义符号链接语法错误系统引导制表符尺寸不可为0制表符尺寸中包含无效字符：%s制表符尺寸必须是升序的%s：制表符跳格量过大制表符限长过大制表符过于分散目标%s 不是目录安装目录时不能用目标目录选项终端=test 和/或[在校验时--binary 和--text 选项是无意义的当您使用不允许的比特数指定模式是--compare (-C) 选项被忽略--context (-Z)选项已废弃，将在未来的发行中删除只有在校验时--quiet 选项才有意义只有在校验时--status 选项才有意义只有在校验时--warn 选项才有意义当进行替换操作时[c*] 结构的参数只能出现在字符串2 中在字符串1 中不能出现[c*] 结构的重复次数声明参数%s 缺少前导的"+"； 当使用选项来描述日期是，任何非选项参数都必须以"+"所引导的字符串出现分界符必须是单个字符verbose 和 stty-readable 两种输入风格的选项是互相抵触的显示 dircolors 内部数据库的选项和选择 shell 语法的选项 是互相抵触的显示与设置时间的选项不能同时使用被指定的这几种日期显示选项是相互抵触的已比较的字符串为%s 和%s安装目录时不能用strip 选项未转换的字符串为%s时间%s 超出范围您应当将-g 与用户ID %s 一起使用模板%s 中X 太少下标中出现过多的%% 转换规格字符设置中的字符数量过多重复行过多模板过多总用量遍历失败：%s共享内存对象uid=%lu无法显示错误信息无法记录目前的工作目录无法设置安全环境%s异常错误：fts_info=%d: %s 请报告给 %s未知双目运算符来自命令的未知状态 (0x%X)未知流未知的用户ID：%sLS_COLORS 环境变量中存在无法解些的值无法识别的操作数%s无法识别的前缀：%s已启动%ld 天%2d:%02d，已启动???? 天 ??:??，使用 --no-preserve-root 选项跳过安全模式用户%s 不存在用 %s 进行标准输入在文件系统模式下无法工作使用任意精度运算正在使用受限的shell %s使用单精度运算等待 %s [-d]等待拆解警告：%s：跟随在常量字符后的其它字符已被忽略警告：%s：切换到%s 用户环境失败警告：此系统不支持--pid=PID警告：--retry 参数需要在后面附加名称后使用警告：已忽略进程号，只有在跟随模式下--pid=PID 选项才是有用的警告："touch %s"已过时，请使用"touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d"代替警告：在字符串结尾使用为转义的反斜杠是一种不可移植的做法警告：格式末尾出现反斜杠警告：无法切换到目录%s警告：无法删除：%s警告：无限期跟随标准输入是无用的警告：从%s 开始已忽略超量的参数警告：文件读取失败后偏移错误警告：无效的宽度值%lu，已使用%d 代替警告：行号%s 比先前的行号更小警告：指定来源文件%s 多于一次警告：显示总用量的选项和--max-depth=%lu 互斥警告：显示总用量等价于使用--max-depth=0警告：--%s 选项已过时，请使用--reference警告：含义不清的八进制内容 \%c%c%c 已被视作为双字节序列 \0%c%c, %c 处理警告：无法识别的转义字符"\%c"警告：暂时避免有关文件%s 的lseek 内核错误 错误地址在mt_type=0x%0lx -- 有关mt_type 类型的列表请参考古怪文件当不截断设置1 时，字符串2 不能为空当从标准输入读取时，不允许指定文件名%s当指定了输出风格时，模式不能再被设置当以反相模式替换字符类型时，字符串2 必须将所有字符映射到一个字域当进行替换操作时，字符串2 里只能出现一种字符类型，即"upper"和"lower"不会以%s 覆盖刚创建的%s不会创建指向目录%2$s 的硬链接%1$s不会以%2$s 覆盖刚创建的%1$s当跟随--parents 选项时，目的地必须是目录使用 --suffix，模板 %s 必须以 X 结尾写入错误写入%s 时出错写入失败正在写入%s正在写入%s您必须指定-c，-t，-u，-l，-r 或环境您必须指定一组字节、字符或域的列表您必须在%s 或%s 中指定一个PRIuMAXPRIdMAX%+% records in %+% records out % truncated record % truncated records % byte (%s) copied% bytes (%s) copiedoffset too large: cannot truncate to a length of seek=% (%lu-byte) blocksfailed to truncate to % bytes in output file %sfailed to allocate a % byte stdio buffer %s: %: improperly formatted %s checksum lineWARNING: % of % listed file could not be readWARNING: % of % listed files could not be readWARNING: % of % computed checksum did NOT matchWARNING: % of % computed checksums did NOT matchstarting page number % exceeds page count %Page %overflow in % * % byte blocks for file %struncating %s at % bytes记录了%+% 的读入 记录了%+% 的写出 % 个被截断了的块 %字节(%s)已复制偏移量过大：无法在seek=% (%lu-字节) 块的长度上实施截断无法针对输出文件%2$s 的%1$ 字节处实施截断分配 % 字节标准输入输出(stdio)缓冲区失败 %s：%：%s 的校验和行目格式不适当警告：%/% 列出的文件无法读取警告：%/% 生成的校验和不匹配起始页码% 超出了最大页数%第 % 页在文件%3$s 的%1$ * %2$ 字节块中溢出在%2$ 字节处截断%1$s07070100009274000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001900000000reloc/share/locale/zh_TW07070100009275000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000002500000000reloc/share/locale/zh_TW/LC_MESSAGES07070100009276000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000118bb000000660000000300000000000000000000003200000000reloc/share/locale/zh_TW/LC_MESSAGES/coreutils.mow<'' (G())3*+E,,9-t-G/901y2H272 3F34,45(5}^5O5,7O8Q : ^;l<J=>>ua??@}ABB sC~DEzKFFfG,IIK+LL NIN*O P=(QCfR?RRT!.VPWKX%)Y OY ]YjYZZZZ ZZ[/[G[][v[#[>[B[-\L\^\n\,\"\8\])]H]\]{]]]]]]] ^^'+^S^n^$^^^;^_&_B_^_|__"___)_!`>`O`1n` ````"a+a:a"Ma pa |aaa+aa)a"b$b):bdb vb?bbKb8ctNc3cxc:pd2d:d1eKe\Peeeee7gIghhN hYhkioibjj-j2khNkwkB/lrl.m8m@"n1cn*ndnA%ogo$lo&oo&o o0p Fp)gp'pTp'q6q&q"qTrpr"r~ss=>t|t tFt'uZ*u`u!u'v0vEv vX wlbwtwDxx; y3Ey/yy+y'y#y!zAz]z<mzzzz1z zzA{2V{1{ {{#{{|+|*<|g||"||,| }4}T}+s}#},}0},!~#N~r~~ ~~~~2$Qv(.$2S03Ҁ5<Ut%ȁ؁&!?&Nu'‚݂*E^u ̓ (2"Cfw#*!' 2#Q%uӅ. 9Qeuˆ=@#:d;ȇ*:-e ˈ0Ib" ۉG) q~ ϊ/݊- #;&_)*ۋ!!:"\#%7Ɍ=?]p-ƍ֍4&! H T_y>ǎB I T `k ~ ֏77>M\u JȐ  !.*Cn8H?B=>3(3f\>Ó@<C/Ȕ322=e,0Е375tm 3j!_,* D P ] h7v?`t/I-wFeU١X%إtPFJJ0;-l~"cut^ӲTe=u`rhM=ԾH:%`IQ>:\{')`-t N  9Sn ""$/8CG| X')A - ; Mn&5>,t&#A\q" <Wu 0*.<:k)'?6V!/;)8bCq\:vT:^3/97iY  %9D_CYPp^ -D=)G_R&9y*]B<7(%5C+y<,O*_)(`;$A&!h$K*^&q'*J` lc:|40,(J$s 9"(.82k{077 7D$W|6 !>8U$#"L,G/t4-#+@;U&/#Sl!|'68=v(,E2Rr(3'.V*e!"#C`z' 3Fe{ ')1.`&~)5 LX0] !+@D;8L#p!,/"2CZq' !" !D f   [   , !> `  p 0} + % ' ( .G v    * ' %3 $Y >~ G  # B !X z   0 '   7 WdKv> -7 J W dnB 2? Ub$wE  *1"\*K=+;i5*'[.9-%"1;m1,P0P+A2"4R>&AW mw30mb\ybl~[pzLOhoQ{;YX?{ #N=`PCiO_*.R2J$}vfxY"'eU)lUkD8gW9:\- >3M,Ae)D|+VM7!jxE6 +Zo5_GS^B6Aj91!X,i%*cmWu;VNy&a](nQ|1-a=d8~#.&qJd R`C:"T t[t>HrgrZ/ ^$4knP 4vuF% (E0h]<BS3?fFL}/pKIK G <Hw52wc @qT'I@zs 7s INTEGER copy up to but not including specified line number /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copy up to but not including a matching line %REGEXP%[OFFSET] skip to, but not including a matching line {INTEGER} repeat the previous pattern specified number of times {*} repeat the previous pattern as many times as possible A line OFFSET is a required `+' or `-' followed by a positive integer. # users=%lu A mere - implies -i. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment. As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. By default, selects -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \\ for \. STYLE is one of: If FILE is -, shred standard output. Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified. The default is not to remove the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda, and those files usually should not be removed. When operating on regular files, most people use the --remove option. If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors --print-database'. Note that the -d and -t options accept different time-date formats. Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed to login group if implied by a `:' following a symbolic OWNER. OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic. Read standard input if FILE is -. Each PATTERN may be: SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) \\ backslash \a audible BEL \b backspace \f form feed \n new line \r return \t horizontal tab SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: The sums are computed as described in %s. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. To remove a file whose name starts with a `-', for example `-foo', use one of these commands: %s -- -foo %s ./-foo With no FILE or if FILE is -, read Standard Input. `-F /' by default. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. With no options, produce three-column output. Column one contains lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2, and column three contains lines common to both files. Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information. Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit -A, --address-radix=RADIX decide how file offsets are printed -j, --skip-bytes=BYTES skip BYTES input bytes first -D create all leading components of DEST except the last, then copy SOURCE to DEST -g, --group=GROUP set group ownership, instead of process' current group -m, --mode=MODE set permission mode (as in chmod), instead of rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=OWNER set ownership (super-user only) -D, --date-format=FORMAT use FORMAT for the header date -e[CHAR[WIDTH]], --expand-tabs[=CHAR[WIDTH]] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) -F, -f, --form-feed use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3-line page header with -F or a 5-line header and trailer without -F) -L, --dereference dereference all symbolic links -P, --no-dereference don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default) -0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline -S, --separate-dirs do not include size of subdirectories -s, --summarize display only a total for each argument -P, --portability use the POSIX output format --sync invoke sync before getting usage info -t, --type=TYPE limit listing to file systems of type TYPE -T, --print-type print file system type -x, --exclude-type=TYPE limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE -v (ignored) -a, --across print columns across rather than down, used together with -COLUMN -c, --show-control-chars use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation -d, --double-space double space the output -b, --before attach the separator before instead of after -r, --regex interpret the separator as a regular expression -s, --separator=STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline -b, --body-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering body lines -d, --section-delimiter=CC use CC for separating logical pages -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE use STYLE for numbering footer lines -b, --bytes count bytes rather than columns -s, --spaces break at spaces -w, --width=WIDTH use WIDTH columns instead of 80 -b, --bytes=LIST select only these bytes -c, --characters=LIST select only these characters -d, --delimiter=DELIM use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter -c, --count prefix lines by the number of occurrences -d, --repeated only print duplicate lines -c, --crown-margin preserve indentation of first two lines -p, --prefix=STRING reformat only lines beginning with STRING, reattaching the prefix to reformatted lines -s, --split-only split long lines, but do not refill -d, --delimiters=LIST reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs -s, --serial paste one file at a time instead of in parallel -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes -f, --fields=LIST select only these fields; also print any line that contains no delimiter character, unless the -s option is specified -n (ignored) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent -F same as --follow=name --retry -f, --silent, --quiet suppress most error messages -v, --verbose output a diagnostic for every file processed --reference=RFILE use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values -R, --recursive change files and directories recursively -h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) -i, --initial do not convert tabs after non blanks -t, --tabs=NUMBER have tabs NUMBER characters apart, not 8 -i, --inodes list inode information instead of block usage -k like --block-size=1K -l, --local limit listing to local file systems --no-sync do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -n, --digits=DIGITS use specified number of digits instead of 2 -s, --quiet, --silent do not print counts of output file sizes -z, --elide-empty-files remove empty output files -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -q, --quiet, --silent never print headers giving file names -v, --verbose always print headers giving file names -s, --only-delimited do not print lines not containing delimiters --output-delimiter=STRING use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter -s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -t equivalent to -vT -T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I -u (ignored) -v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB -t, --tabs=LIST use comma separated list of explicit tab positions -t, --tagged-paragraph indentation of first line different from second -u, --uniform-spacing one space between words, two after sentences -w, --width=WIDTH maximum line width (default of 75 columns) -u, --remove truncate and remove file after overwriting -v, --verbose show progress -x, --exact do not round file sizes up to the next full block; this is the default for non-regular files -z, --zero add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system -w, --check-chars=N compare no more than N characters in lines -z, --zero-terminated end lines with 0 byte, not newline [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space [:lower:] all lower case letters [:print:] all printable characters, including space [:punct:] all punctuation characters [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace [:upper:] all upper case letters [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR \v vertical tab CHAR1-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 [:alnum:] all letters and digits [:alpha:] all letters [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace [:cntrl:] all control characters [:digit:] all digits ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline lcase change upper case to lower case d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backups %4s-blocks Used Available Use%% (backup: %s) Mounted on % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. %lu user%lu users%s%s -> %s (unbackup) %s and %s are the same file%s exists but is not a directory%s has unknown file type%s is too large%s: %s is so large that it is not representable%s: %s:%s: disorder: %s: FAILED open or read %s: No such user%s: `}' is required in repeat count%s: can make relative symbolic links only in current directory%s: cannot follow end of this type of file; giving up on this name%s: cannot overwrite directory%s: cannot rewind%s: cannot seek%s: cannot seek to offset %s%s: cannot shred append-only file descriptor%s: closing delimiter `%c' missing%s: equivalence class operand must be a single character%s: error truncating%s: error writing at offset %s%s: failed to close%s: failed to open for writing%s: failed to remove%s: fcntl failed%s: fdatasync failed%s: file has negative size%s: file too large%s: file too long%s: file truncated%s: fstat failed%s: fsync failed%s: hard link not allowed for directory%s: input contains a loop:%s: input file is output file%s: integer expected after delimiter%s: invalid PID%s: invalid file type%s: invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens%s: invalid number%s: invalid number of bytes%s: invalid number of lines%s: invalid number of seconds%s: invalid pattern%s: invalid process id%s: invalid regular expression: %s%s: invalid signal%s: invalid suffix length%s: line number must be greater than zero%s: line number out of range%s: lseek failed%s: multiple signals specified%s: no properly formatted %s checksum lines found%s: number of bytes is too large%s: overwrite %s? %s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s%s: pass %lu/%lu (%s)...%s/%s %d%%%s: read error%s: remove %s %s? %s: remove write-protected %s %s? %s: removed%s: removing%s: renamed to %s%s: replace %s? %s:%lu: invalid line; missing second token%s:%lu: unrecognized keyword %s%s}: integer required between `{' and `}'', load average: %.2f-R --dereference requires either -H or -L-R -h requires -PAll arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. COMMENTCall the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1. Call the unlink function to remove the specified FILE. Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. -c, --changes like verbose but report only when a change is made Compare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. EXITEcho the STRING(s) to standard output. -n do not output the trailing newline FAILEDFilesystem Filesystem TypeFor each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by whitespace. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is -, read standard input. -a FILENUM print unpairable lines coming from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2 -e EMPTY replace missing input fields with EMPTY Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. NAMEOKOutput a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. Determine format of output: -b, --sh, --bourne-shell output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS -c, --csh, --c-shell output C shell code to set LS_COLORS -p, --print-database output defaults Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files `xx00', `xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output. Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use %s. %s as FILE is common. Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. PIDPaginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. Print NAME with its trailing /component removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output `.' (meaning the current directory). Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Set LC_ALL='C' to work around the problem.Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default. Summarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. TIMEThe strings compared were %s and %s.Try `%s --help' for more information. Unknown system errorUsage: %s EXPRESSION or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FILE or: %s OPTION Usage: %s FORMAT [ARGUMENT]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME or: %s OPTION Usage: %s NAME [SUFFIX] or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION] Usage: %s [NAME] or: %s OPTION Print or set the hostname of the current system. Usage: %s [NUMBER]... or: %s OPTION Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE] Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE PATTERN... Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE1 FILE2 Usage: %s [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: %s [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: %s [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE... or: %s [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORY... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [COMMAND [ARG]...] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]... or: %s [OPTION]... --files0-from=F Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [INPUT]... (without -G) or: %s -G [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]] Usage: %s [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE... or: %s [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... Usage: %s [OPTION]... [USERNAME] Usage: %s [STRING]... or: %s OPTION Valid arguments are:WARNING: Circular directory structure. This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system. NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER. The following directory is part of the cycle: %s Warning: Wrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. Written by %s and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and others. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s, %s, and %s. Written by %s. [=c=] expressions may not appear in string2 when translating^[nN]^[yY]``--pages=FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE]' missing argumentaccessing %sambiguous argument %s for %san input delimiter may be specified only when operating on fieldsbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not copiedbacking up %s would destroy source; %s not movedbackup typeblock special fileboth files cannot be standard inputbyte offset %s is too largecannot access %scannot backup %scannot both summarize and show all entriescannot change ownership of %scannot change permissions of %scannot change root directory to %scannot change to directory %scannot combine any two of {ascii,ebcdic,ibm}cannot combine block and unblockcannot combine excl and nocreatcannot combine lcase and ucasecannot combine mode and --reference optionscannot combine signal with -l or -tcannot convert U+%04X to local character setcannot convert U+%04X to local character set: %scannot copy a directory, %s, into itself, %scannot copy cyclic symbolic link %scannot create directory %scannot create fifo %scannot create hard link %s to %scannot create link %scannot create link %s to %scannot create regular file %scannot create special file %scannot create symbolic link %scannot create symbolic link %s to %scannot determine hostnamecannot fstat %scannot get current directorycannot lseek %scannot make both hard and symbolic linkscannot make directory %scannot move %s to %scannot move %s to a subdirectory of itself, %scannot move directory onto non-directory: %s -> %scannot open %s for readingcannot overwrite directory %s with non-directorycannot overwrite non-directory %s with directory %scannot print only names or real IDs in default formatcannot read directory %scannot read file names from %scannot read symbolic link %scannot remove %scannot reposition file pointer for %scannot set datecannot set time stamps for %scannot skip past end of combined inputcannot split in more than one waycannot stat %scannot stat current directory (now %s)cannot un-backup %scannot unlink %scannot work around kernel bug after allchanged group of %s to %s changed ownership of %s to %s changing group of %schanging ownership of %schanging permissions of %scharacter offset is zerocharacter out of rangecharacter special fileclose failedclosing %sclosing %s (fd=%d)closing input file %sclosing output file %sclosing standard inputcouldn't get boot timecreating directory %sdirectorydivision by zeroerror in regular expression searcherror reading %serror writing %sextra operand %sfailed to change group of %s to %s failed to change mode of %s to %04lo (%s) failed to change ownership of %s failed to change ownership of %s to %s failed to get attributes of %sfailed to preserve ownership for %sfailed to preserve permissions for %sfailed to preserve times for %sfdatasync failed for %sfield number %s is too largefield number is zerofifofile system type %s both selected and excludedfork system call failedfsync failed for %sfts_read failedgetting new attributes of %sgroup of %s retained as %s iconv function not availableiconv function not usableignoring invalid tab size in environment variable TABSIZE: %signoring invalid value of environment variable QUOTING_STYLE: %signoring invalid width in environment variable COLUMNS: %sinput disappearedinput line is too longinter-device move failed: %s to %s; unable to remove targetinvalid argument %s for %sinvalid byte or field listinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: %cinvalid conversion specifier in suffix: \%.3oinvalid field number: %sinvalid groupinvalid group %sinvalid maximum depth %sinvalid mode %sinvalid mode: %sinvalid number %sinvalid number after `,'invalid number after `-'invalid number after `.'invalid number at field startinvalid number of bytesinvalid number of bytes to compareinvalid number of bytes to skipinvalid number of fields to skipinvalid number of linesinvalid option -- %cinvalid output address radix `%c'; it must be one character from [doxn]invalid userinvalid user %sinvalid width: %sinvalid zero-length file namememory exhaustedmessage queuemisaligned [:upper:] and/or [:lower:] constructmissing %% conversion specification in suffixmissing character class name `[::]'missing conversion specifier in suffixmissing destination file operand after %smissing equivalence class character `[==]'missing file operandmissing list of fieldsmissing list of positionsmissing operand after %smode of %s changed to %04lo (%s) mode of %s retained as %04lo (%s) multiple -l or -t options specifiedmultiple target directories specifiedneither symbolic link %s nor referent has been changed no SHELL environment variable, and no shell type option givenno change to ownership of %s no files remainingno process ID specifiedno type may be specified when dumping stringsnumber of bytesnumber of linesomitting directory %sonly one [c*] repeat construct may appear in string2only one type of list may be specifiedopen failedopening %sownership of %s retained ownership of %s retained as %s page width too narrowpreserving times for %sprinting all duplicated lines and repeat counts is meaninglessrange-endpoints of `%s-%s' are in reverse collating sequence orderread errorread failedreading %sregular empty fileregular fileremoved %s semaphoreseparator cannot be emptysetting permissions for %ssetting times of %sshared memory objectskipping file %s, as it was replaced while being copiedsocketstandard errorstandard inputstandard input is closedstandard outputstat failedstray character in field specstring comparison failedsuppressing non-delimited lines makes sense only when operating on fieldssymbolic linksyntax errortab size cannot be 0tab size contains invalid character(s): %stab sizes must be ascendingtab stop is too large %starget %s is not a directorytarget directory not allowed when installing a directorythe --binary and --text options are meaningless when verifying checksumsthe --status option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe --warn option is meaningful only when verifying checksumsthe [c*] construct may appear in string2 only when translatingthe [c*] repeat construct may not appear in string1the delimiter must be a single characterthe options to output dircolors' internal database and to select a shell syntax are mutually exclusivethe options to print and set the time may not be used togetherthe options to specify dates for printing are mutually exclusivethe strip option may not be used when installing a directorytime %s is out of rangetoo many %% conversion specifications in suffixtoo many repeated linestotalunparsable value for LS_COLORS environment variableunrecognized operand %swarning: --pid=PID is not supported on this systemwarning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when followingwarning: invalid width %lu; using %d insteadwarning: source file %s specified more than oncewarning: summarizing conflicts with --max-depth=%luwarning: summarizing is the same as using --max-depth=0warning: working around lseek kernel bug for file (%s) of mt_type=0x%0lx -- see for the list of typesweird filewhen not truncating set1, string2 must be non-emptywhen translating with complemented character classes, string2 must map all characters in the domain to onewhen translating, the only character classes that may appear in string2 are `upper' and `lower'will not create hard link %s to directory %swill not overwrite just-created %s with %swrite errorwrite failedwriting %swriting to %syou must specify a list of bytes, characters, or fieldsProject-Id-Version: coreutils 5.3.0 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: bug-coreutils@gnu.org POT-Creation-Date: 2010-04-23 17:24+0200 PO-Revision-Date: 2005-07-02 04:13+0800 Last-Translator: Abel Cheung Language-Team: Chinese (traditional) MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8-bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0; 整數 複製直至指定行數之前的一行 /正規表示式/[偏移值] 複製直至符合表示式之前的一行 %正規表示式%[偏移值] 忽略直至符合表示式之前的一行 {整數} 將之前的樣式重複指定的次數 {*} 將之前的樣式重複最大可能的次數 行號偏移值是一個(必須的)‘+’或‘-’字元加上一個正整數。 登入用家數目=%lu 僅用 - 已經等於 -i 選項。如果沒有指定 <指令>，則顯示所有環境變數。 有一個特別情況：如果同時指定 --force 和 --backup 選項，而且 <來源> 和 <目的地> 是同一個已存在的普通檔案的話，cp 會將 <來源> 檔案備份。 預設的選項為 -v1 -i1 -l1 -sTAB -w6 -nrn -hn -bt -fn。CC 是兩個用來 分辨每頁的標頭、內容和註腳的字元；如果沒有指定第二個字元則表示是 :。 請輸入 \\ 表示 \ 字元。<方式> 可以是以下其中一個： 如果 <檔案> 是 -，會覆寫標準輸入的內容。 如果加上 --remove (-u) 選項表示移除 <檔案>。預設的方式是不移除檔案， 因為覆寫像 /dev/hda 等的裝置檔案是很普遍的，而這些檔案通常不應移除。 當覆寫普通檔案時，絕大多數人都應該使用 --remove 選項。 如果指定 <檔案>，則讀取該檔案的資料來決定檔案類型及延伸檔名相應的顏色。 否則，會使用一個預設的資料庫。如要瞭解此檔案格式的細節，請執行 ‘dircolors --print-database’。 請注意，-d 和 -t 選項可接受不同的時間/日期格式。 如果沒有指定 <擁有者>，則不會更改。<群組> 也一樣， 但如果擁有者後加上 ‘:’，<群組> 會更改為擁有者的主要群組。 <擁有者> 及 <群組> 可以是數字或名稱。 若 <檔案> 是 - 則由標準輸入讀取資料。每一個 <樣式> 可以是： SET 是以字串方式指定。大部份字元都會直接處理。要解譯的序列包括： \NNN 八進位數字 NNN (1 至 3 個位)所代表的字元 \\ 反斜號 \a 響聲 (BEL) \b 倒退字元 (backspace) \f 換頁字元 (form feed) \n 換行字元 (new line) \r 復位字元 (return) \t 水平定位字元 (tab) <大小> 是一個數字。當 <格式> 是 doux 其中之一時，<大小> 也可以是：表示 sizeof(char) 的 C、表示 sizeof(short) 的 S、表示 sizeof(int) 的 I 或 表示 sizeof(long) 的 L。如果 <格式> 是 f，<大小> 可以是表示 sizeof(float) 的 F、表示 sizeof(double) 的 D 或表示 sizeof(long double) 的 L。 備份檔的後置字串為 ‘~’，除非以 --suffix 選項或是 SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX 環境變數指定。版本控制的方式可透過 --backup 選項或 VERSION_CONTROL 環境 變數來選擇。以下是可用的變數值： 總和檢查是根據 %s 描述的方法計算出來的。當驗證時，輸入資料必須是此程式以往 的輸出結果。預設模式是印出總和檢查值，一個代表檔案類型的字元 (‘*’表示二元 碼，‘ ’[空格] 表示文字)，及每個 <檔案> 的名稱。 要移除第一個字元為‘-’的檔案 (例如‘-foo’)，請使用以下其中一種方法： %s -- -foo %s ./-foo 如果沒有指定 <檔案> 或 <檔案> 是 -，則由標準輸入讀入資料。 預設使用‘-F /’選項。 如果沒有指定<檔案>或<檔案>是 -，則由標準輸入讀取資料。 不加選項的話，程式會產生三欄內容。第一欄的內容只在 <檔案1> 出現， 第二欄的只在 <檔案2> 出現，第三欄的則同時在兩個檔案內出現。 不加上任何選項的話，顯示一些有用的身分識別資訊。 以明確方式 (預設為八進位數字) 表示 <檔案> 的內容。當指定多於一個 <檔案> 時， 會以指定的次序將檔案內容合併。如果沒有指定 <檔案> 或 <檔案> 是 -，則由標準 輸入讀取資料。 --help 顯示此求助說明並離開 --version 顯示版本資訊並離開 -A, --address-radix=RADIX 決定基準位址的單位 -j, --skip-bytes=位元組 先略過指定 <位元組> 的輸入資料 -D 建立 <目的地> 的所有上層目錄，然後將 <來源> 複製至 <目的地> -g, --group=群組 自行指定所屬群組，而不是進程目前的所屬群組 -m, --mode=模式 自行指定權限模式 (像 chmod)，而不是 rwxr-xr-x -o, --owner=擁有者 自行指定擁有者 (只適用於最大權力使用者) -D, --date-format=格式 使用 <格式> 顯示標頭的日期 -e[字元[寬度]], --expand-tabs[=字元[寬度]] 將輸入資料中的 <字元> (預設為 TAB) 轉換為指定 <寬度> 的 空格數目 (預設為 8) -F, -f, --form-feed 使用 form feed 而不是 newline 字元來分頁 (使用此選項 時只會印出三行標頭，否則會印出五行標頭再加註腳) -L, --dereference 找出任何符號鏈結指示的真正目的地 -P, --no-dereference 不跟隨任何符號鏈結 (這個是預設模式) -0, --null 每行都以 NUL 字元而不是換行作為結尾 -S, --separate-dirs 不包括子目錄的佔用量 -s, --summarize 只分別計算每個檔案參數所佔的總用量 -P, --portability 使用 POSIX 輸出格式 --sync 取得使用量資料前先進行 sync 動作 -t, --type=類型 只印出指定 <類型> 的檔案系統資訊 -T, --print-type 印出檔案系統類型 -x, --exclude-type=類型 只印出不是指定 <類型> 的檔案系統資訊 -v (此選項不作處理) -a, --across 印出內容時會先橫跨所有欄位 (橫向列印)，並非印完一欄才 跳至第二欄繼續列印；此選項需要配合 -欄數 使用 -c, --show-control-chars 使用 ^ 符號 (^G) 或反斜號加八進位數字顯示無法列印的字元 -d, --double-space 隔行顯示結果 -b, --before 將分隔字串加在前面而不是後面 -r, --regex 將分隔字串理解為正規表示式 -s, --separator=字串 用 <字串> 作為分隔字串，而不是 newline 字元 -b, --body-numbering=方式 決定將內容加上行號的 <方式> -d, --section-delimiter=CC 使用 CC 字元分辨標頭、內容和註腳 -f, --footer-numbering=方式 決定將註腳加上行號的 <方式> -b, --bytes 計算位元組總數而非字元位置 -s, --spaces 只在空格位置斷開 -w, --width=寬度 使用指定的 <寬度> 作為行寬而非 80 -b, --bytes=LIST 只顯示指定的位元組 -c, --characters=LIST 只顯示指定的字元 -d, --delimiter=DELIM 以 DELIM 字元代替 TAB 作為欄位的分隔符號 -c, --count 每行前加上出現次數 -d, --repeated 只印出重複的資料 -c, --crown-margin 保留最初兩行的縮排方式 -p, --prefix=字串 只處理含有指定前置 <字串> 的每一行，並將處理好 的結果重新加上 <字串> -s, --split-only 只將一行過長的資料分開，而不合併多於一行的資料 -d, --delimiters=列表 反覆使用 <列表> 中的字元代替 TAB -s, --serial 每次合併一個檔案中的每一行，而非所有檔案的某一行 -e 能夠識別加上反斜號 ‘\’ 的特殊格式 -E 不能夠識別加上反斜號 ‘\’ 的特殊格式 (預設使用) -e 能夠識別加上反斜號 ‘\’ 的特殊格式 (預設使用) -E 不能夠識別加上反斜號 ‘\’ 的特殊格式 -f, --fields=LIST 只顯示指定的欄位；同時也印出不含分隔符號的 每一行，除非配合 -s 選項一起使用 -n (不會作任何處理) -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] 當檔案不斷變大時顯示加上的資料； -f、--follow 及 --follow=descriptor 是相同的 -F 等於 --follow=name --retry -f, --silent, --quiet 去除大部份的錯誤訊息 -v, --verbose 處理每個檔案時都會顯示訊息 --reference=參考檔 使用<參考檔>的權限，而非自行指定<權限> -R, --recursive 同時處理目錄之下的所有的檔案及子目錄 -h, --no-dereference 影響符號鏈結本身，而不是符號鏈結指定的目的地檔案 (只有系統支援更改符號鏈結的擁有者，這個選項才有效) -i, --initial 不轉換非空白字元後的 TAB 字元 -t, --tabs=數目 將 tab 轉換為指定 <數目> 的空格而不是 8 個 -i, --inodes 顯示 inode 資訊而非空間使用量 -k 即 --block-size=1K -l, --local 只顯示本機的檔案系統 --no-sync 取得使用量資料前不進行 sync 動作 (預設) -l 使用較長格式列出資訊 -L, --dereference 當顯示符號鏈結的檔案資訊時，顯示符號鏈結所指示 的目標而並非符號鏈結本身的資訊 -m 所有項目以逗號分隔，並填滿整行行寬 -n, --digits=位數 使用指定位數的數字而不是 2 個位 -s, --quiet, --silent 不印出輸出檔的大小 -z, --elide-empty-files 移除空白的輸出檔 -q, --hide-control-chars 以 ? 字元代替無法列印的字元 --show-control-chars 直接顯示無法列印的字元 (這是預設方式，除非調用 的程式名稱是‘ls’而且是在終端機畫面輸出結果) -Q, --quote-name 將項目名稱括上雙引號 --quoting-style=方式 使用指定的 quoting <方式>顯示項目的名稱： literal、locale、shell、shell-always、c、escape -q, --quiet, --silent 絕不顯示含有檔案名稱的標頭 -v, --verbose 一定顯示含有檔案名稱的標頭 -s, --only-delimited 不印出不含分隔符號的每一行 --output-delimiter=字串 以 <字串> 作為輸出資料的分隔符號 預設是使用輸入資料的分隔符號 -s, --symbolic-link 只建立符號鏈結而不是複製檔案 -S, --suffix=後置字串 自行指定備份檔的 <後置字串> -t, --target-directory=目錄 將所有 <來源> 檔案/目錄複製至指定的 <目錄> -T, --no-target-directory 將 <目的地> 看作普通檔案處理 -t 等於 -vT -T, --show-tabs 將 TAB 字元顯示為 ^I -u (此選項不作處理) -v, --show-nonprinting 除了換行及 TAB 字元外，使用 ^ 及 M- 表示法顯示字元 -t, --tabs=LIST 用以逗號分隔的數字來指定 tab 的位置 -t, --tagged-paragraph 第一和第二行的縮排方式不同 -u, --uniform-spacing 每兩個字之間以一個空格分隔，句子後則用兩個空格 -w, --width=數字 最大的行寬 (預設為 75 個字元) -u, --remove 覆寫後會截斷及移除該檔案 -v, --verbose 顯示進度 -x, --exact 不將檔案大小增加至最接近的區段大小；如果檔案不是普通檔案， 預設會使用這種模式 -z, --zero 最後一次會使用 0 位元組進行覆寫來隱藏覆寫動作 -u, --update 只在 <來源> 檔案比目的地檔案新， 或目的地檔案不存在時才進行複製 -v, --verbose 詳細顯示進行的步驟 -x, --one-file-system 不會跨越檔案系統進行操作 -w, --check-chars=N 每行比較不多於 N 個字元 -z, --zero-terminated 以位元組 0 而非 newline 字元作為每行的結束字元 [:graph:] 所有可列印的字元，不包括空格 [:lower:] 所有小寫英文字母 [:print:] 所有可列印的字元，包括空格 [:punct:] 所有標點符號 [:space:] 所有水平或垂直的空白字元 [:upper:] 所有大寫英文字母 [:xdigit:] 所有十六進位數字 [=CHAR=] 所有和 CHAR 同等的字元 \v 垂直定位字元 (vertical tab) 字元1-字元2 由 <字元1> 開始升序排列至 <字元2> [字元*] 在 SET2 裡重複加上 <字元>，直至符合 SET1 的長度 [字元*重複次數] 重複指定 <字元>，如果 <重複次數> 的第一個字元是 0 則表示 <重複次數> 是八進位數字 [:alnum:] 所有英文字及數字 [:alpha:] 所有英文字 [:blank:] 所有水平的空白字元 [:cntrl:] 所有控制字元 [:digit:] 所有數字 ascii 由 EBCDIC 轉換至 ASCII ebcdic 由 ASCII 轉換至 EBCDIC ibm 由 ASCII 轉換至 alternate EBCDIC block 將以 newline 作為結束字元的區段的 newline 換成空格， 直至空格填滿 cbs 表示的大小 unblock 會將 cbs 大小的區段中所有結束的空格刪除， 並轉換為一個 newline 字元 lcase 將大寫字元轉換為小寫 d[大小] 有正負號的十進位數，每個整數佔指定 <大小> 的位元組 f[大小] 浮點數，每個整數佔指定 <大小> 的位元組 o[大小] 八進位數，每個整數佔指定 <大小> 的位元組 u[大小] 無正負號的十進位數，每個整數佔指定 <大小> 的位元組 x[大小] 十六進位數，每個整數佔指定 <大小> 的位元組 none, off 不會進行備份 (即使使用了 --backup 選項也不會) numbered, t 備份檔會加上數字 existing, nil 若有數字的備份檔已經存在則使用數字，否則使用普通方式備份 simple, never 永遠使用普通方式備份 %4s-區段 已用 可用 已用%% (備份：%s) 掛載點 %% = 1%% 記憶體，b=1，K=1024 (預設值)，還有 M、G、T、P、E、Z、Y 如此類推。 如果沒有指定 <檔案> 或 <檔案> 是 -，則由標準輸入讀取資料。 *** 警告 *** 和語系有關的環境變數會影響排序結果。 如果要以位元組數值作為排列次序，請設定環境變數 LC_ALL=C。 %lu 個使用者%s%s -> %s (還原備份) %s 及 %s 為同一檔案%s已存在但不是目錄%s的檔案類型不詳%s 過長%s：%s過大，因此無法表示%s： %s：%s：次序不正確：%s：開啟或讀取時發生錯誤 %s：此用戶不存在%s：重複的數目後應該是 ‘}’ 字元%s：只能於目前的目錄中建立相對符號鏈結%s：無法檢查此類檔案的末端；不會再檢查此檔案名稱%s：不可以覆寫目錄%s：無法向後搜尋%s：無法搜尋%s：無法搜尋至位置 %s%s：不能將只可加上資料的檔案描述子 (file descriptor) 進行 shred 動作%s：缺少了封閉分隔符號 ‘%c’%s：等價字元種類中的運算符必須是恰好一個字元%s：截斷檔案時發生錯誤%s：在 %s 位置寫入資料時發生錯誤%s：無法關閉%s：無法開啟來寫入資料%s：無法移除%s：fcntl 發生錯誤%s：fdatasync 發生錯誤%s：檔案的大小為負數%s：檔案過大%s：檔案過大%s：檔案被截斷了%s：fstat 發生錯誤%s：fsync 發生錯誤%s: 不允許將實際鏈結 (hard link) 連至目錄%s：將輸入資料排序時出現迴圈：%s：輸出和輸入檔案是相同的%s：分隔符號後應該是整數%s：無效的 PID%s：檔案類型不正確%s：開啟檔案前 stat 資料沒有改變的最大次數無效%s：無效的號碼%s：無效的位元組數目%s：無效的行數%s：無效的秒數%s：無效的樣式%s：進程編號無效%s：無效的正規表示式：%s%s：訊號無效%s：無效的後置字串長度%s：行號必須大於零%s：行號超出範圍以外%s：lseek 發生錯誤%s：使用了多於一個訊號%s：找不到正確格式的 %s 總和檢查值%s：位元組數目過大%s：是否覆寫 %s? %1$s：%3$lu 次之第 %2$lu 次 (%4$s)...%1$s：%3$lu 次之第 %2$lu 次 (%4$s)...%5$s%1$s：%3$lu 次之第 %2$lu 次 (%4$s)...%5$s/%6$s %7$d%%%s：讀取時發生錯誤%s：是否移除%s%s? %s：是否移除有防寫保護的%s%s? %s：已經移除%s：正在移除%s：更改名稱為 %s%s：是否置換 %s? %s:%lu：該行內容無效，缺少了第二個參數%s:%lu：無法識別關鍵字 %s%s}：‘{’ 和 ‘}’ 之間必須是整數’, 平均負載量: %.2f同時使用 -R --dereference 時還需要 -H 或 -L 選項同時使用 -R -h 時還需要 -P 選項<內部資料>長選項必須用的參數在使用短選項時也是必須的。 備註透過調用 link 函式，建立連至 <檔案1> 的鏈結，鏈結名稱為 <檔案2>。 透過調用 unlink 函式來移除指定的 <檔案>。 更改每個<檔案>的權限。 -c, --changes 像 --verbose，但只有在更改屬性時才顯示結果 逐行比較兩個已排序的 <檔案1> 及 <檔案2>。 將每個 <檔案> 中的 tab 轉換為空格，並在標準輸出顯示。 如果沒有指定 <檔案> 或 <檔案> 是 -，則由標準輸入讀取資料。 將 <來源> 檔案複製至 <目的地>，或將多個 <檔案> 複製至指定 <目錄>。 以指定的 <名稱> 建立 named pipe (FIFO)。 若目錄不是已經存在則建立目錄。 建立指定 <類型> 及 <名稱> 的特殊檔案。 離開在標準輸出顯示指定 <字串>。 -n 不加上最後的換行字元 錯誤檔案系統 檔案系統 類型當兩個檔案指定要合併的欄位相同時，合併兩行成為一行，並在標準輸出顯示結果。 預設的合併欄位是第一個欄位(以空格分隔計算)。如果 <檔案1> 或 <檔案2> 是 - (但不能兩個都是)，則由標準輸入讀取資料。 -a 檔案數字 當某行遇到無法配對的欄位時，取其中一個檔案的內容顯示； 其中 <檔案數字> 可以是 1 或 2，分別代表 <檔案1> 或 <檔案2> -e 字串 當缺少輸入欄位時，以 <字串> 代替 強迫將已更改的資料寫入磁碟，並更新 super block。 長選項必須用的參數在使用短選項時也是必須的。 名稱正確顯示輸入檔中所有字詞排列後的索引，並包括該字詞前後的文字。 輸出用來設定 LS_COLORS 環境變數的指令。 指定輸出的規格： -b, --sh, --bourne-shell 輸出設定 LS_COLORS 的 Bourne shell 指令 -c, --csh, --c-shell 輸出設定 LS_COLORS 的 C shell 指令 -p, --print-database 輸出預設的色彩設定 根據 <樣式> 分割 <檔案>，並將之輸出至 ‘xx01’、‘xx02’ 等等的檔案， 同時在標準輸出顯示每個分割部份的位元組數目。 根據 <檔案> 的內容，顯示哪些人目然已經登入系統。如果沒有指定， 預設會使用 %s。使用 %s 作為檔案也很普遍。 重複覆寫 <檔案>，使得即使是昂貴的硬體偵測儀器也難以將資料復原。 PID將 <檔案> 分頁或分欄以便列印。 印出每個 <檔案> 的 CRC 總和檢查值及位元組總數。 印出 <檔案名稱>，而且減去前面所有目錄的名稱。 如果指定了 <末端字元> 的話，也會嘗試從 <檔案名稱> 末端清除該等字元。 顯示檔案名稱時減去最後一個 ‘/’ 和之後的內容；如果名稱中沒有 ‘/’，則 顯示 ‘.’ (表示當前目錄)。 在標準輸出中顯示每個 <檔案> 每一行中指定的部份。 在標準輸出顯示每個 <檔案> 的最初 10 行。 當多於一個 <檔案> 時，顯示時會先加上表示檔案名稱的標頭。 如果沒有指定 <檔案> 或 <檔案> 是 -，則由標準輸入讀取資料。 在標準輸出顯示每個 <檔案> 的最後 %d 行。 當指定多於一個 <檔案> 時，會先印出表示每個檔案名稱的標頭。 如果沒有指定 <檔案> 或 <檔案> 是 -，則由標準輸入讀取資料。 將 <來源> 名稱更改為 <目的地> 名稱，或將 <來源> 檔案移動至 <目錄>。 重複印出同一句指定的 <字串>，如沒有指定則預設為 ‘y’。 以新的目錄作為 <根目錄> 並執行 <指令>。 請設定 LC_ALL='C' 避免問題出現。顯示每個 <檔案> 所在的檔案系統的資訊，預設是顯示所有檔案系統。 總結每個 <檔案> 的磁碟用量，目錄則取總用量。 時間要比較的字串為%s及%s。請嘗試執行‘%s --help’來獲取更多資訊。 不明的系統錯誤用法：%s 表示式 或：%s 選項 用法：%s 檔案 或：%s 選項 用法：%s [格式] [參數]... 或：%s [選項] 用法：%s 檔案名稱 或：%s 選項 用法：%s 檔案名稱 [末端字元] 或：%s [選項] 用法：%s [檔案]... 或：%s [選項] 用法：%s [名稱] 或：%s 選項 顯示或指定系統的主機名稱。 用法：%s [數字]... 或：%s 選項 用法：%s [選項] [檔案] 將 <檔案> 中所有已進行部份排序的項目聯繫起來，產生新的排列， 而該排列含有 <檔案> 中的所有項目。如果沒有指定 <檔案> 或 <檔案> 是 -，則由標準輸入讀取資料。 用法：%s [選項]... 檔案 樣式... 用法：%s [選項]... 檔案1 檔案2 用法：%s [選項]... 群組 檔案... 或：%s [選項]... --reference=參考檔 檔案... 用法：%s [選項]... 模式[,模式]... 檔案... 或：%s [選項]... 八進位模式 檔案... 或：%s [選項]... --reference=參考檔 檔案... 用法：%s [選項]... SET1 [SET2] 用法：%s [選項]... [-T] 來源 目的地 或：%s [選項]... 來源... 目錄 或：%s [選項]... -t 目錄 來源... 用法：%s [選項]... [-T] 來源 目的地 或：%s [選項]... 來源... 目錄 或：%s [選項]... -t 目錄 來源... 或：%s [選項]... -d 目錄... 用法：%s [選項]... [-] [NAME=VALUE]... [指令 [參數]...] 用法：%s [選項]... [檔案] 用法：%s [選項]... [檔案]... 用法：%s [選項]... [檔案]... 或：%s [選項]... --files0-from=F 用法：%s [選項]... [輸入 [輸出]] 用法：%s [選項]... [輸入]... (沒有 -G) 或：%s -G [選項]... [輸入 [輸出]] 用法：%s [選項]... [擁有者][:[群組]] 檔案... 或：%s [選項]... --reference=參考檔 檔案... 用法：%s [選項]... [用戶名稱] 用法：%s [字串]... 或：%s 選項 有效的參數為：警告：發現循環的目錄架構。 這幾乎可以肯定檔案系統已經損壞。 ** 請通知系統管理員。** 以下的目錄是循環的一部份： %s 警告：將 <檔案> (預設為標準輸入) 中的每一行進行自動換行，並在標準輸出顯示結果。 將每個 <檔案> 由最後一行開始在標準輸出顯示出來。 如果沒有指定 <檔案> 或 <檔案> 是 -，則由標準輸入讀取資料。 將每個 <檔案> 的內容在標準輸出顯示，並加上行號。 如果沒有指定 <檔案> 或 <檔案> 是 -，則由標準輸入讀取資料。 將每個 <檔案> 相應的每一行用 TAB 隔開，在標準輸出中並排顯示。 如果沒有指定 <檔案> 或 <檔案> 是 -，則由標準輸入讀取資料。 由 %s 和 %s 編寫。 由 %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s 和 %s 等等編寫。 由 %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s 和 %s 編寫。 由 %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s 和 %s 編寫。 由 %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s 和 %s 編寫。 由 %s, %s, %s, %s, %s 和 %s 編寫。 由 %s, %s, %s, %s 和 %s 編寫。 由 %s, %s, %s 和 %s 編寫。 由 %s, %s 和 %s 編寫。 由 %s 編寫。 進行置換時，[=c=] 表示式不能在字串 2 出現^[nN]^[yY]‘‘--pages=開始頁碼[:結束頁碼]’缺少了參數正在存取 %s%2$s的參數%1$s不明確只有在處理欄位時才能指定分隔符號將 %s 備份會破壞來源檔，因此不複製 %s。將 %s 備份會破壞來源檔，因此不移動 %s。備份方式區塊特殊檔案兩個檔案不能都是標準輸入位元組位置 %s 過大無法存取 %s無法備份%s不能只顯示總用量，同時又顯示每個項目無法更改 %s 的擁有權無法更改%s的權限無法以 %s 作為根目錄無法進入 %s 目錄不可同時使用 ascii, ebcdic, ibm 中的任何二個不可同時使用 block 和 unblock不可同時使用 excl 和 nocreat不可同時使用 lcase 和 ucase如果自行指定權限，不可同時配合 --reference 選項一起使用使用 -l 或 -t 時不能同時指定訊號無法將 U+%04X 轉換至使用者的字元集無法將 U+%04X 轉換至使用者的字元集：%s不可以將目錄 %s 複製成為自身 (%s)無法複製循環的符號鏈結%s無法建立目錄%s無法建立 FIFO %s不可以建立連至 %2$s 的實際鏈結 (hard link) %1$s無法建立 %s 鏈結無法建立連至 %2$s 的鏈結 %1$s無法建立普通檔案 %s無法建立特殊檔案 %s無法建立符號鏈結 %s不可以建立連至 %2$s 的符號鏈結 %1$s無法決定主機名稱無法 fstat %s無法讀取目前的目錄位置無法 lseek %s無法同時建立實際及符號鏈結無法建立目錄 %s無法將 %s 移動至 %s不可以將目錄 %s 複製至自身的子目錄 (%s)移動目錄時目的地不可以不是目錄：%s -> %s無法開啟 %s 來讀取資料不可以將目錄 %s 覆寫成非目錄不可以將目錄 %2$s 覆寫非目錄 %1$s在預設的輸出格式中不可能只顯示名稱或者真正的 ID無法讀取目錄 %s 的內容無法從 %s 讀取檔案名稱無法讀取符號鏈結 %s無法移除 %s無法將 %s 的檔案指標重新定位無法設定時間無法設定 %s 的檔案時間無法移至合併後的輸入資料的末端之後不能用超過一種方式進行分割無法 stat %s無法 stat 目前的目錄 (現在是 %s)無法將 %s 的備份還原無法 unlink %s無法避開系統核心的錯誤%s 的所屬群組已更改為 %s %s 的擁有者已更改為 %s 正在更改 %s 的所屬群組正在更改 %s 的擁有者正在更改 %s 的權限字元偏移值是 0字元值超出可接受的範圍以外字元特殊檔案關閉時發生錯誤關閉 %s正在關閉 %s (fd=%d)正在關閉輸入檔 %s正在關閉輸出檔%s關閉標準輸入無法讀取系統啟動時間正在建立目錄 %s目錄被 0 整除在正規運算式搜尋時發生錯誤讀取 %s 時發生錯誤寫入 %s 時發生錯誤出現多餘的參數 %s無法將 %s 的所屬群組更改為 %s 無法將 %s 的權限模式更改為 %04lo (%s) 無法更改 %s 的擁有者 無法將 %s 的擁有者更改為 %s 無法取得 %s 的屬性無法保留%s的擁有者及所屬群組無法保留 %s 的權限無法保留 %s 的時間%s 的 fdatasync 失敗欄位數目 %s 過大欄位是 0fifo不能同時選擇和排除檔案系統類型 %s調用 fork() 系統函式失敗%s 的 fsync 失敗fts_read 失敗正在檢查 %s 的最新屬性%s的所屬群組已保留為 %s iconv 功能不存在iconv 功能無法使用忽略無效的環境變數 TABSIZE 的 tab 字元定位值：%s忽略無效的環境變數 QUOTING_STYLE 的變數值：%s忽略無效的環境變數 COLUMNS 的寬度數值：%s輸入資料消失了輸入內容過長無法進行跨裝置的移動 (%s至%s)；無法移除目標檔案或目錄%2$s的參數%1$s無效無效的位元組或欄位選項後置字串的字串轉換字符無效：%c後置字串的字串轉換字符無效：\%.3o無效的欄位編號：%s無效的群組群組 %s 無效最大深度 %s 無效權限模式 %s 無效權限無效: %s數字 %s 無效‘,’後的數字無效‘-’後的數字無效‘.’後的數字無效欄位規格開始部份的數字無效無效的位元組數目要比較的位元組數目無效要略過的位元組數目無效要略過的欄位數目無效無效的行數選項無效 ─ %c輸出位址的基數‘%c’是無效的；基數必須是 [doxn] 四個字元其中之一無效的使用者使用者 %s 無效寬度無效：%s檔案名稱無效 (長度為零)記憶體耗盡訊息佇列[:upper:]、[:lower:]結構的位置沒有對齊後置字串缺少了 %% 字串轉換規格無效的字元種類名稱‘[::]’後置字串缺少了字串轉換字符%s 後缺少了目的地檔案缺少了等價字元種類的字元‘[==]’缺少了檔案作為參數缺少了欄位數值缺少了表示位置的數值%s 後面缺少了參數%s 的權限模式已更改為 %04lo (%s) %s 的權限模式保留為 %04lo (%s) -l 或 -t 選項使用了多於一次指定了多於一個目的地目錄符號鏈結 %s 和該鏈結所指示的對象都沒有更改 沒有設定 SHELL 環境變數，也沒有指定 shell 類型的選項沒有更改 %s 的擁有者 已沒有任何剩餘的檔案未指定進程編號傾印字串時不能指定類型位元組數目行數略過 %s 目錄重複結構 [c*] 只能在字串 2 出現一次指定位置時只能使用一種格式開啟時發生錯誤開啟 %s 中保留 %s 的擁有者 %s 的擁有者已保留為 %s 頁面太窄保留%s的時間顯示每行重複的資籵又計算該行的重複次數是沒有意義的‘%s-%s’範圍的端點和字元應有的排列次序相反讀取時發生錯誤讀入時發生錯誤讀取 %s普通空白檔案普通檔案已移除%s semaphore分隔字串不可以是空的正在更改 %s 的權限正在設定%s的時間共用記憶體物件略過檔案 %s，因為準備複製時它已被其它檔案取代socket標準錯誤輸出標準輸出已關閉標準輸入標準輸出stat 時發生錯誤欄位規格出現不合法的字元字串比較出現錯誤只有在處理欄位時才可以去除沒有分隔符號的每一行符號連結格式錯誤tab 字元寬度不可為 0tab 字元寬度含有無效的字元：%stab 字元位置必須由小至大tab 字元寬度 %s 過長目的地 %s 不是目錄建立目錄時不能指定目的地目錄當驗證總和檢查值時，選項 --binary 及 --text 是沒有意義的選項 --status 只有在驗證總和檢查值時才有意義選項 --warn 只有在驗證總和檢查值時才有意義[c*] 結構只有在置換時方可在字串 2 出現重複結構 [c*] 不能在字串 1 出現分隔符號必須是恰好一個字元顯示 dircolors 內部資料庫的選項和選擇 shell 語法的選項 是互相抵觸的印出日期和設定日期的選項不可以同時使用印出日期所用的選項是互相矛盾的建立目錄時不能用 strip 選項時間 %s 超出可接受的範圍後置字串含有過多的 %% 字串轉換規格重複的行數過多總計LS_COLORS 環境變數中存在無法分析的值無法識別參數 %s警告：此系統不支援 --pid=PID 選項警告：會忽略 PID；--pid=PID 選項只在不斷檢查檔案時才會有效警告：寬度 %lu 是無效的；以 %d 代替警告：指定了來源檔 %s 多於一次警告：顯示總用量的選項和 --max-depth=%lu 互相抵觸警告：顯示總用量等於使用 --max-depth=0警告：暫時避免有關檔案 (%s) 的 lseek 核心錯誤，檔案的 mt_type=0x%0lx ─ 有關 mt_type 類型的清單請參考 不正常的檔案若不截斷(消除) set1，字串 2 不能是空的取字元種類的餘集(complement)作置換時，只能將所有字元映射 至一個字元，即字串 2 只可含有一個字元置換時，可以在字串 2 出現的字元種類只有‘upper’或‘lower’不會建立連至目錄 %2$s 的實際鏈結 (hard link) %1$s不會以 %2$s 覆寫剛建立的 %1$s寫入時發生錯誤寫入時發生錯誤寫入 %s正在寫入 %s必須指定一系列的位元組、字元或欄位07070100009277000041ed0000000a0000000a000000034bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001000000000reloc/share/man07070100009278000041ed0000000a0000000a000000024bd68d7e00000000000000660000000300000000000000000000001500000000reloc/share/man/man107070100009279000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000007a4000000660000000300000000000000000000001e00000000reloc/share/man/man1/base64.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH BASE64 "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME base64 \- base64 encode/decode data and print to standard output .SH SYNOPSIS .B base64 [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR] .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Base64 encode or decode FILE, or standard input, to standard output. .TP \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-decode\fR decode data .TP \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-ignore\-garbage\fR when decoding, ignore non\-alphabet characters .TP \fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-wrap\fR=\fICOLS\fR wrap encoded lines after COLS character (default 76). Use 0 to disable line wrapping .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP With no FILE, or when FILE is \-, read standard input. .PP The data are encoded as described for the base64 alphabet in RFC 3548. When decoding, the input may contain newlines in addition to the bytes of the formal base64 alphabet. Use \fB\-\-ignore\-garbage\fR to attempt to recover from any other non\-alphabet bytes in the encoded stream. .SH AUTHOR Written by Simon Josefsson. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report base64 bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report base64 translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B base64 is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B base64 programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqbase64 invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 0707010000927a000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000607000000660000000300000000000000000000002000000000reloc/share/man/man1/basename.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH BASENAME "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME basename \- strip directory and suffix from filenames .SH SYNOPSIS .B basename \fINAME \fR[\fISUFFIX\fR] .br .B basename \fIOPTION\fR .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print NAME with any leading directory components removed. If specified, also remove a trailing SUFFIX. .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH EXAMPLES .TP basename /usr/bin/sort Output "sort". .TP basename include/stdio.h .h Output "stdio". .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report basename bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report basename translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" dirname(1), readlink(1) .PP The full documentation for .B basename is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B basename programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqbasename invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 0707010000927b000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c0000084f000000660000000300000000000000000000001b00000000reloc/share/man/man1/cat.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH CAT "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME cat \- concatenate files and print on the standard output .SH SYNOPSIS .B cat [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output. .TP \fB\-A\fR, \fB\-\-show\-all\fR equivalent to \fB\-vET\fR .TP \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-number\-nonblank\fR number nonempty output lines .TP \fB\-e\fR equivalent to \fB\-vE\fR .TP \fB\-E\fR, \fB\-\-show\-ends\fR display $ at end of each line .TP \fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-number\fR number all output lines .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-squeeze\-blank\fR suppress repeated empty output lines .TP \fB\-t\fR equivalent to \fB\-vT\fR .TP \fB\-T\fR, \fB\-\-show\-tabs\fR display TAB characters as ^I .TP \fB\-u\fR (ignored) .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-show\-nonprinting\fR use ^ and M\- notation, except for LFD and TAB .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP With no FILE, or when FILE is \-, read standard input. .SH EXAMPLES .TP cat f \- g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. .TP cat Copy standard input to standard output. .SH AUTHOR Written by Torbjorn Granlund and Richard M. Stallman. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report cat bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report cat translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B cat is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B cat programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqcat invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 0707010000927c000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000a74000000660000000300000000000000000000001d00000000reloc/share/man/man1/chcon.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH CHCON "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME chcon \- change file security context .SH SYNOPSIS .B chcon [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fICONTEXT FILE\fR... .br .B chcon [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fI-u USER\fR] [\fI-r ROLE\fR] [\fI-l RANGE\fR] [\fI-t TYPE\fR] \fIFILE\fR... .br .B chcon [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fI--reference=RFILE FILE\fR... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Change the security context of each FILE to CONTEXT. With \fB\-\-reference\fR, change the security context of each FILE to that of RFILE. .TP \fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-no\-dereference\fR affect symbolic links instead of any referenced file .TP \fB\-\-reference\fR=\fIRFILE\fR use RFILE's security context rather than specifying a CONTEXT value .TP \fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-recursive\fR operate on files and directories recursively .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR output a diagnostic for every file processed .TP \fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-user\fR=\fIUSER\fR set user USER in the target security context .TP \fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-role\fR=\fIROLE\fR set role ROLE in the target security context .TP \fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-type\fR=\fITYPE\fR set type TYPE in the target security context .TP \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-range\fR=\fIRANGE\fR set range RANGE in the target security context .PP The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the \fB\-R\fR option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. .TP \fB\-H\fR if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it .TP \fB\-L\fR traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered .TP \fB\-P\fR do not traverse any symbolic links (default) .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by Russell Coker and Jim Meyering. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report chcon bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report chcon translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B chcon is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B chcon programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqchcon invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 0707010000927d000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000b04000000660000000300000000000000000000001d00000000reloc/share/man/man1/chgrp.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH CHGRP "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME chgrp \- change group ownership .SH SYNOPSIS .B chgrp [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fIGROUP FILE\fR... .br .B chgrp [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fI--reference=RFILE FILE\fR... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Change the group of each FILE to GROUP. With \fB\-\-reference\fR, change the group of each FILE to that of RFILE. .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-changes\fR like verbose but report only when a change is made .TP \fB\-\-dereference\fR affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself .TP \fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-no\-dereference\fR affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) .TP \fB\-\-no\-preserve\-root\fR do not treat `/' specially (the default) .TP \fB\-\-preserve\-root\fR fail to operate recursively on `/' .TP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-silent\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR suppress most error messages .TP \fB\-\-reference\fR=\fIRFILE\fR use RFILE's group rather than specifying a GROUP value .TP \fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-recursive\fR operate on files and directories recursively .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR output a diagnostic for every file processed .PP The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the \fB\-R\fR option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. .TP \fB\-H\fR if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it .TP \fB\-L\fR traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered .TP \fB\-P\fR do not traverse any symbolic links (default) .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH EXAMPLES .TP chgrp staff /u Change the group of /u to "staff". .TP chgrp \fB\-hR\fR staff /u Change the group of /u and subfiles to "staff". .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie and Jim Meyering. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report chgrp bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report chgrp translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B chgrp is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B chgrp programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqchgrp invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 0707010000927e000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00001892000000660000000300000000000000000000001d00000000reloc/share/man/man1/chmod.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH CHMOD "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME chmod \- change file mode bits .SH SYNOPSIS .B chmod [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fIMODE\fR[\fI,MODE\fR]... \fIFILE\fR... .br .B chmod [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fIOCTAL-MODE FILE\fR... .br .B chmod [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fI--reference=RFILE FILE\fR... .SH DESCRIPTION This manual page documents the GNU version of .BR chmod . .B chmod changes the file mode bits of each given file according to .IR mode , which can be either a symbolic representation of changes to make, or an octal number representing the bit pattern for the new mode bits. .PP The format of a symbolic mode is [\c \fBugoa\fP.\|.\|.][[\fB+-=\fP][\fIperms\fP.\|.\|.].\|.\|.], where .I "perms" is either zero or more letters from the set \fBrwxXst\fP, or a single letter from the set \fBugo\fP. Multiple symbolic modes can be given, separated by commas. .PP A combination of the letters \fBugoa\fP controls which users' access to the file will be changed: the user who owns it (\fBu\fP), other users in the file's group (\fBg\fP), other users not in the file's group (\fBo\fP), or all users (\fBa\fP). If none of these are given, the effect is as if \fBa\fP were given, but bits that are set in the umask are not affected. .PP The operator \fB+\fP causes the selected file mode bits to be added to the existing file mode bits of each file; \fB-\fP causes them to be removed; and \fB=\fP causes them to be added and causes unmentioned bits to be removed except that a directory's unmentioned set user and group ID bits are not affected. .PP The letters \fBrwxXst\fP select file mode bits for the affected users: read (\fBr\fP), write (\fBw\fP), execute (or search for directories) (\fBx\fP), execute/search only if the file is a directory or already has execute permission for some user (\fBX\fP), set user or group ID on execution (\fBs\fP), restricted deletion flag or sticky bit (\fBt\fP). Instead of one or more of these letters, you can specify exactly one of the letters \fBugo\fP: the permissions granted to the user who owns the file (\fBu\fP), the permissions granted to other users who are members of the file's group (\fBg\fP), and the permissions granted to users that are in neither of the two preceding categories (\fBo\fP). .PP A numeric mode is from one to four octal digits (0\-7), derived by adding up the bits with values 4, 2, and 1. Omitted digits are assumed to be leading zeros. The first digit selects the set user ID (4) and set group ID (2) and restricted deletion or sticky (1) attributes. The second digit selects permissions for the user who owns the file: read (4), write (2), and execute (1); the third selects permissions for other users in the file's group, with the same values; and the fourth for other users not in the file's group, with the same values. .PP .B chmod never changes the permissions of symbolic links; the .B chmod system call cannot change their permissions. This is not a problem since the permissions of symbolic links are never used. However, for each symbolic link listed on the command line, .B chmod changes the permissions of the pointed-to file. In contrast, .B chmod ignores symbolic links encountered during recursive directory traversals. .SH "SETUID AND SETGID BITS" .B chmod clears the set-group-ID bit of a regular file if the file's group ID does not match the user's effective group ID or one of the user's supplementary group IDs, unless the user has appropriate privileges. Additional restrictions may cause the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits of .I MODE or .I RFILE to be ignored. This behavior depends on the policy and functionality of the underlying .B chmod system call. When in doubt, check the underlying system behavior. .PP .B chmod preserves a directory's set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits unless you explicitly specify otherwise. You can set or clear the bits with symbolic modes like .B u+s and .BR g\-s , and you can set (but not clear) the bits with a numeric mode. .SH "RESTRICTED DELETION FLAG OR STICKY BIT" The restricted deletion flag or sticky bit is a single bit, whose interpretation depends on the file type. For directories, it prevents unprivileged users from removing or renaming a file in the directory unless they own the file or the directory; this is called the .I "restricted deletion flag" for the directory, and is commonly found on world-writable directories like \fB/tmp\fP. For regular files on some older systems, the bit saves the program's text image on the swap device so it will load more quickly when run; this is called the .IR "sticky bit" . .SH OPTIONS .PP Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-changes\fR like verbose but report only when a change is made .TP \fB\-\-no\-preserve\-root\fR do not treat `/' specially (the default) .TP \fB\-\-preserve\-root\fR fail to operate recursively on `/' .TP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-silent\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR suppress most error messages .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR output a diagnostic for every file processed .TP \fB\-\-reference\fR=\fIRFILE\fR use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values .TP \fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-recursive\fR change files and directories recursively .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP Each MODE is of the form `[ugoa]*([\-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+'. .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie and Jim Meyering. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report chmod bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report chmod translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" chmod(2) .PP The full documentation for .B chmod is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B chmod programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqchmod invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 0707010000927f000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000010ac000000660000000300000000000000000000001d00000000reloc/share/man/man1/chown.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH CHOWN "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME chown \- change file owner and group .SH SYNOPSIS .B chown [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIOWNER\fR][\fI:\fR[\fIGROUP\fR]] \fIFILE\fR... .br .B chown [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fI--reference=RFILE FILE\fR... .SH DESCRIPTION This manual page documents the GNU version of .BR chown . .B chown changes the user and/or group ownership of each given file. If only an owner (a user name or numeric user ID) is given, that user is made the owner of each given file, and the files' group is not changed. If the owner is followed by a colon and a group name (or numeric group ID), with no spaces between them, the group ownership of the files is changed as well. If a colon but no group name follows the user name, that user is made the owner of the files and the group of the files is changed to that user's login group. If the colon and group are given, but the owner is omitted, only the group of the files is changed; in this case, .B chown performs the same function as .BR chgrp . If only a colon is given, or if the entire operand is empty, neither the owner nor the group is changed. .SH OPTIONS .PP Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP. With \fB\-\-reference\fR, change the owner and group of each FILE to those of RFILE. .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-changes\fR like verbose but report only when a change is made .TP \fB\-\-dereference\fR affect the referent of each symbolic link (this is the default), rather than the symbolic link itself .TP \fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-no\-dereference\fR affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the ownership of a symlink) .TP \fB\-\-from\fR=\fICURRENT_OWNER\fR:CURRENT_GROUP change the owner and/or group of each file only if its current owner and/or group match those specified here. Either may be omitted, in which case a match is not required for the omitted attribute .TP \fB\-\-no\-preserve\-root\fR do not treat `/' specially (the default) .TP \fB\-\-preserve\-root\fR fail to operate recursively on `/' .TP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-silent\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR suppress most error messages .TP \fB\-\-reference\fR=\fIRFILE\fR use RFILE's owner and group rather than specifying OWNER:GROUP values .TP \fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-recursive\fR operate on files and directories recursively .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR output a diagnostic for every file processed .PP The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the \fB\-R\fR option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the final one takes effect. .TP \fB\-H\fR if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory, traverse it .TP \fB\-L\fR traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered .TP \fB\-P\fR do not traverse any symbolic links (default) .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP Owner is unchanged if missing. Group is unchanged if missing, but changed to login group if implied by a `:' following a symbolic OWNER. OWNER and GROUP may be numeric as well as symbolic. .SH EXAMPLES .TP chown root /u Change the owner of /u to "root". .TP chown root:staff /u Likewise, but also change its group to "staff". .TP chown \fB\-hR\fR root /u Change the owner of /u and subfiles to "root". .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie and Jim Meyering. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report chown bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report chown translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" chown(2) .PP The full documentation for .B chown is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B chown programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqchown invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 07070100009280000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000669000000660000000300000000000000000000001e00000000reloc/share/man/man1/chroot.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH CHROOT "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME chroot \- run command or interactive shell with special root directory .SH SYNOPSIS .B chroot [\fIOPTION\fR] \fINEWROOT \fR[\fICOMMAND \fR[\fIARG\fR]...] .br .B chroot \fIOPTION\fR .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. .TP \fB\-\-userspec\fR=\fIUSER\fR:GROUP specify user and group (ID or name) to use .TP \fB\-\-groups\fR=\fIG_LIST\fR specify supplementary groups as g1,g2,..,gN .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP If no command is given, run ``${SHELL} \fB\-i\fR'' (default: /bin/sh). .SH AUTHOR Written by Roland McGrath. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report chroot bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report chroot translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" chroot(2) .PP The full documentation for .B chroot is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B chroot programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqchroot invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 07070100009281000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000525000000660000000300000000000000000000001d00000000reloc/share/man/man1/cksum.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH CKSUM "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME cksum \- checksum and count the bytes in a file .SH SYNOPSIS .B cksum [\fIFILE\fR]... .br .B cksum [\fIOPTION\fR] .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print CRC checksum and byte counts of each FILE. .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by Q. Frank Xia. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report cksum bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report cksum translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B cksum is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B cksum programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqcksum invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 07070100009282000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000008a6000000660000000300000000000000000000001c00000000reloc/share/man/man1/comm.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH COMM "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME comm \- compare two sorted files line by line .SH SYNOPSIS .B comm [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fIFILE1 FILE2\fR .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Compare sorted files FILE1 and FILE2 line by line. .PP With no options, produce three\-column output. Column one contains lines unique to FILE1, column two contains lines unique to FILE2, and column three contains lines common to both files. .TP \fB\-1\fR suppress column 1 (lines unique to FILE1) .TP \fB\-2\fR suppress column 2 (lines unique to FILE2) .TP \fB\-3\fR suppress column 3 (lines that appear in both files) .TP \fB\-\-check\-order\fR check that the input is correctly sorted, even if all input lines are pairable .TP \fB\-\-nocheck\-order\fR do not check that the input is correctly sorted .TP \fB\-\-output\-delimiter\fR=\fISTR\fR separate columns with STR .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP Note, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. .SH EXAMPLES .TP comm \fB\-12\fR file1 file2 Print only lines present in both file1 and file2. .TP comm \fB\-3\fR file1 file2 Print lines in file1 not in file2, and vice versa. .SH AUTHOR Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report comm bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report comm translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" join(1), uniq(1) .PP The full documentation for .B comm is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B comm programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqcomm invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 07070100009283000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00001498000000660000000300000000000000000000001a00000000reloc/share/man/man1/cp.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH CP "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME cp \- copy files and directories .SH SYNOPSIS .B cp [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fI-T\fR] \fISOURCE DEST\fR .br .B cp [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fISOURCE\fR... \fIDIRECTORY\fR .br .B cp [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fI-t DIRECTORY SOURCE\fR... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-archive\fR same as \fB\-dR\fR \fB\-\-preserve\fR=\fIall\fR .TP \fB\-\-backup\fR[=\fICONTROL\fR] make a backup of each existing destination file .TP \fB\-b\fR like \fB\-\-backup\fR but does not accept an argument .TP \fB\-\-copy\-contents\fR copy contents of special files when recursive .TP \fB\-d\fR same as \fB\-\-no\-dereference\fR \fB\-\-preserve\fR=\fIlinks\fR .TP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR if an existing destination file cannot be opened, remove it and try again (redundant if the \fB\-n\fR option is used) .TP \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-interactive\fR prompt before overwrite (overrides a previous \fB\-n\fR option) .TP \fB\-H\fR follow command\-line symbolic links in SOURCE .TP \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-link\fR link files instead of copying .TP \fB\-L\fR, \fB\-\-dereference\fR always follow symbolic links in SOURCE .TP \fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-no\-clobber\fR do not overwrite an existing file (overrides a previous \fB\-i\fR option) .TP \fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-no\-dereference\fR never follow symbolic links in SOURCE .TP \fB\-p\fR same as \fB\-\-preserve\fR=\fImode\fR,ownership,timestamps .TP \fB\-\-preserve\fR[=\fIATTR_LIST\fR] preserve the specified attributes (default: mode,ownership,timestamps), if possible additional attributes: context, links, xattr, all .TP \fB\-\-no\-preserve\fR=\fIATTR_LIST\fR don't preserve the specified attributes .TP \fB\-\-parents\fR use full source file name under DIRECTORY .TP \fB\-R\fR, \fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-recursive\fR copy directories recursively .TP \fB\-\-reflink\fR[=\fIWHEN\fR] control clone/CoW copies. See below .TP \fB\-\-remove\-destination\fR remove each existing destination file before attempting to open it (contrast with \fB\-\-force\fR) .TP \fB\-\-sparse\fR=\fIWHEN\fR control creation of sparse files. See below .TP \fB\-\-strip\-trailing\-slashes\fR remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-symbolic\-link\fR make symbolic links instead of copying .TP \fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-suffix\fR=\fISUFFIX\fR override the usual backup suffix .TP \fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-target\-directory\fR=\fIDIRECTORY\fR copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY .TP \fB\-T\fR, \fB\-\-no\-target\-directory\fR treat DEST as a normal file .TP \fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-update\fR copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR explain what is being done .TP \fB\-x\fR, \fB\-\-one\-file\-system\fR stay on this file system .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP By default, sparse SOURCE files are detected by a crude heuristic and the corresponding DEST file is made sparse as well. That is the behavior selected by \fB\-\-sparse\fR=\fIauto\fR. Specify \fB\-\-sparse\fR=\fIalways\fR to create a sparse DEST file whenever the SOURCE file contains a long enough sequence of zero bytes. Use \fB\-\-sparse\fR=\fInever\fR to inhibit creation of sparse files. .PP When \fB\-\-reflink\fR[=\fIalways\fR] is specified, perform a lightweight copy, where the data blocks are copied only when modified. If this is not possible the copy fails, or if \fB\-\-reflink\fR=\fIauto\fR is specified, fall back to a standard copy. .PP The backup suffix is `~', unless set with \fB\-\-suffix\fR or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the \fB\-\-backup\fR option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: .TP none, off never make backups (even if \fB\-\-backup\fR is given) .TP numbered, t make numbered backups .TP existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise .TP simple, never always make simple backups .PP As a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backup options are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing, regular file. .SH AUTHOR Written by Torbjorn Granlund, David MacKenzie, and Jim Meyering. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report cp bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report cp translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B cp is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B cp programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqcp invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 07070100009284000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c0000099d000000660000000300000000000000000000001e00000000reloc/share/man/man1/csplit.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH CSPLIT "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME csplit \- split a file into sections determined by context lines .SH SYNOPSIS .B csplit [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fIFILE PATTERN\fR... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Output pieces of FILE separated by PATTERN(s) to files `xx00', `xx01', ..., and output byte counts of each piece to standard output. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-suffix\-format\fR=\fIFORMAT\fR use sprintf FORMAT instead of %02d .TP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR=\fIPREFIX\fR use PREFIX instead of `xx' .TP \fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-keep\-files\fR do not remove output files on errors .TP \fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-digits\fR=\fIDIGITS\fR use specified number of digits instead of 2 .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR, \fB\-\-silent\fR do not print counts of output file sizes .TP \fB\-z\fR, \fB\-\-elide\-empty\-files\fR remove empty output files .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP Read standard input if FILE is \-. Each PATTERN may be: .TP INTEGER copy up to but not including specified line number .TP /REGEXP/[OFFSET] copy up to but not including a matching line .TP %REGEXP%[OFFSET] skip to, but not including a matching line .TP {INTEGER} repeat the previous pattern specified number of times .TP {*} repeat the previous pattern as many times as possible .PP A line OFFSET is a required `+' or `\-' followed by a positive integer. .SH AUTHOR Written by Stuart Kemp and David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report csplit bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report csplit translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B csplit is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B csplit programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqcsplit invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 07070100009285000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000a82000000660000000300000000000000000000001b00000000reloc/share/man/man1/cut.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH CUT "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME cut \- remove sections from each line of files .SH SYNOPSIS .B cut \fIOPTION\fR... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print selected parts of lines from each FILE to standard output. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-bytes\fR=\fILIST\fR select only these bytes .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-characters\fR=\fILIST\fR select only these characters .TP \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delimiter\fR=\fIDELIM\fR use DELIM instead of TAB for field delimiter .TP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-fields\fR=\fILIST\fR select only these fields; also print any line that contains no delimiter character, unless the \fB\-s\fR option is specified .TP \fB\-n\fR (ignored) .TP \fB\-\-complement\fR complement the set of selected bytes, characters or fields .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-only\-delimited\fR do not print lines not containing delimiters .TP \fB\-\-output\-delimiter\fR=\fISTRING\fR use STRING as the output delimiter the default is to use the input delimiter .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP Use one, and only one of \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-c\fR or \fB\-f\fR. Each LIST is made up of one range, or many ranges separated by commas. Selected input is written in the same order that it is read, and is written exactly once. Each range is one of: .TP N N'th byte, character or field, counted from 1 .TP N\- from N'th byte, character or field, to end of line .TP N\-M from N'th to M'th (included) byte, character or field .TP \fB\-M\fR from first to M'th (included) byte, character or field .PP With no FILE, or when FILE is \-, read standard input. .SH AUTHOR Written by David M. Ihnat, David MacKenzie, and Jim Meyering. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report cut bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report cut translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B cut is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B cut programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqcut invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 07070100009286000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00001489000000660000000300000000000000000000001c00000000reloc/share/man/man1/date.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH DATE "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME date \- print or set the system date and time .SH SYNOPSIS .B date [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fI+FORMAT\fR] .br .B date [\fI-u|--utc|--universal\fR] [\fIMMDDhhmm\fR[[\fICC\fR]\fIYY\fR][\fI.ss\fR]] .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Display the current time in the given FORMAT, or set the system date. .TP \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-date\fR=\fISTRING\fR display time described by STRING, not `now' .TP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-file\fR=\fIDATEFILE\fR like \fB\-\-date\fR once for each line of DATEFILE .TP \fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-reference\fR=\fIFILE\fR display the last modification time of FILE .TP \fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-rfc\-2822\fR output date and time in RFC 2822 format. Example: Mon, 07 Aug 2006 12:34:56 \fB\-0600\fR .TP \fB\-\-rfc\-3339\fR=\fITIMESPEC\fR output date and time in RFC 3339 format. TIMESPEC=`date', `seconds', or `ns' for date and time to the indicated precision. Date and time components are separated by a single space: 2006\-08\-07 12:34:56\-06:00 .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-set\fR=\fISTRING\fR set time described by STRING .TP \fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-utc\fR, \fB\-\-universal\fR print or set Coordinated Universal Time .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP FORMAT controls the output. Interpreted sequences are: .TP %% a literal % .TP %a locale's abbreviated weekday name (e.g., Sun) .TP %A locale's full weekday name (e.g., Sunday) .TP %b locale's abbreviated month name (e.g., Jan) .TP %B locale's full month name (e.g., January) .TP %c locale's date and time (e.g., Thu Mar 3 23:05:25 2005) .TP %C century; like %Y, except omit last two digits (e.g., 20) .TP %d day of month (e.g, 01) .TP %D date; same as %m/%d/%y .TP %e day of month, space padded; same as %_d .TP %F full date; same as %Y\-%m\-%d .TP %g last two digits of year of ISO week number (see %G) .TP %G year of ISO week number (see %V); normally useful only with %V .TP %h same as %b .TP %H hour (00..23) .TP %I hour (01..12) .TP %j day of year (001..366) .TP %k hour ( 0..23) .TP %l hour ( 1..12) .TP %m month (01..12) .TP %M minute (00..59) .TP %n a newline .TP %N nanoseconds (000000000..999999999) .TP %p locale's equivalent of either AM or PM; blank if not known .TP %P like %p, but lower case .TP %r locale's 12\-hour clock time (e.g., 11:11:04 PM) .TP %R 24\-hour hour and minute; same as %H:%M .TP %s seconds since 1970\-01\-01 00:00:00 UTC .TP %S second (00..60) .TP %t a tab .TP %T time; same as %H:%M:%S .TP %u day of week (1..7); 1 is Monday .TP %U week number of year, with Sunday as first day of week (00..53) .TP %V ISO week number, with Monday as first day of week (01..53) .TP %w day of week (0..6); 0 is Sunday .TP %W week number of year, with Monday as first day of week (00..53) .TP %x locale's date representation (e.g., 12/31/99) .TP %X locale's time representation (e.g., 23:13:48) .TP %y last two digits of year (00..99) .TP %Y year .TP %z +hhmm numeric timezone (e.g., \fB\-0400\fR) .TP %:z +hh:mm numeric timezone (e.g., \fB\-04\fR:00) .TP %::z +hh:mm:ss numeric time zone (e.g., \fB\-04\fR:00:00) .TP %:::z numeric time zone with : to necessary precision (e.g., \fB\-04\fR, +05:30) .TP %Z alphabetic time zone abbreviation (e.g., EDT) .PP By default, date pads numeric fields with zeroes. The following optional flags may follow `%': .TP \- (hyphen) do not pad the field .TP _ (underscore) pad with spaces .TP 0 (zero) pad with zeros .TP ^ use upper case if possible .TP # use opposite case if possible .PP After any flags comes an optional field width, as a decimal number; then an optional modifier, which is either E to use the locale's alternate representations if available, or O to use the locale's alternate numeric symbols if available. .SH "DATE STRING" .\" NOTE: keep this paragraph in sync with the one in touch.x The --date=STRING is a mostly free format human readable date string such as "Sun, 29 Feb 2004 16:21:42 -0800" or "2004-02-29 16:21:42" or even "next Thursday". A date string may contain items indicating calendar date, time of day, time zone, day of week, relative time, relative date, and numbers. An empty string indicates the beginning of the day. The date string format is more complex than is easily documented here but is fully described in the info documentation. .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report date bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report date translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B date is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B date programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqdate invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 07070100009287000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000f44000000660000000300000000000000000000001a00000000reloc/share/man/man1/dd.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH DD "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME dd \- convert and copy a file .SH SYNOPSIS .B dd [\fIOPERAND\fR]... .br .B dd \fIOPTION\fR .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Copy a file, converting and formatting according to the operands. .TP bs=BYTES read and write BYTES bytes at a time (also see ibs=,obs=) .TP cbs=BYTES convert BYTES bytes at a time .TP conv=CONVS convert the file as per the comma separated symbol list .TP count=BLOCKS copy only BLOCKS input blocks .TP ibs=BYTES read BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) .TP if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin .TP iflag=FLAGS read as per the comma separated symbol list .TP obs=BYTES write BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) .TP of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout .TP oflag=FLAGS write as per the comma separated symbol list .TP seek=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS obs\-sized blocks at start of output .TP skip=BLOCKS skip BLOCKS ibs\-sized blocks at start of input .TP status=noxfer suppress transfer statistics .PP BLOCKS and BYTES may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: c =1, w =2, b =512, kB =1000, K =1024, MB =1000*1000, M =1024*1024, xM =M GB =1000*1000*1000, G =1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. .PP Each CONV symbol may be: .TP ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII .TP ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC .TP ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC .TP block pad newline\-terminated records with spaces to cbs\-size .TP unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs\-size records with newline .TP lcase change upper case to lower case .TP nocreat do not create the output file .TP excl fail if the output file already exists .TP notrunc do not truncate the output file .TP ucase change lower case to upper case .TP swab swap every pair of input bytes .TP noerror continue after read errors .TP sync pad every input block with NULs to ibs\-size; when used with block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs .TP fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing .TP fsync likewise, but also write metadata .PP Each FLAG symbol may be: .TP append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc suggested) .TP direct use direct I/O for data .TP directory fail unless a directory .TP dsync use synchronized I/O for data .TP sync likewise, but also for metadata .TP fullblock accumulate full blocks of input (iflag only) .TP nonblock use non\-blocking I/O .TP noatime do not update access time .TP noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file .TP nofollow do not follow symlinks .PP Sending a USR1 signal to a running `dd' process makes it print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying. .IP \f(CW$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null& pid=$!\fR .br \f(CW$ kill -USR1 $pid; sleep 1; kill $pid\fR .IP 18335302+0 records in 18335302+0 records out 9387674624 bytes (9.4 GB) copied, 34.6279 seconds, 271 MB/s .PP Options are: .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by Paul Rubin, David MacKenzie, and Stuart Kemp. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report dd bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report dd translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B dd is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B dd programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqdd invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 07070100009288000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000e3f000000660000000300000000000000000000001a00000000reloc/share/man/man1/df.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH DF "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME df \- report file system disk space usage .SH SYNOPSIS .B df [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION This manual page documents the GNU version of .BR df . .B df displays the amount of disk space available on the file system containing each file name argument. If no file name is given, the space available on all currently mounted file systems is shown. Disk space is shown in 1K blocks by default, unless the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, in which case 512-byte blocks are used. .PP If an argument is the absolute file name of a disk device node containing a mounted file system, .B df shows the space available on that file system rather than on the file system containing the device node (which is always the root file system). This version of .B df cannot show the space available on unmounted file systems, because on most kinds of systems doing so requires very nonportable intimate knowledge of file system structures. .SH OPTIONS .PP Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides, or all file systems by default. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR include dummy file systems .TP \fB\-B\fR, \fB\-\-block\-size\fR=\fISIZE\fR use SIZE\-byte blocks .TP \fB\-\-total\fR produce a grand total .TP \fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-human\-readable\fR print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) .TP \fB\-H\fR, \fB\-\-si\fR likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 .TP \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-inodes\fR list inode information instead of block usage .TP \fB\-k\fR like \fB\-\-block\-size\fR=\fI1K\fR .TP \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-local\fR limit listing to local file systems .TP \fB\-\-no\-sync\fR do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default) .TP \fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-portability\fR use the POSIX output format .TP \fB\-\-sync\fR invoke sync before getting usage info .TP \fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-type\fR=\fITYPE\fR limit listing to file systems of type TYPE .TP \fB\-T\fR, \fB\-\-print\-type\fR print file system type .TP \fB\-x\fR, \fB\-\-exclude\-type\fR=\fITYPE\fR limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE .TP \fB\-v\fR (ignored) .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP Display values are in units of the first available SIZE from \fB\-\-block\-size\fR, and the DF_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables. Otherwise, units default to 1024 bytes (or 512 if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set). .PP SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. .SH AUTHOR Written by Torbjorn Granlund, David MacKenzie, and Paul Eggert. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report df bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report df translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B df is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B df programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqdf invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 07070100009289000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00001d66000000660000000300000000000000000000001b00000000reloc/share/man/man1/dir.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH DIR "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME dir \- list directory contents .SH SYNOPSIS .B dir [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of \fB\-cftuvSUX\fR nor \fB\-\-sort\fR. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR do not ignore entries starting with . .TP \fB\-A\fR, \fB\-\-almost\-all\fR do not list implied . and .. .TP \fB\-\-author\fR with \fB\-l\fR, print the author of each file .TP \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-escape\fR print C\-style escapes for nongraphic characters .TP \fB\-\-block\-size\fR=\fISIZE\fR use SIZE\-byte blocks. See SIZE format below .TP \fB\-B\fR, \fB\-\-ignore\-backups\fR do not list implied entries ending with ~ .TP \fB\-c\fR with \fB\-lt\fR: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with \fB\-l\fR: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime .TP \fB\-C\fR list entries by columns .TP \fB\-\-color\fR[=\fIWHEN\fR] colorize the output. WHEN defaults to `always' or can be `never' or `auto'. More info below .TP \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-directory\fR list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links .TP \fB\-D\fR, \fB\-\-dired\fR generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode .TP \fB\-f\fR do not sort, enable \fB\-aU\fR, disable \fB\-ls\fR \fB\-\-color\fR .TP \fB\-F\fR, \fB\-\-classify\fR append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries .TP \fB\-\-file\-type\fR likewise, except do not append `*' .TP \fB\-\-format\fR=\fIWORD\fR across \fB\-x\fR, commas \fB\-m\fR, horizontal \fB\-x\fR, long \fB\-l\fR, single\-column \fB\-1\fR, verbose \fB\-l\fR, vertical \fB\-C\fR .TP \fB\-\-full\-time\fR like \fB\-l\fR \fB\-\-time\-style\fR=\fIfull\-iso\fR .TP \fB\-g\fR like \fB\-l\fR, but do not list owner .TP \fB\-\-group\-directories\-first\fR group directories before files. .IP augment with a \fB\-\-sort\fR option, but any use of \fB\-\-sort\fR=\fInone\fR (\fB\-U\fR) disables grouping .TP \fB\-G\fR, \fB\-\-no\-group\fR in a long listing, don't print group names .TP \fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-human\-readable\fR with \fB\-l\fR, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) .TP \fB\-\-si\fR likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 .TP \fB\-H\fR, \fB\-\-dereference\-command\-line\fR follow symbolic links listed on the command line .TP \fB\-\-dereference\-command\-line\-symlink\-to\-dir\fR follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory .TP \fB\-\-hide\fR=\fIPATTERN\fR do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by \fB\-a\fR or \fB\-A\fR) .TP \fB\-\-indicator\-style\fR=\fIWORD\fR append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (\fB\-p\fR), file\-type (\fB\-\-file\-type\fR), classify (\fB\-F\fR) .TP \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-inode\fR print the index number of each file .TP \fB\-I\fR, \fB\-\-ignore\fR=\fIPATTERN\fR do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN .TP \fB\-k\fR like \fB\-\-block\-size\fR=\fI1K\fR .TP \fB\-l\fR use a long listing format .TP \fB\-L\fR, \fB\-\-dereference\fR when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself .TP \fB\-m\fR fill width with a comma separated list of entries .TP \fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-numeric\-uid\-gid\fR like \fB\-l\fR, but list numeric user and group IDs .TP \fB\-N\fR, \fB\-\-literal\fR print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) .TP \fB\-o\fR like \fB\-l\fR, but do not list group information .TP \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-indicator\-style\fR=\fIslash\fR append / indicator to directories .TP \fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-hide\-control\-chars\fR print ? instead of non graphic characters .TP \fB\-\-show\-control\-chars\fR show non graphic characters as\-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) .TP \fB\-Q\fR, \fB\-\-quote\-name\fR enclose entry names in double quotes .TP \fB\-\-quoting\-style\fR=\fIWORD\fR use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell\-always, c, escape .TP \fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-reverse\fR reverse order while sorting .TP \fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-recursive\fR list subdirectories recursively .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-size\fR print the allocated size of each file, in blocks .TP \fB\-S\fR sort by file size .TP \fB\-\-sort\fR=\fIWORD\fR sort by WORD instead of name: none \fB\-U\fR, extension \fB\-X\fR, size \fB\-S\fR, time \fB\-t\fR, version \fB\-v\fR .TP \fB\-\-time\fR=\fIWORD\fR with \fB\-l\fR, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime \fB\-u\fR, access \fB\-u\fR, use \fB\-u\fR, ctime \fB\-c\fR, or status \fB\-c\fR; use specified time as sort key if \fB\-\-sort\fR=\fItime\fR .TP \fB\-\-time\-style\fR=\fISTYLE\fR with \fB\-l\fR, show times using style STYLE: full\-iso, long\-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non\-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix\-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale .TP \fB\-t\fR sort by modification time .TP \fB\-T\fR, \fB\-\-tabsize\fR=\fICOLS\fR assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 .TP \fB\-u\fR with \fB\-lt\fR: sort by, and show, access time with \fB\-l\fR: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time .TP \fB\-U\fR do not sort; list entries in directory order .TP \fB\-v\fR natural sort of (version) numbers within text .TP \fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-width\fR=\fICOLS\fR assume screen width instead of current value .TP \fB\-x\fR list entries by lines instead of by columns .TP \fB\-X\fR sort alphabetically by entry extension .TP \fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-context\fR print any SELinux security context of each file .TP \fB\-1\fR list one file per line .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. .PP Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with \fB\-\-color\fR=\fInever\fR. With \fB\-\-color\fR=\fIauto\fR, ls emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it. .SS "Exit status:" .TP 0 if OK, .TP 1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory), .TP 2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command\-line argument). .SH AUTHOR Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report dir bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report dir translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B dir is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B dir programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqdir invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 0707010000928a000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000729000000660000000300000000000000000000002100000000reloc/share/man/man1/dircolors.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH DIRCOLORS "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME dircolors \- color setup for ls .SH SYNOPSIS .B dircolors [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR] .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Output commands to set the LS_COLORS environment variable. .SS "Determine format of output:" .TP \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-sh\fR, \fB\-\-bourne\-shell\fR output Bourne shell code to set LS_COLORS .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-csh\fR, \fB\-\-c\-shell\fR output C shell code to set LS_COLORS .TP \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-print\-database\fR output defaults .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP If FILE is specified, read it to determine which colors to use for which file types and extensions. Otherwise, a precompiled database is used. For details on the format of these files, run `dircolors \fB\-\-print\-database\fR'. .SH AUTHOR Written by H. Peter Anvin. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report dircolors bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report dircolors translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B dircolors is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B dircolors programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqdircolors invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 0707010000928b000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000005fd000000660000000300000000000000000000001f00000000reloc/share/man/man1/dirname.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH DIRNAME "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME dirname \- strip last component from file name .SH SYNOPSIS .B dirname \fINAME\fR .br .B dirname \fIOPTION\fR .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print NAME with its trailing /component removed; if NAME contains no /'s, output `.' (meaning the current directory). .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH EXAMPLES .TP dirname /usr/bin/sort Output "/usr/bin". .TP dirname stdio.h Output ".". .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie and Jim Meyering. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report dirname bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report dirname translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" basename(1), readlink(1) .PP The full documentation for .B dirname is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B dirname programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqdirname invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 0707010000928c000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c0000125e000000660000000300000000000000000000001a00000000reloc/share/man/man1/du.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH DU "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME du \- estimate file space usage .SH SYNOPSIS .B du [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .br .B du [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fI--files0-from=F\fR .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Summarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR write counts for all files, not just directories .TP \fB\-\-apparent\-size\fR print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be larger due to holes in (`sparse') files, internal fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like .TP \fB\-B\fR, \fB\-\-block\-size\fR=\fISIZE\fR use SIZE\-byte blocks .TP \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-bytes\fR equivalent to `\-\-apparent\-size \fB\-\-block\-size\fR=\fI1\fR' .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-total\fR produce a grand total .TP \fB\-D\fR, \fB\-\-dereference\-args\fR dereference only symlinks that are listed on the command line .TP \fB\-\-files0\-from\fR=\fIF\fR summarize disk usage of the NUL\-terminated file names specified in file F; If F is \- then read names from standard input .TP \fB\-H\fR equivalent to \fB\-\-dereference\-args\fR (\fB\-D\fR) .TP \fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-human\-readable\fR print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) .TP \fB\-\-si\fR like \fB\-h\fR, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 .TP \fB\-k\fR like \fB\-\-block\-size\fR=\fI1K\fR .TP \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-count\-links\fR count sizes many times if hard linked .TP \fB\-m\fR like \fB\-\-block\-size\fR=\fI1M\fR .TP \fB\-L\fR, \fB\-\-dereference\fR dereference all symbolic links .TP \fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-no\-dereference\fR don't follow any symbolic links (this is the default) .TP \fB\-0\fR, \fB\-\-null\fR end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline .TP \fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-separate\-dirs\fR do not include size of subdirectories .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-summarize\fR display only a total for each argument .TP \fB\-x\fR, \fB\-\-one\-file\-system\fR skip directories on different file systems .TP \fB\-X\fR, \fB\-\-exclude\-from\fR=\fIFILE\fR exclude files that match any pattern in FILE .TP \fB\-\-exclude\fR=\fIPATTERN\fR exclude files that match PATTERN .TP \fB\-\-max\-depth\fR=\fIN\fR print the total for a directory (or file, with \fB\-\-all\fR) only if it is N or fewer levels below the command line argument; \fB\-\-max\-depth\fR=\fI0\fR is the same as \fB\-\-summarize\fR .TP \fB\-\-time\fR show time of the last modification of any file in the directory, or any of its subdirectories .TP \fB\-\-time\fR=\fIWORD\fR show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime, access, use, ctime or status .TP \fB\-\-time\-style\fR=\fISTYLE\fR show times using style STYLE: full\-iso, long\-iso, iso, +FORMAT FORMAT is interpreted like `date' .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP Display values are in units of the first available SIZE from \fB\-\-block\-size\fR, and the DU_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables. Otherwise, units default to 1024 bytes (or 512 if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set). .PP SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. .SH PATTERNS PATTERN is a shell pattern (not a regular expression). The pattern .BR ? matches any one character, whereas .BR * matches any string (composed of zero, one or multiple characters). For example, .BR *.o will match any files whose names end in .BR .o . Therefore, the command .IP .B du --exclude=\(aq*.o\(aq .PP will skip all files and subdirectories ending in .BR .o (including the file .BR .o itself). .SH AUTHOR Written by Torbjorn Granlund, David MacKenzie, Paul Eggert, and Jim Meyering. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report du bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report du translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B du is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B du programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqdu invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 0707010000928d000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000822000000660000000300000000000000000000001c00000000reloc/share/man/man1/echo.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH ECHO "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME echo \- display a line of text .SH SYNOPSIS .B echo [\fISHORT-OPTION\fR]... [\fISTRING\fR]... .br .B echo \fILONG-OPTION\fR .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Echo the STRING(s) to standard output. .TP \fB\-n\fR do not output the trailing newline .TP \fB\-e\fR enable interpretation of backslash escapes .TP \fB\-E\fR disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP If \fB\-e\fR is in effect, the following sequences are recognized: .TP \e\e backslash .TP \ea alert (BEL) .TP \eb backspace .TP \ec produce no further output .TP \ee escape .TP \ef form feed .TP \en new line .TP \er carriage return .TP \et horizontal tab .TP \ev vertical tab .TP \e0NNN byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits) .TP \exHH byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits) .PP NOTE: your shell may have its own version of echo, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. .SH AUTHOR Written by Brian Fox and Chet Ramey. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report echo bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report echo translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B echo is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B echo programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqecho invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 0707010000928e000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c0000069e000000660000000300000000000000000000001b00000000reloc/share/man/man1/env.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH ENV "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME env \- run a program in a modified environment .SH SYNOPSIS .B env [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fI-\fR] [\fINAME=VALUE\fR]... [\fICOMMAND \fR[\fIARG\fR]...] .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Set each NAME to VALUE in the environment and run COMMAND. .TP \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-ignore\-environment\fR start with an empty environment .TP \fB\-0\fR, \fB\-\-null\fR end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline .TP \fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-unset\fR=\fINAME\fR remove variable from the environment .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP A mere \- implies \fB\-i\fR. If no COMMAND, print the resulting environment. .SH AUTHOR Written by Richard Mlynarik and David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report env bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report env translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B env is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B env programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqenv invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 0707010000928f000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000006b0000000660000000300000000000000000000001e00000000reloc/share/man/man1/expand.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH EXPAND "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME expand \- convert tabs to spaces .SH SYNOPSIS .B expand [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Convert tabs in each FILE to spaces, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is \-, read standard input. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-initial\fR do not convert tabs after non blanks .TP \fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-tabs\fR=\fINUMBER\fR have tabs NUMBER characters apart, not 8 .TP \fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-tabs\fR=\fILIST\fR use comma separated list of explicit tab positions .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report expand bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report expand translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" unexpand(1) .PP The full documentation for .B expand is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B expand programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqexpand invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 07070100009290000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000b94000000660000000300000000000000000000001c00000000reloc/share/man/man1/expr.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH EXPR "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME expr \- evaluate expressions .SH SYNOPSIS .B expr \fIEXPRESSION\fR .br .B expr \fIOPTION\fR .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output. A blank line below separates increasing precedence groups. EXPRESSION may be: .TP ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 .TP ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 .TP ARG1 < ARG2 ARG1 is less than ARG2 .TP ARG1 <= ARG2 ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2 .TP ARG1 = ARG2 ARG1 is equal to ARG2 .TP ARG1 != ARG2 ARG1 is unequal to ARG2 .TP ARG1 >= ARG2 ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2 .TP ARG1 > ARG2 ARG1 is greater than ARG2 .TP ARG1 + ARG2 arithmetic sum of ARG1 and ARG2 .TP ARG1 \- ARG2 arithmetic difference of ARG1 and ARG2 .TP ARG1 * ARG2 arithmetic product of ARG1 and ARG2 .TP ARG1 / ARG2 arithmetic quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2 .TP ARG1 % ARG2 arithmetic remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2 .TP STRING : REGEXP anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING .TP match STRING REGEXP same as STRING : REGEXP .TP substr STRING POS LENGTH substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 .TP index STRING CHARS index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 .TP length STRING length of STRING .TP + TOKEN interpret TOKEN as a string, even if it is a .IP keyword like `match' or an operator like `/' .TP ( EXPRESSION ) value of EXPRESSION .PP Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \e( and \e) or null; if \e( and \e) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. .PP Exit status is 0 if EXPRESSION is neither null nor 0, 1 if EXPRESSION is null or 0, 2 if EXPRESSION is syntactically invalid, and 3 if an error occurred. .SH AUTHOR Written by Mike Parker, James Youngman, and Paul Eggert. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report expr bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report expr translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B expr is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B expr programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqexpr invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 07070100009291000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000568000000660000000300000000000000000000001e00000000reloc/share/man/man1/factor.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH FACTOR "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME factor \- factor numbers .SH SYNOPSIS .B factor [\fINUMBER\fR]... .br .B factor \fIOPTION\fR .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print the prime factors of each specified integer NUMBER. If none are specified on the command line, read them from standard input. .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by Paul Rubin. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report factor bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report factor translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B factor is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B factor programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqfactor invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 07070100009292000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000005ed000000660000000300000000000000000000001d00000000reloc/share/man/man1/false.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH FALSE "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME false \- do nothing, unsuccessfully .SH SYNOPSIS .B false [\fIignored command line arguments\fR] .br .B false \fIOPTION\fR .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Exit with a status code indicating failure. .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP NOTE: your shell may have its own version of false, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. .SH AUTHOR Written by Jim Meyering. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report false bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report false translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B false is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B false programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqfalse invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 07070100009293000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000822000000660000000300000000000000000000001b00000000reloc/share/man/man1/fmt.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH FMT "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME fmt \- simple optimal text formatter .SH SYNOPSIS .B fmt [\fI-WIDTH\fR] [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Reformat each paragraph in the FILE(s), writing to standard output. The option \fB\-WIDTH\fR is an abbreviated form of \fB\-\-width\fR=\fIDIGITS\fR. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-crown\-margin\fR preserve indentation of first two lines .TP \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR=\fISTRING\fR reformat only lines beginning with STRING, reattaching the prefix to reformatted lines .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-split\-only\fR split long lines, but do not refill .TP \fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-tagged\-paragraph\fR indentation of first line different from second .TP \fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-uniform\-spacing\fR one space between words, two after sentences .TP \fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-width\fR=\fIWIDTH\fR maximum line width (default of 75 columns) .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP With no FILE, or when FILE is \-, read standard input. .SH AUTHOR Written by Ross Paterson. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report fmt bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report fmt translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B fmt is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B fmt programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqfmt invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 07070100009294000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c0000064b000000660000000300000000000000000000001c00000000reloc/share/man/man1/fold.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH FOLD "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME fold \- wrap each input line to fit in specified width .SH SYNOPSIS .B fold [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Wrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to standard output. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-bytes\fR count bytes rather than columns .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-spaces\fR break at spaces .TP \fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-width\fR=\fIWIDTH\fR use WIDTH columns instead of 80 .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report fold bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report fold translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B fold is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B fold programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqfold invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 07070100009295000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c0000059d000000660000000300000000000000000000001e00000000reloc/share/man/man1/groups.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH GROUPS "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME groups \- print the groups a user is in .SH SYNOPSIS .B groups [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIUSERNAME\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print group memberships for each USERNAME or, if no USERNAME is specified, for the current process (which may differ if the groups database has changed). .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie and James Youngman. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report groups bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report groups translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B groups is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B groups programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqgroups invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 07070100009299000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000861000000660000000300000000000000000000001c00000000reloc/share/man/man1/head.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH HEAD "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME head \- output the first part of files .SH SYNOPSIS .B head [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is \-, read standard input. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-bytes\fR=\fI[\-]K\fR print the first K bytes of each file; with the leading `\-', print all but the last K bytes of each file .TP \fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-lines\fR=\fI[\-]K\fR print the first K lines instead of the first 10; with the leading `\-', print all but the last K lines of each file .TP \fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR, \fB\-\-silent\fR never print headers giving file names .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR always print headers giving file names .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie and Jim Meyering. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report head bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report head translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B head is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B head programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqhead invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 0707010000929a000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c0000052e000000660000000300000000000000000000001e00000000reloc/share/man/man1/hostid.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH HOSTID "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME hostid \- print the numeric identifier for the current host .SH SYNOPSIS .B hostid [\fIOPTION\fR] .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) for the current host. .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by Jim Meyering. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report hostid bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report hostid translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B hostid is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B hostid programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqhostid invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 0707010000929b000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000798000000660000000300000000000000000000001a00000000reloc/share/man/man1/id.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH ID "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME id \- print real and effective user and group IDs .SH SYNOPSIS .B id [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIUSERNAME\fR] .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print user and group information for the specified USERNAME, or (when USERNAME omitted) for the current user. .TP \fB\-a\fR ignore, for compatibility with other versions .TP \fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-context\fR print only the security context of the current user .TP \fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-group\fR print only the effective group ID .TP \fB\-G\fR, \fB\-\-groups\fR print all group IDs .TP \fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-name\fR print a name instead of a number, for \fB\-ugG\fR .TP \fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-real\fR print the real ID instead of the effective ID, with \fB\-ugG\fR .TP \fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-user\fR print only the effective user ID .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP Without any OPTION, print some useful set of identified information. .SH AUTHOR Written by Arnold Robbins and David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report id bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report id translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B id is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B id programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqid invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 0707010000929c000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000fc5000000660000000300000000000000000000001f00000000reloc/share/man/man1/install.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH INSTALL "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME install \- copy files and set attributes .SH SYNOPSIS .B install [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fI-T\fR] \fISOURCE DEST\fR .br .B install [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fISOURCE\fR... \fIDIRECTORY\fR .br .B install [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fI-t DIRECTORY SOURCE\fR... .br .B install [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fI-d DIRECTORY\fR... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP This install program copies files (often just compiled) into destination locations you choose. If you want to download and install a ready\-to\-use package on a GNU/Linux system, you should instead be using a package manager like yum(1) or apt\-get(1). .PP In the first three forms, copy SOURCE to DEST or multiple SOURCE(s) to the existing DIRECTORY, while setting permission modes and owner/group. In the 4th form, create all components of the given DIRECTORY(ies). .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-\-backup\fR[=\fICONTROL\fR] make a backup of each existing destination file .TP \fB\-b\fR like \fB\-\-backup\fR but does not accept an argument .TP \fB\-c\fR (ignored) .TP \fB\-C\fR, \fB\-\-compare\fR compare each pair of source and destination files, and in some cases, do not modify the destination at all .TP \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-directory\fR treat all arguments as directory names; create all components of the specified directories .TP \fB\-D\fR create all leading components of DEST except the last, then copy SOURCE to DEST .TP \fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-group\fR=\fIGROUP\fR set group ownership, instead of process' current group .TP \fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-mode\fR=\fIMODE\fR set permission mode (as in chmod), instead of rwxr\-xr\-x .TP \fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-owner\fR=\fIOWNER\fR set ownership (super\-user only) .TP \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-preserve\-timestamps\fR apply access/modification times of SOURCE files to corresponding destination files .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-strip\fR strip symbol tables .TP \fB\-\-strip\-program\fR=\fIPROGRAM\fR program used to strip binaries .TP \fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-suffix\fR=\fISUFFIX\fR override the usual backup suffix .TP \fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-target\-directory\fR=\fIDIRECTORY\fR copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY .TP \fB\-T\fR, \fB\-\-no\-target\-directory\fR treat DEST as a normal file .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR print the name of each directory as it is created .TP \fB\-\-preserve\-context\fR preserve SELinux security context .TP \fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-context\fR=\fICONTEXT\fR set SELinux security context of files and directories .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP The backup suffix is `~', unless set with \fB\-\-suffix\fR or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the \fB\-\-backup\fR option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: .TP none, off never make backups (even if \fB\-\-backup\fR is given) .TP numbered, t make numbered backups .TP existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise .TP simple, never always make simple backups .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report install bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report install translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B install is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B install programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqinstall invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 0707010000929d000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000c51000000660000000300000000000000000000001c00000000reloc/share/man/man1/join.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH JOIN "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME join \- join lines of two files on a common field .SH SYNOPSIS .B join [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fIFILE1 FILE2\fR .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP For each pair of input lines with identical join fields, write a line to standard output. The default join field is the first, delimited by whitespace. When FILE1 or FILE2 (not both) is \-, read standard input. .TP \fB\-a\fR FILENUM print unpairable lines coming from file FILENUM, where FILENUM is 1 or 2, corresponding to FILE1 or FILE2 .TP \fB\-e\fR EMPTY replace missing input fields with EMPTY .TP \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-ignore\-case\fR ignore differences in case when comparing fields .TP \fB\-j\fR FIELD equivalent to `\-1 FIELD \fB\-2\fR FIELD' .TP \fB\-o\fR FORMAT obey FORMAT while constructing output line .TP \fB\-t\fR CHAR use CHAR as input and output field separator .TP \fB\-v\fR FILENUM like \fB\-a\fR FILENUM, but suppress joined output lines .TP \fB\-1\fR FIELD join on this FIELD of file 1 .TP \fB\-2\fR FIELD join on this FIELD of file 2 .TP \fB\-\-check\-order\fR check that the input is correctly sorted, even if all input lines are pairable .TP \fB\-\-nocheck\-order\fR do not check that the input is correctly sorted .TP \fB\-\-header\fR treat the first line in each file as field headers, print them without trying to pair them .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP Unless \fB\-t\fR CHAR is given, leading blanks separate fields and are ignored, else fields are separated by CHAR. Any FIELD is a field number counted from 1. FORMAT is one or more comma or blank separated specifications, each being `FILENUM.FIELD' or `0'. Default FORMAT outputs the join field, the remaining fields from FILE1, the remaining fields from FILE2, all separated by CHAR. .PP Important: FILE1 and FILE2 must be sorted on the join fields. E.g., use ` sort \fB\-k\fR 1b,1 ' if `join' has no options, or use ` join \fB\-t\fR '' ' if `sort' has no options. Note, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. If the input is not sorted and some lines cannot be joined, a warning message will be given. .SH AUTHOR Written by Mike Haertel. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report join bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report join translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" comm(1), uniq(1) .PP The full documentation for .B join is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B join programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqjoin invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 0707010000929e000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000852000000660000000300000000000000000000001c00000000reloc/share/man/man1/kill.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH KILL "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME kill \- send signals to processes, or list signals .SH SYNOPSIS .B kill [\fI-s SIGNAL | -SIGNAL\fR] \fIPID\fR... .br .B kill \fI-l \fR[\fISIGNAL\fR]... .br .B kill \fI-t \fR[\fISIGNAL\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Send signals to processes, or list signals. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .HP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-signal\fR=\fISIGNAL\fR, \fB\-SIGNAL\fR .IP specify the name or number of the signal to be sent .TP \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-list\fR list signal names, or convert signal names to/from numbers .TP \fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-table\fR print a table of signal information .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP SIGNAL may be a signal name like `HUP', or a signal number like `1', or the exit status of a process terminated by a signal. PID is an integer; if negative it identifies a process group. .PP NOTE: your shell may have its own version of kill, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. .SH AUTHOR Written by Paul Eggert. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report kill bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report kill translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" kill(2) .PP The full documentation for .B kill is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B kill programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqkill invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 0707010000929f000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c0000054d000000660000000300000000000000000000001c00000000reloc/share/man/man1/link.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH LINK "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME link \- call the link function to create a link to a file .SH SYNOPSIS .B link \fIFILE1 FILE2\fR .br .B link \fIOPTION\fR .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Call the link function to create a link named FILE2 to an existing FILE1. .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by Michael Stone. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report link bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report link translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" link(2) .PP The full documentation for .B link is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B link programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqlink invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092a0000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000ef1000000660000000300000000000000000000001a00000000reloc/share/man/man1/ln.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH LN "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME ln \- make links between files .SH SYNOPSIS .B ln [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fI-T\fR] \fITARGET LINK_NAME (1st form)\fR .br .B ln [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fITARGET (2nd form)\fR .br .B ln [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fITARGET\fR... \fIDIRECTORY (3rd form)\fR .br .B ln [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fI-t DIRECTORY TARGET\fR... \fI(4th form)\fR .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP In the 1st form, create a link to TARGET with the name LINK_NAME. In the 2nd form, create a link to TARGET in the current directory. In the 3rd and 4th forms, create links to each TARGET in DIRECTORY. Create hard links by default, symbolic links with \fB\-\-symbolic\fR. When creating hard links, each TARGET must exist. Symbolic links can hold arbitrary text; if later resolved, a relative link is interpreted in relation to its parent directory. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-\-backup\fR[=\fICONTROL\fR] make a backup of each existing destination file .TP \fB\-b\fR like \fB\-\-backup\fR but does not accept an argument .TP \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-F\fR, \fB\-\-directory\fR allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories (note: will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the superuser) .TP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR remove existing destination files .TP \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-interactive\fR prompt whether to remove destinations .TP \fB\-L\fR, \fB\-\-logical\fR make hard links to symbolic link references .TP \fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-no\-dereference\fR treat destination that is a symlink to a directory as if it were a normal file .TP \fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-physical\fR make hard links directly to symbolic links .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-symbolic\fR make symbolic links instead of hard links .TP \fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-suffix\fR=\fISUFFIX\fR override the usual backup suffix .TP \fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-target\-directory\fR=\fIDIRECTORY\fR specify the DIRECTORY in which to create the links .TP \fB\-T\fR, \fB\-\-no\-target\-directory\fR treat LINK_NAME as a normal file .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR print name of each linked file .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP The backup suffix is `~', unless set with \fB\-\-suffix\fR or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the \fB\-\-backup\fR option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: .PP Using \fB\-s\fR ignores \fB\-L\fR and \fB\-P\fR. Otherwise, the last option specified controls behavior when the source is a symbolic link, defaulting to \fB\-P\fR. .TP none, off never make backups (even if \fB\-\-backup\fR is given) .TP numbered, t make numbered backups .TP existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise .TP simple, never always make simple backups .SH AUTHOR Written by Mike Parker and David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report ln bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report ln translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" link(2), symlink(2) .PP The full documentation for .B ln is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B ln programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqln invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092a1000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000004ff000000660000000300000000000000000000001f00000000reloc/share/man/man1/logname.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH LOGNAME "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME logname \- print user\'s login name .SH SYNOPSIS .B logname [\fIOPTION\fR] .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print the name of the current user. .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by FIXME: unknown. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report logname bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report logname translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B logname is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B logname programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqlogname invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092a2000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00001d5e000000660000000300000000000000000000001a00000000reloc/share/man/man1/ls.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH LS "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME ls \- list directory contents .SH SYNOPSIS .B ls [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of \fB\-cftuvSUX\fR nor \fB\-\-sort\fR. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR do not ignore entries starting with . .TP \fB\-A\fR, \fB\-\-almost\-all\fR do not list implied . and .. .TP \fB\-\-author\fR with \fB\-l\fR, print the author of each file .TP \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-escape\fR print C\-style escapes for nongraphic characters .TP \fB\-\-block\-size\fR=\fISIZE\fR use SIZE\-byte blocks. See SIZE format below .TP \fB\-B\fR, \fB\-\-ignore\-backups\fR do not list implied entries ending with ~ .TP \fB\-c\fR with \fB\-lt\fR: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with \fB\-l\fR: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime .TP \fB\-C\fR list entries by columns .TP \fB\-\-color\fR[=\fIWHEN\fR] colorize the output. WHEN defaults to `always' or can be `never' or `auto'. More info below .TP \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-directory\fR list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links .TP \fB\-D\fR, \fB\-\-dired\fR generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode .TP \fB\-f\fR do not sort, enable \fB\-aU\fR, disable \fB\-ls\fR \fB\-\-color\fR .TP \fB\-F\fR, \fB\-\-classify\fR append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries .TP \fB\-\-file\-type\fR likewise, except do not append `*' .TP \fB\-\-format\fR=\fIWORD\fR across \fB\-x\fR, commas \fB\-m\fR, horizontal \fB\-x\fR, long \fB\-l\fR, single\-column \fB\-1\fR, verbose \fB\-l\fR, vertical \fB\-C\fR .TP \fB\-\-full\-time\fR like \fB\-l\fR \fB\-\-time\-style\fR=\fIfull\-iso\fR .TP \fB\-g\fR like \fB\-l\fR, but do not list owner .TP \fB\-\-group\-directories\-first\fR group directories before files. .IP augment with a \fB\-\-sort\fR option, but any use of \fB\-\-sort\fR=\fInone\fR (\fB\-U\fR) disables grouping .TP \fB\-G\fR, \fB\-\-no\-group\fR in a long listing, don't print group names .TP \fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-human\-readable\fR with \fB\-l\fR, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) .TP \fB\-\-si\fR likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 .TP \fB\-H\fR, \fB\-\-dereference\-command\-line\fR follow symbolic links listed on the command line .TP \fB\-\-dereference\-command\-line\-symlink\-to\-dir\fR follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory .TP \fB\-\-hide\fR=\fIPATTERN\fR do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by \fB\-a\fR or \fB\-A\fR) .TP \fB\-\-indicator\-style\fR=\fIWORD\fR append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (\fB\-p\fR), file\-type (\fB\-\-file\-type\fR), classify (\fB\-F\fR) .TP \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-inode\fR print the index number of each file .TP \fB\-I\fR, \fB\-\-ignore\fR=\fIPATTERN\fR do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN .TP \fB\-k\fR like \fB\-\-block\-size\fR=\fI1K\fR .TP \fB\-l\fR use a long listing format .TP \fB\-L\fR, \fB\-\-dereference\fR when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself .TP \fB\-m\fR fill width with a comma separated list of entries .TP \fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-numeric\-uid\-gid\fR like \fB\-l\fR, but list numeric user and group IDs .TP \fB\-N\fR, \fB\-\-literal\fR print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) .TP \fB\-o\fR like \fB\-l\fR, but do not list group information .TP \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-indicator\-style\fR=\fIslash\fR append / indicator to directories .TP \fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-hide\-control\-chars\fR print ? instead of non graphic characters .TP \fB\-\-show\-control\-chars\fR show non graphic characters as\-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) .TP \fB\-Q\fR, \fB\-\-quote\-name\fR enclose entry names in double quotes .TP \fB\-\-quoting\-style\fR=\fIWORD\fR use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell\-always, c, escape .TP \fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-reverse\fR reverse order while sorting .TP \fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-recursive\fR list subdirectories recursively .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-size\fR print the allocated size of each file, in blocks .TP \fB\-S\fR sort by file size .TP \fB\-\-sort\fR=\fIWORD\fR sort by WORD instead of name: none \fB\-U\fR, extension \fB\-X\fR, size \fB\-S\fR, time \fB\-t\fR, version \fB\-v\fR .TP \fB\-\-time\fR=\fIWORD\fR with \fB\-l\fR, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime \fB\-u\fR, access \fB\-u\fR, use \fB\-u\fR, ctime \fB\-c\fR, or status \fB\-c\fR; use specified time as sort key if \fB\-\-sort\fR=\fItime\fR .TP \fB\-\-time\-style\fR=\fISTYLE\fR with \fB\-l\fR, show times using style STYLE: full\-iso, long\-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non\-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix\-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale .TP \fB\-t\fR sort by modification time .TP \fB\-T\fR, \fB\-\-tabsize\fR=\fICOLS\fR assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 .TP \fB\-u\fR with \fB\-lt\fR: sort by, and show, access time with \fB\-l\fR: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time .TP \fB\-U\fR do not sort; list entries in directory order .TP \fB\-v\fR natural sort of (version) numbers within text .TP \fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-width\fR=\fICOLS\fR assume screen width instead of current value .TP \fB\-x\fR list entries by lines instead of by columns .TP \fB\-X\fR sort alphabetically by entry extension .TP \fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-context\fR print any SELinux security context of each file .TP \fB\-1\fR list one file per line .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. .PP Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with \fB\-\-color\fR=\fInever\fR. With \fB\-\-color\fR=\fIauto\fR, ls emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it. .SS "Exit status:" .TP 0 if OK, .TP 1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory), .TP 2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command\-line argument). .SH AUTHOR Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report ls bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report ls translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B ls is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B ls programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqls invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092a3000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000852000000660000000300000000000000000000001e00000000reloc/share/man/man1/md5sum.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH MD5SUM "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME md5sum \- compute and check MD5 message digest .SH SYNOPSIS .B md5sum [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print or check MD5 (128\-bit) checksums. With no FILE, or when FILE is \-, read standard input. .TP \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-binary\fR read in binary mode .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-check\fR read MD5 sums from the FILEs and check them .TP \fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-text\fR read in text mode (default) .SS "The following three options are useful only when verifying checksums:" .TP \fB\-\-quiet\fR don't print OK for each successfully verified file .TP \fB\-\-status\fR don't output anything, status code shows success .TP \fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-warn\fR warn about improperly formatted checksum lines .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP The sums are computed as described in RFC 1321. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. .SH AUTHOR Written by Ulrich Drepper, Scott Miller, and David Madore. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report md5sum bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report md5sum translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B md5sum is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B md5sum programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqmd5sum invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092a4000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000006d8000000660000000300000000000000000000001d00000000reloc/share/man/man1/mkdir.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH MKDIR "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME mkdir \- make directories .SH SYNOPSIS .B mkdir [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fIDIRECTORY\fR... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-mode\fR=\fIMODE\fR set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx \- umask .TP \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-parents\fR no error if existing, make parent directories as needed .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR print a message for each created directory .TP \fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-context\fR=\fICTX\fR set the SELinux security context of each created directory to CTX .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report mkdir bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report mkdir translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" mkdir(2) .PP The full documentation for .B mkdir is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B mkdir programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqmkdir invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092a5000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c0000062e000000660000000300000000000000000000001e00000000reloc/share/man/man1/mkfifo.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH MKFIFO "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME mkfifo \- make FIFOs (named pipes) .SH SYNOPSIS .B mkfifo [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fINAME\fR... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Create named pipes (FIFOs) with the given NAMEs. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-mode\fR=\fIMODE\fR set file permission bits to MODE, not a=rw \- umask .TP \fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-context\fR=\fICTX\fR set the SELinux security context of each NAME to CTX .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report mkfifo bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report mkfifo translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" mkfifo(3) .PP The full documentation for .B mkfifo is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B mkfifo programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqmkfifo invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092a6000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000884000000660000000300000000000000000000001d00000000reloc/share/man/man1/mknod.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH MKNOD "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME mknod \- make block or character special files .SH SYNOPSIS .B mknod [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fINAME TYPE \fR[\fIMAJOR MINOR\fR] .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Create the special file NAME of the given TYPE. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-mode\fR=\fIMODE\fR set file permission bits to MODE, not a=rw \- umask .TP \fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-context\fR=\fICTX\fR set the SELinux security context of NAME to CTX .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP Both MAJOR and MINOR must be specified when TYPE is b, c, or u, and they must be omitted when TYPE is p. If MAJOR or MINOR begins with 0x or 0X, it is interpreted as hexadecimal; otherwise, if it begins with 0, as octal; otherwise, as decimal. TYPE may be: .TP b create a block (buffered) special file .TP c, u create a character (unbuffered) special file .TP p create a FIFO .PP NOTE: your shell may have its own version of mknod, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report mknod bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report mknod translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" mknod(2) .PP The full documentation for .B mknod is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B mknod programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqmknod invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092a7000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000989000000660000000300000000000000000000001e00000000reloc/share/man/man1/mktemp.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH MKTEMP "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME mktemp \- create a temporary file or directory .SH SYNOPSIS .B mktemp [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fITEMPLATE\fR] .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Create a temporary file or directory, safely, and print its name. TEMPLATE must contain at least 3 consecutive `X's in last component. If TEMPLATE is not specified, use tmp.XXXXXXXXXX, and \fB\-\-tmpdir\fR is implied. .TP \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-directory\fR create a directory, not a file .TP \fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-dry\-run\fR do not create anything; merely print a name (unsafe) .TP \fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR suppress diagnostics about file/dir\-creation failure .TP \fB\-\-suffix\fR=\fISUFF\fR append SUFF to TEMPLATE. SUFF must not contain slash. This option is implied if TEMPLATE does not end in X. .TP \fB\-\-tmpdir\fR[=\fIDIR\fR] interpret TEMPLATE relative to DIR. If DIR is not specified, use $TMPDIR if set, else /tmp. With this option, TEMPLATE must not be an absolute name. Unlike with \fB\-t\fR, TEMPLATE may contain slashes, but mktemp creates only the final component .TP \fB\-p\fR DIR use DIR as a prefix; implies \fB\-t\fR [deprecated] .TP \fB\-t\fR interpret TEMPLATE as a single file name component, relative to a directory: $TMPDIR, if set; else the directory specified via \fB\-p\fR; else /tmp [deprecated] .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by Jim Meyering and Eric Blake. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report mktemp bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report mktemp translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" mkstemp(3), mkdtemp(3), mktemp(3) .PP The full documentation for .B mktemp is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B mktemp programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqmktemp invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092a8000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000ba5000000660000000300000000000000000000001a00000000reloc/share/man/man1/mv.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH MV "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME mv \- move (rename) files .SH SYNOPSIS .B mv [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fI-T\fR] \fISOURCE DEST\fR .br .B mv [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fISOURCE\fR... \fIDIRECTORY\fR .br .B mv [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fI-t DIRECTORY SOURCE\fR... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-\-backup\fR[=\fICONTROL\fR] make a backup of each existing destination file .TP \fB\-b\fR like \fB\-\-backup\fR but does not accept an argument .TP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR do not prompt before overwriting .TP \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-interactive\fR prompt before overwrite .TP \fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-no\-clobber\fR do not overwrite an existing file .PP If you specify more than one of \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-n\fR, only the final one takes effect. .TP \fB\-\-strip\-trailing\-slashes\fR remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument .TP \fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-suffix\fR=\fISUFFIX\fR override the usual backup suffix .TP \fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-target\-directory\fR=\fIDIRECTORY\fR move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY .TP \fB\-T\fR, \fB\-\-no\-target\-directory\fR treat DEST as a normal file .TP \fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-update\fR move only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR explain what is being done .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP The backup suffix is `~', unless set with \fB\-\-suffix\fR or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. The version control method may be selected via the \fB\-\-backup\fR option or through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: .TP none, off never make backups (even if \fB\-\-backup\fR is given) .TP numbered, t make numbered backups .TP existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise .TP simple, never always make simple backups .SH AUTHOR Written by Mike Parker, David MacKenzie, and Jim Meyering. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report mv bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report mv translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" rename(2) .PP The full documentation for .B mv is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B mv programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqmv invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092a9000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000006ed000000660000000300000000000000000000001c00000000reloc/share/man/man1/nice.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH NICE "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME nice \- run a program with modified scheduling priority .SH SYNOPSIS .B nice [\fIOPTION\fR] [\fICOMMAND \fR[\fIARG\fR]...] .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Run COMMAND with an adjusted niceness, which affects process scheduling. With no COMMAND, print the current niceness. Nicenesses range from \fB\-20\fR (most favorable scheduling) to 19 (least favorable). .TP \fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-adjustment\fR=\fIN\fR add integer N to the niceness (default 10) .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP NOTE: your shell may have its own version of nice, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report nice bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report nice translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" nice(2) .PP The full documentation for .B nice is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B nice programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqnice invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092aa000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000bc1000000660000000300000000000000000000001a00000000reloc/share/man/man1/nl.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH NL "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME nl \- number lines of files .SH SYNOPSIS .B nl [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. With no FILE, or when FILE is \-, read standard input. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-body\-numbering\fR=\fISTYLE\fR use STYLE for numbering body lines .TP \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-section\-delimiter\fR=\fICC\fR use CC for separating logical pages .TP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-footer\-numbering\fR=\fISTYLE\fR use STYLE for numbering footer lines .TP \fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-header\-numbering\fR=\fISTYLE\fR use STYLE for numbering header lines .TP \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-line\-increment\fR=\fINUMBER\fR line number increment at each line .TP \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-join\-blank\-lines\fR=\fINUMBER\fR group of NUMBER empty lines counted as one .TP \fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-number\-format\fR=\fIFORMAT\fR insert line numbers according to FORMAT .TP \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-no\-renumber\fR do not reset line numbers at logical pages .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-number\-separator\fR=\fISTRING\fR add STRING after (possible) line number .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-starting\-line\-number\fR=\fINUMBER\fR first line number on each logical page .TP \fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-number\-width\fR=\fINUMBER\fR use NUMBER columns for line numbers .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP By default, selects \fB\-v1\fR \fB\-i1\fR \fB\-l1\fR \fB\-sTAB\fR \fB\-w6\fR \fB\-nrn\fR \fB\-hn\fR \fB\-bt\fR \fB\-fn\fR. CC are two delimiter characters for separating logical pages, a missing second character implies :. Type \e\e for \e. STYLE is one of: .TP a number all lines .TP t number only nonempty lines .TP n number no lines .TP pBRE number only lines that contain a match for the basic regular expression, BRE .PP FORMAT is one of: .TP ln left justified, no leading zeros .TP rn right justified, no leading zeros .TP rz right justified, leading zeros .SH AUTHOR Written by Scott Bartram and David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report nl bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report nl translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B nl is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B nl programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqnl invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092ab000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c0000071b000000660000000300000000000000000000001d00000000reloc/share/man/man1/nohup.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH NOHUP "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME nohup \- run a command immune to hangups, with output to a non-tty .SH SYNOPSIS .B nohup \fICOMMAND \fR[\fIARG\fR]... .br .B nohup \fIOPTION\fR .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Run COMMAND, ignoring hangup signals. .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP If standard input is a terminal, redirect it from /dev/null. If standard output is a terminal, append output to `nohup.out' if possible, `$HOME/nohup.out' otherwise. If standard error is a terminal, redirect it to standard output. To save output to FILE, use `nohup COMMAND > FILE'. .PP NOTE: your shell may have its own version of nohup, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. .SH AUTHOR Written by Jim Meyering. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report nohup bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report nohup translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B nohup is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B nohup programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqnohup invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092ac000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000005e5000000660000000300000000000000000000001d00000000reloc/share/man/man1/nproc.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH NPROC "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME nproc \- print the number of processing units available .SH SYNOPSIS .B nproc [\fIOPTION\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print the number of processing units available to the current process, which may be less than the number of online processors .TP \fB\-\-all\fR print the number of installed processors .TP \fB\-\-ignore\fR=\fIN\fR if possible, exclude N processing units .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by Giuseppe Scrivano. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report nproc bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report nproc translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B nproc is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B nproc programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqnproc invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092ad000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c0000125f000000660000000300000000000000000000001a00000000reloc/share/man/man1/od.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH OD "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME od \- dump files in octal and other formats .SH SYNOPSIS .B od [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .br .B od [\fI-abcdfilosx\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR] [[\fI+\fR]\fIOFFSET\fR[\fI.\fR][\fIb\fR]] .br .B od \fI--traditional \fR[\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR] [[\fI+\fR]\fIOFFSET\fR[\fI.\fR][\fIb\fR] [\fI+\fR][\fILABEL\fR][\fI.\fR][\fIb\fR]] .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE argument, concatenate them in the listed order to form the input. With no FILE, or when FILE is \-, read standard input. .PP All arguments to long options are mandatory for short options. .TP \fB\-A\fR, \fB\-\-address\-radix\fR=\fIRADIX\fR decide how file offsets are printed .TP \fB\-j\fR, \fB\-\-skip\-bytes\fR=\fIBYTES\fR skip BYTES input bytes first .TP \fB\-N\fR, \fB\-\-read\-bytes\fR=\fIBYTES\fR limit dump to BYTES input bytes .TP \fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-strings\fR[=\fIBYTES\fR] output strings of at least BYTES graphic chars .TP \fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-format\fR=\fITYPE\fR select output format or formats .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-output\-duplicates\fR do not use * to mark line suppression .TP \fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-width\fR[=\fIBYTES\fR] output BYTES bytes per output line .TP \fB\-\-traditional\fR accept arguments in traditional form .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SS "Traditional format specifications may be intermixed; they accumulate:" .TP \fB\-a\fR same as \fB\-t\fR a, select named characters, ignoring high\-order bit .TP \fB\-b\fR same as \fB\-t\fR o1, select octal bytes .TP \fB\-c\fR same as \fB\-t\fR c, select ASCII characters or backslash escapes .TP \fB\-d\fR same as \fB\-t\fR u2, select unsigned decimal 2\-byte units .TP \fB\-f\fR same as \fB\-t\fR fF, select floats .TP \fB\-i\fR same as \fB\-t\fR dI, select decimal ints .TP \fB\-l\fR same as \fB\-t\fR dL, select decimal longs .TP \fB\-o\fR same as \fB\-t\fR o2, select octal 2\-byte units .TP \fB\-s\fR same as \fB\-t\fR d2, select decimal 2\-byte units .TP \fB\-x\fR same as \fB\-t\fR x2, select hexadecimal 2\-byte units .PP If first and second call formats both apply, the second format is assumed if the last operand begins with + or (if there are 2 operands) a digit. An OFFSET operand means \fB\-j\fR OFFSET. LABEL is the pseudo\-address at first byte printed, incremented when dump is progressing. For OFFSET and LABEL, a 0x or 0X prefix indicates hexadecimal; suffixes may be . for octal and b for multiply by 512. .PP TYPE is made up of one or more of these specifications: .TP a named character, ignoring high\-order bit .TP c ASCII character or backslash escape .TP d[SIZE] signed decimal, SIZE bytes per integer .TP f[SIZE] floating point, SIZE bytes per integer .TP o[SIZE] octal, SIZE bytes per integer .TP u[SIZE] unsigned decimal, SIZE bytes per integer .TP x[SIZE] hexadecimal, SIZE bytes per integer .PP SIZE is a number. For TYPE in doux, SIZE may also be C for sizeof(char), S for sizeof(short), I for sizeof(int) or L for sizeof(long). If TYPE is f, SIZE may also be F for sizeof(float), D for sizeof(double) or L for sizeof(long double). .PP RADIX is d for decimal, o for octal, x for hexadecimal or n for none. BYTES is hexadecimal with 0x or 0X prefix, and may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. Adding a z suffix to any type displays printable characters at the end of each output line. Option \fB\-\-string\fR without a number implies 3; option \fB\-\-width\fR without a number implies 32. By default, od uses \fB\-A\fR o \fB\-t\fR oS \fB\-w16\fR. .SH AUTHOR Written by Jim Meyering. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report od bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report od translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B od is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B od programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqod invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092ae000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000692000000660000000300000000000000000000001d00000000reloc/share/man/man1/paste.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH PASTE "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME paste \- merge lines of files .SH SYNOPSIS .B paste [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs, to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is \-, read standard input. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delimiters\fR=\fILIST\fR reuse characters from LIST instead of TABs .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-serial\fR paste one file at a time instead of in parallel .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by David M. Ihnat and David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report paste bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report paste translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B paste is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B paste programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqpaste invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092af000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000607000000660000000300000000000000000000001f00000000reloc/share/man/man1/pathchk.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH PATHCHK "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME pathchk \- check whether file names are valid or portable .SH SYNOPSIS .B pathchk [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fINAME\fR... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Diagnose invalid or unportable file names. .TP \fB\-p\fR check for most POSIX systems .TP \fB\-P\fR check for empty names and leading "\-" .TP \fB\-\-portability\fR check for all POSIX systems (equivalent to \fB\-p\fR \fB\-P\fR) .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by Paul Eggert, David MacKenzie, and Jim Meyering. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report pathchk bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report pathchk translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B pathchk is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B pathchk programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqpathchk invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092b0000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c0000079e000000660000000300000000000000000000001d00000000reloc/share/man/man1/pinky.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH PINKY "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME pinky \- lightweight finger .SH SYNOPSIS .B pinky [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIUSER\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .TP \fB\-l\fR produce long format output for the specified USERs .TP \fB\-b\fR omit the user's home directory and shell in long format .TP \fB\-h\fR omit the user's project file in long format .TP \fB\-p\fR omit the user's plan file in long format .TP \fB\-s\fR do short format output, this is the default .TP \fB\-f\fR omit the line of column headings in short format .TP \fB\-w\fR omit the user's full name in short format .TP \fB\-i\fR omit the user's full name and remote host in short format .TP \fB\-q\fR omit the user's full name, remote host and idle time in short format .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP A lightweight `finger' program; print user information. The utmp file will be /var/run/utmp. .SH AUTHOR Written by Joseph Arceneaux, David MacKenzie, and Kaveh Ghazi. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report pinky bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report pinky translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B pinky is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B pinky programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqpinky invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092b1000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c0000131b000000660000000300000000000000000000001a00000000reloc/share/man/man1/pr.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH PR "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME pr \- convert text files for printing .SH SYNOPSIS .B pr [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Paginate or columnate FILE(s) for printing. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP +FIRST_PAGE[:LAST_PAGE], \fB\-\-pages\fR=\fIFIRST_PAGE[\fR:LAST_PAGE] begin [stop] printing with page FIRST_[LAST_]PAGE .TP \fB\-COLUMN\fR, \fB\-\-columns\fR=\fICOLUMN\fR output COLUMN columns and print columns down, unless \fB\-a\fR is used. Balance number of lines in the columns on each page .TP \fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-across\fR print columns across rather than down, used together with \fB\-COLUMN\fR .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-show\-control\-chars\fR use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation .TP \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-double\-space\fR double space the output .TP \fB\-D\fR, \fB\-\-date\-format\fR=\fIFORMAT\fR use FORMAT for the header date .TP \fB\-e[CHAR[WIDTH]]\fR, \fB\-\-expand\-tabs\fR[=\fICHAR[WIDTH]\fR] expand input CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) .TP \fB\-F\fR, \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-form\-feed\fR use form feeds instead of newlines to separate pages (by a 3\-line page header with \fB\-F\fR or a 5\-line header and trailer without \fB\-F\fR) .TP \fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-header\fR=\fIHEADER\fR use a centered HEADER instead of filename in page header, \fB\-h\fR "" prints a blank line, don't use \fB\-h\fR"" .TP \fB\-i[CHAR[WIDTH]]\fR, \fB\-\-output\-tabs\fR[=\fICHAR[WIDTH]\fR] replace spaces with CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8) .TP \fB\-J\fR, \fB\-\-join\-lines\fR merge full lines, turns off \fB\-W\fR line truncation, no column alignment, \fB\-\-sep\-string\fR[=\fISTRING\fR] sets separators .TP \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-length\fR=\fIPAGE_LENGTH\fR set the page length to PAGE_LENGTH (66) lines (default number of lines of text 56, and with \fB\-F\fR 63) .TP \fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-merge\fR print all files in parallel, one in each column, truncate lines, but join lines of full length with \fB\-J\fR .TP \fB\-n[SEP[DIGITS]]\fR, \fB\-\-number\-lines\fR[=\fISEP[DIGITS]\fR] number lines, use DIGITS (5) digits, then SEP (TAB), default counting starts with 1st line of input file .TP \fB\-N\fR, \fB\-\-first\-line\-number\fR=\fINUMBER\fR start counting with NUMBER at 1st line of first page printed (see +FIRST_PAGE) .TP \fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-indent\fR=\fIMARGIN\fR offset each line with MARGIN (zero) spaces, do not affect \fB\-w\fR or \fB\-W\fR, MARGIN will be added to PAGE_WIDTH .TP \fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-no\-file\-warnings\fR omit warning when a file cannot be opened .TP \fB\-s[CHAR]\fR, \fB\-\-separator\fR[=\fICHAR\fR] separate columns by a single character, default for CHAR is the character without \fB\-w\fR and 'no char' with \fB\-w\fR \fB\-s[CHAR]\fR turns off line truncation of all 3 column options (\fB\-COLUMN\fR|\-a \fB\-COLUMN\fR|\-m) except \fB\-w\fR is set .TP \fB\-SSTRING\fR, \fB\-\-sep\-string\fR[=\fISTRING\fR] separate columns by STRING, without \fB\-S\fR: Default separator with \fB\-J\fR and otherwise (same as \fB\-S\fR" "), no effect on column options .TP \fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-omit\-header\fR omit page headers and trailers .TP \fB\-T\fR, \fB\-\-omit\-pagination\fR omit page headers and trailers, eliminate any pagination by form feeds set in input files .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-show\-nonprinting\fR use octal backslash notation .TP \fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-width\fR=\fIPAGE_WIDTH\fR set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters for multiple text\-column output only, \fB\-s[char]\fR turns off (72) .TP \fB\-W\fR, \fB\-\-page\-width\fR=\fIPAGE_WIDTH\fR set page width to PAGE_WIDTH (72) characters always, truncate lines, except \fB\-J\fR option is set, no interference with \fB\-S\fR or \fB\-s\fR .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP \fB\-t\fR is implied if PAGE_LENGTH <= 10. With no FILE, or when FILE is \-, read standard input. .SH AUTHOR Written by Pete TerMaat and Roland Huebner. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report pr bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report pr translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B pr is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B pr programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqpr invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092b2000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000006b3000000660000000300000000000000000000002000000000reloc/share/man/man1/printenv.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH PRINTENV "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME printenv \- print all or part of environment .SH SYNOPSIS .B printenv [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIVARIABLE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print the values of the specified environment VARIABLE(s). If no VARIABLE is specified, print name and value pairs for them all. .TP \fB\-0\fR, \fB\-\-null\fR end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP NOTE: your shell may have its own version of printenv, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie and Richard Mlynarik. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report printenv bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report printenv translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B printenv is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B printenv programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqprintenv invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092b3000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000960000000660000000300000000000000000000001e00000000reloc/share/man/man1/printf.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH PRINTF "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME printf \- format and print data .SH SYNOPSIS .B printf \fIFORMAT \fR[\fIARGUMENT\fR]... .br .B printf \fIOPTION\fR .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print ARGUMENT(s) according to FORMAT, or execute according to OPTION: .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP FORMAT controls the output as in C printf. Interpreted sequences are: .TP \e" double quote .TP \e\e backslash .TP \ea alert (BEL) .TP \eb backspace .TP \ec produce no further output .TP \ee escape .TP \ef form feed .TP \en new line .TP \er carriage return .TP \et horizontal tab .TP \ev vertical tab .TP \eNNN byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits) .TP \exHH byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits) .TP \euHHHH Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character with hex value HHHH (4 digits) .TP \eUHHHHHHHH Unicode character with hex value HHHHHHHH (8 digits) .TP %% a single % .TP %b ARGUMENT as a string with `\e' escapes interpreted, except that octal escapes are of the form \e0 or \e0NNN .PP and all C format specifications ending with one of diouxXfeEgGcs, with ARGUMENTs converted to proper type first. Variable widths are handled. .PP NOTE: your shell may have its own version of printf, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report printf bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report printf translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" printf(3) .PP The full documentation for .B printf is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B printf programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqprintf invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092b4000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000b9c000000660000000300000000000000000000001b00000000reloc/share/man/man1/ptx.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH PTX "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME ptx \- produce a permuted index of file contents .SH SYNOPSIS .B ptx [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIINPUT\fR]... \fI(without -G)\fR .br .B ptx \fI-G \fR[\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIINPUT \fR[\fIOUTPUT\fR]] .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Output a permuted index, including context, of the words in the input files. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-A\fR, \fB\-\-auto\-reference\fR output automatically generated references .TP \fB\-G\fR, \fB\-\-traditional\fR behave more like System V `ptx' .TP \fB\-F\fR, \fB\-\-flag\-truncation\fR=\fISTRING\fR use STRING for flagging line truncations .TP \fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-macro\-name\fR=\fISTRING\fR macro name to use instead of `xx' .TP \fB\-O\fR, \fB\-\-format\fR=\fIroff\fR generate output as roff directives .TP \fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-right\-side\-refs\fR put references at right, not counted in \fB\-w\fR .TP \fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-sentence\-regexp\fR=\fIREGEXP\fR for end of lines or end of sentences .TP \fB\-T\fR, \fB\-\-format\fR=\fItex\fR generate output as TeX directives .TP \fB\-W\fR, \fB\-\-word\-regexp\fR=\fIREGEXP\fR use REGEXP to match each keyword .TP \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-break\-file\fR=\fIFILE\fR word break characters in this FILE .TP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-ignore\-case\fR fold lower case to upper case for sorting .TP \fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gap\-size\fR=\fINUMBER\fR gap size in columns between output fields .TP \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-ignore\-file\fR=\fIFILE\fR read ignore word list from FILE .TP \fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-only\-file\fR=\fIFILE\fR read only word list from this FILE .TP \fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-references\fR first field of each line is a reference .HP \fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-typeset\-mode\fR \- not implemented \- .TP \fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-width\fR=\fINUMBER\fR output width in columns, reference excluded .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP With no FILE or if FILE is \-, read Standard Input. `\-F /' by default. .SH AUTHOR Written by F. Pinard. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report ptx bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report ptx translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B ptx is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B ptx programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqptx invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092b5000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000662000000660000000300000000000000000000001b00000000reloc/share/man/man1/pwd.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH PWD "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME pwd \- print name of current/working directory .SH SYNOPSIS .B pwd [\fIOPTION\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print the full filename of the current working directory. .TP \fB\-L\fR, \fB\-\-logical\fR use PWD from environment, even if it contains symlinks .TP \fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-physical\fR avoid all symlinks .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP NOTE: your shell may have its own version of pwd, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. .SH AUTHOR Written by Jim Meyering. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report pwd bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report pwd translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" getcwd(3) .PP The full documentation for .B pwd is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B pwd programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqpwd invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092b6000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000831000000660000000300000000000000000000002000000000reloc/share/man/man1/readlink.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH READLINK "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME readlink \- print value of a symbolic link or canonical file name .SH SYNOPSIS .B readlink [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fIFILE\fR .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print value of a symbolic link or canonical file name .TP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-canonicalize\fR canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively; all but the last component must exist .TP \fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-canonicalize\-existing\fR canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, all components must exist .TP \fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-canonicalize\-missing\fR canonicalize by following every symlink in every component of the given name recursively, without requirements on components existence .TP \fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-no\-newline\fR do not output the trailing newline .HP \fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR, .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-silent\fR suppress most error messages .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR report error messages .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by Dmitry V. Levin. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report readlink bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report readlink translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" readlink(2) .PP The full documentation for .B readlink is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B readlink programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqreadlink invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092b7000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000db9000000660000000300000000000000000000001a00000000reloc/share/man/man1/rm.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH RM "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME rm \- remove files or directories .SH SYNOPSIS .B rm [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fIFILE\fR... .SH DESCRIPTION This manual page documents the GNU version of .BR rm . .B rm removes each specified file. By default, it does not remove directories. .P If the \fI\-I\fR or \fI\-\-interactive\=once\fR option is given, and there are more than three files or the \fI\-r\fR, \fI\-R\fR, or \fI\-\-recursive\fR are given, then .B rm prompts the user for whether to proceed with the entire operation. If the response is not affirmative, the entire command is aborted. .P Otherwise, if a file is unwritable, standard input is a terminal, and the \fI\-f\fR or \fI\-\-force\fR option is not given, or the \fI\-i\fR or \fI\-\-interactive\=always\fR option is given, .B rm prompts the user for whether to remove the file. If the response is not affirmative, the file is skipped. .SH OPTIONS .PP Remove (unlink) the FILE(s). .TP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR ignore nonexistent files, never prompt .TP \fB\-i\fR prompt before every removal .TP \fB\-I\fR prompt once before removing more than three files, or when removing recursively. Less intrusive than \fB\-i\fR, while still giving protection against most mistakes .TP \fB\-\-interactive\fR[=\fIWHEN\fR] prompt according to WHEN: never, once (\fB\-I\fR), or always (\fB\-i\fR). Without WHEN, prompt always .TP \fB\-\-one\-file\-system\fR when removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any directory that is on a file system different from that of the corresponding command line argument .TP \fB\-\-no\-preserve\-root\fR do not treat `/' specially .TP \fB\-\-preserve\-root\fR do not remove `/' (default) .TP \fB\-r\fR, \fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-recursive\fR remove directories and their contents recursively .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR explain what is being done .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP By default, rm does not remove directories. Use the \fB\-\-recursive\fR (\fB\-r\fR or \fB\-R\fR) option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents. .PP To remove a file whose name starts with a `\-', for example `\-foo', use one of these commands: .IP rm \fB\-\-\fR \fB\-foo\fR .IP rm ./\-foo .PP Note that if you use rm to remove a file, it might be possible to recover some of its contents, given sufficient expertise and/or time. For greater assurance that the contents are truly unrecoverable, consider using shred. .SH AUTHOR Written by Paul Rubin, David MacKenzie, Richard M. Stallman, and Jim Meyering. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report rm bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report rm translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" unlink(1), unlink(2), chattr(1), shred(1) .PP The full documentation for .B rm is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B rm programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqrm invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092b8000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c0000066d000000660000000300000000000000000000001d00000000reloc/share/man/man1/rmdir.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH RMDIR "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME rmdir \- remove empty directories .SH SYNOPSIS .B rmdir [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fIDIRECTORY\fR... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty. .HP \fB\-\-ignore\-fail\-on\-non\-empty\fR .IP ignore each failure that is solely because a directory .IP is non\-empty .TP \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-parents\fR remove DIRECTORY and its ancestors; e.g., `rmdir \fB\-p\fR a/b/c' is similar to `rmdir a/b/c a/b a' .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR output a diagnostic for every directory processed .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report rmdir bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report rmdir translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" rmdir(2) .PP The full documentation for .B rmdir is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B rmdir programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqrmdir invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092b9000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000008e1000000660000000300000000000000000000001e00000000reloc/share/man/man1/runcon.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH RUNCON "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME runcon \- run command with specified security context .SH SYNOPSIS .B runcon \fICONTEXT COMMAND \fR[\fIargs\fR] .br .B runcon [ \fI-c \fR] [\fI-u USER\fR] [\fI-r ROLE\fR] [\fI-t TYPE\fR] [\fI-l RANGE\fR] \fICOMMAND \fR[\fIargs\fR] .SH DESCRIPTION Run COMMAND with completely-specified CONTEXT, or with current or transitioned security context modified by one or more of LEVEL, ROLE, TYPE, and USER. .PP If none of \fI-c\fR, \fI-t\fR, \fI-u\fR, \fI-r\fR, or \fI-l\fR, is specified, the first argument is used as the complete context. Any additional arguments after \fICOMMAND\fR are interpreted as arguments to the command. .PP Note that only carefully-chosen contexts are likely to successfully run. .PP Run a program in a different security context. With neither CONTEXT nor COMMAND, print the current security context. .TP CONTEXT Complete security context .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-compute\fR compute process transition context before modifying .TP \fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-type\fR=\fITYPE\fR type (for same role as parent) .TP \fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-user\fR=\fIUSER\fR user identity .TP \fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-role\fR=\fIROLE\fR role .TP \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-range\fR=\fIRANGE\fR levelrange .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by Russell Coker. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report runcon bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report runcon translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B runcon is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B runcon programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqruncon invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092ba000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c0000088f000000660000000300000000000000000000001b00000000reloc/share/man/man1/seq.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH SEQ "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME seq \- print a sequence of numbers .SH SYNOPSIS .B seq [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fILAST\fR .br .B seq [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fIFIRST LAST\fR .br .B seq [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fIFIRST INCREMENT LAST\fR .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT. .TP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-format\fR=\fIFORMAT\fR use printf style floating\-point FORMAT .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-separator\fR=\fISTRING\fR use STRING to separate numbers (default: \en) .TP \fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-equal\-width\fR equalize width by padding with leading zeroes .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP If FIRST or INCREMENT is omitted, it defaults to 1. That is, an omitted INCREMENT defaults to 1 even when LAST is smaller than FIRST. FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are interpreted as floating point values. INCREMENT is usually positive if FIRST is smaller than LAST, and INCREMENT is usually negative if FIRST is greater than LAST. FORMAT must be suitable for printing one argument of type `double'; it defaults to %.PRECf if FIRST, INCREMENT, and LAST are all fixed point decimal numbers with maximum precision PREC, and to %g otherwise. .SH AUTHOR Written by Ulrich Drepper. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report seq bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report seq translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B seq is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B seq programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqseq invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092bb000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000861000000660000000300000000000000000000001f00000000reloc/share/man/man1/sha1sum.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH SHA1SUM "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME sha1sum \- compute and check SHA1 message digest .SH SYNOPSIS .B sha1sum [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print or check SHA1 (160\-bit) checksums. With no FILE, or when FILE is \-, read standard input. .TP \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-binary\fR read in binary mode .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-check\fR read SHA1 sums from the FILEs and check them .TP \fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-text\fR read in text mode (default) .SS "The following three options are useful only when verifying checksums:" .TP \fB\-\-quiet\fR don't print OK for each successfully verified file .TP \fB\-\-status\fR don't output anything, status code shows success .TP \fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-warn\fR warn about improperly formatted checksum lines .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP The sums are computed as described in FIPS\-180\-1. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. .SH AUTHOR Written by Ulrich Drepper, Scott Miller, and David Madore. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report sha1sum bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report sha1sum translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B sha1sum is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B sha1sum programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqsha1sum invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092bc000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000873000000660000000300000000000000000000002100000000reloc/share/man/man1/sha224sum.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH SHA224SUM "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME sha224sum \- compute and check SHA224 message digest .SH SYNOPSIS .B sha224sum [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print or check SHA224 (224\-bit) checksums. With no FILE, or when FILE is \-, read standard input. .TP \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-binary\fR read in binary mode .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-check\fR read SHA224 sums from the FILEs and check them .TP \fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-text\fR read in text mode (default) .SS "The following three options are useful only when verifying checksums:" .TP \fB\-\-quiet\fR don't print OK for each successfully verified file .TP \fB\-\-status\fR don't output anything, status code shows success .TP \fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-warn\fR warn about improperly formatted checksum lines .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP The sums are computed as described in RFC 3874. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. .SH AUTHOR Written by Ulrich Drepper, Scott Miller, and David Madore. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report sha224sum bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report sha224sum translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B sha224sum is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B sha224sum programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqsha224sum invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092bd000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000877000000660000000300000000000000000000002100000000reloc/share/man/man1/sha256sum.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH SHA256SUM "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME sha256sum \- compute and check SHA256 message digest .SH SYNOPSIS .B sha256sum [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print or check SHA256 (256\-bit) checksums. With no FILE, or when FILE is \-, read standard input. .TP \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-binary\fR read in binary mode .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-check\fR read SHA256 sums from the FILEs and check them .TP \fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-text\fR read in text mode (default) .SS "The following three options are useful only when verifying checksums:" .TP \fB\-\-quiet\fR don't print OK for each successfully verified file .TP \fB\-\-status\fR don't output anything, status code shows success .TP \fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-warn\fR warn about improperly formatted checksum lines .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP The sums are computed as described in FIPS\-180\-2. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. .SH AUTHOR Written by Ulrich Drepper, Scott Miller, and David Madore. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report sha256sum bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report sha256sum translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B sha256sum is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B sha256sum programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqsha256sum invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092be000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000877000000660000000300000000000000000000002100000000reloc/share/man/man1/sha384sum.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH SHA384SUM "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME sha384sum \- compute and check SHA384 message digest .SH SYNOPSIS .B sha384sum [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print or check SHA384 (384\-bit) checksums. With no FILE, or when FILE is \-, read standard input. .TP \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-binary\fR read in binary mode .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-check\fR read SHA384 sums from the FILEs and check them .TP \fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-text\fR read in text mode (default) .SS "The following three options are useful only when verifying checksums:" .TP \fB\-\-quiet\fR don't print OK for each successfully verified file .TP \fB\-\-status\fR don't output anything, status code shows success .TP \fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-warn\fR warn about improperly formatted checksum lines .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP The sums are computed as described in FIPS\-180\-2. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. .SH AUTHOR Written by Ulrich Drepper, Scott Miller, and David Madore. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report sha384sum bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report sha384sum translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B sha384sum is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B sha384sum programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqsha384sum invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092bf000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000877000000660000000300000000000000000000002100000000reloc/share/man/man1/sha512sum.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH SHA512SUM "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME sha512sum \- compute and check SHA512 message digest .SH SYNOPSIS .B sha512sum [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print or check SHA512 (512\-bit) checksums. With no FILE, or when FILE is \-, read standard input. .TP \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-binary\fR read in binary mode .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-check\fR read SHA512 sums from the FILEs and check them .TP \fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-text\fR read in text mode (default) .SS "The following three options are useful only when verifying checksums:" .TP \fB\-\-quiet\fR don't print OK for each successfully verified file .TP \fB\-\-status\fR don't output anything, status code shows success .TP \fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-warn\fR warn about improperly formatted checksum lines .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP The sums are computed as described in FIPS\-180\-2. When checking, the input should be a former output of this program. The default mode is to print a line with checksum, a character indicating type (`*' for binary, ` ' for text), and name for each FILE. .SH AUTHOR Written by Ulrich Drepper, Scott Miller, and David Madore. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report sha512sum bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report sha512sum translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B sha512sum is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B sha512sum programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqsha512sum invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092c0000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000f61000000660000000300000000000000000000001d00000000reloc/share/man/man1/shred.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH SHRED "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME shred \- overwrite a file to hide its contents, and optionally delete it .SH SYNOPSIS .B shred [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fIFILE\fR... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing to recover the data. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR change permissions to allow writing if necessary .TP \fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-iterations\fR=\fIN\fR overwrite N times instead of the default (3) .TP \fB\-\-random\-source\fR=\fIFILE\fR get random bytes from FILE .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-size\fR=\fIN\fR shred this many bytes (suffixes like K, M, G accepted) .TP \fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-remove\fR truncate and remove file after overwriting .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR show progress .TP \fB\-x\fR, \fB\-\-exact\fR do not round file sizes up to the next full block; .IP this is the default for non\-regular files .TP \fB\-z\fR, \fB\-\-zero\fR add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shredding .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP If FILE is \-, shred standard output. .PP Delete FILE(s) if \fB\-\-remove\fR (\fB\-u\fR) is specified. The default is not to remove the files because it is common to operate on device files like /dev/hda, and those files usually should not be removed. When operating on regular files, most people use the \fB\-\-remove\fR option. .PP CAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important assumption: that the file system overwrites data in place. This is the traditional way to do things, but many modern file system designs do not satisfy this assumption. The following are examples of file systems on which shred is not effective, or is not guaranteed to be effective in all file system modes: .PP * log\-structured or journaled file systems, such as those supplied with AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3, etc.) .PP * file systems that write redundant data and carry on even if some writes fail, such as RAID\-based file systems .PP * file systems that make snapshots, such as Network Appliance's NFS server .PP * file systems that cache in temporary locations, such as NFS version 3 clients .PP * compressed file systems .PP In the case of ext3 file systems, the above disclaimer applies (and shred is thus of limited effectiveness) only in data=journal mode, which journals file data in addition to just metadata. In both the data=ordered (default) and data=writeback modes, shred works as usual. Ext3 journaling modes can be changed by adding the data=something option to the mount options for a particular file system in the /etc/fstab file, as documented in the mount man page (man mount). .PP In addition, file system backups and remote mirrors may contain copies of the file that cannot be removed, and that will allow a shredded file to be recovered later. .SH AUTHOR Written by Colin Plumb. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report shred bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report shred translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B shred is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B shred programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqshred invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092c1000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000007da000000660000000300000000000000000000001c00000000reloc/share/man/man1/shuf.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH SHUF "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME shuf \- generate random permutations .SH SYNOPSIS .B shuf [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR] .br .B shuf \fI-e \fR[\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIARG\fR]... .br .B shuf \fI-i LO-HI \fR[\fIOPTION\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Write a random permutation of the input lines to standard output. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-echo\fR treat each ARG as an input line .TP \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-input\-range\fR=\fILO\-HI\fR treat each number LO through HI as an input line .TP \fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-head\-count\fR=\fICOUNT\fR output at most COUNT lines .TP \fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-output\fR=\fIFILE\fR write result to FILE instead of standard output .TP \fB\-\-random\-source\fR=\fIFILE\fR get random bytes from FILE .TP \fB\-z\fR, \fB\-\-zero\-terminated\fR end lines with 0 byte, not newline .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP With no FILE, or when FILE is \-, read standard input. .SH AUTHOR Written by Paul Eggert. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report shuf bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report shuf translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B shuf is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B shuf programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqshuf invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092c2000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c0000066b000000660000000300000000000000000000001d00000000reloc/share/man/man1/sleep.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH SLEEP "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME sleep \- delay for a specified amount of time .SH SYNOPSIS .B sleep \fINUMBER\fR[\fISUFFIX\fR]... .br .B sleep \fIOPTION\fR .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Pause for NUMBER seconds. SUFFIX may be `s' for seconds (the default), `m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. Unlike most implementations that require NUMBER be an integer, here NUMBER may be an arbitrary floating point number. Given two or more arguments, pause for the amount of time specified by the sum of their values. .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by Jim Meyering and Paul Eggert. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report sleep bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report sleep translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" sleep(3) .PP The full documentation for .B sleep is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B sleep programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqsleep invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092c3000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00001305000000660000000300000000000000000000001c00000000reloc/share/man/man1/sort.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH SORT "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME sort \- sort lines of text files .SH SYNOPSIS .B sort [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .br .B sort [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fI--files0-from=F\fR .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Write sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to standard output. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. Ordering options: .TP \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-ignore\-leading\-blanks\fR ignore leading blanks .TP \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-dictionary\-order\fR consider only blanks and alphanumeric characters .TP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-ignore\-case\fR fold lower case to upper case characters .TP \fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-general\-numeric\-sort\fR compare according to general numerical value .TP \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-ignore\-nonprinting\fR consider only printable characters .TP \fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-month\-sort\fR compare (unknown) < `JAN' < ... < `DEC' .TP \fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-human\-numeric\-sort\fR compare human readable numbers (e.g., 2K 1G) .TP \fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-numeric\-sort\fR compare according to string numerical value .TP \fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-random\-sort\fR sort by random hash of keys .TP \fB\-\-random\-source\fR=\fIFILE\fR get random bytes from FILE .TP \fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-reverse\fR reverse the result of comparisons .TP \fB\-\-sort\fR=\fIWORD\fR sort according to WORD: general\-numeric \fB\-g\fR, human\-numeric \fB\-h\fR, month \fB\-M\fR, numeric \fB\-n\fR, random \fB\-R\fR, version \fB\-V\fR .TP \fB\-V\fR, \fB\-\-version\-sort\fR natural sort of (version) numbers within text .PP Other options: .TP \fB\-\-batch\-size\fR=\fINMERGE\fR merge at most NMERGE inputs at once; for more use temp files .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-check\fR, \fB\-\-check\fR=\fIdiagnose\-first\fR check for sorted input; do not sort .TP \fB\-C\fR, \fB\-\-check\fR=\fIquiet\fR, \fB\-\-check\fR=\fIsilent\fR like \fB\-c\fR, but do not report first bad line .TP \fB\-\-compress\-program\fR=\fIPROG\fR compress temporaries with PROG; decompress them with PROG \fB\-d\fR .TP \fB\-\-files0\-from\fR=\fIF\fR read input from the files specified by NUL\-terminated names in file F; If F is \- then read names from standard input .TP \fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-key\fR=\fIPOS1[\fR,POS2] start a key at POS1 (origin 1), end it at POS2 (default end of line) .TP \fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-merge\fR merge already sorted files; do not sort .TP \fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-output\fR=\fIFILE\fR write result to FILE instead of standard output .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-stable\fR stabilize sort by disabling last\-resort comparison .TP \fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-buffer\-size\fR=\fISIZE\fR use SIZE for main memory buffer .TP \fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-field\-separator\fR=\fISEP\fR use SEP instead of non\-blank to blank transition .TP \fB\-T\fR, \fB\-\-temporary\-directory\fR=\fIDIR\fR use DIR for temporaries, not $TMPDIR or /tmp; multiple options specify multiple directories .TP \fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-unique\fR with \fB\-c\fR, check for strict ordering; without \fB\-c\fR, output only the first of an equal run .TP \fB\-z\fR, \fB\-\-zero\-terminated\fR end lines with 0 byte, not newline .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP POS is F[.C][OPTS], where F is the field number and C the character position in the field; both are origin 1. If neither \fB\-t\fR nor \fB\-b\fR is in effect, characters in a field are counted from the beginning of the preceding whitespace. OPTS is one or more single\-letter ordering options, which override global ordering options for that key. If no key is given, use the entire line as the key. .PP SIZE may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: % 1% of memory, b 1, K 1024 (default), and so on for M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y. .PP With no FILE, or when FILE is \-, read standard input. .PP *** WARNING *** The locale specified by the environment affects sort order. Set LC_ALL=C to get the traditional sort order that uses native byte values. .SH AUTHOR Written by Mike Haertel and Paul Eggert. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report sort bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report sort translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B sort is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B sort programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqsort invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092c4000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000890000000660000000300000000000000000000001d00000000reloc/share/man/man1/split.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH SPLIT "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME split \- split a file into pieces .SH SYNOPSIS .B split [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIINPUT \fR[\fIPREFIX\fR]] .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Output fixed\-size pieces of INPUT to PREFIXaa, PREFIXab, ...; default size is 1000 lines, and default PREFIX is `x'. With no INPUT, or when INPUT is \-, read standard input. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-suffix\-length\fR=\fIN\fR use suffixes of length N (default 2) .TP \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-bytes\fR=\fISIZE\fR put SIZE bytes per output file .TP \fB\-C\fR, \fB\-\-line\-bytes\fR=\fISIZE\fR put at most SIZE bytes of lines per output file .TP \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-numeric\-suffixes\fR use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic .TP \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-lines\fR=\fINUMBER\fR put NUMBER lines per output file .TP \fB\-\-verbose\fR print a diagnostic just before each output file is opened .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. .SH AUTHOR Written by Torbjorn Granlund and Richard M. Stallman. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report split bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report split translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B split is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B split programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqsplit invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092c5000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000d9f000000660000000300000000000000000000001c00000000reloc/share/man/man1/stat.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH STAT "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME stat \- display file or file system status .SH SYNOPSIS .B stat [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fIFILE\fR... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Display file or file system status. .TP \fB\-L\fR, \fB\-\-dereference\fR follow links .TP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-file\-system\fR display file system status instead of file status .TP \fB\-c\fR \fB\-\-format\fR=\fIFORMAT\fR use the specified FORMAT instead of the default; output a newline after each use of FORMAT .TP \fB\-\-printf\fR=\fIFORMAT\fR like \fB\-\-format\fR, but interpret backslash escapes, and do not output a mandatory trailing newline. If you want a newline, include \en in FORMAT .TP \fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-terse\fR print the information in terse form .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP The valid format sequences for files (without \fB\-\-file\-system\fR): .TP %a Access rights in octal .TP %A Access rights in human readable form .TP %b Number of blocks allocated (see %B) .TP %B The size in bytes of each block reported by %b .TP %C SELinux security context string .TP %d Device number in decimal .TP %D Device number in hex .TP %f Raw mode in hex .TP %F File type .TP %g Group ID of owner .TP %G Group name of owner .TP %h Number of hard links .TP %i Inode number .TP %n File name .TP %N Quoted file name with dereference if symbolic link .TP %o I/O block size .TP %s Total size, in bytes .TP %t Major device type in hex .TP %T Minor device type in hex .TP %u User ID of owner .TP %U User name of owner .TP %x Time of last access .TP %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch .TP %y Time of last modification .TP %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch .TP %z Time of last change .TP %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch .PP Valid format sequences for file systems: .TP %a Free blocks available to non\-superuser .TP %b Total data blocks in file system .TP %c Total file nodes in file system .TP %d Free file nodes in file system .TP %f Free blocks in file system .TP %C SELinux security context string .TP %i File System ID in hex .TP %l Maximum length of filenames .TP %n File name .TP %s Block size (for faster transfers) .TP %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) .TP %t Type in hex .TP %T Type in human readable form .PP NOTE: your shell may have its own version of stat, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. .SH AUTHOR Written by Michael Meskes. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report stat bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report stat translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" stat(2) .PP The full documentation for .B stat is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B stat programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqstat invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092c6000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000a67000000660000000300000000000000000000001e00000000reloc/share/man/man1/stdbuf.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH STDBUF "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME stdbuf \- Run COMMAND, with modified buffering operations for its standard streams. .SH SYNOPSIS .B stdbuf \fIOPTION\fR... \fICOMMAND\fR .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Run COMMAND, with modified buffering operations for its standard streams. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-input\fR=\fIMODE\fR adjust standard input stream buffering .TP \fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-output\fR=\fIMODE\fR adjust standard output stream buffering .TP \fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-error\fR=\fIMODE\fR adjust standard error stream buffering .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP If MODE is `L' the corresponding stream will be line buffered. This option is invalid with standard input. .PP If MODE is `0' the corresponding stream will be unbuffered. .PP Otherwise MODE is a number which may be followed by one of the following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. In this case the corresponding stream will be fully buffered with the buffer size set to MODE bytes. .PP NOTE: If COMMAND adjusts the buffering of its standard streams (`tee' does for e.g.) then that will override corresponding settings changed by `stdbuf'. Also some filters (like `dd' and `cat' etc.) don't use streams for I/O, and are thus unaffected by `stdbuf' settings. .SH EXAMPLES .B tail -f access.log | stdbuf -oL cut -d \(aq \(aq -f1 | uniq .br This will immedidately display unique entries from access.log .SH BUGS On GLIBC platforms, specifying a buffer size, i.e. using fully buffered mode will result in undefined operation. .SH AUTHOR Written by Padraig Brady. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report stdbuf bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report stdbuf translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B stdbuf is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B stdbuf programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqstdbuf invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092c7000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000021d8000000660000000300000000000000000000001c00000000reloc/share/man/man1/stty.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH STTY "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME stty \- change and print terminal line settings .SH SYNOPSIS .B stty [\fI-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE\fR] [\fISETTING\fR]... .br .B stty [\fI-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE\fR] [\fI-a|--all\fR] .br .B stty [\fI-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE\fR] [\fI-g|--save\fR] .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print or change terminal characteristics. .TP \fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR print all current settings in human\-readable form .TP \fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-save\fR print all current settings in a stty\-readable form .TP \fB\-F\fR, \fB\-\-file\fR=\fIDEVICE\fR open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP Optional \- before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non\-POSIX settings. The underlying system defines which settings are available. .SS "Special characters:" .TP * dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed .TP eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input) .TP eol CHAR CHAR will end the line .TP * eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line .TP erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed .TP intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal .TP kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line .TP * lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted .TP quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal .TP * rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line .TP start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it .TP stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output .TP susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal .TP * swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer .TP * werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed .SS "Special settings:" .TP N set the input and output speeds to N bauds .TP * cols N tell the kernel that the terminal has N columns .TP * columns N same as cols N .TP ispeed N set the input speed to N .TP * line N use line discipline N .TP min N with \fB\-icanon\fR, set N characters minimum for a completed read .TP ospeed N set the output speed to N .TP * rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows .TP * size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel .TP speed print the terminal speed .TP time N with \fB\-icanon\fR, set read timeout of N tenths of a second .SS "Control settings:" .TP [\-]clocal disable modem control signals .TP [\-]cread allow input to be received .TP * [\-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking .TP csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8] .TP [\-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `\-') .TP [\-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty .TP [\-]hupcl same as [\-]hup .TP [\-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input .TP [\-]parodd set odd parity (even with `\-') .SS "Input settings:" .TP [\-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal .TP [\-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline .TP [\-]ignbrk ignore break characters .TP [\-]igncr ignore carriage return .TP [\-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors .TP * [\-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character .TP [\-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return .TP [\-]inpck enable input parity checking .TP [\-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters .TP * [\-]iutf8 assume input characters are UTF\-8 encoded .TP * [\-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase .TP * [\-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character .TP [\-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters .TP [\-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control .TP [\-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255\-0\-character sequence) .TP [\-]tandem same as [\-]ixoff .SS "Output settings:" .TP * bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1] .TP * crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3] .TP * ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1] .TP * nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1] .TP * [\-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline .TP * [\-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters .TP * [\-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays .TP * [\-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase .TP * [\-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return\-newline .TP * [\-]onlret newline performs a carriage return .TP * [\-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column .TP [\-]opost postprocess output .TP * tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3] .TP * tabs same as tab0 .TP * \fB\-tabs\fR same as tab3 .TP * vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1] .SS "Local settings:" .TP [\-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace\-space\-backspace .TP * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings .TP * \fB\-crtkill\fR kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings .TP * [\-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c') .TP [\-]echo echo input characters .TP * [\-]echoctl same as [\-]ctlecho .TP [\-]echoe same as [\-]crterase .TP [\-]echok echo a newline after a kill character .TP * [\-]echoke same as [\-]crtkill .TP [\-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters .TP * [\-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\e' and '/' .TP [\-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters .TP [\-]iexten enable non\-POSIX special characters .TP [\-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters .TP [\-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters .TP * [\-]prterase same as [\-]echoprt .TP * [\-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal .TP * [\-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\e' for uppercase characters .SS "Combination settings:" .TP * [\-]LCASE same as [\-]lcase .TP cbreak same as \fB\-icanon\fR .TP \fB\-cbreak\fR same as icanon .TP cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values .TP \fB\-cooked\fR same as raw .TP crt same as echoe echoctl echoke .TP dec same as echoe echoctl echoke \fB\-ixany\fR intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u .TP * [\-]decctlq same as [\-]ixany .TP ek erase and kill characters to their default values .TP evenp same as parenb \fB\-parodd\fR cs7 .TP \fB\-evenp\fR same as \fB\-parenb\fR cs8 .TP * [\-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc .TP litout same as \fB\-parenb\fR \fB\-istrip\fR \fB\-opost\fR cs8 .TP \fB\-litout\fR same as parenb istrip opost cs7 .TP nl same as \fB\-icrnl\fR \fB\-onlcr\fR .TP \fB\-nl\fR same as icrnl \fB\-inlcr\fR \fB\-igncr\fR onlcr \fB\-ocrnl\fR \fB\-onlret\fR .TP oddp same as parenb parodd cs7 .TP \fB\-oddp\fR same as \fB\-parenb\fR cs8 .TP [\-]parity same as [\-]evenp .TP pass8 same as \fB\-parenb\fR \fB\-istrip\fR cs8 .TP \fB\-pass8\fR same as parenb istrip cs7 .TP raw same as \fB\-ignbrk\fR \fB\-brkint\fR \fB\-ignpar\fR \fB\-parmrk\fR \fB\-inpck\fR \fB\-istrip\fR \fB\-inlcr\fR \fB\-igncr\fR \fB\-icrnl\fR \fB\-ixon\fR \fB\-ixoff\fR \fB\-iuclc\fR \fB\-ixany\fR \fB\-imaxbel\fR \fB\-opost\fR \fB\-isig\fR \fB\-icanon\fR \fB\-xcase\fR min 1 time 0 .TP \fB\-raw\fR same as cooked .TP sane same as cread \fB\-ignbrk\fR brkint \fB\-inlcr\fR \fB\-igncr\fR icrnl \fB\-iutf8\fR \fB\-ixoff\fR \fB\-iuclc\fR \fB\-ixany\fR imaxbel opost \fB\-olcuc\fR \fB\-ocrnl\fR onlcr \fB\-onocr\fR \fB\-onlret\fR \fB\-ofill\fR \fB\-ofdel\fR nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok \fB\-echonl\fR \fB\-noflsh\fR \fB\-xcase\fR \fB\-tostop\fR \fB\-echoprt\fR echoctl echoke, all special characters to their default values .PP Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^\- or undef used to disable special characters. .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report stty bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report stty translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B stty is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B stty programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqstty invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092c8000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000005e0000000660000000300000000000000000000001b00000000reloc/share/man/man1/sum.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH SUM "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME sum \- checksum and count the blocks in a file .SH SYNOPSIS .B sum [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print checksum and block counts for each FILE. .TP \fB\-r\fR use BSD sum algorithm, use 1K blocks .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sysv\fR use System V sum algorithm, use 512 bytes blocks .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP With no FILE, or when FILE is \-, read standard input. .SH AUTHOR Written by Kayvan Aghaiepour and David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report sum bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report sum translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B sum is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B sum programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqsum invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092c9000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000504000000660000000300000000000000000000001c00000000reloc/share/man/man1/sync.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH SYNC "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME sync \- flush file system buffers .SH SYNOPSIS .B sync [\fIOPTION\fR] .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Force changed blocks to disk, update the super block. .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by Jim Meyering. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report sync bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report sync translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" sync(2) .PP The full documentation for .B sync is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B sync programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqsync invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092ca000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000006b3000000660000000300000000000000000000001b00000000reloc/share/man/man1/tac.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH TAC "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME tac \- concatenate and print files in reverse .SH SYNOPSIS .B tac [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is \-, read standard input. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-before\fR attach the separator before instead of after .TP \fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-regex\fR interpret the separator as a regular expression .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-separator\fR=\fISTRING\fR use STRING as the separator instead of newline .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by Jay Lepreau and David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report tac bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report tac translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" \fBrev\fP(1). .PP The full documentation for .B tac is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B tac programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqtac invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092cb000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000e4c000000660000000300000000000000000000001c00000000reloc/share/man/man1/tail.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH TAIL "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME tail \- output the last part of files .SH SYNOPSIS .B tail [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print the last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is \-, read standard input. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-bytes\fR=\fIK\fR output the last K bytes; alternatively, use \fB\-c\fR +K to output bytes starting with the Kth of each file .TP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-follow[=\fR{name|descriptor}] output appended data as the file grows; \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-follow\fR, and \fB\-\-follow\fR=\fIdescriptor\fR are equivalent .TP \fB\-F\fR same as \fB\-\-follow\fR=\fIname\fR \fB\-\-retry\fR .TP \fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-lines\fR=\fIK\fR output the last K lines, instead of the last 10; or use \fB\-n\fR +K to output lines starting with the Kth .TP \fB\-\-max\-unchanged\-stats\fR=\fIN\fR with \fB\-\-follow\fR=\fIname\fR, reopen a FILE which has not changed size after N (default 5) iterations to see if it has been unlinked or renamed (this is the usual case of rotated log files) .TP \fB\-\-pid\fR=\fIPID\fR with \fB\-f\fR, terminate after process ID, PID dies .TP \fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR, \fB\-\-silent\fR never output headers giving file names .TP \fB\-\-retry\fR keep trying to open a file even when it is or becomes inaccessible; useful when following by name, i.e., with \fB\-\-follow\fR=\fIname\fR .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sleep\-interval\fR=\fIN\fR with \fB\-f\fR, sleep for approximately N seconds (default 1.0) between iterations .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR always output headers giving file names .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP If the first character of K (the number of bytes or lines) is a `+', print beginning with the Kth item from the start of each file, otherwise, print the last K items in the file. K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. .PP With \fB\-\-follow\fR (\fB\-f\fR), tail defaults to following the file descriptor, which means that even if a tail'ed file is renamed, tail will continue to track its end. This default behavior is not desirable when you really want to track the actual name of the file, not the file descriptor (e.g., log rotation). Use \fB\-\-follow\fR=\fIname\fR in that case. That causes tail to track the named file in a way that accommodates renaming, removal and creation. .SH AUTHOR Written by Paul Rubin, David MacKenzie, Ian Lance Taylor, and Jim Meyering. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report tail bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report tail translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B tail is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B tail programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqtail invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092cc000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000620000000660000000300000000000000000000001b00000000reloc/share/man/man1/tee.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH TEE "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME tee \- read from standard input and write to standard output and files .SH SYNOPSIS .B tee [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output. .TP \fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-append\fR append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite .TP \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-ignore\-interrupts\fR ignore interrupt signals .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP If a FILE is \-, copy again to standard output. .SH AUTHOR Written by Mike Parker, Richard M. Stallman, and David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report tee bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report tee translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B tee is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B tee programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqtee invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092cd000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000010ea000000660000000300000000000000000000001c00000000reloc/share/man/man1/test.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH TEST "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME test \- check file types and compare values .SH SYNOPSIS .B test \fIEXPRESSION\fR .br .B test .br .B [ \fIEXPRESSION \fR] .br .B [ ] .br .B [ \fIOPTION\fR .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Exit with the status determined by EXPRESSION. .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP An omitted EXPRESSION defaults to false. Otherwise, EXPRESSION is true or false and sets exit status. It is one of: .TP ( EXPRESSION ) EXPRESSION is true .TP ! EXPRESSION EXPRESSION is false .TP EXPRESSION1 \fB\-a\fR EXPRESSION2 both EXPRESSION1 and EXPRESSION2 are true .TP EXPRESSION1 \fB\-o\fR EXPRESSION2 either EXPRESSION1 or EXPRESSION2 is true .TP \fB\-n\fR STRING the length of STRING is nonzero .TP STRING equivalent to \fB\-n\fR STRING .TP \fB\-z\fR STRING the length of STRING is zero .TP STRING1 = STRING2 the strings are equal .TP STRING1 != STRING2 the strings are not equal .TP INTEGER1 \fB\-eq\fR INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 .TP INTEGER1 \fB\-ge\fR INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 .TP INTEGER1 \fB\-gt\fR INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 .TP INTEGER1 \fB\-le\fR INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 .TP INTEGER1 \fB\-lt\fR INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 .TP INTEGER1 \fB\-ne\fR INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 .TP FILE1 \fB\-ef\fR FILE2 FILE1 and FILE2 have the same device and inode numbers .TP FILE1 \fB\-nt\fR FILE2 FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2 .TP FILE1 \fB\-ot\fR FILE2 FILE1 is older than FILE2 .TP \fB\-b\fR FILE FILE exists and is block special .TP \fB\-c\fR FILE FILE exists and is character special .TP \fB\-d\fR FILE FILE exists and is a directory .TP \fB\-e\fR FILE FILE exists .TP \fB\-f\fR FILE FILE exists and is a regular file .TP \fB\-g\fR FILE FILE exists and is set\-group\-ID .TP \fB\-G\fR FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID .TP \fB\-h\fR FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as \fB\-L\fR) .TP \fB\-k\fR FILE FILE exists and has its sticky bit set .TP \fB\-L\fR FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as \fB\-h\fR) .TP \fB\-O\fR FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID .TP \fB\-p\fR FILE FILE exists and is a named pipe .TP \fB\-r\fR FILE FILE exists and read permission is granted .TP \fB\-s\fR FILE FILE exists and has a size greater than zero .TP \fB\-S\fR FILE FILE exists and is a socket .TP \fB\-t\fR FD file descriptor FD is opened on a terminal .TP \fB\-u\fR FILE FILE exists and its set\-user\-ID bit is set .TP \fB\-w\fR FILE FILE exists and write permission is granted .TP \fB\-x\fR FILE FILE exists and execute (or search) permission is granted .PP Except for \fB\-h\fR and \fB\-L\fR, all FILE\-related tests dereference symbolic links. Beware that parentheses need to be escaped (e.g., by backslashes) for shells. INTEGER may also be \fB\-l\fR STRING, which evaluates to the length of STRING. .PP NOTE: [ honors the \fB\-\-help\fR and \fB\-\-version\fR options, but test does not. test treats each of those as it treats any other nonempty STRING. .PP NOTE: your shell may have its own version of test and/or [, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. .SH AUTHOR Written by Kevin Braunsdorf and Matthew Bradburn. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report test bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report test translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B test is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B test programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqtest invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092ce000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000008e4000000660000000300000000000000000000001f00000000reloc/share/man/man1/timeout.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH TIMEOUT "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME timeout \- run a command with a time limit .SH SYNOPSIS .B timeout [\fIOPTION\fR] \fIDURATION COMMAND \fR[\fIARG\fR]... .br .B timeout [\fIOPTION\fR] .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Start COMMAND, and kill it if still running after DURATION. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .HP \fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-kill\-after\fR=\fIDURATION\fR .IP also send a KILL signal if COMMAND is still running this long after the initial signal was sent. .HP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-signal\fR=\fISIGNAL\fR .IP specify the signal to be sent on timeout. SIGNAL may be a name like `HUP' or a number. See `kill \fB\-l\fR` for a list of signals .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP DURATION is an integer with an optional suffix: `s' for seconds(the default), `m' for minutes, `h' for hours or `d' for days. .PP If the command times out, then exit with status 124. Otherwise, exit with the status of COMMAND. If no signal is specified, send the TERM signal upon timeout. The TERM signal kills any process that does not block or catch that signal. For other processes, it may be necessary to use the KILL (9) signal, since this signal cannot be caught. .SH AUTHOR Written by Padraig Brady. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report timeout bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report timeout translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" kill(1) .PP The full documentation for .B timeout is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B timeout programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqtimeout invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092cf000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000c0d000000660000000300000000000000000000001d00000000reloc/share/man/man1/touch.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH TOUCH "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME touch \- change file timestamps .SH SYNOPSIS .B touch [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fIFILE\fR... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Update the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time. .PP A FILE argument that does not exist is created empty, unless \fB\-c\fR or \fB\-h\fR is supplied. .PP A FILE argument string of \- is handled specially and causes touch to change the times of the file associated with standard output. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-a\fR change only the access time .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-no\-create\fR do not create any files .TP \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-date\fR=\fISTRING\fR parse STRING and use it instead of current time .TP \fB\-f\fR (ignored) .TP \fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-no\-dereference\fR affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file (useful only on systems that can change the timestamps of a symlink) .TP \fB\-m\fR change only the modification time .TP \fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-reference\fR=\fIFILE\fR use this file's times instead of current time .TP \fB\-t\fR STAMP use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time .TP \fB\-\-time\fR=\fIWORD\fR change the specified time: WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent to \fB\-a\fR WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to \fB\-m\fR .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP Note that the \fB\-d\fR and \fB\-t\fR options accept different time\-date formats. .SH "DATE STRING" .\" NOTE: keep this paragraph in sync with the one in date.x The --date=STRING is a mostly free format human readable date string such as "Sun, 29 Feb 2004 16:21:42 -0800" or "2004-02-29 16:21:42" or even "next Thursday". A date string may contain items indicating calendar date, time of day, time zone, day of week, relative time, relative date, and numbers. An empty string indicates the beginning of the day. The date string format is more complex than is easily documented here but is fully described in the info documentation. .SH AUTHOR Written by Paul Rubin, Arnold Robbins, Jim Kingdon, David MacKenzie, and Randy Smith. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report touch bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report touch translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B touch is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B touch programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqtouch invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092d0000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000cf0000000660000000300000000000000000000001a00000000reloc/share/man/man1/tr.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH TR "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME tr \- translate or delete characters .SH SYNOPSIS .B tr [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fISET1 \fR[\fISET2\fR] .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing to standard output. .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-C\fR, \fB\-\-complement\fR use the complement of SET1 .TP \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delete\fR delete characters in SET1, do not translate .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-squeeze\-repeats\fR replace each input sequence of a repeated character that is listed in SET1 with a single occurrence of that character .TP \fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-truncate\-set1\fR first truncate SET1 to length of SET2 .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: .TP \eNNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits) .TP \e\e backslash .TP \ea audible BEL .TP \eb backspace .TP \ef form feed .TP \en new line .TP \er return .TP \et horizontal tab .TP \ev vertical tab .TP CHAR1\-CHAR2 all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order .TP [CHAR*] in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1 .TP [CHAR*REPEAT] REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0 .TP [:alnum:] all letters and digits .TP [:alpha:] all letters .TP [:blank:] all horizontal whitespace .TP [:cntrl:] all control characters .TP [:digit:] all digits .TP [:graph:] all printable characters, not including space .TP [:lower:] all lower case letters .TP [:print:] all printable characters, including space .TP [:punct:] all punctuation characters .TP [:space:] all horizontal or vertical whitespace .TP [:upper:] all upper case letters .TP [:xdigit:] all hexadecimal digits .TP [=CHAR=] all characters which are equivalent to CHAR .PP Translation occurs if \fB\-d\fR is not given and both SET1 and SET2 appear. \fB\-t\fR may be used only when translating. SET2 is extended to length of SET1 by repeating its last character as necessary. Excess characters of SET2 are ignored. Only [:lower:] and [:upper:] are guaranteed to expand in ascending order; used in SET2 while translating, they may only be used in pairs to specify case conversion. \fB\-s\fR uses SET1 if not translating nor deleting; else squeezing uses SET2 and occurs after translation or deletion. .SH AUTHOR Written by Jim Meyering. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report tr bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report tr translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B tr is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B tr programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqtr invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092d1000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000005e1000000660000000300000000000000000000001c00000000reloc/share/man/man1/true.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH TRUE "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME true \- do nothing, successfully .SH SYNOPSIS .B true [\fIignored command line arguments\fR] .br .B true \fIOPTION\fR .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Exit with a status code indicating success. .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP NOTE: your shell may have its own version of true, which usually supersedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documentation for details about the options it supports. .SH AUTHOR Written by Jim Meyering. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report true bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report true translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B true is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B true programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqtrue invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092d2000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c0000094a000000660000000300000000000000000000002000000000reloc/share/man/man1/truncate.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH TRUNCATE "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME truncate \- shrink or extend the size of a file to the specified size .SH SYNOPSIS .B truncate \fIOPTION\fR... \fIFILE\fR... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Shrink or extend the size of each FILE to the specified size .PP A FILE argument that does not exist is created. .PP If a FILE is larger than the specified size, the extra data is lost. If a FILE is shorter, it is extended and the extended part (hole) reads as zero bytes. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-no\-create\fR do not create any files .TP \fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-io\-blocks\fR treat SIZE as number of IO blocks instead of bytes .TP \fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-reference\fR=\fIFILE\fR use this FILE's size .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-size\fR=\fISIZE\fR use this SIZE .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. .PP SIZE may also be prefixed by one of the following modifying characters: `+' extend by, `\-' reduce by, `<' at most, `>' at least, `/' round down to multiple of, `%' round up to multiple of. .PP Note that the \fB\-r\fR and \fB\-s\fR options are mutually exclusive. .SH AUTHOR Written by Padraig Brady. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report truncate bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report truncate translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" dd(1), truncate(2), ftruncate(2) .PP The full documentation for .B truncate is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B truncate programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqtruncate invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092d3000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000557000000660000000300000000000000000000001d00000000reloc/share/man/man1/tsort.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH TSORT "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME tsort \- perform topological sort .SH SYNOPSIS .B tsort [\fIOPTION\fR] [\fIFILE\fR] .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Write totally ordered list consistent with the partial ordering in FILE. With no FILE, or when FILE is \-, read standard input. .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by Mark Kettenis. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report tsort bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report tsort translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B tsort is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B tsort programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqtsort invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092d4000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000582000000660000000300000000000000000000001b00000000reloc/share/man/man1/tty.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH TTY "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME tty \- print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input .SH SYNOPSIS .B tty [\fIOPTION\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input. .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-silent\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR print nothing, only return an exit status .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report tty bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report tty translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B tty is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B tty programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqtty invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092d5000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000007ce000000660000000300000000000000000000001d00000000reloc/share/man/man1/uname.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH UNAME "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME uname \- print system information .SH SYNOPSIS .B uname [\fIOPTION\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as \fB\-s\fR. .TP \fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR print all information, in the following order, except omit \fB\-p\fR and \fB\-i\fR if unknown: .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-kernel\-name\fR print the kernel name .TP \fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-nodename\fR print the network node hostname .TP \fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-kernel\-release\fR print the kernel release .TP \fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-kernel\-version\fR print the kernel version .TP \fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-machine\fR print the machine hardware name .TP \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-processor\fR print the processor type or "unknown" .TP \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-hardware\-platform\fR print the hardware platform or "unknown" .TP \fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-operating\-system\fR print the operating system .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report uname bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report uname translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" arch(1), uname(2) .PP The full documentation for .B uname is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B uname programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aquname invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092d6000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c0000073c000000660000000300000000000000000000002000000000reloc/share/man/man1/unexpand.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH UNEXPAND "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME unexpand \- convert spaces to tabs .SH SYNOPSIS .B unexpand [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Convert blanks in each FILE to tabs, writing to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is \-, read standard input. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR convert all blanks, instead of just initial blanks .TP \fB\-\-first\-only\fR convert only leading sequences of blanks (overrides \fB\-a\fR) .TP \fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-tabs\fR=\fIN\fR have tabs N characters apart instead of 8 (enables \fB\-a\fR) .TP \fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-tabs\fR=\fILIST\fR use comma separated LIST of tab positions (enables \fB\-a\fR) .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report unexpand bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report unexpand translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" expand(1) .PP The full documentation for .B unexpand is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B unexpand programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqunexpand invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092d7000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000a69000000660000000300000000000000000000001c00000000reloc/share/man/man1/uniq.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH UNIQ "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME uniq \- report or omit repeated lines .SH SYNOPSIS .B uniq [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIINPUT \fR[\fIOUTPUT\fR]] .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Filter adjacent matching lines from INPUT (or standard input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output). .PP With no options, matching lines are merged to the first occurrence. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-count\fR prefix lines by the number of occurrences .TP \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-repeated\fR only print duplicate lines .TP \fB\-D\fR, \fB\-\-all\-repeated\fR[=\fIdelimit\-method\fR] print all duplicate lines delimit\-method={none(default),prepend,separate} Delimiting is done with blank lines .TP \fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-skip\-fields\fR=\fIN\fR avoid comparing the first N fields .TP \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-ignore\-case\fR ignore differences in case when comparing .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-skip\-chars\fR=\fIN\fR avoid comparing the first N characters .TP \fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-unique\fR only print unique lines .TP \fB\-z\fR, \fB\-\-zero\-terminated\fR end lines with 0 byte, not newline .TP \fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-check\-chars\fR=\fIN\fR compare no more than N characters in lines .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP A field is a run of blanks (usually spaces and/or TABs), then non\-blank characters. Fields are skipped before chars. .PP Note: 'uniq' does not detect repeated lines unless they are adjacent. You may want to sort the input first, or use `sort \fB\-u\fR' without `uniq'. Also, comparisons honor the rules specified by `LC_COLLATE'. .SH AUTHOR Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report uniq bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report uniq translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" comm(1), join(1) .PP The full documentation for .B uniq is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B uniq programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aquniq invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092d8000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c0000054b000000660000000300000000000000000000001e00000000reloc/share/man/man1/unlink.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH UNLINK "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME unlink \- call the unlink function to remove the specified file .SH SYNOPSIS .B unlink \fIFILE\fR .br .B unlink \fIOPTION\fR .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Call the unlink function to remove the specified FILE. .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by Michael Stone. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report unlink bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report unlink translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" unlink(2) .PP The full documentation for .B unlink is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B unlink programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqunlink invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092d9000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000672000000660000000300000000000000000000001e00000000reloc/share/man/man1/uptime.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH UPTIME "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME uptime \- tell how long the system has been running .SH SYNOPSIS .B uptime [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR] .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print the current time, the length of time the system has been up, the number of users on the system, and the average number of jobs in the run queue over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes. Processes in an uninterruptible sleep state also contribute to the load average. If FILE is not specified, use /var/run/utmp. /var/log/wtmp as FILE is common. .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by Joseph Arceneaux, David MacKenzie, and Kaveh Ghazi. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report uptime bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report uptime translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B uptime is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B uptime programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aquptime invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092da000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000005a2000000660000000300000000000000000000001d00000000reloc/share/man/man1/users.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH USERS "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME users \- print the user names of users currently logged in to the current host .SH SYNOPSIS .B users [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR] .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Output who is currently logged in according to FILE. If FILE is not specified, use /var/run/utmp. /var/log/wtmp as FILE is common. .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by Joseph Arceneaux and David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report users bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report users translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B users is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B users programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqusers invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092db000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00001d6e000000660000000300000000000000000000001c00000000reloc/share/man/man1/vdir.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH VDIR "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME vdir \- list directory contents .SH SYNOPSIS .B vdir [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of \fB\-cftuvSUX\fR nor \fB\-\-sort\fR. .PP Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. .TP \fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR do not ignore entries starting with . .TP \fB\-A\fR, \fB\-\-almost\-all\fR do not list implied . and .. .TP \fB\-\-author\fR with \fB\-l\fR, print the author of each file .TP \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-escape\fR print C\-style escapes for nongraphic characters .TP \fB\-\-block\-size\fR=\fISIZE\fR use SIZE\-byte blocks. See SIZE format below .TP \fB\-B\fR, \fB\-\-ignore\-backups\fR do not list implied entries ending with ~ .TP \fB\-c\fR with \fB\-lt\fR: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with \fB\-l\fR: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime .TP \fB\-C\fR list entries by columns .TP \fB\-\-color\fR[=\fIWHEN\fR] colorize the output. WHEN defaults to `always' or can be `never' or `auto'. More info below .TP \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-directory\fR list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links .TP \fB\-D\fR, \fB\-\-dired\fR generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode .TP \fB\-f\fR do not sort, enable \fB\-aU\fR, disable \fB\-ls\fR \fB\-\-color\fR .TP \fB\-F\fR, \fB\-\-classify\fR append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries .TP \fB\-\-file\-type\fR likewise, except do not append `*' .TP \fB\-\-format\fR=\fIWORD\fR across \fB\-x\fR, commas \fB\-m\fR, horizontal \fB\-x\fR, long \fB\-l\fR, single\-column \fB\-1\fR, verbose \fB\-l\fR, vertical \fB\-C\fR .TP \fB\-\-full\-time\fR like \fB\-l\fR \fB\-\-time\-style\fR=\fIfull\-iso\fR .TP \fB\-g\fR like \fB\-l\fR, but do not list owner .TP \fB\-\-group\-directories\-first\fR group directories before files. .IP augment with a \fB\-\-sort\fR option, but any use of \fB\-\-sort\fR=\fInone\fR (\fB\-U\fR) disables grouping .TP \fB\-G\fR, \fB\-\-no\-group\fR in a long listing, don't print group names .TP \fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-human\-readable\fR with \fB\-l\fR, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) .TP \fB\-\-si\fR likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 .TP \fB\-H\fR, \fB\-\-dereference\-command\-line\fR follow symbolic links listed on the command line .TP \fB\-\-dereference\-command\-line\-symlink\-to\-dir\fR follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory .TP \fB\-\-hide\fR=\fIPATTERN\fR do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by \fB\-a\fR or \fB\-A\fR) .TP \fB\-\-indicator\-style\fR=\fIWORD\fR append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (\fB\-p\fR), file\-type (\fB\-\-file\-type\fR), classify (\fB\-F\fR) .TP \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-inode\fR print the index number of each file .TP \fB\-I\fR, \fB\-\-ignore\fR=\fIPATTERN\fR do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN .TP \fB\-k\fR like \fB\-\-block\-size\fR=\fI1K\fR .TP \fB\-l\fR use a long listing format .TP \fB\-L\fR, \fB\-\-dereference\fR when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself .TP \fB\-m\fR fill width with a comma separated list of entries .TP \fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-numeric\-uid\-gid\fR like \fB\-l\fR, but list numeric user and group IDs .TP \fB\-N\fR, \fB\-\-literal\fR print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) .TP \fB\-o\fR like \fB\-l\fR, but do not list group information .TP \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-indicator\-style\fR=\fIslash\fR append / indicator to directories .TP \fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-hide\-control\-chars\fR print ? instead of non graphic characters .TP \fB\-\-show\-control\-chars\fR show non graphic characters as\-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) .TP \fB\-Q\fR, \fB\-\-quote\-name\fR enclose entry names in double quotes .TP \fB\-\-quoting\-style\fR=\fIWORD\fR use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell\-always, c, escape .TP \fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-reverse\fR reverse order while sorting .TP \fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-recursive\fR list subdirectories recursively .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-size\fR print the allocated size of each file, in blocks .TP \fB\-S\fR sort by file size .TP \fB\-\-sort\fR=\fIWORD\fR sort by WORD instead of name: none \fB\-U\fR, extension \fB\-X\fR, size \fB\-S\fR, time \fB\-t\fR, version \fB\-v\fR .TP \fB\-\-time\fR=\fIWORD\fR with \fB\-l\fR, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime \fB\-u\fR, access \fB\-u\fR, use \fB\-u\fR, ctime \fB\-c\fR, or status \fB\-c\fR; use specified time as sort key if \fB\-\-sort\fR=\fItime\fR .TP \fB\-\-time\-style\fR=\fISTYLE\fR with \fB\-l\fR, show times using style STYLE: full\-iso, long\-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non\-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix\-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale .TP \fB\-t\fR sort by modification time .TP \fB\-T\fR, \fB\-\-tabsize\fR=\fICOLS\fR assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 .TP \fB\-u\fR with \fB\-lt\fR: sort by, and show, access time with \fB\-l\fR: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time .TP \fB\-U\fR do not sort; list entries in directory order .TP \fB\-v\fR natural sort of (version) numbers within text .TP \fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-width\fR=\fICOLS\fR assume screen width instead of current value .TP \fB\-x\fR list entries by lines instead of by columns .TP \fB\-X\fR sort alphabetically by entry extension .TP \fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-context\fR print any SELinux security context of each file .TP \fB\-1\fR list one file per line .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following: KB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y. .PP Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and with \fB\-\-color\fR=\fInever\fR. With \fB\-\-color\fR=\fIauto\fR, ls emits color codes only when standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it. .SS "Exit status:" .TP 0 if OK, .TP 1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory), .TP 2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command\-line argument). .SH AUTHOR Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report vdir bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report vdir translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B vdir is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B vdir programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqvdir invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092dc000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000007d9000000660000000300000000000000000000001a00000000reloc/share/man/man1/wc.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH WC "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME wc \- print newline, word, and byte counts for each file .SH SYNOPSIS .B wc [\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fIFILE\fR]... .br .B wc [\fIOPTION\fR]... \fI--files0-from=F\fR .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print newline, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a total line if more than one FILE is specified. With no FILE, or when FILE is \-, read standard input. A word is a non\-zero\-length sequence of characters delimited by white space. .TP \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-bytes\fR print the byte counts .TP \fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-chars\fR print the character counts .TP \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-lines\fR print the newline counts .TP \fB\-\-files0\-from\fR=\fIF\fR read input from the files specified by NUL\-terminated names in file F; If F is \- then read names from standard input .TP \fB\-L\fR, \fB\-\-max\-line\-length\fR print the length of the longest line .TP \fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-words\fR print the word counts .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by Paul Rubin and David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report wc bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report wc translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B wc is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B wc programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqwc invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092dd000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c000009d7000000660000000300000000000000000000001b00000000reloc/share/man/man1/who.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH WHO "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME who \- show who is logged on .SH SYNOPSIS .B who [\fIOPTION\fR]... [ \fIFILE | ARG1 ARG2 \fR] .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print information about users who are currently logged in. .TP \fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR same as \fB\-b\fR \fB\-d\fR \fB\-\-login\fR \fB\-p\fR \fB\-r\fR \fB\-t\fR \fB\-T\fR \fB\-u\fR .TP \fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-boot\fR time of last system boot .TP \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-dead\fR print dead processes .TP \fB\-H\fR, \fB\-\-heading\fR print line of column headings .TP \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-login\fR print system login processes .TP \fB\-\-lookup\fR attempt to canonicalize hostnames via DNS .TP \fB\-m\fR only hostname and user associated with stdin .TP \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-process\fR print active processes spawned by init .TP \fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-count\fR all login names and number of users logged on .TP \fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-runlevel\fR print current runlevel .TP \fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-short\fR print only name, line, and time (default) .TP \fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-time\fR print last system clock change .TP \fB\-T\fR, \fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-mesg\fR add user's message status as +, \- or ? .TP \fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-users\fR list users logged in .TP \fB\-\-message\fR same as \fB\-T\fR .TP \fB\-\-writable\fR same as \fB\-T\fR .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .PP If FILE is not specified, use /var/run/utmp. /var/log/wtmp as FILE is common. If ARG1 ARG2 given, \fB\-m\fR presumed: `am i' or `mom likes' are usual. .SH AUTHOR Written by Joseph Arceneaux, David MacKenzie, and Michael Stone. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report who bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report who translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B who is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B who programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqwho invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092de000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000530000000660000000300000000000000000000001e00000000reloc/share/man/man1/whoami.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH WHOAMI "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME whoami \- print effective userid .SH SYNOPSIS .B whoami [\fIOPTION\fR]... .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Print the user name associated with the current effective user ID. Same as id \fB\-un\fR. .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by Richard Mlynarik. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report whoami bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report whoami translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B whoami is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B whoami programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqwhoami invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 070701000092df000081a40000000a0000000a000000014bd68d7c00000525000000660000000300000000000000000000001b00000000reloc/share/man/man1/yes.1.\" DO NOT MODIFY THIS FILE! It was generated by help2man 1.35. .TH YES "1" "April 2010" "GNU coreutils 8.5" "User Commands" .SH NAME yes \- output a string repeatedly until killed .SH SYNOPSIS .B yes [\fISTRING\fR]... .br .B yes \fIOPTION\fR .SH DESCRIPTION .\" Add any additional description here .PP Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or `y'. .TP \fB\-\-help\fR display this help and exit .TP \fB\-\-version\fR output version information and exit .SH AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie. .SH "REPORTING BUGS" Report yes bugs to bug\-coreutils@gnu.org .br GNU coreutils home page: .br General help using GNU software: .br Report yes translation bugs to .SH COPYRIGHT Copyright \(co 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later . .br This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. .SH "SEE ALSO" The full documentation for .B yes is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the .B info and .B yes programs are properly installed at your site, the command .IP .B info coreutils \(aqyes invocation\(aq .PP should give you access to the complete manual. 07070100000000000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000b00000000TRAILER!!!